cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TWO ALPHA F1SCHER-TROPSCH PRODUCT DISTRIBUTION. A ROLE FOR VAPOR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM?

ABSTRACT The simple polymerization mechanism for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis produces products which follow an Anderson-Schulz-Flory distribution. Thus, plotting the logarithm of the mole fraction versus carbon number produces a straight line whose slope is related to alpha which is determined by the chain termination and propagation probabilities. In contrast, the products from laboratory and large commercial plants exhibit a two-alpha plot. Vapor-liquid calculations show that product accumulation cannot be responsible for the two-alpha plot when the alpha value is large enough to produce liquid products at the reaction temperature. Only in the case where alpha is small and all products are in the vapor phase, allowing evaporation of the startup solvent and a “drying out” of the reactor, can product accumulation produce a two-alpha plot.
Probing the Growth and Aging of Colloidal Cobalt Nanocrystals: A Combined Study by Transmission Electron Microscopy and Magnetic Measurements

We have combined transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and magnetic measurements to probe the growth and aging of colloidal cobalt (Co) nanocrystals and demonstrated that these two techniques together yield structure and property information in a manner that neither can do alone. During the growth, TEM shows the formation of Co nanocrystals (4.8 nm ± 1.7 nm), while magnetic measurements indicate the presence of paramagnetic Co cluster complexes and weakly interacting Co nanocrystals. At the completion of the synthesis, TEM shows that the average size of the Co nanocrystals has increased, but with a narrower size distribution (10.5 nm ± 1.0 nm). Meanwhile, magnetic measurements demonstrate the strong interactions between the Co nanocrystals. Exchange bias and increased coercivity are observed for the aged Co colloid under field-cooled conditions, indicating the existence of antiferromagnetic/ferromagnetic (AFM/FM) coupling. High-resolution TEM confirms that AFM face-centered cubic cobalt(II) oxide grows on the surface of the FM e-Co nanocrystals, but this oxide layer is thin and inhomogeneous. These combined results suggest that not only the AFM/FM exchange coupling within individual aged nanocrystal matters but also the strong magnetostatic coupling between the neighboring nanocrystals significantly contributes to the observed exchange bias.
Hydrogen chemisorption suppression in Ru-zeollte catalysts

Abstract Ru catalysts prepared using NaX, NaY, KL and NaMordenite as supports have been characterized by H2 and CO chemisorption. Significant suppression of hydrogen chemisorption was found for the ion-exchanged catalysts as the Si Al ratio of the zeolite support increased. Chemical interactions between the metal and the support are considered the main cause of this hydrogen chemisorption suppression. It is suggested that the acidic hydroxyl groups are involved in these interactions. These interactions are greatly affected by method of preparation and metal loading.
A system organization for communications

We forsee gradual increase in telephone requirements based on increased agency missions and new agency needs. Perhaps calling volume during fiscal year 1967 rising to 50,000,000 calls per year. Greater usage of this voice network during night periods for various transmission requirements. Expansion of the ARS to provide more effective data communications with a subsequent reduction in the number of computers the US Government requires. Establishment of central Government data banks with access by agencies to be provided by the ARS. The utilization of simulation techniques to determine network configurations will be implemented. These are the near future changes. Eventually, we forsee the utilization of satellites for domestic emergency and broadband communications, the expansion of the FTS to overseas locations where such expansion can result in better service at reduced costs. The mission of the US Federal Telecommunications System (FTS) is to provide Government communications on a day-to-day basis and to have the capability of meeting the emergency requirements whether the result of natural causes or man made.
DPD directors' attitudes are more favorable toward food-safety education than certification.

Abstract Objective To determine the prevalence of food-safety education in didactic programs in dietetics (DPDs) across the United States and factors associated with the provision of this education and to explore DPD directors' attitudes toward food safety. Subjects The population consisted of 230 DPD directors listed in The American Dietetic Association's 1998-1999 Directory of Dietetics Programs . Overall, 146 directors participated in the study, yielding a 64% response rate. Design The nature and prevalence of food-safety education and certification, as well as DPD directors' attitudes toward food safety, were assessed by means of a survey instrument. Statistical analyses Descriptive statistics were calculated. Analysis of variance, t test, and χ 2 were used to assess differences in DPD directors' attitudes toward food-safety education and certification on the basis of demographic variables. Results Among dietetics programs, 40% had dietetics majors receive 16 or more hours of food-safety education; 38% (n=54) of DPDs had dietetics majors complete a food-safety certification examination. DPD directors agreed that food safety is an important concept within dietetics education; however, they held differing views regarding certification. Applications/Conclusions Dietetics educators need to familiarize themselves with food-safety certification, weigh the pros and cons, and determine whether or not certification should be an academic goal. Partnering with associations and the foodservice industry to offer cost-effective food-safety training and certification opportunities is suggested. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002;102:930-936 .
Conditions for invariance of the multivariate versions of grubbs’ test and bartlett’s test under a general dependency structure

This paper generalizes a result by Stadje (1984) by deriving conditions for which a general dependency structure for multivariate observations, given in Pavur (1987), yields a positive definite covariance structure. This general dependency structure allows the sample covariance matrix to be distributed as a constant times a Wishart random matrix. It is then demonstrated that the maximum squared-radii test and a test for equal population covariance matrices have null distributions which remain unchanged when the new general dependency structure, rather than the usual independence structure, for the vector observations, is assumed. Moreover, under a general dependency structure for which the population covariance matrices are unequal, it is shown that the distribution of the test statistic for testing equal covariance matrices is identical to the distribution of the same test statistic when the population covariance matrices are equal and the observations are independent.
Endocytosis and exocytosis of transferrin by isolated capillary endothelium.

Abstract Vesicular transport of solutes across capillary walls may be regulated by specific solute-endothelial interactions. Little data is available on the vesicular transport of serum proteins which may transit the capillary wall in situ . Capillaries were isolated from epididymal fat and incubated in fluorescent-labeled transferrin and radiolabeled sucrose. Endocytosis and exocytosis of these tracers were quantitated on a picomolar basis over timed intervals and standardized against the amount of endothelial DNA present in the isolate. The rate of vesicular endocytosis of transferrin was 6–7 times greater than that of sucrose indicating a mechanism of selection for transferrin. Endocytosis as a function of external concentration exhibited complex kinetics for transferrin that was consistent with an adsorptive component and a fluid component. Sucrose uptake appeared to be simple fluid endocytosis but with a rate-limiting concentration at 500–600 μM. Vesicular exocytosis of both solutes from preloaded capillaries appeared to occur more rapidly than their endocytosis. This was probably not due to different rates of filling and emptying of attached vesicles nor to an intrinsic difference in rates of vesicle interiorization and refusing with the plasma membrane. Different rates of endocytosis and exocytosis may only be apparent since exocytosis of marker before the capillaries reach ingestion equilibrium would reduce the measured uptake rate.
Ontogenesis of receptive field characteristics of superior colliculus neurons in the rabbit.

Summary Recordings were made from 431 cells in the superior colliculi of 45 Dutch-belted rabbits 2–26 days of age. Responses to light were not seen prior to 6 days of age. From 6 days on, there was a progressive increase in the number of animals at each age having light driven cells and an increase in the percentage of responsive cells found within each animal. All of the receptive field types described for the adult could be identified for cells in the neonatal rabbit superior colliculus by 9 days of age, prior to the time the eyes opened. These included uniform, concentric, movement sensitive, directionally selective, and hypercomplex receptive fields. The size and spatial organization of identified receptive fields appeared to be the same as those observed in adults. Laminar distribution of cells pertaining to receptive field and cellular response characteristics which have been reported for the adult also were present in the neonates. Responses to electrical stimulation of the optic nerve were present as early as 2 days of age. The typical response consisted of a single action potential (60%) or 2–3 spikes (28%). Latencies decreased from a minimum of 44 msec at 2 days to 13 msec at 8 days, and 2.5 msec in the adult. Sixty-seven percent of the cells failed to follow repetitive optic nerve stimulation at rates faster than 1/sec, and none of the cells followed at rates above 10/sec. A greater percentage of the cells encountered in the 3 superficial laminae responded to optic nerve stimulation (64%) than did those of the 4 deeper laminae (35%).
Improving the housing-unit method for small-area population estimation using remote-sensing and GIS information

Small-area population estimates for a non-census year are essential for supporting a wide variety of planning processes. Many demographic or geographic-information-based models have been developed for generating small-area population estimates. Little research, however, attempted to integrate these two types of models to achieve a better estimation. This study explores the feasibility of incorporating geographic information system (GIS), remote-sensing and demographic data into the housing-unit (HU) method, a popular demographic model, to estimate small-area population in Grafton, WI, USA. In particular, two major components of the HU method, HU counts and persons per household (PPH), are obtained by modelling their relationships with demographic and geographic factors using a sequence of ordinary least-squares (OLS) regression models. Analysis of results indicates that spatial factors derived from remote sensing and GIS datasets, together with demographic information, can significantly improve the accuracy of small-area population estimation.
Collaterals of primate spinothalamic tract neurons to the periaqueductal gray

Collateral projections are an important feature of the organization of ascending projections from the spinal cord to the brain. Primate spinothalamic tract (STT) neurons with collaterals to the periaqueductal gray (PAG) were studied by means of a fluorescent double-labeling method. Granular Blue and rhodamine-labeled latex microspheres were placed in the ventral posterior lateral (VPL) nucleus of the thalamus and the periaqueductal gray, respectively. Single and double labeled neurons were studied in the upper cervical cord, cervical enlargement, thoracic cord, lumbar enlargement, and sacral segments. The laminar distribution of double labeled neurons was similar to that of spinomesencephalic tract (SMT) neurons. Most double labeled (STT-SMT) neurons were located in contralateral laminae I, V, VII, and X. Relatively more lamina I STT-SMT neurons were found in the cervical enlargement and more lamina V STT-SMT neurons in the lumbar enlargement. The density of STT-SMT neurons in the upper cervical segments and cervical enlargement was almost equal. The density of STT-SMT neurons in the lumbar enlargement was 40% of that in the cervical enlargement. The thoracic and sacral segments had the lowest density of STT-SMT neurons, about 10% of that in the cervical enlargement. STT-SMT neurons constituted 14.7% of SMT neurons and 6% of STT neurons in the cervical enlargement and 15.3% of SMT neurons and 2.9% of STT neurons in the lumbar enlargement. The branch points of eight STT-SMT axons were studied electrophysiologically. The average percentage of conduction time spent in the parent axon was more than 85% for an antidromic action potential from the VPL nucleus and 91% from the PAG. Branch points of STT-SMT axons were calculated to be 9–13 mm caudal to the PAG, in the pons or rostral medulla.
A system of programs for the reduction of data from a time-of-flight spectrometer☆

Abstract We describe a system of Fortran computer programs which are used to process inelastic thermal neutron scattering data from the new “hybrid” time-of-flight spectrometer at Argonne National Laboratory. The raw counts are corrected for time independent backgrounds, and for container scattering (taking account of attenuation by the sample), and are normalized to the vanadium cross section. Further corrections, for self shielding and for multiple scattering, are then applied. The scattering function is interpolated to the constant Q representation, and finally a resolution correction is applied.
What we learn from the study of ubiquitous processes

Software engineering has come to recognise the value of software processes as vehicles for addressing such goals as improved efficiency in software development, the achievement of improved product quality, and better coordination and communication of the members of software teams. Greater clarity, completeness, and precision in defining these processes seem to lead to greater effectiveness in pursuing these goals. The languages and notations used to support definition of such processes seem to be relatively successful in supporting these definitions, but more progress towards better languages and notations seems indicated. This article suggests that processes are also central to the effective pursuit of essential goals in a broad spectrum of other domains of human endeavour. We suggest that the study of how processes are used in those other domains to pursue goals that are essential in those domains can help us to reflect on our goals for the use of process in software development. Further, we suggest that observing the process language features that seem to facilitate the pursuit of goals in these other domains can similarly suggest features that would seem analogously important in languages used to support the definition of software processes. This article examines the use of processes in domains other than software development and uses observations about these processes to suggest desiderata for software development processes, and the languages used to define them. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling the electrophoretic mobility and diffusion of weakly charged peptides.

A bead model to determine the electrophoretic mobilities and translational diffusion constants of weakly charged peptides is developed that is based on a approximate structural model of peptides and is also grounded in electrohydrodynamic theory. A peptide made up of X amino acids is modeled as N = 2X beads with 2 beads representing each amino acid in the chain. For the two beads representing a particular amino acid in a peptide, the radius of one bead is set to one-half the nearest neighbor Cα−Cα distance, and the radius of the other bead is chosen on the basis of the diffusion constant of the free amino acid. Peptide conformations, which are defined by a set of ψ−φ dihedral angles, are randomly generated by using the transformation matrix approach of Flory (Flory, P. Statistical Mechanics of Chain Molecules; John Wiley: New York, 1969) and rejecting conformations which result in bead overlap. The mobility and diffusion constants are computed for each conformation and at least 100 independent conformati...
Sexually transmitted disease prevention services for female chronically mentally ill patients

Chronically and variably impaired autonomy makes women with chronic mental illness particularly vulnerable to contracting sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) including AIDS. A lack of female controlled protective devices also adds to the vulnerability of these patients. In this context, the authors make recommendations for the design of clinically comprehensive and ethically justified programs to minimize the risk of mentally ill women for STDs. When female chronically mentally ill patients are at risk of STDs, barriers to the exercise of their autonomy must be identified and clinically treated. Preventive clinical interventions can also be usefully augmented by educational strategies and facilitate patients' communication and behavioral skills, particularly in order to enable them to abstain from unwanted sex or to make prospective male partners wear a condom. Outreach efforts to the male partners of female patients and to the homeless mentally ill may also be required. Preventive services could be integrated and coordinated with STD clinics, substance abuse treatment programs and family planning programs.
Atypical cystic fibrosis and CFTR-related diseases

Cystic fibrosis (CF), which is among the most common life-shortening recessive illnesses, is caused by mutations of the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and typically involves chronic infection and progressive obstruction of the respiratory tract as well as pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. Disease severity, to some extent, correlates with organ sensitivity to CFTR dysfunction and to the amount of functional protein, which is influenced by the type of mutation. Atypical CF represents approximately 2% of affected individuals, and includes cases presenting in adolescence or adulthood with pancreatic exocrine sufficiency, normal or borderline sweat chloride concentrations, or with a single predominant clinical feature. This review briefly describes diagnostic methods and phenotypic characteristics of classic and atypical CF, as well as CFTR-related diseases, conditions in which mutated CFTR may contribute to the pathogenesis but do not strictly fit established diagnostic criteria.
Cross-talk among myeloid-derived suppressor cells, macrophages, and tumor cells impacts the inflammatory milieu of solid tumors

MDSC and macrophages are present in most solid tumors and are important drivers of immune suppression and inflammation. It is established that cross-talk between MDSC and macrophages impacts anti-tumor immunity; however, interactions between tumor cells and MDSC or macrophages are less well studied. To examine potential interactions between these cells, we studied the impact of MDSC, macrophages, and four murine tumor cell lines on each other, both in vitro and in vivo. We focused on IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α, and NO, as these molecules are produced by macrophages, MDSC, and many tumor cells; are present in most solid tumors; and regulate inflammation. In vitro studies demonstrated that MDSC-produced IL-10 decreased macrophage IL-6 and TNF-α and increased NO. IL-6 indirectly regulated MDSC IL-10. Tumor cells increased MDSC IL-6 and vice versa. Tumor cells also increased macrophage IL-6 and NO and decreased macrophage TNF-α. Tumor cell-driven macrophage IL-6 was reduced by MDSC, and tumor cells and MDSC enhanced macrophage NO. In vivo analysis of solid tumors identified IL-6 and IL-10 as the dominant cytokines and demonstrated that these molecules were produced predominantly by stromal cells. These results suggest that inflammation within solid tumors is regulated by the ratio of tumor cells to MDSC and macrophages and that interactions of these cells have the potential to alter significantly the inflammatory milieu within the tumor microenvironment.
An audit of adverse events in children sedated with chloral hydrate or propofol during imaging studies

Summary We examined records of sedations provided by the paediatric anaesthesiology staff for 455 children (ages 1 mo-17 yr) undergoing MRI or CT scans at our institution over a twelve-month period with regard to the monitoring of adverse events: excessive sedation, agitation, vomiting, hypoxaemia, and major airway compromise. One hundred-and-thirty-one patients (29%) received chloral hydrate; 324 patients (71%) received propofol. All patients were monitored with continuous noninvasive pulse oximetry and received supplemental oxygen via nasal cannulae. Of the patients who received chloral hydrate, 64 (49%) were over one year of age; of the patients who received propofol, 318 (98%) were one year of age or older. In the chloral hydrate group, 23 patients (19%) were deemed excessively sedated and four patients (3%) were agitated; no patients in the propofol group experienced any of the adverse outcomes reviewed. Furthermore, no patients in either group had significant airway compromise and none was admitted to the hospital as a result of the sedation.
Survival and ecological effects of genetically engineered Erwinia carotovora in soil and aquatic microcosms

The release of genetically engineered organisms into the environment has raised concerns about their potential ecological impact. In this study, genetically engineered Erwinia carotovora strains expressing varying levels of reduced phytopathogenicity and wildtype E. carotovora strains were used in aquatic and soil microcosms to assess the survival, intraspecific competition, and effects upon specific groups of indigenous bacteria. In aquatic microcosms, the densities of Erwinia genetically engineered organisms (GEMs) and wildtype strains declined and fell below the detectable limit of plate counts 15 d after the microcosms were inoculated. In aquatic microcosms, engineered E. carotovora did not exhibit a competitive advantage over the wildtype. The effect of engineered and wildtype E. carotovora on densities of total and selected bacteria was not significantly different. Treatment with engineered E. carotovora did not change biomass values of the receiving community but did cause a transitory increase in metabolic activity. In aquatic microcosms, the inability of genetically engineered E. carotovora to persist, displace resident species, or affect the metabolic activity of aquatic communities indicates the low risk of adverse ecological consequences in aquatic ecosystems. Unlike previous investigations involving soil microcosms, densities of both the genetically engineered and wildtype E. carotovora remained at detectable levels over 60 d in both agricultural clay and forest loam soils. The type of soil significantly affected the survival of the GEM and the wildtype. The sorptive properties of clay particles, as well as low concentrations of soil nutrients and organic matter, may have contributed to the unexpected patterns of GEM and wildtype survival.
Lipogenesis in the intact coral Pocillopora capitata and its isolated zooxanthellae: Evidence for a light-driven carbon cycle between symbiont and host

Surface tissue of the reef coral Pocillopora capitata contained approximately 34% lipid on a dry weight basis. Of this, 75% was storage lipid (wax ester and triglyceride) and 25% structural (phospholipid, galactolipid, etc.). Based on chlorophyll a: lipid ratios of intact coral and isolated zooxanthellae, it was determined that over 90% of the storage lipid resided in the host tissue. One half of the structural lipids was found in the host and the other in the symbiotic algae. Gentle fractionation of coral tissue indicated that zooxanthellae possessed less than 14% of the total coral protein. Coral tips and isolated zooxanthellae were incubated with sodium acetate-1-14C in light and dark to obtain lipogenic rates and proportions of fatty acids and lipid classes synthesized. The rate of lipid synthesis from acetate-1-14C by intact coral was stimulated three-fold in the light (1200 lux), which indicated that the majority of coral lipogenesis occurred in the zooxanthellae. Intact coral triglycerides contained ca. 68% of the 14C-activity and wax esters ca. 21%. Zooxanthellae isolated by the Water Pik technique synthesized negligible amounts of wax ester, which implied that wax ester synthesis was a property of the animal tissue. Isolated zooxanthellae and intact coral synthesized identical triglyceride fatty acids from acetate-1-14C. This study provides evidence for a carbon cycle between host and symbiont whereby the zooxanthellae take up host-derived carbon (probably in the form of acetate), synthesize fatty acids using their photosynthetically derived energy, and return the lipid to the host where it appears as wax ester and triglyceride.
Like Talking to a Brick Wall: Implications of Emotion Metaphors for Mediation Practice

In this article, the authors discuss the role of emotions in mediation with the goal of providing practical insights that can improve the mediation process. Their assumption is that emotion is ever-present, particularly in conflict, and that acknowledging and addressing underlying emotions facilitates conflict transformation during the mediation process.
The nature of Archean terrane boundaries: an example from the northern Wyoming Province

Abstract The Archean northern Wyoming Province can be subdivided into two geologically distinct terranes, the Beartooth-Bighorn magmatic terrane (BBMT) and the Montana metasedimentary terrane (MMT). The BBMT is characterized by voluminous Late Archean (2.90-2.74 Ga) magmatic rocks (primarily tonalite, trondhjemite, and granite); metasedimentary rocks are preserved only as small, rare enclaves in this magmatic terrane. The magmatic rocks typically have geochemical and isotopic signatures that suggest petrogenesis in a continental magmatic arc environment. The MMT, as exposed in the northern Gallatin and Madison Ranges, is dominated by Middle Archean trondhjemitic gneisses (3.2–3.0 Ga); metasedimentary rocks, however, are significantly more abundant than in the BBMT. Each terrane has experienced a separate and distinct geologic history since at least 3.6 Ga ago based on differences in metamorphic and structural styles, composition of magmatic and metasupracrustal rocks, and isotopic ages; consequently, these may be described as discrete terranes in the Cordilleran sense. Nonetheless, highly radiogenic and distinctive Pb-Pb isotopic signatures in rocks of all ages in both terranes indicate that the two terranes share a significant aspect of their history. This suggests that these two Early to Middle Archean crustal blocks, that initially evolved as part of a larger crustal province, experienced different geologic histories from at least 3.6 Ga until their juxtaposition in the Late Archean (between 2.75 to 2.55 Ga ago). Consequently, the boundary between the BBMT and MMT appears to separate terranes that are not likely to be exotic in the sense of their Phanerozoic counterparts. Other Archean provinces do appear to contain crustal blocks with different isotopic signatures (e.g. West Greenland, India, South Africa). The use of the term exotic, therefore, must be cautious in situations where geographic indicators such as paleontologic and/or paleomagnetic data are not available. In these cases, isotopic signatures are one of the most useful features for assessing overall genetic relations amongst geologically distinct terranes.
Killing Two Birds With One Stone: the Utter De(Con)Struction of Matthew and His Church

Since its very inception, the institutional church has interpreted Matt. 16:13-20 in such a way as to confer authority upon itself. Roman Catholics especially, but Protestants too, have claimed that the passage bestows power, prestige, and supremacy upon their respective structures. As long as the passage continues to be examined in isolation, it will certainly lend itself to that sort of interpretation. I propose, however, a radical departure from this hermeneutic. Deconstruction provides the biblical exegete with a whole new set of critical tools-tools that allow him or her to read the Gospel of Matthew in an innovative way. In this paper I apply several techniques of deconstructive theory to the aforementioned passage in an effort to uncover alternative meanings which, though perhaps not evident upon superficial inspection, are valid nonetheless. By creatively analyzing how Matt. 16:13-20 functions within the larger context of the Gospel of Matthew, I shall demonstrate that the text undermines itself.
The functions of structural priming

Structural priming refers to speakers' tendency to produce sentences with previously heard or produced syntactic structures. We review arguments and evidence for three common accounts of the functions of structural priming. One is that structural priming enhances fluency. Only some (reaction time and fluency measure) evidence supports this view. A second account argues that structural priming stems from implicit learning of how features of meaning are linked to syntactic configurations. We describe evidence suggesting that structural priming exhibits effects characteristic of both learning and implicitness. A third account claims that structural priming is an aspect of coordination or alignment among interlocutors. Consistent with this, some evidence shows that structural priming involves a shorter-term component that is broadly sensitive to repeated bindings of wide-ranging types of knowledge. Together, these observations suggest that structural priming is likely a multifaceted force that reflects implicit learning and, possibly independently, alignment among interlocutors.
Thermomicropolar theory of heat-conducting nematic liquid crystals

Abstract Balance laws governing the flow of heat-conducting nematic liquid crystals are presented. Appropriate constitutive equations are formulated taking into account thermal gradients on the basis of the micropolar theory of Eringen [1–4]. These constitutive equations are then simplified taking advantage of the full material symmetry of the nematic phase. A generalized form of the Clausius-Duhem inequality is derived featuring the effects of heat-conduction. A complete set of thermodynamic restrictions governing the material coefficients are obtained. The resulting constitutive theory is then specialized to the linear case with a view to adopt it for practical applications.
Tailoring IT support to communities of practice

Many organizations have benefited from recognizing communities of practice (COPs) operating in their midst. By identifying a group as a COP, an organization has made a critical skill area visible. Without this awareness it would be more likely, for example, that the corporate talent in auditing software processes could quietly disappear. With the importance of COPs established, organizations can now turn their attention to ensuring that their IT and knowledge management systems enable COPs to flourish. A simple folder on a corporate server to share documents is an example of such support. More comprehensive support to a COP may include virtual space on the corporate intranet for synchronous and asynchronous collaboration, expertise location, and content structuring (B. Lewis, "On-Demand KM: A Two-Tier Architecture", IT Professional, Jan.-Feb. 2002, pp. 27-33). As organizations decide how to support COPs, they should know that COPs are not in any way uniform entities. There is wide variation among COPs and understanding these differences can go a long way toward providing support that is truly well matched to the needs of each one. Two observations are keys to understanding the variety of COPs that are candidates for organizational support: The number of potential COPs is great, and, there are many kinds of groups and communities; not all of them are COPs.
Introduction to session 6

Bioprocess research and development seeks to translate laboratory results into practical industrial processes. Fundamental issues that must be addressed include mass transfer, reactions at liquid gas interfaces, use of solid phase catalysts to carry out rapid conversion of oligosaccharides to fermentable sugars, and bioreactor design for the conversion of fermentable sugars to ethanol and other value-added products. This session addressed key developments in these areas, with presentations highlighting some of the critical challenges and exciting advances that are occurring to develop bioprocess-related approaches for transforming renewable resources into various fuels and chemicals products. Several new bioprocessing concepts were also proposed—such as enzymatic production of biodiesel—to better exploit the ever-increasing power of biocatalysis (both enzymatic and microbial).
Entropic and energetic factors in steady state coagulation—break-up processes

Abstract Based on a recently developed model, the distributional entropy and the corresponding energy absorbed in the formation of clusters in steady state coagulation—break-up processes within vigorously stirred suspensions are investigated here. A major conclusion of this work is that a minimal but finite amount of energy, arising from entropic factors, is necessary to accommodate the conformational possibilities of the final cluster size distribution. As a result, a relatively small fraction of the stirring work put into the system contributes directly to creating the clusters, while the rest is dissipated into viscous heat.
Prognostic value of symptom burden for overall survival in patients receiving chemotherapy for advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: Patient–reported outcomes have shown independent prognostic value for patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, translating patient-reported outcomes into useful prognostic information for individual patients has been problematic. METHODS: A total of 94 patients with advanced NSCLC and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (PS) of 0 to 2 who qualified for chemotherapy rated symptom severity using the M. D. Anderson Symptom Inventory before and after their first chemotherapy cycle. Prognostic values of baseline symptoms and changes in symptom severity were examined by Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: In multivariate analysis, controlled for demographic and other factors, baseline coughing rated ≥4 independently predicted significantly higher risk for shorter survival (hazards ratio [HR], 8.69; P < .0001). Patients with coughing ≥4 and a PS of 2 were more likely to have shorter survival (HR, 20.6; P < .0001) than patients with coughing <4 and a PS of 0 to 1. A 1–point or greater increase in severity of fatigue (P < .05), shortness of breath, or poor appetite (P < .01) from baseline to the end of the first chemotherapy cycle was also found to be independently associated with higher risk for poor survival. CONCLUSIONS: An increased risk for shorter survival was indicated by moderate to severe coughing at baseline or by increased fatigue or shortness of breath during the first chemotherapy cycle in patients with advanced NSCLC. Although cross–validation is needed, these data suggest that an individual patient's symptom severity scores, quickly obtainable in the clinic, might contribute clinically useful information for treatment planning for that patient. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
The aerosol efficiency and pressure drop of a fibrous filter at reduced pressures

Abstract The collection efficiency of an Institute of Paper Chemistry fibrous filter for monodispersed aerosols of 0.026 μ to 1.71 μ diameter and the resistance to flow through the filter were investigated experimentally at reduced pressures which simulate air densities in the stratosphere. Single fiber efficiencies in the diffusion and impaction regimes were calculated and compared with theory. Resistance to flow through the mat was analyzed in terms of a drag coefficient of a single fiber imbedded in a mat or flow through a bed composed of capillary tubes. The experimental results show the dominant effects of slip flow in increasing collection efficiency and reducing pressure drop through the filter at reduced pressures.
A copper connection to the uptake of platinum anticancer drugs

Cisplatin [ cis -diamminedichloroplatinum (II)] is a highly active anticancer agent. This agent is curative against most testicular cancers and is highly active against a wide range of other tumor types, notably ovarian, bladder carcinoma, and non-small-cell lung cancer (1). Treatment failure is frequently caused by the development of resistance to cisplatin. Although the insensitive tumors generally exhibit only low-level resistance, the use of cisplatin at close to its maximally tolerated dose implies that the developed resistance eliminates cisplatin as an active compound. Resistance to cisplatin has been widely studied in a variety of models and in clinical samples, but it has been difficult to identify the molecular changes leading to drug resistance. Ishida et al. (2) report in this issue of PNAS the identification of an important pathway for uptake of cisplatin into yeast and mammalian cells, uptake mediated by a high-affinity copper transporter. The action of cisplatin in cell killing is now well established (3). In serum, the high concentration of chloride ions enhances cisplatin stability. The lower chloride concentration in cells favors rapid hydrolysis of the chloride ligands of cisplatin, leading to an activated molecule that is capable of reacting bifunctionally. Although cisplatin can react with a variety of cellular macromolecules, there is strong evidence that the most important target is DNA (3, 4). An important line of evidence that DNA is an essential target of cisplatin is the observation that bacterial and yeast mutants that are defective in various DNA-repair pathways are also hypersensitive to cisplatin. Cisplatin can form both intrastrand and interstrand DNA crosslinks, with intrastrand purine:purine representing the majority of the adducts. Figure a Cisplatin structure courtesy of Mitch Miller (NetGenics, Cleveland). As is the case with other anticancer agents, reduced accumulation of cisplatin is frequently observed in cisplatin-resistant cell lines. Although drug efflux has …
Research Note: Effect of Electrical Stunning and Hot Boning on Broiler Breast Meat Characteristics

Abstract Studies were conducted to investigate the effects of electrical stunning and hot boning on selected characteristics of broiler breast muscle. Electrical stunning resulted in a significantly higher muscle pH up to 1 h postmortem after which no difference between stunned and nonstunned birds was noted. Electrical stunning also produced a significantly greater emulsification capacity but had no effect on sarcomere length, percentage moisture, water holding capacity, cook loss or percentage protein. Hot boning resulted in significantly shorter sarcomere lengths and increased meat toughness, but electrical stunning appeared to ameliorate these adverse effects. Hot boning also caused a significant decrease in percentage moisture and emulsification capacity.
Pressure Dependence of Laser-Induced Fluorescence of Sm 3+ in Al 2 O 3 -Y 2 O 3 System Compounds

The piezospectroscopic (PS) coefficients relating frequency shift to pressure are evaluated for Sm3+ in the Al2O3-Y2O3 system compounds, which include Al2O3, Y3Al5O12, YAlO3, Y4Al2O9, and Y2O3. The fluorescence peaks are inherently narrow for all the synthesized compounds, on the basis of the f-f transition nature of Sm3+ ion. Furthermore, the PS coefficients are ranged from -2.2 to -8.2 cm-1/GPa, which are similar to the reported value for the R1 line of ruby and suitable for the PS stress evaluation. PS stress distribution measurements are demonstrated with sintered Y3Al5O12 ceramics as a sample, with 50 mu m intervals, under a microscope.
Electromagnetic two-body currents of one- and two-pion range

Nuclear electromagnetic currents are derived in time-ordered perturbation theory within an effective-field-theory framework including explicit nucleons, \ensuremath{\Delta} isobars, and pions up to one loop, or next-to-next-to-next-to-leading order (${\mathrm{N}}^{3}$LO). The currents obtained at next-to-next-to-leading order (${\mathrm{N}}^{2}$LO), i.e., ignoring loop corrections, are used in a study of neutron radiative captures on protons and deuterons at thermal energies, and of $A=2$ and 3 nuclei magnetic moments. The wave functions for $A=2$ are derived from solutions of the Schr\"odinger equation with the Argonne ${v}_{18}$ (AV18) or CD-Bonn (CDB) potentials, while those for $A=3$ are obtained with the hyperspherical-harmonics-expansion method from a realistic Hamiltonian including, in addition to the AV18 or CDB two-nucleon, a three-nucleon potential. With the strengths of the \ensuremath{\Delta}-excitation currents occurring at ${\mathrm{N}}^{2}$LO determined to reproduce the $n\text{\ensuremath{-}}p$ cross section and isovector combination of the trinucleon magnetic moments, we find that the cross section and photon circular polarization parameter, measured in $n\text{\ensuremath{-}}d$ and $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{n}\text{\ensuremath{-}}d$ processes, are underpredicted by theory; for example, the cross section is underpredicted by 11--38% as the cutoff is increased from 500 to 800 MeV. A complete analysis of the results, in particular their large cutoff dependence, is presented.
Improving small cell capacity with common-carrier full duplex radios

Recent progress in establishing the capability of radios to operate in full duplex mode on a single channel has been attracting growing attention from many researchers. We extend this work by considering the application to small cells, in particular resource-managed cellular systems similar to the TDD variant of LTE. We derive conditions where full duplex operation provides improved throughput compared to half duplex for a single cell scenario. We present a hybrid scheduler that defaults to half duplex operation but can assign full duplex timeslots when it is advantageous to do so. We compare the performance of such a scheduler with a traditional half duplex scheduler in terms of throughput and energy efficiency. Our simulation results show that we achieve as much as 81% of the capacity doubling promised by full duplex, with limitations deriving from interference effects specific to full duplex operation.
The timing of salvage radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy: a systematic review.

Purpose Salvage radiotherapy (SRT) after radical prostatectomy can potentially eradicate residual microscopic disease. Defining the optimal patient and treatment factors is essential and is particularly relevant within the context of adjuvant vs early vs delayed postoperative radiotherapy (RT). Methods and Materials A systematic review of all published SRT studies was performed to identify the pathologic, clinical, and treatment factors associated with relapse-free survival (RFS) after SRT. A total of 41 studies encompassing 5597 patients satisfied the study entry criteria. Radiobiologic interpretation of biochemical tumor control was used to provide the framework for the observed relationships. Results Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level before SRT ( P P =.0052) had a significant and independent association with RFS. There was an average 2.6% loss of RFS for each incremental 0.1 ng/mL PSA at the time of SRT (95% CI, ∼2.2-3.1). With a PSA level of 0.2 ng/mL or less before SRT, the RFS approached 64%. The dose for salvage RT in the range of 60-70 Gy seemed to be on the steep part of the sigmoidal dose–response curve, with a dose of 70 Gy achieving 54% RFS compared with only 34% for 60 Gy. There was a 2% improvement in RFS for each additional Gy (95% CI, ∼0.9-3.2). The observed dose–response was less robust on sensitivity analysis. Conclusions This study provides Level 2a evidence for initiating SRT at the lowest possible PSA. Dose escalation is also suggested by the data. Progressively better tumor control rates with SRT after radical prostatectomy are achieved with a lower PSA at initiation and with a higher RT dose. Early salvage RT may be an equivalent strategy to adjuvant RT.
Interventional radiologic placement of Denver pleuroperitoneal shunt for refractory chylothorax.

demonstrated an effusion with large-volume chylous fluid draining from his thoracostomy tube, with daily output ranging from 0.5 to 3.5 L (Fig. 1). The chylothorax did not improve after a fat-restricted diet, total parenteral nutrition, repeat surgical thoracic duct ligation, and pleurodesis. Additional procedures, including intranodal lymphangiography with cisterna chyli embolization (postoperative days 16 and 17) and thoracic duct needle disruption with alcohol ablation (postoperative day 31), were also performed, without resolution of the effusion. Forty-nine days after the initial surgery and hospitalization, a consensus decision was made to percutaneously create a pleuroperitoneal shunt. The procedure was performed under general anesthesia in the interventional radiology suite. Preprocedural ampicillin/sulbactam (Unasyn; Pfizer, New York, New York) was administered. A 3-cm transverse incision was made over the ninth to 11th ribs in the right lateral chest
Oral absorption kinetics of levetiracetam: the effect of mixing with food or enteral nutrition formulas.

Abstract Background: Levetiracetam (LEV) is an antiepileptic drug with a favorable pharmacokinetic profile, including negligible protein binding and linear elimination kinetics. Because LEV is likely to be used in populations that include children and the elderly, alternative techniques of administration, such as crushing the tablet and mixing its contents with semisolid food or enteral nutrition formulas (ENFs), may be required in some clinical settings. Although previous studies have suggested that administration with food does not affect the overall absorption of LEV, there is a lack of data regarding concomitant administration with ENFs. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the oral absorption of LEV after concomitant administration with food or ENFs. Methods: This was an unblinded, 3-way crossover study. After an overnight fast, subjects received a single dose of LEV 500 mg administered either as an intact tablet with 120 mL water (control, treatment A) or crushed and mixed with 4 oz applesauce (treatment B) or 120 mL of a common ENF (treatment C). All subjects received each treatment in a randomized sequence; there was a 7-day washout period between treatments. Serial blood samples were obtained over 24 hours for determination of the LEV serum concentration-time profile using gas chromatography with nitrogen phosphorus detection. AUC0–24, Cmax, and Tmax were calculated using noncompartmental methods and analyzed using analysis of variance. Results: Ten healthy adult volunteers (6 men, 4 women) participated in the study (mean [SD] age, 28.9 [6.5] years; mean body weight, 78.6 [12.9] kg). No significant differences were noted between control and any other study treatment. Mean AUC values were 191.9 (50.2), 165.7 (43.4), and 168.3 (43.9) μg/mL · h for treatments A, B, and C, respectively. Mean Tmax values were 1.08 (0.65), 1.32 (0.75), and 1.62 (0.73) hours, respectively. Mean Cmax values were 14.8 (5.6), 12.1 (2.8), and 10.8 (2.0) μg/mL for the respective treatments. Mean LEV serum concentrations at 12 hours after dosing were similar for all study treatments (3.9, 4.1, and 4.0 μg/mL). The long-term stability of LEV in the various combinations was not assessed. Conclusions: In these healthy volunteers, the overall rate and extent of absorption of oral LEV were not significantly impaired after crushing and mixing of the tablet with either a food vehicle or a typical ENF product. The data suggest that peak serum concentrations of LEV may be slightly reduced after mixing with ENFs, although the difference was not significant compared with control values.