cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The AFM as a tool for surface imaging

Abstract The atomic force microscope was introduced in 198A as a new instrument lor examining the surface of insulating crystals. There was a clear implication in the first paper that it was capable of resolving single atoms. Unambiguous evidence for atomic resolution with the AFM did not appear until 1993. In the intervening years the AFM evolved into a mature instrument that provides us with new insights in the fields of surface science, electrochemistry, biology and the technology. In this paper we will discuss the evolution of this new high resolution microscope and describe some of the events that led up to the present state-of-the-art instrument.
Syringe-associated toxicity of culture media on mouse and monkey preembryos.

Exposure of culture medium to certain types of syringes for up to 24 hr leads to toxic effects which retard development of mouse and monkey preembryos in vitro.
Revealing and Concealing Postmarital Dating Information: Divorced Coparents' Privacy Rule Development and Boundary Coordination Processes

Divorced coparents struggle with separating from their marriages and establishing independent identities, while simultaneously maintaining parenting relationships. In the time immediately following divorce, many coparents become involved in new romantic relationships to cope with the divorce and establish independence. Their decisions to reveal and/or conceal information about their dating from one another can affect the quality of the coparenting relationship. In this study, 35 divorced coparents were interviewed to identify the process by which they renegotiate previous privacy rules to guide their decisions about revealing and/or concealing dating information postmarriage. Communication Privacy Management (CPM) (Petronio, 2002) provided the theoretical framework of the study. Findings reveal a complex process of rule development through which coparents assess motivation, context, and risks associated with disclosing, along with past communication with the other coparent. Coparents reported a lack of ex...
A new species of Phomopsis causing twig dieback of Vaccinium vitis-idaea (lingonberry)

A fungus was discovered causing a progressive twig dieback on stems of Vaccinium vitis-idaea (lingonberry) in Oregon. Both morphological and molecular data suggest that the fungus belongs in Diaporthe/Phomopsis but is distinct from P. vaccinii, cause of a dieback and fruit rot of blueberry and cranberry (Vaccinium spp.). This fungus is described and illustrated as a new species, Phomopsis columnaris. It is distinguished from other species of Phomopsis by the distinctive conidiophores that consist of vertically aligned cells lining the base and sides of the conidiomata. Another species of Phomopsis described on Vaccinium, Phomopsis myrtilli, known from V. myrtillus, is redescribed and illustrated based on authentic herbarium material.
The specific gravity of transducing particles of bacteriophage P1.

Abstract The density of the particles of coliphage P1 and of the transducing particles derived from this phage was studied by density-gradient centrifugation in CsCl solutions. The normal and the transducing phage particles formed single-peak bands, the transducing particles being slightly heavier. Differences among the transducing particles in various types of high-frequency transducing lysates for the lac+ marker were observed. The particles of the antigen-converting Salmonella phage ϵ15vir and of a nonconverting mutant ϵy were indistinguishable in their banding properties in CsCl gradient.
Ligra: a lightweight graph processing framework for shared memory

There has been significant recent interest in parallel frameworks for processing graphs due to their applicability in studying social networks, the Web graph, networks in biology, and unstructured meshes in scientific simulation. Due to the desire to process large graphs, these systems have emphasized the ability to run on distributed memory machines. Today, however, a single multicore server can support more than a terabyte of memory, which can fit graphs with tens or even hundreds of billions of edges. Furthermore, for graph algorithms, shared-memory multicores are generally significantly more efficient on a per core, per dollar, and per joule basis than distributed memory systems, and shared-memory algorithms tend to be simpler than their distributed counterparts.In this paper, we present a lightweight graph processing framework that is specific for shared-memory parallel/multicore machines, which makes graph traversal algorithms easy to write. The framework has two very simple routines, one for mapping over edges and one for mapping over vertices. Our routines can be applied to any subset of the vertices, which makes the framework useful for many graph traversal algorithms that operate on subsets of the vertices. Based on recent ideas used in a very fast algorithm for breadth-first search (BFS), our routines automatically adapt to the density of vertex sets. We implement several algorithms in this framework, including BFS, graph radii estimation, graph connectivity, betweenness centrality, PageRank and single-source shortest paths. Our algorithms expressed using this framework are very simple and concise, and perform almost as well as highly optimized code. Furthermore, they get good speedups on a 40-core machine and are significantly more efficient than previously reported results using graph frameworks on machines with many more cores.
Direct measurement of the effective refractive indices of GaAs/AlGaAs slab waveguides: a new technique

A new method is presented for accurately and nondestructively measuring the effective refractive indices of GaAs slab waveguides. The experimental setup is extremely simple. This method is particularly applicable for buried waveguides and high refractive index waveguides that cannot be measured by prism couplers. It is also suitable for glass and LiNbO3 waveguides.
Civil Rights Success and the Politics of Racial Violence

This investigation revises the two main explanations for the successes of the civil rights movement: the backlash thesis and business moderation theory. While both theories hinge on the political significance of severe anti-rights violence, neither approach adequately explains variation in the intensity of this contention. Introducing a political mobilization perspective, which draws attention to the competition between segregationist and moderate business organizations, I argue that the structure of local electoral rewards determined the likelihood of official instigation or toleration for anti-rights violence. Case studies of four civil rights campaigns are used to demonstrate that the severity of anti-rights contention depended upon the relative political capacities of these interests. Refining the backlash thesis, it is suggested that the civil rights movement triggered the dramatic clashes necessary for advancing national legislation only where key economic interests lacked the will or political influence to challenge successfully segregationist political mobilization. Recasting business moderation theory, this analysis indicates that victories at the state and local level prior to substantive federal legislation depended not only upon the political leverage of moderate business organizations, but on a corresponding weakness among segregationists.
THE FREGE–GEACH PROBLEM AND KALDERON'S MORAL FICTIONALISM

Mark Eli Kalderon has argued for a fictionalist variant of non-cognitivism. On his view, what the Frege–Geach problem shows is that standard non-cognitivism proceeds uncritically from claims about use to claims about meaning; if non-cognitivism's claims were solely about use it would be on safe ground as far as the Frege–Geach problem is concerned. I argue that Kalderon's diagnosis is mistaken: the problem concerns the non-cognitivist's account of the use of moral sentences too.
Network Similarity Decomposition (NSD): A Fast and Scalable Approach to Network Alignment

As graph-structured data sets become commonplace, there is increasing need for efficient ways of analyzing such data sets. These analyses include conservation, alignment, differentiation, and discrimination, among others. When defined on general graphs, these problems are considerably harder than their well-studied counterparts on sets and sequences. In this paper, we study the problem of global alignment of large sparse graphs. Specifically, we investigate efficient methods for computing approximations to the state-of-the-art IsoRank solution for finding pairwise topological similarity between nodes in two networks (or within the same network). Pairs of nodes with high similarity can be used to seed global alignments. We present a novel approach to this computationally expensive problem based on uncoupling and decomposing ranking calculations associated with the computation of similarity scores. Uncoupling refers to independent preprocessing of each input graph. Decomposition implies that pairwise similarity scores can be explicitly broken down into contributions from different link patterns traced back to a low-rank approximation of the initial conditions for the computation. These two concepts result in significant improvements, in terms of computational cost, interpretability of similarity scores, and nature of supported queries. We show over two orders of magnitude improvement in performance over IsoRank/Random Walk formulations, and over an order of magnitude improvement over constrained matrix-triple-product formulations, in the context of real data sets.
Correspondence: Speculation on the relationship between organizational structure, entropy, and organizational function

Measures of entropy and efficiency were calculated for four simple organizational structures. Based on these results, it was speculated that organizational configuration can play a role in organizational function since information flow and the concomitant order and disorder are affected.
Participation of Survivin in mitotic and apoptotic activities of normal and tumor‐derived cells*

Survivin is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) gene family, containing a single baculovirus IAP repeat (BIR) and no RING finger, that is expressed in many human cancers. Although it has been proposed to be involved in mitotic and cytokinetic processes, its functional subcellular distribution in the cytoplasm and nucleus, and its binding to centrosomes, spindle fibers, and centromeres in relation to these processes, is not fully resolved. We have analyzed the localization of Survivin in normal (Detroit 551, IMR-90) and tumor-derived (HeLa, Saos-2) cell lines, and found that it does colocalize with centrosomes in the cytoplasm during interphase, then moves to centromeres during mitosis, and finally localizes to the midbody spindle fibers during telophase. However, Taxol, a popular microtubule stabilizing agent that is frequently used in the study of these processes, severely disrupted the localization of Survivin. Taxol treatment of cells promoted extensive relocalization of Survivin with α-tubulin on microtubules during either interphase or mitosis. Survivin antisense oligonucleotide markedly sensitized HeLa cells to cell death induced by agents acting at the level of cell surface receptor (Fas pathway) or at the level of mitochondria (etoposide). HeLa cell death induced by Survivin antisense oligonucleotide could be partially complemented by Deterin, the Drosophila homolog of Survivin (Jones et al. [2000] J. Biol. Chem. 275:22157–22166). Reciprocally, a chimera of the Deterin BIR domain and Survivin C-terminus could rescue Drosophila Kc cells from death induced by transfection of a human caspase-7-expressing plasmid. These results indicate common components of Survivin and Deterin antiapoptotic action in the vertebrate and invertebrate phyla. J. Cell. Biochem. 83: 342–354, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Localization of substance P, acetylcholinesterase, muscarinic receptors and alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites in the rat interpeduncular nucleus.

Abstract On the basis of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) staining, the rat interpeduncular nucleus was subdivided into five distinct zones. Intense AChE staining was observed in the dorsal cap and the lateral zones. Moderate staining was seen in the median zone and the dorsoventral column. The perivascular zones were unlabeled. Adjacent sections were stained for AChE and for substance P immunofluorescence. Substance P like immunoreactivity was found to coincide with the localization of AChE in the dorsal cap and the lateral zones. Both muscarinic receptors and α-bungarotoxin binding sites had distributions resembling that of AChE. Neither unilateral nor bilateral lesions of the habenulae changed the number or distribution pattern of the receptors. It was concluded that cholinergic receptors are localized postsynaptically. Our study suggests AChE and substance P containing fibers terminate in well defined zones of the interpeduncular nucleus which also contain muscarinic and nicotinic receptors.
Sex Ratio and Ethnicity: a Reply to Paul E. Lovejoy

I feel I should make clear that the ethnicity data in my article were intended only to shed light on the question of sex ratio. They do not provide an accurate reflection of the ethnic make-up of the eighteenth-century French slave trade, nor even of the trade to Saint Domingue. For this reason, I would hesitate to compare them, as Professor Lovejoy does, to Patrick Manning's projections based on decennial samples of plantation papers. The relatively high proportion of Hausa, Nupe and Voltaic slaves that Lovejoy remarks on was caused by the preponderance of post-1780 sources in my sample.
Graphene: Quantum-mechanical outlook

This paper examines electron transport in grapheme. Quantum mechanics is applied in order to derive consistent quantitative results. Fundamental and experimental results are studied in sufficient details. Our findings comply with experimental data providing evidence of overall accuracy and correctness of results reported.
The Minichromosome Maintenance Proteins 2-7 (MCM2-7) Are Necessary for RNA Polymerase II (Pol II)-mediated Transcription

The MCM2-7 (minichromosome maintenance) proteins are a family of evolutionarily highly conserved proteins. They are essential for DNA replication in yeast and are considered to function as DNA helicases. However, it has long been shown that there is an overabundance of the MCM2-7 proteins when compared with the number of DNA replication origins in chromatin. It has been suggested that the MCM2-7 proteins may function in other biological processes that require the unwinding of the DNA helix. In this report, we show that RNA polymerase II (Pol II)-mediated transcription is dependent on MCM5 and MCM2 proteins. Furthermore, the MCM2-7 proteins are co-localized with RNA Pol II on chromatins of constitutively transcribing genes, and MCM5 is required for transcription elongation of RNA Pol II. Finally, we demonstrate that the integrity of the MCM2-7 hexamer complex and the DNA helicase domain in MCM5 are essential for the process of transcription.
Drifter Launch Strategies Based on Lagrangian Templates

Abstract A basin-scale, reduced-gravity model is used to study how drifter launch strategies affect the accuracy of Eulerian velocity fields reconstructed from limited Lagrangian data. Optimal dispersion launch sites are found by tracking strongly hyperbolic singular points in the flow field. Lagrangian data from drifters launched from such locations are found to provide significant improvement in the reconstruction accuracy over similar but randomly located initial deployments. The eigenvalues of the hyperbolic singular points in the flow field determine the intensity of the local particle dispersion and thereby provide a natural timescale for initializing subsequent launches. Aligning the initial drifter launch in each site along an outflowing manifold ensures both high initial particle dispersion and the eventual sampling of regions of high kinetic energy, two factors that substantially affect the accuracy of the Eulerian reconstruction. Reconstruction error is reduced by a factor of ∼2.5 by using a co...
The effects of AICAR on adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells.

Abstract The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAR), has been found to inhibit the differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes, if added at an early phase of differentiation. AICAR blocks the expression of the late adipogenic markers, fatty acid synthase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and of the transcription factors, C/EBPα and PPARγ. It also inhibits early clonal expansion of pre-adipocytes, prevents the fall in C/EBPβ expression during the intermediate stage of differentiation and inhibits the late phase expression of CHOP-10, an antagonist of C/EBPβ. These data suggest a possible inhibitory role for AMPK in the process of adipose differentiation and suggest that AMPK might be a target to block adipogenesis.
Effective Refractory Metal Alloy Barrier Layer for High Temperature Microelectronic Device Application

The oxidation and diffusion of Molybdenum layer sputter-deposited on 2μm CVD diamond grown on silicon substrate has been studied. The Mo layer was protected by refractory metal silicide barrier layer. The samples were annealed in air ambient at 500°C over 30 hours. The oxidation of the samples was monitored with Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy (RBS). The effect of reactive sputtering of refractory silicide target in argon-nitrogen gas mixture (5% nitrogen by flow rate) on the barrier characteristics was investigated. The sheet resistivity of the barrier layer on SiC substrates as a function of annealing time in air at 500°C is reported. The surface structure and morphology of the refractory silicide films was determined with X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM).
PROSTAGLANDINS (PG) MODULATING RENAL BLOOD FLOW (RBF) AND PLASMA RENIN ACTIVITY (PRA) DURING FETAL LIFE

PROSTAGLANDINS (PG) MODULATING RENAL BLOOD FLOW (RBF) AND PLASMA RENIN ACTIVITY (PRA) DURING FETAL LIFE
Assessing nicotine dependence: a comparison of the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire (FTQ) with the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) in a clinical sample.

A recent effort to improve the psychometric properties of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire (FTQ) resulted in the revised Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). We endeavored to replicate and extend findings suggesting the superiority of the FTND by examining the psychometric properties of both instruments, as well as their relationship to self-report and biochemical variables associated with nicotine dependence in 110 smoking clinic participants. Results verified that the FTND represents a modest improvement over the FTQ, however, the need for continued development of self-report measures of nicotine dependence is noted.
Higgs decay into goldstone bosons

Abstract We comment on the calculation by Voloshin and Zakharov of the rate of decay of a light Higgs Boson into pions.
Spatio-temporal long-term (1950–2009) temperature trend analysis in North Carolina, United States

This study analyzed long-term (1950–2009) annual and seasonal time series data of maximum and minimum temperature from 249 uniformly distributed stations across the State of North Carolina, United States. The Mann-Kendall and Theil-Sen approach were applied to quantify the significance and magnitude of trend, respectively. A pre-whitening technique was applied to eliminate the effect of lag-1 serial correlation. For most stations over the period of the past 60 years, the difference between minimum and maximum temperatures was found decreasing with an overall increasing trend in the mean temperature. However, significant trends (confidence level ≥ 95 %) in the mean temperature analysis were detected only in 20, 3, 23, and 20 % of the stations in summer, winter, autumn, and spring, respectively. The magnitude of the highest warming trend in minimum temperature and the highest cooling trend in maximum temperature was +0.073 °C/year in the autumn season and −0.12 °C/year in the summer season, respectively. Additional analysis in mean temperature trend was conducted on three regions of North Carolina (mountain, piedmont, and coastal). The results revealed a warming trend for the coastal zone, a cooling trend for the mountain zone, and no distinct trend for the piedmont zone. The Sequential Mann-Kendall test results indicated that the significant increasing trends in minimum temperature and decreasing trend in maximum temperature had begun around 1970 and 1960 (change point), respectively, in most of the stations. Finally, the comparison between mean surface air temperature (SAT) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) concluded that the variability and trend in SAT can be explained partially by the NAO index for North Carolina.
A note on the body force integral of classical elastostatics

A method of accounting for the influence of body force, which involves a surface rather than a volume integral, is shown to be available whenever the body force is derivable from a scalar with constant Laplacian.
Energy-based target localization in multi-hop wireless sensor networks

This paper considers energy-based target localization in multi-hop wireless sensor networks. The multi-hop transmission scheme was modeled using a binary symmetric channel (BSC). The equivalent BSC model was integrated into a maximum likelihood estimation framework for energy-based target localization. We present a direct method for finding the coefficients in the equivalent BSC model. Simulations showed our approach can achieve performance close to the Cramer-Rao lower bound.
Identifying Hotspots of Rip Current Activity Using Wavelet Analysis at Pensacola Beach, Florida

Rip currents at Pensacola Beach in northwest Florida are associated with a transverse bar and rip morphology that develops as the nearshore bars migrate landward and weld to the beachface. As shown in a number of recent studies, the nearshore bar morphology at Pensacola Beach varies alongshore in response to a ridge and swale bathymetry on the inner-shelf, creating "hotspots" of rip current activity. However, it remains unclear whether these recently identified "hotspots" were present before Hurricane Ivan and if the development of the rip system is a response to the bar cycle. Wavelet analysis of aerial and satellite imagery from 1951 to 2004 was used to quantify the alongshore variation in bar morphology and identify when and where transverse bar and rip morphology develops in response to the storm-driven bar cycle. The innermost bar varies alongshore at a scale (of ~1000 m) that is consistent with the ridge and swale bathymetry, being closest to the beachface immediately landward of the deeper swales. ...
Mastitis increases growth factor messenger ribonucleic acid in bovine mammary glands

Multiparous Holstein cows were infected in two quarters by intramammary infusion with Streptococcus agalactiae and slaughtered approximately 36 h later. Mammary tissue was removed from the infected quarters, uninfected contralateral quarters, and from pair-slaughtered uninfected controls; the tissue was frozen in liquid nitrogen. The RNA was extracted, and Northern blot analysis was performed for a variety of growth factors, stress-induced genes, milk protein genes, and control genes. Infection increased levels of mRNA coding for heat shock proteins 89α, 89β, 70, 60, and 27. Simultaneously, concentrations of α-lactalbumin and casein mRNA decreased; α-lactalbumin mRNA showed a greater decline. The mRNA for several growth factors, including acidic fibroblast growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor-α, IGF-I, and IGF-II, were also increased as was the apoptosis marker, testosterone-repressed prostate mucin-2. Concentrations of mRNA for controls, β-actin, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were unaffected. These results indicate that mastitis induces changes in the levels of mRNA encoding for a variety of peptide growth factors. Such changes in growth factors could be important in a variety of processes that occur during infection, such as protection against injury or tissue repair and recovery processes.
Synthesis and structures of hydride-bridged palladium A-frame complexes

Abstract A series of hydride-bridged palladium A-frame complexes [Pd2R2(μ-H)(μ-dppm)2]PF6 has been prepared by reaction of [Pd2Cl2(μ-dppm)2] with 2 equiv. of a Grignard reagent, followed by addition of CBr4, NaBH4 and TlPF6. The mixed palladium–platinum species [PdPtR2(μ-H)(μ-dppm)2]PF6 were generated analogously from [PdPtCl2(μ-dppm)2], whereas the unsymmetrical dipalladium derivatives [Pd2(Mes)R(μ-H)(μ-dppm)2]PF6 were produced from the reaction of [Pd(Mes)(dppm)2]X with [Pd2R2(μ-Cl)2(AsPh3)2], followed by treatment with NaBH4. The complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy. The solid-state structures of [Pd2(C6H4Me-4)2(μ-H)(μ-dppm)2]BH3CN (1a) (obtained as its BH3CN− salt when NaBH3CN was used instead of NaBH4), [PdPt(C6H4Me-4)2(μ-H)(μ-dppm)2]PF6 (2a), [Pd2(Mes)Et(μ-H)(μ-dppm)2]PF6 (3b), [Pd2(Mes)Ph(μ-H)(μ-dppm)2]PF6 (3c) and [EtPt(μ-H)(μ-dppm)2PdMe]PF6 (4) have been determined by X-ray crystallography. 3c adopts an elongated boat conformation in the solid state, whereas the others exist in the chair form. The unsymmetrical cations 2a and 4 containing smaller organic substituents are disordered in the solid state, whereas the mesityl-containing derivatives 3b and 3c are not.
A Mechanistic Investigation of the Oxidative Addition of Alkyl Halides to Palladium Atoms

Abstract Palladium atoms (vapor) have been cocondensed at low temperature with a series of alkyl halides. Oxidative addition to form RMX occurs. Trapping experiments, free radical scavenging experiments, and decomposition product distributions suggest that the metal atom CX bond insertion occurs direclty via a caged radical pair.
Stress signaling of apoptosis via ceramide and c-jun kinase

Mammalian systems respond to environmental stress by either adapting for survival or undergoing programmed cell death (apoptosis). While it is generally believed that the caspase family of proteases are essential effectors of the apoptotic response, much less is clear about the signaling machinery required to activate the caspase system in response to stress stimuli. In the past few years, increasing evidence has linked the sphingomyelin and c-jun kinase (JNK) pathways to the death response in various cellular systems. Both signaling pathways are evolutionarily conserved through yeast. Since yeast does not undergo apoptosis, these pathways appear evolutionarily older than the caspase-mediated death programs. This paper reviews the role of sphingomyelin/ceramide and the JNK pathways in co-ordinating the signaling events leading to apoptosis.
Turbidite systems Part 2: Subseismic‐scale reservoir characteristics

Part I of this two‐part paper (TLE, April 1999) outlined the general types of turbidite systems (gravel‐rich, sand‐rich, mixed sand/mud, and mud‐rich) and their seismic stratigraphic and wireline log characteristics. In this paper, we summarize reservoir properties, their measurement and identification, and their value in predicting reservoir performance. Approximately 75% of the world’s giant turbidite fields have a stratigraphic component to their trapping mechanism (Pettingill, 1998), so we focus here only on stratigraphic and related properties.
Survival and development of Colorado potato beetles on potatoes treated with phosphite

Abstract Phosphite is a general term used to describe the salts of phosphorous acid H 3 PO 3 . It is effective in suppressing a number of plant diseases caused by oomycetes and has been shown to reduce populations of several insect species. We investigated the effects of phosphite on the Colorado potato beetles in the field and laboratory. Beetle numbers and defoliation on phosphite-treated plots were lower compared to the control plots during one out of two years of the study. No phosphite effects were detected in the field during the second year of the study. However, larval mortality was significantly higher the second year in the laboratory when larvae were fed on potato foliage excised from the potato plants treated with phosphite in the field. Laboratory tests with excised leaves dipped in a solution of phosphite revealed lower beetle survivorship and prolonged development on the treated foliage. Because of its dual properties as a fungicide and an insecticide, as well as its low toxicity to vertebrates, phosphite is a potentially good fit for integrated pest management programs.
Properties of additive frailty model in survival analysis

In this paper, we study a general additive frailty model along with some special cases and examples. The monotonicity of the population hazard is investigated in comparison to the baseline hazard rate. Examples are provided where the unconditional failure rate turns out to be increasing or bathtub shaped even when the baseline hazard is increasing. Association measure, for the additive case, of the correlated life times is studied with several examples.
Enlarged parietal foramina: a review of genetics, prognosis, radiology, and treatment

Enlarged parietal foramina are variable ossification defects in the parietal bones that present as symmetric radiolucencies on skull radiographs. In contrast to the normal small parietal foramina, enlarged parietal foramina are a hereditary condition and genes associated with it have been identified. A literature review was performed to discuss the many known findings related to enlarged parietal foramina. Even though they remain asymptomatic in the majority of cases, they may be associated with other pathologies and occasionally become symptomatic. This article provides a comprehensive review of the current knowledge of enlarged parietal foramina.
A test for both positive and negative response summation in the pigeon

Four pigeons were trained to keypeck on a multiple variable interval-extinction schedule, in which different composite stimuli were associated with the variable interval and extinction schedules. The six composite stimuli used were compounds of houselight (on or off) and form (horizontal line, vertical line, or cross) on the response key. Composite stimuli were constructed in such a way that some components of houselight or form were more frequently associated with reinforcement or extinction. It was found that the composite stimulus formed of components most frequently associated with extinction controlled a lower response rate than other composite stimuli associated with extinction. However, the composite stimulus formed of components most frequently associated with reinforcement did not control a higher response rate than other reinforced stimuli.
Examining the Role of Perceived Susceptibility on Colorectal Cancer Screening Intention and Behavior

Although support exists for multiple psychosocial predictors of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening, little is known about the relationships among these variables. Understanding the associations between such predictors could refine health behavior theories and inform the design of interventions. In addition to direct effects, we examined whether baseline perceived susceptibility was a moderator of, or was mediated by, changes in other psychosocial determinants of CRC screening intention and behavior. Longitudinal path models were tested using data from 1,001 white male automotive workers who participated in The Next Step Trial. Our sample included workers with no history of CRC who were due for CRC screening but did not complete CRC screening prior to the assessment of hypothesized mediators at year 1 follow-up. Perceived susceptibility interacted differently with four psychosocial constructs in models predicting CRC screening intention or behavior. Perceived susceptibility was independent of perceived benefits, moderated the change in perceived barriers and self-efficacy, and was mediated by the change in family influence. The role of perceived susceptibility was not limited to direct effects but involved mediating and moderating pathways of influence.
A comparative study of the seed germination biology of a narrow endemic and two geographically-widespread species of Solidago (Asteraceae). 1. Germination phenology and effect of cold stratification on germination

Solidago shortii is endemic to a small area in northcentral Kentucky (USA), whereas two of its sympatric congeners, S. altissima and S. nemoralis, are geographically widespread. Seeds (achenes) of S. shortii (0.370 mg) are significantly larger (PLSD, P=0.05) than those of S. altissima (0.070 mg) and S. nemoralis (0.068 mg). Germination percentages of freshly-matured seeds of the three Solidago species collected in November 1991, 1992 and 1994 were 0–2% in light at 15/6°C, 1–37% at 20/10°C, 9–56% at 25/15°C and 10–85% at 30/15 and 35/20°C. Stratification increased the percentage and rate of germination and decreased the time to the onset of germination (measured by Timson's index only at 20/10°C in light) in the three species. Following 12 weeks of cold stratification in light, seeds of the three species germinated to 72–100% in the light and to 22–100% in darkness over the range of thermoperiods; those cold-stratified in darkness germinated to 39–100% in light. Freshly-matured seeds of S. altissima and of S. nemoralis germinated to 0–4% in darkness, whereas those cold-stratified for 12 weeks in darkness germinated to 0–28% in darkness. On the other hand, freshly-matured and cold-stratified (in darkness) seeds of S. shortii germinated to 0–13 and 13–73%, respectively, in darkness. Under near-natural temperatures in a glasshouse without temperature control, germination of the three species peaked in March. Thus, the primary difference in dormancy-breaking and germination requirements of the three species is that the endemic germinates to a much higher percentage in darkness than its two congeners. Seeds of S. shortii do not have any special dormancy-breaking or germination requirements that could not be fulfilled outside its present-day geographic range.
Parent report of antidepressant, anxiolytic, and antipsychotic medication use in individuals with Williams syndrome: effectiveness and adverse effects.

Abstract Williams syndrome (WS) is a neurodevelopmental genetic disorder characterized in part by anxiety and behavioral difficulties. We examine the effectiveness and adverse effects of antidepressant, anxiolytic, and antipsychotic medications in individuals with WS. A total of 513 parents/caregivers completed a survey of psychotropic medication usage regarding their child or adult with WS. Twenty-four percent (24%) of the individuals had been prescribed an SSRI medication, while 12% had been prescribed another type of antidepressant or anxiolytic. Overall, 81% of respondents indicated that SSRI medications were either “Helpful” or “Somewhat Helpful”, with paroxetine reported to be the least helpful. Sixty-four percent (64%) of survey participants reported that non-SSRI antidepressants and anxiolytics were either “Helpful” or “Somewhat Helpful” in treating symptoms of anxiety. Side effects for the antidepressants and anxiolytics were typically neurological in nature. Ten percent (10%) of the survey participants reported taking an antipsychotic medication, with risperidone and quetiapine described as more helpful than aripiprazole. Medication effectiveness may be related to the impact on serotonin levels. These findings call for further studies of medication usage in WS in order to improve their quality of life.
Arab Television in Academic Scholarship

Over the past 10 years, there has been an exponential increase in satellite television in the Arab world, with programming ranging from music videos to news, from reality TV programs to Islamic talk shows. Concurrent with this development has been the growth of academic scholarship on understanding the relationship between Arab television and social and political transformations in the Middle East. This article provides an overview of Arab television growth, especially that of pan-Arab satellite channels such as Al-Jazeera, and of scholarship about it. Academic work that focuses on theories of media globalization and the public sphere, and that is in conversation with Western journalism and global media studies, is highlighted. Pan-Arab satellite television is exploding: exploding in quantity to more than 350 free-to-air channels now available in the region; exploding on the political scene, with repercussions in the Arab world and beyond; and exploding as an area of academic inquiry. Scholars seem to be wondering whether the world of Arab media suggests social change toward Western forms of democratization or towards more ‘fundamentalism’. While no one agrees on which direction these shifts are leading the Arab world into, there is no doubt that the impact of media is central to important transformations, no matter their direction. The ‘explosion’ of Arab television has been recent, with the majority of channels launching in the last 3 years. In 2000, there were less than 60 free-to-air channels in the region; by late 2007, there were over 350. Scholarship of this particular media has followed a similar timeline. What was a rather small and marginalized area of study (Arab media in general) in the early and mid-1990s has today become a burgeoning field, symbolized in the growth of scholarly writing on the matter, the growing representation of Arab media topics in communications, anthropology and Middle East studies academic conferences, the increase in students wishing to research Arab media, and a rise in academic and professional institutions and journals whose sole focus is the analysis of Arab television (or Arab media and popular cultural expression more broadly). While a thorough overview of this scholarly attention would require an entire book, what I do in the
Antagonizing CXCR4 accelerates CD34 + cell mobilization

Comment on Burroughs et al, page [4002][1] A novel bicyclam CXCR4 antagonist, AMD3100, appears capable of mobilizing a fully functional hematopoietic allograft within just 6 hours following a single injection. Recent studies have demonstrated that the interaction between the chemokine stromal-
Concentration and Pressure Effects on the Decomposition Rate of Aqueous Hydroxylammonium Nitrate Solutionsa

Abstract Abstract— Decomposition experiments have been performed on liquid propellants consisting of mixtures of hydroxylammonium nitrate (HAN) and water. Electric discharge initiation was used to produce a propagating, exothermic decomposition wave front, which was then observed by cineshadowgraphy. Experiments were conducted on quiescent HAN-water mixtures of 3.12 to 13.00M HAN in a 1.8 x 1.0mm rectangular strand burner over pressures of 6 to 34 MPa. A lean propagation limit was found to exist at a concentration of between 3.12 and 5.10 M HAN. Measured overall decomposition rates decreased with increased pressure in an unstable manner with instabilities ranging in size from tens of micrometers to the burner width. It was found that the overall decomposition rates were a function of both the HAN concentration and the density ratio, ϱproduct/ϱreactant (which is proportional to pressure), across the decomposition wave. This density ratio ettect is interpreted as affecting the hydrodynamic stability of the ...
The Effects of Advertising Copy on Sensory Thoughts and Perceived Taste

We propose that advertisement (ad) content for food products can affect taste perception by affecting sensory cognitions. Specifically, we show that multisensory ads result in higher taste perceptions than ads focusing on taste alone, with this result being mediated by the excess of positive over negative sensory thoughts. Since the ad effect is thoughts-driven or cognitive, restricting cognitive resources (imposing cognitive load) attenuates the enhancing effect of the multiple-sense ad. Our results are exhibited across three experiments and have many implications for cognition and sensory perception research within consumer behavior, as well as several practical implications.
Proton Transport through Water-Filled Carbon Nanotubes

Proton transfer along 1D chains of water molecules inside carbon nanotubes is studied by simulations. Ab initio molecular dynamics and an empirical valence bond model yield similar structures and time scales. The proton mobility along 1D water chains exceeds that in bulk water by a factor of 40, but is reduced if orientational defects are present. Excess protons interact with hydrogen-bonding defects through long-range electrostatics, resulting in coupled motion of protons and defects.
Toxigenicity of fungi from grain sorghum

The mycoflora of nine varieties of grain sorghum was determined by plating serial dilutions of ground samples on rose bengal-streptomycin agar. Seventeen species of fungi representing 10 genera were identified. Curvularia, Penicillium, Mucor, and Aspergillus were dominant genera. Extracts of P. herquei were highly toxic to brine shrimp, while those of C. clavata, C. lunata, and Mucor mucedo showed low to moderate toxicity. Extracts of C. clavata, C. lunata, and M. mucedo were highly toxic to chicken embryos; those of six other species showed low to moderate toxicity. Extracts of C. clavata, C. lunata, M. mucedo, Fusarium moniliforme, Alternaria tenuissima, P. herquei, and P. steckii showed varying degrees of toxicity to day-old cockerels.
Robust estimation of systematic risk using the t distribution in the chilean stock markets

This article deals with the estimate of the systematic risk of a share, assuming that returns follow an independent t distribution. In order to analyse the sensibility to possible outliers and/or atypical returns of the maximum likelihood estimator of the systematic risk, the local influence method was implemented. The results are illustrated by using a set of shares of companies belonging to the Chilean stock market. The main conclusion is that the t model with small degrees of freedom is able to incorporate possible outliers and influential returns in the data.
20th century vs. 21st century C&C: the SPUR manifesto

As technologists, we must confront the current weaknesses and deliver on the potential opportunities of computer and communication technologies in the 21st century. Consider this a call to arms for tackling that challenge.
Pseudopotential variational quantum Monte Carlo approach to bcc lithium.

The pseudopotential variational quantum Monte Carlo scheme is applied to bcc lithium. The pseudopotential is constructed from all-electron Hartree-Fock calculations. Atomic levels calculated using the pseudopotential show good agreement with experimental atomic spectroscopic data. Calculations for bcc lithium provide accurate equilibrium lattice constant and bulk modulus. Calculated cohesive energy is within 0.1 eV of the experimental value. Use of the pseudopotential enables accurate evaluation of the correlation energy among the conduction electrons. The results have demonstrated that the correlation energy is very important in determining bulk lithium properties. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Potentiometric response of PVC/crown ether membrane electrodes to nonionic organic compounds

Abstract The potentiometric response of PVC/dicyclohexyl-18-crown-6 membrane ion sensors to nonionic alcohols has been measured. The ion sensors are potentiometrically sensitive to lipophilic alcohols such as 1-hexanol, 1-heptanol, 1-octanol, and 1-nonanol at the millimolar level or lower, whereas low-lipophilicity alcohols, including methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, and 1,3-propanediol, have no influence on the sensor response. The results are discussed in terms of specific adsorption and penetration of the alcohols to the PVC/crown ether membrane.
Investigating the performance of different estimation techniques for crop yield data analysis in crop insurance applications

We investigate the performance of the ordinary least squares (OLS)-, M-, MM-, and the Theil–Sen (TS)-estimator for crop yield data analysis in crop insurance applications using Monte Carlo simulations. More specifically, the performance is assessed with respect to trend estimation, prediction of future yield levels, and the estimation of expected indemnity payments. In agreement with earlier findings, other estimators are found to be superior to OLS in simple regression problems if yield distributions are outlier contaminated and heteroscedastic. While this conclusion is also valid for subsequent applications such as yield prediction and the estimation of expected indemnity payments, the difference between the considered estimators becomes less distinct. For these applications, we find particularly the M-estimator to be a good compromise between high-breakdown (very robust) estimators and the very efficient OLS-estimator. Because no regression technique dominates all others in all applications and scenarios for error term distributions, our results underline that the choice of the estimation technique should be dependent on the purpose of the crop yield data analysis. However, alternative estimators such as M-, MM-, and TS-estimator can reduce (and bound) the risk of unreliable or inefficient crop yield data analysis in crop insurance applications.
The Effect of Music on Differences in Body Movement of College Music Majors, Dance Majors, and Survivors of Sexual Abuse

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there would be differences between the mannerisms and body language of the three subject groups: music majors (n = 23), dance majors (n = 23), and victims of sexual abuse (n = 23). Each of the subjects moved to a variety of music selections individually in the experiment room. They then completed a self-report questionnaire pertaining to inhibition and relaxation experienced in responding to the three pieces. The experimenter videotaped their movement, and assessed specific movement patterns: how much of the body was used, how much tension the subject showed, whether or not the response was indirect or repeated patterns, and if the motions were of an outward or inward nature. Three-way analyses of variance were run on the results of the questionnaire and on movement characteristics. Results showed statistically significant differences in the interaction of subjects and music. The sexual trauma group was much less inhibited moving to the orchestral music than to reggae or jazz, as were the music students. The dance students reported feeling more relaxed with jazz.
Outsourcing internet security: economic analysis of incentives for managed security service providers

Firms hesitate to outsource their network security to outside security providers (called Managed Security Service Providers or MSSPs) because an MSSP may shirk secretly to increase profits. In economics this secret shirking behavior is commonly referred to as the Moral Hazard problem. There is a counter argument that this moral hazard problem is not as significant for the Internet security outsourcing market because MSSPs work hard to build and maintain their reputations which are crucial to surviving competition. Both arguments make sense and should be considered to write a successful contract. This paper studies the characteristics of optimal contracts (payment to MSSPs) for security outsourcing market by setting up an economic framework that combines both effects. It is shown that an optimal contract should be performance-based. The degree of performance dependence decreases if the reputation effect becomes more significant. We also show that if serving a large group of customers helps the provider to improve service quality significantly (which is observed in the internet security outsourcing market), an optimal contract should always be performance-based even if a strong reputation effect exists.