cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Robotic fueling system

Three components of a concept robotic fueling system for automatic refueling of vehicles for commercial use were designed and tested. The components of interest were the control system (user interface and logic), vehicle positioning system (sensor system), and the automatic controlled dispensing of fuel (fuel nozzle). Tests on a scaled bench-top vehicle model achieved detection and orientation of the vehicle model in the fuel area as well as location of the modelpsilas fuel port. A test of automated dispensing of fuel was performed on a modified commercial fuel nozzle. Fuel dispensing is initiated by a signal from the control system, and is stopped when an experimentally determined pressure is reached in a venturi tube monitored by the control system, automating a mechanical process implored by fuel nozzles today. It was found that the accuracy and repeatability of the system was compromised by two components of the prototype system; inexpensive IR range sensors and vibrations due to a low end stepper motor.
Vibrational analysis of 2,2-dichloropropane and 2,2-dichloropropane-d6

Abstract Infrared and Raman spectra were obtained for 2,2-dicholoropropane- d 6 and a vibrational assignment was made for this compound and for 2,2-dichloropropane with the aid of normal coordinate calculations. Those calculations simultaneously fit the calculated to the observed frequencies of the two compounds, with 15 force constants being adjusted to fit 43 assigned frequencies with an average error of 7.0 cm −1 , or 0.95%.
Eigenforms of the Laplacian on real and complex hyperbolic spaces

On decrit l'espace total des solutions de l'equation Δα=cα, ou α est une p-forme sur un espace X hyperbolique reel ou complexe a n dimensions, et c une constante complexe
How Rules Matter: Electoral Reform in Taiwan*

Objectives. This article is a test of general electoral theory in the case of Taiwan's 2008, postreform legislative election. In light of Taiwan's electoral reform, I test several hypotheses related to choice in electoral design and winning conditions, effective number of parties, proportionality, and regionalism. Methods. I run a simulation of the new rules and districting using the previous (2004) election results and compare this to the actual results. By comparing simulated and actual outcomes, I can compare theoretically-driven, a priori expectations with election outcomes. Results. Primary findings are that a dominant seat share for the Nationalist Party, decline in third-party representation, and disproportionality were largely predicated on the transition to a majoritarian system. Conclusion. General electoral theory holds robust predictive power in the case of Taiwan.
The Ethical Self-Fashioning of Physicians and Health Care Systems in Culturally Appropriate Health Care

Diverse advocacy groups have pushed for the recognition of cultural differences in health care as a means to redress inequalities in the U.S., elaborating a form of biocitizenship that draws on evidence of racial and ethnic health disparities to make claims on both the state and health care providers. These efforts led to federal regulations developed by the U.S. Office of Minority Health requiring health care organizations to provide Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services. Based on ethnographic research at workshops and conferences, in-depth interviews with cultural competence trainers, and an analysis of postings to a moderated listserv with 2,000 members, we explore cultural competence trainings as a new type of social technology in which health care providers and institutions are urged to engage in ethical self-fashioning to eliminate prejudice and embody the values of cultural relativism. Health care providers are called on to re-orient their practice (such as habits of gaze, touch, and decision-making) and to act on their own subjectivities to develop an orientation toward Others that is “culturally competent.” We explore the diverse methods that cultural competence trainings use to foster a health care provider’s ability to be self-reflexive, including face-to-face workshops and classes and self-guided on-line modules. We argue that the hybrid formation of culturally appropriate health care is becoming detached from its social justice origins as it becomes rationalized by and more firmly embedded in the operations of the health care marketplace.
Making a Place at the Table: Reconceptualizing the Role of the Custody Evaluator in Child Custody Disputes

This article is based on the premise that custody evaluations cannot and should not be a substitute for the socio-legal judgment of the best interests of the child. Recognizing that clinical humility and judicial vigilance may not be sufficient to restrain the misuse of psychological evaluation, the authors offer three structural changes that would provide a more appropriate use of the skills and talents custody evaluators bring to legal decisions: using custody evaluators in the less adversarial setting of preparing parenting plans; revising the procedures by which custody evaluations are elicited in litigation; and, adopting the approximation standard for child custody determinations.
Some Common Misconceptions about Tests and Testing

This article offers an explanation for gender differences in scores on college admissions exams. It also discusses the role of norms in achievement batteries and the use of standardized tests in the primary grades.
Subclassification of soybean Bowman-Birk isoinhibitors

Trypsin inhibitors are proteins in the soybean which inhibit vertebrate pancreatic proteinases. Multiple forms of the two inhibitor classes, the Kunitz and the Bowman Birk inhibitors, are found in the soybean. The three Kunitz isoinhibitors are well characterized with regard to amino acid sequence, genetic inheritance and affinity for trypsin. Enough Bowman-Birk trypsin inhibitors have been purified and characterized that identities can be established and inhibitors classified into subgroups. The first subgroup includes the classical doubleheaded inhibitor of bovine trypsin and chymotrypsin, BBSTI-E; its proteolytic derivative, BBSTI-D, and BBSTI-E. Subgroup II has the double-headed weak trypsin inhibitors, BBSTI-C′, C and A″, related by proteolysis at the amino terminus. Subgroup III has the even weaker trypsin inhibitor BBSTI-B′ and its apparent proteolytic derivative, BBSTI-B. Subgroup I, II and III inhibitors have 70–80 residues with high half-cystine and low glycine content. Subgroup IV consists of the strong trypsin inhibitor BBSTI-A and its apparent proteolytic derivative BBSTI-A′. These have about 200 residues, only two half-cystine residues per molecule and 25 residue percent glycine. They crossreact better than do Subgroup III inhibitors with anti BBSTI-E antibodies. While the cystine-rich BBSTI-E and BBSTI-C are predominant in the cotyledon, the storage organ of the plant, the glycine-rich trypsin inhibitors are predominant in the vegetative tissues of the seedling.
Recasting ideology, recreating hegemony

New creative forms of engagement between artists and official institutions have opened up in Cuba as a result of changing relationships between state and society in the post-Soviet period. This article looks at critical debates about Cuban film as a site where filmmakers, ordinary Cubans, and the state collaborate to reincorporate alternative expressions into dominant ideological frameworks. But new modes of incorporation are incomplete and partial, as critical films also give rise to ideas that cannot be reduced to the agenda of the socialist state. The article is based on textual analysis of film and detailed ethnographic material collected during nine months of field research in Cuba.
Effect of Defoliation at Specific Growth Stages on Potato Yields

Defoliation of ‘Superior’ and ‘Russet Burbank’ cultivar potatoes by the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), and the variegated cutworm, Peridroma saucia (Hubner), was simulated by hand defoliation in a 2-year field study. ‘Superior’ and ‘Russet Burbank’ cultivars were defoliated at four and five different plant growth stages, respectively, during the growing season, with defoliation levels ranging from 10 to 75%. Defoliation during the full bloom period resulted in greater yield reductions than defoliation before or after full bloom. Defoliation of > 10% of the upper leaves on ‘Superior’ and ‘Russet Burbank’ cultivars during full bloom resulted in significant yield loss. Also, 10% lower leaf loss during full bloom on ‘Russet Burbank’ plants resulted in yield loss. Single-event defoliation thresholds for ‘Superior’ and ‘Russet Burbank’ cultivars are proposed.
Effect of selective intracoronary antiarrhythmic drug administration in sustained ventricular tachycardia.

Abstract The effect of selective intracoronary antiarrhythmic drug infusion on inducibility of cardiac arrhythmias was studied in 3 patients with recurrent sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia referred for comprehensive electrophysiologic studies. Each patient had evidence of prior myocardial infarction, 1 or more occluded coronary arteries and a readily identifiable collateral vessel that provided collateral flow to the infarct-related artery. In each patient, the clinical arrhythmia was reproducibly inducible by programmed stimulation in the control state. Afte positioning a small infusion catheter in the collateral vessel, selective intracoronary lidocaine 0.3 to 0.6 mg/min (patients 1 and 2) or procainamide 0.1 to 1.4 mg/min (patient 3) was infused for a 10-minute period. In each patient the clinical arrhythmia was rendered noninducible during selective intracoronary drug infusion. The arrhythmia was again inducible after a 10-minute drug-washout period and also after standard intravenous doses of antiarrhythmic drug. Selective intracoronary antiarrhythmic drug infusion may help to localize the site of origin of some cardiac arrhythmias, may provide a means of testing the effects of several drugs during a single study and may be a new method for studying mechanisms of action of antiarrhythmic drugs.
17β-Estradiol Exposure Leads to Activation of ERK and p38 but Not JNK in Vascular Endothelial Cells

Estrogen has been shown to increase endothelial cell (EC) production of nitric oxide (NO) by the rapid activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). To better understand the mechanisms by which estrogen acutely increases endothelial NO production, proteins of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, ERK, JNK, and p38 were examined to determine their potential role in this process. Bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) were grown to confluence in phenol red-free DMEM F-12, supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, on 35 cm2 dishes. After confluence, cells were starved for 12–24 hours and then exposed to 10 nM 17β-estradiol (E2) for 1–60 minutes. The cells were then lysed and proteins resolved by SDS-PAGE followed by transfer to nitrocellulose membranes. Membranes were then probed with anti-phosphospecific antibodies for ERK, JNK, and p38. Antibodies specific for total ERK and JNK were used to assure even protein loading. The level of ERK phosphorylation rapidly increased in biphasic pattern after E2 exposure: 1 min, 4.3 fold; 5 min, 1 fold; and 10 min, 7.3 fold (max). However, the level of JNK phosphorylation did not increase throughout the time course. The level of p38 phosphorylation increased rapidly to 3.6 fold at 10 minutes. We demonstrate that E2 rapidly activates ERK in a biphasic manner and p38 in a monophasic manner, but has no effect on the activity of JNK. Our data suggest that rapid eNOS activation by estrogen in vascular endothelial cells is predominantly mediated through ERK and p38 pathway. Rapid activation of ERK and p38 resulting in NO production may substantially contribute to the atheroprotective effect of estrogen.
One Soul at a Time: Political Science and Political Reform

Political scientists want to do good. They want to expand knowledge about political life, but also they wish to use knowledge for political reform. Usually this means desiring to promote “democratization.” Historically democracy and political science have tended to develop together. In modest ways political science can contribute to the emergence of democracy. Political reform succeeds best if it occurs incrementally, in the spirit of “one soul at a time.”
Andi Tucher, Froth and Scum: Truth, Beauty, Goodness, and the Ax Murder in America’s First Mass Medium. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994. 257 pp. Cloth, $34.95. Paper, $13.95.

(1995). Andi Tucher, Froth and Scum: Truth, Beauty, Goodness, and the Ax Murder in America’s First Mass Medium. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994. 257 pp. Cloth, $34.95. Paper, $13.95. American Journalism: Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 192-194.
Aggressive genetic “double-hit” B-cell lymphoma following renal transplantation: case report

B-cell lymphomas with two oncogenic chromosomal translocations (“double-hit” lymphomas [DHL]) often exhibit morphologic and immunophenotypic features intermediate between conventional diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and Burkitt's lymphoma (BL). DHL are highly aggressive neoplasms that respond poorly to current treatment strategies. A case of DHL that arose in a patient with a history of renal transplantation, diagnosed in a skin biopsy, is described. The lymphoma had morphologic features reminiscent of BL; however, in addition to the IGH@-MYC fusion, BCL6 was translocated to chromosome 13 in the presence of a complex karyotype. This case exhibits very unusual features: lymphomas with both MYC and BCL6 translocations are rare, and posttransplant DHL have virtually never been described. The importance of identifying patients with DHL is emphasized, as these patients require alternative therapeutic approaches.
Can HR leaders excel as company chief executive

Purpose – This paper aims to present a blueprint for HR leaders to excel as chief executives. Design/methodology/approach – The paper highlights some of the challenges that HR leaders encounter in their quest to succeed as a chief executive. Findings – The paper emphasizes the need to acquire chief‐executive acumen by developing a particular mindset, toolset and skill set, among other things. It explains the importance of understanding other departments, including marketing, finance, operations, legal, IT and strategy. Practical implications – The paper stresses the importance of entering into line organizations rather than staff organizations for quick career advancement for HR leaders. Social implications – The paper illustrates the realities of leadership development, with examples of a wide range of successful leaders. Originality/value – The paper closes the gap between theory and practice in the quest to become a good chief executive.
SPECT abnormalities in generalized dystonia

A patient with severe, generalized dystonia and 6 age range-matched controls were studied with the regional cerebral blood flow tracer technetium-99m hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime by single-photon emission computed tomography to test the hypothesis that cerebellar function is abnormal in dystonia. Analysis was performed by drawing regions of interest around the caudate head nuclei, hemithalami, deep cerebellar nuclei, and cerebellar hemicortices. The counts in each region of interest were normalized to whole brain cerebral blood flow in an identical manner for each subject. The dystonic patient had a difference in regional cerebral blood flow between the right and left deep cerebellar nuclei, increased regional cerebral blood flow in subcortical motor structures, and an abnormal relationship between right cerebellar cortical and right deep cerebellar nuclear regional cerebral blood flow. The findings in this patient provide evidence that the cerebellum may play a role in the pathophysiology of motor signs in some patients with dystonia.
Restorative Discipline: From Getting Even to Getting Well

As commonly understood, school discipline seeks to stop misbehavior, teach prosocial behavior, and motivate healthier decision making in the misbehaving student. In practice, the means to these ends often take a punitive path that fosters a self-protective posture, a sense of powerlessness, and a negative attitude that can contribute to an ongoing cycle of harm. School suspensions and loss of privileges mirror a criminal justice system that looks and feels like retribution or payback. Although the misbehavior may be stifled in the immediate context, the possibility of long-term change is small. Further, an exclusive focus on the misbehaving student ignores the harm done to those affected by misbehavior, and the danger that the bullied will turn into bullies as they seek to regain power. How do we transition from getting even to getting well? Restorative justice, an empathy-based philosophy gaining ground in juvenile justice initiatives, offers a fresh perspective on school discipline. By focusing on the harm done to relationships, restorative justice practitioners view discipline as an opportunity to understand the relational nature of misbehavior, mend relationships, and make restitution. Restorative discipline offers a collaborative approach steeped in inquiry-based methodology that is ripe for further experimentation and research. Language: en
Pseudodementia: a slow death.

The clinical term “pseudodementia” has remained a permanent nosological entity in the literature for over 100 years. Indeed, recognition of the fact that clinical symptoms associated with reversible neuropsychiatric conditions can mimic irreversible disorders was known as early as the middle of the 19th century. The importance of the term lies in the inherent assumption that the presenting dementia is not real, or is at least reversible, and therefore treatable. Nonetheless, there continues to be controversy regarding the validity and appropriate clinical use of the term. This article reviews the evolution and clinical utility of the term pseudodementia and attempts to redirect investigative efforts toward an understanding of the neuroanatomical substrates that underlie depression and cognitive impairment in the elderly. Based on a critical analysis of the relevant literatures, a subcortical-frontal neuroanatomical substrate of late-life depression is supported. Further, the presence of leukoaraiosis, as measured by magnetic resonance imaging, is proposed as a potential neurobiological marker that contributes to the depressed mood, cognitive impairment, and later cognitive deterioration of some elderly depressed.
Multiconjugate adaptive optics results from the laboratory for adaptive optics MCAO/MOAO testbed.

We report on the development of wavefront reconstruction and control algorithms for multiconjugate adaptive optics (MCAO) and the results of testing them in the laboratory under conditions that simulate an 8 meter class telescope. The University of California Observatories (UCO) Lick Observatory Laboratory for Adaptive Optics multiconjugate testbed allows us to test wide-field-of-view adaptive optics systems as they might be instantiated in the near future on giant telescopes. In particular, we have been investigating the performance of MCAO using five laser beacons for wavefront sensing and a minimum-variance algorithm for control of two conjugate deformable mirrors. We have demonstrated improved Strehl ratio and enlarged field-of-view performance when compared to conventional AO techniques. We have demonstrated improved MCAO performance with the implementation of a routine that minimizes the generalized isoplanatism when turbulent layers do not correspond to deformable mirror conjugate altitudes. Finally, we have demonstrated suitability of the system for closed loop operation when configured to feed back conditional mean estimates of wavefront residuals rather than the directly measured residuals. This technique has recently been referred to as the “pseudo-open-loop” control law in the literature.
Reducing restraint use in a public psychiatric inpatient service.

The use of behavioral restraint in psychiatric inpatients can have physically and emotionally damaging effects. However, staff may view the use of restraint as a routine and acceptable means of maintaining safety. The goal of this project was to reduce the use of restraint in a public psychiatric inpatient service that serves an economically disadvantaged urban population. Six interventions that primarily involved changing staff behavior were made to reduce the use of restraint. These included better identification of restraint—prone patients, a stress/anger management group for patients, staff training on crisis intervention, development of a crisis response team, daily review of all restraints, and an incentive system for the staff. The rate of restraint use (number of restraints/1000 patient-days) during the 3 years before the interventions was compared with the rate during the 2 years after the interventions. There was a significant decrease in the rate of restraint use after the restraint reduction initiatives were implemented. The reduction was not accompanied by a sustained increase in incidents of assault, suicidal behavior, or self-injury.
Impacts, volcanism and mass extinction: random coincidence or cause and effect?

Large impacts are credited with the most devastating mass extinctions in Earth's history and the Cretaceous – Tertiary (K/T) boundary impact is the strongest and sole direct support for this view. ...
Interpretive reproduction in the ‘Scuola Materna’

This paper presents an interpretive approach to childhood socialization that extends traditional views of human development. The interpretive approach stresses the importance of collective processes and argues that children, through participation in cultural routines, creatively appropriate information from the adult world to produce their own unique peer cultures. Building on a model of human development as a spiral of causality from the interpersonal to the intrapersonal, the paper offers the ‘spider web’ as a metaphor for conceptualizing the process of interpretive reproduction. In this model individual development is seen as embedded in the collective production of a series of local cultures which in turn contribute to the reproduction of the wider society or culture. The model is illustrated by a brief sociolinguistic analysis of discussion among three children in an Italian ‘scuola materna’.
Synthesis, structure, and spectroscopy of an oxodiiron(II) complex.

Bridging oxo species are important in the synthetic and biological chemistry of iron, and are found with iron oxidation states from +2 to +4. We report the first oxodiiron(II) complex that has been crystallographically characterized. It has been examined by NMR, IR, and Mossbauer spectroscopies as well as density-functional calculations.
Mental health services utilization and expenditures associated with cancer survivorship in the United States

Purpose The aim of this study is to assess mental health services utilization and expenditures associated with cancer history using a nationally representative sample in the US.
Examining Housing Policy: A Select Annotated Bibliography of Housing Policy–Focused Periodicals

A bibliography of resources focused on housing policy is presented. The bibliography is broken up into two sets, a set of publications focusing on housing policy in the United States and a set focused on housing policy at a multi- or international level. Each entry is detailed with the same categories of information, where applicable. Useful online housing policy resources (organizations, data sets) are provided as well.
Existence Theorems for Certain Elliptic and Parabolic Semilinear Equations

Existence theorems for the nonlinear parabolic differential equation −∂u/∂t + Δu + |u|p + f(x, t) = 0 in Rn × [0, ∞) with zero initial value are established given explicit conditions on the nonhomogeneous termf(x, t). An existence theorem is also demonstrated for the corresponding elliptic equation.
Rat heart mitochondria release adenosine

Abstract Isolated rat heart mitochondria release adenosine under specific conditions. Lowest adenosine release occurs at 4°C while highest release occurs in the presence of pyruvate + malate or rotenone at 30°C. The release is attenuated during state 3 respiration, in the presence of atractyloside or in the presence of 1799. Oligomycin only partially decreases adenosine release. Release is unaffected by 200 μM Ca ++ and is independent of oxygen concentration as low as 2 μM. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that adenosine is released from mitochondria via the adenine nucleotide transporter and the release is regulated by the intramitochondrial ATP to ADP ratio.
A DL-DOPA drop test for the identification of Cryptococcus neoformans

A simple melanin assay using DL.DOPA as the substrate was developed to aid in the identification of Cryptococcus neoformans. The DL-DOPA drop test assay was simple and efficient. The best results (100% of the C. neoformans isolates were positive) occurred when C. neoformans was grown for two days at room temperature on Sabouraud agar modified. One to three loopfuls of yeast cells were then transferred to a starvation medium for 18–24 hours. Two to three drops of 0.3% DL-DOPA solution was applied to the transferred yeast cells. Only C. neoformans produced a brown or blackgrey pigment within 24 hrs, with 85% of the isolates becoming brown or black-grey within thirty minutes.
Performance Evaluation and Analysis of ZigBee Technology in Smart Grid

As heavy investment in the smart grid in China, the research and application of new technology has obtained rapid development. To meet the requirements of reliability, stability, robust and low energy consumption in smart grid, ZigBee plays an important role with its own inherent advantages and reasonable design. In this paper, we focus on the route algorithms of ZigBee, introduce the principles and evaluate the performances of them. The simulation results provide feasible effective evidence and feasible solution for further development for smart grid by using ZigBee technology.
Kinetic, thermodynamic and X-ray crystal studies on N -alkyl-α-amineoxime ligand exchange between planar nickel(II) complexes

Abstract Equilibrium and kinetic parameters have been obtained for bidentate ligand exchange between the complexes [Ni(RAO)2-H]+ and [Ni(R′AO)2-H]+ to give [Ni(RAO)(R′AO)-H]+ by analyzing aqueous solutions using reverse-phase HPLC chromatography; R=H, Me, Et, n-Pr and n-Bu. It was found that the reactions were primarily entropy-controlled with the major rate-controlling step being dissociation of the strongest bound bidentate ligand. In organic solvents the exchange reaction proceeds at comparable rates probably by the same basic mechanism. Similar measurements were made for mixed ligand complex formation from the free ligand and the symmetrical complex ion. Using measured and estimated rate constants, the concentration versus time profile for one exchange reaction was simulated using the gepasi method and closely followed the experimental data. With (H, n-propyl) and (H, i-propyl), single crystals of the Ni(II) complexes were isolated as the bromide ion salt and identified by HPLC, X-ray structure solution and 1H, 13C NMR. A comparison of bond distances and angles of the isomeric ligands coordinated to the same metal ion is made. Structural comparisons between these complexes and those having alkyl groups on both AO-ligands show no differences which could be related to their kinetic or thermodynamic stability in aqueous solution.
Spinal subdural haematoma following spinal anaesthesia

Summary A case is presented of spinal subdural haematoma which developed after spinal anaesthesia.
The Maximum Potential Energy Savings from Optimizing Cold Deck and Hot Deck Reset Schedules for Dual Duct VAV Systems

This paper presents the physical models for the maximum potential thermal energy savings from optimizing the hot deck and cold deck reset schedules for dual duct variable air volume systems. The maximum potential savings can be determined by using these models combined with basic system operating parameters and bin data. The system performance can be evaluated by comparing the actual savings with the maximum potential savings. The energy savings from optimal cold deck and hot deck reset schedules in multi-zone buildings should be at least 75 percent of the maximum potential savings.
A culturally sensitive approach to tribal governance issue management

Abstract There are a number of obstacles to stronger tribal governments, including the prevailing cultural attitude toward Indian groups and the historical lack of support for efforts of Native Americans to build their own governmental systems. However, there is a growing realization among Indian tribes of the need to take firm control of many governmental functions. In working to resolve this situation, careful consideration must be given to the appropriateness of the approach utilized. The cultural traditions of the Indian community, based on consensus, often collide with the dispute resolution approaches imposed by non-Indian law and tradition. Utilizing a culturally sensitive approach to complex problem-solving, twelve tribal leaders participated in a problem-solving session designed to focus on the tribal governance problematique. (The term “problematique” is used here to connote that the tribes are faced with a system of interlocking issues.) The participants identified the significant tribal governace issues for the next decade, organized these issues for appropriate action, and developed a preliminary field representation of options/initiatives for leaders in the Indian community to consider for action. Participants' structuring of tribal governance issues resulted in a strongly coupled problematique, with a complexity metric significantly larger than problematic situations faced by most large organizations.
Calculation of the trapping of hot electrons by repulsive centers under the conditions of a needle-type distribution function

The trapping coefficient of hot electrons repelled by a Coulomb center is calculated explicitly for a needle-shaped electron distribution function under conditions where the effective trapping cross section, along with the Sommerfeld factor, depends exponentially on the energy of the electron which has tunneled through the barrier. The criteria under which the effective Bonch-Bruevich cross section is valid are obtained.
Cessation of patterned behavior: withdrawal from smoking.

CHANGE in behavior patterns implies not only alteration in overt activity but also in the mental sets and material items associated with carrying out the behavior. Much of the sociological research in behavior change has focused on the acquisition of the new material aspects utilized in novel behavior patterns. These investigations have studied the diffusion of innovations such as agricultural implements, fertilizers, new types of seed, new drugs, immunization, tuberculosis prophylaxis and other public health innovations. (Wilkening [ 1 ] ; Ryan and Gross [2] ; Coleman et al. [3] ; Deasy [4]. Although the material aspect has been central in each of the above inquiries, it is apparent that the adoption of these innovations also required changes in knowledge, attitudes, and values. This is also true of innovations wherein the change does not involve new physical equipment, such as a new card game, the boiling of drinking water, the Ghost Dance of the California Indians, or the Controlled Interval Method in athletics training. (Graham [5]; Wellin [6] ; Gayton [7] ; Loy [S]). In these cases as in those involving new paraphernalia, new ideas and preferences as well as behavior patterns are required for adoption. Some of the same reorientation of behavior and mental sets may be required when a behavior pattern long utilized by the individual and institutionalized in his group is abandoned. That this is likely is suggested by the fact that the adoption of many innovations requires that the group first relinquish an older behavior pattern. In many cases, a new drug or mode of transport displaces an old one, but involved in the process is the abandonment of the old one and the behavioral and mental alterations accompanying this abandonment. And even where there is no replacement of the eliminated item by a new one, some similar changes will be required. At this point, then, we suggest that there are at least two types of change in patterned behavior: incremental, that is, cessation of one pattern of behavior with replacement by a new one, and decremental, that is, cessation without replacement. Both decremental changes and those more usually studied in sociological literature, incremental or innovational, are instances of changes in patterned behavior. It seemed possible, therefore, that hypotheses generated in earlier investigations of innovation diffusion might be extended in their application to describing displacement of a long-held behavior pattern. Withdrawal from smoking is a change of this type which is currently of concern. The literature out of which these hypotheses have developed is well summarized and elucidated by Everett Rogers [9], a concise and comprehensive theoretical orientation to diffusion is provided by Katz et al. [lo], and the conclusions and their possible applications
Multiple Sclerosis with Onset after Age 60

The onset of multiple sclerosis (MS) after age 60 is uncommon. The clinical features of three such cases are described. Considerable diagnostic delay was seen in each case as symptoms were initially attributed to other conditions that more commonly afflict the elderly, including atypical facial pain, neuropathy, peripheral and cerebral vascular disease, arthritis, benign prostatic hypertrophy, and ischemic optic neuropathy. Although MS should be considered a diagnosis of exclusion in this age group, cerebral evoked potentials and CSF immunoglobulin studies can increase the diagnostic yield and may be helpful in the appropriate clinical context.
Instability of Extremal Relativistic Charged Spheres

With the question ``Can relativistic charged spheres form extremal black holes?'' in mind, we investigate the properties of such spheres from a classical point of view. The investigation is carried out numerically by integrating the Oppenheimer-Volkov equation for relativistic charged fluid spheres and finding interior Reissner-Nordstr\"om solutions for these objects. We consider both constant density and adiabatic equations of state, as well as several possible charge distributions, and examine stability by both a normal mode and an energy analysis. In all cases, the stability limit for these spheres lies between the extremal $(Q=M)$ limit and the black hole limit ${(R=R}_{+}).$ That is, we find that charged spheres undergo gravitational collapse before they reach $Q=M,$ suggesting that extremal Reissner-Nordstr\"om black holes produced by collapse are ruled out. A general proof of this statement would support a strong form of the cosmic censorship hypothesis, excluding not only stable naked singularities, but stable extremal black holes. The numerical results also indicate that although the interior mass-energy $m(R)$ obeys the usual $m/Rl4/9$ stability limit for the Schwarzschild interior solution, the gravitational mass M does not. Indeed, the stability limit approaches ${R}_{+}$ as $Q\ensuremath{\rightarrow}M.$ In the Appendix we also argue that Hawking radiation will not lead to an extremal Reissner-Nordstr\"om black hole. All our results are consistent with the third law of black hole dynamics, as currently understood.
T lymphocyte subset abnormalities in the blood and lung in pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Summary Rationale Mounting data suggest that immune cell abnormalities participate in the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Objective To determine whether the T lymphocyte subset composition in the systemic circulation and peripheral lung is altered in PAH. Methods Flow cytometric analyses were performed to determine the phenotypic profile of peripheral blood lymphocytes in idiopathic PAH (IPAH) patients ( n =18) and healthy controls ( n =17). Immunocytochemical analyses of lymphocytes and T cell subsets were used to examine lung tissue from PAH patients ( n =11) and controls ( n =11). Measurements and main results IPAH patients have abnormal CD8+ T lymphocyte subsets, with a significant increase in CD45RA+ CCR7− peripheral cytotoxic effector-memory cells ( p =0.02) and reduction of CD45RA+ CCR7+ naive CD8+ cells versus controls ( p =0.001). Further, IPAH patients have a higher proportion of circulating regulatory T cells (T reg ) and 4-fold increases in the number of CD3+ and CD8+ cells in the peripheral lung compared with controls ( p Conclusions Alterations in circulating T cell subsets, particularly CD8+ T lymphocytes and CD4+ T reg , in patients with PAH suggest that a dysfunctional immune system contributes to disease pathogenesis. A preponderance of CD3+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in the peripheral lung of PAH patients supports this concept.
Evaluation of electricity generation from underground coal fires and waste banks

A temperature response factors model of vertical thermal energy extraction boreholes is presented to evaluate electricity generation from underground coal fires and waste banks. Sensitivity and life-cycle cost analyses are conducted to assess the impact of system parameters on the production of 1 MW of electrical power using a theoretical binary-cycle power plant. Sensitivity analyses indicate that the average underground temperature has the greatest impact on the exiting fluid temperatures from the ground followed by fluid flow rate and ground thermal conductivity. System simulations show that a binary-cycle power plant may be economically feasible at ground temperatures as low as 190 {sup o}C.
Conversion by Infection: The Sociophobic of Cults in The Omega Man

The Omega Man (1971), starring Charlton Heston, is a film adaptation of the book I Am Legend by Richard Matheson. Matheson’s novel tells the tale of Robert Neville, the last man left alive after germ warfare has infected humanity with vampirism. The Omega Man differs from the original novel and its other adaptations in several ways: The most notable is that it imbues Heston’s character with obvious Christ-like symbolism. A more significant change went largely unnoticed: instead of vampires, those infected with the plague become part of a militant group called “The Family.” Although The Family is never overtly described as a religion, the antagonists speak to a popular fear of new religious movements that emerged in the 1960s. By pitting a medicalized Christ against a disease-like religion, The Omega Man helped to engender a dual perspective of deviant religion as simultaneously medical and heretical. This dual perspective would shape the discourse of the “cult wars in the United States for decades, from the abductions carried out by cult “deprogrammers” to the siege of the Branch Davidian compound in Waco, Texas.
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Effects upon Linear Positioning Performance

The effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) upon linear-positioning performance was investigated. 30 right-handed subjects were trained and tested on a linear-positioning apparatus either under constant stimulus conditions or mixed stimulus—no-stimulus conditions. The nerve stimulation, administered by a Staodyn Model 4000 stimulator, was positioned to stimulate the brachial plexus. Subjects' task was to learn a position 300 mm along a trackway while blindfolded. 20 acquisition trials with knowledge of results, which consisted of a verbal report of the magnitude of the subjects' errors, were given followed by 20 retention trials without knowledge of results. During acquisition subjects receiving nerve stimulation required a greater number of trials to achieve asymptotic error reductions than subjects who did not receive this stimulation. However, during retention, the acquisition group, no longer receiving transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, consistently exhibited longer res...
Identification of specific amino acids in diabetic glomerular basement membrane collagen subject to non-enzymatic glucosylation in vivo.

Abstract Glomerular basement membrane was purified from normal and streptozotocin-diabetic rats, and the insoluble collagenous fraction isolated following reduction and alkylation. Amino acid analysis of diabetic samples revealed three unusual peaks eluting near glucosamine. Two of these peaks had respective elution times identical to those of synthetic glucitol-hydroxylysine and glucitol-lysine. These findings identify lysine-derived amino acids in glomerular basement membrane collagen as sites of excess non-enzymatic glucosylation in vivo in hyperglycemic diabetes.
Secondary Isotope Effects

I. Theory and Nomenclature 955 II. Origins of Secondary Isotope Effects 956 A. Secondary Isotope Effects Resulting from Hybridization Changes 956 B. Secondary Isotope Effects on Acidities 959 C. Steric Secondary Isotope Effects 960 III. Secondary Isotope Effects in Particular Reactions 961 A. Acyl Transfer 961 B. Glycosyl Transfer 964 C. N-Ribosyl Hydrolases and Transferases 965 D. Phosphoryl Transfer 966 E. Methyl Transfer 968 F. Hydride Transfer 969 G. Peptidyl Prolyl Cis–Trans Isomerase 969 References 975
β2 Integrins are characteristically absent in acute promyelocytic leukemia and rapidly upregulated in vivo upon differentiation with all-trans retinoic acid

Although little is known about migration of hematopoietic stem cells and their neoplastic counterparts into tissues and peripheral blood, adhesion proteins likely play an important role. We studied 339 patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) to discern the relationship between adhesion protein expression, circulating blasts, and white blood cell (WBC) count. Expression levels of CD11b and CD11c strongly correlated with increased WBC count, independent of FAB subtype (p<0.0001). However, 93% (25/27) of cases of AML-M3 completely lacked beta2 integrin expression, compared to 11% (35/312) of the non-M3 cases (p<0.0001). Seven of the 27 patients with AML-M3 were followed during standard induction therapy with ATRA. Within 3 days, weak CD11c became detectable, followed by CD11b and CD11a. Our data suggest an important link between beta2 integrin expression and the level of circulating leukemic cells in AML. We demonstrate the clinical usefulness of a panel of beta2 integrins (CD11a, CD11b and CD11c) in accurate prediction of AML-M3, and recommend inclusion of this immunophenotypic analysis to identify patients who require ATRA therapy. Finally, we illustrate the rapidity at which AML-M3 blasts up-regulate beta2 integrins, and suggest a possible association between this finding and the tissue infiltration that characterizes the "ATRA syndrome".
Functional roles of metal binding domains of the Archaeoglobus fulgidus Cu(+)-ATPase CopA.

CopA, a thermophilic membrane ATPase from Archaeoglobus fulgidus, drives the outward movement of Cu+ or Ag+ [Mandal et al. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 7201−7208]. This, as other PIB-ATPases, is characterized by a putative metal binding sequence (C380PC382) in its sixth transmembrane fragment and cytoplasmic metal binding sequences in its NH2- and COOH-terminal ends (C27AMC30 and C751HHC754). Using isolated CopA, we have studied the functional role of these three putative metal binding domains. Replacement of transmembrane Cys residues by Ala results in nonfunctional enzymes that are unable to hydrolyze ATP. However, the CPC → APA substituted enzyme binds ATP, indicating its correct folding and suggesting that enzyme turnover is prevented by the lack of metal binding to the transmembrane site. Replacement of C-terminal Cys by Ala (C751,754A) has no significant effect on ATPase activity, enzyme phosphorylation, apparent binding affinities of ligands, or E1−E2 equilibrium. In contrast, replacement of Cys in t...
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Aerosol-OT Reverse Micelles

Molecular dynamics simulations are performed for the reverse micelles (RMs) formed by the surfactant Aerosol-OT (AOT, sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate) in isooctane. The appropriate simulation methodology is identified and applied to the study of the effect of RM size, as quantified by w0 = [H2O]/[AOT], on the structure of the reverse micelle. The radial and intrinsic density profiles, pair densities and pair orientations in the first solvation shell, and water−water hydrogen bonding profiles were constructed. On the basis of these various structural characteristics, we find that the organization of sodium ions, sulfonate headgroup, and water oxygen atoms at the surfactant interface is consistent with a pseudolattice structure for w0 = 2. An increase in the RM size leads to the disruption of this lattice, with more sodium ions dissociating from the sulfonate headgroup and an increase in the aqueous solvation of these two species. The water molecules exist primarily in the interior of the RM and exhi...
Direct measurement of local field factors for second-harmonic generation from quantum dot Langmuir monolayers compressed through the metal-insulator transition

Abstract The frequency-dependent complex optical dielectric function ∊ was determined in situ in order to calculate local electric field factors responsible for large (500-fold) enhancements in second-harmonic generation (SHG) observed from two-dimensional superlattices of silver quantum dots compressed through a reversible metal-insulator transition. For all films studied, the local field contribution amounted to, at most, a few per cent of the total SHG enhancement observed. This indicates that the enhancement is dominated by changes in the intrinsic optical nonlinearity X(2) of the system and not by linear optical effects.
Effects of forskolin, prostaglandin F2α, and Ba2± on the short-circuit current of the isolated rabbit iris-ciliary body

To gain information on the role of cyclic AMP (cAMP), ion transport and cell membrane permeability on aqueous humor formation, agents with well-known effects on transport properties in other epithelia were tested on the isolated rabbit iris-ciliary body. Forskolin stimulated the short-circuit current (SCO by 37.5? when added to the aqueous-side solution. Forskolin was ineffective when added to the blood-side solution or when HCCC was absent from the bathing solutions. The effect of forskolin confirms the presence of adenylate cyclase in the ciliary epithelium and the involvement of cAMP in ion transport. In HCOl-rich media, 5 × 10″ M prostaglandin F2α. (PGF-α), produced a prompt 25% increase in the SCC when added to the aqueous-side, and a small stimulatory SCC response when added to the blood-side. No change in SCC occurred when PGFα was added to either side of a HCO3-free bathing solution. It is implied that cAMP acts on a HCO3 dependent transport system. These results are consistent with the previously...
The Long-Term Aftermath of Child Abduction: Two Case Studies and Implications for Family Therapy

When children are abducted for lengthy periods of time, reunifying with family members is a difficult process. Drawing on qualitative interviews with adults who were kidnapped while children for between 18 months and 14 years, two case examples are presented that highlight the issues that are faced. Implications for family therapists are included.
Mediated interpersonal communication: Toward a new typology

Traditional conceptualizations of communication have excluded media or relegated them to a minor role as components of channel. Furthermore, the exclusive identification of media with “mass communication” has restricted understanding of the symbiotic relationship of media and interpersonal communication. This essay argues that media pervade all dimensions of human communication and must be considered in all research. It examines the category “mediated interpersonal communication” and suggests that it be added to the communication typology.