cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Higgs triplets in the standard model.

Even though the standard model of the strong and electroweak interactions has proven enormously successful, it need not be the case that a single Higgs-doublet field is responsible for giving masses to the weakly interacting vector bosons and the fermions. In this paper we explore the phenomenology of a Higgs sector for the standard model which contains both doublet and triplet fields (under SU(2){sub {ital L}}). The resulting Higgs bosons have many exotic features and surprising experimental signatures. Since a critical task of future accelerators will be to either discover or establish the nonexistence of Higgs bosons with mass below the TeV scale, it will be important to keep in mind the alternative possibilities characteristic of this and other nonminimal Higgs sectors.
Aspirations and Expectations of Physically Impaired High School Seniors

Physically disabled and non-disabled high school seniors' educational and vocational aspiration-expectation discrepancies were compared. No significant differences were found when the two groups were matched for cumulative GPA and level of father's occupation. GPA's and father's job levels of disabled students were significantly lower than those of the non-disabled. When not matched, disabled students' vocational aspiration-expectation discrepancies were significantly higher than those of the non-disabled. Higher aspiration than expectation for the highest vocational and educational levels, professional training, and employment were the major sources of differences expressed by seniors.
The adequacy of chronic pain management prior to presenting at a tertiary care pain center: the role of patient socio-demographic characteristics.

Abstract The Pain Management Index (PMI) is used to assess pain medication adequacy in black and white chronic pain patients (18–50 years) at referral to tertiary pain care. Using WHO guidelines for pain treatment, PMI was calculated from pain severity and drug analgesic potency. From 183 patients recruited, 128 provided treatment information for analyses (53% white, 60% female). Most (51.6%) had adequate PMI. Blacks were prescribed fewer pain medications ( P = .03); fewer women had adequate medication strength ( P = .04). In hierarchical regression, PMI was predicted at entry by female gender, lower MPI, higher affective MPQ, and a genderXage interaction. Younger men experienced better pain management, reducing toward the PMI level of women by age 50. In the final block, black race, being married, affective pain, and genderXage were associated with higher PMI, female gender and being employed were associated with lower PMI. Women, particularly younger women, were at higher risk for inadequate pain management in a primary care environment. These results support variability in chronic pain care and the need for research focusing on whether these disparities persist with specialized pain care. Perspective Most people with pain receive initial care in a primary care setting. This study examining the adequacy of pain management prior to specialty pain care showed blacks and women had less adequate pain care at referral. These results suggest the need for interventions and education in the primary care arena to improve pain care.
Triethyl tin-induced myelin oedema: an intermediate swelling state detected by X-ray diffraction

X-ray diffraction was used to probe the effects of triethyl tin (TET) on the periodicity and amount of membrane disorientation in the lamellar myelin from respiring optic and sciatic nervesin vitro as well as from nerves of rats treatedin vivo through their drinking water. The diffraction patterns show thatin vitro TET at concentrations of 4–100 μm affects C.N.S. but not P.N.S. myelin structure. A planar, concentric membrane array with a 200 A period is detected in the C.N.S.; this ordered, swollen myelin contrasts with the vacuolar and vesicular structure seen in thin-sections in TET-induced oedema. No effects of short-termin vivo treatment with TET are observed in either the C.N.S. or P.N.S. The finding that carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors have no effect on the TET-induced structural changes indicates that the swelling we observe is not related to a CA-dependent process. In comparison, the TET effect is prevented by replacing the mobile ions with isotonic sucrose. We conclude that TET-induced swelling in C.N.S. myelin arises from an increase in ion transport followed by obligatory fluid movement. Further, the ordered, swollen structure we detect may be an intermediate state that exists transientlyin vivo in TET intoxication and that precedes the gross swelling and vacuolization usually observed.
Content based video matching using spatiotemporal volumes

This paper presents a novel framework for matching video sequences using the spatiotemporal segmentation of videos. Instead of using appearance features for region correspondence across frames, we use interest point trajectories to generate video volumes. Point trajectories, which are generated using the SIFT operator, are clustered to form motion segments by analyzing their motion and spatial properties. The temporal correspondence between the estimated motion segments is then established based on most common SIFT correspondences. A two pass correspondence algorithm is used to handle splitting and merging regions. Spatiotemporal volumes are extracted using the consistently tracked motion segments. Next, a set of features including color, texture, motion, and SIFT descriptors are extracted to represent a volume. We employ an Earth Mover's Distance (EMD) based approach for the comparison of volume features. Given two videos, a bipartite graph is constructed by modeling the volumes as vertices and their similarities as edge weights. Maximum matching of this graph produces volume correspondences between the videos, and these volume matching scores are used to compute the final video matching score. Experiments for video retrieval were performed on a variety of videos obtained from different sources including BBC Motion Gallery and promising results were achieved. We present qualitative and quantitative analysis of retrieval along with a comparison with two baseline methods.
Effects of Mastitis on the Volume and Composition of Colostrum Produced by Holstein Cows

The effects of mastitis during the late nonlactating period on colostral volume and concentrations and total yields of immunoglobulin (Ig) G1, fat, and protein in colostrum were investigated using matched pairs of mammary glands from multiparous Holstein cows. Samples of mammary secretions were collected at approximately 14 and 7 d prepartum and within 3 h after calving. At each sampling time, the glands and secretions were examined for gross abnormalities, and the California Mastitis Test was performed. Duplicate secretion samples from each gland were cultured, and somatic cell count, pH, and fat and protein concentrations were determined. The volume of colostrum obtained at the first milking of each gland was quantified using a quarter milking device, and its IgG1 concentration was measured. Colostral volume from persistently infected mammary glands was lower than that from matched uninfected glands, as was the total mass of IgG1. However, infection did not alter IgG1 concentration in colostrum. Fat and protein percentages were lower in prepartum secretions but not in colostrum from infected glands. Persistent infection was associated with increased somatic cell count and pH of secretions at all sampling times, and California Mastitis Test scores were higher for colostrum from infected glands. The appearance of secretions was extremely variable, but the presence of flakes or clots in colostrum was associated with infection. We concluded that mastitis during the late nonlactating period alters mammary gland function but is unlikely to be an important contributor to the high rate of failure of passive transfer of immunoglobulins in calves.
PROMPTING AND FEEDBACK IN THE LEARNING, RETENTION, AND TRANSFER OF CONCEPTS

Summary. 184 college students were taught to decipher coded sentences. Two variables were studied: (a) Rule: given or not given before the learner responded; (b) Knowledge of correct response (KCR); given or not given. A 2 × 2 linear hypothesis design was used to analyze the four main experimental groups. As hypothesized, KCR increased learning, retention, and transfer only when the rule was given. It was concluded that KCR can be beneficial when it is not redundant. Subjects who received rules or KCR rated the learning test as more enjoyable than subjects who received both rules and KCR or neither rules nor KCR.
First Report of Impatiens Downy Mildew Caused by Plasmopara obducens in Alabama

During spring 2012, potted impatiens (Impatiens walleriana Hook.f.) plants with symptoms of a foliar disease were found in several commercial greenhouses in Mobile County, Alabama. Symptomatic leaves were chlorotic with no distinct lesions, and quickly wilted and abscised from erect green stems. In summer 2012 and 2013, numerous landscape impatiens plants with similar symptoms were observed in a large area from Mobile County north to Lee County, Alabama. A downy mildew was observed on the lower surfaces of symptomatic and abscised leaves from all locations. It consisted of hyaline, monopodial sporangiophores and ovoid, hyaline sporangia. Sporangiophores, which emerged from stomata, consisted of apical branches arranged at right angles to the supporting branches; they measured 69 to 90 μm long with individual branches measuring 7 to 14 μm long. Sporangia were borne on the tips of sporangiophore branches and measured 10 to 16.5 × 17 to 22.5 μm. No oospores were observed. In 2013, symptomatic plants were obt...
Multiple clientele influence on ex-dividend day price performance

Abstract This paper considers a change in U.S. dividend taxation for qualified public utility stocks from 1982 through 1985. The change affects some of the highest dividend-yielding U.S. stocks and allows individuals to defer payment of income tax on dividends, ultimately paying tax at capital gains rates, and reduces individual income tax rates. This paper examines these stocks' ex-dividend day performance before, during, and after this tax-law change. Results provide evidence that multiple clienteles, not a single marginal investor, determine ex-dividend day pricing for these stocks.
Emerging clinical applications of RNA

RNA is a versatile biological macromolecule that is crucial in mobilizing and interpreting our genetic information. It is not surprising then that researchers have sought to exploit the inherent properties of RNAs so as to interfere with or repair dysfunctional nucleic acids or proteins and to stimulate the production of therapeutic gene products in a variety of pathological situations. The first generation of the resulting RNA therapeutics are now being evaluated in clinical trials, raising significant interest in this emerging area of medical research.
A phenomenological model of the thermal hydraulics of convective boiling during the quenching of hot rod bundles. Part III: Model assessment using Winfrith steady-state, post-CHF, void-fraction and heat-transfer measurements and Berkeley transient-reflood test data

Abstract Alter completion and assessment of the thermal-hydraulic model developed in companion papers, we performed further independent assessment calculations using recently available Winfrith steady-state, post-CHF, void-fraction and heat-transfer data, and Berkeley transient-reflood test data. This paper discusses the results of those calculations. The thermal-hydraulic model in the Transient Reactor Analysis Code, Modification 2 (TRAC/PF1-MOD2, or simply TRAC), was used to predict the axial variation of void fraction as measured in Winfrith post-CHF tests. The predictions for reflood calculations were reasonable. The model correctly predicted the trends in void fraction due to the effect of pressure and power, with the effect of pressure being more apparent than that of heat flux. The effects of pressure, test-section power, and flow rate on the axial variation of tube wall temperature are predicted reasonably well for a large range of operating parameters. The predicted precursory cooling rates in Berkeley transient-reflood tests were in reasonably good agreement with the measured data. For high-test section input powers, oscillations associated with the void-fraction predictions observed. The predicted quench-front velocities (rewetting velocities) and their variations along the test tube were also found to be in reasonably good agreement with measured data.
The neurobiology of stress : from serendipity to clinical relevance

Abstract The hormones and other physiological agents that mediate the effects of stress on the body have protective and adaptive effects in the short run and yet can accelerate pathophysiology when they are over-produced or mismanaged. Here we consider the protective and damaging effects of these mediators as they relate to the immune system and brain. ‘Stress’ is a principle focus, but this term is rather imprecise. Therefore, the article begins by noting two new terms, allostasis and allostatic load that are intended to supplement and clarify the meanings of ‘stress’ and ‘homeostasis’. For the immune system, acute stress enhances immune function whereas chronic stress suppresses it. These effects can be beneficial for some types of immune responses and deleterious for others. A key mechanism involves the stress–hormone dependent translocation of immune cells in the blood to tissues and organs where an immune defense is needed. For the brain, acute stress enhances the memory of events that are potentially threatening to the organism. Chronic stress, on the other hand, causes adaptive plasticity in the brain, in which local neurotransmitters as well as systemic hormones interact to produce structural as well as functional changes, involving the suppression of ongoing neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus and remodelling of dendrites in the Ammon’s horn. Under extreme conditions only does permanent damage ensue. Adrenal steroids tell only part of the story as far as how the brain adapts, or shows damage, and local tissue modulators — cytokines for the immune response and excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters for the hippocampus. Moreover, comparison of the effects of experimenter-applied stressors and psychosocial stressors show that what animals do to each other is often more potent than what experimenters do to them. And yet, even then, the brain is resilient and capable of adaptive plasticity. Stress-induced structural changes in brain regions such as the hippocampus have clinical ramifications for disorders such as depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and individual differences in the aging process.
Evaluation of the elastic modulus and vibrational damping of Al2O3 coated Ti-25Al-10Nb after exposure to repeated thermal cycling

Ceramic coated intermetallic alloys offer good strength as well as resistance to high temperatures. The study reported here involved Ti-25Al-10Nb samples plasma-spray coated with A1203 for possible high temperature applications. Titanium alloys such as Ti-25Al-10Nb have replaced iron and nickel based alloys in many of these applications due to their low density, high strength and comparatively low cost [1]. However, at temperatures above 650 °C oxidation of the intermetallic is a serious problem. Alumina coatings can be used to enhance the material's tolerance to high temperatures by providing a protective layer. Alumina has been shown to be thermally, mechanically and chemically compatible with the Ti-25Al-10Nb substrate. The bonding mechanism between the Ti-25Al-10Nb and A1203 is purely mechanical. The A1203 coating is brittle but has an attractively high elastic modulus (which varies with density and purity). Elastic modulus and vibrational damping measurements are being considered as a measure of determining the mechanical performance of the alumina coated Ti-25Al-10Nb in high temperature applications. By examining the changes in the elastic modulus between thermal cycles, the tolerance of the material to high temperatures can be revealed. A change in elastic modulus could indicate changes at the coating-substrate interface. The interface between the intermetallic and the coating is vital, and is where spalling is most likely to occur. Furthermore, a significant decrease in the vibrational damping of the material would result in instability and failure in applications such as turbine blades. The Ti-25Al-10Nb used in this study was a polycrystalline material with a grain size of approximately 0.125 mm and had no significant texture. The crystal structure was DO19. The chemical composition is listed in Table I. Ti-25Al-10Nb has a density of 4.3 gcm -3, an elastic modulus of 125 GPa and a tensile strength between 800 and 1140 MPa [2]. Alumina has an
The politics, policies, and practices in linguistic minority education in the People's Republic of China: the case of Tibet

Abstract Like many nations, China faces the dilemma of designing an education system that, on the one hand, promotes national unity and economic development and, on the other, is sensitive to the unique needs and cultural background of various minority groups. During the regime of Mao Zedong class differentiation in Tibet was seen as a threat to communist ideology. The Tibetan society was condemned as “backward” and Chinese became the official language in all schools. As a result, Tibet is one of the least literate regions in China. Current Chinese law dictates that school curricula should reflect the interests of their constituencies and the minority language should serve as the medium of instruction. However, the examination system to advance to higher education reinforces the Mandarin language. Consequently, many minority parents believe that the sole use of Tibetan may not help their children's future. China's educational success in Tibet (and other minority regions) will depend on her ability to engage ethnic minority students in the universal primary school system.
Ionic Raman Effect. III. First- and Second-Order Ionic Raman Effects

The modulation of the ionic, rather than the electronic, contribution to the crystal polarizability by the atomic displacements is the dominant mechanism for scattering light when the incident light is in the infrared, and it is the ionic Raman effect that is studied in this paper. The problem considered is the effect of the second-order dipole moment on one- and two-phonon scattering spectra, in addition to the effect of the first-order dipole moment. An expression for the scattering efficiency is obtained and an order-of-magnitude estimate is included for the case of one-phonon scattering and for the case of two-phonon scattering in a crystal that passesses no first-order dipole moment. In the case of a crystal which also possesses a first-order dipole moment, there are additional contributions to the scattering efficiency, but these contributions are discussed qualitatively.
Mechanisms that specify promoter nucleosome location and identity

The chromatin architecture of eukaryotic gene promoters is generally characterized by a nucleosome-free region (NFR) flanked by at least one H2A.Z variant nucleosome. Computational predictions of nucleosome positions based on thermodynamic properties of DNA-histone interactions have met with limited success. Here we show that the action of the essential RSC remodeling complex in S. cerevisiae helps explain the discrepancy between theory and experiment. In RSC-depleted cells, NFRs shrink such that the average positions of flanking nucleosomes move toward predicted sites. Nucleosome positioning at distinct subsets of promoters additionally requires the essential Myb family proteins Abf1 and Reb1, whose binding sites are enriched in NFRs. In contrast, H2A.Z deposition is dispensable for nucleosome positioning. By regulating H2A.Z deposition using a steroid-inducible protein splicing strategy, we show that NFR establishment is necessary for H2A.Z deposition. These studies suggest an ordered pathway for the assembly of promoter chromatin architecture.
You cannot tell a book by looking at the cover: Cryptic complexity in bacterial evolution.

Do genetically closely related organisms under identical, but strong selection pressure converge to a common resistant genotype or will they diverge to different genomic solutions? This question gets at the heart of how rough is the fitness landscape in the local vicinity of two closely related strains under stress. We chose a Growth Advantage in Stationary Phase (GASP) Escherichia coli strain to address this question because the GASP strain has very similar fitness to the wild-type (WT) strain in the absence of metabolic stress but in the presence of metabolic stress continues to divide and does not enter into stationary phase. We find that under strong antibiotic selection pressure by the fluoroquinolone antibiotic ciprofloxacin in a complex ecology that the GASP strain rapidly evolves in under 20 h missense mutation in gyrA only 2 amino acids removed from the WT strain indicating a convergent solution, yet does not evolve the other 3 mutations of the WT strain. Further the GASP strain evolves a prophage e14 excision which completely inhibits biofilm formation in the mutant strain, revealing the hidden complexity of E. coli evolution to antibiotics as a function of selection pressure. We conclude that there is a cryptic roughness to fitness landscapes in the absence of stress.
All-optical logic gates based on cross-phase modulation in a nonlinear fiber interferometer

Abstract We propose and demonstrate all-optical logic gates, performing all eight two-input Boolean functions (ON, AND, OR, XOR, NAND, NOR, XNOR, INV) in a two-wavelength nonlinear interferometer. With a 400 m long single-mode fiber loop, the required pump power was 0.13 W, 0.25 W, 0.38 W, and 0.38 W for AND (NAND), OR (NOR), XOR (XNOR), and ON (INV), respectively. The concept can be extended to provide single-wavelength cascadable operation with fan-out.
Comorbid depression in rheumatoid arthritis: Pathophysiology and clinical implications

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory illness that primarily affects the joints. It is associated with symptoms of fatigue, pain, and sleep disturbances that can overlap with or mimic symptoms of depression. Depressive symptoms are highly comorbid with RA and may occur with at least mild severity in up to 42% of RA patients. RA and depression contribute to mortality, decreased quality of life, increased health care costs, and disability. Inflammatory pathways may hold the key to a link between depression and RA, and cytokines have been a major target of research in this area. This article reviews some of the most recent research and commentary on this complex relationship.
Religion, Political Culture, and the Weberian Tradition

A summary and reinterpretation of Weber's Sociology of Religion and The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism provides the framework within which four contemporary studies in political culture, which purport to be in the Weberian tradition, are examined. The framework distinguishes three levels of analysis in which “religion,” as a social fact, can be defined. The social, economic, or political consequences that can be attributed to religious adherence are different depending on the doctrine of the charismatic founder, the practical religion, or the practical religion of the converted. The author suggests a new, perhaps more fruitful agenda for research based on the methodological arguments of the paper.
Primary mucosal melanoma of the head and neck: a proposal for microstaging localized, Stage I (lymph node-negative) tumors.

BACKGROUND The current study was conducted to identify histologic predictors of survival in patients with localized, lymph node-negative (Stage I, N0M0) primary mucosal melanomas of the head and neck (HNMM). METHODS The histology of 39 sinonasal, 20 oral, 1 pharyngeal, and 1 laryngeal Stage I HNMM was reviewed by 2 pathologists without knowledge of patient outcome. The invasion was evaluated as Level I: melanoma in situ (without invasion or with microinvasion only); Level II: invasion into the lamina propria only; and Level III: invasion into deep tissue (e.g., skeletal muscle, bone, or cartilage). The tumor architecture was defined as pseudopapillary when tumor cells clustered around blood vessels resembling papillae and sarcomatoid when they resembled high-grade pleomorphic sarcoma. Survival analysis was performed with Kaplan–Meier survival curves using disease-specific survival (DSS) as the endpoint. RESULTS The 5-year DSS rate was 43% (median, 41.5 months). The median survival was found to decrease significantly with increasing level of invasion: Level I (n = 4): 138 months; Level II (n = 29): 69 months; and Level III (n = 28): 17 months (P = 0.003). The presence of pseudopapillary and sarcomatoid architecture (n = 20) and undifferentiated cells (n = 16) were found to be associated with a significantly poor DSS (P < 0.05). However, on multivariate analysis, only the level of invasion remained an independent predictor of survival (P = 0.03). Tumor thickness, vascular invasion, and necrosis were found to have no significant influence on survival. CONCLUSIONS Microstaging according to invasion into three tissue compartments was found to be a significant and independent predictor of poor survival in patients with localized, lymph node-negative, Stage I HNMM. The presence of sarcomatoid and pseudopapillary architecture and undifferentiated cells also appear to be associated with significantly poor DSS. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Thermodynamic treatment of complex multicomponent electrolyte solutions

Abstract Recent results from studies on the thermodynamics of mixing of aqueous solutions containing tetraalkylammonium halides have shown that these systems exhibit complex interactions (i.e. one or both solute components do not obey Harned’s rule). We have found that in these complex mixtures, it is important to avoid models that assume Harned’s rule is obeyed or that do not account for all multiplet interactions occurring in solution. The mixture parameters obtained from the Scatchard, Rush, and Johnson (SRJ) equations are compared to those obtained from the Scatchard, Rush, and Johnson equations modified by Leifer and Wigent (SRJ-LW) to show the importance of including all parameters associated with a given multiplet found in solution. Using the SRJ-LW equations along with the theory of co-spheres developed by Gurney and extended by Desnoyers and co-workers, the Reilly and Wood (RW) equations are shown to be unsuitable for systems which do not exhibit Harned rule behavior. It is desirable, particularly for chemical process simulations, to determine the excess free energy in terms of constants which are characteristic of the complex species formed. However, in complex mixtures, the concentrations of every complex species formed in a solution are required to determine these constants. In these complex systems where the individual species concentrations are not known, it is wise to draw only general conclusions regarding the species formed in solution. Using the SRJ-LW parameters, the excess free energy due to pair, triplet, and quadruplet interactions are reported and compared for the systems Pr 4 NBr–KBr–H 2 O, Pr 4 NCl–NaCl–H 2 O, Bu 4 NCl–NaCl–H 2 O, and Bu 4 NCl–LiCl–H 2 O. It will be shown that both the size of the clathrate ion and the hydrophilic nature of the accompanying cation have significant effects on the type and extent of complex species formed in aqueous solution.
Effects of Bacteria on Oviposition by Seedcorn Maggots (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)

Three bacterial isolates, a Flavobacterium sp., Erwinia herbicola , and Xanthomonas campestris , stimulated seedcorn maggot, Delia platura (Meigen), oviposition when tested either alone or in combination. Twenty bacteria with varying abilities to inhibit growth of these stimulatory bacteria were isolated from soil. These antagonistic bacteria either stimulated D. platura oviposition themselves or did not reduce inocula of the other organisms enough to reduce egg laying. In observation experiments, flies stayed longer and laid more eggs on inoculated substrates, even when they could not actually contact the bacterial inoculum during oviposition.
The suppression of eicosanoid synthesis by peritoneal macrophages is influenced by the ratio of dietary docosahexaenoic acid to linoleic acid.

The efficacy of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in suppressing eicosanoic synthesis by peritoneal macrophagesin vivo was influenced by the relative amount of dietary DHA when linoleic acid (LA) was held constant. Increasing DHA from 0 to 37% of the fatty acids in diets containing 10 weight % fat (of which LA was 40%) caused an eleven-fold increase in the DHA content of macrophages. Limited retroconversion of DHA to eicosapentaenoic acid was observed. Macrophages in animals consuming DHA synthesized significantly lower amounts of leukotriene E4, prostaglandin E2 and 6-keto prostaglandin F1αin vivo upon stimulation with zymosan. The maximum inhibition of eicosanoid synthesis was observed when the dietary DHA/LA ratio was 0.16 and no further inhibition occurred when the ratio was increased up to 0.81.
High-resolution satellite-derived sea-surface temperature variability over the Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank region, 1993–1996 ☆

Abstract Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analyses were completed using 3 yr (fall 1993 through late-summer 1996) of 1.4-km resolution, satellite-derived sea-surface temperature (SST) imagery from a large domain that includes the Gulf of Maine, Georges Bank, southern New England and western Scotian shelves, and the adjacent slope water region located seaward of the 200-m isobath. Prior to analysis, raw satellite-derived SST images were carefully cloud masked using automated and manual cloud detection techniques and then interpolated to a 7-km resolution grid using optimal interpolation (OI). OI resulted in 218 cloud-free, five-day-averaged SST fields, produced at five-day intervals for the study period. After removal of the 3 yr temporal mean SST at each gridpoint, a covariance EOF analysis of OI SST shows three significant modes, accounting for a total of 96.5% of observed SST variance. A gradient EOF analysis also shows three significant modes, accounting for a total of 92.7% of observed SST variance after removal of the spatial mean SST from each OI SST field. Covariance EOF modes 1 and 3 represent 92.2 and 1.3% of observed SST variance, and depict rich spatial structure in the seasonal heating cycle and additional spatial variation in the seasonal heating cycle over the study domain, respectively. SST variability noted for covariance EOF mode 1 is largely related to local differences in the seasonal mixed-layer depth, with deeper mixed layers resulting from strong tidal mixing over offshore banks and shoals contrasting with more- shallow-mixed layers and seasonal density stratification caused by weaker tidal mixing over regions of greater bottom depth. Additional spatial differences in seasonal SST variability and noted in covariance EOF mode 3 are related to regional differences in seasonal thermohaline and density characteristics of surface waters across the Gulf of Maine. Regional surface water differences across the Gulf of Maine are caused by different phasing between annual cycles of vertical heat flux and inputs of low-salinity Scotian Shelf water in eastern Gulf of Maine during late winter and local freshwater runoff from rivers in western Gulf of Maine during late spring. Covariance EOF mode 2 represents 3.0% of observed SST variance and describes interannual SST variability manifested by a cooling trend within the slope water region caused by a decrease in Gulf Stream warm-core ring activity during the study period. The gradient EOF analysis shows results that support and supplement the covariance EOF analysis by depicting the year-round nature of the SST gradient associated with the shelf break front (mode 1, 86.4% of SST variance) and SST gradients arising from spatial variation in the seasonal heating cycle (modes 2 and 3, 4.3% and 2.0% of SST variance, respectively) and some degree of interannual variability as described for covariance EOF mode 2 (mode 3).
Structural constraints on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Nef function

HIV-1 Nef is a multifunctional protein that exerts its activities through interactions with multiple cellular partners. Nef uses different domains and mechanisms to exert its functions including cell surface down-modulation of CD4 and MHC-I receptors and activation of the serine/threonine kinase PAK-2. We inserted tags at the C-terminus and proximal to the N-terminus of Nef and the effects on Nef's structure/function relationships were examined. We discovered significant defects in MHC-I down-modulation with the insertion of HA/FLAG tags at either region. We also found impaired PAK-2 activation with a C-terminal fusion with GFP. Interestingly, Nef-GFP and Nef-GH(7) induced MHC-I down-modulation, suggesting that the negative charge of the HA/FLAG tag could contribute to the observed defect. Together, these observations highlight elements of Nef's functional complexity and demonstrate previously unsuspected structural requirements for PAK-2 activation and MHC-1 down-modulation in Nef's flexible N- and C-terminal regions.
In-run bias self-calibration for low-cost MEMS vibratory gyroscopes

We present a method for improving bias instability and Rate Random Walk (RRW) in low-cost MEMS vibratory gyroscopes by periodically reversing polarity of the resonator drive force, yielding a 5 times reduction of RRW noise. The feasibility of the approach was experimentally evaluated using an in-production Analog Devices ADXRS800, a fully integrated MEMS gyroscope with a quadruple mass architecture. The proposed method is to use periods of alternating co-phase and anti-phase drive clock to drive-mode oscillation periods, and sampling the gyroscope sense-mode output during the equal times of co-phase anti-phase drive of the resonator, thereby canceling the drive alignment bias error term. The proposed self-calibration method allows for long and short term stability improvement in low-cost and high performance MEMS vibratory gyroscopes.
Gastric secretion and iron deficiency anaemia

The effects of iron deficiency anaemia on the gastric secretion of the rat are observed. No significant alteration in secretion in the presence of anaemia was found. It is thought from these findings that anaemia is the result rather than the cause of gastric hyposecretion.
Adult Children of Alcoholics In and Out of Psychotherapy: Issues of Intimacy and Interpersonal Relationships1

We examined differences between treatment-seeking and nontreatment-seeking adult children of alcoholics (ACOAs) and adult children of nonalcoholics (ACONAs) in regard to numerous aspects of interpersonal and intimate relationships. The subjects were 278 college students, aged 18 to 34. Consistent with many other studies, there were numerous differences between ACOAs in treatment and ACONAs not in treatment, although further analyses confirmed the methodological flaw and confound in such comparisons. There were no significant interactions between ACOA and treatment status, nor between ACOAs and ACONAs, regardless of treatment status, with only one likely chance exception of self-regard (ACONAs not in treatment reported higher self-regard than did ACOAs not in treatment). Finally, those seeking treatment reported significantly less affectional expression, lower self-regard, more depressive traits, and less dating competence and assertiveness compared to those not in treatment regardless of ACOA status. Therefore, treatment-seeking status and not ACOA status account for intimacy and interpersonal problems in this study and probably many others.
Large-change forecast accuracy: Reanalysis of M3-Competition data using receiver operating characteristic analysis

Abstract This paper applies receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to micro-level, monthly time series from the M3-Competition. Forecasts from competing methods were used in binary decision rules to forecast exceptionally large declines in demand. Using the partial area under the ROC curve (PAUC) criterion as a forecast accuracy measure and paired-comparison testing via bootstrapping, we find that complex univariate methods (including Flores-Pearce 2, ForecastPRO, Automat ANN, Theta, and SmartFCS) perform best for this purpose. The Kendall tau test of dependency for PAUC and a judgmental index of forecast method complexity provide further confirming evidence. We also found that decision-rule combination forecasts using three top methods generally perform better than the component methods, although not statistically so. The top methods for forecasting large declines match the top methods for conventional forecast accuracy in the M3-Competition’s micro monthly time series, and therefore, evidence from the M3-Competition suggests that practitioners should use complex univariate forecast methods for operations-level forecasting, for both ordinary and large-change forecasts.
Identification of Acanthamoeba sp. in paraffin-embedded CNS tissue from an HIV+ individual by PCR

The opportunistic pathogens, Acanthamoeba and Balamuthia, are the causative agents of the fatal central nervous system (CNS) infection granulomatous amoebic encephalitis. We report an infection of Acanthamoeba in an HIV+ individual. In the present case, multiple lesions were observed in the skin, brain, lung, liver, and bone. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay specific for Acanthamoeba was positive on tissue from a brain biopsy that had been embedded in paraffin. This report demonstrates the need for the consideration of Acanthamoeba infections in HIV+ individuals with skin lesions and multiple lesions throughout the body with CNS involvement. The results of the present study demonstrate that opportunistic amoebic infections can be diagnosed by PCR from paraffin-embedded biopsy material.
Computer approaches to protein structure: V. viewing models of proteins from the inside

Abstract The dynamic nature of computer models is discussed. In addition to varying the three dimensional position of atoms and the amount of detail presented in a given model, the computer is also able to change the position of the camera relative to the atoms of a protein model. Thus, the camera could be positioned outside of the model (the usual case) or it could be moved inside. From inside the protein model, internal atoms are immediately before the camera and interactions can be studied at close range. Atoms behind the camera are out of sight but could be brought into view by rotating the structure. The computer program discussed in this report constructs the peptide backbone of a protein, amino acids that contain ring systems, and the heme prosthetic group (myoglobin). In addition, the program varies the position of the camera and the positions of the atoms to provide unique views of protein models. Methods also are described for preparing animated and stereoscopic three dimensional presentations from the CRT models.
An interdependent site exchange process of some 16-electron bis-acetylene-molybdenum complexes

Abstract The propeller-like rotations of each of the coordinated acetylenes in the 16-electron complex (η 5 -C 5 H 5 )Mo(PhCCMe) 2 Cl are not independent and the barrier to rotation of one of the acetylenes is influenced by the orientation of the other. The barrier for the propeller-like rotation of the coordinated acetylenes in the similar cationic bis-acetylene complex, [(η 5 -C 5 H 5 )Mo(HOH 2 CCCCH 2 OH) 2 CO]Cl is >5 kcal/mol higher than in the neutral bis-acetylene (η 5 -C 5 H 5 )Mo(PhCCCH 3 ) 2 Cl.
Mechanisms and Genes in Human Strial Presbycusis from Animal Models

Schuknecht proposed a discrete form of presbycusis in which hearing loss results principally from degeneration of cochlear stria vascularis and decline of the endocochlear potential (EP). This form was asserted to be genetically linked, and to arise independently from age-related pathology of either the organ of Corti or cochlear neurons. Although extensive strial degeneration in humans coincides with hearing loss, EPs have never been measured in humans, and age-related EP reduction has never been verified. No human genes that promote strial presbycusis have been identified, nor is its pathophysiology well understood. Effective application of animal models to this issue requires models demonstrating EP decline, and preferably, genetically distinct strains that vary in patterns of EP decline and its cellular correlates. Until recently, only two models, Mongolian gerbils and Tyrp1(B-lt) mice, were known to undergo age-associated EP reduction. Detailed studies of seven inbred mouse strains have now revealed three strains (C57BL/6J, B6.CAST-Cdh23(CAST), CBA/J) showing essentially no EP decline with age, and four strains ranging from modest to severe EP reduction (C57BL/6-Tyr(c-2J), BALB/cJ, CBA/CaJ, NOD.NON-H2(nbl)/LtJ). Collectively, animal models support five basic principles regarding a strial form of presbycusis: 1) Progressive EP decline from initially normal levels as a defining characteristic; 2) Non-universality, not all age-associated hearing loss involves EP decline; 3) A clear genetic basis; 4) Modulation by environment or stochastic events; and 5) Independent strial, organ of Corti, and neural pathology. Shared features between human strial presbycusis, gerbils, and BALB/cJ and C57BL/6-Tyr(c-2J) mice further suggest this condition frequently begins with strial marginal cell dysfunction and loss. By contrast, NOD.NON-H2(nbl) mice may model a sequence more closely associated with strial microvascular disease. Additional studies of these and other inbred mouse and rat models should reveal candidate processes and genes that promote EP decline in humans.
Learning Algorithms In The Infrared

The use of learning algorithms to automatically set up analytical procedures in the near IR leads to considerable statistical complexities when one attempts to refine and optimize the method. While current work employs an almost brute force approach using lots of signal/noise ratios, plenty of samples and well defined representative learning sample sets, backed up by plenty of trial and error research, vastly more efficient, more easily automated, and more reliable procedures are, in principle, possible. It soon becomes apparent, however, that the power of our algorithms and the calculating capabilities of our computers are nowhere matched by our understanding of the underlying logic of the procedure. The learning algorithms of correlation spectroscopy, and the optimization process of multilinear regressions underlying them, are logically very complex entities whose complete understanding hinge upon a number of (seemingly) philosophical fine points. While no such complete understanding seems near at present (despite the overwhelming success of our so far crude approach to this spectroscopic technique), a number of insights derived from detailed considerations of the process will be discussed. These include procedures for avoiding optimization pitfalls, overall perform-ance improvements exploiting the non-Gaussian error distribution of the results, simplified optimization routines, and procedures for internal data verification.
Cellulose: a random walk along its historical path

Cellulose as a material has been widely used for centuries in all kinds of practical applications. However, its chemical composition, structure and morphology were also unknown for centuries. The modern history of cellulose chemistry actually began in 1837 when Anselme Payen chemically identified cellulose from plants. Since then, the establishment of its chemical and physical structures has undergone multitudinous periods of struggle. Until the early 1920s, many scientists believed that cellulose was made up of a few small molecules of glucose or cellobiose. Very few scientists accepted the premiss that it was a polymer. The controversial debates were continued for over ten years. Eventually, substantial experimental data provided proof that cellulose is a covalently linked, high-molecular-weight macromolecule. This fact also provided the foundation for the establishment of polymer science. Some of the historical development of chemistry and structures are briefly reviewed, and recent approaches to studying cellulose structures with new instrumentation are discussed.
Conformational analysis of membrane proteins in phospholipid bilayer nanodiscs by hydrogen exchange mass spectrometry.

The study of membrane protein structure and enzymology has traditionally been hampered by the inherent insolubility of membrane proteins in aqueous environments and experimental challenges in emulating an in vivo lipid environment. Phospholipid bilayer nanodiscs have recently been shown to be of great use for the study of membrane proteins since they offer a controllable, stable, and monodisperse model membrane with a nativelike lipid bilayer. Here we report the integration of nanodiscs with hydrogen exchange (HX) mass spectrometry (MS) experiments, thereby allowing for analysis of the native conformation of membrane proteins. γ-Glutamyl carboxylase (GGCX), an ∼94 kDa transmembrane protein, was inserted into nanodiscs and labeled with deuterium oxide under native conditions. Analytical parameters including sample-handling and chromatographic separation were optimized to measure the incorporation of deuterium into GGCX. Coupling nanodisc technology with HX MS offers an effective approach for investigating ...
THE CHANGING ROLE OF LOCAL ADVOCACY IN NATIONAL POLITICS

Local government interest groups face their most difficult period since their founding in the '20s and '30s, as a result of federal resource reductions to cities and political changes in Washington that threaten their ability to influence national public policy decisions. This article provides a brief history of the rise and development of three major local interest groups (the U.S. Conference of Mayors, the National League of Cities and the National Association of Counties). It then reviews the changing dynamics at the national level since the mid-1970s which have led these groups to lose access to key decision makers at the national level and face major disruption in their abilities to maintain effective local advocacy in Washington. Finally, the current options facing local interest groups in their efforts to maintain viable organizations in the 1980s are discussed.
Does working memory training work? The promise and challenges of enhancing cognition by training working memory

A growing body of literature shows that one’s working memory (WM) capacity can be expanded through targeted training. Given the established relationship between WM and higher cognition, these successful training studies have led to speculation that WM training may yield broad cognitive benefits. This review considers the current state of the emerging WM training literature, and details both its successes and limitations. We identify two distinct approaches to WM training, strategy training and core training, and highlight both the theoretical and practical motivations that guide each approach. Training-related increases in WM capacity have been successfully demonstrated across a wide range of subject populations, but different training techniques seem to produce differential impacts upon the broader landscape of cognitive abilities. In particular, core WM training studies seem to produce more far-reaching transfer effects, likely because they target domain-general mechanisms of WM. The results of individual studies encourage optimism regarding the value of WM training as a tool for general cognitive enhancement. However, we discuss several limitations that should be addressed before the field endorses the value of this approach.