cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Guide to Functional Analysis

The purpose of A Guide to Functional Analysis is to introduce the reader with minimal background to the basic scripture of functional analysis. Readers should know some real analysis and some linear algebra. Measure theory rears its ugly head in some of the examples and also in the treatment of spectral theory. The latter is unavoidable and the former allows us to present a rich variety of examples. The nervous reader may safely skip any of the measure theory and still derive a lot from the rest of the book. Apart from this caveat, the book is almost completely self-contained; in a few instances we mention easily accessible references. A feature that sets this book apart from most other functional analysis texts is that it has a lot of examples and a lot of applications. This helps to make the material more concrete, and relates it to ideas that the reader has already seen. It also makes the book more accessible to a broader audience.
Molecular Imaging of Purified Na+/K+-ATPase Molecules in Canine Kidney Membranes Using Atomic Force Microscopy

In order to ultimately elucidate the structure-function relationships of macromolecules, it is necessary to deduce detailed structural features by high resolution imaging in parallel to other techniques. In the case of membrane proteins this task has proven to be typically challenging due to limited availability of suitable specimen-preparation techniques and narrow applicability of conventional imaging techniques that require at least 2-dimensional crystals for high resolution. So far, a combination of electron microscopy (EM) and X-ray diffraction techniques, has been the most successful in the analysis of some of membrane proteins such as bacteriorhodopsin (7), nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (21) and Ca2+-ATPase (5). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is emerging as a powerful tool for analyzing biological samples at molecular resolutions (3,6). Recent successful application of AFM to the channel structure of gap-junction molecules has proven the potential applicability of this technique to the structural (and, thereby, functional) analysis of membrane proteins in general (8).
Purification and Properties of the Adenosine Diphosphate-Glucose and Uridine Diphosphate-Glucose Pyrophosphorylases of Mycobacterium smegmatis: Inhibition and Activation of the Adenosine Diphosphate-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase

Crude extracts of Mycobacterium smegmatis catalyzed the synthesis of adenosine diphosphate-glucose (ADP-Glc), cytidine diphosphate-glucose, guanosine diphosphate-glucose (GDP-Glc), thymidine diphosphate-glucose (TDP-Glc), and uridine diphosphate-glucose (UDP-Glc). In these crude enzyme fractions, high concentrations of trehalose-P inhibited the ADP-Glc and GDP-Glc pyrophosphorylases but did not effect the UDP-Glc or TDP-Glc pyrophosphorylases. Both the ADP-Glc pyrophosphorylase and the UDP-Glc pyrophosphorylase were partially purified (about 140-fold and 60-fold, respectively), and their properties were compared. For the ADP-Glc pyrophosphorylase, the K(m) for adenosine triphosphate was 6 x 10(-4)m, whereas that for glucose-1-P was 8 x 10(-4)m. The optimal concentration of Mg(2+) was 1 x 10(-3)m, and the pH optimum was 8.5. For the UDP-Glc pyrophosphorylase, the K(m) for uridine triphosphate was 1 x 10(-3)m and for glucose-1-P was 2 x 10(-3)m. The optimal Mg(2+) concentration was 1 x 10(-3)m, and the pH optimum was about 8.0. The purified ADP-Glc pyrophosphorylase was inhibited by fructose-6-P, fructose-1, 6-diphosphate, glucose-6-P, and phosphoenolpyruvate. On the other hand, trehalose, trehalose diphosphate, sodium pyruvate, and ribose-5-P did not effect the ADP-Glc pyrophosphorylase. None of these compounds, including trehalose-P, had any effect on the UDP-Glc pyrophosphorylase.
Resource-Limited Hyper-Reproductions: Electronically Reproducing and Extending Lectures

Multimedia authoring and publishing incorporates a variety of types of publications, from newly created multimedia presentations to digital libraries that incorporate a wide variety of pre-existing materials, from small self-published magazines to large productions that involve dozens or hundreds of workers and budgets nearing those of small feature films. In this paper, we consider an important form of electronic publication that is not frequently analyzed: the lecture, as reproduced and extended electronically. We present a methodology for transforming a recorded lecture into an appropriately useful and interactive multimedia publication—the hyper-reproduction—highlighting techniques appropriate for publications with limited resources (workers, time, bandwidth, etc.). We suggest techniques for automating parts of the construction and discuss the added capabilities of such reproductions and their effect on how users access, navigate, and retain information.
Behavioral Economics and Empirical Public Policy.

The application of economics principles to the analysis of behavior has yielded novel insights on value and choice across contexts ranging from laboratory animal research to clinical populations to national trends of global impact. Recent innovations in demand curve methods provide a credible means of quantitatively comparing qualitatively different reinforcers as well as quantifying the choice relations between concurrently available reinforcers. The potential of the behavioral economic approach to inform public policy is illustrated with examples from basic research, pre-clinical behavioral pharmacology, and clinical drug abuse research as well as emerging applications to public transportation and social behavior. Behavioral Economics can serve as a broadly applicable conceptual, methodological, and analytical framework for the development and evaluation of empirical public policy.
Partial Proof Trees, Hybrid Logic, and Quantifier Scope

Despite their other similarities, the frameworks of Derivational Minimalism and Resource Logic differ in the method of semantic computation. We argue that a system based on a hybrid logicincorporates features from both traditions, and so occupies a ``middle ground'' between the two.
Structure and properties of the LaCuO 3 − δ perovskites

The high-pressure synthesis and electric and magnetic properties of the ${\mathrm{LaCuO}}_{3\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ system have been studied. The copper valence can be varied in this oxygen-defect perovskite almost continuously from +3 to +2, and three distinct ordered phases are observed over its 0.0\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\le}0.5 stability field. A tetragonal phase exists over the composition range 0.0\ensuremath{\le}0.2, and the structure of a sample with \ensuremath{\delta}=0.05 was refined by high-resolution synchrotron powder x-ray diffraction in space group P4/m, with a=3.818 97(4), c=3.972 58(6), and R=0.0812. The tetragonal phase and also a monoclinic form stable between 0.2\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\le}0.4 are metallic with room-temperature resistivities of (1.0--3.0)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$ \ensuremath{\Omega} cm. The phase is orthorhombic for larger \ensuremath{\delta}, becoming an insulator as \ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0.5. Superconductivity was not observed in any of the metallic samples. Ferromagnetic behavior is observed in the tetragonal materials, but the moment disappears at the \ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\simeq}0.2 phase boundary. The small moment is attributed to the existence of a canted antiferromagnetic array in the tetragonal phase. The results are discussed within the contexts of schematic band models and rationalized in terms of one in which the Fermi level moves through partially overlapping copper 3${\mathit{d}}_{\mathit{x}}^{2}$-${\mathit{y}}^{2}$ and oxygen \ensuremath{\pi}(2${\mathit{p}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$${)}^{\mathrm{*}}$ bands as \ensuremath{\delta} increases.
Decoherence-Free Subspaces in Supersymmetric Oscillator Networks

Quantum superpositions can be used for parallel information processing, but only if protected against decoherence. A two-particle four-state system may have two-dimensional subspaces that are partially or completely decoherence-free, e.g., the symmetric triplet state as an example of the former, the anti-symmetric singlet state of the latter. By extension, a multiparticle system that in the laboratory basis is plagued by decoherence may in some other basis exhibit the symmetries that yield such decoherence-free subspaces (DFS's). Fully-interacting many-fermion spin 1/2 networks may be mathematically transformed to a more tractable many-to-one (or -to-some) variant. This paper applies such a transformation to a hypothetical network of boson-like operators and then argues that a fully-interacting particle number-preserving network of bosons plus fermions with supersymmetric degrees of freedom may be more plausibly exploited so as to contain DFS's. Physical systems that in some basis are inherently anti-symmetric are already known to be useful for quantum information processing. Supersymmetric systems may be likewise.
A Bit too Far

In the particle in the box problem, the particle is not in both boxes at the same time as some would have you believe. It is a set definition situation with the two boxes being part of a set that also contains a particle. Set and subset differences are explored. Atomic electron orbitals can be mimicked by roulette wheel probability; thus ELECTRONIC ROULETTE. 0 and 00 serve as boundary limits and are on opposite sides of the central core - a point that quantum physics ignores. Considering a stray marble on the floor as part of the roulette wheel menage is taking assumptions a bit too far. Likewise, the attraction between a positive and negative charge at distance does not make the negative charge part of the positive charge's orbital system. This, of course, is contrary to the stance of current quantum physics methodology that carries this orbital association a bit too far.
A Comprehensive Approach to Human Factors in Developing Countries

Existing human factors knowledge, generated in a high technology environment, can be drawn upon to meet the needs of less developed countries with a lower technology environment. To open up effecti...
Modelling seasonal patterns and long-run trends in U.S. time series

Abstract This paper discusses univariate methods used to deal with seasonal data with special emphasis on seasonal unit root and periodic models. These models are examined in the context of 15 U.S. macroeconomic variables. Many of these variables can be described as being periodically integrated, that is, having stochastic trends and seasonal elements that cannot be separated. Periodically varying parameter models are fitted to these variables and evaluated against other seasonal models using forecasting tests.
Enrichment of Microbial Electrolysis Cell Biocathodes from Sediment Microbial Fuel Cell Bioanodes

Electron-accepting (electrotrophic) biocathodes were produced by first enriching graphite fiber brush electrodes as the anodes in sediment-type microbial fuel cells (sMFCs) using two different marine sediments and then electrically inverting the anodes to function as cathodes in two-chamber bioelectrochemical systems (BESs). Electron consumption occurred at set potentials of -439 mV and -539 mV (versus the potential of a standard hydrogen electrode) but not at -339 mV in minimal media lacking organic sources of energy. Results at these different potentials were consistent with separate linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) scans that indicated enhanced activity (current consumption) below only ca. -400 mV. MFC bioanodes not originally acclimated at a set potential produced electron-accepting (electrotrophic) biocathodes, but bioanodes operated at a set potential (+11 mV) did not. CO(2) was removed from cathode headspace, indicating that the electrotrophic biocathodes were autotrophic. Hydrogen gas generation, followed by loss of hydrogen gas and methane production in one sample, suggested hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis. There was abundant microbial growth in the biocathode chamber, as evidenced by an increase in turbidity and the presence of microorganisms on the cathode surface. Clone library analysis of 16S rRNA genes indicated prominent sequences most similar to those of Eubacterium limosum (Butyribacterium methylotrophicum), Desulfovibrio sp. A2, Rhodococcus opacus, and Gemmata obscuriglobus. Transfer of the suspension to sterile cathodes made of graphite plates, carbon rods, or carbon brushes in new BESs resulted in enhanced current after 4 days, demonstrating growth by these microbial communities on a variety of cathode substrates. This report provides a simple and effective method for enriching autotrophic electrotrophs by the use of sMFCs without the need for set potentials, followed by the use of potentials more negative than -400 mV.
IMMUNOLOGIC ASPECTS OF OSTEOPOROSIS

Abstract Osteoporosis is a major cause of morbidity in older people. There are a large number of risk factors for the development of osteoporosis. However, these risk factors eventually must mediate their effects through modulation of bone remodeling. A variety of compounds including hormones and mutrients modulate bone remodeling. In addition to these well-characterized substances, the immune system plays a role in bone remodeling through pro-inflammatory cytokines. Specifically, interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-11, interferon-g are known to influence osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Recently, the cytokine IL-6 has joined ranks with these cytokines as a bone reactive agent. IL-6 has been shown to increase with age and menopause. Additionally, murine models suggest that IL-6 plays a central role in bone resorption. Finally, in vitro studies demonstrate that IL-6 induces osteoclast activity. In this review, we will discuss the pathogenesis of osteoporosis in the context of aging and IL-6.
Evidence for the presence of A1 and A2 adenosine receptors in the ventral aorta of the dogfish shark, Squalus acanthias.

Isolated, endothelium-free rings of vascular smooth muscle (VSM) from the ventral aorta of the dogfish shark, Squalus acanthias, were used to examine the vasoactive effects of various adenosine agonists. Cumulative addition of 2-chloroadenosine (2 Cl-ADO) over the concentration range 10 nM–1 mM resulted in a biphasic response, with a significant increase in tension at 1 μM and a more significant decline in tension at 100 μM and 1 mM, suggesting that this tissue may possess both A1 and A2 adenosine receptors. N6-Cyclopentyladenosine (N-6 CPA) and N6-(2-phenylisopropyl)adenosine, R(-)isomer (R-PIA), generally considered to be more A1 specific, also produced slight, but significant increases in tension, but only at relatively high concentrations. The more specific A1 agonist, N6-(25)-[2-endo-norbonyl] adenosine [(S)-ENBA] produced a significant increase in tension at 1 pM, reaching 28% above control at 10 nM. The response to (S)-ENBA was also biphasic, with a fall in tension at 10 μM. The relatively non-specific agonist 5′-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) produced a small, but significant, increase in tension at 1 μM, with no subsequent decline in tension at higher concentrations. These results allow us to assign a tentative structure-activity relationship (SAR) for an increase in tension of (S)-ENBA≫R-PIA≥2-Cl ADO=N-6 CPA=NECA; for the decrease, the SAR is (S)-ENBA>2-Cl ADO>R-PIA>N-6 CPA=NECA. These SARs are consistent with the hypothesis that the VSM from the ventral aorta of this elasmobranch fish contains both A1 and A2 adenosine receptors. This is the first such description of both adenosine receptors in fish VSM. The role of a putative release of adenosine from the fish heart on branchial hemodynamics remains to be determined.
p53 modulation of the DNA damage response

The tumor suppressor p53 plays a central role in the DNA damage response. After exposure to genotoxic stress, p53 can both positively and negatively regulate cell fate. Initially, p53 promotes cell survival by inducing cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, and other pro-survival pathways. However, when cells accumulate DNA damage or demonstrate aberrant growth, p53 can direct the elimination of damaged cells. In this review, we will discuss the transcriptional-dependent and -independent roles of p53 in regulating the DNA damage response.
Concurrent specification of unit load sizes and automated guided vehicle fleet size in manufacturing system

Abstract Even though many Subproblems related to the design of automated guided vehicle (AGV) systems interact with one another, current design approaches of AGV systems tend to focus on solving one Subproblem at a time. Piecemeal solution leads to suboptimal design. What is required is a concurrent engineering design approach that integrates two or more Subproblems into a design model which, when solved, yields the optimal design parameters for the entire system. Three areas that are amenable to integrated design for AGV systems are unit load size specification, vehicle size selection, and fleet size determination. Even though the size and number of unit loads to be moved per period constitute major factors in the determination of vehicle requirements and the specification of vehicle size for AGV based systems, there is very little research done in the specification of load sizes to optimize on total vehicle requirements. In his paper, a procedure is presented for the selection of the best unit load sizes for all part types manufactured in a shop that employs AGVs for handling. The problem is modeled as a mathematical program and solved by a hybrid algorithm that includes numerical search, computer simulation, and statistical analysis. The decision criterion is based on the minimization of expected total manufacturing cost.
Distinct variants of the KdV equation with compact and noncompact structures

In this paper we examine three distinct variants of the generalized KdV equation. Both the compact and the noncompact structures are treated for these variants. We also emphasize the different physical structures of the two classes: the focusing branch and the defocusing branch.
Organizational learning practices in the project management environment

Describes the organizational learning practices in a project management environment to ensure project quality. The project management and organizational learning processes are described using the plan‐do‐study‐act (PDSA) cycle from quality management. Data from a survey of practicing project managers support the theory that organizational learning practices are associated with project knowledge, which is associated with project performance. Project knowledge is associated with learning that occurs both within and across projects. Managers can use this research to develop specific strategies to increase project success through learning. Researchers can use the results to understand how learning occurs in project environments. Implications are provided for project managers to use in focusing the learning activities of a project team.
High-performance liquid chromatography of the fluorescent dyes Fura-2 and Mag-Fura stability in organic solvents

Abstract The fluorescent dye indicators Fura-2/AM and Mag-fura are used to estimate changes in intracellular concentrations of calcium and magnesium, respectively. HPLC, coupled to fluorescence and ultraviolet detectors, indicated that these dyes are unstable when dissolved in methanol and are especially unstable in glass containers compared to plastic. Both dyes were very stable in acetonitrile and dimethyl sulfoxide. The glass vials used in these studies appear to contain an unidentified substance which causes changes in the spectral intensities of these fluorescent dyes in the presence of methanol but not other solvents. With Fura-2/AM, there was an initial two fold increase in fluorescence during the first four hours in methanol and glass with no change in retention time, peak shape or ultraviolet absorption. With Mag-fura, no increase in fluorescence was observed but instead there was a reduction of more than 90% in both fluorescence and ultraviolet absorption within 30 min, indicating that significant decomposition occurs under these conditions. These results confirm previous studies which suggest that acetonitrile is preferable to methanol for sample preparation and chromatographic analysis of Fura-2 and Mag-Fura. These data also indicate that glass vials contain an extractable substance which markedly enhances the spectral intensities of Fura-2/AM.
Sisley the abstract painter

We present an interactive abstract painting system named Sisley. Sisley works upon the psychological principle [Berlyne 1971] that abstract arts are often characterized by their greater perceptual ambiguities than photographs, which tend to invoke moderate mental efforts of the audience for interpretation, accompanied with subtle aesthetic pleasures. Given an input photograph, Sisley decomposes it into a hierarchy/tree of its constituent image components (e.g., regions, objects of different categories) with interactive guidance from the user, then automatically generates corresponding abstract painting images, with increased ambiguities of both the scene and individual objects at desired levels. Sisley consists of three major working parts: (1) an interactive image parser executing the tasks of segmentation, labeling, and hierarchical organization, (2) a painterly rendering engine with abstract operators for transferring the image appearance, and (3) a numerical ambiguity computation and control module of servomechanism. With the help of Sisley, even an amateur user can create abstract paintings from photographs easily in minutes. We have evaluated the rendering results of Sisley using human experiments, and verified that they have similar abstract effects to original abstract paintings by artists.
The standard Gibbs free energy of formation of Nd1.1Fe4B4 and Nd2Fe14B

Abstract The standard Gibbs free energy of formation of the ternary compounds Nd 1.1 Fe 4 B 4 and Nd 2 Fe 14 B was determined at 1000–1100 K by means of e.m.f. measurement of galvanic cells using a single-crystal CaF 2 solid electrolyte. The results are expressed as ΔG o Nd .1.1 Fe 4 B 4 = −825.1 + 3.68 × 10 −1 T kJ mol −1 and ΔG o Nd 2 Fe 14 B = −806.7 + 5.85 × 10 −1 T kJ mol −1 Based on these data the equilibrium phase relations in the Nd 1.1 Fe 4 B 4 -Nd 2 Fe 14 B-Fe 2 B-Fe region were briefly discussed.
Matter and Machine in Derrida’s Account of Religion

Jacques Derrida’s ‘Faith and Knowledge’ presents an account of the complex relationship between religion and technoscience that disrupts their traditional boundaries by uncovering both an irreducible faith at the heart of science and an irreducible mechanicity at the heart of religion. In this paper, I focus on the latter, arguing that emphases in Derrida’s text on both the ‘sources’ of religion and its interaction with modern technologies underemphasize the ways in which a general ‘mechanicity’ is present throughout religion. There is no faith, I contend, that is not in some way materially constituted according to a mechanicity operative not only at its origin but continuously and in ever-changing forms, and not only in its interactions with other fields and institutions but within its own structure and daily life. By closely examining ‘Faith and Knowledge’—along with examples from his essay ‘A Silkworm of One’s Own’ and Michael Naas’s Miracle and Machine—I argue that more attention should be paid to the mechanisms, both human and non-human, that populate and perform religion in its factical life. Mechanical bodies and practices are enlisted by religious traditions in order that these traditions continue to exist by continually reconstituting themselves in, for example, the repetitive use of religious objects or the vocal recitation of creeds. Such mechanical acts of religion are not ultimately opposed to the faithful experience that is often taken to be the wellspring of religious life; on the contrary, they are the conditions for the possibility of this experience.
Ommochrome pigments of spiders

Abstract 1. 1. Pigments with chemical properties characteristic to both ommatins and ommins were found to be present in the hypodermis and in some cases the intestinal diverticula of spiders from all families of the sub-order Labidognatha examined. 2. 2. Based upon the natural physiological colours and the chemical redoxcolour changes the hypodermal pigments could be grouped into two major and one minor class. 3. 3. Conventional ommochrome chemical techniques were used to show that 3.1. (a) Class I pigments (orange to brown) consisted mostly, if not entirely, of an ommatin with properties nearly identical to xanthommatin. 3.2. (b) Class II pigments (dark brown to black) contained both xanthommatin and an ommin, with the latter being the more predominant. 3.3. (c) Class III pigments (yellow), which occur with the lowest frequency in nature, were variable in composition, consisting mostly of kynurenine and 3-hydroxykynurenine which are either precursors or degradation products of ommochromes.
Homo- and Heterosubtypic Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Exposure on H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Infection in Wood Ducks (Aix sponsa)

Wild birds in the Orders Anseriformes and Charadriiformes are the natural reservoirs for avian influenza (AI) viruses. Although they are often infected with multiple AI viruses, the significance and extent of acquired immunity in these populations is not understood. Pre-existing immunity to AI virus has been shown to modulate the outcome of a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus infection in multiple domestic avian species, but few studies have addressed this effect in wild birds. In this study, the effect of pre-exposure to homosubtypic (homologous hemagglutinin) and heterosubtypic (heterologous hemagglutinin) low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses on the outcome of a H5N1 HPAI virus infection in wood ducks (Aix sponsa) was evaluated. Pre-exposure of wood ducks to different LPAI viruses did not prevent infection with H5N1 HPAI virus, but did increase survival associated with H5N1 HPAI virus infection. The magnitude of this effect on the outcome of the H5N1 HPAI virus infection varied between different LPAI viruses, and was associated both with efficiency of LPAI viral replication in wood ducks and the development of a detectable humoral immune response. These observations suggest that in naturally occurring outbreaks of H5N1 HPAI, birds with pre-existing immunity to homologous hemagglutinin or neuraminidase subtypes of AI virus may either survive H5N1 HPAI virus infection or live longer than naive birds and, consequently, could pose a greater risk for contributing to viral transmission and dissemination. The mechanisms responsible for this protection and/or the duration of this immunity remain unknown. The results of this study are important for surveillance efforts and help clarify epidemiological data from outbreaks of H5N1 HPAI virus in wild bird populations.
Factors Influencing College Students' Use of Computer Security

Information systems administrators face a difficult balance between providing sufficient security to protect the organization's computing resources while not inhibiting the appropriate use of these resources. Striking this balance is particularly difficult in higher education due to the diversity of computer uses and users. This is accentuated by one large, diverse user group, namely students. To facilitate striking such a balance, a better understanding of students' motivations to use security measures is useful. A theoretically sound model linking student and system security characteristics to students' security behaviors is developed and presented in this paper. The model is operationalized using student responses to a web-based questionnaire. The empirical results show that training to use security measures has no impact on students' security behaviors while experience with security does. Furthermore, ease of security use positively impacts students' security behaviors through security self-efficacy. The influence of peers has similar impacts through security outcome expectancy.
ANALYSIS OF THE KINETICS OF HYDROGEN REDISTRIBUTION IN BIMETALLIC JOINTS

We propose an algorithm for the solution of the problem of heat conduction and hydrogen diffusion with variable coefficients of diffusion and solubility for structurally inhomogeneous materials. As an example, we test the algorithm by solving the problem for bimetallic cylindrical specimens used, according to the ASTM G146-01 standard, for the investigation of the hydrogen resistance of bimetallic joints. We determine the distribution of hydrogen concentration in cylindrical specimens with weld overlay obtained as a result of cooling at different rates after high-temperature hydrogenation. It is shown that, in the fusion zone (on the side of the coating), we observe the formation of the zones of superequilibrium supersaturation with hydrogen, which may result in the exfoliation of the weld overlay from the base metal.
The Inequality of Performance Measurements

Performance measurement systems are cast as significant responses to contemporary public demands for government accountability for social spending and social programs. Performance measurements are then critiqued as inadequate measures of social program quality, as inadequate representations of program quality, and as at odds with evaluative processes that advance the ideals of deliberative democracy.
A Comment on “The Citation Impact of Feminist Economics”

Abstract This essay is a comment on“The Citation Impact of Feminist Economics”by Frances Woolley, which appeared in Feminist Economics, Vol. 11, No. 3, November 2005. This contribution comments on Frances Woolley's recent Feminist Economics article, “The Citation Impact of Feminist Economics.” It points to two avenues through which Woolley's article could have better illuminated the extent of Feminist Economics' scholarly relationship with the communities of both heterodox and mainstream economists: first, she omits several important heterodox economic journals in her study, and second, she could have offered a more critical evaluation of mainstream journals and economists relative to Feminist Economics and feminist economists. This paper uses citation data drawn from ten heterodox and ten mainstream journals to identify and build on these gaps.
Active Flow Control of Separated Turbulent Flow Over a Hump Using RANS, DES, and LES

Most practical flows in engineering applications are turbulent, and exhibit separation. Losses due to separation are undesirable because they generally have adverse effects on performance and efficiency. Therefore, control of turbulent separated flows has been a topic of significant interest as it can reduce separation losses. It is of utmost importance to understand the complex flow dynamics that leads to flow separation and come up with methods of flow control. In the past, passive flow-control was mostly implemented that does not require any additional energy source to reduce separation losses but it leads to increasing viscous losses at higher Reynolds number. More recent work has been focused primarily on active flow-control techniques that can be turned on and off depending on the requirement of flow-control. The present work is focused on implementing flow control using steady suction in the region of flow separation. The present work is Case 3 of the 2004 CFD Validation on Synthetic Jets and Turbulent Separation Control Workshop, http://cfdval2004.larc.nasa.gov/case3.html , conducted by NASA for the flow over a wall-mounted hump. The flow over a hump is an example of a turbulent separated flow. This flow is characterized by a simple geometry, but, nevertheless, is rich in many complex flow phenomena such as shear layer instability, separation, reattachment, and vortex interactions. The baseline case has been successfully simulated by Gan et al., 2007. The flow is simulated at a Reynolds number of 371,600, based on the hump chord length, C, and Mach number of 0.04. The flow control is being achieved via a slot at approximately 65% C by using steady suction. Solutions are presented for the three-dimensional RANS SST, steady and unsteady, turbulence model and DES and LES turbulence modeling approaches. Multiple turbulence modeling approaches help to ascertain what techniques are most appropriate for capturing the physics of this complex separated flow. Second-order accurate time derivatives are used for all implicit unsteady simulation cases. Mean-velocity contours and turbulent kinetic energy contours are examined at different streamwise locations. Detailed comparisons are made of mean and turbulence statistics such as the pressure coefficient, skinfriction coefficient, and Reynolds stress profiles, with experimental results. The location of the reattachment behind the hump is compared with experimental results. The successful control of this turbulent separated flow causes a reduction in the reattachment length, compared with the uncontrolled case. The effects of steady suction on flow separation and reattachment are discussed.© 2008 ASME
Pulmonary vein occlusion: An unanticipated complication of catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation using the anatomic circumferential approach

Favorable results of circumferential pulmonary vein (PV) ostial ablation guided by electroanatomic mapping (Carto) have fueled great enthusiasm for this technique. The lesion set for this ablation procedure as described by Pappone et al.(1,2) involves a figure of 8 lesions encompassing the 2 right and 2 left PV ostia with 2 additional linear lesions. Pulmonary vein stenosis/or occlusion has not previously been reported as a complication of this procedure. We describe PV occlusion after this procedure. Based on the occurrence of this previously unreported complication, we no longer create a figure '8' lesion around the right superior and inferior PVs. We anticipate that this complication can be avoided by creating a circular lesion encompassing the 2 PV ostia, while avoiding the linear lesion between the 2 PV ostia.
Rates of convergence in weakened group topologies for Rn

Abstract Metrizable group topologies for R n that are weaker than the usual topology arise in many contexts, including the study of minimal groups or of Lie groups of transformations. In this paper we study translation-invariant metrics that are defined by choosing a sequence { v i } of elements of R n and specifying the rate { p i } at which it converges to zero. If { v i } goes to infinity sufficiently fast in the usual topology, then such a metric always exists, and its translation-invariance guarantees that it will make R n a topological group. Previous papers investigated the effect on the topology of changing the “converging sequence,” and we now determine the consequences of changing the “rate sequence.” The main theorem is that two rate sequences { p i } and { q i } will determine the same topology for R n if and only if the ratio { p i / q i } is bounded above and has a strictly positive lower bound.
Three-dimensional stresses around elliptical cracks in transversely isotropic solids

Abstract Potential solutions for transversely isotropic bodies containing flat elliptical cracks deformed by the application of surface pressure and/or displacement are given. In particular, the general character of the linear elastic solution near the periphery of the crack is determined such that local stresses and displacements can be expressed independently of uncertainties of both the crack geometry and magnitude of the applied load. Hence, the near-field solution remains valid for a surface of discontinuity of arbitrary shape. The familiar stress singularity of the order r − 1 2 is retained in the theory of transverse isotropy, but the intensity and detailed structure of the stresses in the proximity of the crack border differ from those of the isotropic case. The energy release rate or the force tending to spread the crack, associated with each of the three modes of crack extension, is related to the stress-intensity factor. This result and consideration of some specific examples imply that current fracture mechanics theories may be applied directly to transversely isotropic solids in many cases.
Central projections of gustatory nerves in the rat

The central distributions of gustatory and non-gustatory branches of cranial nerves V, VII, IX, and X were examined after application of horseradish peroxidase to the cut nerve. The nerves conveying gustatory information, chorda tympani (CT), greater superficial petrosal (GSP), lingual-tonsilar branch of IX (LT-IX), superior laryngeal branch of X (SL), distributed primarily to the lateral division of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) from its rostral pole to the obex. The CT and GSP distributions were coextensive and terminated most densely in the rostral pole of NST. The LT-IX distribution concentrated between this major CT/GSP distribution and the area postrema with a caudal extension into the interstitial nucleus of NST. This nerve also had a substantial projection, not found in other gustatory nerves, into the dorsolateral aspect of the medial NST. The SL distribution overlapped LT-IX in the caudal medulla. The lingual and inferior alveolar nerves, two oral trigeminal branches, projected to regions of NST innervated by the gustatory nerves. The cervical vagus nerve distributed primarily to the medial NST in the caudal half of the nucleus and exhibited only minimal overlap with gustatory nerve distributions. The nucleus of the solitary tract appears to have two major functional divisions--an anterior-lateral oral-gustatory half, and a posterior-medial visceral afferent half.
Impacts of Salinity on Growth and Behavior of American Avocet Chicks

Abstract The impact of anthropogenically-caused salinization on wildlife is a conservation issue of global concern. Increasing salinization of inland wetlands is especially problematic for breeding and migrating birds. In the arid American west, inland wetlands are centers of avian biodiversity, providing habitat for millions of birds. We experimentally examined the effects of different salinity levels on the growth, health and behavior of American Avocets (Recurvirostra americana) chicks. Birds raised in highly saline conditions exhibited significant changes in behavior, including increased activity and decreased feeding and preening. High salinity resulted in significant weight loss of 4.4 g by day 3. Blood measures of chick health indicated that hypersaline-raised chicks suffered from dehydration (e.g., osmolality of chicks reared in brackish water was 305, compared with 381 among chicks reared in hypersaline water). Results of this study, and similar studies on ducks, geese and egrets, indicate that w...
Tirapazamine (SR 4233) interrupts cell cycle progression and induces apoptosis.

Tirapazamine (Tira), a bioreductive agent, is highly toxic to cells under low oxygen conditions. Since active investigations of this agent are focusing on its potential as an adjunct of radiotherapy to improve overall effects on radioresistant hypoxic tumor cells, understanding its toxic mechanisms under aerobic conditions is important to the clinical application of this agent. Tira-treated V79 Chinese hamster cells were tested for cytotoxicity by colony assay and growth inhibition by the MTT assay. The survival of V79 cells after being exposed to 100 μM of Tira for 2 h was about 78% of untreated controls. The mitotic cell counts of V79 cells approached zero after 4 h treatment of Tira at 100 μM or 3 h at 300 μM. The fragmentation pattern of DNA isolated from cells 2 h after 300 μM Tira treatment showed characteristics of apoptotic cells. The induction of apoptosis by Tira was also detected by flow cytometric analysis and microscopic observation. These effects of Tira may be part of underlying toxic mechanisms to cells (including normal cells) under aerobic conditions.
A unified approach to the assessment of waste disposal sites

Abstract This paper illustrates how knowledge-based expert systems can assist in the identification, classification, and remediation of waste disposal sites. Existing methodologies are limited when dealing with incomplete or uncertain data, have difficulties to incorporate the evaluator's risk perceptions into the assessment and may require extensive amounts of data for a reliable application. The paper describes how an expert system termed GEOTOX can remove these limitations by utilizing artificial intelligence techniques, and by relying upon its knowledge base to resolve problems of uncertainties, missing data, or effects of site-specific interactions. An evaluation study of GEOTOX , based on six site cases, shows that knowledge-based expert systems introduce a unified approach that trancends current methods of site assessment.
Populus tremuloides photosynthesis and crown architecture in response to elevated CO 2 and soil N availability

We tested the hypothesis that elevated CO2 would stimulate proportionally higher photosynthesis in the lower crown of Populus trees due to less N retranslocation, compared to tree crowns in ambient CO2. Such a response could increase belowground C allocation, particularly in trees with an indeterminate growth pattern such as Populus tremuloides. Rooted cuttings of P. tremuloides were grown in ambient and twice ambient (elevated) CO2 and in low and high soil N availability (89 ± 7 and 333 ± 16 ng N g−1 day−1 net mineralization, respectively) for 95 days using open-top chambers and open-bottom root boxes. Elevated CO2 resulted in significantly higher maximum leaf photosynthesis (A max) at both soil N levels. A max was higher at high N than at low N soil in elevated, but not ambient CO2. Photosynthetic N use efficiency was higher at elevated than ambient CO2 in both soil types. Elevated CO2 resulted in proportionally higher whole leaf A in the lower three-quarters to one-half of the crown for both soil types. At elevated CO2 and high N availability, lower crown leaves had significantly lower ratios of carboxylation capacity to electron transport capacity (V cmax/J max) than at ambient CO2 and/or low N availability. From the top to the bottom of the tree crowns, V cmax/J max increased in ambient CO2, but it decreased in elevated CO2 indicating a greater relative investment of N into light harvesting for the lower crown. Only the mid-crown leaves at both N levels exhibited photosynthetic down regulation to elevated CO2. Stem biomass segments (consisting of three nodes and internodes) were compared to the total A leaf for each segment. This analysis indicated that increased A leaf at elevated CO2 did not result in a proportional increase in local stem segment mass, suggesting that C allocation to sinks other than the local stem segment increased disproportionally. Since C allocated to roots in young Populus trees is primarily assimilated by leaves in the lower crown, the results of this study suggest a mechanism by which C allocation to roots in young trees may increase in elevated CO2.
Gondwanan dinosaur evolution and biogeographic analysis

Abstract Gondwanan dinosaurs, though less well-known than their Laurasian counterparts,are being discovered and described at an ever accelerating pace. Dinosaurs are known from every major Gondwanan landmass, including South America, Africa, Antarctica, Australia, India, Madagascar and New Zealand. Much of the Gondwanan dinosaur literature includes speculation on vicariant and dispersal events relating to the fragmentation of Gondwana during the Jurassic and Cretaceous. These prolific biogeographic hypotheses are often inconclusive, speculative in nature, and untestable with the data at hand. To formulate well-supported biogeographic hypotheses, resolved dinosaur phylogenies and sound hypotheses of Earth history are necessary. Other factors, such as taphonomy, depositional setting, and missing taxonomic, temporal and geographic data, also contribute to understanding dinosaur faunal compositions. Additional phylogenetic information, a continuation of the current exploration and discovery, and knowledge of recent advances in tectonic plate reconstructions are paramount to developing a well-supported view of Gondwanan dinosaur biogeography.
UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES OF PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT: ISSUES OF BIAS AND FAIRNESS

Have advances in testing historically had unexpected consequences? How have African Americans fared on recent performance assessments? How can fairness of performance assessments be ensured?
The effect of acetaldehyde on gluconeogenesis from xylitol, sorbitol, and fructose by isolated rat liver cells.

Abstract In isolated rat liver cells, ethanol inhibited gluconeogenesis from xylitol and sorbitol but not from fructose. Acetaldehyde, at initial concentrations of 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 m m , stimulated gluconeogenesis from xylitol and sorbitol in the absence of pyrazole but inhibited in the presence of pyrazole. There was no effect with fructose. Acetate had no effect. Methylene blue and pyruvate (but not lactate) prevented the stimulatory as well as the inhibitory effects of acetaldehyde. Acetoacetate (but not β3-hydroxybutyrate) prevented, to a large extent, the inhibitory effects of low (but not high) concentrations of acetaldehyde. The inhibition by low concentrations of acetaldehyde appears to be mediated via acetaldehyde oxidation in the mitochondria, whereas the inhibition by high concentrations of acetaldehyde appears to reflect acetaldehyde oxidation in the cytosol. These data indicate that the inhibitory action of ethanol on glucose production from xylitol and sorbitol can be reproduced by physiological concentrations of acetaldehyde. Changes in the NAD + NADH ratio produced during acetaldehyde metabolism appear to be responsible for these effects of acetaldehyde. These changes may contribute to the actions of ethanol on gluconeogenesis from these substrates.
Surface segregation in titanium as monitored by Auger electron spectroscopy

Investigation of the surface diffusion and segregation of bulk impurities in titanium single crystals under well-defined and controlled experimental conditions. It is shown that an atomically clean titanium single-crystal surface can be obtained by argon ion bombardment within the temperature range from 700 to 800 C. It is demonstrated by Auger electron spectroscopy that, if such clean surfaces are subjected to thermal treatment, bulk impurities, especially sulfur, diffuse out to the crystal surface, and that the rate of surface segregation increases with increasing temperature.
Treatment of neonatal hypertension with Captopril.

C A P T O P R I L (SQ 14,225) is an an t ihype r t ens ive agent which acts p r imar i ly by inh ib i t ing the enzyme that converts ang io tens in I to ang io tens in II. It has b e e n effective in the t r ea tmen t o f m a n y hype r t ens ive adul ts wi th high and n o r m a l ren in hyper t ens ion , re f rac tory to o the r fo rms o f therapy . 1 ~ Recent ly , Cap topr i l has b e e n used to t reat severe ly hyper t ens ive ch i ldren? . ~ We repor t he re three cases o f severe h igh r en in h y p e r t e n s i o n in n e w b o r n infants , all o f w h o m r e s p o n d e d to Cap topr i l t he r apy w h e n o the r modal i t i es o f t r e a t m e n t had failed.
DNA in the heart of male and female house-flies of different ages

Abstract 1. 1. The amount of deoxyribonucleic acid was determined in the heart and the associated tissues of adult Musca domestica L. 2. 2. The DNA analyses were performed by a microbiological method using Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 11506 and by the Burton modification of the Dische diphenylamine reaction. 3. 3. The average amount of DNA was found to be 0·367 μg/100 μg fresh tissues in the males, and 0·384 μg/100 μg fresh tissue in the females. These values were also expressed on a per heart and dry weight basis. 4. 4. The quantity of DNA in the hearts of the males and females of the same age group or of different age groups is similar. 5. 5. If DNA is considered an index to cell number, the cell number remains approximately constant for insects of different ages regardless of sex.