cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON THE LUMINESCENCE OF RE(I) COMPLEXES : ON THE COMPETITIVE RELAXATIONS OF TWO ELECTRONIC STATES

Emission spectra and luminescence rates of Re(CO){sub 3}L{sub 2}X (L{sub 2} = pyridine or bisquinoline derivatives, X = halide) have been measured in various media at temperatures between 298 and 77 K. The emission has been associated with parallel relaxations of two excited states: an intraligand state and a metal-to-ligand charge-transfer state. Rates of emission correlate with the excited state - ground state energy gap. Mechanisms mixing intraligand with charge-transfer states are proposed as means to explain the dependence of the emission rate on temperature. 41 refs., 6 figs.
Radiation sensitivity of twelve species of arthropods.

Eleven species of insects and 1 species of isopod were exposed to gamma radiation from cobalt-60 with total doses ranging from 1 to 512 kiloroentgens (kr) in 100% increments. Insects were irradiated and maintained under comparable conditions at 28°C. Mean and median life expectancy were estimated for each dose level. Life expectancy was significantly lowered for all species by exposure to 8 kr or more. Most species were affected by 4 kr. Exposure to 1 or 2 kr generally had no effects. Of the species tested the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.), was the most sensitive to radiation; the black carpet beetle, Attagenus piceus (Olivier) was the least sensitive. Correlations between radiation sensitivity and taxonomic grouping were poor. However, within insect orders size appeared to be a good basis for estimating mortality response to irradiation. Large species were found to be more sensitive to irradiation than smaller species.
SCUBA Diver Specialization and Behavior Norms at Coral Reefs

SCUBA diving is an increasingly popular activity that provides a number of benefits to coastal communities. However, the sustainability of recreational diving on coral reefs is largely dependent on the health of reef ecosystems. Divers can minimize their impacts to coral reefs through responsible diving behaviors, which are in part guided by social norms. The behavioral obligation and sanction components of twelve diving behaviors were determined for Florida Keys divers throughout the course of a year. Recognizing that recreationists are not homogenous, these norms were compared according to diver specialization level. Specialized divers felt a stronger obligation not to touch corals and to pick up garbage from the sea floor than did less specialized divers. Specialized divers also reported they would feel greater embarrassment for losing buoyancy control, touching corals, taking pieces of dead corals, or touching marine mammals. The findings point to a connection between specialization level and social n...
Postnatal changes in total body water and extracellular volume in the preterm infant with respiratory distress syndrome

Body water compartment changes were assessed during postnatal weight loss in 14 infants with respiratory distress syndrome. Total body water and extracellular volume were measured by dilution methods on the first day of life and again between the third and sixth days of life. Extracellular volume changes were calculated between the first and second determinations by measurement of chloride balance. Fluid therapy was prescirbed to allow negative net water balance and a 1% to 3% reduction in body weight per day. All infants had concurrent reductions in body weight, total body water, and extracellular volume. Progressive dality extracellular volume reduction concurrent with weight loss was also apparent from chloride balance data. The correlation of changes in body weight with extracellular volume in individual subjects was poor (r=0.05). We speculate that variations between sodium and free water balance in the sick preterm infant may be responsible for variability in the distribution of posinatal body water losses. Assessment of hydration in the newborn infant should include consideration of sodium balance and alterations of serum osmolality, and changes in body weight.
Determination of Octadecylamine in Water by Quantitative High Performance thin Layer Chromatography

Abstract Octadecylamine (ODA) was isolated from water by solvent extraction with ethylene dichloride or trapping on a micro Chromosorb column. The ODA in the extract or column eluent was chromatographed on a high performance silica gel layer, detected by spraying with ninhydrin, and quantified by reflectance densitometry. Recovery at 3 ppm averaged 81.3% using extraction and 94.0% with the column. Recovery at 0.3 ppm was 94.2% using the column procedure.
Regulation of aspartate transcarbamoylase activity in Pseudomonas stutzeri

Abstract The regulation of aspartate transcarbamoylase activity in crude extracts of the denitrifying bacterium Pseudomonas stutzeri ATCC 17588 was investigated. Under saturating substrate concentrations, putative effectors of this bacterial transcarbamoylase activity were screened at two concentrations and were found to negatively control its activity. Both phosphate and pyrophosphate were strongly inhibitory to the P. stutzeri transcarbamoylase activity. Of the ribonucleotides tested as effectors, it was observed that ATP, UTP and GTP produced the greatest enzyme inhibition.
Characterization of the Aminocarboxycyclopropane-Forming Enzyme CmaC†

The biosynthesis of the coronamic acid fragment of the pseudomonal phytotoxin coronatine involves construction of the cyclopropane ring from a γ-chloro-l-allo-Ile intermediate while covalently tethered as a phosphopantetheinyl thioester to the carrier protein CmaD. The cyclopropane-forming catalyst is CmaC, catalyzing an intramolecular displacement of the γ-Cl group by the α carbon. CmaC can be isolated as a Zn2+ protein with about 10-fold higher activity over the apo form. CmaC will not cyclize free γ-chloro amino acids or their S-N-acetylcysteamine (NAC) thioester derivatives but will recognize some other carrier protein scaffolds. Turnover numbers of 5 min-1 are observed for Zn−CmaC, acting on γ-chloro-l-aminobutyryl-S-CmaD, generating 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carbonyl (ACC)-S-CmaD. Products were detected either while still tethered to the phosphopantetheinyl prosthetic arm by mass spectrometry or after thioesterase-mediated release and derivatization of the free amino acid. In D2O, CmaC catalyzed exchang...
Demography of the San Francisco Gartersnake in Coastal San Mateo County, California

Abstract The San Francisco gartersnake Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia has been federally listed as endangered since 1967, but little demographic information exists for this species. We examined the demography of a San Francisco gartersnake population on approximately 213 ha of California coastal prairie in San Mateo County, California, from 2007 to 2010. The best-supported mark–recapture model indicated annual variation in daily capture probabilities and annual survival rates. Abundance increased throughout the study period, with a mean total population from 2008 to 2010 of 443 (95% CI = 313–646) individuals. Annual survival was slightly greater than that of most other gartersnakes, with an annual probability of survival of 0.78 (0.55–0.95) in 2008–2009 and 0.75 (0.49–0.93) in 2009–2010. Mean annual per capita recruitment rates were 0.73 (0.02–2.50) in 2008–2009 and 0.47 (0.02–1.42) in 2009–2010. From 2008 to 2010, the probability of an increase in abundance at this site was 0.873, with an estimated in...
Using amphibole phenocrysts to track vapor transfer during magma crystallization and transport: An example from Mount St. Helens, Washington

Abstract In order to evaluate and further constrain models for volatile movement and vapor enrichment of magma stored at shallow levels, amphibole phenocrysts from 2004–2005 Mount St. Helens dacite were analyzed for major and selected trace elements (Li, Cu, Zn, Mn, and REE) and Li isotopes. Several recent studies have examined fluid-mobile trace element abundances in phencryst phases and melt inclusions as a means of tracking volatile movement within subvolcanic magmatic systems, and high Li contents in plagioclase phenocrysts from 1980 and 2004 Mount St. Helens dacites have been interpreted as evidence that shallow magma was fluxed by a Li-bearing vapor phase prior to eruption. In amphibole phenocrysts, Zn and Mn behave compatibly, correlating to FeO ⁎ and Al 2 O 3 , and show no systematic change with time. In contrast, Li and Cu abundances in amphibole vary by up to 3 orders of magnitude (7.6–1140 μg/g and 1.7 to 94 μg/g, respectively), and do not generally correlate with either major or trace elements. However, they do correlate moderately well ( R 2 = 0.54, >> 95% confidence) with each other and show systematic temporal variations that are opposite to those observed for plagioclase, precluding a simple 1-step diffusion model for Li enrichment. We propose a Diffusion-Crystallization Multi-Stage (DCMS) model to explain the temporal variations and co-variations of Li and Cu. In early erupted dacite (October–December 2004) profiles of Li isotopes in conjunction with measured 7 Li intensities and core-to-rim increases in Li concentration are characteristic of Li diffusion into the amphiboles, consistent with prior models of plagioclase enrichment. In amphiboles from 2005 dacite, average Li and Cu concentrations are high (∼ 260–660 μg/g and ∼ 29–45 μg/g, respectively) and in contrast to amphiboles from earlier-erupted dacite, correlate weakly with Al 2 O 3 wt.%. Amphibole Al 2 O 3 concentrations are an indicator of pressure, with high-Al amphiboles crystallizing at higher pressures, and we suggest that Li and Cu are partitioned into a fluid phase during ascent and crystallization of the magma so that amphiboles crystallizing at lower pressure have correspondingly lower Li and Cu concentrations. However, low Li and Cu in amphiboles from the dacite at the start of the eruption also require crystallization from a low Li–Cu bearing melt or residence times long enough for amphiboles to re-equilibrate with a Li–Cu depleted melt. Estimated residence times suggest that amphiboles in early dacite could have been present since the end of the 1980–1986 eruptive episode at Mount St. Helens.
Laterality effects in symbolic judgment: The influence of semantic congruity on hemispheric processing

In two experiments, we used lateralized versions of the comparative judgment paradigm to investigate the effects of semantic congruity on hemispheric processing of symbolic information. When the comparative adjectives used in instructions were congruent with the scale end from which stimulus terms were drawn, reaction times were shorter when the hemisphere to which the terms were lateralized also controlled the hand used to register the response than when instructions and stimuli were semantically incongruent. These laterality-effect patterns suggest that hemispheric cooperation increases processing efficiency.
Inductive plasmas for plasma processing

With the need for high plasma density and low pressure in single wafer etching tools, a number of inductive etching systems have been and are being developed for commercial sale. This paper reviews some of the history of low-pressure inductive plasmas, gives features of inductive plasmas, limitations, corrections and presents uses for plasma processing. The theory for the skin depth, rf coil impedance and efficiency is also discussed.
Cytochromes P450 2C1/2 and P450 2E1 are retained in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane by different mechanisms.

Cytochrome P450 (P450) 2C1/2 contains redundant endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention signals and is excluded from the recycling pathway. Other P450s, such as P450 2E1, have been detected in the plasma membrane and Golgi apparatus. To examine whether the mechanisms of ER retention might differ for P450 2C1/2 and P450 2E1, chimeras of green flourescent protein and the full-length proteins, N-terminal signal/anchor sequences, or the cytoplasmic catalytic domains from these proteins have been expressed in COS1 cells. Chimeras with either the N-terminal signal/anchor sequence or the cytoplasmic domain of P450 2C1/2 were retained in the ER and the distribution was not altered by treatment with nocodazole. A chimera with full-length P450 2E1 was located in the ER, but in contrast to P450 2C1/2, treatment with nocodazole resulted in redistribution to a vesicular pattern, which suggested that this protein was retained in the ER by a retrieval mechanism. In support of this possibility, the P450 2E1 chimera, but not the P450 2C1/2 chimera, was included in transport vesicles generated in an in vitro budding assay. A chimera with only the N-terminal signal/anchor sequence of P450 2E1 fused to green fluorescent protein was located in the ER and nocodazole treatment altered its distribution, whereas a chimera with only the cytoplasmic domain of P450 2E1 was not efficiently retained in the ER and accumulated primarily in the Golgi region. These results demonstrate that the mechanisms for retention in the ER of two closely related members of the P450 superfamily are different and that the N-terminal signal/anchor sequence contains the dominant retention signal.
Ultrasonic velocity and reduction of surface area during solid-state sintering

Abstract We studied the relationships between the ultrasonic velocity and the reduction of specific surface area during solid-state sintering and addressed three questions: (1) What must be the correlation between ultrasonic velocity and specific surface area reduction during the solid-state sintering of monosize spheres? (2) How is this correlation affected by the particle-size distribution and/or changes in packing coordination? (3) How do the answers to these questions help us improve the use of ultrasonic measurements to monitor sintering kinetics and microstructure evolution? From both a theoretical and experimental basis, we found a general power law that describes the relationship between ultrasonic velocity and the reduction of specific surface area during solid-state sintering: V P / V B ∝(Δ S / S o ) x . The power-law exponent x depends on three possible scenarios: (1) x x =1 for random packing of monosize spheres where the average, particle coordination number changes upon sintering; and (3) x >1 for specimens containing a broad distribution of particle sizes. We also demonstrated that this power law could be used with ultrasonic velocity measurements to obtain reasonable values of the activation energy for solid-state sintering. The power-law relationship is useful to characterize microstructure evolution during solid-state sintering and is useful to classify different materials in a ceramic manufacturing setting. It is also a simple modeling tool that opens the way to optimize control of the sintering process.
Optical Rotatory Dispersion of Alkali‐Denatured Cytochrome Oxidase and Heme a‐Polylysine Complexes

The optical rotatory dispersion of alkali denatured cytochrome oxidase, the heme a-poly-l-lysine complex in the presence and absence of Emasol-1130 (polyoxyethylene-sorbitan monolaurate), the heme a-poly-d-lysine complex and the protoheme-poly-l-lysine complex were studied in the Soret region at pH 11.6–12.0. No anomalous rotations were observed in the oxidized form of either the denatured oxidase or any of the synthetic heme a complexes. The reduced form of the denatured oxidase exhibited a coupled-type dispersion curve having a prominent trough at 437.5 nm flanked by two small peaks. Carbon monoxide shifted the trough to 435 nm. These optical rotatory dispersion profiles which differed from those given by the native enzyme and heme a-poly-l-lysine complexes were similar at least qualitatively to those exhibited by heme a-poly-d-lysine complex. The amplitude of rotations for both the denatured enzyme and the heme a-poly-d-lysine complex was several fold smaller than those of heme a-poly-l-lysine complexes. The optical rotatory dispersion spectra of the heme a-poly-d-lysine complex in the reduced and carbon monoxide forms were found not to be mirror images of those of the corresponding l complex. These results are interpreted to mean that alkali causes drastic conformational changes in the enzyme molecule and bring about effective heme-heme interactions, that the orientation of the heme a molecule in the denatured enzyme differs from that observed in the synthetic complex, and that at least one of the ligands coordinated to the heme iron in the denatured enzyme is a lysyl residue. Optical rotatory dispersion titrations of the heme a-poly-l-lysine complex and its carbon monoxide derivative at constant heme a concentration showed a linear increase in rotation with increase of polylysine concentration but the rotation then decreased in excess polylysine. Similar anomalous titration behavior was observed for heme a-poly-l-lysine in Emasol. In contrast, protoheme-poly-l-lysine and the carbon monoxide treated heme a-poly-l-lysine in Emasol gave the conventional rectangular hyperbolic titration curve. These results suggest that the observed optical rotation of heme a-polylysine complexes are complicated and are affected to a great extent by the aggregative properties of heme a molecules. Protoheme which lacks the large hydrophobic side chain and the formyl group, exhibits no such anomaly when complexed with polylysine.
Making reuse work at Hewlett-Packard

Hewlett-Packard have investigated how to improve software development using systematic software reuse. The author discusses what Hewlett-Packard has learned about software reuse. The article explains what software reuse can and cannot deliver. >
Syntheses and Electrochemical, Photophysical, and Photochemical Properties of Ruthenium(II) 4,5-Diazafluorenone Complexes and Their Ketal Derivatives

A series of ruthenium(II) complexes of the types [Ru(bpy)n(dafo)3-n]2+ and [Ru(bpy)n(dafo-ketal)3-n]2+, where n varies between 0 and 3 and dafo is 4,5-diazafluoren-9-one, were synthesized, and their chemical, physical, and photophysical properties were examined. The coordinated dafo-ketal ligand readily forms by the direct reaction of [Ru(bpy)n(dafo)3-n]2+ complexes with ethylene glycol or by reaction of the appropriate ruthenium precursors with the correct stoichiometric amount of the dafo ligand in ethylene glycol. In each series, the visible absorption band associated with the MLCT transition shifts to the blue and the electrochemical oxidation associated with the Ru(III)/Ru(II) couple becomes more positive as n decreases. Coordinated dafo undergoes a one-electron reduction at potentials <−1 V and a second one-electron reduction at ∼−1.2 V vs SSCE. The first reduction can be associated with reduction of the carbonyl group; the second, with reduction of the bipyridine portion. Coordinated dafo-ketal onl...
Inhibition of ovarian cholesterol esterification by diethylaminoethyl diphenylvalerate (SKF 525-A) and other ionic amphipathic amines.

Abstract The effects of diethylaminoethyl diphenylvalerate HC1 (SKF 525-A), 2.2′′′-[(1-methyl-4.4-diphenylbutylidene)bis( p -phenyleneoxy)] bistriethylamine oxalate (SQ 10.591), carnitine and palmitoyl carnitine on cholesterol esterification were studied in the mitochondrial and microsomal fractions from both interstitial tissue and corpora lutea of 8-day-pregnancy rabbit ovaries. In the mitochondria at pH 4.4 and without added cofactors, SKF 525-A and SQ 10.591 at concentrations of 10 −3 to 5 × 10 −4 M significantly inhibited esterification of cholesterol and palmitic acid substrates; palmitoyl carnitine inhibited the reaction at concentrations of 10 −3 M to less than 10 −5 M, whereas carnitine had no effect. In the microsomal fractions at pH 7.1, a palmitoyl CoA substrate was incorporated into cholesteryl esters at a more rapid rate than was a palmitic acid substrate with added ATP and CoA cofactors. Incorporation of the cholesterol, palmitic and palmitoyl CoA substrates into microsomal cholesteryl esters was inhibited by SKF 525-A and SQ 10.591 at concentrations greater than 5 × 10 −4 M, but not inhibited at all by palmitoyl carnitine or carnitine.
Characterization of hairpin-duplex interconversion of DNA using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Abstract We show how polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of radiolabeled DNA can be used to measure the hairpin-duplex equilibrium constant for DNA in solution. As an aid to the interpretation of the experiments, the differential equations associated with diffusion, migration and chemical reaction of the DNA forms are solved and intensity patterns generated. Two kinds of experiments were performed on several DNA 12-mers: in the first, electrophoresis time was constant while DNA concentration varied; in the other, concentration was constant while time varied (a `load-and-run' gel). The observed patterns depended on the gel temperature and not the temperature at which the DNA was equilibrated before loading in the well, because reequilibration occurs before the DNA leaves the well to enter the gel proper. During this time, mixing also occurs, changing the concentration and ionic strength of the sample. A method of calculating the true DNA concentration, including the unmeasured concentration added with the radiolabel, is given. When the intensity pattern consists mainly of monomer and dimer peaks, the equilibrium constant K is easily calculated from peak intensities. However, when there is significant intensity between the peaks (which the calculations show results from monomer–dimer interconversion in the gel), K will be inaccurate. An accurate value of K may be determined from a load-and-run gel by extrapolating back to time 0. When the intensity pattern consists of a single broad peak (from rapid monomer-dimer interconversion in the gel), K cannot be calculated without additional information. The rate of interconversion increases with temperature. Estimated rates in the gel are more than an order of magnitude smaller than in bulk solution at the same temperature. Derived values of K for several DNAs are compared with literature values.
Connecting the dots…: information sharing by post-secondary educational institutions under the Family Education Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)

Misunderstanding of privacy laws and regulations impedes appropriate information sharing by post-secondary educational institutions under the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (‘FERPA’). Post-Virginia Tech regulatory amendments allow institutions to ‘connect the dots’ regarding a student's behavior and to be proactive in problem resolution. The article encourages university officials to re-examine FERPA, to eliminate restrictive information sharing barriers not required by the law or regulations, to educate faculty and staff on the scope of student information dissemination and offers a clear and concise policy and process to help fill this crucial gap in campus crisis action planning documents.
Synthetic aperture imaging radiometer

A concept for a high spatial resolution passive microwave instrument is presented. In a low Earth orbit, the Synthetic Aperture Imaging Radiometer (SAIR) instrument would provide microwave images with a 5 km spatial resolution, that is 10 times better than current spaceborne passive microwave sensors. The scientific applications would be for high spatial resolution measurements of sea and land ice, snow cover, and rainfall. The SAIR would be a low cost, low mass, non-scanning instrument that could be launched with a small launch vehicle.
Unusually Strong Dependence of Conformation on Solvent

Relative partition coefficients between aqueous methanol and pentane of the two stereoisomers of a series of 4-tert-butylcyclohexylamines were measured by NMR. The cis isomer shows a larger partition coefficient, with a ΔΔG°org→aq up to 1.4 kcal/mol. A thermodynamic cycle relates these values to a solvent dependence of the A value for conformational equilibrium of an amino substituent. The variation with stereoisomer is attributed to a greater hydrophilicity of a cyclohexylamine with an equatorial amino group, or equivalently to a greater steric bulk of an amino group whose lone pair is hydrogen bonded to water. The strong dependence on solvent inferred for ANMe2 was confirmed by direct measurement of conformer populations at low temperature.
Neurotoxicity in organotypic hippocampal slices mediated by adenosine analogues and nitric oxide.

Abstract Adenosine (ADO) and nitric oxide (NO) have been implicated in a variety of neurophysiological actions, including induction of long-term potentiation, regulation of cerebral blood flow, and neurotoxicity/neuroprotection. ADO has been shown to promote NO release from astrocytes by a direct effect on A 1 and A 2 receptors, thus providing a link between actions of NO and adenosine in the brain. However, while adenosine acts as an endogenous neuroprotectant, NO is believed to be the effector of glutamate neurotoxicity. To resolve this apparent paradox, we have further investigated the effects of adenosine and NO on neuronal viability in cultured organotypic hippocampal slices exposed to sub-lethal (20′) in vitro ischemia. Up to a concentration of 500 μM ADO did not cause toxicity while exposures to 100 μM of the stable ADO analogue chloroadenosine (CADO) caused widespread neuronal damage when paired to anoxia/hypoglycemia. CADO effects were significantly prevented by the ADO receptor antagonist theophylline and blockade of NO production by l -NA (100 μM). Moreover, CADO effects were mimicked by the NO donor SIN-1 (100 μM). Application of 100 μM ADO following blockade of adenosine deaminase (with 10 μM EHNA) replicated the effects of CADO. CADO, ADO+EHNA but not ADO alone caused a prolonged and sustained release of nitric oxide as measured by direct amperometric detection. We conclude that at high concentrations and/or following blockade of its enzymatic catabolism, ADO may cause neurotoxicity by triggering NO release from astrocytes. These results demonstrate for the first time that activation of pathways other than those involving neuronal glutamate receptors can trigger NO-mediated neuronal cell death in the hippocampus.
Thapsigargin directly induces the mitochondrial permeability transition

High concentrations of thapsigargin (TG) have been used to study the process of necrotic cell death, which involves mitochondria in the cell rapidly undergoing the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT). We therefore investigated the effects of TG on MPT in isolated liver and heart mitochondria. Using a matrix swelling assay in combination with a novel enzymatic method based on inner membrane permeability to citrate synthase substrates, TG induced MPT in a concentration-dependent manner, independent of extramitochondrial [Ca2+] and inhibitable by cyclosporin A. Evidence from alamethicin-permeabilized mitochondria suggests that TG induces MPT by causing Ca2+ release from mitochondrial matrix Ca2+-binding sites. These findings suggest that the MPT-inducing effect of TG may contribute to its pro-necrotic and pro-apoptotic effects in various cell types.
Acquired immunodeficiency in murine lymphoproliferative disease : considerations on pathogenesis

C57BL/6Kh mice were infected with a single i.p. injection of 1 x 10(5) FFU of LP-BM5 MuLV. The development and progress of the virus-induced lymphoproliferative disease was followed for 12 weeks after infection. As anticipated, progressive splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy, as well as almost total abrogation of immune responsiveness ensued. In contrast to previous reports, there was a dramatic increase in the frequency of CD4+ cells in spleens among which over 20% expressed V beta 5 TCR, as compared with fewer than 3% in spleens of normal mice. Spleen cells from infected mice retained their in vitro ability to proliferate upon stimulation with IL-2 and anti-CD3, but were unable to respond when stimulated with phorbol ester and either a low dose of IL-2 or calcium ionophore (ionomycin). A similar pattern of in vitro proliferative responses was obtained when normal spleen cells were treated with K252a compound, a known inhibitor of protein kinase C activity. Together with the observations that viral infection impaired down-regulation of the phorbol-induced kinase activity and that the kinase inhibitor only marginally enhanced suppression of virus-infected cells proliferation, this finding suggests that disturbances of protein kinase C activity may underly the pathological effects seen after viral infection. However, since no apparent quantitative and qualitative changes in protein kinase C itself and its translocation were observed, it is more likely that the virus may interfere with either the substrate or product of kinase activity.
The Malleability of Infant Motor Development Cautions Based on Studies of Child-Rearing Practices in Yucatan

Tests with the Bayley Motor Scale were given to 288 infants, equally divided by sex, in Yucatan, Mexico. These were 2 to 54 weeks in age and came from three sociocultural levels. In comparison to USA infants, early acceleration of motor development was followed by a marked downward trend. This phenomenon, if observed in a single child, may indicate progressive neurologic disease. Child-rearing practices would appear to account for the difference in pattern of test performance.
Xenopus ribosomal RNA gene intergenic spacer elements conferring transcriptional enhancement and nucleolar dominance-like competition in oocytes.

Abstract Repeated within the intergenic spacers that separate adjacent ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes in Xenopus laevis are several distinct sequence elements. These include transcription terminators, “region 0” repeats, “region 1” repeats, duplicated spacer promoters, and 42-bp enhancer elements that are embedded within 60 or 81-bp repeats. All have been reported to stimulate RNA polymerase I transcription from an adjacent gene promoter. A greater number of 42-bp enhancers/gene have been suggested to explain the preferential transcription of X. laevis rRNA genes in X. laevis x Xenopus borealishybrids, an epigenetic phenomenon known as nucleolar dominance. However, the possible contribution of regions 0/1 and/or spacer promoters to the preferential transcription of X. laevis(over X. borealis) rRNA genes has never been tested directly. In this study, we systematically tested the various intergenic spacer elements for their contributions to promoter strength and nucleolar dominance-like competition in oocytes. In disagreement with a previous report, region 0 and region 1 repeats do not have significant enhancer activity, nor do they play a discernible role in X. laevis–X. borealis rRNA gene competition. Minigenes containing X. laevis spacer sequences are only dominant over minigenes having complete X. borealis spacers if a spacer promoter is located upstream of the 42-bp enhancers; X. laevis enhancers alone are not sufficient. These results provide additional evidence that spacer promoters together with adjacent enhancers form a functional activating unit in Xenopus oocytes.
Dissociation between the attentional functions mediated via basal forebrain cholinergic and GABAergic neurons.

Abstract The role of basal forebrain corticopetal cholinergic projections in attentional functions has been extensively investigated. For example, 192 IgG-saporin-induced loss of cortical cholinergic inputs was repeatedly demonstrated to result in a selective impairment in the ability of rats to detect signals in a task designed to assess sustained attention performance. The loss of cortical cholinergic inputs correlated highly with the decrease in the hit rate. Little is known about the functions of basal forebrain non-cholinergic neurons, particularly corticopetal GABAergic neurons, largely because of the absence of specific research tools to manipulate selectively this projection. As basal forebrain lesions produced with ibotenic acid were previously observed to potently destroy non-cholinergic, particularly GABAergic neurons while producing only moderate decreases in the density of cortical cholinergic inputs, the present experiment examined the effects of such lesions on sustained attention performance and then compared these effects with the immunohistochemical and attentional consequences of selective cholinotoxic lesions produced by intra-basal forebrain infusions of 192 IgG-saporin. In contrast to the selective decrease in hits previously observed in 192 IgG-saporin-lesioned animals, the attentional performance of ibotenic acid-lesioned animals was characterized by a selective increase in the relative number of false alarms, that is ‘claims’ for signals in non-signal trials. Analyses of the response latencies suggested that this effect of ibotenic acid was due to impairments in the animals’ ability to switch from the processing of the response rules for signal trials to those for non-signal trials. As expected, 192 IgG-saporin did not affect the number of basal forebrain parvalbumin-positive neurons, that are presumably GABAergic, but decreased cortical acetylcholinesterase-positive fiber density by over 80%. Conversely, in ibotenic acid-lesioned animals, basal forebrain parvalbumin-positive cells were decreased by 60% but cortical acetylcholinesterase-positive fiber density was only moderately reduced (less than 25%). These data form the basis for the development of the hypothesis that basal forebrain GABAergic neurons mediate executive aspects of attentional task performance. Such a function may be mediated in parallel via basal forebrain GABAergic projections to the cortex and the subthalamic nucleus.
Damage to the left ventromedial prefrontal cortex impacts affective theory of mind

Studies investigating theory of mind (ToM) abilities (i.e. ability to understand and predict others’ mental states) have revealed that affective and cognitive functions play a significant role and that each of those functions are associated with distinct neural networks. Cognitive facets of ToM have implicated the medial prefrontal cortex, temporo-parietal junction and the anterior paracingulate cortex, whereas affective facets have implicated the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). Although the vmPFC has repeatedly shown to be critical for affective functions, knowledge regarding the exact role of the left and right vmPFC in affective ToM is still obscure. Here, we compared performances of 30 patients with left, right and bilateral vmPFC lesions to two comparison groups (one without and one with brain injuries) on the Faux Pas Recognition task measuring the facets of ToM. We also investigated whether any deficits may be associated with other emotional measures, namely emotional empathy and emotional intelligence. Our results extend earlier findings by showing that the vmPFC is associated with abilities in affective ToM. More importantly, our results revealed that the left, and not the right vmPFC as indicated previously, is involved in affective ToM and that this deficit is associated with emotional intelligence.
The Invisible Arm of Immunity in Common Cancer Chemoprevention Agents

Immunoprevention refers to a strategy of preventing pathogen-associated and spontaneous cancers through the use of vaccines, antibodies, and immune modulators. Immune modulators function by enhancing the endogenous ability of the immune system to monitor for malignancy, so-called "immunosurveillance." There is growing evidence that many of the most promising cancer chemoprevention agents including aspirin, COX-2 inhibitors, aromatase inhibitors, and bisphosphonates mediate their effects, in part, by enhancing immunosurveillance and reversing the immune evasive mechanisms that premalignant lesions use. In the following review, we introduce critical components of the human immune surveillance system-dendritic cells, T cells, and immune suppressive cells-and discuss the emerging data suggesting that common chemoprevention agents may modulate the function of these immunologic cells.
The Challenges and Rewards of Integrating Diverse Neuroscience Information

The design of database models and schemas for storing, cross-referencing, and retrieving neuroscience information faces issues that are similar but more complex than most of the other biomedical disciplines, such as genomics and proteonomics. Specifically, the visualization and manipulation of very large and diverse image data, such as digital brain atlases and functional magnetic resonance images, play a unique role in neuroscience while much of the associated information is textually recorded. Nongraphical information can include the annotation of large brain structures ranging from anatomical regions to intracellular structures, the description of cellular functional properties, and their various interrelationships, such as fiber connections. It is necessary that the heterogeneous and distributed types of data be cross-referenced to each other so that this diverse information can be efficiently retrieved, shared, and exchanged among the different neuroscientific disciplines. Continued advances in compu...
Parasites of the Ozark Zig-Zag Salamander, Plethodon angusticlavius (Caudata: Plethodontidae), from Northern Arkansas

ABSTRACT: Fifty-one Ozark zig-zag salamanders (Plethodon angusticlavius) were collected from 6 counties of northern Arkansas and examined for parasites. Eighteen (35%) were infected with 1 or more helminth or ectoparasite, including 6 (12%) with the cestode Cylindrotaenia americana, 1 (2%) with the capillarid nematode Amphibiocapillaria tritonispunctati, 12 (24%) with the oxyurid nematode Batracholandros magnavulvaris, and 1 (2%) with chiggers, Hannemania dunni. Three (6%) were multiply infected with C. americana and B. magnavulvaris or C. americana and H. dunni. We document new host records for C. americana, B. magnavulvaris, A. tritonispunctati, and H. dunni.
Clinical management of fever by nurses: doing what works

Aims The specific aims were to (1) define fever from the nurse’s perspective; (2) describe fever management decision-making by nurses and (3) describe barriers to evidence-based practice across various settings.
On the operation of automated ground transportation systems, part I: Urban problems and perspectives

Several approaches to the operation of automated ground transport systems for urban use are presented and evaluated. Such systems have been suggested principally in response to the problems of urban traffic congestian and are often proposed as solutions to such problems. Thus this paper, the first of a series of three, discusses the problems of urban transportation and their origins, identifying as the principal elements the institutional structure, urban geography, and design of facilities for urban automotive transport. Importantly, the origins of a significant portion of "the urban transportation problem" lie outside the transport sector. Six potential applications for automated transport systems are suggested, ranging from specialized single-link "horizontal elevators" to general-purpose wide-area networks.
Computed energy gap in krypton

The energy bands of Kr have been computed self-consistently via the APW method. It is found that an energy-dependent exchange potential that simulates the true Hartree-Fock operator in atoms rather well gives a reasonable energy band gap. This result is in disagreement with Lipari's Hartree-Fock energy band calculation for krypton.
Results of pancreas transplantation after steroid withdrawal under tacrolimus immunosuppression.

Purpose. The results of steroid withdrawal in pancreas transplant recipients under tacrolimus immunosuppression were analyzed. Methods. From July 4, 1994 until April 30, 1998, 147 pancreas transplantations were performed in 141 patients, including 126 simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantations, 13 pancreas after kidney transplantation, and 8 pancreas transplantations alone. Baseline immunosuppression consisted of tacrolimus and steroids without antilymphocyte induction. Twenty-three patients were excluded from analysis because of early graft loss in 17 cases, retransplantation in 5 cases, and simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation after heart transplantation in 1 patient. Results. With a mean follow-up of 2.8±1.1 years (range 1.0 to 4.8 years), complete steroid withdrawal was achieved in 58 (47%) patients with a mean time to steroid withdrawal of 15.2±8 months (range 4 to 40 months after transplantation). Of the entire cohort of 141 patients, overall 1-, 2-, and 4-year patient survival rates were 98%, 95.5%, and 86%, respectively. Overall 1-, 2-, and 4-year graft survival rates were 83%, 80%, and 71% (pancreas) and 95%, 91%, and 84% (kidney), respectively. Of the 124 patients analyzed for steroid withdrawal, 1-, 2-, and 4-year patient survival rates were 98%, 97%, and 92%, respectively. Overall 1-, 2-, and 4-year graft survival rates were 98%, 91.5%, 83% (pancreas) and 97%, 95%, and 91% (kidney). Patient, pancreas, and kidney survival rates at 1 year were 100%, 100%, and 98% (off steroids) versus 97%, 91%, and 96% (on steroids, all NS) and at 4 years were 100%, 94%, and 95% (off steroids) versus 78%, 68%, and 85% (on steroids, P=0.01, 0.002, and NS, respectively). The cumulative risk of rejection at the time of follow-up was 76% for patients on steroids versus 74% for patients off steroids (P=NS). Seven patients originally tapered off steroids were treated for subsequent rejection episodes, which were all steroid sensitive, and two of these seven patients are currently off steroids. Thirteen patients received antilymphocyte therapy for steroid-resistant rejection, five of whom are now off steroids. Tacrolimus trough levels were 9.3±2.4 ng/ml (off steroids) and 9.7±4.3 (on steroids, P=NS). Mean fasting glucose levels were 98±34 mg/dl (off steroids) and 110±41 mg/dl (on steroids, P=NS). Mean glycosylated hemoglobin levels were 5.2±0.9% (off steroids) and 6.2±2.1% (on steroids, P=0.02), and mean serum creatinine levels were 1.4±0.8 mg/dl (off steroids) and 1.7±1.0 mg/dl (on steroids, P=0.02). Conclusion. These data show for the first time that steroid withdrawal can be safely accomplished in pancreas transplant recipients maintained on tacrolimus-based immunosuppression. Steroid withdrawal is associated with excellent patient and graft survival with no increase in the cumulative risk of rejection.
The daguerreotype’s first frame: François Arago’s moral economy of instruments

Abstract This paper examines the meanings of the daguerreotype for the astronomer and physicist who introduced it to the world, Francois Arago. The regime of knowledge production which held sway at the birth of photography implied an alternative view of the moral and political implications of machines from that usually suggested by discussions of ‘mechanization’. Instead of celebrating detachment, instantaneity, transparency and abstraction, Arago understood instruments and human citizens as dynamic mediators which necessarily modify the forces they transmit. His moral economy of instruments also implied specific aesthetic and political commitments. Arago’s republican convictions and expressive personal style, as well as his identification with revolutionary scientist–statesmen including Lazare Carnot and Condorcet, present a strong contrast with the imperial science of Laplace and the image of disengaged, impersonal ‘mechanism’ often associated with the physical science of this time.
Mitochondrial Intermediate Peptidase and the Yeast Frataxin Homolog Together Maintain Mitochondrial Iron Homeostasis in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is a neurodegenerative disease typically caused by a deficiency of frataxin, a mitochondrial protein of unknown function. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, lack of the yeast frataxin homolog ( YFH1 gene, Yfh1p polypeptide) results in mitochondrial iron accumulation, suggesting that frataxin is required for mitochondrial iron homeostasis and that FRDA results from oxidative damage secondary to mitochondrial iron overload. This hypothesis implies that the effects of frataxin deficiency could be influenced by other proteins involved in mitochondrial iron usage. We show that Yfh1p interacts functionally with yeast mitochondrial intermediate peptidase ( OCT1 gene, YMIP polypeptide), a metalloprotease required for maturation of ferrochelatase and other iron-utilizing proteins. YMIP is activated by ferrous iron in vitro and loss of YMIP activity leads to mitochondrial iron depletion, suggesting that YMIP is part of a feedback loop in which iron stimulates maturation of YMIP substrates and this in turn promotes mitochondrial iron uptake. Accordingly, YMIP is active and promotes mitochondrial iron accumulation in a mutant lacking Yfh1p ( yfh1 [Delta]), while genetic inactivation of YMIP in this mutant ( yfh1 [Delta] oct1 [Delta]) leads to a 2-fold reduction in mitochondrial iron levels. Moreover, overexpression of Yfh1p restores mitochondrial iron homeostasis and YMIP activity in a conditional oct1 ts mutant, but does not affect iron levels in a mutant completely lacking YMIP ( oct1 [Delta]). Thus, we propose that Yfh1p maintains mitochondrial iron homeostasis both directly, by promoting iron export, and indirectly, by regulating iron levels and therefore YMIP activity, which promotes mitochondrial iron uptake. This suggests that human MIP may contribute to the functional effects of frataxin deficiency and the clinical manifestations of FRDA.
A Modulo Scheduling Algorithm for a Coarse-Grain Reconfigurable Array Template

Coarse grain reconfigurable arrays (CGRAs) have been drawing attention due to its programmability and performance. Compilation onto CGRAs is still an open problem. Several groups have proposed algorithms that software pipeline loops onto CGRAs. In this paper, we present an efficient modulo scheduling algorithm for a CGRA template. The novelties of the approach are the separation of resource reservation and scheduling, use of a compact three-dimensional architecture graph and a resource usage aware relocation algorithm. Preliminary experiments indicate that the proposed algorithm can find schedules with small initiation intervals within a reasonable amount of time.
Thermal and dielectric properties of shucked oysters

Abstract Thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and specific heat were measured for shucked oysters. Thermal conductivity increased from 0.577 to 0.677 W/m °C as temperature increased from 0 to 50 °C measured by a line heat source thermal conductivity probe. Specific heat was measured using a differential scanning calorimeter. It increased from 3.795 to 4.047 kJ/kg °C when temperature was raised from 10 to 50 °C. Thermal diffusivity of oysters was calculated from thermal conductivity, specific heat and density values. Dielectric properties of oysters were determined by an open-ended coaxial cable connected to a network analyser between 300 MHz and 3 GHz. At microwave frequencies of 915 and 2450 MHz, it was observed that the dielectric constant decreased (64.02–50.89 at 915 MHz and 59.10–47.67 at 2450 MHz), while the loss factor increased (13.84–20.14) at 915 MHz as temperature increased from 1 to 55 °C. Models were developed to describe the temperature effects on thermal and dielectric properties of shucked oysters.
Genomic and gene regulatory signatures of cryptozoic adaptation: Loss of blue sensitive photoreceptors through expansion of long wavelength-opsin expression in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum

Recent genome sequence analysis in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum indicated that this highly crepuscular animal encodes only two single opsin paralogs: a UV-opsin and a long wavelength (LW)-opsin; however, these animals do not encode a blue (B)-opsin as most other insects. Here, we studied the spatial regulation of the Tribolium single LW- and UV-opsin gene paralogs in comparison to that of the five opsin paralogs in the retina of Drosophila melanogaster. In situ hybridization analysis reveals that the Tribolium retina, in contrast with other insect retinas, constitutes a homogenous field of ommatidia that have seven LW-opsin expressing photoreceptors and one UV-/LW-opsin co-expressing photoreceptor per eye unit. This pattern is consistent with the loss of photoreceptors sensitive to blue wavelengths. It also identifies Tribolium as the first example of a species in insects that co-expresses two different opsins across the entire retina in violation of the widely observed "one receptor rule" of sensory cells. Broader studies of opsin evolution in darkling beetles and other coleopteran groups have the potential to pinpoint the permissive and adaptive forces that played a role in the evolution of vision in Tribolium castaneum.