cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early Intervention Referral Outcomes for Children at Increased Risk of Experiencing Developmental Delays

The primary goal was to examine outcomes of Part C early intervention (EI) referrals from a high-risk infant follow-up program and factors associated with success. A secondary aim was to determine how many referred children not evaluated by EI would have likely qualified by either automatically meeting state eligibility criteria with a condition associated with “high-probability” for developmental delays or having test scores evidencing developmental delays. Participants included 77 children referred directly to EI from a high-risk infant follow-up program. Scores on the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-III, basic demographics, and medical variables were extracted from electronic medical records. Information regarding referral outcomes was gathered via follow-up phone calls to EI programs several months after referral. Results indicate 62% of EI referrals resulted in evaluation, with 69% of those evaluated being found eligible for services. Overall, 34% of referrals resulted in EI enrollment. Of those who were not evaluated, 71% were likely to have qualified based on state eligibility criteria. Follow-up phone call results indicated the majority of families not evaluated (64%) were never successfully contacted by the EI program. Findings from the present study illustrate the extent of challenges in connecting families with needed EI services and indicate an opportunity for improvement in EI referral processes to increase enrollment for eligible children. Improved communication between referral sources and service providers could support enrollment with detailed documentation of prior testing and explicit reasons for referral. Follow-up calls to confirm receipt of referral may also be necessary.
DNA hypermethylation does not negatively impact the transcription of the TNF-α gene in an acute T-cell leukemia.

Aims: To better understand the roles of DNA methylation and histone acetylation in the transcription of the TNF-α gene (TNFA) in leukemic T cells. Materials & methods: Methylation levels of cytosine-guanosine dinucleotides (CPGs) were assessed by mass spectrometry. The influence of epigenetic modifiers on DNA methylation and TNFA transcription was also determined. Results: CPG at the 5' promoter region, first exon and first intron of TNFA were hypermethylated in leukemic T cells and not impacted by epigenetic drugs. Activation of the class III histone deacetylases but not inhibitors of DNA methylation or histone deacetylases repressed TNFA transcription. Conclusion: These results lend insights into the impact of epigenetic mechanisms on the TNFA transcription in leukemic T cells.
North Atlantic Circulation Regimes and Heat Transport by Synoptic Eddies

AbstractMeridional transport of heat by transient atmospheric eddies is a key component of the energy budget of the middle- and high-latitude regions. The heat flux at relevant frequencies is also ...
chapter 3 – The cardiovascular system

Publisher Summary This chapter begins with a brief background of some important people and ideas that prevailed before the twentieth century. Their ideas provided the scientific background for what follows. The emphasis is on the ideas of people who worked, or still work, in the twentieth century. During this century, a rapid evolution of new methods permitted important experiments to be done on conscious behaving animals as well as on human subjects. It also presents the ideas that initiated a long battle over the determination of cardiac performance during exercise. Starling's “Taw of the heart” was at the center of the dispute. The central theme is how a number of investigators revealed that the heart is mechanically coupled to the peripheral vasculature and the function of one dictates that of the other. The history unveils a circulation that must be altered between rest and exercise by both neurally controlled cardiac and vasomotor events and by mechanical ones if cardiac performance is to be increased. It also presents some strong opposition to these ideas by other investigators.
Measuring patient perspectives on community pharmacy quality: psychometric evaluation of a brief survey.

BACKGROUND: Measuring patient perspectives of the quality of health care delivery is an essential component of building a patient-centered model of care, which has garnered increasing emphasis unde...
Learning a language from inconsistent input: Regularization in child and adult learners

When linguistic input contains inconsistent use of grammatical forms, children produce these forms more consistently, a process called “regularization.” Deaf children learning American Sign Languag...
Reviewing the SEC's Review Process: 10-K Comment Letters and the Cost of Remediation

ABSTRACT: Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) comment letters provide independent and timely feedback on the clarity of disclosures and on the extent to which filings comply with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles and SEC reporting regulations. We investigate factors that affect the probability of receiving a 10-K comment letter, the extent of comments received, and the cost of remediation. We find that in addition to factors explicitly stated to increase SEC scrutiny in Section 408 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, low profitability, high complexity, engaging a small audit firm, and weaknesses in governance are positively associated with the receipt of a comment letter, the extent of comments, and the cost of remediation. The probability that the comment letter results in a restatement is higher for smaller companies and for companies engaging a small audit firm. We also provide evidence that comments relating to accounting issues result in higher remediation costs, largely due to the additional time...
Utilization of Electroconvulsive Therapy for Older Homeless Adults Covered by Medicare

This study sought to examine the association between homelessness and receipt of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) among older Medicare beneficiaries with homelessness. Among individuals with major depressive disorder who were older (age 65+) Medicare beneficiaries (2014–2015 data), we compared clinical and sociodemographic characteristics among those who were homeless and received ECT, those who were not homeless and received ECT, those who were homeless and did not receive ECT, and those who were domiciled and did not receive ECT. The unadjusted rate of ECT use among older homeless individuals with depression (1.46%) was higher than the rate of ECT use among older non-homeless individuals with depression (0.41%). Among all individuals receiving ECT, homeless individuals started as inpatients at a greater rate (94.0% v. 72.6%) and transitioned to outpatient ECT at a lower rate (23.8% v. 44.5%) compared to their domiciled counterparts. The individuals in the ECT/homeless group had more psychiatric comorbidities compared to all other groups. After adjusting for significant covariates, homelessness was associated with a lower odds ratio (0.74, 95% CI 0.55–0.99) of receiving ECT. Our data suggest that ECT can be provided to homeless individuals at rates comparable to domiciled individuals. The psychosocial support typically required for an ECT course may prove difficult for homeless patients in the outpatient setting, which may be an area for further development.
Google Expeditions: Expanding Classroom Spaces With A Virtual Reality Teaching Tool

Location: JC Room G Field trips are informal learning experiences that foster student engagement. Unfortunately, field trips are rare for many students (if they happen at all). Google Expeditions is a virtual reality (VR) teaching tool that lets users lead or join immersive virtual trips all over the world. It is built for the classroom and small group use. Google Expeditions allows a teacher, acting as a âguide,â to lead classroom-sized groups of âexplorersâ through collections of 360Â° and 3D images while pointing out interesting sights along the way. Two notable features are its low cost and accessibility. For example, it can be used with phone or tablet and an affordable Google Cardboard viewer. Also, a class full of devices can be connected over the same WiFi network, or WiFi is not necessary at all if the Expeditions are downloaded in advance. I am currently using the platform as a forum for enhancing studentsâ knowledge of essential science content areas. As part of my course, students completed two expeditions during our exploration of Earth and space science concepts. In the first, they explored an active volcano and then, later, visited the planet Mars. As part of this demonstration, I will provide an overview of the Google Expeditions platform. I also will share (with student consent) a few videos of my students using Google Expeditions as part of their coursework and their personal reflections of using the app. I will discuss how this experience enriched the content explored within our face-to-face class sessions. Finally, I will share alternative ways educators may use Google Expeditions to enhance and extend studentsâ content specific understandings.
Adoptive T Cell Transfer

The clinical use of adoptively-transferred T or NK lymphocytes with anti-tumor activity is gaining in popularity as reports of success accumulate. High specific activity with minimal off target effects contribute to a class of therapy with minimal toxicity that is transformative for cancer patients, who with their physicians have come to accept severe short and long term toxicities as the cost of a frequently small hope of cure or extension of life. However, the successes of cell therapies are as yet in the minority and scientists are developing and testing strategies to improve the function and persistence of adoptively transferred lymphocytes in the face of multiple, potent immune evasion strategies used by tumors and their accessory cells to coexist with an intact immune response. These strategies include combination with chemotherapies and/or radiation and genetic modifications that improve T cell function and tumor targeting. However many of these strategies come with a price and re-introduce toxicities including death in rare cases. This chapter will outline the development of tumor-specific lymphocyte therapies, highlighting successes and difficulties and discussing potential ways forward in this exciting field.
Confidence Interval Estimation for Pooled-Sample Biomonitoring from a Complex Survey Design

Abstract The National Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is using a weighted pooled-sample design to characterize concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the U.S. population. Historically, this characterization has been based on individual measurements of these compounds in body fluid or tissue from representative samples of the population using stratified multistage selection. Pooling samples before making analytical measurements reduces the costs of biomonitoring by reducing the number of analyses. Pooling samples also allows for larger sample volumes which can result in fewer left censored results. But because samples are pooled across the sampling design cells of the original survey, direct calculation of the design effects needed for accurate standard error and confidence interval (CI) estimation is not possible. So in this paper I describe a multiple imputation (MI) method for calculating design effects associated with pooled-sample estimates. I also evaluate the method presented, by simulating NHANES individual sample data from which artificial pools are created for use in a comparison of pooled-sample estimates with estimates based on individual samples. To further illustrate and evaluate the method proposed in this paper I present geometric mean and various percentile estimates along with their 95% CIs for two chemical compounds from NHANES 2005–2006 pooled samples and compare them to individual-sample based estimates from NHANES 1999–2004.
Kids Into Health Careers: A Rural Initiative

Purpose: To describe a project that introduces middle school and high school students living in Pennsylvania's rural geographic regions to nursing careers through outreach extended to students regardless of gender, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status. Method: The authors employed many strategies to inform students about careers in nursing. The methods included: working with guidance counselors, participating in community health fairs, taking part in school health career fairs, collaborating with Area Health Education Centers, serving on volunteer local education advisory boards, developing a health careers resource guide, and establishing a rural health advisory board. Findings: Developing developmentally appropriate programs may have the potential to pique interest in nursing careers in children of all ages, preschool through high school. Publicity is needed to alert the community of kids into health care career programs. Timing is essential when planning visits to discuss health care professions opportunities with middle and high school students. It is important to increase the number of high school student contacts during the fall months. Targeting high school seniors is particularly important as they begin the college applications process and determine which school will best meet their educational goals. Conclusions: Outcome measures to determine the success of health career programs for students in preschool through high school are needed. Evaluation methods will be continued over the coming years to assess effectiveness.
Morphology of neurons cultured from subdivisions of the mouse cochlear nucleus

This study was designed to characterize the dendritic organization of cochlear nucleus (CN) cells grown in primary cell culture and to assess differences among cultures grown from different regions of CN. Cultures were prepared from postnatal mice and processed using microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) or gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunohistochemistry. CN neurons were successfully cultured from preparations grown from either the anteroventral subdivision of the nucleus (AVCN), the posterior region [posteroventral (PVCN) and dorsal (DCN) subnuclei], or the whole CN, although the cultured neurons did not exhibit complex dendritic patterns characteristic of CN neurons in vivo. Neurons cultured from the entire nucleus exhibited an increased rate of survival compared to those cultured from either the anterior or posterior regions, although similar types of cells were observed in all preparations. The majority of cultured CN neurons were GABA-positive and had soma areas that were similar to the areas of immature GABAergic neurons measured in CN sections. Small cells (soma areas or=120 microm(2)) were also present in significant numbers. Overall, CN cultures consisted of a heterogeneous population of neurons that had less elaborate dendritic organizations than cells of corresponding size that have been described in adult animals in vivo.
Ventilatory Effects of Negative GABAA Modulators in Rhesus Monkeys

Abstract This study examined changes in ventilation produced by negative γ-aminobutyric acid A (GABA A ) modulators in rhesus monkeys. The effects of Ro 15-4513, β-CCE and β-CCM were examined in four rhesus monkeys breathing air or 5% CO 2 in air. When monkeys breathed CO 2 , minute volume ( V E ) and frequency (f) increased, on average, to 158 and 140% of control (air), respectively. Ro 15-4513 did not modify ventilation in monkeys breathing either gas mixture; however, β-CCE and β-CCM increased V E and f in monkeys breathing air to between 123 and 141% of control and had no effect on ventilation of 5% CO 2 . Increased ventilation produced by the negative GABA A modulators appeared to be maximal, because ventilation was not further enhanced when the dose was increased three-fold. Each of the three negative GABA A modulators reversed the decreases in ventilation produced by diazepam, suggesting that these drugs are acting at benzodiazepine receptors; however, the increased ventilation produced by β-CCE and β-CCM might suggest that they have more negative efficacy than Ro 15-4513. These data extend previous findings by showing that some negative GABA A modulators (Ro 15-4513) do not alter ventilation and further indicate that changes in ventilation can be used to evaluate efficacy differences among GABA A modulators.
Automation of gene assignments to metabolic pathways using high-throughput expression data

Accurate assignment of genes to pathways is essential in order to understand the functional role of genes and to map the existing pathways in a given genome. Existing algorithms predict pathways by extrapolating experimental data in one organism to other organisms for which this data is not available. However, current systems classify all genes that belong to a specific EC family to all the pathways that contain the corresponding enzymatic reaction, and thus introduce ambiguity. Here we describe an algorithm for assignment of genes to cellular pathways that addresses this problem by selectively assigning specific genes to pathways. Our algorithm uses the set of experimentally elucidated metabolic pathways from MetaCyc, together with statistical models of enzyme families and expression data to assign genes to enzyme families and pathways by optimizing correlated co-expression, while minimizing conflicts due to shared assignments among pathways. Our algorithm also identifies alternative ("backup") genes and addresses the multi-domain nature of proteins. We apply our model to assign genes to pathways in the Yeast genome and compare the results for genes that were assigned experimentally. Our assignments are consistent with the experimentally verified assignments and reflect characteristic properties of cellular pathways. We present an algorithm for automatic assignment of genes to metabolic pathways. The algorithm utilizes expression data and reduces the ambiguity that characterizes assignments that are based only on EC numbers.
Electrical and photoelectrical characterization of undoped and S-doped nanocrystalline diamond films

Nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) films are being intensively researched for a variety of potential applications, such as optical windows, electrochemical electrodes, and electron emitting surfaces for field emission displays. In this study Zr, Ti, Cu, and Pt on intrinsic and lightly sulfur-doped (n-type) NCD films were electrically and photoelectrically characterized. Intrinsic and sulfur-doped NCD films were synthesized on 1in. diameter quartz and silicon substrates by microwave plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition. All metals showed linear (Ohmic) current-voltage characteristics in the as-deposited state. The Schottky barrier heights (ΦB) at the metal-film interface were investigated using x-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopies. The undoped NCD films exhibited a negative electron affinity and a band gap of 5.0±0.4eV. The ΦB were calculated based on this band gap measurement and the consistent indication from Hall measurements that the films are n-type. The ΦB values were calculated from sh...
Kehl: The German use of guided weapons against naval targets 1943–44

(2003). Kehl: The German use of guided weapons against naval targets 1943–44. Defence Studies: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 1-16.
Error analysis and correction in wavefront reconstruction from the transport-of-intensity equation

Wavefront reconstruction from the transport-of-intensity equation (TIE) is a well-posed inverse problem given smooth signals and appropriate boundary conditions. However, in practice experimental errors lead to an ill-condition problem. A quantitative analysis of the effects of experimental errors is presented in simulations and experimental tests. The relative importance of numerical, misalignment, quantization, and photodetection errors are shown. It is proved that reduction of photodetection noise by wavelet filtering significantly improves the accuracy of wavefront reconstruction from simulated and experimental data.
“A Dissertation on Swallows” with comments on their migration by the eighteenth-century Maryland naturalist, Henry Callister

In 1761, Maryland merchant and amateur naturalist, Henry Callister wrote “A Dissertation on Swallows” in response to five questions posed by a Dr Chandler. His accounts of eight Maryland species include accurate descriptions of behaviour as well as external anatomy. His brief description of the tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) may be one of the earliest accounts of this species. On the disappearance of swallows in winter, a topic of debate in the eighteenth century, Callister cited a number of reasons why he concluded that migration rather than hibernation was the explanation for this phenomenon. He noted differences in the habits of similar species in America and Europe and commented on the use of chimneys for nesting by chimney swifts (Chaetura pelagica), and the fact that some birds incorporated human-made fibres in their nests. These observations led him to conclude that, similar to humans, non-human species are capable of adapting to their environment, an idea remarkably advanced for his time. Ther...
Neural correlates of dispositional mindfulness during affect labeling.

Objective Mindfulness is a process whereby one is aware and receptive to present moment experiences. Although mindfulness-enhancing interventions reduce pathological mental and physical health symptoms across a wide variety of conditions and diseases, the mechanisms underlying these effects remain unknown. Converging evidence from the mindfulness and neuroscience literature suggests that labeling affect may be one mechanism for these effects. Methods Participants (n = 27) indicated trait levels of mindfulness and then completed an affect labeling task while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging. The labeling task consisted of matching facial expressions to appropriate affect words (affect labeling) or to gender-appropriate names (gender labeling control task). Results After controlling for multiple individual difference measures, dispositional mindfulness was associated with greater widespread prefrontal cortical activation, and reduced bilateral amygdala activity during affect labeling, compared with the gender labeling control task. Further, strong negative associations were found between areas of prefrontal cortex and right amygdala responses in participants high in mindfulness but not in participants low in mindfulness. Conclusions The present findings with a dispositional measure of mindfulness suggest one potential neurocognitive mechanism for understanding how mindfulness meditation interventions reduce negative affect and improve health outcomes, showing that mindfulness is associated with enhanced prefrontal cortical regulation of affect through labeling of negative affective stimuli.
Mus spretus LINE-1s in the Mus musculus domesticus Inbred Strain C57BL/6J Are From Two Different Mus spretus LINE-1 Subfamilies

A LINE-1 element, L1C105, was found in the Mus musculus domesticus inbred strain, C57BL/6J. Upon sequencing, this element was found to belong to a M. spretus LINE-1 subfamily originating within the last 0.2 million years. This is the second spretus-specific LINE-1 subfamily found to be represented in C57BL/6J. Although it is unclear how these M. spretus LINE-1s transferred from M. spretus to M. m. domesticus, it is now clear that at least two different spretus LINE-1 sequences have recently transferred. The limited divergence between the C57BL/6J spretus-like LINE-1s and their closest spretus ancestors suggests that the transfer did not involve an exceptionally long lineage of sequential transpositions.
Realization of new inflation.

We examine cosmological phase transitions using a new approach and argue that there are many models in which the universe enters a period of exponential expansion required for an inflationary cosmology. A sufficient condition is that the interaction rates due to quantum field nonlinearities be sufficiently small compared to the expansion rate of the universe. In Coleman-Weinberg-type models this requires tuning the gauge coupling constant to a low value. In pure scalar field theories, the conditions for inflation are satisfied if the scale of symmetry breaking is of the order of the Planck scale.
The Expression of irx7 in the Inner Nuclear Layer of Zebrafish Retina Is Essential for a Proper Retinal Development and Lamination

Irx7, a member in the zebrafish iroquois transcription factor (TF) family, has been shown to control brain patterning. During retinal development, irx7's expression was found to appear exclusively in the inner nuclear layer (INL) as soon as the prospective INL cells withdraw from the cell cycle and during retinal lamination. In Irx7-deficient retinas, the formation of a proper retinal lamination was disrupted and the differentiation of INL cell types, including amacrine, horizontal, bipolar and Muller cells, was compromised. Despite irx7's exclusive expression in the INL, photoreceptors differentiation was also compromised in Irx7-deficient retinas. Compared with other retinal cell types, ganglion cells differentiated relatively well in these retinas, except for their dendritic projections into the inner plexiform layer (IPL). In fact, the neuronal projections of amacrine and bipolar cells into the IPL were also diminished. These indicate that the retinal lamination issue in the Irx7-deficient retinas is likely caused by the attenuation of the neurite outgrowth. Since the expression of known TFs that can specify specific retinal cell type was also altered in Irx7-deficient retinas, thus the irx7 gene network is possibly a novel regulatory circuit for retinal development and lamination.
ON THE DOPPLER SHIFT AND ASYMMETRY OF STOKES PROFILES OF PHOTOSPHERIC Fe I AND CHROMOSPHERIC Mg I LINES

We analyzed the full Stokes spectra using simultaneous measurements of the photospheric (Fe I 630.15 and 630.25 nm) and chromospheric (Mg I b 2 517.27 nm) lines. The data were obtained with the High Altitude Observatory/National Solar Observatory (HAO/NSO) advanced Stokes polarimeter, about a near disk center sunspot region, NOAA AR 9661. We compare the characteristics of the Stokes profiles in terms of Doppler shifts and asymmetries among the three spectral lines, helping us to better understand the chromospheric lines and the magnetic and flow fields in different magnetic regions. The main results are: (1) for the penumbral area observed by the photospheric Fe I lines, Doppler velocities derived from Stokes I (ν i ) are very close to those derived from linear polarization profiles (νlp) but significantly different from those derived from Stokes V profiles (νzc), thus providing direct and strong evidence that the penumbral Evershed flows are magnetized and mainly carried by the horizontal magnetic component; (2) the rudimentary inverse Evershed effect observed by the Mg I b 2 line provides qualitative evidence on its formation height that is around or just above the temperature minimum region; (3) νzc and νlp in the penumbrae and νzc in the pores generally approach their ν i observed by the chromospheric Mg I line, which is not the case for the photospheric Fe I lines; (4) the outer penumbrae and pores show similar Stokes V asymmetry behavior that tend to change from positive values in the photosphere (Fe I lines) to negative values in the low chromosphere (Mg I line); (5) the Stokes V profiles in plage regions are highly asymmetric in the photosphere and more symmetric in the low chromosphere; and (6) strong redshifts and large asymmetries are found around the magnetic polarity inversion line within the common penumbra of the δ spot. We offer explanations or speculations to the observed discrepancies between the photospheric and chromospheric lines in terms of the three-dimensional structure of the magnetic and velocity fields. This study thus emphasizes the importance of spectropolarimetry using chromospheric lines.
Viewpoint: Practical Uses of Statistical Power in Business Research Studies

Abstract The concept of power in statistical hypothesis testing is typically introduced by emphasizing (a) the relationship with Type I and Type II errors and (b) the use of power for planning sample sizes. In this article, we propose use of power information subsequent to results of testing hypotheses through use of statistical tests in business research studies to assist in interpretation of existing data and for guidance in determining whether additional data might be necessary. We provide several examples and recommendations on how such posttest use of power might be integrated within business statistics courses.
A thermoanalytical study of several cobalt(II) chloride-amine onium chloride systems

Abstract The high temperature reactions between cobalt(II) chloride and R-ammonium chlorides, where R is the alkyl group attached to the nitrogen atom, were investigated by the techniques of thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, reflectance spectroscopy, differential thermal analysis, and magnetic susceptibility. The reactions all followed the same path as given by the equation: 2(R-ammonium chloride) (s) + CoCl 2 (s) → (R-ammonium) 2 CoCl 4 (s) For each of the complexes studied, the configuration, thermal stability range, reaction temperature, and thermal phase diagram were determined.
Hemoglobin depletion from plasma: considerations for proteomic discovery in sickle cell disease and other hemolytic processes.

Purpose: Hemoglobin (Hb) depletion with nickel affinity chromatography has been shown to increase the number of proteins identified in proteomic studies of erythrocytes, but limited data exist on the application of this technique in depletion of Hb from plasma or serum required for clinical biomarker studies. The aim of this study was to explore the potential of using nickel-beads for Hb depletion of plasma. Experimental design: Nickel–nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni–NTA) affinity chromatography was used to deplete Hb from hemolyzed plasma samples obtained from children with sickle cell disease (SCD, n=7) and normal human plasma (n=4). Ni–NTA-bound proteins were analyzed by one-dimensional GE, followed by in-gel digestion for characterization using an LTQ-Orbitrap hybrid mass spectrometer. In addition, the loss of two non-Hb-related plasma proteins, thrombospondin1 and L-selectin, by Ni–NTA was determined by ELISA (SCD n=6, non-SCD controls n=2). Results: Ni–NTA resulted in an average 60% decrease in plasma protein concentration, which was not hemolysis dependent. Specifically, Hb (7 peptides) and the top three proteins, α-2-macroglobulin (75 peptides), apolipoprotein B-100 (73 peptides), and albumin (42 peptides) were Ni–NTA bound. In addition, using an ELISA assay two non-Hb-associated plasma proteins thrombospondin1 and L-selectin were decreased by Ni-NTA. Conclusions and clinical relevance: Hb depletion with Ni–NTA is effective for Hb removal but is not specific. There is a potential for deleterious depletion of potential biomarkers that may limit the applicability of this method. Consideration of alternate methods of Hb depletion for clinical proteomics may be warranted.
Recrystallization of Evaporated Films of ZnSe

Gilles and Van Cakenberghe1 recrystallized evaporated layers of CdS by a two-stage process. This process consists of evaporating copper on CdS films and baking the double layer at about 600° C. More recently we have recrystallized CdS by simply heating the evaporated layers between 250° C and 450° C in an inert liquid medium to which an organometallic compound has been added2.
The sequence of gene expression in cultured human saphenous vein after injury.

Abstract Objective: The objective of this study was a description of changes in gene expression that occur in response to mechanical injury of cultured human saphenous vein. Methods: Restriction fragment differential display (Display Systems Biotech, Vista, Calif) was used for the comparison of the gene expression profile in seven sets of vein, with the first set representing gene expression at the time of harvest of the vein and the other six sets representing different lengths of time in culture with or without crush injury. All seven sets were from a single, freshly harvested vein. Each set contained eight separate vein segments. The first set (Set 1) was taken from the freshly harvested vein, and the RNA was immediately extracted. This set reflects the in vivo gene expression profile at the time of harvest. Three sets of vein segments (Sets 2, 4, and 6) were cultured for 24, 48, or 72 hours after harvest (culture only). Three sets of vein segments (Sets 3, 5, and 7) were harvested, crush-injured, and then cultured for 24, 48, or 72 hours (crush injury + culture). The gene expression profiles of these six cultured sets of vein segments were compared with the gene expression profile of the set of vein segments that were obtained at harvest. Results: The crush injury of the vein segments resulted in the up-regulated expression of 21 identified (including inducible nitric oxide synthase) and nine unknown genes and in the down-regulated expression of eight identified and seven unknown genes within the first 72 hours after harvest. The vein segments that were cultured without crush injury had the up-regulated expression of nine identified and seven unknown genes and the down-regulated expression of five identified (including platelet-derived growth factor–B and transforming growth factor–β2) and seven unknown genes within the first 72 hours after harvest. The pattern of gene regulation after transmural crush injury revealed eight genes whose products support cell migration and seven genes whose products oppose cell proliferation. Conclusion: The comparison of gene expression between those vein segments designated culture only and those vein segments designated crush injury and culture shows that some cells of the vein segments express phenotypic changes that are consistent with cell migration. Further studies of gene expression changes in vitro may elucidate the endogenous response of vascular tissue to injury. (J Vasc Surg 2002;35:146-51.)
An Efficient Method for Hop Selection and Capacity Enhancement in Multi-Hop Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks

In this paper we propose an approach with reduced complexity for the optimization of a multi-hop transmission path through a wireless network. Based on the assumption that nodes use successive interference cancellation (SIC) and maximal ratio combining (MRC) to deal with mutual interference and to utilize all the received signal energy, we first derive the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) expression for each node. Then we show that under mild conditions the maximum capacity for an H-hop path can be found by a max-min optimization on the line connecting the source and destination nodes. A simple algorithm is then proposed to select the best hop nodes for enhancing capacity. The complexity of the algorithm is controllable, and can be made low enough for large network sizes. Extensive simulations are conducted to demonstrate its performance.
Principles of a switch.

Lambda's 'genetic switch' responds in a dramatic all-or-none fashion to an environmental signal, activating transcription of certain genes as it turns off others. The switch illustrates principal features of many biological regulatory processes.
Simultaneous segmentation and reconstruction: A level set method approach for limited view computed tomography

Purpose: An iterative tomographic reconstruction algorithm that simultaneously segments and reconstructs the reconstruction domain is proposed and applied to tomographic reconstructions from a sparse number of projection images. Methods: The proposed algorithm uses a two-phase level set method segmentation in conjunction with an iterative tomographic reconstruction to achieve simultaneous segmentation and reconstruction. The simultaneous segmentation and reconstruction is achieved by alternating between level set function evolutions and per-region intensity value updates. To deal with the limited number of projections, a priori information about the reconstruction is enforced via penalized likelihood function. Specifically, smooth function within each region (piecewise smooth function) and bounded function intensity values for each region are assumed. Such a priori information is formulated into a quadratic objective function with linear bound constraints. The level set function evolutions are achieved by artificially time evolving the level set function in the negative gradient direction; the intensity value updates are achieved by using the gradient projection conjugate gradient algorithm. Results: The proposed simultaneous segmentation and reconstruction results were compared to “conventional” iterative reconstruction (with no segmentation), iterative reconstruction followed by segmentation, and filtered backprojection. Improvements of 6%–13% in the normalized root mean square error were observed when the proposed algorithm was applied to simulated projections of a numerical phantom and to real fan-beam projections of the Catphan phantom, both of which did not satisfy the a priori assumptions. Conclusions: The proposed simultaneous segmentation and reconstruction resulted in improved reconstruction image quality. The algorithm correctly segments the reconstruction space into regions, preserves sharp edges between different regions, and smoothes the noise within each region. The proposed algorithm framework has the flexibility to be adapted to different a priori constraints while maintaining the benefits achieved by the simultaneous segmentation and reconstruction.
Islamist Mobilization in Turkey: A Study of Vernacular Politics

Islamist Mobilization in Turkey:. Study of Vernacular Politics. Jenny White. Seattle: University of Washington Press 2002. ISBN 0-295-98291-8 (paper), 0-295-98223-3 (cloth)
Catabolism of GM2 in man and mouse

Abstract Tay–Sachs disease is caused by the deficiency of either the enzyme or the activator protein that is responsible for the catabolism of GM2. The biochemical basis of this disease remained elusive until the discovery of two β-hexosaminidase (Hex) isozymes, Hex A and Hex B, in human spleen using 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-GlcNAc as substrate. This finding led to the revelation of the deficiency of Hex A in classical Tay–Sachs disease. In the late 1960s, based on the accumulation of GM2 and the deficiency of Hex A in patients with classical Tay–Sachs disease, it was concluded that Hex A was solely responsible for the hydrolysis of the GalNAc from GM2. Upon investigation of the degradation of GM2, we found in the early 1970s that Hex A required a protein cofactor, GM2 activator (GM2-Act), to assist the hydrolysis of GM2. During the last two decades, GM2-Act has been isolated and characterized from various tissues. The gene encoding this activator has also been cloned, and the recombinant GM2-Act has been expressed in Escherichia coli and other expression systems. Although human GM2-Act was very effective in stimulating the hydrolysis of GM2 by Hex A, it was not effective in stimulating the hydrolysis of asialo-GM2 (GA2) by the same enzyme. To explain the possible function of GM2-Act, we have synthesized an analog of GM2, called 6′GM2 [GalNAcβ1,6(NeuAcα2,3)-Galβ1,4GlcCer]. We have shown that the GalNAc and the NeuAc in 6′GM2 were readily hydrolyzed by Hex A and sialidase, respectively, without the assistance of GM2-Act. Thus, the resistance of GM2 to Hex A is caused by the rigid conformation of the terminal trisaccharide in GM2, and GM2-Act may be able to modify this conformation. The recombinant mouse GM2-Act shares 74.1% amino acid identity with the human GM2-Act. While the mouse GM2-Act can efficiently stimulate the hydrolysis of both GM2 and GA2 by Hex A, and to a lesser extent can also stimulate Hex B to hydrolyze GA2, the human GM2-Act can only effectively stimulate the hydrolysis of GM2 by Hex A. We have subsequently identified a narrow region (Asn106–Tyr114) in the mouse GM2-Act sequence that is responsible for stimulating the hydrolysis of GA2. Our results provide clear evidence of the existence of an additional pathway for GM2 catabolism in mouse by converting GM2 to GA2 and subsequently to LacCer. These results provide an explanation for the lack of excessive GM2 accumulation in the Hexa gene-disrupted mice.
Coded Aperture Imaging System For Nuclear Fuel Motion Detection

A Coded Aperture Imaging System (CAIS) has been developed at Sandia National Laboratories to image the motion of nuclear fuel rods undergoing tests simulating accident conditions within a liquid metal fast breeder reactor. The tests require that the motion of the test fuel be monitored while it is immersed in a liquid sodium coolant precluding the use of normal optical means of imaging. However, using the fission gamma rays emitted by the fuel itself and coded aperture techniques, images with 1.5 mm radial and 5 mm axial resolution have been attained. Using an electro-optical detection system coupled to a high speed motion picture camera a time resolution of one millisecond can be achieved. This paper will discuss the application of coded aperture imaging to the problem, including the design of the one-dimensional Fresnel zone plate apertures used and the special problems arising from the reactor environment and use of high energy gamma ray photons to form the coded image. Also to be discussed will be the reconstruction techniques employed and the effect of various noise sources on system performance. Finally, some experimental results obtained using the system will be presented.
Ira Aldridge, “The African Roscius”

Ira Aldridge -- a black New Yorker -- was one of nineteenth-century Europe's greatest actors. He performed abroad for forty-three years, winning more awards, honors, and official decorations than any of his professional peers. Billed as the "African Roscius," Aldridge developed a repertoire initially consisting of Shakespeare's Othello, melodramas about slavery, and farces that drew on his ability to sing and dance. By the time he began touring in Europe he was principally a Shakespearean actor, playing such classic characters as Shylock, Macbeth, Richard III, and King Lear. Although his frequent public appearances made him the most visible black man in the world by mid-nineteenth century, today Aldridge tends to be a forgotten figure, seldom mentioned in histories of British and European theater. This collection restores the luster to Aldridge's reputation by examining his extraordinary achievements against all odds. The early essays offer biographical information, while later essays examine his critical and popular reception throughout the world. Taken together, these diverse approaches to Aldridge offer a fuller understanding and heightened appreciation of a remarkable man who had an exceptionally interesting life and a spectacular career. Contributors: Cyril Bruyn Andrews, Nikola Batusic, Philip A. Bell, Keith Byerman, Ruth M. Cowhig, Nicholas M. Evans, Joost Groeneboer, Ann Marie Koller, Joyce Green MacDonald, Herbert Marshall, James J. Napier, Krzysztof Sawala, Gunner Sjogren, James McCune Smith, Hazel Waters, and Stanley B. Winters. Bernth Lindfors is professor emeritus of English and African literatures at The University of Texas at Austin.
Teacher Questions During Story‐book Readings: Who's Building Whose Building?

The way in which a story is interpreted by children is heavily influenced by the teacher's questioning strategies and their responses to children. In this article, Phil Kirby explores the nature and operation of such questions during story-book reading. His purpose is to encourage teachers to look carefully at their own question strategies and the ways in which these might constrain or limit children's responses.
Employing Latent Class Regression Analysis to Examine Logistics Theory: An Application of Truck Driver Retention

Multiple regression analysis assumes that one model or theory is relevant for the entire population, yet research has shown that this assumption is often false and may severely limit valid theory development and testing. Latent class regression analysis overcomes this limitation and allows the researcher to identify and develop regression models that are relevant for different segments within the same population. Latent class regression analysis is introduced and is used to analyze truck drivers' intentions to stay with the same firm. This article demonstrates the advantages of testing logistics theory with latent class regression analysis and provides numerous applications for practitioners.
The Roosevelt Administration and Legislative-Executive Conflict: The FBI vs. The Dies Committee

Grounded in the manuscript collections of the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and FBI files recently declassified under the Freedom of Information Act, this article examines the response of the FBI and the Roosevelt administration to the Special House Committee to Investigate Un-American Activities. Concentrating for the most part on the events surrounding a late 1940 confrontation between the FBI and the socalled Dies Committee, the article examines the FBI's pursuit of bureaucratic autonomy and the nature of the Roosevelt administration's response to conservative congressional opponents of the New Deal.
Novel approaches in microparticulate PLGA delivery systems encapsulating proteins

Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres have been widely investigated as controlled-release carriers for proteins. Proteins may undergo physical denaturation and chemical degradation during microspheres fabrication and during evaluation in simulated physiological conditions, making the controlled delivery of proteins a daunting task. Generally, such formulations show undesirable release patterns, making them unsuitable for most therapeutic applications. Over the past ten years, there has been some success in overcoming issues associated with PLGA microspheres encapsulating proteins. Two approaches that are discussed in this Feature Article have shown very promising results: expanding the commercial and therapeutic success of protein PEGylation, and ion-pairing proteins with polyelectrolytes to improve microspheres fabrication, characteristics, and performance.
"Contact Interaction" in the Relativistic Energy of Two-Electron Atoms

It is shown that the "contact interaction" recently pointed out by Sessler, Sucher, and Foley for the relativistic two-electron atoms can be very simply and unambiguously obtained from the field-theoretical form of the theory of Breit and M\o{}ller, whereas the original "reduction" procedure (reducing the equation for the 16-component wave function to one for the four big components by successive approximation) does not lead to this contact term. The effect of the singular behavior of relativistic wave function at the origin gives rise to a correction of order ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{4}$ in the energy.
Use of Euler parameters for the evaluation of ATD head trajectory from angular rate sensor and accelerometer data in aircraft seat certification testing

As part of the requirements of the US Federal regulations and the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Aerospace Standard 8049B, when testing of the seat and adjacent parts of the aircraft may be impractical or unknown to the seat designer and cannot be determined if head contact is made, the head strike path and head velocity shall be documented. The head strike path, also known as head trajectory, is normally measured using software specifically designed to complete a photometric analysis from the high-speed video of the dynamic impact event. A procedure is presented in this paper to use accelerometers and angular rate sensors in the head centre of gravity (CG) location of the anthropomorphic test device (ATD); the head trajectory can be evaluated by using an algorithm utilising Euler parameters to transform the local accelerations into global accelerations. This can then be integrated to achieve global velocity and global displacement. The algorithm utilised to calculate the head trajectory provides results similar to a head trajectory by photometric analysis and can provide those results much quicker and independently of operator influence. It can also provide results without the need for interpolation due to the visual loss of a tracking target.