cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Antiviral Agents Targeting Flavivirus Envelope Proteins

Flavivirus envelope proteins (E proteins) have been shown to play a pivotal role in virus assembly, morphogenesis, and infection of host cells. Inhibition of flavivirus infection of a host cell by means of a small molecule envelope protein antagonist is an attractive strategy for the development of antiviral agents. Virtual screening of the NCI chemical database using the dengue virus envelope protein structure revealed several hypothetical hit compounds. Bioassay results identified a class of thiazole compounds with antiviral potency in cell-based assays. Modification of these lead compounds led to a series of analogues with improved antiviral activity and decreased cytotoxicity. The most active compounds 11 and 36 were effective in the low micromolar concentration range in a cellular assay system.
Heterotic string on the simplest Calabi-Yau manifold and its orbifold limits

We study the heterotic string on the simplest (nontrivial) Calabi-Yau manifold K3 and its orbifold limits. We set the background gauge connection equal to the spin connection. The massless spectrum of the field theory that is the low-energy limit of the ${\mathrm{E}}_{8}$\ensuremath{\bigotimes}${\mathrm{E}}_{8}$ string is derived on K3. Some terms in the effective Lagrangian for the massless modes are shown to be determined by the topology of K3. Several orbifold limits of K3 are described as ${T}^{4}$/${Z}_{l}$, after the singular points are removed and replaced by well-behaved spaces. Massless spectra of the full string theory on these orbifolds are obtained. Orbifold and manifold results are compared. Knowing how to blow up the orbifolds determines much of the full string massless spectrum, including information about the spectra of the individual twisted sectors.
Clinical care of vesicoureteral reflux: preventing adoption of a procedure-driven algorithm

OBJETIVOS Although minimally invasive procedures have created a groundswell, supportive of early intervention as an expedient alternative to surveillance, we present a patient-driven model of care that weighs risk and benefit for each individual. METODOS A practice review was performed for the period 2000-2006. The records of all patients diagnosed by, or referred to, our group (three full-time Pediatric Urologists with a regional service population of 1.7 million) were included in an analysis of vesicoureteral incidence, initial management, and surgical approach. RESULTADOS During the review period, the incidence of newly diagnosed VUR increased at a rate of 4% per year, with 66% of these accrued from evaluation of pre-natal hydronephrosis and asymptomatic siblings of known reflux patients. The number of children with VUR and a significant component of DES also increased over time. During this period of higher case volume, surgical intervention failed to increase significantly, but did show a dramatic procedural shift toward minimally invasive techniques for all providers and probable delayed intervention in a substantive number of cases until endoscopic treatment was freely accessible between 2002-2004. CONCLUSIONES Our patient-driven model respects current literature and clinical experience, while acknowledging that our understanding is still currently in evolution. As our knowledge grows, from well-designed prospective study, we adopt new techniques and retire archaic practices. At this point in time, however, we find evidence lacking to support adoption of a procedure-driven algorithm in the care of VUR.
ACRM’s Evolving Mission: Opportunities to Promote Rehabilitation Research

Abstract Heinemann AW. ACRM's evolving mission: opportunities to promote rehabilitation research. This presidential address reflects on the history and mission of the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine (ACRM) and considers the benefits derived from joint ownership of Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation with the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (AAPM&R). Much of ACRM's history has been distinguished by collaboration with AAPM&R on essential concerns. Evolving organizational priorities have resulted in distinct association missions that have consequences for joint ownership of Archives . The journal has grown in important ways in the past 86 years from a solo editor to an editorial board and to joint ownership and sponsorship of alternating issues. The quality of Archives has improved substantially in the past decade, with an improving impact factor and an increasing number of manuscript submissions. A new contract with the publisher provides an opportunity to consider the relationship between the Congress and Archives and what kind of benefit ACRM desires it to be for its members, to the larger community of physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R), and to the persons with disabilities we as PM&R professionals seek to serve. Archives is well positioned to fulfill ACRM's focus on promoting rehabilitation research and facilitating information dissemination and technology transfer. An internationally respected journal is an excellent means to disseminate rehabilitation research that promotes health, independence, productivity, and quality of life for people with disabling conditions. This new chapter in the relationship between Archives and the Academy and Congress provides several opportunities for rehabilitation research leadership. More than ever, Archives provides a premier mechanism to fulfill the Congress's mission and to promote our sense of community.
The MINESTRONE Architecture Combining Static and Dynamic Analysis Techniques for Software Security

We present MINESTRONE, a novel architecture that integrates static analysis, dynamic confinement, and code diversification techniques to enable the identification, mitigation and containment of a large class of software vulnerabilities in third-party software. Our initial focus is on software written in C and C++; however, many of our techniques are equally applicable to binary-only environments (but are not always as efficient or as effective) and for vulnerabilities that are not specific to these languages. Our system seeks to enable the immediate deployment of new software (e.g., a new release of an open-source project) and the protection of already deployed (legacy) software by transparently inserting extensive security instrumentation, while leveraging concurrent program analysis, potentially aided by runtime data gleaned from profiling actual use of the software, to gradually reduce the performance cost of the instrumentation by allowing selective removal or refinement. Artificial diversification techniques are used both as confinement mechanisms and for fault-tolerance purposes. To minimize the performance impact, we are leveraging multicore hardware or (when unavailable) remote servers that enable quick identification of likely compromise. To cover the widest possible range of systems, we require no specific hardware or operating system features, although we intend to take advantage of such features where available to improve both runtime performance and vulnerability coverage.
Blood pressure control

Numerous studies have shown that effective control of elevated blood pressure has greatly reduced the risk of stroke and, to a lesser extent, the risk of coronary artery disease. Although the relationship between diastolic blood pressure and both stroke and coronary disease is significant, systolic blood pressure correlates more strongly with stroke, congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, declining renal function, and left ventricular hypertrophy. Studies have also shown that the presence of a wide pulse pressure (≥60–70 mm Hg) also has an independent and major impact on coronary disease mortality and is strongly correlated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Because many hypertensives have end-organ damage (cardiac, central nervous system, renal), and the majority also have a comorbid condition such as diabetes and hyperlipidemia, which also increases cardiovascular risk, it is necessary to view the risks and comorbidity of hypertension and antihypertensive therapy in light of these problems. Despite evidence that antihypertensive therapy reduces the risk of stroke and coronary events, and despite the availability of effective agents, roughly half of the hypertensives in the United States remain untreated and only 24% have blood pressure 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic. To ensure that hypertensive patients receive adequate therapy, physicians should treat patients aggressively and appropriately, avoiding antihypertensive drugs that adversely affect comorbid conditions and selecting those that also exert favorable therapeutic effects on these conditions.
Lief Characteristics of Insulated Wire Subjected to Short Time, High Current Faults

This paper reports a study of the damage done to insulated wire by high currents which act during the brief time necessary for protective devices to clear a bolted short circuit. The damage was measured by the decrease in dielectric strength related to various values of the time integral of the square of the current. This is called I2t. One major advantage of this approach is the definiteness with which significant damage is identified. Results indicate that the value of I2t for which the dielectric strength is reduced to half of its original value is substantially larger than it was previously thought to be. Also, some wires, identified as being suitable for higher temperature use, are more easily damaged by a high current fault than are wires of lower temperature rating. The study was limited to plastic covered conductors for general wiring.
Design and assembly strategies for two laser-optical firing systems

The design and characterization of small, ruggedized laser and optical subsystems is required for the continued development of robust laser driven optical firing systems. Typically, these subsystems must be capable of generating the needed optical energy, delivering that energy via fiber-optical cables and occupying a volume as small as possible. A novel beam splitting and fiber injection scheme has been proposed as a way to further reduce the volume of an earlier laser-optical firing systems. The new design approach incorporates two diffractive optical components; a beam homogenizer and a grating-splitter. Other modifications incorporated into this system included a custom designed fiber optical connector ferrule, capable of holding three optical fibers, a laser subsystem utilizing a dual-flashlamp pumping scheme and changes to the power supply to effectively drive the new flashlamp assembly. A set of prototype hardware was obtained and initial assembly and characterization has begun. The proposed alignment strategy will be discussed along with expected performance in the areas of: laser beam splitting efficiency, fiber injection efficiency, channel-to-channel energy balance, air breakdown margin and fiber-optical cable interchangeability. The information and performance obtained to date will be compared and contrasted with that from earlier systems on which this newly designed prototype is based. These earlier or "Baseline" systems, utilized more traditional beam splitting and fiber injection schemes. Earlier systems successfully utilized partially reflecting, dielectric coated mirrors, for beam splitting, plano-convex lenses, for fiber injection and discrete SMA-905 connectors fiber-optical cables.
Estrus and ovulation in gilts fed a synthetic progestogen.

A synthetic progestogen, allyl trenbolone (AT), was fed to sexually mature gilts to determine the effective doses for the control of estrus and ovulation. Gilts were assigned to a control group and 5 treatment groups receiving 10.0, 12.5, 15.0, 17.5 or 20.0 mg of AT mixed in .45 kg of feed/head/day for 18 consecutive days. Ovarian morphology was determined by laparotomy following estrus or at 10 days post-treatment. AT suppressed estrus in all gilts during treatment. Estrus was effectively synchronized in treated gilts. The average interval from withdrawal of progestogen treatment to estrus was 4.5 days for 48 of 50 treated gilts that were in estrus within 10 days after treatment. The average ovulation rate in treated gilts was similar to control gilts. No detrimental side effects, due to treatment, were observed with the possible exception of a slight increase in the incidence of cystic follicles.
Multi-resolution dynamic meshes with arbitrary deformations

Multi-resolution techniques and models have been shown to be effective for the display and transmission of large static geometric object. Dynamic environments with internally deforming models and scientific simulations using dynamic meshes pose greater challenges in terms of time and space, and need the development of similar solutions. We introduce the T-DAG, an adaptive multi-resolution representation for dynamic meshes with arbitrary deformations including attribute, position, connectivity and topology changes. T-DAG stands for time-dependent directed acyclic graph which defines the structure supporting this representation. We also provide an incremental algorithm (in time) for constructing the T-DAG representation of a given input mesh. This enables the traversal and use of the multi-resolution dynamic model for partial playback while still constructing new time-steps.
Solid state stability studies of model dipeptides: Aspartame and aspartylphenylalanine

Abstract Some solid-state pharmaceutical properties and the solid-state thermal stability of the model dipeptides aspartame (APM) and aspartylphenylalanine (AP), have been investigated. Studies by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), high-performance liquid chromatography, powder X-ray diffraction, and optical microscopy have shown that the dipeptides undergo solid state intramo-lecular aminolysis of the type, solid → solid + gas. This reaction was observed for APM at 167–180 °C with the liberation of methanol and for AP at 186–202 °C with the liberation of water. The exclusive solid product of the degradation reaction of both dipeptides is the cyclic compound 3-(carboxymethyl)-6-benzyl-2,5-dioxopiperazine. The rates of the degradation reactions were monitored by isothermal TGA and by temperature-ramp DSC and were found to follow kinetics based on nucleation control with activation energies of about 266 kJ mol-1 for APM and 234 kJ mol-1 for AP.
Non-transferrin-bound iron uptake in Belgrade and normal rat erythroid cells.

Belgrade (b) rats have an autosomal recessive, microcytic, hypochromic anemia. Transferrin (Tf)-dependent iron uptake is defective because of a mutation in DMT1 (Nramp2), blocking endosomal iron efflux. This experiment of nature permits the present study to address whether the mutation also affects non-Tf-bound iron (NTBI) uptake and to use NTBI uptake compared to Tf-Fe utilization to increase understanding of the phenotype of the b mutation. The distribution of 59Fe2+ into intact erythroid cells and cytosolic, stromal, heme, and nonheme fractions was different after NTBI uptake vs. Tf-Fe uptake, with the former exhibiting less iron into heme but more into stromal and nonheme fractions. Both reticulocytes and erythrocytes exhibit NTBI uptake. Only reticulocytes had heme incorporation after NTBI uptake. Properly normalized, incorporation into b/b heme was ∼20% of +/b, a decrease similar to that for Tf-Fe utilization. NTBI uptake into heme was inhibited by bafilomycin A1, concanamycin, NH4Cl, or chloroquine, consistent with the endosomal location of the transporter; cellular uptake was uninhibited. NTBI uptake was unaffected after removal of Tf receptors by Pronase or depletion of endogenous Tf. Concentration dependence revealed that NTBI uptake into cells, cytosol, stroma, and the nonheme fraction had an apparent low affinity for iron; heme incorporation behaved like a high-affinity process, as did an expression assay for DMT1. DMT1 serves in both apparent high-affinity NTBI membrane transport and the exit of iron from the endosome during Tf delivery of iron in rat reticulocytes; the low-affinity membrane transporter, however, exhibits little dependence on DMT1. J. Cell. Physiol. 178:349–358, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A survey to determine the prevalence of abnormal growth patterns in adolescents from a suburban school district.

Abstract A longitudinal survey of 1017 (514 male, 503 female) school health records was undertaken to assess the prevalence of normal and abnormal growth in adolescents attending a suburban upper middle class junior-senior high school. The vast majority (97.4% of the students) were growing and gaining weight at a steady rate, maintaining a similar percentile for and weight throughout adolescence. However, 75% of students had mild deficits or excesses of body weight for height, which also remained constant throughout adolescence. Approximately 10% of the students had a body weight deficit or excess for height >20%. These students were growing along normal percentile patterns. This was true whether the student had short, normal, or tall stature. Only a minority (2.6%) had an abnormal growth pattern. There were 18 students who had deteriorating linear growth and had decelerated across one or two major percentile lines for height. Only eight students demonstrated accelerated growth characterized by progressive weight gain greater than 10 kg/year and crossing a major percentile line for weight.
Personality profiles in asthma

One hundred and fifty-five hospitalized asthma patients were administered the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) in order to evaluate the existence of common personality characteristics. When the full sample was divided into subgroups according to age, sex, and duration of the illness, it was found that patterns emerged that appeared largely explicable by these variables rather than the asthma per se. The single most frequent pattern observed across these subgroups was a V-shaped configuration of a "neurotic triad" (scales 1, 2, and 3). This pattern is not unique to asthma, but is also characteristic of other chronic illness populations and seems to represent a defensive stance in coping with the problems of chronic illness. The findings speak against any stereotypic asthmatic personality. It appears more profitable to investigate individual personality patterns associated with coping styles and their relationship to the illness via behaviors that either maintain or delimit the effects of chronic asthma.
Note on the dynamics of binary collision among four particles

Abstract A respulsive short range molecular interaction is assumed. The dynamical events of five successive binary collisions among 4-particles are discussed by means of the method of binary collision expansion. Phase space diagrams of different events are sketched and events studied. The divergence of these diagrams in two dimensions is computed by doing phase space integration.
COMPUTATION OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL, NONREACTING JET/MAIN FLOW MIXING IN A MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC SECOND-STAGE COMBUSTOR

A numerical solution describing a two-dimensional turbulent flow field with multiple gas species was used to study the interaction and mixing of opposed slot jets with the main flow in a rectangular channel. This study is part of a program to use computer modeling to aid in the design of a magnetohydrodynamic second-stage combustor. The effects of varying the jet angle and main inlet flow symmetry on the mixing patterns and rate of mixing were evaluated using computed velocity and species concentration fields. Mixing depends strongly on jet angle, and jet angles greater than 90° produce better mixing.
What Do We Know About Adherence and Self-care?

Despite advances in healthcare, heart failure patients continue to experience complications that could have been prevented or treated. This occurs because the only way that a therapeutic or preventive regimen can be effective, assuming that the patient's condition has been accurately diagnosed and appropriately treated, is if the patient implements self-care behaviors and adheres to the treatment regimen. However, it is widely accepted that this does not occur in many or even most instances. This article provides an overview of the current evidence related to adherence and self-care behaviors among heart failure patients and describes the state of the science on interventions developed and tested to enhance self-care maintenance in this population. Our review of literature shows that effective interventions integrate strategies that motivate, empower, and encourage patients to make informed decisions and assume responsibility for self-care. Gaps in current evidence support the need for additional research on ways to improve adherence and self-care for patients who are at an increased risk of poor adherence, including those with cognitive and functional impairments and low health literacy.
Nanofluids Evaporation Kinetics on Microstructured Superhydrophobic Surfaces

In this paper, we experimentally studied the evaporation kinetics of sessile droplets of nanofluids with systematically varying particle sizes on superhydrophobic surfaces of well-defined micro-post structures. The superhydrophobic surface patterns were fabricated on a silicon wafer by photolithography and deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) at cryogenic temperature followed by Teflon coating. The 0.01 wt% suspensions of gold (Au) nanoparticles with varying sizes (5, 50, and 250 nm in diameter) were tested as nanofluids for the evaporation kinetics including the contact angle, base diameter, height, volume and evaporation rate by using a goniometer. The dryout patterns were investigated by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the surface topography and nanoparticle sizes have significant effects on the initial contact angle, profile evolution, wetting transition, evaporation rate, and dryout deposition pattern of the nanofluid droplets.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Histochemical Studies of Thyroid Cells in Long-Term Tissue Culture1

Histochemical techniques were applied to lamb thyroid cells maintained in long-term tissue culture (190 days) and also subjected to thyrotropin (TSH) stimulation. The results of nonstimulated and TSH-stimulated cells were compared in order to establish whether long-term tissue culture and TSH stimulation alter enzymatic patterns as related to the process of secretion. The findings indicate that in non-stimulated cultures aging had no significant effect on organelles except for acid phosphatase-rich granules (lysosomes), which showed increased activity with age. Acid phosphatase, DPNH-nitro BT reductase, thiamine pyrophosphatase and the exogenous horse-radish peroxidase used as markers for lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus and the pinocytotic vacuoles, respectively, were found to respond to TSH-stimulation in young follicular cells in culture. The age-activity relationship of acid phospha-tase and intracytoplasmic PAS-stained droplets suggested that in tissue culture acid phospha-tase-r...
How Do Intentions Affect Loss Aversion

Abstract Previously (see Novemsky and Kahneman 2005), the authors proposed that intentions to exchange versus to consume a good moderate loss aversion for that good. In this rejoinder, the authors follow up on this idea, discussing several mechanisms that Ariely, Huber, and Wertenbroch (2005) propose by which intentions can moderate loss aversion. The authors consider both emotional attachment to the good and cognitive focus during evaluation as potential mediators of the effects of intentions on loss aversion.
Copper binding by dissolved organic matter: II. Variation in type and source of organic matter

Copper binding properties of several fulvic acid (FA) and whole water samples are compared by means of an empirical model that was calibrated using Suwannee River FA. Within the calibration limits of the model (pH 5.0–8.5, total Cu concentration 0.1–100 μM, ionic strength 0.1, and dissolved organic carbon, DOC, 1–10 mg C/1), ρCu in solutions of a variety of FA samples are predicted with < 0.2 ρCu units root mean square error (RMSE). Within the calibration limits, many whole water sample ρCu's are predicted with <0.3 ρCu units RMSE if only one-half of the dissolved organic carbon is assumed to bind Cu. Agreement between prediction and experiment at lower ionic strength is not as good. Variations in Cu binding among different sources of dissolved organic matter appear to be much smaller than those due to chemical factors such as pH and ionic strength.
Effectiveness of an Intensive Outpatient Program for Disruptive Children: Initial Findings

There are currently no manualized, intensive outpatient programs (IOP), for diagnostically heterogeneous pediatric samples that simultaneously intervene with youth and parents. Such a program was developed and has been operating at Children’s Hospital Colorado since January 2006. The current study was conducted to characterize the patient sample and evaluate clinical outcomes for this novel program. The study used a method of retrospective chart review to examine demographic and diagnostic information of youth and their families, who participated in IOP. Clinical outcomes were similarly assessed, using paired-samples t test comparisons of the baseline and endpoint parent-report versions of the Ohio Youth Outcome Scales. Results indicated that there were statistically significant differences in each of the Subscale scores on the Ohio Youth Scales from baseline to endpoint of IOP. Preliminary findings suggest that participation in the IOP program was associated with improved clinical outcomes, at the end of treatment.
AC-DC coupling experiments in the spin density wave state of tetramethyltetraselenofulvalene-hexafluorophosphate [(TMTSF)2PF6]

Abstract Experiments performed on (TMTSF)2PF6 in the spin density wave (SDW) state in the presence of joint ac and dc excitations do not show evidence for coupling between dc and ac response. Irradiation by microwaves does not lead to strong dc nonlinearity, and attempts to resurrect the ESR signal by applied dc currents were also unsuccessful. While the strongly frequency dependent response is indicative of collective effects, the response of the SDW ground state is fundamentally different from that of a charge density wave condensate.
Behavior in the Lesch--Nyhan syndrome

The Lesch--Nyhan syndrome is a heritable disorder of the metabolism of uric acid in which behavioral manifestations are prominent and among the most provocative. The mutated or variant gene that determines this disorder is carried on the X chromosome. The disease is expressed exclusively in males. The molecular expression of the abnormal gene is in the completely defective activity of the enzyme hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase. As a result these patients overproduce uric acid and may develop early in life many of the clinical findings we associate with gout. They have in addition a variety of neurological abnormalities including mental retardation, spastic cerebral palsy, and involuntary, choreoathetoid movements. Involved patients have unusual, compulsive, aggressive behavior. Its most prominent but by no means exclusive feature is self-mutilation. The central feature in the management of this behavior is physical restraint. A number of practical procedures have been learned which facilitate the care and feeding of these patients. Promising new findings suggest that behavioral modification using extinction techniques and pharmacologic methods utilizing agents designed to increase the effective cerebral content of serotonin may each have a place in the management of behavior in this syndrome.
Za Zdorovye! Soviet Health Posters as Social Advertising

Soviet-era health campaigns relied heavily on posters. Soviet-era health posters can be viewed as social advertising, aiming to attract interest and to motivate behavior change. Health-related posters from major Russian and US collections were analyzed in terms of their themes and the types of appeals used. These posters, promoting cleanliness and better infant and child care and attacking smoking and drunkenness, used a variety of appeals, including use of statistics and graphs, testimonials, appeals to authority, appeals to fight the enemy, and bandwagon, rational and shame appeals. The Institute for Health Education, founded in Moscow in 1928, played a leading role in creating and distributing health posters. The process of identifying themes, selecting artists, reviewing and pretesting posters, and undergoing censorship review is described.
Fruit and vegetable intake among older adults: A scoping review

Older adults are the fastest growing segment of the world population. Older adults are also at heightened risk of chronic conditions (such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer) and specific geriatric conditions (such as cognitive impairment, frailty, and falls). Research studies have examined the relationship between fruit and vegetable intake and subsequent health outcomes and the correlates of fruit and vegetable intake in the U.S. population. However, relatively few studies have specifically examined health impacts and correlates of fruit and vegetable intake among older adults, who have unique biophysical and socioeconomic circumstances. Evidence is reviewed to (1) describe findings related to consumption and chronic, geriatric, and other health outcomes among older adults and (2) describe patterns in fruit and vegetable consumption among older adults and how these patterns vary within and among populations. This review addresses specific barriers faced by older adults in obtaining and consuming fruits and vegetables in community settings. Recommendations for practice and policy are discussed.
Langmuir Monolayers of Bacterial Outer Membranes

The increase of Gram-negative bacteria super-resistant to antibiotics is a major problem in medicine. These bacteria possess a double membrane system, with the external leaflet of the outer membrane composed of lipopolyssaccharides (LPS) that act as the first barrier to drugs. Thus, bacteria's susceptibility to lipophilic antibiotics is highly correlated with the permeability of this LPS barrier. In this study, we extracted LPS from two isogenic Salmonella sp strains, using the method of Galanos. These strains contain alterations in the lipid A portion of their LPS regulated by the PhoPQ-system. These modifications include palmitoylation of the 3-hydroxyl group in the 3-OH-myristyl residue, addition of 4-aminoarabinose to the 4' phosphate group and addition of a 2-hydroxy group to the myristate residue at the position 3'. Langmuir monolayers were formed of both LPS and compression isotherms indicated that PhoP- (LPS from the strain with no modifications) occupies a limiting area of 150A2, while for PhoPc (LPS from the strain with the modifications cited above) this value is 175A2. These are in agreement with previous report for other Salmonella sp LPS. Epifluorescence microscopy reveals PhoP- has a very homogeneous, fluid-like, morphology throughout the compression without discrete domain formation. In contrast, PhoPc displays circular-shaped domains that increase in size and number with the compression. The addition of novobiocin (0.4 μg mL-1) to the subphase promoted slight changes in PhoP- morphology, suggesting that this monolayer was already fluid enough to incorporate this antibiotic. For PhoPc monolayer, changes in morphology were observed only for high concentrations (2.5x) of novobiocin at which the domains started to aggregate generating structures like a “pearl necklace”.
Biochemical studies on the teratogenic action of Bidrin and other neuroactive agents in developing hen eggs

Abstract Bidrin (3-hydroxy- N , N -dimethyl- cis -crotonamide dimethyl phosphate), eserine, and certain other neuroactive agents induce embryonic abnormalities when injected into hen eggs early in development. The effect of Bidrin and other teratogenic and nonteratogenic neuroactive agents on esterase activity, acetylcholine (ACh) levels, and labeled ACh distribution and metabolism within the egg was examined. The inhibition of the activity of acetylcholinesterase and other esterases resulting from injection of Bidrin and other organophosphate esters does not correlate directly with the degree of teratogenesis, and agents that alleviate teratogenesis, such as nicotinamide and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, do not significantly alter the magnitude of esterase inhibition. Embryonic levels of ACh do not appear to be related to the degree of teratogenesis, particularly in the presence of an alleviating agent, further indicating that ACh and the cholinergic system do not play a major role in the differentiation processes involved in organophosphate-induced teratogenesis. A permeability barrier appears to be operative between the yolk and the embryo, preventing the transfer of unhydrolyzed ACh but not of its hydrolysis products. Growth abnormalities possibly occur in the presence of certain esterase inhibitors due to nutritional deficiency of the embryo resulting from failure of the embryo to obtain ester hydrolysis products from the yolk.
Effects of format and expertise on the decision rules used to evaluate supermarket sales promotions

Heavy and light coupon users generated “talk aloud” protocols (Ericsson and Simon 1984) as they evaluated computerized supermarket sales promotions. “Buy N get 1 Free” and “Buy A get B Free” coupons were rapidly accepted or rejected. They led subjects to concentrate on their liking of the brand or need for the promoted product. Subjects evaluating price promotions thought of the deal rather than of the product. Heavy and light coupon users used different rules to evaluate promotions.
Sulfur K-edge XAS and DFT Calculations on P450 Model Complexes: Effects of Hydrogen Bonding on Electronic Structure and Redox Potentials

Hydrogen bonding (H-bonding) is generally thought to play an important role in tuning the electronic structure and reactivity of metal−sulfur sites in proteins. To develop a quantitative understanding of this effect, S K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) has been employed to directly probe ligand−metal bond covalency, where it has been found that protein active sites are significantly less covalent than their related model complexes. Sulfur K-edge XAS data are reported here on a series of P450 model complexes with increasing H-bonding to the ligated thiolate from its substituent. The XAS spectroscopic results show a dramatic decrease in preedge intensity. DFT calculations reproduce these effects and show that the observed changes are in fact solely due to H-bonding and not from the inductive effect of the substituent on the thiolate. These calculations also indicate that the H-bonding interaction in these systems is mainly dipolar in nature. The −2.5 kcal/mol energy of the H-bonding interaction was...
Vertical movement of epithelial basal cells toward the corneal surface during use of extended-wear contact lenses.

PURPOSE. To study the effects of extended contact lens wear (EW) on the movement of basal epithelial cells toward the corneal surface. METHODS. Rabbits (n = 32) were injected with 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) to label a group of proliferating basal epithelial cells, and, 24 hours later, one randomly chosen eye was fitted with a low- or medium-oxygen-transmissible (Dk/t) rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lens, while the other eye served as the control (n = 28). Four rabbits were not fitted with any contact lens. Rabbits were euthanatized at different time points and the corneal epithelium was immunocytochemically stained for BrdU and/or Ki-67 and counterstained with propidium iodide or Syto 59. Corneal flatmount tissues were examined three dimensionally under a laser confocal microscope and the location of each BrdU-labeled cell in the corneal epithelium (basal or suprabasal) was determined. RESULTS. Four days after injection of BrdU, both low- (P < 0.001) and medium-Dk/t RGP (P < 0.001) lens groups showed significantly more BrdU-labeled cells in the basal cell layer than in the control eyes. Six days after injection of BrdU, a small percentage of BrdU-labeled cells (<0.5%) were Ki-67 positive. CONCLUSIONS. Within 6 days, the majority (80%) of BrdU-labeled basal cells became terminally differentiated and rarely divided secondarily in the central epithelium. Short-term use of low-and medium-Dk/t RGP EW contact lenses slows the normal movement of basal epithelial cells toward the surface in the central cornea, This is consistent with known EW-lens-induced decreases in corneal epithelial basal cell proliferation and surface cell exfoliation. Overall, the data suggest that EW lenses significantly inhibit the normal homeostatic turnover rate of the corneal epithelium.
Sensing Touch Curtain: Soft Architecture and Augmented Communication

The Sensing Touch Curtain prototype demonstrates one type of sensing that can be woven into soft building components. It is a computational textile that senses the nearness of a person or people and registers absolute touch on fabric through capacitive sensing. Capacitive sensing measures position and distance between the textile and a target object by sending forth electric signals. The methods of construction, method of electronic weaving and ways to consider models for somatosensory textiles are discussed in the paper. The Sensing Touch project frames an expanded role for soft architecture enclosures.
Camel sequences and quadratic residues

Given an even cyclic (+1,-1) sequence s=(s0,...,s2n-1) which consists of n plus ones and n minus ones, let us compute i+j (mod 2n) for all n2 (+1, -1)-pairs (si, sj) and insert the obtained n2 numbers into 2n "boxes" b0, b1,....,b2n-1, where box bk contains the multiplicity of k. The cyclic sequence B(s)=(b0, b1,..., b2n-1) is referred to as the box distribution of s. The average cardinality of a box is n2/2n=n/2. Some sequences have quite remarkable box-distributions, "almost average everywhere with two big humps". For example, n=5, s=(+1+1-1-1+ 1-1+1-1-1+1), B=(3333133330)=(341 340); n=7, s=(+1+1+1-1+1-1-1- 1+1+1-1+1-1-1), B= (33333363333337)=(366 367). In general, given an odd n, the box-distributions (⌊n/2⌋n-1(n- 1)⌊n/2⌋n-1n) and (⌈n/2⌉n-11⌈n/2⌉n-10) as well as the sequences which generate them, will be called the camel distributions and camel sequences, respectively, up-camel and down-camel. For example, the first sequence above is down-camel, and the second one is up-camel. Here we prove that there are infinitely many 'camels' of both types. More precisely, for every prime n= 4j-1 we construct an up-camel sequence and for every prime n= 4j+1 a down-camel one. In both cases these sequences are related to quadratic residues and non-residues modulo n. Camel sequences have applications in extremal graph theory.
Image segmentation by multiresolution histogram decomposition

ABSTRACT An image segmentation scheme based on multiresolutional, successive approximations of the image histogramis proposed. The algorithm begins with a coarse, initial segmentation of the image obtained by selecting thresholdsfrom a coarse sampling of a low-pass filtered version of the image histogram. This segmentation is refined by selecting thresholds from increasingly better approximations of the histogram. The algorithm is linear in the size of the input image and handles images with multimodal histograms. Preliminary results indicate that theapproach shows promise as a simple, computationally efficient algorithm for hierarchical image segmentation. Thealgorithm may easily be embedded in the 'split' phase of any of the well known split-and-merge type segmentationalgorithms.keywords: histogram analysis, image segmentation, image labeling, multiresolution, threshold selection 1 INTRODUCTION The last few years have seen an explosion of multiresolution techniques in signal and image processing research.Multiresolution offers an efficient framework for extracting information from images at various scales.1'
First-principles equation-of-state table of deuterium for inertial confinement fusion applications

Understanding and designing inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions through radiation-hydrodynamics simulations relies on the accurate knowledge of the equation of state (EOS) of the deuterium and tritium fuels. To minimize the drive energy for ignition, the imploding shell of DT fuel must be kept as cold as possible. Such low-adiabat ICF implosions can access to coupled and degenerate plasma conditions, in which the analytical EOS models become inaccurate due to many-body effects. Using the path-integral Monte Carlo (PIMC) simulations we have derived a first-principles EOS (FPEOS) table of deuterium that covers typical ICF fuel conditions at densities ranging from 0.002 to 1596 g/cm${}^{3}$ and temperatures of 1.35 eV to 5.5 keV. We report the internal energy and the pressure and discuss the structure of the plasma in terms of pair-correlation functions. When compared with the widely used SESAME table and the revised Kerley03 table, discrepancies in the internal energy and in the pressure are identified for moderately coupled and degenerate plasma conditions. In contrast to the SESAME table, the revised Kerley03 table is in better agreement with our FPEOS results over a wide range of densities and temperatures. Although subtle differences still exist for lower temperatures ($T$ 10 eV) and moderate densities (1 to 10 g/cm${}^{3}$), hydrodynamics simulations of cryogenic ICF implosions using the FPEOS table and the Kerley03 table have resulted in similar results for the peak density, areal density (\ensuremath{\rho}$R$), and neutron yield, which differ significantly from the SESAME simulations.
Definitional issues in the study of anticipatory nausea in cancer chemotherapy

Biobehavioral research investigating anticipatory nausea in cancer chemotherapy has been hampered by the lack of a consistent and conceptually defensible definition of this phenomenon. The most frequently employed definitions have failed to account for the possibility that reports of pretreatment nausea might be attributable to pharmacological factors. One possibility is to restrict the definition of anticipatory nausea to instances of nausea or vomiting experienced prior to a treatment on Day 1 of a new chemotherapy cycle. The impact of this and previous common definitions of anticipatory nausea on research addressing the issues of prevalence rates and characteristics associated with the development of anticipatory nausea is illustrated and discussed. Overall, researchers are encouraged to reduce inappropriate criterion group heterogeneity through careful consideration of how the presence or absence of anticipatory nausea is defined.
Cardiovascular calcification in Hispanic Americans (HA) with chronic kidney disease (CKD) due to type 2 diabetes

Cardiovascular calcification in Hispanic Americans (HA) with chronic kidney disease (CKD) due to type 2 diabetes. Background Cardiovascular calcification (CVC) is common and severe in patients with end-stage renal disease on dialysis. However, the prevalence and severity of CVC is less well documented in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) not yet on dialysis. Methods Fifty-eight nondialyzed HA with type 2 diabetes and CKD were enrolled. They comprise 29 patients with stages 1 and 2 CKD (early CKD group) and 26 patients with stages 4 and 5 CKD (advanced CKD group). Coronary artery calcification (CAC) was measured by ultrafast spiral computed tomography, while peripheral artery calcification (PAC) was evaluated by plain x-ray of the chest, pelvis, thighs, and lower extremities. Results The prevalence of CAC and PAC were significantly higher in the advanced CKD group compared to the early CKD group (73% vs. 38%; P P ln total volume of CAC. Conclusion Our data indicate that CAC and PAC are common and severe in HA diabetic patients with CKD not previously treated with dialysis, calcium-based phosphate binders, or vitamin D analogues. Lower level of renal function is associated with increased burden of vascular calcification in predialysis patients with CKD.
The impact of changing oil prices on interfuel substitution: Ethanol's prospects in the United States to 1995

Abstract The decline of oil prices is having an impact on the prices of other energy products. It is also forcing the reconsideration of interfuel substitution. In this article, the long-term prospects of the U.S. fuel-ethanol industry are analyzed using a system of econometric models. The modeling system comprises the INFORUM interindustry macroeconomic model and an econometric submodel detailing the ethanol production decision as well as the corn, soybean, and wheat markets. The system is used in forecasting simulations to examine the impact that changes in world oil prices would have on ethanol profitability. The results of this study suggest that, without substantial increases in real oil prices or subsidy levels, ethanol will become unprofitable in the near future.
Employing ISRU Models to Improve Hardware Design

An analytical model for hydrogen reduction of regolith was used to investigate the effects of several key variables on the energy and mass performance of reactors for a lunar in-situ resource utilization oxygen production plant. Reactor geometry, reaction time, number of reactors, heat recuperation, heat loss, and operating pressure were all studied to guide hardware designers who are developing future prototype reactors. The effects of heat recuperation where the incoming regolith is pre-heated by the hot spent regolith before transfer was also investigated for the first time. In general, longer reaction times per batch provide a lower overall energy, but also result in larger and heavier reactors. Three reactors with long heat-up times results in similar energy requirements as a two-reactor system with all other parameters the same. Three reactors with heat recuperation results in energy reductions of 20 to 40 percent compared to a three-reactor system with no heat recuperation. Increasing operating pressure can provide similar energy reductions as heat recuperation for the same reaction times.
Fuzzy Set Approaches to Spatial Data Mining of Association Rules

This paper presents an approach to the discovery of association rules for fuzzy spa- tial data. Association rules provide information of value in assessing significant correlations that can be found in large databases. Here we are interested in correlations of spatially related data such as soil types, directional or geometric relationships, etc. We have combined and extended techniques developed in both spatial and fuzzy data mining in order to deal with the uncertainty found in typical spatial data.
Expression of the rat liver Na+/taurocholate cotransporter is regulated in vivo by retention of biliary constituents but not their depletion

Abstract Expression and function of the hepatic Na+/taurocholate cotransporter (ntcp) are down-regulated in several models of experimental cholestasis. To test whether retention and/or depletion of biliary constituents are involved in ntcp regulation, ntcp expression was quantified in several animal models with altered levels of these constituents. In choledochocaval fistula rats (CCF) (retention model), ntcp mRNA expression specifically declined after 1 and 3 days by 76 +/- 4% (P (Hepatology 1997 Feb;25(2):284-90)