cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Delay analysis of maximum weight scheduling in wireless Ad Hoc networks

This paper studies delay properties of the well-known maximum weight scheduling algorithm in wireless ad hoc networks. We consider wireless networks with either one-hop or multi-hop flows. Specifically, this paper shows that the maximum weight scheduling algorithm achieves order optimal delay for wireless ad hoc networks with single-hop traffic flows if the number of activated links in one typical schedule is of the same order as the number of links in the network. This condition would be satisfied for most practical wireless networks. This result holds for both i.i.d and Markov modulated arrival processes with two states. For the multi-hop flow case, we also derive tight backlog bounds in the order sense.
Corporate liquidity disclosures: A review

Corporate treasurers and controllers know that liquidity and credit risk grabbed the attention of investors and creditors during the 2008 financial crisis. Suddenly everyone saw the risks to companies from questionable financial instruments. And critics asked, “Where were the risk managers? Why did the CFOs and treasurers not highlight these risks?” Because corporate treasurers and controllers are involved in managing and reporting on corporate liquidity, they may want to review the SEC's liquidity disclosure requirements detailed in this article. That review will help ensure that their companies' disclosures fully reflect such requirements—and highlight the important risks for investors. Now that the world economy seems to be weakening again, that review is even more important. And it also seems wise to take a look at certain proposed FASB disclosures on liquidity risks that are covered in this article—and to consider how these may affect future financial reports. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Memory of surface patterns in mixed polymer brushes: simulation and experiment.

The correlation between the morphology of mixed polymer brushes and fluctuations of the grafting points is investigated by single-chain-in-mean-field simulations and experiments. The local topography of two types of mixed polystyrene-polymethylmethacrylate (PS -PMMA) brushes that differ in their modes of attachment has been studied during repeated microphase separation into laterally structured and homogeneous morphologies upon changing solvents. In the first type of brush (conventional), each of the surface-attached initiator groups starts the growth of either a PS or a PMMA chain in a random fashion. In the second case (Y-shaped mixed brushes), two chains of different types are attached to the same anchor group on the substrate. Whereas in the first case statistical fluctuations of the chemical composition occur on a local scale, such composition fluctuations are strongly suppressed in the latter case. The microphase-separated morphology is similar in both cases, but Y-shaped brushes exhibit a significantly weaker domain memory than do conventional PS-PMMA mixed brushes. The results of the experiment are compared with simulations, and a simple phenomenological argument and qualitative agreement are found. The observations demonstrate that small fluctuations in the grafting points are amplified by the microphase separation and nucleate the location of the domains in the mixed brush.
AT1 receptor antagonist combats oxidative stress and restores nitric oxide signaling in the SHR

AT 1 receptor antagonist combats oxidative stress and restores nitric oxide signaling in the SHR. The tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) responses of the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) are under exaggerated regulation by angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1 receptors (AT 1 -R). Since AT 1 -Rs enhance oxygen radical (O 2 - ) generation, we tested the hypothesis that the exaggerated TGF was due to a diminished blunting by macula densa (MD)-derived nitric oxide (NO) because of excessive AT 1 -R–dependent generation of O 2 - . Groups of SHR and control Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats received vehicle (Veh), the AT 1 -R antagonist candesartan (Cand; 3 mg · kg -1 · day -1 ), or nonspecific therapy with hydralazine + hydrochlorothiazide + reserpine (HHR) for two weeks. Compared with WKY rats, the elevated mean arterial pressure of SHR (WKY 125 ± 2 vs. SHR 163 to 779 mm Hg, P P P = NS). The SHR had an increased maximal TGF response (change in stop flow pressure during luminal perfusion of fluid: SHR 11.2 ± 0.5 vs. WKY 8.3 ± 0.4 mm Hg, P P P 2 - , tempol (a membrane-permeable superoxide dismutase mimetic) was perfused into the efferent arteriole. During tempol, SHR given vehicle or HHR had a much increased response to blockade of nNOS with 7-NI (ΔTGF in SHR with 7-NI during tempol: Veh 6.3 ± 1.0 and HHR 4.5 ± 0.8 mm Hg, P 2 - . In contrast, the TGF response to 7-NI in SHR given Cand was unaffected by tempol (ΔTGF with 7-NI during tempol: 2.9 ± 0.9, P = NS, compared with no tempol). In conclusion, TGF responses of SHR are exaggerated because of the effects of hypertension and AT 1 -R. AT 1 -R blockade specifically diminishes oxidative stress and restores NO signaling in the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the SHR.
Association of hla‐drw4 with rheumatoid arthritis in black and white patients

The HLA-A, B, C, and DR antigens were typed in 35 black and 35 white Americans with rheumatoid arthritis. The frequency of HLA-DRw4 was increased in both the black and white patient groups compared to the race-matched control groups. DRw4 was found in 45.7% of the black patients compared to 14.3% of the black controls (corrected P value <0.035) and DRw4 was found in 71.4% of the white patients compared to 40.0% of the white controls (corrected P value <0.035). These data indicate that immunogenetic factors related to DRw4 are important in the development of rheumatoid arthritis in American blacks as well as whites.
Structure of Commensurate and Incommensurate Ordered Phases in the System ZrTiO4–Zr5Ti7O24

The low-temperature, Zr–Ti-ordered, form of zirconium titanate has been investigated using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy in order to characterize the incommensurate structure of phases with compositions ZrTiO4 to near Zr5Ti7O24. Electron diffraction reveals that compositions with Zr : Ti between 5 : 7 and 1 : 1 have incommensurate superstructures, and phases close to 1 : 1 are commensurate with an a-axis repeat 2X that of the disordered structure. High-resolution images show that the a-doubling in ZrTiO4 corresponds to a new structure, one that consists of two Zr-rich, distorted octahedral layers alternated with two Ti-rich octahedral layers. The incommensurate compositions are composed of blocks of the 1 : 1 structure intercalated with blocks of the commensurate 5 : 7 structure, the latter having a tripled a-repeat and a ZTTZTT sequence of cation layers. The intercalation can be described as an “interface-modulated” structure resulting from the quasiperiodic insertion of (100) faults with displacement vector R =–1/3 aord in the ordered 5 : 7 phase. Although their spacing is variable, the faults are uniformly distributed in such a way as to produce incommensurate satellite reflections. The findings regarding the structure of ordered compositions in the ZrTiO4–Zr5Ti7O24 system provide an improved framework for understanding the effects of ordering on the properties of zirconium titanate dielectric ceramics.
Maternal Relationship Insecurity and Depressive Symptoms as Moderators of Home Visiting Impacts on Child Outcomes

The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which maternal relationship insecurity and severe depressive symptoms moderate home visiting impacts on developmental and behavioral outcomes in 2-year old children. In an experimental trial of the Healthy Families Alaska home visiting program, families (N = 249) were randomly assigned to home visiting (n = 126) or community services as usual (n = 123). Maternal severe depressive symptoms (CES-D ≥ 24) and relationship insecurity were measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale and the Attachment Style Questionnaire at baseline. Child cognitive and psychomotor development and behavior problems were measured with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and the Child Behavior Checklist at follow-up. The results revealed that home visiting significantly impacted three outcomes- child cognitive development, internalizing behavior, and externalizing behavior. Home visiting impacts were limited to subgroups defined by maternal depressive symptoms and relationship insecurity. Home visiting improved cognitive development (B = 6.02, p < .03), and decreased internalizing behavior (B = -3.83, p = .02) and externalizing behavior problems (B = -3.74, p = .03) in children of mothers with either severe depressive symptoms or high levels of discomfort with trust at baseline, but not both. Family engagement in home visiting seems to play a role in mediating these moderating effects. These findings reflect the importance of screening for maternal relationship insecurity and depressive symptoms to distinguish family subgroups likely to benefit from home visiting from those for whom an enhanced service model might be needed.
Framed guessability: using embodied allegories to increase user agreement on gesture sets

Despite the wide availability of body-sensing technologies, the design of control gestures that feel natural and that can be intuitively "guessed" by the users is still an embodied interaction challenge. This is especially true for systems that require a set of complementary control gestures. Part of the problem lies in the separation between the locus of the interaction (the body) and the focus of the interaction (the screen). We extend Johnson's theory of Embodied Schemata with Embodied Allegories, in order to create a unifying context that spans across the locus and focus of interaction. We present results that demonstrate how this approach increases the chance that users select the same gesture or movement for producing an effect within the virtual context, and that the resultant gesture set is deemed more intuitive by users. We also present the accompanying methodology, "Framed Guessability," which can increase users' agreement when conducting Guessability Studies.
Ozone resistance in tobacco plants: A possible relationship to water balance

Abstract The tobacco varieties Bel-B (ozone resistant) and Bel-W3 (ozone sensitive) differ in general water balance. A significantly smaller root system of Bel-B results in slower rates of water transport to aerial parts such that in light leaf resistances to water vapor transfer are higher and leaf water potentials are lower in Bel-B than in Bel-W3. The known relationship between soluble carbohydrate content, ozone sensitivity, and low water potential suggests a possible basis for ozone resistance in Bel-B. These observations may be important in the selection of economically important plants.
Characterization of acetylcholinesterase molecular forms in slow and fast muscle of rat.

Multiple molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase (AChE EC 3.1.1.7) from fast and slow muscle of rat were examined by velocity sedimentation. The fast extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL) hydrolyzed acetylcholine at a rate of 110 μmol/g wet weight/hr and possessed three molecular forms with apparent sedimentation coefficients of 4S, 10S, and 16S which contribute about 50, 35, and 15% of the AChE activity. The slow soleus muscle hydrolyzed acetylcholine at a rate of 55 μmol/g wet weight/hr and has a 4S, 10S, 12S, and 16S form which contribute 22, 18, 34, and 26% of AChE activity, respectively. A single band of AChE activity was observed when a 1M NaCl extract with CsCl (0.38 g/ml) was centrifuged to equilibrium. Peak AChE activity from EDL and SOL extracts were found at 1.29 g/ml. Resedimentation of peak activity from CsCl gradients on sucrose density gradients resulted in all molecular forms previously found in both muscles. Addition of a protease inhibitor phenylmethylsulfonyl chloride did not change the pattern of distribution. The 4S form of both muscles was extracted with low ionic strength buffer while the 10S, 12S, and 16S forms required high ionic strength and detergent for efficient solubilization. All molecular forms of both muscles have an apparentK m of 2×10−4 M, showed substrate inhibition, and were inhibited by BW284C51, a specific inhibitor of AChE. The difference between these muscles in regards to their AChE activity, as well as in the proportional distribution of molecular forms, may be correlated with sites of localization and differences in the contractile activity of these muscles.
Structural and dynamical properties of manganese catalase and the synthetic protein DF1 and their implication for reactivity from classical molecular dynamics calculations.

There is a pressing need for accurate force fields to assist in metalloprotein analysis and design. Recent work on the design of mimics of dimetal proteins highlights the requirements for activity. DF1 is a de novo designed protein, which mimics the overall fold and active site geometry of a series of diiron and dimanganese proteins. Specifically, the dimanganese form of DF1 is a mimic of the natural enzyme manganese catalase, which catalyzes the dismutation reaction of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. During catalytic turnover, the active site has to accommodate both the reduced and the oxidized state of the dimanganese core. The biomimetic protein DF1 is only stable in the reduced form and thus not active. Furthermore, the synthetic protein features an additional bridging glutamate sidechain, which occupies the substrate binding site. The goal of this study is to develop classical force fields appropriate for design of such important dimanganese proteins. To this aim, we use a nonbonded model to represent the metal–ligand interactions, which implicitly takes into account charge transfer and local polarization effects between the metal and its ligands. To calibrate this approach, we compare and contrast geometric and dynamical properties of manganese catalase and DF1. Having demonstrated a good correspondence with experimental structural data, we examine the effect of mutating the bridging glutamate to aspartate (M1) and serine (M2). Classical MD based on the refined forcefield shows that these point mutations affect not only the immediate coordination sphere of the manganese ions, but also the relative position of the helices, improving the similarity to Mn-catalase, especially in case of M2. On the basis of these findings, classical molecular dynamics calculations with the active site parameterization scheme introduced herein seem to be a promising addition to the protein design toolbox. Proteins 2006; © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Control and controllability in compartmental systems

Abstract The representation of physiological kinetics by linear compartments can be reformulated to include intercompartmental flows controlled by external variables. With this formulation, closed compartmental systems are shown to be uncontrollable, while open systems will generally be controllable if the matrix representing the intercompartmental rate constants (excluding controlled flows and all flows to and from the environment) is of rank n − 1. Limited controllability requirements are also discussed.
Kinetics of the hydrogen atom abstraction reactions from 1-butanol by hydroxyl radical: theory matches experiment and more.

In the present work, we study the H atom abstraction reactions by hydroxyl radical at all five sites of 1-butanol. Multistructural variational transition state theory (MS-VTST) was employed to estimate the five thermal rate constants. MS-VTST utilizes a multifaceted dividing surface that accounts for the multiple conformational structures of the transition state, and we also include all the structures of the reactant molecule. The vibrational frequencies and minimum energy paths (MEPs) were computed using the M08-HX/MG3S electronic structure method. The required potential energy surfaces were obtained implicitly by direct dynamics employing interpolated variational transition state theory with mapping (IVTST-M) using a variational reaction path algorithm. The M08-HX/MG3S electronic model chemistry was then used to calculate multistructural torsional anharmonicity factors to complete the MS-VTST rate constant calculations. The results indicate that torsional anharmonicity is very important at higher temper...
The bounds of the possible: Nuclear command and control in the information age

Several constraints exist that limit the flexibility of employment of the U.S. nuclear arsenal, but these constraints can be alleviated by the prudent application of information‐age technology to the planning process and to the command and control system. The changing strategic environment and the ongoing information revolution combine to argue forcibly for this change and offer an opportunity to bring the nuclear command and control system up‐to‐date to meet both current and emerging nuclear tasks. Continued failure to modernize nuclear command and control will have the effect of severely constraining the effectiveness of U.S. deterrent forces. Improvements in the nuclear command and control communications systems are essential for the effectiveness and credibility of U.S. nuclear policy. The nuclear command and control system must evolve into a dispersed, real‐time planning and dissemination system that provides a true, survivable, redundant, flexible planning capability. Development of such a system wo...
Variability among word lists in eliciting memory illusions: evidence for associative activation and monitoring

Associative lists created by the same means are remarkably different in their propensity to elicit false memories in the DRM (Deese, 1959; Roediger & McDermott, 1995) paradigm. We confirmed this variability in Experiment 1 by constructing lists in the typical fashion but with words that were weakly associated to their critical words. Low levels of false recall occurred. In Experiment 2 these results were replicated at three presentation rates (.5, 1, and 3 s per word). Also, slower presentation rates yielded lower false recall for both strong and weak lists. Experiment 3 showed that false recognition rates also varied across lists, as did subjective ratings accompanying false recognition. We interpret these findings as supporting an activation/monitoring framework. Lists vary in a principled way in their tendency to activate the critical item, and slowing the presentation rate permits greater accrual of item-specific information that makes monitoring of retrieval more accurate.
Permittivity and electrical breakdown response of nylon 6 to chemical exposure

Environmental stress such as unintended exposure of aircraft wire insulation to aviation-related fluids is one cause of wire aging that increases the risk of electrical failure. In this paper, the dielectric properties of nylon 6, a common wire insulation material, were investigated under chemical exposure for up to 8 days in six fluids: distilled water, cleaning fluid, isopropyl alcohol, deicing fluid, jet fuel and hydraulic fluid. Real permittivity e') and dissipation factor (D) of aged samples were measured using an LCR meter over frequency range from 100 Hz to 1 MHz in an ambient environment (23 °C). It was found that e′ and D of aged nylon 6 exhibit distinct shifting behavior according to the polarity of the fluids in which it is immersed. Immersion in polar fluids gives rise to a strong effect of fluid absorption on the increase of polarizability of nylon 6, showing significant increase in e′ and D, along with moving of relaxations to higher frequencies. Electrical breakdown strength of nylon 6 was also observed to reduce dramatically following exposure to polar fluids. A two-parameter Weibull distribution was applied to analyze the distribution of electrical weak sites in chemically-aged nylon 6 and it is concluded that a different electrical breakdown mechanism could be responsible for the narrower distribution observed after polar chemical exposure than for the pristine material. Nylon 6 displayed resistance to aging in non-polar fluids, showing no significant change in complex permittivity and electrical breakdown strength.
Neonatal Mononuclear Cell Metabolism: Further Evidence For Diminished Monocyte Function in the Neonate

Neonatal Mononuclear Cell Metabolism: Further Evidence For Diminished Monocyte Function in the Neonate
A NOTE ON MULTIVARIATE LINEAR MODELS WITH NON‐ADDITIVITY

Summary Tukey's non-additivity test in an analysis of variance model is extended to a multivariate linear model with covariates. If non-additivity is found to exist, a Wilks's Lambda test for the dimensionality of the matrix of the non-additivity parameters is derived and the Lambda criterion is then factorized into two independent test criteria to test meaningful hypotheses concerning the multivariate model.
The numerical solution of equations

A helpful tool not very generally known among engineers is the use of approximation methods for the solution of equations which cannot be solved algebraically; the author describes and illustrates two such methods. IN engineering work many of the equations or systems of equations that are encountered may be solved explicitly for the unknowns. Some of these solutions are well known, such as the formula for the roots of a quadratic equation in one unknown and the use of determinants in solving a system of linear equations in any number of unknowns. If it is very difficult or impossible to solve explicitly for the unknowns of a system of equations, some approximation method may be used. The first and perhaps best known of these approximation methods is the graphical method,1 which is easily understood but may be quite tedious and inaccurate, especially if more than one unknown is present. Horner's method is well known and is used to approximate the real roots of algebraic equations. Two other approximation methods are Newton's method1,2 and the iteration process.1 Although Newton's method is really an iteration process, the two will be considered separately in this article, the purpose of which is to explain the use of these two methods and to illustrate by means of typical engineering examples their application to the numerical solution of equations.
Relationships Between the Structure and Biological Activities of Corticotropin and Related Peptides: Biological Activities of a Synthetic Eicosapeptide Amide1

The synthetic eicosapeptide amide of Hofmann, comprising the N-terminal sequence 1 to 20 of corticotropin A1S, in which the twentieth amino acid valine is in the form of the amide, has been investigated for adrenal and extra-adrenal effects by in vivo and in vitro techniques. The adrenal activities assayed were in vivo steroidogenesis in 24-hr hypophysectomized rats and in vitro steroidogenesis by quartered rat adrenals. The in vitro release of free fatty acids by rat epididymal adipose tissue and the mobilization of free fatty acids and the depression of blood sugar in the intact mouse were the extraadrenal effects measured. All activities were assayed relative to corticotropin A1 on a weight basis. The activities of the eicosapeptide amide in the in vitro assays were steroidogenesis, 181%, adipokinetic effect, 160%, and hypoglycemia, 200%. By in vitro techniques the steroidogenic effect was 78% and the adipokinetic effect was 39%. Thus, by in vivo assays the eicosapeptide amide has the same molar activi...
Two-dimensional analysis of transonic gas- particle flows in axisymmetric nozzles

13 Love, T. J., "An Experimental Investigation of Infra-red Scattering by Clouds of Particles," Rept. ARL-64-109, June 1964, Aerospace Research Labs. 14 Williams, J. R., "Thermal Radiation Transport in ParticleSeeded Gases/ ANS Transactions, Vol. 12, Dec. 1969, pp. 811812. 15 Mie, G. A., "Beitrage zur Optik truber Medien, Speziell Kolloidaler Metallosungen," Annalen Der Physik, Vol. 25, No. 3, 1908, pp. 377-445. 16 Krascella, N. L., "Theoretical Investigations of the Absorption and Scattering Characteristics of Small Particles," Rept. C-910092-1, Sept. 1964, United Aircraft Research Labs. 17 Aden, A. L., "Electromagnetic Scattering from Spheres with Sizes Comparable to the Wavelength," Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 22, No. 5, 1951, pp. 601-605. 18 Williams, J. R., Shenoy, A. S., and Clement, J. D., "Theoretical Calculations of Radiant Heat Transfer Properties of Particle-Seeded Gases," CR-1505, Feb. 1970, NASA. 19 Plass, G. N., "Mie Scattering and Absorption Cross Sections for Aluminum Oxide and Magnesium Oxide," Applied Optics, Vol. 3, No. 7, 1964, pp. 867-872. 20 Chi, J. W. H. and Landahl, C. E., "Hydrogen Reactions with Graphite Materials at High Temperatures and Pressures," Nuclear Applications, Vol. 4, March 1968, pp. 159-169. 21 Clarke, J. T. and Fox, B. R., "Reaction of Graphite Filaments with Hydrogen above 2000 °K," Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 46, No. 3, Feb. 1967, pp. 827-836. 22 Duff, R. E. and Bauer, S. H., "Equilibrium Composition of the C/H Systems at Elevated Temperatures," Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 36, No. 7, April 1962, pp. 1754-1767. 23 Cory, J. S. and Bennett, A., "Thermal Absorption in Seeded Gases," Rept. DAC-60779, Feb. 1969, Donald W. Douglas Labs. 24 Stockham, L. W. and Love, T. J., "Monte Carlo Solution of Radiative Heat Transfer from a Finite Cylindrical Cloud of Particles," AIAA Paper 68-64, New York, 1968.
Dynamics and control of a novel manipulator on VTOL aircraft (MOVA) system - A planar case study

An innovative type of mobile manipulator, designated Manipulator on VTOL (Vertical Take-Off and Landing) Aircraft (MOVA), is proposed as a potential candidate for autonomous execution of field work in less-structured environments. A planar MOVA system design is presented as the first step toward a fully functioning 3D system. The design has the minimum number of joints for the end-effector to achieve trajectory tracking. Dynamics equations of this planar MOVA system are derived using the Euler-Lagrangian approach and then transformed into decoupled translational and rotational dynamics using the virtual manipulator method. The backstepping technique is adopted for controller design due to the underactuated translational dynamics and a feedback linearization controller is used to control the onboard manipulator dynamics. A stability analysis is performed on the unified controller with GUUB tracking performance proven.
Decoupled store completion/silent deterministic replay: enabling scalable data memory for CPR/CFP processors

CPR/CFP (Checkpoint Processing and Recovery/Continual Flow Pipeline) support an adaptive instruction window that scales to tolerate last-level cache misses. CPR/CFP scale the register file by aggressively reclaiming the destination registers of many in-flight instructions. However, an analogous mechanism does not exist for stores and loads. As the window expands, CPR/CFP processors must track all in-flight stores and loads to support forwarding and detect memory ordering violations.The previously-described SVW (Store Vulnerability Window) and SQIP (Store Queue Index Prediction) schemes provide scalable, non-associative load and store queues, respectively. However, they don't work smoothly in a CPR/CFP context. SVW/SQIP rely on the ability to dynamically stall some loads until a specific older store writes to the cache. Enforcing this serialization in CPR/CFP is expensive if the load and store are in the same checkpoint.We introduce two complementary procedures that implement this serialization efficiently. Decoupled Store Completion (DSC) allows stores to write to the cache before the enclosing checkpoint completes execution. Silent Deterministic Replay (SDR) supports mis-speculation recovery in the presence of DSC by replaying loads older than completed stores using values from the load queue. The combination of DSC and SDR enables an SVW/SQIP based CPR/CFP memory system that outperforms previous designs while occupying less area.
Local changes in bone marrow at MRI after treatment of extremity soft tissue sarcoma

To determine the prevalence and appearance of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal changes that occur in local bone marrow after radiation therapy (RT) and/or chemotherapy for extremity soft tissue sarcoma (STS). Seventy patients with primary STS at the level of a long bone who also had undergone pretreatment MRI and at least one post-treatment MRI of the tumor bed were identified. MRIs of each patient were retrospectively reviewed for new changes in marrow signal in the region of the tumor bed and for the morphology, relative signal intensities, heterogeneity, and progression or regression of changes over time. Focal signal changes in marrow were observed in 26/70 patients (37%) at a median of 9.5 months after RT and/or chemotherapy and diffuse changes in seven (10%) at a median of 8 months. Patients who received neither RT nor chemotherapy did not develop marrow changes. Mean RT doses in patients with changes and those without were 5,867 and 6,076 cGy, respectively. In most patients with focal changes, changes were seen in all sequences and were linear–curvilinear, patchy, or mixed at the level of the tumor bed. Predominant signal intensity of changes was between muscle and fat at T1WI and between muscle and fluid at fat-saturated T2WI or short tau inversion recovery. Most focal changes enhanced heterogeneously and increased or fluctuated in size over time. Changes in MRI appearance of long bone marrow frequently are evident after combined RT and chemotherapy for STS and most commonly increase or fluctuate in size over time. These changes have various non-mass-like configurations and often show signal intensities similar to those of red marrow and thus should not be mistaken for metastases. The marrow changes might represent an early stage of gelatinous transformation of marrow.
Optimal dose of aprotinin for neuroprotection and renal function in a piglet survival model

Objective The efficacy of aprotinin in reducing blood loss after cardiopulmonary bypass is well established, although its neuroprotective potential is less well known. Furthermore, there is controversy regarding optimal dosing and possible renal complications. Methods Fifty-four piglets were randomized to one of 3 cardiopulmonary bypass groups designed to carry the risk of postoperative cerebral and renal dysfunction: circulatory arrest at 25°C and ultra–low flow bypass (10 mL · kg −1 · min −1 ) at either 25°C or 34°C. Animals were randomized to the following groups: control (no aprotinin), low dose (30,000 KIU/kg into prime only), standard full dose (30,000 KIU/kg bolus administered intravenously into prime plus 10,000 KIU/kg infusion), and double full dose. The tissue oxygenation index was monitored by means of near-infrared spectroscopy. Neurologic functional and histologic scores and creatinine and blood urea nitrogen values were outcomes of interest. Results Aprotinin significantly improved neurologic scores on postoperative day 1 after ultra–low-flow bypass at 25°C or 34°C ( P P = .57). Linear regression indicated a strong dose-response relationship, with higher aprotinin doses having the best neurologic scores. During low-flow bypass, a higher tissue oxygenation index was correlated with a higher aprotinin dose ( P r = −0.39, P Conclusion Aprotinin significantly improves neurologic recovery without compromising renal function in the young piglet.
The Interplay Between Prosodic Structure and Coarticulation

In this paper we draw on a linguistic model of prosodic structure and a task-dynamic model of speech gestures to account for the interplay of coarticulation and stress in English. We reinterpret re...
Linkage disequilibrium analyses within chromosome 19p in multiple sclerosis.

Objective The aim of this study was to determine if multiple sclerosis (MS) shows association with variants of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) within chromosome 19p, where previous studies resulted in conflicting observations.Subjects and methods The transmissions of 569 SNP variants and 608 haplotypes from unaffected parents to their affected children were tested in 257 Caucasian families by using the pedigree disequilibrium test (PDT), the TRANSMIT version 2.5 program and the family- and haplotype-based association tests (FBAT and HBAT). The distribution of linkage disequilibrium (LD) among SNPs in 19p was assessed by ldmax and correlated with the location of MS-associated haplotypes.Results Individual SNP alleles did not show association after correction for multiple testing in PDT. Several marker haplotypes within potential candidate genes of intracellular enzymes, transmembrane proteins and receptors and signaling and adhesion molecules appeared to be weakly associated with the disease in both ...
Power Algorithms for Inverting Laplace Transforms

This paper investigates ways to create algorithms to invert Laplace transforms numerically within a unified framework proposed by Abate and Whitt (2006). That framework approximates the desired function value by a finite linear combination of transform values, depending on parameters called weights and nodes, which are initially left unspecified. Alternative parameter sets, and thus algorithms, are generated and evaluated here by considering power test functions. Real weights for a real-variable power algorithm are found for specified real powers and positive real nodes by solving a system of linear equations involving a generalized Vandermonde matrix, using Mathematica. The resulting power algorithms are shown to be effective, with the parameter choice being tunable to the transform being inverted. The powers can be advantageously chosen from series expansions of the transform. Experiments show that the power algorithms are robust in the nodes; it suffices to use the first n positive integers. The power test functions also provide a useful way to evaluate the performance of other algorithms.
A highly conserved region between amino acids 221 and 266 of dengue virus non-structural protein 1 is a major epitope region in infected patients

The immune response to dengue virus (DENV) infection generates high levels of antibodies (Abs) against the DENV non-structural protein 1 (NS1), particularly in cases of secondary infection. Therefore, anti-NS1 Abs may play a role in severe dengue infections, possibly by interacting (directly or indirectly) with host factors or regulating virus production. If it does play a role, NS1 may contain epitopes that mimic those epitopes of host molecules. Previous attempts to map immunogenic regions within DENV-NS1 were undertaken using mouse monoclonal Abs (MAbs). The aim of this study was to characterize the epitope regions of nine anti-NS1 human monoclonal Abs (HuMAbs) derived from six patients secondarily infected with DENV-2. These anti-NS1 HuMAbs were cross-reactive with DENV-1, -2, and -3 but not DENV-4. All HuMAbs bound a common epitope region located between amino acids 221 and 266 of NS1. This study is the first report to map a DENV-NS1 epitope region using anti-DENV MAbs derived from patients.
Cerebral hypoxia: some new approaches and unanswered questions.

The apoplexy of Hippocrates’ time remains with us today, unchanged and untreated. We call this syndrome of acute brain damage “stroke”; we know that it most commonly reflects localized tissue hypoxia attributable to reduced blood flow (ischemia). Focal hypoxia-ischemia also occurs in such contexts as traumatic insults, or cerebral hemorrhages, while global hypoxia-ischemia occurs in cardiac arrest, near-drowning, and carbon monoxide poisoning. The centuries since Thomas Willis, Johann Wepfer, and Giovanni Morgagni have brought precise definition of cerebral vascular anatomy and the neurological consequences of focal brain lesions, permitting full comprehension of functional deficits; we can prognosticate with sad accuracy. But the medical management of stroke patients in 1990 is still the management of symptoms and associated conditions. Despite its status as a major worldwide cause of death and disability, we are no more able than Hippocrates to treat cerebral hypoxia itself. Nevertheless, hope for the development of effective therapy has endured, and in the last few years has been encouraged by the emergence of some promising strategies for reducing the brain’s intrinsic susceptibility to hypoxic insults. These tissuelevel approaches, sometimes referred to as “parenchymal” approaches to distinguish them from other strategies aimed at influencing blood how, are based on recent information suggesting that central neurotransmitter mechanisms, especially those related to the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate, may play an important role in the pathogenesis of hypoxic neuronal death (Meldrum, 1985; Rothman and Olney, 1986; Choi, 1988b). In this essay I will comment on the possibility of new therapies for cerebral hypoxia directed at glutamate-mediated injury mechanisms, and will briefly mention some other potential approaches. Glutamate and hypoxic neuronal injury The brain is critically dependent on its blood flow for a continuous supply of oxygen and glucose. The oscillations of the electroencephalogram cease within seconds of cardiac arrest, and only a few minutes of severe ischemia can induce the selective degeneration of certain neuronal populations, including pyramidal neurons in the CA1 region of the hippocampal formation, striatal medium-sized neurons, neocortical neurons in layers 3,
THE HELPING HAND OF THE LAW: POLICE CONTROL OF CITIZENS ON REQUEST*

This study examines how patrol officers respond to citizens' requests that officers control another citizen—by advising or persuading them, warning or threatening them, making them leave someone alone or leave the scene, or arresting them. Data are drawn from field observations conducted in Indianapolis, Indiana, in 1996 and St. Petersburg, Florida, in 1997. Officers granted the request for the most restrictive form of control requested by the citizen in 70% of the 396 observed cases. Several factors were modeled to determine their influence on officers' decisions to grant or deny the most restrictive request. These factors include legal considerations, need, factors that attenuate the impact of law or need, the social relationship between the requester and target of control, and personal characteristics of the officer. Multivariate analysis shows that the most influential factors were legal considerations. When citizens requested an arrest, the likelihood that the police would be responsive dropped considerably. However, as the evidence of a legal violation against the targeted citizen increased, so did the odds of an arrest. Officers were less likely to grant the requests of citizens having a close relationship with the person targeted for control, disrespectful of the police, or intoxicated or mentally ill. The race, wealth, and organization affiliation of citizen adversaries had little impact on the police decision. Male officers, officers with fewer years of police experience, and officers with a stronger proclivity to community policing, had significantly greater odds of giving citizens what they requested. The implications of the findings for research and policy are discussed.
Diamagnetism of nodal fermions

Free nodal fermionic excitations are simple but interesting examples of fermionic quantum criticality, in which the dynamic critical exponent $z=1$ and the quasiparticles are well defined. They arise in a number of physical contexts. We derive the scaling form of the diamagnetic susceptibility $\ensuremath{\chi}$ at finite temperatures and for finite chemical potential. From measurements in graphene, or in ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{x}$ $(x=0.04)$, one may be able to infer the striking Landau diamagnetic susceptibility of the system at the quantum critical point. Although the quasiparticles in the mean field description of the proposed $d$-density wave (DDW) condensate in high-temperature superconductors are another example of nodal quasiparticles, the crossover from the high-temperature behavior to the quantum critical behavior takes place at a far lower temperature due to the reduction of the velocity scale from the Fermi velocity ${v}_{F}$ in graphene to $\sqrt{{v}_{F}{v}_{\mathrm{DDW}}}$, where ${v}_{\mathrm{DDW}}$ is the velocity in the direction orthogonal to the nodal direction at the Fermi point of the spectra of the DDW condensate.
Wide-frequency-band radar array antenna system with suppressed grating lobes

When array antennas are used for wide-frequency operation a difficulty with grating lobes is encountered at the upper frequency end of the operating band. This paper points out that the use of arrays for transmission and reception with different interelement spacings can be used to extend the operating frequency band in a radar system. The principle of transmitting-receiving arrays with different illuminations was used by Mattingly [2] to lower the sidelobe level of a radar array antenna. Birge [3] used it to reduce the number of elements in an array while preserving the resolution. The same principle is used in this paper to extend the operating frequency bandwidth of a radar antenna system. Relationships for an optimized radar array antenna system are derived. The criterion for optimization is the maximum bandwidth with a given total number of elements. It is shown that in an optimized system the number of elements in one array antenna is one greater than in the other, and the ratio of interelement spacings is inversely proportional to the square of the number of elements in the respective arrays. Based on these conditions, a function k is computed and tabulated. This function determines the number of grating lobes permissible in the specified angular sector, without overlap, as a function of the number of elements in the two arrays. An application to a high frequency (HF) ionospheric radar antenna system, now under construction, is used as an illustration of the principles outlined in the paper.
A systematic study of automated program repair: fixing 55 out of 105 bugs for $8 each

There are more bugs in real-world programs than human programmers can realistically address. This paper evaluates two research questions: ``What fraction of bugs can be repaired automatically?'' and ``How much does it cost to repair a bug automatically?'' In previous work, we presented GenProg, which uses genetic programming to repair defects in off-the-shelf C programs. To answer these questions, we: (1) propose novel algorithmic improvements to GenProg that allow it to scale to large programs and find repairs 68% more often, (2) exploit GenProg's inherent parallelism using cloud computing resources to provide grounded, human-competitive cost measurements, and (3) generate a large, indicative benchmark set to use for systematic evaluations. We evaluate GenProg on 105 defects from 8 open-source programs totaling 5.1 million lines of code and involving 10,193 test cases. GenProg automatically repairs 55 of those 105 defects. To our knowledge, this evaluation is the largest available of its kind, and is often two orders of magnitude larger than previous work in terms of code or test suite size or defect count. Public cloud computing prices allow our 105 runs to be reproduced for $403; a successful repair completes in 96 minutes and costs $7.32, on average.
Code analysis and CS-XML

The automated analysis of model specifications is an area that historically receives little attention in the simulation research community but which can offer significant benefits. A common objective in simulation is enhanced understanding of a system; model specification analysis can provide insights not otherwise available as well as time and cost savings in model development. The condition specification (CS) (Overstreet and Nance 1985) represents a model specification form that is amenable to analysis. This paper discusses the motivations for and the creation of CS-XML; a translator for CSes into XML-based condition specifications; and a translator for CS-XML into fully-executable C/C++ code. It presents initial results from analysis efforts using CodeSurfer (Anderson et al. 2003), a software static analysis tool, and discusses future work. In conclusion, it is argued that the CS-XML can provide an essential foundation for Web services that support the analysis of discrete-event simulation models.
National Trends in Utilization of Endoscopic Ultrasound for Gastric Cancer: a SEER-Medicare Study

Introduction Accurate preoperative staging is important for patients with gastric cancer. This study identifies the rate of utilization of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and its associated factors in Medicare patients with gastric adenocarcinoma.
Low temperature electrolysis for iron production via conductive colloidal electrode

The iron and steel industry has a history of environmental consciousness, and efforts are continually made to reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions. However, the carbothermic process limits the further reduction of green house gas emissions, and only marginal improvements can be expected. Here, a novel and environmentally friendly method about electrochemical reduction of Fe2O3 to produce Fe is introduced at a low temperature of 110 °C in alkaline solution. In the process, an electrical-ionic conductive colloidal electrode containing the electrochemically active species (Fe2O3 particles), the liquid electrolyte (NaOH solution), and a percolating electrical conductor (C network) has been successfully fabricated and utilized to produce Fe. The simultaneous percolation of electrons and ions effectively increases the area of the current collector, and enables the process to function at higher currents/rates. To enhance the faradic efficiency and energy efficiency in the electrolyzing process, a Ti plate, which has low catalytic activity toward H2 evolution reaction, was selected as the current collector for the cathode, and Pt foil, which has high catalytic activity toward O2 evolution reaction, was utilized as the anode. XRD results confirmed all Fe2O3 was reduced to Fe and Fe3O4. The research can potentially lead to Fe smelting by reducing an aqueous Fe2O3 colloidal electrode directly to Fe powder with no direct carbon emissions.
An efficient abstract interface for multidimensional array I/O

Our research seeks to provide scientific programmers with simpler, more abstract interfaces for accessing persistent multidimensional arrays, and to produce advanced I/O libraries supporting more efficient layout alternatives for these arrays on disk and in main memory. We report on our experience to date applying these techniques to applications in computational fluid dynamics in the areas of checkpoint/restart, output data, and visualization. In the applications we have studied, we find that a simple, abstract interface can be used to insulate programmers from physical storage implementation details, while providing improved I/O performance at the same time. For example, we found that the use of "chunked" physical schemas for arrays gave approximately a factor of 10 improvement in time step output performance on the Intel iPSC/860. >
Fine wavelength tuning properties of external-cavity TE-stabilized mid-IR quantum cascade laser

In this paper a fine wavelength tuning properties of external-cavity short-pulse QC lasers is investigated. The experiments used an uncoated gain chip with TE-stabilization from -46 to 0/spl deg/C. The chip was used in a Littman-Metcalf cavity. A combination of coarse grating tuning and fine phase tuning allows continuous wavelength tuning in pulsed, uncoated QC lasers.