cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intravenous and Oral Antithrombotic Efficacy of the Novel Platelet GPIIb/IIIa Antagonist Roxifiban (DMP754) and Its Free Acid Form, XV459

Currently used antiplatelet drugs, including aspirin, ticlopidine, and others, are effective against certain but not all of the many endogenous platelet activators. Because of their limited efficacy, a significant number of serious thromboembolic complications still occur, highlighting the need for a more effective therapy. DMP754 (roxifiban), a prodrug of XV459, is a recently discovered, potent antiplatelet agent with high affinity and specificity for platelet GPIIb/IIIa receptors that blocks platelet aggregate formation regardless of the agonist (IC(50)=0.030 to 0.05 micromol/L) or anticoagulant used for blood collection. DMP754 rapidly converts to its active free-acid form, XV459, which has a comparable high affinity for both resting and activated platelets (K(d)=1 to 2 nmol/L) and a relatively slow rate of dissociation from resting platelets. The present study was undertaken to determine intravenous and oral antithrombotic efficacies of DMP754 and XV459 and to compare them with those of other antiplatelet and anticoagulant agents in canine models of arterial thrombosis. In these models, thrombosis was induced either electrolytically (200-microA anodal current) in the carotid artery or mechanically by external clamping of the femoral artery along with stenosis, which resulted in either total occlusive thrombus formation or cyclic flow reduction, respectively. DMP754 and XV459 were given either intravenously (0.1 mg/kg bolus) or orally (0.1 to 0.4 mg/kg). Additionally, the antithrombotic efficacies of DMP754, aspirin, heparin, and ticlopidine in the canine carotid artery electrolytic injury model were compared. DMP754 demonstrated oral bioavailability of 20.8% in dogs after administration at different doses and prevented cyclic flow reduction (ED(90-100)=<0.1 mg/kg IV or PO). Additionally, both DMP754 and XV459 (0.1 mg/kg IV or 0.3 to 0.4 mg/kg PO) demonstrated maximal antithrombotic efficacy in preventing electrically induced carotid and coronary artery thrombosis and significant antithrombotic efficacy (P<0.001) at relatively low doses in different settings of arterial thrombosis in the canine model. DMP754 resulted in a significant reduction in thrombus mass and sustained arterial blood flow with 100% prevention of occlusive and nonocclusive thrombosis. In contrast, administration of aspirin (10 mg/kg PO for 2 days), heparin (10 IU/kg IV bolus followed by 90 IU/kg IV infusion over 3 hours), or ticlopidine (300 mg/kg PO for 3 days) before initiation of arterial thrombosis did not reduce the incidence of electrolytic injury-induced occlusive arterial thrombosis. These studies demonstrated a distinct antithrombotic efficacy of DMP754 as compared with existing strategies and suggest potential intravenous and oral antithrombotic uses of DMP754 in the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disorders.
A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of the PPARγ Ligand Rosiglitazone for Active Ulcerative Colitis

A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of the PPAR Ligand Rosiglitazone for Active Ulcerative Colitis J. D. Lewis,* G. R. Lichtenstein,* J. J. Deren,* S. Chuai,* J. H. Ellenberg,* L. Nessel,* G. D. Wu,* B. E. Sands, S. B. Hanauer, J. A. Katz, B. Lashner, and D. H. Present *University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massahcusetts; University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Mt Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
Corporate governance and auditor fees

The authors find that when a company's corporate governance rating is worse than its competitors, fee disclosure preparers are more likely to classify nonaudit services as audit services. This creates a perception of higher financial quality. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development of a Needle Type Glucose Biosensor

Abstract A needle type glucose biosensor has been developed for monitoring of glucose levels during hemorrhagic shock. The sensor employs polycarbonate membranes that are either untreated or treated with Nafion or Silastic, and Glucose Oxidase enzyme which is immobilized on modified carbon powder in a gel matrix. Sensor performance was evaluated in vitro and the sensor showed a sensitivity of up to 10 nA/mM and a linear range of up to 30 mM. Evaluation of the sensor response in serum showed similar sensitivity and linear range as obtained using calibration curves in buffer solution. The sensors were operated continuously for 28 days in phosphate buffer solution and no significant change in the sensitivity and the linear range was observed during the first 7 days. Sensors show a minimum change in their performance when stored inactive in buffer at 4°C for at least eight weeks.
Effectivity functions, game forms, games, and rights

In this paper we offer an axiomatic approach for the investigation of rights by means of game forms. We give a new definition of constitution which consists of three components: the set of rights, the assignment of rights to groups of members of the society, and the distribution of power in the society (as a function of the distribution of rights). Using the foregoing definition we investigate game forms that faithfully represent the distribution of power in the society, and allow the members of the society to exercise their rights simultaneously. Several well-known examples are analyzed in the light of our framework. Finally, we find a connection between Sen’s minimal liberalism and Maskin’s result on implementation by Nash equilibria.
An experimental determination of the slow motion of a sphere in a rotating, viscous fluid.

The drag of a sphere has been measured as it moves along the axis of a rotating, viscous fluid. Rotation has been found to modify the classical low-Reynolds-number flow so that the drag is increased and the effects of finite Reynolds number, R , and of wall proximity are reduced as the rotation parameter, the Taylor number T , increases. The results confirm the theory of Childress (1963, 1964) when both Reynolds number and Taylor number are small. The rate at which the sphere rotates with respect to the rotating fluid frame has also been measured and was found to be less than the values calculated by Childress (1964) for small T and R , but to approach the theoretical values in a reasonable way.
Interaction of NO2 with Monolayers of Phospholipids Extracted from E. coli at 15 and 37

Phospholipids were extracted from E. coli grown at 15 and 37°. The fatty acid residues of the 15° phospholipids were found to be considerably more unsaturated than the 37° phospholipids. These phospholipids were spread as monomolecular films and exposed to NO2-containing atmospheres. Whereas the 37° phospholipid films showed no interaction, NO2 was found to expand considerably the 15° phospholipid films. The results demonstrate that simple changes in environmental conditions may affect markedly the interaction of air pollutants such as NO2 with biological membranes.
Exact and Approximation Algorithms for Finding an Optimal Bridge Connecting Two Simple Polygons

Given two simple polygons P and Q we define the weight of a bridge (p,q), with p ∈ ρ(P) and q ∈ ρ(Q), where ρ() denotes the compact region enclosed by the boundary of the polygon, between the two polygons as gd(p,P) + d(p,q) + gd(q,Q), where d(p,q) is the Euclidean distance between the points p and q, and gd(x,X) is the geodesic distance between x and its geodesic furthest neighbor on X. Our problem differs from another version of the problem where the additional restriction of requiring the endpoints of the bridge to be mutually visible was imposed. We show that an optimal bridge always exists such that the endpoints of the bridge lie on the boundaries of the two polygons. Using this critical property, we present an algorithm to find an optimal bridge (of minimum weight) in O(n2log n) time. We present a polynomial time approximation scheme that for any ∊ > 0 generates a bridge with objective function within a factor of 1 + ∊ of the optimal value in O(kn log kn) time, where . An improved polynomial time approximation scheme and algorithms for generalized versions of our problems are also discussed.
RGML: a markup language for characterizing requirements generation processes

In this paper we present the Requirements Generation Markup Language (RGML). The RGML provides a formal specification mechanism for characterizing the structure, process flow and activities inherent to the requirements generation process. Within activities, the RGML supports the characterization of application instantiation, the use of templates and the production of artifacts. The RGML can also describe temporal control within a process as well as conditional expressions that control if and when various activity scenarios will be executed. The language is expressively powerful, yet flexible in its characterization capabilities, and thereby, provides the capability to describe a wide spectrum of different requirements generation processes.
Temperature Effects on Product‐Quality‐Related Enzymes in Batch CHO Cell Cultures Producing Recombinant tPA

Culture conditions that affect product quality are important to the successful operation and optimization of bioreactors. Previous studies have demonstrated that enzymes, such as proteases and sialidases, accumulate in batch bioreactors. These enzymes are known to be detrimental to the quality of recombinant glycoproteins. Bioreactor temperature has been used to control cell growth and recombinant protein production rates. However, the effect of culture temperature on the production of proteases and sialidases has not been investigated. In this study, Chinese hamster ovary cells were cultured with a temperature profile that decreased from 37 to 34 degrees C over 8 days and with a constant temperature of 37 degrees C. Analysis of extracellular protease activity indicated that two major proteases were present (50 and 69 kDa). The 50 kDa protease activity decreased similarly with time for both culture conditions. The 69 kDa protease activity increased with time for both culture conditions. The constant-temperature cultures had significantly lower 69 kDa protease levels compared to the ramped-temperature cultures in the early stationary phase. Intracellular sialidase activity was present in both cultures. The intracellular sialidase activity increased dramatically for both culture conditions immediately after the cells were inoculated into fresh medium. The initial peak in intracellular sialidase activity was followed by a first-order decay. The intracellular sialidase activities for the two culture conditions were not significantly different. The production of recombinant tissue type plasminogen activator was not significantly different for the two culture conditions. Thus, the previously hypothesized advantages that lower culture temperatures have reduced protease activity and improved productivity do not appear to be universal.
Effects of captopril on survival in patients with heart failure.

Abstract Results from a large multicenter study and from the published literature suggest that captopril can improve survival in patients with advanced heart failure. The survival status of 105 patients with moderately severe heart failure who participated in a multicenter, double-blind comparison of captopril and placebo therapy was ascertained on an intention-to-treat basis. During the 90-day double-blind portion of this study, 21 percent (11 of 52 patients) of placebo-assigned patients died compared with four percent (two of 53 patients) of captopril-assigned patients (p
Pasting and Extrusion Properties of Mixed Carbohydrate and Whey Protein Isolate Matrices

Mixed systems of whey protein isolate (WPI) or texturized WPI and different starches may form weak or strong gel pastes or rigid matrices depending on interactions. The paste viscoelasticity of starches from amioca, barley, cornstarch, Hylon VII, plantain and pea starch, mixed with whey protein isolate or textured WPI at the concentrations of 75/25, 50/50 or 25/75 wt% was determined using a Rapid Visco Analyzer. Peak paste ranged from plantain (5.33 Pa·s), amioca (4.14 Pa·s), cornstarch (3.65 Pa·s), barley (2.61 Pa·s), Hylon VII and pea starch (10 mPa·s). The presence of whey proteins reduced paste viscosity and extrusion expansion, but reduced hardness and improved fracturability. Moisture content was a stronger determinant of paste properties and of the denatured state of the whey protein isolate. Practical Applications Foods may contain starches from different carbohydrate and protein sources. Food formulators sometimes combine different proteins and carbohydrate for desired textural benefits. Our study shows that some protein–starch interaction synergies depend on the source of starch and the amount of protein isolate admixed. This knowledge is useful to manufacturers who may seek to enhance food texture by blending different proteins.
Simple 1 micron ring laser oscillators pumped by fiber-coupled laser diodes

We have designed simple nonplanar Nd:YAG ring laser oscillators that utilize all flat mirrors and are pumped by the fiber-coupled output from ten 3 watt diode lasers. We have obtained up to 8.5 W at 1.06 microns of diffraction-limited, single frequency output with no measureable astigmatism or ellipticity with a total pump power of 26 W from a pair of 400 micron diameter fibers. Convex curved surfaces on the Nd:YAG rod are used to increase the cavity mode size at the rod while minimizing the contribution of aspheric thermal lensing. Comparison to a linear cavity with no intracavity polarizing element indicates that stress depolarization is a significant loss mechanism in the ring laser. The cavity design is also suitable for use with birefringent laser media, such as Nd:YLF or Nd:YVO/sub 4/. >
25-Hydroxycholesterol-3-sulfate attenuates inflammatory response via PPARγ signaling in human THP-1 macrophages.

The nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are important in regulating lipid metabolism and inflammatory responses in macrophages. Activation of PPARγ represses key in...
RESPONSE OF ROUTINE SEMEN ANALYSIS AND CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF SPERM MORPHOLOGY BY KRUGER CLASSIFICATION TO THERAPEUTIC VARICOCELECTOMY

AbstractPurpose: We studied the effect of varicocelectomy on Kruger morphology and semen parameters.Materials and Methods: A total of 33 subfertile men diagnosed with varicoceles was evaluated 3 months before, and 3 to 4 and 6 to 8 months after varicocelectomy. Evaluation involved routine semen analysis and sperm morphology using Kruger classification.Results: Significant improvement in sperm concentration and count was found after varicocelectomy (sperm count preoperatively 117.1 +/− 29, 3 to 4 months postoperatively 162.5 +/− 41 and 6 to 8 months postoperatively 139.8 +/− 25 million sperm, p = 0.0095). Using Kruger classification, evaluation of sperm morphology revealed overall significant increase in percentage of normal A forms at 3 to 4 and 6 to 8 months after surgery (from 9.8 +/− 5.8 % A forms, 13.6 +/− 7.7 % A forms, and 14.5 +/− 7.5 % A forms, respectively, p = 0.0002, normal greater than 14%). Twelve of the 26 patients (46%) with abnormal sperm morphology preoperatively and greater than 4% A for...
Aberrant genital practices: an unrecognized form of child sexual abuse

Abstract The sexual abuse of children in the United States is a problem of epidemic proportions. Sexual abuse is defined as any activity with a child that is conducted for the sexual gratification of the perpertrator. Common examples of sexual abuse include vaginal intercourse; oral-genital contact; anal-genital contact; fondling; finger manipulation; and stimulation of the offender. Sexual abuse may also occur in less typical patterns in which children are subjected to aberrant genital care practices, typically by their parents. Three case studies illustrate examples of aberrant genital practices. This type of abuse can be identified in primary care settings by asking specific questions of parents and children. Examples of such questions are provided.
Reflections on teaching ethnographic fieldwork: Building community participatory practices:

This article presents how the classical roots of ethnographic fieldwork can be considered and adapted when teaching ethnography in social work and public health courses. The experiential community engagement component of the course is discussed in-depth (with ten classroom examples), as well as how to enhance fieldwork skills through classroom activities, which Master's of Social Work (MSW) and Bachelor's of Social Work (BSW) students will need in preparation for entering the field. Students who have undergraduate experiences in ethnography with faculty mentors are often taught ‘how’ to use the elements of fieldwork but not the ‘why’ of the methods. Two books reviewed in this issue of the journal are viewed as exemplars for student learning and can be used in the classroom. Researcher reflection is highlighted as a necessary skill, and the need to consider the community as partners is essential for the design, rigor and understanding of classroom projects in ethnography.
A survey of transactional issues for Web Service composition and recovery

This paper presents a survey of transactional and recovery issues for web service composition. Service composition creates challenges for concurrent processes that access shared data. This paper outlines past research on advanced transaction models and transactional workflows. Standards to support transactions for web service composition are then presented. The paper then elaborates on data consistency issues for web service composition, outlining relaxed locking techniques, data dependency analysis, and other modularisation techniques for user-defined correctness, flexible recovery actions, and cross-cutting concerns. Failure recovery strategies, self-healing mechanisms, and checkpointing systems are also addressed. The paper concludes by outlining challenges for future research.
Revisiting the Thornthwaite and Mather Water Balance1

Abstract: This technical note clarifies confusion currently present in research using and/or citing the 1955 and 1957 editions of the Thornthwaite and Mather Water Balance (or Budget) resulting from corrections to errant tables in the 1955 edition made by the authors for the 1957 edition. Confusion over the two editions and the formulas used have clouded the results of research, management, and educational publications ever since, resulting in frequent misunderstanding of the method’s utility as well as how its results compare with other frequently used methods for estimating evapotranspiration.
Design of Power System Stabilizers Using Synergetic Control Theory

Power system stabilizers (PSSs) are used to provide damping torque for the synchronous generators to suppress low frequency oscillations present in the power system by generating supplementary control signals for the excitation system. Strong nonlinearity and dynamics exist in the power system. Numerous previous techniques have been proposed to design PSSs but many of them are synthesized based on a linearized model. This paper presents a nonlinear power system stabilizer based on synergetic control theory. Synergetic synthesis of the PSS is based fully on a simplified nonlinear model of the power system. The synergetic control law provides asymptotic stability with respect to the required operating modes, invariance to the load variations, and robustness to variations of the input variables and power system parameters. The dynamic characteristics of the proposed PSS are studied in a typical single-machine infinite-bus power system and compared with the cases with a conventional PSS and without a PSS. Simulation results show the proposed PSS is robust for such nonlinear dynamic system and achieves better performance than the conventional PSS in damping oscillations.
Neutralization of atmospheric acidity by chemical weathering in an alpine drainage basin in the North Cascade Mountains

The most important weathering reaction that neutralizes incoming atmospheric acidity in the South Cascade Lake basin is weathering of calcite, which occurs in trace amounts in veins, on joint surfaces, and as a subglacial surficial deposit. Although the basin is underlain by igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks, weathering of plagioclase is quantitatively negligible; the principal silicate weathering reaction is alteration of biotite to vermiculite. These conclusions are based on mass-balance calculations involving runoff compositions and on mineralogical observations. For predictive modeling of the effects of increased acid deposition, it is essential to identify the relevant weathering reactions. Feldspar weathering is commonly not an important source of solutes in alpine basins underlain by granitic rocks. 30 references, 2 figures, 1 table.
Multiple roles for CCR2 during fracture healing

Bone injury induces an inflammatory response that involves neutrophils, macrophages and other inflammatory cells. The recruitment of inflammatory cells to sites of injury occurs in response to specific signaling pathways. The CC chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) is crucial for recruiting macrophages, as well as regulating osteoclast function. In this study, we examined fracture healing in Ccr2-/- mice. We first demonstrated that the expression of Ccr2 transcripts and the filtration of macrophages into fracture calluses were most robust during the early phases of fracture healing. We then determined that the number of macrophages at the fracture site was significantly lower in Ccr2-/- mice compared with wild-type controls at 3 days after injury. As a result, impaired vascularization, decreased formation of callus, and delayed maturation of cartilage were observed at 7 days after injury in mutant mice. At day 14, Ccr2-/- mice had less bone in their calluses. At day 21, Ccr2-/- mice had larger calluses and more bone compared with wild-type mice, suggesting a delayed remodeling. In addition, we examined the effect of Ccr2 mutation on osteoclasts. We found that a lack of Ccr2 did not affect the number of osteoclasts within fracture calluses at 21 days after injury. However, Ccr2-/- osteoclasts exhibited a decreased ability to resorb bone compared with wild-type cells, which could contribute to the delayed remodeling of fracture calluses observed in Ccr2-/- mice. Collectively, these results indicate that a deficiency of Ccr2 reduces the infiltration of macrophages and impairs the function of osteoclasts, leading to delayed fracture healing.
The Relationship Between Familial Resemblance and Sexual Attraction An Update on Westermarck, Freud, and the Incest Taboo

Foundational principles of evolutionary theory predict that inbreeding avoidance mechanisms should exist in all species--including humans--in which close genetic relatives interact during periods of sexual maturity. Voluminous empirical evidence, derived from diverse taxa, supports this prediction. Despite such results, Fraley and Marks claim to provide evidence that humans are sexually attracted to close genetic relatives and that such attraction is held in check by cultural taboos. Here, the authors show that Fraley and Marks, in their search for an alternate explanation of inbreeding avoidance, misapply theoretical constructs from evolutionary biology and social psychology, leading to an incorrect interpretation of their results. The authors propose that Fraley and Marks's central findings can be explained in ways consistent with existing evolutionary models of inbreeding avoidance. The authors conclude that appropriate application of relevant theory and stringent experimental design can generate fruitful investigations into sexual attraction, inbreeding avoidance, and incest taboos.
The Feldenkrais Method(®) can enhance cognitive function in independent living older adults: A case-series.

Summary Poor cognitive health a major concern of aging individuals, can compromise independent living. More than 16 million people in the United States are affected by cognitive impairment. We have studied the effects of the Feldenkrais Method ® on cognitive function. In this case series with three participants cognitive function was assessed with the Trail Making Test A and B at baseline and after the Feldenkrais intervention. All participants improved performance on Trail Making Test A and B after completing the Feldenkrais intervention indicating that Feldenkrais lessons may offset age-related decline in cognitive function. The results of this case series warrant larger scale studies on cognitive outcomes of Feldenkrais interventions in clinical and non-clinical populations.
Ventilation network analysis

A vital component in the design of a new underground mine or other subsurface facility is the quantified planning of the distribution of airflows, together with the locations and duties of fans and other ventilation controls required to achieve acceptable environmental conditions throughout the system. Similarly, throughout the life of an underground operation, it is necessary to plan ahead in order that new fans, shafts or other airways are available in a timely manner for the efficient ventilation of extensions to the workings. As any operating mine is a dynamic system with new workings continually being developed and older ones coming to the end of their productive life, ventilation planning should be a continuous and routine process.
T Cell Vaccinology: Beyond the Reflection of Infectious Responses.

Inducing sustained, robust CD8+ T cell responses is necessary for therapeutic intervention in chronic infectious diseases and cancer. Unfortunately, most adjuvant formulations fail to induce substantial cellular immunity in humans. Attenuated acute infectious agents induce strong CD8+ T cell immunity, and are thought to therefore represent a good road map for guiding the development of subunit vaccines capable of inducing the same. However, recent evidence suggests that this assumption may need reconsideration. Here we provide an overview of subunit vaccine history as it pertains to instigating T cell responses. We argue that in light of evidence demonstrating that T cell responses to vaccination differ from those induced by infectious challenge, research in pursuit of cellular immunity-inducing vaccine adjuvants should no longer follow only the infection paradigm.
P-Values, Priors, and Procedure in Antidiscrimination Law

This paper is the second in a series of two papers addressing the influence of priors in antidiscrimination law. The first paper, Hidden Priors, argued that Bayesian probability theory could harmonize two divergent strands of scholarship on the systemic disparate treatment theory of discrimination. This Bayesian approach challenges the conventional use of statistical evidence in systemic discrimination cases. Critically, the Bayesian approach acknowledges the operation of prior information about the likelihood of unlawful discrimination when evaluating statistical evidence. While a handful of scholars have contemplated a transition to a Bayesian antidiscrimination law, there has been no scholarly treatment of the second-order questions raised by the recognition of Bayesian priors. These second-order questions were highlighted at the conclusion of Hidden Priors. They include hard, but not intractable, questions such as: Whose priors matter? How should priors be incorporated into civil litigation procedures? And, what are legitimate sources of priors? The lack of attention to these questions may explain the stubborn refusal of courts, litigants, and employment law scholars to acknowledge the role of priors in systemic discrimination cases. This second article in the series is meant to spur a healthy scholarly discussion of the second-order questions, even if it cannot provide definitive answers to them. This article argues that the procedural devices of our civil litigation system – though imperfect – are actually well-suited to properly allocate responsibility among legislatures, appellate judges, trial judges, and fact-finders for estimating the prior likelihood of discrimination. This article demonstrates that, once acknowledged, priors can be transparently managed by thoughtful implementation of these procedural devices.
Direct 3D-printing of cell-laden constructs in microfluidic architectures.

Microfluidic platforms have greatly benefited the biological and medical fields, however standard practices require a high cost of entry in terms of time and energy. The utilization of three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies has greatly enhanced the ability to iterate and build functional devices with unique functions. However, their inability to fabricate within microfluidic devices greatly increases the cost of producing several different devices to examine different scientific questions. In this work, a variable height micromixer (VHM) is fabricated using projection 3D-printing combined with soft lithography. Theoretical and flow experiments demonstrate that altering the local z-heights of VHM improved mixing at lower flow rates than simple geometries. Mixing of two fluids occurs as low as 320 μL min−1 in VHM whereas the planar zigzag region requires a flow rate of 2.4 mL min−1 before full mixing occurred. Following device printing, to further demonstrate the ability of this projection-based method, complex, user-defined cell-laden scaffolds are directly printed inside the VHM. The utilization of this unique ability to produce 3D tissue models within a microfluidic system could offer a unique platform for medical diagnostics and disease modeling.
DO STATINS INCREASE BLEEDING RISK IN ANTICOAGULATED INDIVIDUALS

Experimental and clinical studies suggest that statins may have direct anticoagulant and antiplatelet properties unrelated to their lipid-lowering effect. The goal of this study was to examine the impact of statins on the risk of bleeding when used concomitantly with warfarin. We performed a
Growth Mechanisms During Si/Ge Deposition

The adsorption and decomposition behavior of disilane and digermane are quite similar on the Ge(111) surface. Both precursors are weakly bound at low temperatures, but dissociatively adsorb at temperatures above 150K. Trihydride species are produced and stable at low temperatures, but decompose to di- and monohydride species at slightly higher temperatures. The desorption of hydrogen from the resulting layer is strongly dependent on the Si and Ge composition of the layer.
Development of the Chamber for Atmospheric and Orbital Space Simulation (ChAOSS) for Experimental Analysis of Combined Effects

The Chamber for Atmospheric and Orbital Space Simulation (ChAOSS) is currently being developed at the University of Colorado, Colorado Springs to accurately simulate a variety of space environment conditions that spacecraft will encounter in a variety of orbits and solar conditions. The facility will simulate ultra-high vacuum, charged particle interactions, ultra-violet radiation, visible solar flux, and thermal cycling. This facility will focus on the study the combined effects of multiple environmental elements that are absent in single element facilities. The benefit of testing systems using a combination of environmental factors is that the combined effects can effect material and systems in a different manner than the singular factors alone. To characterize the charged particles in the plasma environment a diagnostics suite has been developed. In this research a retarding potential analyzer (RPA) and several Langmuir probes have been developed and tested to measure plasma parameters of key charged particle components. A charge exchange system has been notionally designed for neutralization of oxygen ions for the purpose of energetic atomic oxygen production.
Interprofessional Education on Health Literacy: Session Development, Implementation, and Evaluation

Research has shown that nurses, physicians, and other health professionals working together improves quality and leads to better patient outcomes and satisfaction. This study focused on interprofessional education on health literacy. A small group format was used as the primary activity to encourage interprofessional communication and participation. The entire classes of 49 MU accelerated baccalaureate nursing students, who had previous degrees in other fields, and 102 MU first-year medical students participated. There were statistically significant increases on all items assessing knowledge and skill acquisition from pre-test to post-test (n=141, p≤.001). A single interprofessional session with activities focusing around a standardized patient encounter can be an effective strategy for learning about health literacy and developing positive interprofessional attitudes and behaviors.
Invertebrates in Great Lakes Marshes

Marshes of the Laurentian Great Lakes are important habitats for fish, amphibians, reptiles, wading birds, and waterfowl, which all utilize invertebrates for food. Surveys have identified over 300 macroinvertebrate genera in Great Lakes marshes with insects and crustaceans being particularly well represented. Despite this diversity, a small subset of taxa tend to be numerically dominant. For example, the ten most abundant taxa represented 61 % of the organisms collected in a survey of 319 marshes. Conservation efforts are currently focused on protecting and restoring Great Lakes marshes, and invertebrate assemblage structure is being used as a key indicator of marsh health.
Nature of Aviation Turbulence

In-flight encounters with turbulence are a well-known hazard to aviation that is responsible for numerous injuries each year, with occasional fatalities and structural damage. Not only are turbulence encounters a safety issue, they also result in millions of dollars in operational costs to airlines and may cause schedule delays and air traffic management problems. For these reasons, pilots, dispatchers, and air traffic controllers attempt to avoid turbulence wherever possible. Despite these motivations, the accuracy of detection and forecasting turbulence for aviation applications is insufficient for acceptable levels of avoidance. This chapter reviews the fundamental problems associated with understanding the properties of aviation-scale turbulence and provides an overview of the advances that are being made in the areas of detection and forecasting. References are included to other chapters in this volume which provide more detail on particular subjects.
Opioid Prescribing After Nonfatal Overdose and Association With Repeated Overdose

Opioid treatment patterns after an overdose are unknown. Investigators used data from a large U.S. health insurer to identify patients presenting to a hospital or an emergency department with a non...
Behavior of Listeria monocytogenes in Skim Milk and in Yogurt Mix during Fermentation by Thermophilic Lactic Acid Bacteria.

Behavior of Listeria monocytogenes in skim milk and in yogurt mix during fermentation with thermophilic lactic starters was determined. Sterile skim milk was inoculated with ca. 103 L. monocytogenes cells/ml and with 5.0, 1.0 or 0.1% of a milk culture of Streptococcus thermophilus , Lactobacillus bulgaricus or a mixture of the two species. The milk was incubated at 37 or 42°C for 15 h, followed by refrigeration at 4°C. Yogurt mix was inoculated with ca. 5 × 103 L. monocytogenes cells/ml of mix and then was incubated at 45°C for 5 h, followed by refrigeration at 4°C. L. monocytogenes survived the 15-h fermentation with S. thermophilus in all combinations of level of inoculum and temperature of incubation, but inhibition of growth ranged from 96 to 100%. When incubated with L. bulgaricus , L. monocytogenes survived only between 9 and 15 h of incubation; a decrease in pH to below 4.0 was accompanied by rapid death of the pathogen. The combination of the two species was more inhibitory to L. monocytogenes than was S. thermophilus alone but less inhibitory than was L. bulgaricus alone. In yogurt mix, L. monocytogenes grew during the fermentation and increased in number by about one order of magnitude.
Walker, Mary Broadfoot

Scottish physician Mary Broadfoot Walker (1888–1974) first demonstrated the effectiveness of physostigmine in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and in so doing established the first effective treatment for this disease. She also was the first to recognize the association between familial periodic paralysis and hypokalemia. In addition, she described the glucose challenge test used in diagnosing hypokalemic periodic paralysis and the use of intravenous potassium in its treatment. Her important results were all obtained while working in Poor Law hospitals, outside an academic environment. She repeatedly demonstrated the results of her investigations at various meetings until even die-hard doubters and detractors were converted to believers and supporters.
A Practical Guide to Deterministic Particle Methods

Abstract The past several decades have seen significant development in the design and numerical analysis of particle methods for approximating solutions of PDEs. In these methods, a numerical solution is sought as a linear combination of Dirac delta-functions located at certain points. The locations and coefficients (weights) of the delta-functions are first chosen to accurately approximate the initial data and then are evolved in time according to the system of ODEs obtained from a weak formulation of the considered problem. The main advantage of the particle methods is their low numerical diffusion that allows them to capture a variety of nonlinear waves with a high resolution. Even though the most “natural” application of the particle methods is linear transport equations, over the years, the range of these methods has been extended for approximating solutions of convection–diffusion and dispersive equations and general nonlinear problems. In this chapter, we provide a mathematical introduction to deterministic particle methods and review different aspects of their practical implementation such as recovering an approximate solution from its particle distribution and an investigation of various particle redistribution algorithms.
Prenatal sonographic findings in a case of Wolman's disease

No published case of Wolman's disease has described the prenatal sonographic findings. We present a case in which a third-trimester sonographic examination demonstrated fetal hepatomegaly and bilateral adrenal echogenicity suggestive of diffuse calcification. Wolman's disease, also known as lysosomal acid lipase (LIPA) deficiency, is a rare autosomal-recessive disorder characterized by complete absence of the LIPA enzyme. The diagnosis of Wolman's disease was made postnatally by biochemical testing, which indicated absence of LIPA enzyme activity and gene sequencing, which confirmed homozygosity for the G66V mutation within the LIPA gene. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 46:66-68, 2018.
Managing claudication in the community setting

Advances made in medical management and treatment options in addressing lower extremity claudication and vascular disease have skyrocketed during the last decade. Given the recent advances in treatment options, there is often the perception within the medical community and general community that to get the most "cutting edge" treatment, one must go to an academic center or practitioner. The goal of this portion of the discussion is to explore the question of what differences in treatment options there are between a community practice and an academic practice within those members of the vascular surgery specialty. Are there really any differences in the types of treatments offered or availability of the different modalities, and what drives us as practitioners to one over the other?
Materializing the future of vaccines and immunotherapy

Materials science has the potential to overcome some of the grand challenges facing the fields of immunology and immunotherapy. The floodgates are poised to open. Biomaterials have the potential to solve problems in immunology; from the targeted delivery of immunomodulatory cancer drugs to monitoring the immune system.
O09.4 Assessment of clinic and community recruited young african american women for prep eligibility in atlanta, georgia

Introduction HIV disproportionately impacts African Americans (AAs) in the US. Atlanta has been identified as an HIV ‘hot spot’ for AA women and ranks 8th in the US with new infections. Yet little is known about PrEP eligibility or interest among young AA women in Atlanta. Methods 1261 sexually active young AA women (14–24 years) provided baseline data on self-reported sexual behaviour and laboratory-confirmed STI testing (Chlamydia (CT) and gonorrhoea (GC)) prior to participating in an HIV prevention trial in Atlanta. A convenience sample of women were recruited from 2 settings: community venues (n=560, ages 18–24, 2012–2014) and sexual health clinics (n=701, ages 14–20, 2005–2008) from sexual health clinics. An HIV risk index capturing key HIV risk factors for women was calculated from the self-report data. For the clinic sample the index included recent (past 90 days) condomless vaginal sex, condomless anal sex, sex with partner who has had male partners, sex while high (self), sex while high (partner), and intimate partner violence (IPV) (range: 0–6). For the community sample, the index included condomless sex at last sex, exchanged sex for goods and experienced IPV in past 90 days (range: 0–3). A single item assessed PrEP interest in the community sample only. Results Bacterial STI positivity, a primary indicator for PrEP eligibility, was 20.5% (17.1% CT, 6.3% GC) and 20.9% (18.8% CT, 5.2% GC) for the clinic and community samples, respectively. Of the 144 STI positive women from the clinic sample, HIV risk index scores ranged from 0–4, with 21.5% reporting no other HIV risk indicators, 31% had one, 27.8% two, 16.7% three and 2.8% had 4 additional indicators. Of the 117 STI positive women from the community sample, HIV risk index scores ranged from 0–3, with 51.3% reporting no other indicators, 36.8% one, 10.3% two and 1.7% had all 3 additional indicators. Among STI positive women, the most common HIV risk indicator was condomless vaginal sex, but 23.8% and 13.2% (only reported by those >18 years) of the community and clinic samples, respectively, reported recent IPV. 57.8% of the community sample reported they would be likely or very likely to use PrEP if available. Conclusion Our findings indicate that young AA women in Atlanta, whether sampled from community venues or sexual health clinics, are at substantial risk for HIV and meet several PrEP eligibility criteria. Scaling up PrEP among women in Atlanta could have significant implications for HIV in this high burden region.
Relative captures of grape root borer, Vitacea polistiformis (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) in pheromone traps within vineyards and adjacent woodlands

Abstract The grape root borer (GRB), Vitacea polistiformis (Harris), is a significant pest of grapes (Vitis spp.) throughout parts of the eastern United States. Early detection and implementation of management tactics can prevent economic losses and vine death. The establishment of an effective monitoring program requires the deployment of pheromone baited traps in vineyards and native wild grapes. An understanding of the spatial distribution of GRB infestations is critical for the development of sampling plans and for implementing management decisions. Wing traps baited with synthetic GRB sex pheromones (99:1 blend of (E,Z)-2,13-ODDA and Z,Z-3,13-ODDA) were deployed in commercial vineyards and surrounding woodlands in wild grapes to monitor GRB abundance and distribution. In addition, pheromone-baited wing traps were placed at low, medium, and high positions (0.5 m–2 m above the ground) on the grapevine trellis in commercial vineyards to evaluate the effect of trap height on the number of GRB captured. Traps placed in the cultivated vineyard had consistently higher counts of GRB compared with traps along the vineyard edge and in the wild grapes in the woodland. The pheromone-baited traps placed on the highest trellis wire caught more GRB adults than traps placed at the lowest position on the bottom trellis wire. Therefore, we recommend to place traps at approximately 2 m in the upper grapevine canopy early in the season before flight of GRB moth begins in order to aid in the timing and implementation of management tactics.
Fabrication of nanofiber mats with microstructure gradient by cone electrospinning

As a versatile nanofiber manufacturing technique, electrospinning has been widely used for tissue engineering scaffold fabrication. However, it remains challenging to create scaffolds with anisotro...
Design and Analysis of a Low Loss, Wideband Digital Step Attenuator With Minimized Amplitude and Phase Variations

A compact, low loss, wideband digital step attenuator (DSA) is presented. The proposed DSA utilizes amplitude/phase-compensated T-type attenuator cells, in which the locations of poles and zeros are manipulated for minimizing variations in attenuation and phase. In addition, the reduced T-type attenuator cells that eliminate series switch transistors are used to achieve low insertion loss (IL). These techniques provide wideband (dc-20 GHz) operation for the DSA, with significantly decreased attenuation/phase errors and reduced IL. The DSA was implemented in a 130-nm silicon-germanium (SiGe) BiCMOS platform. The full attenuator circuit has binary-coded 6-bit digital control inputs with a least significant bit of 0.5-dB attenuation. It has a root-mean-square (rms) attenuation error of 0.37 dB and an rms phase error of 4°, both at 20 GHz. The IL and the input 1-dB compression point at 10 GHz are 4 dB and 10 dBm, respectively. The active core layout area is 0.14 mm2 (1.0 mm $\times $ 0.14 mm).
Hookup app use, sexual behavior, and sexual health among adolescent men who have sex with men in the United States

Abstract Purpose Geosocial networking applications (e.g., “hookup apps”) are widely used among adult men who have sex with men (MSM). Little is known about adolescent MSM's (AMSM) use of these apps. Exploratory research is needed as AMSM's app use poses various ethical, legal, and sexual health concerns. This article examined AMSM's app use patterns and its associations with their sexual health and behavior. Methods Two hundred sexually experienced AMSM in the United States (M age = 16.6, 49% racial/ethnic minority) completed online survey questions assessing their use of apps specific to MSM and not specific to MSM to meet partners for dating and sex, as well as their sexual behavior and HIV risk. Results Overall, 52.5% of participants (n = 105) reported using MSM-specific apps to meet partners for sex. Of these, most participants reported having oral (75.7%, n = 78) and anal sex (62.1%, n = 64) with those partners. Of those who reported having anal sex, 78.1% (n = 50) had sex with those partners more than once, and only 25.0% (n = 16) always used condoms with those partners. Relative to those who used only non–MSM-specific apps, MSM-specific app users reported more sex partners and condomless anal sex partners, greater perceived risk of HIV, more engagement in sexual health services, and greater odds of HIV testing. Conclusions Use of MSM-specific apps was not uncommon among this sample of AMSM. Patterns of risk behavior and HIV testing were similar to samples of adult MSM app users. Further research should investigate AMSM's app-related sexual and HIV/sexually transmitted infection prevention decision-making to guide sexual health education efforts for AMSM.
Epigenetic Effects of Extreme Intrauterine Growth in Humans

There is significant interest in the potential that epigenetic dysregulation during fetal development reprograms the individual for susceptibility to adult diseases. The field of study of developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) is embracing the use of epigenomic assays to explore this potential mechanistic process. These DOHaD investigations represent part of the spectrum of epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS), a new field of investigation that involves a substantial increase in complexity compared with genome-wide association studies (GWAS). In this report, I describe some of the challenges in experimental design and execution that need to be taken into account to make these studies maximally productive.