cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Positron emission tomographic analysis of cerebral structures activated specifically by repetitive noxious heat stimuli

1. To identify the forebrain and brain stem structures that are active during the perception of acute heat pain in humans, we performed H2 15O positron emission tomographic (PET) analyses of cerebral blood flow (CBF) on nine normal volunteers while they received repetitive noxious (50 degrees C) and innocuous (40 degrees C) 5 s heat pulses to the forearm (average resting temperature of 31.8 degrees C). Each subject rated the subjective intensity of each stimulation series according to a magnitude estimation procedure in which 0 = no heat sensation, 7 = barely painful, and 10 = barely tolerable. 2. Three scans were performed at each temperature. Mean CBF images were created for each experimental condition and oriented onto standardized stereotaxic coordinates. Subtraction images were created between conditions for each subject and averaged across subjects. Volumes of interest (VOI) were chosen, based on a priori hypotheses and the results of previously published PET studies. In addition, a separate statistical summation analysis of individual voxels was performed. Statistical thresholds were established with corrections for multiple comparisons. 3. Significant CBF increases to 50 degrees C stimuli were found in the contralateral thalamus, cingulate cortex, S2 and S1 cortex, and insula. The ipsilateral S2 cortex and thalamus, and the medial dorsal midbrain and cerebellar vermis also showed significant CBF increases. All subjects rated the 50 degrees C stimuli as painful (average subjective rating = 8.9 +/- 0.9 SD) and the 40 degrees C stimuli as warm, but not painful (average subjective rating = 2.1 +/- 1.0).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Phylogenetic Relationships in Iris Series Californicae Based on ITS Sequences of Nuclear Ribosomal DNA

Abstract Cladistic analyses of Iris included 18 ingroup taxa from series Californicae and two outgroup taxa from series Sibiricae. The internal transcribed spacers and the 5.8S subunit of 18–26S nuclear ribosomal DNA were sequenced to provide phylogenetic information. An analysis of DNA data resulted in five most parsimonious trees that concurred in part with morphological data. Species groups in series Californicae that have been informally proposed by previous workers were not supported in this study. Two species complexes, I. tenax and I. hartwegii, were not monophyletic as currently delineated. Support for several internally resolved clades is low with DNA data, probably due to high levels of homoplasy along some branches. The overall level of variation and sequence divergence is relatively high compared to other infrageneric plant groups. Communicating Editor: James F. Smith
Comparison and validation of point of care lactate meters as a replacement for fetal pH measurement.

Abstract Objective To validate a point of care lactate device to replace fetal pH measurement. Study design and methods Cord blood samples drawn immediately following delivery were tested on the Nova Lactate Plus and ARKRAY Lactate Pro, the Corometrics 220 pH System, and the Vitros chemistry analyzer (used as lactate reference). Results Nova demonstrated a constant positive bias relative to the lactate reference method; while the Lactate Pro correlated well with the reference method up to 6 mmol/L. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed optimal sensitivity and specificity for predicting pH Conclusion Using Lactate Pro the best cut-off for predicting pH ≤ 7.20 was 4.8 mM; which coincides with current clinical cut-offs. Thus any lactate device that correlates well with the laboratory reference method can be used with a clinical cut-off of 4.8 mmol/L.
Sensing land pollution.

Land pollution is described in numerous ways by various societies. Pollutants of land are material by-products of human activity and range from environmentally ineffective to positively toxic. The pollution of land by man is centuries old and correlates directly with economy, technology and population. In order to remotely sense land pollution, standards or thresholds must be established. Examples of the potential for sensing land pollution and quality are presented. The technological capabilities for remotely sensed land quality is far advanced over the judgment on how to use the sensed data. Until authoritative and directive decisions on land pollution policy are made, sensing of pollutants will be a random, local and academic affair.
Spatial and temporal variation in mortality of newly settled damselfish: patterns, causes and co-variation with settlement.

Local abundance and dynamics of sedentary species with a dispersing life stage reflect factors that influence input and loss rates to patches of suitable habitat. For reef fishes, more attention has focused on sources of variation in input (larval settlement) than on patterns and causes of subsequent losses. We estimated spatial and temporal variation in juvenile mortality of a tropical damselfish, yellow-tail dascyllus (Dascyllus flavicaudus; Pomacentridae), using a fixed density experiment that was repeated 5 times at the same eight mid-lagoon localities at Moorea, French Polynesia. There was little temporal variation in the overall percent of outplanted fish lost in 48 h among five time periods (range: 32–37%), whereas there was substantial variation among the sites in the average percent lost (range: 16–56%). Differences in loss rates among the sites were highly consistent among the time periods. Densities of predators of juvenile dascyllus varied substantially among the eight sites and were highly correlated with loss rate of dascyllus. We used the empirically derived relationship between predator density and damselfish loss rate to predict the loss rate of dascyllus at four additional sites, and there was excellent agreement between the predicted and observed loss rates. There was a strong positive relationship between predator densities at the 12 sites and structural attributes of the reefs that do not change on a fast time scale, suggesting why there was strong spatial and weak temporal variation in mortality rates, with no interaction between spatial and temporal variation. Natural settlement rates of yellow-tail dascyllus and of a close congener (humbug dascyllus, D. aruanus) varied among the sites, and settlement of the two species was inversely correlated (r=−0.68). Settlement of these species was not statistically correlated with variation in mortality rate, but there was a weak trend for settlement of yellow-tail dascyllus to be greater at sites with higher mortality (r=0.27), and for settlement of humbug dascyllus to be greater at sites with lower mortality (r=−0.32). We calculated that even these weak co-variances could reduce (yellow-tail dascyllus) or increase (humbug dascyllus) the spatial variance in density of 48-h-old recruits arising at settlement by 19 and 27% respectively. Taken together, the findings suggest that the interactions between and relative contributions of input and loss processes can differ substantially over a scale of a few kilometers, resulting in a mosaic of local patches characterized by different abundances and dynamics.
The Use of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Abstract Since the late 1970s, self-monitoring of blood glucose has been the standard for assessing daily glycemic control. The first continuous glucose monitor became available in 1999. Numerous clinical trials have documented the benefits of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). However, the data supporting the use of CGM in type 2 DM patients are less substantial. This review article examines the clinical evidence for using CGM in patients with type 2 DM. An extensive literature search was performed to identify relevant studies for this review. Articles published in English from 2000 to May 2010 were identified through searches of PubMed and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts databases using the search terms type 2 DM and continuous glucose monitoring. Relevant references were examined for additional articles. The literature search revealed 27 original articles and reviews, 12 of which were included in this review. Five out of the 12 studies reviewed sh...
Thermal stability of sputtered Cu∕304 stainless steel multilayer films

We report on the thermal stability of sputter-deposited Cu∕304 stainless steel nanoscale multilayer films. For individual layer thickness of approximately 70nm, the layered morphology was stable up to 600°C with no significant change in the hardness. The stainless steel layer had a duplex bcc+fcc structure that was also preserved in annealed films. After annealing at temperatures of 650°C or higher, the hardness of these multilayer films decreased from 4.75to3.4GPa due to morphological evolution from layers to equiaxed grains and coarsening of the nanolayers.
Milk drinking and possible protection of the respiratory epithelium.

In the Hopkins investigation, detailed interviews as well as spirometry were obtained on 2539 non-patient adult participants. The interviews included questions regarding smoking habits, family history, socioeconomic status, respiratory symptoms, certain dietary factors and beverage consumption. For the analyses of risk factors, all patients were excluded from the original study population, which consisted not only of several groups of patients along with their relatives, but also neighborhood controls. teachers, and other groups. Thus, only those subjects over 20 years of age who were not ascertained on the basis of their own health status were considered. CB was identified by the report of cough and phlegm production for three or more months per year for two consecutive years. In this population, a significantly lower prevalence of CB was found among study subjects who drank milk. CB was found in 17.7% of 351 individuals who did not drink milk, but in only 11.7% of 1196 adults who drank milk daily (p < 0.01). This significant difference persisted after binary multiple regression adjustment for cigarette smoking, one-second forced expiratory volume and other potentially confounding variables: age, sex, race, socio-economic status, education, alcohol and coffee intake [9]. However, milk drinking was not associated with a reduction in CB prevalence among those who had never been smokers. Of nonsmoking adults who were not milk drinkers, 6.0% had CB, not significantly different from the CB prevalence of daily milk drinkers (6.7%). In contrast,
Dual wavelength fibre interferometer with wavelength selection via fibre Bragg grating elements

The use of intra-core fibre gratings to provide the selection of two stable, closely spaced wavelength-components at the output of a fibre interferometer is reported. An unambiguous sensing range in the optical path difference of an interferometer of +or-0.49 mm is demonstrated using two gratings spaced by 2.5 nm. >
Modern uyghur y ~ r-insertion nativization through analogical extension

Abstract In Modern Uyghur, as in all Turkic languages, a single-consonant suffix is ordinarily attached directly to a stem-final vowel (e.g. /bala + m/→ balam ‘my child’), while an anaptyctic vowel separates it from a stem-final consonant (e.g. /bala+1Ar+°m/ → balilirim ‘my children’). Among the Turkic languages, insertion of y or r between a long vowel and a single-consonant suffix is unique to Uyghur (e.g. Iranic balā > Uyghur bala ‘calamity’ → balayim ~ balarim ‘my calamity’). This feature is based upon two types of native-domain alternation that have been analogically extended to permit the conversion of originally non-permissible CVV-type sequences to permissible CVVG-type sequences: morphology-derived y-insertion, and phonology-derived r-insertion. Native-domain y-insertion has been extended to augment the allomorphic inventory, while r-insertion resembles “r-intrusion” in some “non-rhotic” dialects of English (e.g. draw[r]ing). Data from non-standard speech modes seem to indicate that, based upon r...
The Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ2 Pro12Ala Mutation Is Associated with Early Onset Extreme Obesity and Reduced Fasting Glucose

Abstract We screened the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ2 (PPARγ2) for sequence variants in 165 unrelated obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2 ) Caucasian women, and 49 normal weight Caucasian female controls (BMI 2 ). The allele frequency of the Pro12Ala mutation was higher in obese(18.18%) than in normal weight women (8.16%) (χ 2 (1) = 5.68, P = 0.017). Among obese women, the Pro12Ala mutation lowered age of obesity onset (Pro/Pro, 13.2 ± 9.4 years; Pro/Ala+Ala/Ala 8.6 ± 7.1 years, P = 0.005), was associated with lower fasting glucose and was protective against type II diabetes.
Analysis of Reaction Rates in the Cathode Electrode of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell I. Single-Layer Electrodes

This paper presents a one-dimensional (1D) theoretical study on the electrochemical phenomena in the cathode dual-layer electrode of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs). Following our previous work on transport and electrochemical processes in single-layer cathodes [Y. Wang and X. H. Feng, J. Electrochem. Soc., 155, B1289 (2008)], we extend the analysis to dual-layer catalyst layers, where the electrode is characterized by a two-layer configuration with specific properties assigned to each layer. A ID model is developed, and explicit solutions are obtained for the profiles of the reaction rate and electrolyte phase potential across the dual-layer electrode. Effort is also made to analyze the solutions to explore the impacts of each layer's properties on their performance (i.e., the average reaction current in each layer) with particular focus on the ratios of the ionic conductivity (related to the ionomer content), specific area, and exchange current density (related to Pt loading and reaction interface roughness). The results can be applied to optimize electrode performance through dual-layer configuration for high-performance cost-effective electrodes for PEFCs.
Cryogenic Friction Behavior of PTFE based Solid Lubricant Composites

Solid lubricants used in aerospace applications must provide low friction and a predictable operation life over an extreme range of temperatures, environments and contact conditions. PTFE and PTFE composites have shown favorable tribological performance as solid lubricants. This study evaluates the effect of temperature on the friction coefficient of neat PTFE, a PTFE/PEEK composite and an expanded PTFE (ePTFE)/epoxy coating. These experiments evaluate friction coefficient over a temperature span which, to the investigators’ knowledge, has not been previously examined. Results show a monotonic increase in friction coefficient as sample surface temperature was decreased from 317 to 173 K for all three samples. The frictional performance of these and other published solid lubricant polymers was modeled using an adjusted Arrhenius equation, which correlates the coefficient of friction of the polymer materials to their viscoelastic behavior. A model fit of all the polymer data from 173 to 450 K gives an activation energy of 3.7 kJ/mol. This value suggests that breaking of van der Waals bonds is the likely mechanism responsible for the frictional behavior over this temperature range.
On the Relationship between Setup Parameters and Lobing Behavior in Centerless Grinding

Abstract Lobing may cause significant workpiece roundness error in centerless grinding. This paper investigates the relationship between the process setup parameters and lobing behavior, and provides general guidelines for selecting proper setup parameters to minimize the lobing effect. In the paper, lobing behavior is characterized by the wave growth rate boundaries and characteristic root distribution of the lobing loop. For a given process setup (K, α, β), overall lobing stability of the grinding process is evaluated by using the wave growth rate boundaries. It was found that the characteristic root distribution of the lobing loop is periodic, and the periodicity is determined by the peak wave frequencies and crossing wave frequencies. This leads to the development of a nominal stability diagram for workpiece center-height angle selection. Also, general guidelines for minimizing the lobing effect are introduced. The effectiveness of these guidelines is discussed analytically and experimentally verified.
Efforts toward Developing Direct Probes of Protein Dynamics

We report the first IR characterization of a single C-D bond within a protein, methyl-d1 Met80 of horse heart cytochrome c. A comparison was made to methyl-d1/d3 methionine as well as methyl-d3 Met80. We found that for methyl-d1 and the asymmetric stretches of methyl-d3, line widths/line shapes are dominated by inhomogeneous broadening, whereas the symmetric stretch of methyl-d3 has a significant homogeneous component. Vibrational energy relaxation calculations found that a significantly stronger Fermi resonance exists for the symmetric stretch than for the asymmetric stretches, thereby suggesting that a difference in intramolecular vibrational relaxation (IVR) causes the observed line width/line shape difference between the symmetric and asymmetric stretches.
Social Support Network Characteristics of Incarcerated Women with Co-Occurring Major Depressive and Substance Use Disorders

AbstractThe nature of social support available to incarcerated women is not well-understood, particularly among women at high risk of negative outcomes, including women dually diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder and a Substance Use Disorder (MDD-SUD). Descriptive statistics and paired-tests were conducted on 60 incarcerated MDD-SUD women receiving in-prison substance use and depression treatments to characterize the women’s social networks, including the strength of support, network characteristics, and types of support provided as well as to determine what aspects of social support may be amenable to change during incarceration and post-release. Study results showed that, on average, women perceived they had moderately supportive individuals in their lives, although more than a quarter of the sample could not identify any regular supporters in their network at baseline. During incarceration, women’s social networks significantly increased in general supportiveness, and decreased in network size and ...
Physical activity participation among adult Nevadans with self-reported asthma.

Objective. This study looked at physical activity patterns among adults (≥ 18 years old) with self-reported asthma living in Nevada and investigated how physical inactivity is associated with asthma prevalence. Methods. We examined data from the 2009 Nevada Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Different physical activity measures among individuals were compared by asthma status. Results. Among 3840 respondents, 13.9% and 9.0% of them self-reported lifetime and current asthma, respectively. Significantly higher proportions of people with lifetime (12.9%) and current (17.7%) asthma did not engage in regular physical activity or exercise than those without lifetime (7.0%) and current (6.8%) asthma (p < .01). Over 30% of the respondents with asthma had no leisure-time physical activity compared with about 23% of those without asthma (p < .05). Moreover, these findings were statistically significant after adjusting for body mass index as well as other common sociodemographic variables. It was also found...
Recent advancements in carbon nanofiber and carbon nanotube applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering.

Abstract Since the discovery and synthesis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon nanofibers (CNFs) over a decade ago, researchers have envisioned and discovered new potential applications for these materials. CNTs and CNFs have rapidly become a platform technology for a variety of uses, including biomedical applications due to their mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical and structural properties. CNTs and CNFs are also advantageous due to their ability to be produced in many different shapes and sizes. Since their discovery, of the many imaginable applications, CNTs and CNFs have gained a significant amount of attention and therapeutic potential in tissue engineering and drug delivery applications. In recent years, CNTs and CNFs have made significant contributions in designing new strategies for, delivery of pharmaceuticals, genes and molecular probes into cells, stem cell therapies and assisting in tissue regeneration. Furthermore, it is widely expressed that these materials will significantly contribute to the next generation of health care technologies in treating diseases and contributing to tissue growth. Hence, this review seeks to explore the recent advancements, current status and limitations of CNTs and CNFs for drug delivery and tissue engineering applications.
Chaotic Bursting in a Convecting Fluid

Mixtures of 3He in superfluid 4He provide an interesting and important system for testing theories of convection and for studying nonlinear dynamics. Here we describe experimental observations of chaotic bursting in a convecting layer of 3He-superfluid-4He. For aspect ratio Γ=6.0 and Prandtl number Pr=0.3, we find intermittent bursts out of a chaotic state. This state evolved via a series of well-defined transitions involving established routes to chaos. Above the onset of bursting the average length of a burst-free region l varies as a power law: l ∝(R−Rb)−γ with γ=4.6; a power-law dependence of l is expected. An unexpected result is that the average length of a burst varies as (R−Rb)δ with δ=2.0. In addition, a particularly novel state was seen for Γ=4.25 and Pr=0.12, where there occurs a reversible switching transition involving two chaotic attractors.
0362 Renal disease incidence among 58 000 male workers with blood lead measurements

Objectives To determine whether adult lead exposure is associated with incidence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in a cohort with measured blood leads. Method We studied 58 000 US male adults from 11 states with blood lead levels measured between 1980–2005. Most were exposed occupationally. One-third had a single blood lead test; the remainder had a median of three. Subjects were divided into five groups by highest blood lead (0–5, 6–24, 25–39, 40–51 ug/dl; 16%, 33%, 34%, and 17% respectively. Results Median follow-up was 12 years; there were 302 ESRD cases. Among those with race information (31%), the ESRD standardised incidence ratio (SIR) (US referent) was 1.08 (0.89–1.31) overall. The SIR in the highest BL category was 1.47 (0.98–2.11), increasing to 1.56 (1.02–2.29) for those followed 5+ years. For the entire cohort (race imputed), the overall SIR was 0.92 (0.82–1.03), increasing to 1.36 (0.99–1.73) in the highest BL category (1.43 (1.01- 1.85) with 5+ years follow-up). RRs in internal analyses via Cox regression (entire cohort, 5+ years follow-up) across BL categories were 1.0 (categories 1 and 2 combined), 0.92, 1.08, and 1.96 (test for trend p = 0.003). The effect of lead was strongest in non-whites. Conclusions Data were limited by lack of detailed work history and reliance on a few blood lead tests per person to estimate exposure. Data suggest current US occupational limits on blood lead levels may need to be strengthened to avoid renal disease.
Information Flows among Major Metropolitan Areas in the United States

ABSTRACT This study uses Federal Express Corporation data to examine information flows among 48 large metropolitan areas in the United States. Set within the context of emerging quaternary location theory, three hypotheses are introduced to explain the bases for information flows among metropolitan areas: information genesis, hierarchy of control, and spatial independence. Essential support is found for all three hypotheses. Supply considerations, rather than demand, are fundamental in information genesis; flows are strongly asymmetrical, reflecting a marked hierarchy of control; and distance plays a minor role in the spatial configuration of flows, especially at the highest level of the metropolitan hierarchy. New York, in particular, dominates the national structure of information flows, and only ten metropolitan areas act as command and control centers, creating a highly asymmetric flow in which these ten centers originate a high proportion of total flows. Principal components analysis identified five ...
Recognition, Age, and Extent of Galisteo Formation, North-Central New Mexico: ABSTRACT

Since Hayden's original definition of the Galisteo Formation, there has been some confusion over its upper and lower limits, age, and distribution in New Mexico. A measured section 1,100 m thick of the Galisteo in its type area east of Cerrillos provides a firm basis for recognition of the formation in other areas by enabling lithologic and biostratigraphic correlation of major Galisteo outcrops. Steeply dipping and locally overturned strata of yellow and brown coarse-grained and pebbly sandstone dominate the lower 353 m of this section and unconformably overlie yellow and white medium to coarse-grained sandstones of the Cretaceous Mesaverde Group. Early Eocene mammals of the Cerrillos local fauna are present in red mudstones 369 to 424 m above the Mesaverde-Galisteo contact. The upper 186 m of the Cerrillos section is dominated by yellow coarse-grained and pebbly sandstones that locally contain numerous fossil logs. Latest Eocene mammals of the Tonque local fauna are present in the upper 231 m of this section. The locally conformable contact between the Galisteo Formation and the overlying Espinaso Volcanics is at a 5-m-thick transition zone of tuffaceous clay and sandstone. Strata of the upper part of the Galisteo Formation in the Hagan basin and Rio Puerco fault zone contain mammal fossils of the Tonque local fauna and can be lithologically and biostratigraphically correlated with the Cerrillos section. Other isolated Galisteo outcrops lack fossils but can be lithologically correlated, albeit imprecisely, with the Cerrillos section. Parts of the Galisteo Formation are time equivalents of the lower Eocene San Jose Formation and the Eocene part of the Baca Formation, but lithologic and structural evidence demonstrates that the Galisteo Formation is a rock-stratigraphic unit distinct from these two formations. End_of_Article - Last_Page 564------------
Convergent evolution of disease resistance genes

The resistance genes Rpg1-b in soybean and RPM1 in Arabidopsis recognize the same bacterial avirulence protein (AvrB). Recent map-based cloning of Rpg1-b has provided the first opportunity to compare functionally analogous R genes in distantly related species. Rpg1-b and RPM1 are not orthologs. Rather, these genes descended from distinct evolutionary lineages in which recognition of AvrB has probably evolved independently. This result, together with new insights into RPM1-mediated recognition of AvrB, provides an exciting opportunity to reconsider classical views on the evolution of pathogen recognition specificity.
Surgery: Is perinephric drainage essential after partial nephrectomy?

For years, the standard protocol when performing a partial nephrectomy has been to leave a drain for monitoring postoperative complications, such as urinary fistulae and hemorrhage. Contemporary literature is now suggesting that, in select cases, drain placement (with its associated morbidity) might be unnecessary.
On the anisotropy of inertia

m ~ t e s . In par t icu la r i t has been assumed tha t the anisotropy appears only in the kinet ic energy terms in the Hamiltonia.n. t l o w e v e r i t would seem plausible tha t the po ten t ia l energy terms should then also be anisotropie since they are produeed hy the exchange of quanta , now presumed to have anisotropie inerl iaI propert ies . Indeed in the nex t section we will sketch a s imple model in which, though the k ine t ic energy terms and po ten t i a l energy terms are separate ly anisotropie, there is an exact cancel la t ion :rod the to ta l Hami l t on i an exhibi ts no anisot ropy. Thus depending on w h a t
Predictors of Heterosexual Casual Sex Among Young Adults

Casual sex is often associated with the young adult stage in the life course. Most recent research on the prevalence, motives, and consequences of heterosexual casual sex has relied on samples of college students, yet students are only a small and advantaged subset of the young adult population. The current study drew on the Toledo Adolescent Relationships Study, which was collected in 2006–2007 and included young adults (ages 18–24 years) whose trajectories reflected a wider spectrum of educational experiences (N = 1,023). We moved beyond prior work by examining both frequency and type of heterosexual casual sex: lifetime vaginal, lifetime oral, and recent vaginal sex. We found that young adults enrolled or who graduated from 4-year educational institutions reported fewer casual sex partners on all three measures compared to participants without a high school degree and those with some college experience. Sexual attitudes were key factors mediating the association between educational status and casual sex behavior. These results indicate that programs aimed at encouraging healthy sexual behavior should target individuals who are at risk of not graduating high school because they are at greatest risk of frequent casual sex partners.
Planetary penetrators: Their origins, history and future

Abstract Penetrators, which emplace scientific instrumentation by high-speed impact into a planetary surface, have been advocated as an alternative to soft-landers for some four decades. However, such vehicles have yet to fly successfully. This paper reviews in detail, the origins of penetrators in the military arena, and the various planetary penetrator mission concepts that have been proposed, built and flown. From the very limited data available, penetrator developments alone (without delivery to the planet) have required ∼$30M: extensive analytical instrumentation may easily double this. Because the success of emplacement and operation depends inevitably on uncontrollable aspects of the target environment, unattractive failure probabilities for individual vehicles must be tolerated that are higher than the typical ‘3-sigma’ (99.5%) values typical for spacecraft. The two pathways to programmatic success, neither of which are likely in an austere financial environment, are a lucky flight as a ‘piggyback’ mission or technology demonstration, or with a substantial and unprecedented investment to launch a scientific (e.g. seismic) network mission with a large number of vehicles such that a number of terrain-induced failures can be tolerated.
Time-Derivative Preconditioning Methods for Multicomponent Flows—Part I: Riemann Problems

A time-derivative preconditioned system of equations suitable for the numerical simulation of inviscid multicomponent and multiphase flows at all speeds is described. The system is shown to be hyperbolic in time and remains well conditioned in the incompressible limit, allowing time marching numerical methods to remain an efficient solution strategy. It is well known that the application of conservative numerical methods to multicomponent flows containing sharp fluid interfaces will generate nonphysical pressure and velocity oscillations across the component interface. These oscillations may lead to stability problems when the interface separates fluids with large density ratio, such as water and air. The effect of which may lead to the requirement of small physical time steps and slow subiteration convergence for implicit time marching numerical methods. At low speeds the use of nonconservative methods may be considered. In this paper a characteristic-based preconditioned nonconservative method is described. This method preserves pressure and velocity equilibrium across fluid interfaces, obtains density ratio independent stability and convergence, and remains well conditioned in the incompressible limit of the equations. To extend the method to transonic and supersonic flows containing shocks, a hybrid formulation is described, which combines a conservative preconditioned Roe method with the nonconservative preconditioned characteristic-based method. The hybrid method retains the pressure and velocity equilibrium at component interfaces and converges to the physically correct weak solution. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the nonconservative and hybrid approaches, a series of one-dimensional multicomponent Riemann problems is solved with each of the methods. The solutions are compared with the exact solution to the Riemann problem, and stability of the numerical methods are discussed.
Shape selectivity in primate lateral intraparietal cortex

The extrastriate visual cortex can be divided into functionally distinct temporal and parietal regions, which have been implicated in feature-related ('what') and spatial ('where') vision, respectively. Neuropsychological studies of patients with damage to either the temporal or the parietal regions provide support for this functional distinction. Given the prevailing modular theoretical framework and the fact that prefrontal cortex receives inputs from both temporal and parietal streams, recent studies have focused on the role of prefrontal cortex in understanding where and how information about object identity is integrated with (or remains segregated from) information about object location. Here we show that many neurons in primate posterior parietal cortex (the 'where' pathway) show sensory shape selectivities to simple, two-dimensional geometric shapes while the animal performs a simple fixation task. In a delayed match-to-sample paradigm, many neuronal units also show significant differences in delay-period activity, and these differences depend on the shape of the sample. These results indicate that units in posterior parietal cortex contribute to attending to and remembering shape features in a way that is independent of eye movements, reaching, or object manipulation. These units show shape selectivity equivalent to any shown in the ventral pathway.
Outcomes and costs associated with a history of vancomycin exposure in patients with MRSA-related complicated bacteremia and infective endocarditis.

Abstract Background Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is the primary cause of complicated bacteremia (CB) and infective endocarditis (IE). Studies have compared the costs of treatment with vancomycin to those of other agents, as well as the efficacy and tolerability of these treatments. However, a literature search found no published studies of the effects of vancomycin exposure on outcomes and hospital costs in patients with CB or IE due to MRSA. Objective The aim of this study was to determine whether there is a quantitative relationship between the duration of vancomycin treatment or cumulative vancomycin exposure and outcomes or costs in patient with CB or IE due to MRSA. Methods Electronic medical records of confirmed cases of MRSA-related CB or IE from July 1, 2006, to June 30, 2008, were retrospectively reviewed to identify patients with a history of vancomycin exposure or no vancomycin exposure. Those who received vancomycin were stratified by the amount of drug administered or the duration of treatment to determine the relationship between treatment and outcomes. Data collected included demographic information, treatment information, attributable mortality, MIC data, and hospital costs. Classification and regression tree analysis (CART) was used to determine whether a history of vancomycin exposure was associated with treatment failure, attributable mortality, or both. The Mann-Whitney U test and the Fisher exact test were used for univariate analyses, and logistic regression was used for multivariate modeling. Results Data from 50 patients were evaluated (CB, 32; IE, 18). Overall rates of failure and attributable mortality were 32% and 16%, respectively. No significant differences were observed between the variables and costs. The CART break points for failure were ≥18.75 g and ≥14 days of vancomycin treatment in the previous 3 years; for attributable mortality, the CART break points were ≥45 g and ≥31 days. In the final multivariate model for failure, ≥18.75 g and ≥14 days of vancomycin treatment in the previous 3 years were predictors of failure (both, P = 0.002). Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score ( P = 0.04), ≥45 g ( P = 0.002), and ≥31 days of treatment ( P = 0.002) in the previous 3 years were predictors of attributable mortality after adjustment for all covariates. Conclusions Using the present model, cumulative vancomycin amount and duration were associated with attributable mortality and clinical failure but not with costs.
New Technology as Organizational Innovation: The Development and Diffusion of Microelectronics

The article presents a review of the book “New Technology as Organizational Innovation: The Development and Diffusion of Microelectronics,” edited by Johannes M. Pennings and Arend Buitendam.
Biodiesel production by in situ transesterification of municipal primary and secondary sludges

The potential of using municipal wastewater sludges as a lipid feedstock for biodiesel production was investigated. Primary and secondary sludge samples obtained from a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Tuscaloosa, AL were freeze-dried and subjected to an acid-catalyzed insitu transesterification process. Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of temperature, sulfuric acid concentration, and mass ratio of methanol to sludge on the yield of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). Results indicated a significant interactive effect between temperature, acid concentration, and methanol to sludge mass ratio on the FAME yield for the insitu transesterification of primary sludge, while the FAME yield for secondary sludge was significantly affected by the independent effects of the three factors investigated. The maximum FAME yields were obtained at 75 degrees C, 5% (v/v) H(2)SO(4), and 12:1 methanol to sludge mass ratio and were 14.5% and 2.5% for primary and secondary sludge, respectively. Gas chromatography (GC) analysis of the FAMEs revealed a similar fatty acid composition for both primary and secondary sludge. An economic analysis estimated the cost of $3.23/gallon for a neat biodiesel obtained from this process at an assumed yield of 10% FAMEs/dry weight of sludge.
Thermally stimulated current studies of charge transport in a σ-conjugated polymer

Abstract Thermally stimulated current (TSC) measurements on the σ-conjugated polymer, polymethylphenylsilane (PMPS), are shown to be applicable to the study of hopping transport in this hole-conducting medium. The well-defined hopping peak is dependent both on electric field and heating rate, with the peak temperature occurring between 100 and 150 K. The corresponding activation energies range from 0.2 eV at 30 V/μm to 0.3 eV at 5 V/μ, in agreement with time of flight measurements. A secondary peak at ≈ 180 K attributed to surface trap states was observed only after high exposure doses. These traps had an activation energy of ≈ 0.5 eV and were distinguished from the direct hopping contribution to the current.
Path finding in the tile assembly model

Swarm robotics, active self-assembly, and amorphous computing are fields that focus on designing systems of large numbers of small, simple components that can cooperate to complete complex tasks. Many of these systems are inspired by biological systems, and all attempt to use the simplest components and environments possible, while still being capable of achieving their goals. The canonical problems for such biologically-inspired systems are shape assembly and path finding. In this paper, we demonstrate path finding in the well-studied tile assembly model, a model of molecular self-assembly that is strictly simpler than other biologically-inspired models. As in related work, our systems function in the presence of obstacles and can be made fault-tolerant. The path-finding systems use @Q(1) distinct components and find minimal-length paths in time linear in the length of the path.
Renal biopsy in hyperaldosteronism

Abstract A patient with primary aldosteronism is presented. Renal biopsy in this patient showed no increase in granules of the juxtaglomerular cells. In contrast, hypergranular juxtaglomerular cells as an indication of increased renin secretion have been observed in the kidneys of patients with secondary aldosteronism. It is suggested that renal biopsy and study of the juxtaglomerular apparatus may be useful in the differential diagnosis of primary and secondary aldosteronism.
A Quantitative Model for Interpreting Nanometer Scale Hardness Measurements of Thin Films

A model was developed to determine hardness of thin films from hardness versus depth curves, given film thickness and substrate hardness. The model is developed by dividing the measured hardness into film and substrate contributions based on the projected areas of both the film and substrate under the indenter. The model incorporates constraints on the deformation of the film by the surrounding material in the film, the substrate, and friction at the indenter/film and film/substrate interfaces. These constraints increase the pressure that the film can withstand and account for the increase in measured hardness as the indenter approaches the substrate. The model is evaluated by fitting the predicted hardness versus depth curves obtained from titanium and Ta{sub 2}O{sub 5} films of varying thicknesses on sapphire substrates. The model is also able to describe experimental data for Ta{sub 2}O{sub 5} films on sapphire with a carbon layer between the film and the substrate by a reduction in the interfacial strength from that obtained for a film without an interfacial carbon layer.
Determination of soot scattering coefficient from extinction and three-angle scattering in a laminar diffusion flame

The total scattering coefficient is determined from three multiangle scattering measurements at different heights above the burner in a nonsooting laminar ethylene diffusion flame. The local extinction coefficient is determined from multichord extinction measurements. The above analysis quantifies the contribution from scattering to extinction without knowledge of the soot primary particle diameter or the morphology of the aggregates, and the absorption coefficient can now be determined. The primary particle diameter, the number density of primary particles, the average number of primary particles in an aggregate, and the width of the lognormal distribution function for the number of primary particles in an aggregate are calculated using the absorption coefficient and assumed constant values for the fractal dimension, the fractal prefactor, and the complex refractive index for soot. The values for the primary particle diameter obtained from the in situ measurements in this study compare well with those obtained from transmission electron microscopic measurements of thermophoretically sampled soot aggregates in a previous study at all heights in the diffusion flame, while the calculated soot structure parameters compare well with previous studies only at heights between 30 and 50 mm above the burner.
Did the 2012 World Series positively impact the image of Detroit?: sport as a transformative agent in changing images of tourism destinations.

The purpose of this study was to explore the role of sport in Detroit as a tool for shaping the image of the downtown area as a tourist destination. We utilized two different sources of data collection: we interviewed a panel of local experts representing sport and tourism stakeholders in Detroit, and we also examined local and national media reports published during the World Series in 2002. Results indicated that efforts are placed on broadening the scope of events the city hosts to attract more visitors and improve the image of the downtown area, but at the same time, the major problems the city is currently experiencing send a rather dual message of the role sport plays in this city's image. Additionally, results from the media analysis produced three key themes: (1) Recovery of the city; (2) Negative image of the city; and (3) Financial woes. Overall, our findings provide mixed evidence about the role of sport as a vehicle for building a positive image of Detroit. Sport could be an image-booster for ...
Expression of hepatitis B virus polymerase in Ty1-his3AI retroelement of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV), although a DNA virus, replicates using reverse transcriptase encoded by the HBV polymerase (pol) gene. The biochemical dissection of HBV pol has been hampered by failure to liberate enzymatically active protein from nucleocapsids. Here, we have employed a yeast-based genetic approach to express the HBV reverse transcriptase. In this strategy, the reverse transcriptase of yeast retrotransposon Ty1 element is replaced with the HBV pol gene to produce the hybrid Ty1/HBV element. Additionally, the indicator genehis3AI is combined in an antisense orientation to the transcripts of the hybrid Ty1/HBVRT element. The splicing ofhis3AI, cDNA synthesis of the Ty1/HBVRT RNA and subsequent integration relies on the reverse transcriptase activity. The production of histidine prototrophs results from the successful reverse transcription of Ty1/HBVRThis3AI transcripts followed by either homologous recombination or integrase-mediated insertion and subsequent expression of HIS3 gene. Using this approach we successfully detected the reverse transcriptase activity of HBV in yeast strains defective in endogenous Ty1 expression. Consistent with the unique priming activity associated with HBV pol, the minus strand DNA synthesis was protein-primed. Deletion of HBV reverse transcriptase (RT) or RNase H domains resulted in a dramatic drop in histidine prototrophs. The addition of HBV encoded HBx protein in virus-like particles during in vitro RT reaction stimulated the RT reaction by severalfold. Furthermore, in the presence of 3TC, a known inhibitor of HBV reverse transcriptase, yeast His+ growth of His protrophs was not observed. Thus, this approach, which is based on genetic selection in yeast, is safe, economic, and a reliable strategy with a potential for large scale screening of cofactors and inhibitors of HBV polymerase functions.
LIFE AND WORK OF N. N. BOGOLYUBOV (ON HIS 100TH BIRTHDAY)

In 1908, Nikolai Mikhailovich Bogolyubov, a teacher of religion, geography, Russian language, didactics, and pedagogics at the Nizhnii Novgorod Diocesan School and of logic, psychology, and history of philosophy at the Nizhnii Novgorod Theological Seminary, married Ol’ga Nikolaevna Lyuminarskaya, a teacher of music at the Nizhnii Novgorod Institute of Noble Maidens, in the house church of their house in Nizhnii Novgorod. Their first son (Nikolai) was born on August 8 (21), 1909. In October 1909, Nikolai Mikhailovich was ordained a benefice and occupied the position of Doctor of Law at the Prince Bezborod’ko Nizhyn Historical and Philological Institute. The family moved to Nizhyn. Thus, the first four years of Bogolyubov’s childhood were almost completely spent in Nizhyn. As his parents recalled later, at the age of three, he walked with small stick along