cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
COCORP Seismic Profiling, The Eastern Overthrust, and Continental Evolution: ABSTRACT

COCORP deep seismic reflection surveys in New England, Georgia, and Arkansas confirm that crustal scale overthrusting is an important aspect of Appalachian-Ouachita orogenic evolution. The southeastern Appalachian traverse, by tracing early Paleozoic shelf sedimentary rocks (or their metamorphic equivalents) eastward beneath the Blue Ridge and Piedmont, defined a master decollement above which crystalline rocks were transported 124 mi (200 km) or more. The Arkansas traverse likewise suggests that the southern part of the Ouachitas are allochthonous, with the deep water facies of the Benton uplift thrust over relicts of an early Paleozoic shelf. The southern Appalachian and Ouachita results are consistent with the tectonic burial of continental margins beneath crystalline hrust sheets during collisional orogeny. The New England surveys also testify to the importance of "basement" -involved thrusting, with indications that the the Green Mountain Precambrian massif is an allochthonous sliver and the crust beneath New Hampshire a complex of imbricate thrust slices of metasedimentary and igneous material. While debate continues regarding interpretational details, these results provide clear support for the hypothesis that "thin-skinned" style overthrusting on a crustal scale is an important, if not the important, mode of continental accretion. It has been speculated that sediments and water emplaced in the lower crust by such megathrusts may explain certain types of magmas, high conductivity layers, and low velocity zones in the crust. A layered complex discovered in the lower crust beneath the eastern Adirondacks by COCORP profiling may represent just such a relict of underthrust sedimentary material, perhaps buried during the Grenville orogeny and thus representing the predecessor to Appalachian accretion. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1708------------
A Study of Online Discourse at The Chronicle of Higher Education

Given the explosive growth of online communications, new forms of discourse are an intriguing topic of study. This research focused on ten online discussions hosted by The Chronicle of Higher Education, using content and discourse analysis of the postings to answer several questions. What is the “conversational scaffolding” used by posters in higher education-related online discussions? Are academic online discussions more like speech or writing? Additional questions dealt with how posters identify themselves, who their audience is, what motivates them, how accurate and political they are, and what the experience of reading these online discussions is like. Based on the analyses, these posters were more likely to write correctly although with diary-like personal insights. Through the analysis I also identified both positive and negative aspects of the online discussion experience.
Renal artery stent fracture with refractory hypertension: A case report and review of the literature†

A 73-year-old man with resistant hypertension and impaired renal function underwent stenting for right renal artery (RRA) stenosis. Two years later, he presented with uncontrolled hypertension and worse renal function. Renal arteriogram revealed RRA stent fracture with in-stent restenosis. Another stent was deployed. Four months later, however, renal arteriogram revealed in-stent restenosis again. This time, balloon angioplasty alone was performed. He had been symptom-free with stable condition at 2-year follow-up. A literature review disclosed six renal artery stent fracture cases, including the present one, who developed in-stent stenosis resulted from stent fracture. Two major anatomy features of renal artery stenosis were suggestive for development of stent fracture: (1) renal artery entrapment by diaphragmatic crus, and (2) mobile kidney with acute angulation at proximal segment of the renal artery. It is important to detect this etiology of renal artery stenosis because stenting in these vessels may contribute to in-stent restenosis or stent fracture. Management of renal artery stent fracture, including endovascular treatment or aortorenal bypass, should be considered on a case-by-case basis in relation to clinical settings. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Soil degradation by erosion

Soil degradation by accelerated erosion is a serious problem and will remain so during the 21st century, especially in developing countries of the tropics and subtropics. Yet, its extent, severity, and economic and environmental impacts are debatable. Estimates of global and regional land area affected are tentative and subjective. Results of field measurements are often technique-dependent. Considerable progress has been made in modeling soil erosion, yet field validation of these models remains to be done for principal soils and ecoregions. Similar to the land area affected, estimates of erosional impacts on crop yield, productivity and soil quality are tentative and subjective. Further, erosion-induced losses on crop yield are scale-dependent because of the compensatory beneficial effects on yields from depositional sites, and technology-dependent because of the masking effects of input such as fertilizers and irrigation. Erosion caused changes in soil carbon dynamics and non-point source water pollution are important environmental impacts. While erosion (e.g., detachment and transport) can lead to emission of trace gases into the atmosphere, deposition can bury and sequester some of the carbon. In addition to improving the database on the land area affected, there is also a need to assess erosional impacts on productivity and soil C balance at the watershed, regional, and global scale. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Representing Gun Owners: Frame Identification as Social Responsibility in News Media Discourse.

Critical discourse analysis of a 75,000-word corpus of newspaper articles, editorials, and letters to the editor reveals the presence of a cosmopolitan worldview-frame and its effects on representations of gun owners in the United States. This cosmopolitan worldview, which includes cultural frames of reliance on others, specialization, risk avoidance, and government responsibility for risk reduction, results in the marginalization of gun owners and the silencing of frames and information that would counter it. This study demonstrates that the frames news media adopt in covering contentious social issues can not only silence participants in public debate but hamper efforts to find common ground on those issues. Socially responsible news media should instead explore and report on the variety of frames in play regarding a range of social issues in an effort to educate their audiences and, in so doing, promote public debate.
Mucosal immunology of HIV infection.

Summary Recent advances in the immunology, pathogenesis, and prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection continue to reveal clues to the mechanisms involved in the progressive immunodeficiency attributed to infection, but more importantly have shed light on the correlates of immunity to infection and disease progression. HIV selectively infects, eliminates, and/or dysregulates several key cells of the human immune system, thwarting multiple arms of the host immune response, and inflicting severe damage to mucosal barriers, resulting in tissue infiltration of ‘symbiotic’ intestinal bacteria and viruses that essentially become opportunistic infections promoting systemic immune activation. This leads to activation and recruitment or more target cells for perpetuating HIV infection, resulting in persistent, high-level viral replication in lymphoid tissues, rapid evolution of resistant strains, and continued evasion of immune responses. However, vaccine studies and studies of spontaneous controllers are finally providing correlates of immunity from protection and disease progression, including virus-specific CD4+ T-cell responses, binding anti-bodies, innate immune responses, and generation of antibodies with potent antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activity. Emerging correlates of immunity indicate that prevention of HIV infection may be possible through effective vaccine strategies that protect and stimulate key regulatory cells and immune responses in susceptible hosts. Furthermore, immune therapies specifically directed toward boosting specific aspects of the immune system may eventually lead to a cure for HIV-infected patients.
Low Reynolds Number Flow Computations of a Sphere With Slip

A computational fluid dynamics package (FLUENT) was used to simulate the conditions of a falling sphere through a water medium with a zero shear stress condition (full slip) for Reynolds numbers in the range. Comparisons of the results were made with simulations of the flow past a sphere with no slip. Specific differences were observed in the drag coefficient, drag forces, axial velocity, radial velocity, and wake characteristics. A significant reduction in the drag coefficient was observed with the presence of slip on the surface. With a decrease in the Reynolds number the decreases in the wake structure became negligible, however, the differences in drag coefficient became significant. At high Reynolds numbers, the wake was skewed towards the rear of the sphere, under the full slip condition.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of renal collecting duct carcinoma

The fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNA) findings in a case of collecting duct (ducts of Bellini) carcinoma of the kidney are described. The cytologic smears were modestly cellular and contained individual and small clusters of round to oval cells with small to moderate amounts of well-defined cytoplasm. The nuclei were large and hyperchromatic with prominent single nucleoli and focal chromatin clearing. The findings were distinct from those of the usual clear or granular cell renal-cell carcinomas and were more similar to adenocarcinomas arising in the breast, ovary, or pancreas. Because collecting duct carcinomas need to be distinguished from metastatic deposits and are believed to have a poorer prognosis than the majority of renal-cell carcinomas, preoperative diagnosis may have important therapeutic implications. The distinction of collecting duct carcinoma from the more common variants of renal-cell carcinoma and transitional-cell carcinoma is discussed.
Likelihood To Rape in College Males.

This study assessed rape and sexual force proclivities among 159 college men at a small Protestant church-affiliated liberal arts college. No data were collected regarding ethnicity; however, institutional statistics indicate that the population was about 90% European American. There were 69 freshmen, 31 sophomores, 30 juniors, and 29 seniors (mean age = 19.34). Thirty-four percent reported some proclivity to rape or force sex. Participants who reported both proclivities indicated higher rape myth acceptance, offered more justifications for the increasing use of violence against women, were lower in rape empathy, held more gender stereotyped attitudes toward women, and accepted interpersonal violence more than those who reported no proclivities. However, by contrast, these groups did not differ on general emotional empathy.
The mechanism of target base attack in DNA cytosine carbon 5 methylation.

We measured the tritium exchange reaction on cytosine C5 in the presence of AdoMet analogues to investigate the catalytic mechanism of the bacterial DNA cytosine methyltransferase M.HhaI. Poly(dG-d...
Neutron leakage multiplication from beryllium spheres

Abstract The neutron leakage multiplications from hollow beryllium spheres with shell thicknesses of 4.6 cm, 6.99 cm, 7.87 cm, 9.38 cm, 13.8 cm and 19.9 cm have been experimentally determined using a Bonner sphere spectrometer. The fluences with and without the shells interposed between a DT neutron source and the Bonner sphere spectrometer were used to determine the leakage multiplications for various shell thicknesses. Preliminary calculations of the neutron leakage multiplications have also been performed by modeling the experimental setup using MCNP with the LANL beryllium cross-section evaluation and ENDF/B-V cross sections. The agreement of the preliminary calculated values with the experimental leakage multiplication values range from 1% to 15%, the best agreement being for the intermediate shell thicknesses.
The coagulation of aerosols with broad initial size distributions

Abstract The effect of coagulation on an aerosol with a broad initial size distribution was calculated analytically for large and small particle sizes for arbitrary time with the assumption of a constant coagulation collision frequency. It was found for the class of algebraic initial distributions that there is a long term memory effect so that the large size part of the size distribution is not greatly affected by coagulation. For such distributions the self-preserving hypothesis of Friedlander and Wang does not apply. For a Junge-like initial distribution, which is a special case of an algebraic initial distribution, the size distribution in reduced form is only weakly time dependent and agrees well with measurements on aging smoke generated from smoldering “punk” and flaming α-cellulose. The measured size distributions are found to be in quantitative agreement with the expression, ψ = 0.1 (η + 0.1)−2, where ψ and η are the reduced number distribution and reduced particle volume, respectively.
On the economic sustainability of ethanol E85

Several studies have considered the sustainability of corn-based ethanol as produced in the US as a major fuel source from a technical perspective. However, not much attention has been paid to the market-based aspects of corn-based ethanol as a sustainable fuel. We address this question by offering an econometric analysis of the E85 (apparently the most viable of the potential substitutes for gasoline) market using demand and supply analysis. Reduced form price equation estimates indicate that the cross elasticity of E85's price with respect to the price of gasoline does not differ significantly from unity, so that any rise in gasoline prices will be matched (in percentage terms) by a corresponding rise in the price of E85. Thus, given the current market, which includes significant government subsidy, the prospect that E85 will ever be price competitive with gasoline is indeed dim.
Investigation of the free amino acids and Amanita toxins in Amanita species.

Abstract Chromatographic determination of the free amino acid content of numerous collections of several species of the genus Amanita and the closely related genus Vaginata revealed the presence of several amino acids that were common to all species. Differences in amino acid patterns were due to the presence or absence of proline, phenylalanine, and γ-aminobutyric acid or the occurrence of several unidentified ninhydrin-positive spots. The applicability of these data as an aid to the systematic classification of mushrooms is considered. The same species were also examined for the presence of amanita toxins. No evidence for the presence of these toxins was found, but bufotenine was detected chromatographically in A. porphyria .
Characterization of a helical protein designed from first principles

The question of how the primary amino acid sequence of a protein determines its three-dimensional structure is still unanswered. One approach to this problem involves the de novo design of model peptides and proteins that should adopt desired three-dimensional structures. A systematic approach was aimed at the design of a four-helix bundle protein. The gene encoding the designed protein was synthesized and the protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. The protein was shown to be monomeric, highly helical, and very stable to denaturation by guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl). Thus a globular protein has been designed that is capable of adopting a stable, folded structure in aqueous solution.
Threshold voltage tuning by metal gate work function modulation for 10 nm CMOS integration and beyond

This paper describes a novel scheme of metal gate integration to achieve precise threshold voltage (VTH) control and multiple VTH, by using metal composition and ion implantation (I/I) into work function metal (WFM). Moreover, WFM full fill is demonstrated with in situ barrier metal to satisfy the conductance requirement of sub-10 nm node gate.
Switching Noise Suppression in Mixed Signal System Applications Using Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) Synthesizer

Electromagnetic band gap (EBG) synthesizer using genetic algorithm has been applied for noise suppression in mixed signal system applications. EBGs have been successfully synthesized, designed, simulated, fabricated, and measured for noise isolation in mixed signal systems
TU‐C‐224C‐05: Energy Response of LiF:Mg,Ti Thermoluminescent Dosimeters to Moderately Filtered X‐Ray Spectra in the Range of 20 to 250 KV Relative to 60Co

Purpose: To use experimental methods to determine the response of LiF:Mg,Ti thermoluminescent dosimeters(TLDs) irradiated using moderately filtered (M‐series) x‐ray spectra in the energy range of 20 to 250 kV relative to the response to 60Co photons. Also, to determine if LiF:Mg,Ti TLDs are intrinsically linear detectors (i.e. the response is proportional to energy imparted). Method and Materials:TLDs were irradiated to a known air kerma using the NIST traceable M‐series x‐ray beams, which were located at an Accredited DosimetryCalibration Laboratory (ADCL), in the range of 20 to 250 kV. Using each x‐ray beam, several sets of TLDs were irradiated to different air kerma levels to take into account any dose non‐linearity. TLD response was then compared to that from several sets of TLDs irradiated at corresponding air kerma levels using 60Co. The Monte Carlo code MCNP5 was used to correct for scatter from the holder and to determine the predicted/expected TLD response to the experimentally used x‐ray beams. Results: The measured TLD energy response compared to the response to 60Co shows a rapid decrease toward very low photon energies. This response dropped to approximately 0.90 at the lowest effective energy of 11.5 keV. The highest response was found to be 1.37 at an effective energy of 28.5 keV. The results showed poor agreement between measured energy response and calculations using the mass‐energy absorption coefficients of pure LiF. A significant increase in measured response compared to calculated response was seen at effective energies higher then 25 keV. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that the measured energy response differs by up to 14% from Monte Carlo calculations and is highly dependent on the energy of the source. The results also suggest that LiF:Mg,Ti TLDs are not intrinsically linear with energy imparted.
Analogy for the Effect of Material and Geometrical Variables on Energy-Absorption Capability of Composite Tubes

Simplified procedures for determining the qualitative effect a variable has on structural response of a composite tube are very useful in both preliminary design as well as in providing insight into the general response. An analysis procedure is presented that can be used to determine the qualitative change in the sustained crushing load due to a change in specimen material properties or geometry. The analysis procedure is similar in form to the equation for the buckling load of a column on an elastic foundation.
Charge symmetry breaking in 500 MeV nucleon-trinucleon scattering.

Elastic nucleon scattering from the $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ and $^{3}\mathrm{H}$ mirror nuclei is considered as a possible test of charge symmetry violation. The differential cross sections at 500 MeV are calculated using a microscopic, momentum-space optical potential including the full coupling of two spin-1/2 particles and an exact treatment of the Coulomb force. The charge-symmetry-breaking effects investigated arise from a violation within the nuclear structure, from the p-nucleus Coulomb force, and from the mass differences of the charge symmetric states. Measurements likely to reveal reliable information are noted.
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Ki-67 immunohistochemistry in brain tumors: a comparative study.

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a 36-kDa DNA polymerase-σ auxiliary protein which accumulates in the nucleus during S phase of the cell cycle. Immunohistochemical labeling indices (LI) of PCNA and Ki-67 were compared using an avidin-biotin complex method on frozen sections of 27 nervous system tumors, 3 normal cerebral cortices, and 3 peripheral nerves. In glial tumors, PCNA and Ki-67 LI increased with increasing tumor grade (Daumas-Duport system). In 5 low-grade glial tumors, PCNA and Ki-67 LI were ≤1%, except for one optic nerve glioma (Ki-67 LI=6%). In 7 grade 3 astrocytomas, and 1 mixed glioma, PCNA LI were ≤1–1.5%, while Ki-67 LI were 2%–10%. In 7 grade 4 astrocytomas and 1 metastatic carcinoma, PCNA LI ranged from 6%–15% while Ki-67 LI ranged from 17%–30%. In 5 of 6 schwannomas, focally high PCNA LI (4%–65%) were noted, despite low LI with Ki-67 (≤1.6%). Scattered normal schwann cell nuclei also stained with PCNA, but normal cerebral cortex did not. These data suggest that: (1) in higher-grade gliomas, PCNA may be a more specific S-phase marker, although a less sensitive proliferation marker, than Ki-67; (2) PCNA LI do not distinguish low-grade gliomas from grade 3 astrocytomas; (3) in schwannomas, PCNA may not reflect proliferative activity since it seems to react with an epitope present in normal schwann cells; and (4) the variable PCNA staining pattern introduces greater difficulties in cell counting than with Ki-67. These factors may limit the use of this anti-PCNA antibody in evaluating nervous system tumors.
Protein acetylation in prokaryotes increases stress resistance

Acetylation of lysine residues is conserved in all three kingdoms; however, its role in prokaryotes is unknown. Here we demonstrate that acetylation enables the reference bacterium Escherichia coli to withstand environmental stress. Specifically, the bacterium reaches higher cell densities and becomes more resistant to heat and oxidative stress when its proteins are acetylated as shown by deletion of the gene encoding acetyltransferase YfiQ and the gene encoding deacetylase CobB as well as by overproducing YfiQ and CobB. Furthermore, we show that the increase in oxidative stress resistance with acetylation is due to the induction of catalase activity through enhanced katG expression. We also found that two-component system proteins CpxA, PhoP, UvrY, and BasR are associated with cell catalase activity and may be responsible as the connection between bacterial acetylation and the stress response. This is the first demonstration of a specific environmental role of acetylation in prokaryotes.
Structural Effects of Group VI Metal Tricarbonyl Binding to Benzenoid Rings: Interruption of Conjugation or Enhanced Aromaticity?

The effect of tricarbonyl (group VI metal) complexation on the geometric aromatic character of benzenoid rings is studied as a function of bond-length alternation (localization) in the parent arene. Good agreement between theory and experiment is established for (η6-benzene) tricarbonylchromium, -molybdenum, and -tungsten. It is found that, whereas the electrons of benzene become slightly more localized upon tricarbonyl metal complexation, those of ‘cyclohexatriene' mimics, like in-starphenylene, become more delocalized. A combination of ab initio quantum-mechanical and high-accuracy X-ray methods leads to a linear structurestructure correlation between the free and metal-bound arene bond-alternation geometry. In all cases, the average bond length in the arene increases upon complexation. The computational observation that the average bond length increases more in benzene complexes than in in-starphenylene implies stronger back bonding in the benzene complexes and coincides with the experimental observation that more-delocalized arenes form thermodynamically favored complexes. The rotational barriers about the tricarbonylmetal-to-arene axis were computed for 1-Cr, 1-Mo, and 1-W as well as for 5-Cr, 5-Mo, and 5-W. Barriers for the former group are characteristically low, almost negligible (0.05 kcal/mol for 1-Cr; 0.01 kcal/mol for 1-Mo; 0.27 kcal/mol for 1-W), whereas for the latter group they are substantial (11.2 kcal/mol for 5-Cr; 15.2 kcal/mol for 5-Mo; 13.6 kcal/mol for 5-W). The higher barriers found in 5-M compounds are consistent with previous findings.
Irrigation and drainage properties of three-way urethral catheters.

Abstract Objectives To evaluate in an in vitro study the irrigation and drainage capabilities of a variety of available catheters. Three-way Foley catheters are used when irrigation of the bladder is anticipated to prevent or manage blood clots in the bladder. Methods Six operators applied maximal one-handed pressure irrigation with a catheter-tip syringe through the irrigation and drainage ports of the Bardex and Dover three-way catheters (16F to 26F). Maximal manual irrigation flow was recorded using a flowmeter. Continuous gravity irrigation and drainage flows were measured by suspending a 2-L irrigation bag 80 cm above the catheters and fastening an artificial bladder to the drainage tip of each Foley catheter with the catheter balloon inflated to 30 mL. Results The Bardex 22F and 24F catheters had superior manual irrigation using the irrigation port (maximal urinary flow rate 8.9 ± 1.3 mL/s and 9.5 ± 1.5 mL/s, respectively, P P = 0.66) and 24F catheters (maximal urinary flow rate 30.5 ± 2.0 mL/s and 30.6 ± 1.2 mL/s, respectively, P = 0.83) performed equally in manual irrigation using the drainage port. The Bardex 22F (average flow rate 1.6 ± 0.1 mL/s, P P Conclusions Three-way catheters are placed in situations in which efficient bladder irrigation is essential for patient safety. The Bardex 22F to 26F catheters optimized continuous bladder irrigation of the catheters tested.
Optimum percentile estimating equations for nonlinear random coefficient models

In nonlinear random coefficients models, the means or variances of response variables may not exist. In such cases, commonly used estimation procedures, e.g., (extended) least-squares (LS) and quasi-likelihood methods, are not applicable. This article solves this problem by proposing an estimate based on percentile estimating equations (PEE). This method does not require full distribution assumptions and leads to efficient estimates within the class of unbiased estimating equations. By minimizing the asymptotic variance of the PEE estimates, the optimum percentile estimating equations (OPEE) are derived. Several examples including Weibull regression show the flexibility of the PEE estimates. Under certain regularity conditions, the PEE estimates are shown to be strongly consistent and asymptotic normal, and the OPEE estimates have the minimal asymptotic variance. Compared with the parametric maximum likelihood estimates (MLE), the asymptotic efficiency of the OPEE estimates is more than 98%, while the LS-type of procedures can have infinite variances. When the observations have outliers or do not follow the distributions considered in model assumptions, the article shows that OPEE is more robust than the MLE, and the asymptotic efficiency in the model misspecification cases can be above 150%.
Stumbling into the Age of Evidence

This article presents personal observations on how the concept of evidence-based dentistry is faring in the profession. It considers how the dental profession's concept of evidence has matured, how evidence-based dentistry was originally envisioned, how it is currently embodied, and what its prospects might be for the immediate future. Evidence-based dentistry began in the profession approximately 2 decades ago, initiated by the appearance of the first systematic reviews on dental topics in the late 1980s. The emergence of the concept of evidence-based dentistry—and its fundamental construct, the systematic review—marks what can be considered a fundamental shift in how the dental knowledge base has grown and developed over time.
Analysis of a commercial EEG device for the control of a robot arm

A BMI using Electroencephalography (EEG) input, known as the Emotiv EPOC™ was tested with an external robotic arm to determine if it was suitable for control of peripherals. Within 2 weeks of training, subjects maintained or improved axial control of the robot arm, and reduced their overall performance time. Although the EPOC™ does require further testing and development, its adaptability to multiple software programs, users and peripherals allows it to serve both Virtual Rehabilitation and device control in the immediate future.
Ventilation studies in nonsmokers and smokers.

The maximal midexpiratory flow rate was found to be significantly greater in nonsmoking men than in men who had smoked cigarettes for at least 5 pack-years. No significant difference between women nonsmokers and smokers was observed.
Design of a reconfigurable platform manipulator

Modular robots introduce a new dimension to flexible automation in terms of hardware flexibility, in addition to the software flexibility, in terms of yielding individual global optimal configuration for each of the tasks at hand. The mechanical structure of fully parallel manipulators is very suitable for reconfiguration since those manipulators are actuated in parallel. To really achieve effective and convenient reconfiguration, however, there are design and planning issues to be addressed. In this article the conceptual design and actual construction of an experimental platform manipulator are presented. This experimental platform is built as a tool to aid our research on the design and planning issues related to reconfiguration of parallel manipulators. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON PARASITISM OF PANDORINA SP. BY DANGEARDIA MAMMILLATA B. SCHRÖDER IN AN ARIZONA MOUNTAIN LAKE1,2

SUMMARY A chytridiaccous fungus, Dangeardia mammillata, was found to be selectively parasitizing the volvocalean Pandorina sp. in a shallow eutrophic mountain lake in northern Arizona. Population estimates of infected algal colonies reached. 68% during epidemic periods (Feb.-Mar.). Selected physicochemical parameters were measured during the infection period, with temperature found to be the most important factor in regulating chytrid parasitism. Infection only occurred at temperatures below 17 C in the field, and infection only at low temperatures was confirmed by laboratory investigations. Other parameters showed no apparent relationship with the chytrid-algal association. The roles of photosynthetic exudates are also discussed in regulation of chytrid parasitism.
Ligand recognition by the I domain-containing integrins

Seven of the integrin α subunits described to date, α 1 , α 2 , α L , α X , α d , α M and α E , contain a highly conserved I (or A) domain of approximately 200 amino acid residues inserted near the amino-terminus of the subunit. As the result of a variety of independent experimental approaches, a large body of data has recently accumulated that indicates that the I domains are independent, autonomously folding domains capable of directly binding ligands that play a necessary and important role in ligand binding by the intact integrins. Recent crystallographic studies have elucidated the structures of recombinant α M and α L I domains and also delineated a novel divalent cation-binding motif within the I domains (metal ion-dependent adhesion site, MIDAS) that appears to mediate the divalent cation binding of the I domains and the I domain-containing integrins to their ligands.
Life writing as literary relic: image, inscription and consecration in tibetan biography

ABSTRACTThis article addresses a largely unstudied form of writing inked on the rear face of Tibetan hanging scroll paintings. These are consecration inscriptions consisting of Buddhist mantras and other ritual formulas, and serve to ritually transform the image from static representation into a living manifestation of its subject. Since at least the eleventh century in Tibet, such inscriptions were composed as shaped texts, crafted in the form of a Buddhist reliquary or stūpa. In such cases, I suggest that the process of “entombing” a literary relic within an inscribed stūpa visually copies the ubiquitous Buddhist practice of interring corporeal relics inside three-dimensional monuments. In particular, this article examines a special form of shaped consecration inscription that replaces basic ritual formulas with biographical texts describing the life and qualities of the painted subject. It argues that such a text embodies its subject both literally and literarily, creating individuated relics that enca...
Metastability in CMOS library elements in reduced supply and technology scaled applications

This paper characterizes the effects of loading, power supply, and technology scaling on the metastable parameters of CMOS latches used as synchronizers. Results from 2 /spl mu/ and 1.2 /spl mu/ test chips designed to measure the performance of buffered and unbuffered CMOS latches with respect to loading and supply voltages are presented. While the optimum synchronizer in CMOS technology has been previously shown to be an unbuffered, unloaded latch, our results show that buffered latches have better mean time between failure (MTBF) performance for all loads greater than a fanout of one with sufficient resolution time. However, MTBF performance still degrades exponentially with loading in buffered latches. A normalization scheme to compare latches with different supplies and technologies is presented with data from the test chips. Improvements in latch metastable parameters with increased supply or reduced channel length are shown to be reduced when the effects of shorter on-chip delays are factored in. In a given technology, normalized metastable parameters are shown to be unchanged for a wide range of supply voltages, allowing calculation of metastable parameters in supply voltages not explicitly measured. >
Propulsion System Design for a Martian Atmosphere-Breathing Supersonic Retropropulsion Engine

Design and analysis of an atmospheric-breathing propulsion system to land large-scale spacecraft (10+t) on Mars was performed. Mg-CO2 propulsion feasibility was analytically investigated by employing equilibrium combustion simulations, finite-rate kinetics simulations, and first-order propellant mass and inlet sizing. ISP values (based on total propellant usage) were determined to be on the order of 120–160 s for onboard subsystems having a 10-to-1 oxidizer compression ratio. This corresponds to an ISP of 600–800 s based on onboard fuel consumption. Although Mg-CO2 mixtures have significant ignition constraints, favorable conditions were found, yielding ignition delay times of less than 1 ms, by simultaneously employing designs exploiting both large reentry Mach numbers (M=4+) and modest compression ratios. These combinations allow for combustion to occur within moderately sized combustion chambers. The first-order sizing calculations confirmed that atmospheric-breathing supersonic retropropulsion has the...
THE EFFECTS OF PANTOTHENIC ACID ON RESPIRATORY ACTIVITY.

Experiments using the Warburg-Barcroft apparatus led to the following results and conclusions: (1) Two yeasts in three different media were strikingly stimulated in their respiration by minute amounts of pantothenic acid. (2) Nine other compounds (vitamins and other biologically important substances) were tested and found in all cases to have on the deficient G.M. yeast, lesser and in some cases no appreciable stimulative effect. Thiamin was the most effective of these compounds. Its action was shown to be different and in some ways antagonistic to that of pantothenic acid. (3) Liver extract (Lilly's Number 343) contains substances capable of speeding up respiration (and growth) to a much higher level than seems possible with known compounds. (4) Pantothenic acid was found to have a definite stimulative effect on fermentation by dialyzed maceration juice from yeast. (5) It likewise stimulated respiration of apple and potato tissue and indications of a similar effect on certain animal tissues were obtained.
Hypertrophic defect unmasked by calcineurin expression in asymptomatic tropomodulin overexpressing transgenic mice.

Objective: Dilation and hypertrophy often occur concurrently in cardiomyopathy, yet the interaction between these two functionally distinct conditions remains unknown. Methods: Combinatorial effects of hypertrophy and dilation were investigated by cross-breeding of two cardiomyopathic transgenic mouse lines which develop either hypertrophy (calcineurin-mediated) or dilation (tropomodulin-mediated). Results: Altering the intensity of signals driving hypertrophy and dilation in cross-bred litters resulted in novel disease phenotypes different from either parental line. Augmenting the calcineurin-dependent hypertrophic stimulus in tropomodulin overexpressing transgenics elevated heart:body weight ratios, increased ventricular wall thickness, and significantly accelerated mortality. These effects were evident in calcineurin cross-breeding to tropomodulin backgrounds of transgene homozygosity (severe dilation) or heterozygosity (mild dilation to asymptomatic). Molecular analyses indicated that tropomodulin and calcineurin signaling events in the first week after birth were critical for determination of disease outcome, substantiated by demonstration that temporary neonatal inhibition of tropomodulin expression prevents dilation. Conclusions: This study shows that postnatal timing of altered signaling in cardiomyopathic transgenic mouse models is a pivotal part of determining outcome. In addition, intensifying hypertrophic stimulation exacerbates dilated cardiomyopathy, supporting the concept of shared molecular signaling between hypertrophy and dilation.
Supplementary data of “Impacts of mesic and xeric urban vegetation on outdoor thermal comfort and microclimate in Phoenix, AZ”

An advanced Markov-Chain Monte Carlo approach called Subset Simulation is described in Au and Beck (2001) [1] was used to quantify parameter uncertainty and model sensitivity of the urban land-atmospheric framework, viz. the coupled urban canopy model-single column model (UCM-SCM). The results show that the atmospheric dynamics are sensitive to land surface conditions. The most sensitive parameters are dimensional parameters, i.e. roof width, aspect ratio, roughness length of heat and momentum, since these parameters control the magnitude of sensible heat flux. The relative insensitive parameters are hydrological parameters since the lawns or green roofs in urban areas are regularly irrigated so that the water availability for evaporation is never constrained.
Fast algorithms for Helmholtz Green's functions

The formal representation of the quasi-periodic Helmholtz Green's function obtained by the method of images is only conditionally convergent and, thus, requires an appropriate summation convention for its evaluation. Instead of using this formal sum, we derive a candidate Green's function as a sum of two rapidly convergent series, one to be applied in the spatial domain and the other in the Fourier domain (as in Ewald's method). We prove that this representation of Green's function satisfies the Helmholtz equation with the quasi-periodic condition and, furthermore, leads to a fast algorithm for its application as an operator. We approximate the spatial series by a short sum of separable functions given by Gaussians in each variable. For the series in the Fourier domain, we exploit the exponential decay of its terms to truncate it. We use fast and accurate algorithms for convolving functions with this approximation of the quasi-periodic Green's function. The resulting method yields a fast solver for the Helmholtz equation with the quasi-periodic boundary condition. The algorithm is adaptive in the spatial domain and its performance does not significantly deteriorate when Green's function is applied to discontinuous functions or potentials with singularities. We also construct Helmholtz Green's functions with Dirichlet, Neumann or mixed boundary conditions on simple domains and use a modification of the fast algorithm for the quasi-periodic Green's function to apply them. The complexity, in dimension d ≥2, of these algorithms is ![Graphic][1] ( κ d log κ + C (log ϵ −1) d ), where ϵ is the desired accuracy, κ is proportional to the number of wavelengths contained in the computational domain and C is a constant. We illustrate our approach with examples. [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Asymtotic results for the koziol-green model

Let independent random variables X 1…X nhave a continuous distribution functionFand the independent random variablesY 1…Y nhave a continuous distribution function GIf X iis randomly censored by Yi on the right, then the available observations consist of the pairs(Z i,Дi)where . In the Koziol-Green model(1976)the survival function [Gbar] ≡, 1 - Gis some power of the survival function [Fbar] ≡, 1 - F. We shall establish the asymptotic normality of an asymptotically unbiased estimate of [Fbar] (X)under the Koziol-Green model. An asymptotic intercal estimate of [Fbar]is obtained based on the fact that Z iis independent of Дi(and only if)the random censorship is a Koziol-Green model. We compare our estimator with the Kaplan-Meier product-limit estimator.The bands for our estimator are also considered.
A preventable epidemic of coronary heart disease in modern China.

Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, many changes have taken place in China over the past half century. Whereas China has made phenomenal strides both economically and geopolitically, it has also undergone dramatic changes in the prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD). People in China used to be known for their lean body build, low plasma cholesterol levels and low incidence of CHD [1]. Now all has changed; CHD in China has climbed from the fifth most common form of heart disease in 1949–1957 (6%) to the second most common in 1958–1968 (16%) and rising again in 1969–1979 (26%) to become the most common in 1980–1989 (27%) where it remains until today [1]. What are the risk factors responsible for this drastic change in modern China?
A stabilized bandwidth selection method for kernel smoothing of the periodogram

One popular method for nonparametric spectral density estimation is to perform kernel smoothing on the periodogram, and one important component of this method is the choice of the bandwidth (or span) for smoothing. This paper proposes a new bandwidth selection method that is based on a coupling of the so-called plug-in and the unbiased risk estimation ideas. This new method is easy to describe, simple to implement, and does not impose severe conditions on the unknown spectrum. Numerical results suggest that this new method often outperforms some other commonly used bandwidth selection methods. The new methodology is also applied to choose the bandwidth for log-periodogram smoothing.
Antimutagenicity profiles for some model compounds

Abstract The concept of activity profile listings and plots, already applied successfully to the display of mutagenicity data, has been modified for application to antimutagenicity data. The activity profiles are bar graphs that have been organized in two general ways: for antimutagens that have been tested in combination with a given mutagen and for mutagens that have been tested in combination with a given antimutagen. Doses from both the mutagen and the antimutagen are displayed and plotted together with results on enhancement or inhibition of mutagenic activity. The short-term tests that have been used extensively to identify mutagens and potential carcinogens are increasingly being used to identify antimutagens and potential anticarcinogens. Three model mutagens, N -methyl- N ′-nitro- N -nitrosoguanidine, aflatoxin B 1 and benzo[ a ]pyrene, and 4 model antimutagens, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, glutathione and disulfiram, were selected from the data surveyed in the published literature. It is not clear at the present time whether the inhibition of carcinogen-induced mutation is a good indicator of anticarcinogenic properties, and further research is needed. Nevertheless, the activity profiles are useful for the assessment of the available antimutagenesis data by providing rapid visualization of considerable dose information and experimental results.
Access-Related Measures and Out-of-System Utilization Among Veterans With Bipolar Disorder

Objective: This study examined associations between access-related measures and out-of-system health services utilization (general medicine and mental health services) among patients with bipolar disorder at a U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) medical center. Methods: VA patients (N=391) with bipolar disorder answered questions about health services access (non-VA insurance coverage, travel distance to their VA facility, serviceconnected disability status, and difficulty receiving needed mental health care) and out-of-system services utilization. Multivariable Tobit regression was used to evaluate associations between access measures and propensity to receive out-of-system services. Results: More than half the veterans (56%) reported some non-VA utilization. Out-of-system utilization was more likely among patients who were married, younger, homeless, with private insurance, without service-connected disabilities, and who reported access difficulties. However, analyses often consider access solely in terms of the affordability of services (for example, having insurance coverage). Access is not an all-ornothing issue; individuals may differ in their degrees of access. Also, access should be understood at the individual’s level and in relation to specific providers. However, few studies have examined the influence of multiple dimensions of access on receipt of services from out-of-system providers.
Cantilever Epitaxy of GaN on Sapphire: Further Reductions in Dislocation Density

The density of vertical threading dislocations at the surface of GaN grown on sapphire by cantilever epitaxy has been reduced with two new approaches. First, narrow mesas (<1 μm wide) were used and (11–22) facets formed over them early in growth to redirect dislocations from vertical to horizontal. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy was used to demonstrate this redirection and to identify optimum growth and processing conditions. Second, a GaN nuc-leation layer with delayed 3D → 2D growth transition and inherently lower threading dislocation density was adapted to cantilever epitaxy. Several techniques show that a dislocation density of only 2–3×107/cm2 was achieved by combining these two approaches. We also suggest other developments of cantilever epitaxy for reducing dislocations in heteroepitaxial systems.
Stabilization of Solutions for a System with a Continuum of Equilibria and Distinct Diffusion Coefficients

A reaction-diffusion system is considered and the behavior of the solutions as t→∞ is studied. The mathematically interesting features are the following two. First the lack of appropriate invariant sets necessary for localizing the ω-limit sets, and this is a manifestation of the general diffusion matrix, and second the existence of connected sets of equilibria.