cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The 'Originalism is Not History' Disclaimer: A Historian's Rebuttal

A number of originalists are on record asserting the disclaimer that “orginalism is not history,” therefore claiming that originalism does not suffer from the problems typically associated with history-in-law. This Article challenges that assertion, both on the grounds that originalism relies on historical evidence in reaching legal determinations — therefore falsely giving rise to the presumption that originalism and history are one and the same — and also on the grounds that originalists, when advocating before the courts, do not make a distinction between originalism and history. This Article further argues that if originalists want to issue an accurate disclaimer, it should state that “originalism is not intended to be accurate history.” This would correct many of the public’s misconceptions as to what does and what does not constitute originalism.
A+ Does Not Mean All Asians:The Model Minority Myth and Implications for Higher Education

This paper explores the model minority myth and its current implications for higher education. Analysis of literature from the counseling, journalism, institutional research, and student services fields illustrates how the myth perpetuates stereotypes, both nationally and in the higher education field. Additionally, the implications of enrolling increased numbers of Asian Pacific American (APA) students relative to the number of higher education and student affairs professionals with APA lineage are discussed.
The role of inflammation in the pathology of preeclampsia.

Preeclampsia (PE) affects 5-7% of all pregnancies in the United States and is the leading cause of maternal and prenatal morbidity. PE is associated with hypertension after week 20 of gestation, decreased renal function and small-for-gestational-age babies. Women with PE exhibit chronic inflammation and production of autoantibodies. It is hypothesized that during PE, placental ischaemia occurs as a result of shallow trophoblast invasion which is associated with an immune imbalance where pro-inflammatory CD4(+) T-cells are increased and T regulatory cells (Tregs) are decreased. This imbalance leads to chronic inflammation characterized by oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory cytokines and autoantibodies. Studies conducted in our laboratory have demonstrated the importance of this immune imbalance in causing hypertension in response to placental ischaemia in pregnant rats. These studies confirm that increased CD4(+) T-cells and decreased Tregs during pregnancy leads to elevated inflammatory cytokines, endothelin (ET-1), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and agonistic autoantibodies to the angiotensin II (Ang II), type 1 receptor (AT1-AA). All of these factors taken together play an important role in increasing the blood pressure during pregnancy. Specifically, this review focuses on the decrease in Tregs, and their associated regulatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10, which is seen in response to placental ischaemia during pregnancy. This study will also examine the effect of regulatory immune cell repopulation on the pathophysiology of PE. These studies show that restoring the balance of the immune system through increasing Tregs, either by adoptive transfer or by infusing IL-10, reduces the blood pressure and pathophysiology associated with placental ischaemia in pregnant rats.
Dispersal of wild-captured, marked horn flies (Diptera: Muscidae)

Marked, released horn flies, Haematobia irritans (L.), were resighted on surrounding herds of cattle to determine flight potentials. Horn flies were quickly resighted up to 5 km away. Intervening woodlands and winds did not prevent long flights. Most marked horn flies were released >1 km from any cattle to ensure long-range host seeking. When released close (0.1–0.5 km) to cattle, most marked, resighted horn flies were on the nearby cattle, but even then some horn flies made flights of up to 5 km. These findings support the earlier conclusion that immigrating pyrethroid-resistant horn flies can introduce resistance into an untreated, susceptible population. In areas where resistance occurs, the presence of these immigrating resistant individuals must be considered to plan effective resistance management.
Combustion of Nanofluid Fuels with the Addition of Boron and Iron Particles

The combustion characteristics of nanofluid fuels c ontaining additions of boron and iron particles were investigated. The effects of partic le materials, loading rate, and type of base fuel on suspension quality and combustion behavior were determined. The burning behaviors of dilute and dense suspensions were compared, and the results for dense nanosuspensions showed that most particles were burned as a large agglomerate at a later stage when all the liquid fuel had been consumed. F or dilute suspensions, the burning characteristics were characterized by a simultaneous burning of both the droplet and the particles, which integrated into one stage. The fun damental mechanisms responsible for bringing the particles out of the droplet, which is a prerequisite condition for them to burn, are being investigated. The fundamental mechanism responsible for bringing the particles out of the droplet, which is a prerequisite conditi on for them to burn, is different for ndecane- and ethanol-based fuels. For the former, t he particles are brought out of the droplet by a disruptive behavior of the primary droplet, wh ich was characterized by multiple-time disruptions and with strong intensity. This was ca used by the different boiling points between n-decane and the surfactant. For ethanol-based fuels having no added surfactant, the particles are also brought out of the droplet b y disruptive behavior, but characterized by continuous disruptions of mild intensity. This was very likely caused by a continuous water absorption by the ethanol droplet during its burnin g process.
Characterization of Mechanically-Equivalent Amplifiers and Frequency Modulating Concepts for Energy Harvesting Devices

One of the major obstacles that are limiting the development of deployable integrated sensing and actuation solutions is the scarcity of power. Converted energy from ambient loading in civil and mechanical structures is typically used as an alternative solution. Although, piezoelectric vibration harvesters have been widely used, these elements exhibit a narrow natural frequency response range, thus considerably limiting the levels of harvestable power. Most of the previously used methods focus only on modifying the transducer’s properties and configurations. These techniques do little to modify the stimuli from the source. In contrast, this work proposes to focus on the input signal generated within the structure by inducing amplified response amplitude and a frequency up-conversion toward the harvesters’ natural response spectrum. This paper introduces the concept of using mechanically-equivalent frequency modulators that can transform the low-amplitude and low-rate service and ambient deformations into an amplified input to the piezoelectric transducer. The introduced methods will allow energy generation and conversion for loads within the unexplored quasi-static frequency range (<< 1 Hz). The post-buckling behavior of bilaterally restrained columns and bistable plates is used for frequency up-conversion. A bimorph cantilever PVDF piezoelectric beam, attached to the columns and plates, are used for energy conversion. Experimental prototypes were built and tested to validate the introduced concept. The levels of extractable power are evaluated for different cases under varying input frequencies. Finally, numerical simulations provide insight into the scalability and performance of the developed concepts.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
The Evolution of Yugoslav Federalism

The development of federalism in Yugoslavia has historical roots dating back to the formation of the Yugoslav national state in the post-Versailles settlement following the first World War.' The new state, initially called the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, was organized out of territories with a widely different political history, divergent attitudes towards the question of centralism and federalism, sharply differing levels of economic development, rival religious traditions, with endemic national conflicts built in and exacerbated by the presence of considerable non-south Slav minorities. The two basic units which were brought together were the south Slav provinces of Austro-Hungary which broke away at the end of the first World War, including both Croatia which had maintained vestiges of a state identity within the Hungarian part of the AustroHungarian empire, Vojvodina which had been a part of Hungary proper, as were a few other minor territorial units, the Slovenian provinces and Dalmatia which were part of Austria, and Bosnia and Herzogovina which were jointly administered by the two units of the dual monarchy. These heterogeneous provinces were merged with the previously independent Kingdom of Serbia. Serbia proper, moreover, had just doubled its territory in the two Balkan wars preceding the first World War and barely had time to absorb administratively the new territories which were not only grossly underdeveloped and
Enhanced Microbial Degradation of Systemic Pesticides in Soil and Its Effect on Chinch Bug Blissus leucopterus leucopterus (Say) (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) and Greenbug Schizaphis graminum Rondani (Homoptera: Aphididae) Control in Seedling Sorghum

Enhanced microbial degradation was found to occur in soils from several Kansas fields with a history of carbofuran use and it affected the systemic control of chinch bugs and greenbugs in seedling sorghum. Two other carbamate compounds also were degraded more rapidly in biologically active soils but aldicarb, phorate, and terbufos were not. The importance of pesticide biodegradation in sorghum insect control is demonstrated.
Combustion modeling of composite solid propellants with finite peclet number

A combustion model has been formulated to solve the burning rate eigenvalue problem for a composite solid propellant, similar to what has been done previously for homogeneous energetic solids. A two-step (high activation energy condensed phase decomposition followed by low activation energy gas phase heat release) model has been extended from one to two dimensions for non-premixed composite solids. Gas phase streamwise diffusion (the primary driving force for solid pyrolysis), has been accounted for by including finite Peclet number. The results show that the value of the Peclet number (which plays the role of non-dimensional burning rate) is constrained to a reasonably small interval by the eigenvalue expression obtained from activation energy asymptotic analysis of the condensed phase thermal decomposition zone. The present model is relevant to materials where diffusion flame and particle size effects are minimal such as nitramine composites.
The Simulation of a-Si:H Junction Capacitance Measurements

Junction capacitance measurements have been used by many researchers to study the density of states in the mobility gap of hydrogenated amorphous silicon. However, the data analysis methods used for these studies are based on approximate analytic models which may not always be appropriate. In order to understand better the experimental method and the models, we have performed simulations using a numerical simulator which can calculate the complete time-dependent response of an amorphous semiconductor device. The current in a device is simulated as a function of time when a small sinusoidal voltage applied in addition to a DC bias voltage. The out-of-phase and in-phase components of the sinusoidal part of the current are used to calculate the capacitance and series resistance, just as they measured in an experiment. The results of simulated experiments at different temperatures are shown.
Development of Cation-Dependent Layer to Layer Intermolecular Correlations in 5-Bilayer Arachidic Acid Multilayers

We have recorded two-dimensional X-ray diffraction patterns from fivebilayer Langmuir-Blodgett multilayer films. The films were deposited on alkylated glass substrates from monolayers of arachidic acid which were spread on barium or cadmium cation containing subphases: the pH was systematically varied from 4 to 9. The diffraction patterns were recorded using doubly-focusing X-ray optics and a two-dimensional position sensitive detector. Generalized Patterson function analysis of the meridional X-ray diffraction I (qxy = 0, qz), which arises from the profile structure of the multilayer, indicated that the bilayer to bilayer correlations improved with increasing pH value (i.e., with incorporation of divalent metal cations into the film). Experimentally determined electron density profiles have previously shown that the average in-plane density of the down-stroke monolayers was greater than that of the the up-stroke monolayers, in agreement with the observed transfer ratios. We observed Bragg rods at several qxy-values only for multilayers for which the subphase was of intermediate to high pH. The intensity and degree of sampling of the Bragg rods along qz increased with increasing pH value. At the highest pH values, the in-plane intermolecular correlation lengths were ~600A and the bilayer to bilayer intermolecular correlation lengths were ~165A or ~2 1/2 bilayers. This indicates that for the fatty-acid salts the monolayers of low average in-plane density are “patched” with separated domains which have been deposited epitaxially on the underlying monolayers of high average inplane density.
Religious Exemptions to Title IX

Forty years into the Title IX game, the score is 253 to 0, religious exemptions recognized versus those denied. Almost no one knows the overall score of the game, who has made points, or who is playing. Prior to the Human Rights Campaign’s release of a report in December 2015, relatively few beyond the participants themselves even knew the game was played. Documented religious exemptions to Title IX largely take place in the dark, in private administrative processes rarely made public, under obscure agency standards and policies. The parameters of religious exemptions to Title IX have never been litigated in court or subjected to judicial review. Virtually no scholarship exists on the subject. Religious exemptions to Title IX pose a particularly urgent question given the flood of new exemptions claims focusing on transgender and homosexuality. This analysis is a first, foundational step in evaluating religious exemptions to Title IX. On its face, a score of 253 and counting, suggests complete and overwhelming victory for one side, the educational institutions claiming religious exemption to Title IX. In reality, however, the lopsided score hides another story, one much more complex and nuanced than the score reflects. Over time, the government agency charged with Title IX enforcement subtly arrogated to itself power and authority to regulate religious exemption to Title IX. As much as victory, the score reveals a subtle erosion of autonomy as religious educational institutions acquiesce to the administrative state by requesting exemption under regulatory procedures rather than claiming inherent exemption under the Title IX statute itself and the Constitution. I conclude that the administrative regulatory procedures for religious exemption to Title IX have largely failed to accomplish the non-discrimination goals of Title IX, to respect religious liberties, or to facilitate a sustainable engagement between these potentially competing values.
68 NEUROLOGIC AND COGNITIVE OUTCOMES OF PATIENTS WITH CEREBELLAR HEMORRHAGE IN THE NEONATAL PERIOD.

Objective Cerebellar hemorrhages (CH) in the neonatal period have only been described within the past 10 years. We report on the neurologic and cognitive outcomes of 22 patients with CH and examine the value of ultrasonography or MRI in this situation. Methods The UCSF ICN Follow Up database identified 26 babies born between 1993 and 2003 who had CH. Twenty-two subject-control pairs were identified. Controls were similar in birth weight (cont 858 ± 231, CH 899 ± 273) and gestational age (cont 26.1 ± 2, CH 26.0 ± 2). All had sonograms, and 17 subjects had MRI. Severity of IVH, neurologic outcome, and cognitive outcome were recorded at the latest visit in common (cont 27 ± 21 mo, range 3-97; CH 28 ± 21 mo, range 6-97). Results See Table. In paired analysis, neurologic outcomes were equal for 13. In six cases the CH had a worse outcome (four of these had worse IVH in the CH patient). Cognitive outcomes were equal in nine pairs; the CH babies had worse outcomes in six (three with worse IVH in the CH patient). In seven cases the CH had better cognitive outcomes. All CH patients with abnormal outcomes had a CH detected by ultrasonography. Positive predictive value of ultrasonography for any non-normal outcome was 73% and for MRI 44%. Eight babies had CH but no IVH. None of these were neurologically abnormal and one was cognitively abnormal. Among the eight controls who had no IVH (not matched) one was neurologically abnormal and two were cognitively abnormal. Conclusion CHs have an unclear impact on neurologic and cognitive outcomes. Some early findings may reflect prematurity rather than the effect of CH on outcome. Overall outcomes were similar in our CH and control groups. CH on MRI has lower predictive value than ultrasonographyd. Further investigation and longer-term follow-up are warranted.
Monitoring results of poor eyesight among primary and secondary school students in Changping District of Beijing from 2010-2011

[Objective]To understand the current status of the vision among primary and secondary school students in Changping District of Beijing,provide scientific basis for further eyesight protection in students.[Methods]The data of vision monitoring of 53 865 students from 125 primary and secondary schools in Changping District from 2010-2011 were analyzed.[Results]The detection rate of poor eyesight among primary and secondary school students in Changping District was 65.0%.The detection rate of poor eyesight increased with increasing school year,which rose from 44.7% in Grade 1 of primary school to 81.9% in Grade 6 of secondary school,and the detection rate of severe myopia increased rapidly.The detection rate of poor eyesight in urban students was higher than that in rural students,the detection rate in boys was higher than that in girls,and the differences were statistically significant.[Conclusion]The eyesight status of primary and secondary school students in Changping District is not optimistic,so it is necessary to carry out the comprehensive intervention measures to protect the eyesight of students.
A Miniature Extraluminal Force Transducer for Recording In Vivo Oviductal Motility

A miniature extraluminal force transducer has been developed and used to record acute and chronic motility of the reproductive tract in the rabbit. This device, which contains two matched piezoresistive silicon sensors bonded to a titanium beam strip, is durable, physically stable, and highly sensitive to bending force (gage factor, 140). Acute recordings made in 20 rabbits revealed continuous, rhythmic contractile activity in both the oviduct and uterus. Chronic recordings made in three unanesthetized rabbits revealed periodic bursts of intense activity interspersed with periods of relative quiescence. Chronic implantation of these devices was accomplished with no evidence of infection, adhesions, or other abnormalities, and without disruption of fertility.
Adjustable Robust Optimization for Scheduling of Batch Processes under Uncertainty

Abstract In this work, we hedge against the uncertainty in the of batch process scheduling by using a novel two-stage adjustable robust optimization (ARO) approach. We introduce symmetric uncertainty sets into the deterministic mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model for batch scheduling problem and then reformulate it into a two-stage problem. The budgets of uncertainty is used to adjust the degree of conservatism. Since the resulting two-stage ARO problem cannot be solved directly by any existing optimizer, the column-and-constraint generation (C&CG) algorithm is then applied to solve it efficiently. One case study for batch manufacturing processes is considered to demonstrate the validation of the two-stage ARO model formulation and the efficiency of the C&CG algorithm.
Computing the Singular Value Decomposition

This chapter develops two algorithms for the computation of the SVD. The first of these is the one-sided Jacobi method. By properly choosing c and s , right Jacobi rotations can be constructed that reduce A to a diagonal matrix of singular values. The result is the same if AT * A is reduced to the matrix of singular values using orthogonality transformations. This algorithm is particularly effective when computing small singular values. The computation of singular values is well conditioned, but the computation of left and right singular vectors can be ill-conditioned if some singular values are close together. There is a variant of the one-sided Jacobi algorithm that provides higher accuracy and speed than the algorithm we have described. The algorithm uses rank-revealing QR with column pivoting. The standard algorithms for computing the SVD first transform the matrix to upper-bidiagonal form using pre- and postmultiplication by Householder reflections. The chapter presents the Demmel and Kahan zero-shift QR downward sweep algorithm that transforms the upper-bidiagonal matrix to a diagonal matrix of singular values using bulge chasing.
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: Exploring a Paradigm Shift in Favor of Surgery

We hypothesized that enthusiasm for surgery increased for infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) at Columbia University Medical Center (CUMC) between 1995 and 2012. We sought to identify factors that engendered this paradigm shift. Confidential surveys were distributed to providers at CUMC in 1995 and 2012 to measure enthusiasm for surgical intervention for HLHS. Surgical preference scores are presented as median [interquartile range]. Surveys were completed by 99/176 providers (56 % response rate) in 1995 and 153/267 (57 %) in 2012. The median surgical preference score for infants with HLHS increased from 35 [25–45] in 1995 to 45 [35–50] in 2012, P < 0.001. 53 %, 95 % CI [42, 64] of respondents recommended surgical intervention for a ward of the court in 1995 compared to 81 % [73, 89] in 2012, P < 0.001. In 2012, 64 % [53, 75] of respondents were more likely to recommend surgery than 10 years prior. The percentage of respondents who saw good outcomes following three-stage repair increased from 49 % [38, 60] in 1995 to 84 % [78, 90] in 2012, P < 0.001. The majority believed that parents should have the option of comfort care, 91 % [85, 97] in 1995 and 85 % [79, 91] in 2012, P = 0.06. In both eras, prematurity and additional surgical problems dissuaded providers from recommending surgical intervention. Despite the fact that most providers have seen good outcomes and now recommend surgery for infants with HLHS, the majority of providers still believe that the option of comfort care should be available to families.
Sliding-window signal reconstruction for time encoding machine

We propose a new approach to signal reconstruction for the time encoding machine introduced by Lazar and Toth. While practical algorithms of reconstruction from non-uniform samples are mostly based on an ill-posed block treatment of bandlimited signals, we provide a methodology to perform this reconstruction by time-varying FIR filters. Results of SNR versus complexity are given.
Addendum: Lakshmanan, U.; Balam, O.; Bhatia, T.K. Introducing the Special Issue: Mixed Verbs and Linguistic Creativity in Bi/Multilingual Communities. Languages 2016, 1, 9

In [1] (p. 2), we highlight that Deuchar and Stammers [2] postulate that their data does not support Poplack and Meechan's assumption that the distinction between code-switching and borrowing is categorical [3].[...]
Community development for a white city: Race making, improvementism, and the Cincinnati race riots and anti-abolition riots of 1829, 1836, and 1841

i Acknowledgements iii Tables ix Figures x Abbreviations xi CHAPTER 1: Introduction 1 A. The Intensions of This Study 1 B. Design and Methods 6 C. Literature Review 12 1. Previous Studies of Nineteenth-Century Race and Anti-Abolition Riots 12 2. Improvement and Community Development in Nineteenth-Century America 15 3. Previous Studies of Nineteenth-Century Cincinnati 17 4. Previous Studies of Cincinnati’s Antebellum Race and Anti-Abolition Riots 21 D. Theoretical Orientations and Assumptions 25 CHAPTER 2: The City and the People of Antebellum Cincinnati To the 1840s 38 A. The Geography of Cincinnati 38 B. The People of Cincinnati 40
Microbiome of Trichodesmium Colonies from the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre.

Filamentous diazotrophic Cyanobacteria of the genus Trichodesmium, often found in colonial form, provide an important source of new nitrogen to tropical and subtropical marine ecosystems. Colonies are composed of several clades of Trichodesmium in association with a diverse community of bacterial and eukaryotic epibionts. We used high-throughput 16S rRNA and nifH gene sequencing, carbon and dinitrogen (N2) fixation assays, and metagenomics to describe the diversity and functional potential of the microbiome associated with Trichodesmium colonies collected from the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (NPSG). The 16S rRNA and nifH gene sequences from hand-picked colonies were predominantly (>99%) from Trichodesmium Clade I (i.e., T. thiebautii), which is phylogenetically and ecologically distinct from the Clade III IMS101 isolate used in most laboratory studies. The bacterial epibiont communities were dominated by Bacteroidetes, Alphaproteobacteria, and Gammaproteobacteria, including several taxa with a known preference for surface attachment, and were relatively depleted in the unicellular Cyanobacteria and small photoheterotrophic bacteria that dominate NPSG surface waters. Sequencing the nifH gene (encoding a subcomponent of the nitrogenase enzyme) identified non-Trichodesmium diazotrophs that clustered predominantly among the Cluster III nifH sequence-types that includes putative anaerobic diazotrophs. Trichodesmium colonies may represent an important habitat for these Cluster III diazotrophs, which were relatively rare in the surrounding seawater. Sequence analyses of nifH gene transcripts revealed several cyanobacterial groups, including heterocystous Richelia, associated with the colonies. Both the 16S rRNA and nifH datasets indicated strong differences between Trichodesmium epibionts and picoplankton in the surrounding seawater, and also between the epibionts inhabiting Trichodesmium puff and tuft colony morphologies. Metagenomic sequence analyses suggested that lineages typically associated with a copiotrophic lifestyle comprised a large fraction of colony-associated epibionts, in contrast to the streamlined genomes typical of bacterioplankton in these oligotrophic waters. Epibiont metagenomes were enriched in genes involved in phosphate and iron acquisition and denitrification pathways relative to surface seawater metagenomes. We propose that the unique microbial consortium inhabiting colonies has a significant impact on the biogeochemical functioning of Trichodesmium colonies in pelagic environments.
Relationship of the Raphe and Suprachiasmatic Nuclei to Serotonin Facilitation of Cyclic Reproductive Functions in Aging Female Rats

The female reproductive system undergoes degenerative structural changes and it accumulates severe functional deficits during aging. Although other physiological systems also degenerate to varying degrees with advancing age, normal reproductive function ceases entirely and is replaced by some type of abnormal gonadal activity in the female (Aschheim, 1976). For example, in the aged rat two or three postreproductive syndromes are recognized including constant estrus (CE) and repetitive pseudopregnancy (PSP). Symptomatically, these conditions differ in terms of ovarian morphology and endocrinology. CE is characterized by polyfollicular ovaries lacking corpora lutea, while ovaries from rats showing PSP contain many corpora lutea and the number of growing and preovulatory follicles is greatly reduced. As the result of these structural changes, sex steroid production by the ovaries of CE, PSP, and normally cycling rats differ significantly. CE ovaries hyperproduce and secrete estrogen resulting in elevated serum levels of the steroid which persist chronically (Huang et al, 1978). Since corpora lutea are lacking, progesterone production and serum content are profoundly depressed (Miller and Riegle, 1980). On the other hand serum from PSP rats contains elevated levels of progesterone and relatively little estrogen. In contrast to these senile variations, ovaries from young rats showing regular estrous cycles produce sequentially estrogen and progesterone as correlates of stages of the cycle and of the periodic presence of graffian follicles and corpora lutea.
Metabolic Pathways Involving Niacin and Its Derivatives

Publisher Summary This chapter presents metabolic pathways involving niacin and its derivatives. Tryptophan oxidation in liver has been found to be adaptive. It is of interest that the only step in the conversion of tryptophan to nicotinic acid that is adaptive is the oxidation to formylkynurenine. Studies have indicated that there may be two induction mechanisms involved in the adaptive formation of the tryptophan pyrrolase of liver. One mechanism is a specific response to an elevation of the serum tryptophan; the second mechanism is a nonspecific effect that appears to be manifested through the adrenal cortex and is associated with an increase in cortisone levels. There is little conclusive evidence indicating that D-tryptophan is a precursor of nicotinic acid. The data suggesting that this isomer of tryptophan may be used less effectively than the L-isomer in rats, chicks, and turkey poults may actually be the result of intestinal microorganisms acting on the D-tryptophan. A number of 1, 3, 4-thiadiazoles have been shown to be active against mouse neoplasms. These compounds were found to be antimetabolites of nicotinamide in bacteria and mice. The antitumor activity and the toxicity of 2-amino-l, 3, 4-thiadiazole can be prevented by treatment with nicotinamide. It has been shown that the DPNase can catalyze the synthesis of a thiadiazole analog of DPN by an exchange reaction.
Return-to-Play Criteria: The Delaware Experience

Most rehabilitation protocols and return-to-play (RTP) decisions are time-based rather than criterion-based. For over two decades, clinician-scientists at the University of Delaware have been implementing and advocating for the use of objective criteria to guide rehabilitation progression and RTP decision-making after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture and other knee injuries. Recent, high-quality research both from our cohorts and elsewhere supports and validates our approach. We have used the same objective clinical, functional, patient-reported, and time-based criteria to determine appropriate rehabilitation progression and RTP clearance for more than 20 years. Key clinical measures include achieving and maintaining full and symmetrical range of motion, minimal to no effusion, and no joint soreness. Functional testing consists of quadriceps strength and single-leg hop testing (single, crossover, triple, and 6 m timed hop tests); we compare the involved to uninvolved limb values to calculate limb symmetry indexes (LSI) with scores of 90% or greater representing symmetrical performance. Patient-reported outcomes, including the Knee Outcome Survey-Activities of Daily Living Subscale (KOS-ADLS) and Global Rating Scale of Perceived Function (GRS), assess patients’ self-evaluation of their knee function. Finally, we advocate for more delayed RTP time frames given the substantially increased risk of reinjury among athletes who return to high-level sports, such as football, prior to 9 months after primary ACL reconstruction. Our validated, objective RTP criteria include clinical impairment resolution and maintenance, ≥90% LSI for quadriceps strength and all four single-leg hop tests, ≥90% scores on the KOS-ADLS and GRS, and appropriate healing time (i.e., ≥9 months after primary ACL reconstruction). Athletes may then initiate a gradual RTP progression: individual drills, unopposed team drills, opposed individual and team drills, full practice, and finally competition. Using the Delaware RTP criteria may improve outcomes and lower reinjury risk.
Effects of Individual Differences in Blocking Workplace Distractions

Information workers are experiencing ever-increasing online distractions in the workplace, and software to block distractions is becoming more popular. We conducted an exploratory field study with 32 information workers in their workplace using software to block online distractions for one week. We discovered that with online distractions blocked, participants assessed their focus and productivity to be significantly higher. Those who benefited most were those who reported being less in control of their work, associated with personality traits of lower Conscientiousness and Lack of Perseverence. Unexpectedly, those reporting higher control of work experienced a cost of higher workload with online distractions blocked. Those who reported the greatest increase in focus with distractions blocked were those who were more susceptible to social media distractions. Without distractions, people with higher control of work worked longer stretches without physical breaks, with consequently higher stress. We present design recommendations to promote focus for our observed coping behaviors.
A broadband (10–20 GHz) lightweight receive module on multilayer LCP technology for radar applications

A broad-band single substrate module receiver is built on multi-layer flexible substrate. The module consists of a Vivaldi antenna array, power combiner, and multilayer filter. The measured antenna array (2 × 1) shows high gain over a wide frequency range. The filter is designed for bandpass characteristics over a 0.75 GHz bandwidth. Low-cost, light-weight compact modules can be designed using the proposed process using multilayer LCP.
Macrophage Recognition Mechanisms: Clinical and Experimental Considerations

Phagocytosis is an active process dependent upon both cellular activity (1–4) and humoral recognition factors (HRF) (5–10). The latter are essential for the expression of the discriminative actions of macrophages. Alterations in either the cellular or humoral components of the RES manifest themselves in altered intravascular clearance of colloidal materials (7,8,11,12). In addition to altered intravascular clearance rates, depression of reticuloendothelial (FE) function, by either alterations of cellular activity or depletion of HRF, is also associated with a decreased production of humoral antibodies (13,14) and cellular transplant reactions (15). Conversely, RES stimulation is associated with increased humoral (16) and cellular immunity (15). It is clear from these and other studies that the RES constitutes the afferent limb of the immune response.
Delineation of delta ecozones using interferometric SAR phase coherence: Mackenzie River Delta, N.W.T., Canada

Abstract Interferometric processing of six C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image pairs for the Mackenzie River Delta shows that phase coherence is more effective than radar backscatter for differentiating willow–alder, spruce, ice, and open water. Similar radar backscattering from vegetation and wind-roughened water surfaces can make such distinctions difficult in SAR backscatter images. In contrast, coherence is preserved over surfaces with rigid scattering elements, such as leafless woody alder, but is lost over temporally unstable surfaces such as open water. We find that willow–alder display highest coherence followed by spruce, frozen lakes and channels, and open water, respectively. This general hierarchy is preserved even when overall image coherence is decreased by increasing temporal and spatial baselines. Evaluation of spatial, thermal noise and temporal components of total observed coherence indicates that temporal decorrelation is a primary control. Short temporal baselines, such as those obtained during the European Remote Sensing Satellite (ERS) 1-day tandem missions, are therefore optimal for obtaining maximum differentiation of surface classes.
Cell Hybridization and the 24 Human Gene Maps

The transfer of genes is an ancient phenomenon in the biology and evolution of organisms, as is evidenced by a variety of microorganisms. In bacteria during their sexual reproductive phase, cell-to-cell transfer of single-stranded DNA has been demonstrated (Lederberg, 1947; Wollman et al., 1956). In addition, DNA isolated from one genotype could stably change the phenotype of another bacterium (Avery et al., 1944). Similarly, the infection of bacteria by a certain bacteriophage involves transfer of phage DNA into a bacterium and integration into the bacterial genome. When phage replication takes place, the phage genome sometimes acquires a bacterial gene that was closely linked to the inserted phage genome. Subsequent bacterial infections by this phage can transfer the bacterial gene to another bacterial genome (Zinder and Lederberg, 1952; Lennox, 1955). In the life cycle of fungi, the entire haploid genome is transferred by the formation of heterokaryons after fusion of hyphae from different genomes (Fincham, 1966). In eukaryotes, fertilization of an egg could be considered a form of gene transfer, since an entire haploid genome is transferred. Thus, there are biological mechanisms for cells to accept new genetic material and propagate it through cell division. Understanding the principles of gene transfer in mammals, especially Homo sapiens, will teach us much about genetic mechanisms, gene expression, cell growth and differentiation, gene mapping, mutagenesis, and both normal and abnormal human biology. This information promises to be essential for understanding and possibly treating disease.
Carboniumionen. Nukleophile Substitution am gesättigten Kohlenstoff

Eine vollkommene, polare Dissoziation der C-Halogen-Bindung in Alkylhalogeniden ist z. B. durch Komplexierung des Halogens mit einer Lewis’schen Saure (BF3, SbF5) in geeignetem, gut ionisierendem Medium zu erreichen.
Implementing the GraphBLAS C API

This paper describes our implementation of the GraphBLAS C API. The implementation fully hides the internals of GraphBLAS objects from application programs, which only operate on pointers to opaque objects. The interface is defined by a C11-compliant include file, while the methods are implemented in C++ and packaged as a library with C language bindings. Internally, the library is built using a layered approach, in which most of the heavy work is done by member methods of the objects, while an API layer provides the compatibility with the specification. We describe the organization of the include file, explaining how it translates the polymorphic interface to its nonpolymorphic version. We also describe the inner workings of two GraphBLAS methods, reduction and matrix-matrix multiplication, which serve as running examples in our description of the implementation.
Collaborative Quality Initiatives

Quality improvement collaboratives were developed in many medical and surgical disciplines with the goal of measuring and improving the quality of care provided to patients. In urology, there are several such groups, including the Michigan Urological Surgery Improvement Collaborative (MUSIC), the Pennsylvania Urologic Regional Collaborative (PURC) and the International Robotic Cystectomy Consortium (IRCC). In this chapter we will discuss the historic background, rationale and goals of these collaboratives, with a focus on efforts aimed at improving patient selection, intraoperative skills and techniques, and postoperative outcomes following robotic surgery.
Abstract TP130: Recurrent Hemispheric Stroke Syndromes in Symptomatic Atherosclerotic Internal Carotid Artery Occlusions: The COSS Trial

Background: There are limited data on the baseline characteristics and clinical outcomes of patients who have recurrent hemispheric syndromes in the territory of symptomatic atherosclerotic interna...
BIOPROSTHETIC AORTIC VALVE NONBACTERIAL THROMBOTIC ENDOCARDITIS WITHOUT UNDERLYING MALIGNANCY OR AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE

Prosthetic valve endocarditis is a recognized complication of valve replacement. Rarely, nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE) of a prosthetic valve has been described in patients with underlying malignancy or autoimmune disease. Thus far, there have been no published case reports of NBTE on a
Soil warming and winter snowpacks: Implications for northern forest ecosystem functioning

Abstract In northern regions, the depth and duration of the snowpack strongly influences soil temperatures during winter and early spring. As climate warms and snowpack depth and duration decline, soils are likely to experience colder more variable temperatures in winter, with important implications for ecosystem function. Over the last three decades, researchers at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire, United States, have leveraged long-term records of climate and biogeochemistry, experimental manipulations, and natural variation in landscape and species composition to determine how ecosystem function will respond to changing patterns of temperature and precipitation throughout the year. Here we review the comprehensive set of studies that indicate shifts in forest ecosystem function due to climate change are mediated through a combination of winter and growing season dynamics that lead to a suite of interconnected responses among soil biogeochemistry, microbes, vegetation, and fauna.
Hotel Technology: Key to Survival

Nothing could be clearer. Personal service is still the soul of the hotel industry, but technology has definitely become the heart.
Does the Affordable Care Act Affect Preventive Care among Young Adults

In this paper, I mainly focus on a provision in the Affordable Care Act (ACA), and this provision is that dependents whose age is up to 26 can be covered by their parents’ health insurance. On the basis of this provision in the ACA, I put forward my research question, which is whether the Affordable Care Act affects preventive care among young adults? To examine the research question, I choose Linear Probability Model within difference in difference as my main method. However, in the model regression, the coefficients of the interaction terms on flu shot and HIV Test are statistically insignificant, the results imply that the ACA does not affect the use of flu shot and HIV Test among young adults. As a common preventive care, the using of flu shot increases year by year, and it means young adults gradually raise healthy awareness. The using of HIV Test decreases year by year. Perhaps, HIV Test is not a common preventive care, and it is just for young adults who really need to take HIV Test.
Virtual reflection: Antoine Arnauld on Descartes' concept of Conscientia

Although Descartes has often been portrayed as the father of the modern concept of mind, his approach to consciousness is notoriously problematic. What makes it particularly hard to assess his role...
Modeling Women’s Need For Action in Violent Relationships:

We are beginning to understand that intimate partner violence (IPV) and women’s decision-making about that violence are nonlinear phenomena. IPV and decision-making are influenced by variables feed...
Movement, Gesture, and Singing: A Review of Literature:

The purpose of this review of literature was to explore intersections between movement and gesture, and to examine their effects on singing. Music educators have long championed the integration of ...
Seed-Assisted zeolite synthesis: The impact of seeding conditions and interzeolite transformations on crystal structure and morphology

Abstract Seed-assisted approaches in zeolite synthesis differ from classical processes in that the seeds tend to dissolve, giving rise to an unknown memory of the parent crystal structure that facilitates the nucleation of the daughter. It has been hypothesized in literature that a shared structural feature, such as a composite building unit, between the parent and the crystals produced from a non-seeded growth solution results in identical parent-daughter framework types. In this study, our findings reveal that this scenario is true in select cases, but often the initial structure formed in seeded syntheses is metastable, resulting in interzeolite transformation(s) with prolonged hydrothermal treatment. In general, the trajectory tends to favor a final structure identical to that obtained by non-seeded growth under identical synthesis conditions. Here, we explore how seed-assisted syntheses impact zeolite properties such as size, morphology, structure, and defects. We observe that the molar composition of the growth mixture and the properties of the seed crystals play a significant role in controlling the kinetics of nucleation and the trajectory of interzeolite transformations. Furthermore, we observe that seeds offer unique routes to achieve small crystal sizes and distinct morphologies in comparison to many conventional syntheses. Advantages of seeding include shorter synthesis time and the ability to reduce or eliminate the need for organic structure-directing agents, thereby providing a facile and efficient route to design zeolites for various industrial applications. The fundamental mechanisms underlying zeolite seed-assisted crystallization are complex and elusive; however, our study provides new insight into these processes and highlights the important role of kinetics in governing parent-daughter (or seed-product) relationships.
Recent Advances in Domesticating Non‐model Microorganisms

Non-model microorganisms have been increasingly explored as microbial cell factories for production of chemicals, fuels, and materials owing to their unique physiology and metabolic capabilities. However, these microorganisms often lack facile genetic tools for strain development, which hinders their adoption as production hosts. In this review, we describe recent advances in domestication of non-model microorganisms, including bacteria, actinobacteria, cyanobacteria, yeast, and fungi, with a focus on the development of genetic tools. In addition, we highlight some successful applications of non-model microorganisms as microbial cell factories.
Effects of Analyte Concentration on the Protonation Sites of 4-Aminobenzoic Acid upon Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization As Revealed by Gas-Phase Ion-Molecule Reactions.

The most basic site of 4-aminobenzoic acid in aqueous solution is the amino nitrogen while the carbonyl oxygen is calculated to be the most basic site in the gas phase. However, the preferred proto...
Use of GPS for Older Adults to Decrease Driving Risk: Perceptions from Users and Non-Users.

Community mobility is important for social participation and quality of life. Thus, it is important to sustain older adults in their communities by supporting their ability to drive as long as possible. Use of global positioning system (GPS) technology may provide such support. This descriptive study examined 89 healthy community older adults’ perspective on using and programming a GPS after using it for wayfinding to unfamiliar destinations. Participants were equally divided between two age groups (60s, 70s) and familiarity with GPS (familiar, unfamiliar). The results showed age differences in problems following GPS directions and those who were familiar found it significantly easier to use. The majority of the unfamiliar group indicated an increased interest in using GPS and were significantly more interested in training to use a GPS. Preference for learning how to use a GPS included in-person delivery and practice with troubleshooting, using the menus and changing routes as topics critical for training. The implications of these results are discussed.