cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE ISOLATION OF AN O SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE FROM GASTRIC JUICE OF SECRETORS AND CARBOHYDRATE-LIKE SUBSTANCES FROM GASTRIC JUICE OF NON-SECRETORS

1. The isolation of a group specific O substance from the gastric juice of human beings belonging to group O is described. Absorbed normal beef serum constitutes the anti-O reagent. 2. The O specific substance inhibits the agglutination of human red blood cells belonging to group O. The agglutination of A cells by the isoagglutinin anti-A, or B cells by the isoagglutinin anti-B, is not influenced by the O substance. 3. The A and B specific substances isolated from human gastric juices inhibit the agglutination of O cells by absorbed normal beef serum, frequently to about the same extent as does the O substance itself. 4. The carbohydrate fraction isolated from the gastric juice of non-secretors belonging to group B does not inhibit the agglutination of human red blood cells of group B by the isoagglutinin anti-B nor the agglutination of O cells by the anti-O reagent. The significance of these findings for the conception of the nature of the blood groups and their inheritance is discussed.
Fourth sound velocity and two-scale-factor universality in 4He near Tλ☆

Abstract Measurements of the fourth and first sound velocities near the superfluid transition temperature at several pressures in 4 He show that the error in the amplitude of the superfluid fraction ϱ s /ϱ derived from second sound velocities is not more than 3% and too small to explain apparent departures from two-scale-factor universality along the λ-line.
Switched pattern laser projection for real-time depth extraction and visualization through endoscopes

Gathering depth information through an endoscope or laparoscope during surgical or other procedures is quite difficult. There are stereo laparoscopes but generating three-dimensional models with them is very difficult. Accurate real-time generation of three-dimensional models through a laparoscope is a needed technology to enable a wide range of surgical applications. We have designed a miniature laparoscopic optical system consisting of a single laser whose pattern is modulated and uses the laparoscope as the optical display path into the body. Two cameras, one sensitive to the laser light and the other for full color imaging share this same tube as the laser projector but use the light from the opposite direction. The images gathered by the laser sensitive camera are used to generate a three dimensional map, and the color image is used to acquire the corresponding texture map. High-speed image processing hardware is used to generate 3D information using a structured light technique. The user can then re-render the acquired scene in 3D. The optical system is divided into a removable upper half consisting of the cameras, laser, digital light switches and combining optics. The lower half is the laparoscope or endocope that can be sterilized. There can be several variations in the configuration of the laparoscope optical half that tailor to different procedures.
Integrating model management with data management in decision support systems

Abstract Because of the increasing complexity of the problems faced by decision makers and the nature of decision support systems, decision models are becoming more and more crucial to their success. In this paper, a general framework for model management, which can integrate model management and data management and handle issues in model management such as model creation, model modification and model use is proposed.
Activity of the marine gastropod Urosalpinx cinerea in the absence of hibernation

Activities of two populations of the oyster borer,Urosalpinx cinerea follyensis Baker, deprived of hibernation in warmed running seawater are described. Seawater was warmed in a nontoxic system lacking moving mechanical parts. Survival, addition of shell, crawling, turning over; identification, mounting, boring, and consumption ofCrassostrea virginica andMytilus edulis; pH of secretion of the accessory boring organ; size and shape of boreholes; deposition and form of egg capsules and development of young, appeared normal. Relatively constant environmental conditions for prolonged periods made the snails sluggish. While maximum deposition of egg capsules occurred in July, small clusters were oviposited sporadically during the remainder of the year. Successful growth and reproduction in the absence of hibernation demonstrated that this snail, unless carefully controlled, could become a serious predator in ponds warmed by coolant seawater from power stations for shellfish culture.
The use of wetting measurements in the assessment of acid-base interactions at solid-liquid interfaces

It is now generally recognized that the principal forces contributing to the work of adhesion between two phases, WA, are the Lifshitz-van der Waals forces (which include a small contribution from permanent and induced dipoles) and acid-base interactions, taken in the most general 'Lewis' sense. One may thus write WA = WLW A + wab A = 2√σLWSσLWL + fN(-ΔHab), where WLW A and Wab A are the Lifshitz-van der Waals and acid-base contributions to the work of adhesion, and σLW S and σLW L are the Lifshitz-van der Waals contributions to the surface free energies of the solid and the liquid, respectively; ΔHab is the enthalpy (per mol) of the acid-base adduct formation between the acid or base functional groups on the adherend and in the adhesive; N is the number (moles) of accessible functional groups per unit area of the adherend; and f is an enthalpy-to-free energy correction factor (which has normally been assumed to be ~1). The present work seeks to evaluate Wab A for several systems using wetting measurement...
Oxidative-addition across a carbon-sulfur bond: Platinum(0) complexes with ethylene trithiocarbonate and trimetylene trithiocarbonate

Abstract Platinum(0) phosphine complexes PtL 4 (where L = PPh 3 or PMePh 2 ) undergo oxidative addition reactions with ethylene trithiocarbonate, C 2 H 4 CS 3 , to give cis - PtCS 2 CH 2 CH 2 S (L) 2 and with trimethylene trithiocarbonate, (CH 2 ) 3 CS 3 , to give cis - PtCS 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 S (PPh 3 ) 2 . These bidentate ligands are displaced by CS 2 giving the free trithiocarbonates and the known CS 2 complex Pt(CS 2 ) (PPh 3 ) 2 . Dimethyl trithiocarbonate, (CH 3 S) 2 CS, does not undergo the same type of oxidative-addition reaction with Pt(PPh 3 ) 4 , and ethylene carbonate shows no reactivity toward Pt(PPh 3 ) 4 .
Transseptal Left Heart Catheterization as an Aid in the Diagnosis of Cor Triatriatum

A case of cor triatriatum is described in which transseptal left heart catheterization was useful in making the diagnosis by allowing easy access to the accessory chamber for pressure measurements and angiography.
Model curricula for 4-year computer science and engineering programs

It is with pleasure that the IEEE Computer Society welcomes this opportunity to participate with ACM members concerned with education of computer scientists and computer engineers. It is hoped that this cooperation will continue in the future. Described in this panel presentation will be the results of two years of concentrated development by members of the IEEE Computer Society Education Committee towards cohesive and flexible model curricula for 4-year computer science and engineering programs. This effort was initiated in May 1974, and since has resulted in eight working sessions, has involved 20 active module developers, has called upon nearly 40 outside reviewers, and has sought cooperation with academia, industry, the ACM and the DISE Committee. The first test of the model curricula was held in June 1976 at a IEEE Computer Society Educators Workshop; a test that seemed to be passed as judged by those attending the workshop.Specifically, this panel presentation will introduce the IEEE Computer Society effort, will place the effort in historical perspective, and will describe in detail the need as seen by many educators. It will dwell briefly on past contributions by similar committees, will provide a definition of computer science and engineering and will provide a pictorial outline of the 17 modules that comprise the five subject areas of the proposed curricula. This will be followed with selected examples of possible implementation strategies. The presentation will close with a summary of future work and a short comparison of the IEEE and ACM efforts.
Flock-specific recognition of chickadee calls

Playback tests were conducted to determine whether black-capped chickadee (Parus atricapillus) flocks recognize the difference between their own calls and those of another flock. The ‘chick-a-dee’ call of the species includes flock-specific acoustic differences that arise, in part, from vocal convergence among flock-members. The call is used in behavioral contexts such as flock territory defense and predator ‘mobbing’, suggesting its importance in coordinating flock behavior. The results show significant differences between responses to foreign and resident calls. Test flocks responded to foreign calls by increasing their own calling rate and decreasing their foraging rate at a feeder set up above the playback speaker. Test flocks' responses to their own calls did not differ significantly from baseline levels of behavior. The significance of flock recognition based on an acoustic signal is discussed.
THE BEARING OF RECENT WORK ON THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES UPON GYNECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS, WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO DISORDERS OF MENSTRUATION*

No physiological problem has been more assiduously studied within recent years than has that of the female reproductive cycle. Important advances have been made, and many of these have been directly applicable to the interpretation and management of clinical problems. The debt of gynecology to the research worker in this respect is naturally greater and more clearly apparent than that of any other branch of clinical medicine. The gynecologist himself is rarely qualified to carry on physiological investigations, although there are not a few important problems which are just as readily, or perhaps even more readily, studied in the human female than in the laboratory animal. In the main, however, the gynecologist has become quite dependent upon the trained laboratory investigators who have interested themselves in this problem, so that nowadays the intelligent practice of gynecology presupposes a familiarity with the interesting story of reproductive physiology which physiologists are unfolding for us. So ra...
Radiolocalization of the sentinel lymph node in Merkel cell carcinoma: A clinical analysis of seven cases

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare cutaneous skin lesion with a variable but often aggressive clinical course. Patient survival correlates with nodal status and the presence of distant metastases. The histologic status of the sentinel lymph node consistently correlates with the incidence of regional lymphatic metastases in other dermal malignancies. The technique of radiolocalization and surgical resection of the sentinel lymph node using an intraoperative gamma probe is used to guide clinical management in these patients. We report on seven cases of MCC managed utilizing this technique. Four patients had negative sentinel nodes and no other nodal disease at completion lymphadenectomy (n = 2) or clinical follow-up (n = 2) and currently remain disease free. Two patients had a positive sentinel node but no other positive lymph nodes at completion lymphadenectomy; one of them developed regional recurrence. One patient with a positive sentinel node and six additional positive nodes developed extensive nodal disease and systemic recurrence during radiotherapy and expired of MCC. Our results suggest that the sentinel node was identified and removed successfully using radiolocalization making this technique useful in the staging and therapy of patients with MCC.
Differences in visual attention between those who correctly and incorrectly answer physics problems

This study investigated how visual attention differed between those who correctly versus incorrectly answered introductory physics problems. We recorded eye movements of 24 individuals on six different conceptual physics problems where the necessary information to solve the problem was contained in a diagram. The problems also contained areas consistent with a novicelike response and areas of high perceptual salience. Participants ranged from those who had only taken one high school physics course to those who had completed a Physics Ph.D. We found that participants who answered correctly spent a higher percentage of time looking at the relevant areas of the diagram, and those who answered incorrectly spent a higher percentage of time looking in areas of the diagram consistent with a novicelike answer. Thus, when solving physics problems, top-down processing plays a key role in guiding visual selective attention either to thematically relevant areas or novicelike areas depending on the accuracy of a student’s physics knowledge. This result has implications for the use of visual cues to redirect individuals’ attention to relevant portions of the diagrams and may potentially influence the way they reason about these problems.
REACTIONS OF TRIMETHYL GROUP IVA HALIDES (Si, Ge, Sn) WITH PHOSPHINE-BRIDGED PALLADIUM, PLATINUM, AND SILVER DIMERS

Abstract Reactions of a series of binuclear, phosphine bridged late transition metal complexes, Pd2Cl2(dppm)2, Pd2Cl2(dmpm)2, Pd2Cl2(Ph2Ppy)2, Pt2Cl2(dppm)2, and Ag2Br2(dppm)2, with Me3SiX (X = Br, I), Me3GeBr and Me3SnBr were examined by 31P NMR spectroscopy. Rapid exchange of Pd-Cl, Pt-Cl and Ag-Br bonds for Pd-X, Pt-X (X = Br, I) and Ag-I bonds was observed to be independent of the nature of the phosphine ligand, the nature of the metal center or the group IV element. Differences in Lewis acidity of the transition metal center as a function of the ligands and the identity of the transition metal and differences in the basicity of the Me3EBr ligands are proposed to account for the failure to detect intermediates in these reactions similar to those reported for reactions between Pd2Cl2(dppm)2 and Me3SiX.
The effect on carbonic anhydrase inhibition on urine formation and electrolyte excretion in the fresh-water turtle (Pseudemys scripta)

Abstract 1. 1. Acetazolamide in doses of 5–50 mg/kg was given intraperitoneally to fresh-water turtles, Pseudemys scripta , and urinary volume and electrolyte concentration were measured. 2. 2. The drug caused a significant diuresis, an increase in urinary sodium, potassium and bicarbonate excretion and an increase in urinary pH.
Placental corticotropin-releasing hormone: Function and regulation

Corticotropin-releasing hormone is a neuropeptide placentally expressed among mammals only in primates. Its expression increases as much as 100 times during the last 6 to 8 weeks of pregnancy and is paradoxically stimulated by glucocorticoids. Increasing evidence suggests that placental corticotropin-releasing hormone may have evolved in primates to stimulate fetal adrenocorticotropin release and adrenal steroidogenesis, thus satisfying the high demand for synthesis of dehydroepiandrosterone, the predominant source of placental estradiol. Concomitant stimulation by placental corticotropin-releasing hormone of fetal cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone would couple the glucocorticoid effects on fetal organ maturation with the timing of parturition, an obvious benefit in postnatal survival.
Eye contact and video-mediated communication: A review

A relatively new form of human communication, video-conferencing has become more popular as video technology improves and with increasing demands for real-time communication across greater distances. The full effects of video-conferencing on human communication are still being explored. Video-conferencing is presumed to be a somewhat richer form of communication than email and telephone, but not quite as informative as face-to-face communication. This review explores research into the influence of eye contact on communication and how video-conferencing mediates both verbal and non-verbal interactions. Facilitation of eye contact is a challenge that must be addressed so that video-conferencing can approach the rich interactions of face-to-face communication.
Growth Requirements of Gyrodinium cohnii

SYNOPSIS. Gyrodinium cohnii, a marine heterotrophic dinoflagellate, was cultured at 35 C in a medium supplemented with yeast extract and finally in a defined medium. Vitamin B12, not required at 30 C or lower, caused marked stimulation at 35 C used in combination with yeast extract or tryptophan + proline. Folic acid and possibly other vitamins may also be stimulatory at the elevated temperature. Ecological implications and applications to bioassays are discussed.
Stimulation of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activity by apolipoprotein A-II in the presence of apolipoprotein A-I.

Various combinations of incorporation and addition of apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) and apolipoprotein A-II (apo A-II) individually or together to a defined lecithin-cholesterol (250/12.5 molar ratio) liposome prepared by the cholate dialysis procedure were used to study the effect of apo A-II on lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT, EC 2.3.1.43) activity of both purified enzyme preparations and plasma. When apo A-I (0.1–3.0 nmol/assay) alone was incorporated or added to the liposome, apo A-I effectively activated the enzyme. By contrast, when apo A-II (0.1–3.0 nmol/assay) alone was incorporated into or added to the liposome, apo A-II exhibited minimal activation of LCAT activity, approximately 1% of the activity obtained by an equal amount of apo A-I. Addition of apo A-II (0.1–3.0 nmol/assay) together with apo A-I (0.8 nmol/assay) to the liposome reduced the LCAT activity to approximately 30% of the level obtained with addition of apo A-I alone. On the other hand, addition of apo A-II (0.1–3.0 nmol/assay) or addition of lecithin-cholesterol liposome containing apo A-II (0.1–3.0 nmol/assay) to lecithin-cholesterol liposome containing apo A-I-(0.8 nmol/assay) did not significantly alter apo A-I activation of LCAT activity. However, when the same amounts (0.1–3.0 nmol/assay) of apo A-II were incorporated together with apo A-I (0.8 nmol/assay) into the liposome, apo A-II significantly stimulated LCAT activity as compared to activity obtained with incorporation of apo A-I alone. The maximal stimulation was obtained with 0.4 nmol apo A-II/assay for both purified and plasma enzyme. At this apo A-II concentration, approximately 4-fold and 1.8-fold stimulation was observed for purified enzyme and plasma enzyme, respectively. These results indicated that apo A-II must be incorporated together with apo A-I into lecithin-cholesterol liposomes to exert its stimulatory effect on LCAT activity and that apo A-II in high-density lipoprotein may play an important role in the regulation of LCAT activity.
IEEE 802.11 based Wireless Mesh Networks: A multi-channel MAC baseline study

Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) extend the range of the IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi beyond the one-hop range. This has made it an attractive research topic given the exponential growth in Wi-Fi portable devices. However, the multi-hop nature of WMNs creates many new challenges, primarily in the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer. Specifically, the IEEE 802.11 Medium Access Control (MAC) layer is designed for a single hop wireless network. In this paper, we propose an effective modification to the IEEE 802.11 MAC layer by incorporating a multi-channel mode. Simulation evidence shows significant improvement in many major network performance metrics compared to the literature and to the single channel mode.
SU-E-J-142: Performance Study of Automatic Image-Segmentation Algorithms in Motion Tracking Via MR-IGRT

Purpose: Evaluate commonly used segmentation algorithms on a commercially available real-time MR image guided radiotherapy (MR-IGRT) system (ViewRay), compare the strengths and weaknesses of each method, with the purpose of improving motion tracking for more accurate radiotherapy. Methods: MR motion images of bladder, kidney, duodenum, and liver tumor were acquired for three patients using a commercial on-board MR imaging system and an imaging protocol used during MR-IGRT. A series of 40 frames were selected for each case to cover at least 3 respiratory cycles. Thresholding, Canny edge detection, fuzzy k-means (FKM), k-harmonic means (KHM), and reaction-diffusion level set evolution (RD-LSE), along with the ViewRay treatment planning and delivery system (TPDS) were included in the comparisons. To evaluate the segmentation results, an expert manual contouring of the organs or tumor from a physician was used as a ground-truth. Metrics value of sensitivity, specificity, Jaccard similarity, and Dice coefficient were computed for comparison. Results: In the segmentation of single image frame, all methods successfully segmented the bladder and kidney, but only FKM, KHM and TPDS were able to segment the liver tumor and the duodenum. For segmenting motion image series, the TPDS method had the highest sensitivity, Jarccard, and Dice coefficients inmore » segmenting bladder and kidney, while FKM and KHM had a slightly higher specificity. A similar pattern was observed when segmenting the liver tumor and the duodenum. The Canny method is not suitable for consistently segmenting motion frames in an automated process, while thresholding and RD-LSE cannot consistently segment a liver tumor and the duodenum. Conclusion: The study compared six different segmentation methods and showed the effectiveness of the ViewRay TPDS algorithm in segmenting motion images during MR-IGRT. Future studies include a selection of conformal segmentation methods based on image/organ-specific information, different filtering methods and their influences on the segmentation results. Parag Parikh receives research grant from ViewRay. Sasa Mutic has consulting and research agreements with ViewRay. Yanle Hu receives travel reimbursement from ViewRay. Iwan Kawrakow and James Dempsey are ViewRay employees.« less
Improving frequency domain super-resolution via undersampling model

The super-resolution problem is considered using a mean-squared error minimizing solution of a generalized undersampling model in this non-iterative frequency domain approach. While previous frequency domain approaches have been based on a bandlimited image model, this approach uses a non-bandlimited stationary spectral model. This allows improved reconstruction of certain image features. The model and algorithm are presented along with an example
Human deafness dystonia syndrome is caused by a defect in assembly of the DDP1/TIMM8a–TIMM13 complex

Mohr-Tranebjaerg syndrome (MTS/DFN-1) or deafness/dystonia syndrome results from a mutation in deafness/ dystonia protein 1/translocase of mitochondrial inner membrane 8a (DDP1/TIMM8a). DDP1/TIMM8a is similar to a family of yeast proteins in the mitochondrial intermembrane space which mediate the import and insertion of inner membrane proteins. We now show that TIMM8a assembles in a 70 kDa complex in the intermembrane space with TIMM13. DDP1/TIMM8a is not detectable in fibroblasts derived from a patient with a missense mutation in the DDP1/TIMM8a gene; the point mutation results in cysteine-66 being changed to tryptophan-66 in the conserved 'twin CX 3 C' motif. The corresponding mutation in yeast translocase of inner membrane 8p (Tim8p) yields an unstable protein that does not assemble with yeast Tim13p. DDP1/TIMM8a, when expressed with TIMM13 in yeast mitochondria lacking the Tim8p-Tim13p complex, restores Tim23p import, and TIMM8a and TIMM13 can be cross-linked to the hTim23 import intermediate in rat and yeast mitochondria. In a similar manner to Tim8p, TIMM8a seemingly mediates the import of hTim23. Deafness/dystonia syndrome thus may be caused by decreased levels of Tim23 in the mitochondrial inner membrane in affected tissues.
Probabilistic Inference of Hand Motion from Neural Activity in Motor Cortex

Statistical learning and probabilistic inference techniques are used to infer the hand position of a subject from multi-electrode recordings of neural activity in motor cortex. First, an array of electrodes provides training data of neural firing conditioned on hand kinematics. We learn a non-parametric representation of this firing activity using a Bayesian model and rigorously compare it with previous models using cross-validation. Second, we infer a posterior probability distribution over hand motion conditioned on a sequence of neural test data using Bayesian inference. The learned firing models of multiple cells are used to define a non-Gaussian likelihood term which is combined with a prior probability for the kinematics. A particle filtering method is used to represent, update, and propagate the posterior distribution over time. The approach is compared with traditional linear filtering methods; the results suggest that it may be appropriate for neural prosthetic applications.
Kuhn and cognitive psychology: A response to Gibson

The paper by Bradley S. Gibson represents a laudable effort to demonstrate how important concepts in Kuhn’s theory of science (i.e. “exemplar” and “learned perception of similarity”) articulate with theoretical concepts in cognitive psychology (i.e. “schema”). Two decades of theoretical development in cognitive psychology provide strong support for the claim that the field possesses the required methodology and conceptual power to ultimately elucidate the intellectual processes that make possible scientific thinking, discovery and verification. It certainly is timely to apply cognitive psychology to real-world processes including science. As a matter of fact, a high quality literature already kxists that deals with the cognitive processes that operate in scientific activities, such as the development of expertise, problem solving and discovery. Gibson, in fact, cites several important papers that are part of that literature (e.g. Chi et al., 1981). Before commenting on the details of Gibson’s cognitive analysis of Kuhnian concepts, it may be helpful to place Kuhn’s scholarly work in a broader historical context. The contemporary era in philosophy of science is largely a result of the combined work of Kuhn (1962), Polanyi (1964), Toulmin (1963) and others. This approach, which has been labeled paradigm theory (Manicas SC Secord, 1983), replaced the older doctrine of Vienna Circle Logical Positivism. Known as logical empiricism in this country, logical positivism dominated philosophy of science and most conceptions of Western science from about 1920 through 1960 (Ayer, 1959). Logical positivists generally subscribed to a unitary notion of canonical validation-namely, that rule-goverhed procedures based on the formal logic of Princijk~ vnathematica are what drives all significant decisionmaking in science, including which knowledge claims are worth considering and which are to be regarded as proven (Brown, 1979). In contrast, paradigm theory takes explicit notice that much scientific d<cision-making, including the verification of claims about natural phenomena, is made by consortia decision-making groups consisting of editors, consultants, -referees, etc. While the scientific community strongly values formal representation and logical deduction, many of its decisions are not logical. This is not to say that they are illogical; rather, they are consensual. While most consensual decisions can be defended on one or another intellectual basis, the defense is persuasive rather
SQUID-detected in vivo MRI at microtesla magnetic fields

We use a low transition temperature (T/sub c/) Super-conducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) to perform in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at magnetic fields around 100 microtesla, corresponding to proton Larmor frequencies of about 5 kHz. In such low fields, broadening of the nuclear magnetic resonance lines due to inhomogeneous magnetic fields and susceptibility variations of the sample are minimized, enabling us to obtain high quality images. To reduce environmental noise the signal is detected by a second-order gradiometer, coupled to the SQUID, and the experiment is surrounded by a 3-mm thick Al shield. To increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), we prepolarize the samples in a field up to 100 mT. Three-dimensional images are acquired in less than 6 minutes with a standard spin-echo phase-encoding sequence. Using encoding gradients of /spl sim/100 /spl mu/T/m we obtain three-dimensional images of bell peppers with a resolution of 2/spl times/2/spl times/8 mm/sup 3/. Our system is ideally suited to acquiring images of small, peripheral parts of the human body such as hands and arms. In vivo images of an arm, acquired at 132 /spl mu/T, show 24-mm sections of the forearm with a resolution of 3/spl times/3 mm/sup 2/ and a SNR of 10. We discuss possible applications of MRI at these low magnetic fields.
Tex to Web-fast and easy

The Web has become a repository for a wide range of easily accessed information-from lecture notes to articles to recipes-all on hand for a large, varied audience. However, the ease of publishing (or posting) your information should match the ease of retrieval (download times notwithstanding). The author discusses software that converts documents created with Tex or LaTex into HTML files with minimal effort, and a plug-in that lets Web browsers view Tex and LaTex files.
Toward a Theory of Reinstatement: Seven Motivations for Reinstatement as Relationship Repair

There is a long, interdisciplinary tradition of examining why organizations remove privileges from members as a part of disciplinary action. In contrast, little is known about why organizations return privileges after disciplinary action has occurred. Nonetheless, such reinstatement is ubiquitous in organizations. This paper provides a starting point for a theory of reinstatement by using the emerging theoretical domain of relationship repair. Treating reinstatement as relationship repair highlights the importance of causal attribution, social equilibrium, relationship structure, and power as means of relationship repair. The paper uses these four bases of relationship repair to develop a series of specific motivations for why managers might reinstate privileges.
How “undocumented workers” and “illegal aliens” affect prejudice toward Mexican immigrants

Although the terms “illegal aliens” and “undocumented workers” are often used interchangeably to refer to the same immigrant population, they have very different connotations. The present study investigated why these two terms invoke different levels of prejudice. A group of undergraduate students (n = 269) were assigned to evaluate either “illegal aliens” or “undocumented workers.” Two models were tested based on integrated threat theory (ITT) and instrumental model of group conflict (IMGC). ITT situates threat-related variables (realistic threat, symbolic threat, negative stereotypes) as proximal determinants of prejudice, and IMGC situates perceived competition-related variables (zero-sum competition beliefs, social dominance orientation) as proximal determinants of prejudice. The ITT model better accounted for the fact that “illegal aliens” invoked greater prejudice than “undocumented workers,” indicating that the term “illegal aliens” is associated with increased perceptions of threat. The potential ...
Does Job Testing Harm Minority Workers? Evidence from Retail Establishments

Because minorities typically fare poorly on standardized tests, job testing is thought to pose an equality-efficiency trade-off: testing improves selection but reduces minority hiring. We develop a conceptual framework to assess when this trade-off is likely to apply and evaluate the evidence for such a trade-off using hiring and productivity data from a national retail firm whose 1,363 stores switched from informal to test-based worker screening over the course of one year. We document that testing yielded more productive hires at this firm—raising mean and median tenure by 10% or more. Consistent with prior research, minorities performed worse on the test. Yet, testing had no measurable impact on minority hiring, and productivity gains were uniformly large among minority and nonminority hires. These results suggest that job testing raised the precision of screening without introducing additional negative information about minority applicants, most plausibly because both the job test and the informal screen that preceded it were unbiased.
Integrating resource control and performance management in multimedia networks

A principal requirement for multimedia networks is the ability to allocate resources to network services with different quality-of-service demands. The objectives of achieving efficient resource utilization, providing quality-of-service guarantees, and adapting to changes in traffic statistics make resource control and performance management for multimedia networks a difficult task. In this paper, we clarify the respective role of the real-time control system, the performance management system, and the network operator, and describe their interactions aimed at achieving performance management objectives. Following this framework, we introduce an approach for integrated resource control and performance management. It combines the L-E model, a generic system-level abstraction of a resource control task, and the concept of controlling the network performance by tuning the resource control tasks in the traffic control system. An example shows how the communication resources of a multimedia network can be managed. Applying our framework, we describe the mechanisms involved, the control interface between the real-time control and the management systems, and the visual abstractions for the network operator.
Integrating compositional semantics into a verb lexicon

We present a class-based approach to building a verb lexicon that makes explicit the close association between syntax and semantics for Levin classes. We have used Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammars to capture the syntax associated with each verb class and have augmented the trees to include selectional restrictions. In addition, semantic predicates are associated with each tree, which allow for a compositional interpretation.
Gram-Negative Bacterial Resistance: Evolving Patterns and Treatment Paradigms

Successful treatment of patients with nosocomial pneumonia depends primarily on providing adequate initial antibiotic treatment in a timely manner, because an inappropriate course is closely associated with increased mortality. Gram-negative bacteria are commonly responsible for nosocomial pneumonia, and the increasing prevalence of drug resistance among these bacteria complicates decision making with regard to treatment with antibiotics. Infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa are particularly problematic because of their intrinsic resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics and their ability to acquire adaptive resistance during a therapeutic course. Numerous strategies, including the use of combination therapy followed by de-escalation of antibiotics, have shown promise in the treatment of these serious infections. However, future success in treating nosocomial infections depends on the appropriate and responsible use of antibiotics in the intensive care unit, to ensure that the antibiotics available today maintain their effectiveness in the future.
The impaired physician: Changes from the traditional view

Abstract The traditional impaired physician has been a “therapeutic addict,” self-medicating pain, fatigue, or stress. The rise of recreational drug abuse in the population from which physicians are drawn has led to a new breed of “nontherapeutic addicts” who, like their street counterparts, primarily use drugs for euphoria and tend to be polysubstance abusers. This may have important implications for prevention and treatment. Treatment outcome, in general, for impaired physicians has been assumed to be better than for other drug abusers but the studies have lacked adequate controls, need broader outcome measures, and may not be relevant to the new type of abuser.
Biotransformation of a novel antimitotic agent, I-387, by mouse, rat, dog, monkey, and human liver microsomes and in vivo pharmacokinetics in mice

3-(1H-Indol-2-yl)phenyl)(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methanone (I-387) is a novel indole compound with antitubulin action and potent antitumor activity in various preclinical models. I-387 avoids drug resistance mediated by P-glycoprotein and showed less neurotoxicity than vinca alkaloids during in vivo studies. We examined the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of I-387 in mice as a component of our preclinical development of this compound and continued interest in structure-activity relationships for antitubulin agents. After a 1 mg/kg intravenous dose, noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis in plasma showed that clearance (CL), volume of distribution at steady state (Vd(ss)), and terminal half-life (t(1/2)) of I-387 were 27 ml per min/kg, 5.3 l/kg, and 7 h, respectively. In the in vitro metabolic stability study, half-lives of I-387 were between 10 and 54 min by mouse, rat, dog, monkey, and human liver microsomes in the presence of NADPH, demonstrating interspecies variability. I-387 was most stable in rat liver microsomes and degraded quickly in monkey liver microsomes. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify phase I metabolites. Hydroxylation, reduction of a ketone group, and O-demethylation were the major metabolites formed by the liver microsomes of the five species. The carbonyl group of I-387 was reduced and identified as the most labile site in human liver microsomes. The results of these drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies provide the foundation for future structural modification of this pharmacophore to improve stability of drugs with potent anticancer effects in cancer patients.
On-line scheduling of hard deadline aperiodic tasks in fixed-priority systems

This paper presents a new algorithm for the on-line scheduling of hard deadline aperiodic tasks in a real-time system in which hard deadline periodic tasks are scheduled using a fixed priority algorithm. The algorithm for jointly scheduling the periodic and aperiodic tasks extends the slack stealing algorithm introduced by Lehoczky and Ramos-Thuel (1992), and thus provides the largest amount of time for aperiodic task processing subject to meeting all periodic task deadlines. The analysis permits the periodic tasks to consist of a set of serially executed subtasks each of which has its own fixed execution priority as defined by (Gonzalez Harbour et al., (1991)) Thus the model permits the direct inclusion of operating system functions as well as certain types of synchronization protocols directly into the schedulability analysis. The methods provide a unified framework for dealing with several related problems including: reclaiming unused periodic and aperiodic execution time, load shedding, balancing hard and soft aperiodic execution time and coping with transient overloads. >
Bimetallic Coordination Insertion Polymerization of Unprotected Polar Monomers: Copolymerization of Amino Olefins and Ethylene by Dinickel Bisphenoxyiminato Catalysts

Dinickel bisphenoxyiminato complexes based on highly substituted p- and m-terphenyl backbones were synthesized, and the corresponding atropisomers were isolated. In the presence of a phosphine scavenger, Ni(COD)2, the phosphine-ligated syn-dinickel complexes copolymerized α-olefins and ethylene in the presence of amines to afford 0.2-1.3% α-olefin incorporation and copolymerized amino olefins and ethylene with a similar range of incorporation (0.1-0.8%). The present rigid catalysts provide a bimetallic strategy for insertion polymerization of polar monomers without masking of the heteroatom group. The effects of the catalyst structure on the reactivity were studied by comparisons of the syn and anti atropisomers and the p- and m-terphenyl systems.
Reliability generalization: Exploring variance in measurement error affecting score reliability across studies.

Because tests are not reliable, it is important to explore score reliability in virtually all studies. The present article proposes and illustrates a new method-reliability generalization-that can be used in a meta-analysis application similar to validity generalization. Reliability generalization characterizes (a) the typical reliability of scores for a given test across studies, (b) the amount of variability in reliability coefficients for given measures, and (c) the sources of variability in reliability coefficients across studies. The use of reliability generalization is illustrated here by analyzing 87 reliability coefficients reported for the two scales of the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI).
Scan Start-Up Demonstration Test

The CSTF and TSTF binary start-up demonstration tests have been studied in the literature. It has been shown that both tests perform optimal for various situations but neither one is an overall best test. Therefore, we propose a new demonstration test that is a compromise between the CSTF and TSTF start-up demonstration tests. The practitioner would accept the equipment if a cluster of successes occur prior to a preset number of failures, and rejection otherwise. Markov chains are used in the probabilistic analysis and this is extended to the non-i.i.d. case. Point and interval estimation is studied.
Remembering Berton Roueché--master of medical mysteries.

What all of Roueche's stories had in common were mysterious illnesses or deaths, the causes of which were elucidated by clever detective work. Dr. Barron Lerner writes that as Roueche began to writ...
Sternotomy versus nonsternotomy LIMA-LAD grafting for single-vessel disease.

Background Single-vessel disease of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery may be surgically revascularized by left internal mammary artery (LIMA) grafting either through a sternotomy or a nonsternotomy approach. Nonsternotomy approaches are used in the hope of achieving a less invasive operation. It is unknown whether nonsternotomy approaches impact in-hospital or midterm outcomes. Methods The institutional Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) database at a single US academic center was reviewed for 597 consecutive patients treated surgically for single-vessel LAD disease from January 1, 2002 to June 30, 2011. In-hospital adverse events and length of stay (LOS) were compared between patients who had LIMA-LAD grafting performed through a sternotomy (sternotomy patients) versus patients who had this procedure performed through a nonsternotomy approach (nonsternotomy patients), adjusted for propensity score (likelihood of receiving sternotomy, calculated on 33 variables). Midterm survival between groups was compared using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analysis by referencing the National Social Security Death Index. Results There were 597 consecutive patients who underwent single-vessel grafting by LIMA-LAD coronary artery grafting. Of these patients, 234 underwent sternotomy, whereas 363 patients had nonsternotomy procedures: 239 patients had endoscopic LIMA harvest and left anterolateral thoracotomy, 106 patients had robot LIMA harvest and left anterolateral thoracotomy, and 18 patients had minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass. There were no strokes in the nonsternotomy group and 3 (1.3%) in the sternotomy group ( p = 0.031). Thirty-day mortality, incidence of myocardial infarction, hospital LOS, and midterm survival were similar between groups. Operative time was significantly longer in the nonsternotomy group (1.8 hours, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5–2.1). Conclusions In this propensity-adjusted comparison, sternal-sparing incisions were associated with similar 30-day adverse events and midterm survival compared with sternotomy for single-vessel LIMA–LAD artery grafting.
An Overview of Research in Bilingualism: Publication Records and Global Needs

This paper presents an overview of the nature of research publication in the field of speech and language science during the last 20 years. Thirteen journals were reviewed to explore three questions: what was the frequency of bilingualism research publications in speech and language journals? What was the relative distribution of research focus offered to different world languages in bilingualism research? What was the nature of focus offered to various themes of enquiries within the realm of bilingualism? Review of publication history suggests that relatively less research attention was allocated to bilingualism during last 20 years compared to issues related to monolingualism. Maximum number of publication was observed between the year 1998 and 2007. English has been the primary language investigated as an first language (L1) and also as a second language (L2) of both the experimental and the control groups. Amongst different linguistic constructs syntax has received maximum attention. Thus, against the...
A Review of Research on Nonprofit Communications from Mission Statements to Annual Reports

This review surveys the state of research on nonprofit communication and collects and summarizes the resulting advice for nonprofit communication practice. The citations of research papers since 2000 were collected from standard bibliographic databases and selected bibliographies. The resulting collection of papers was summarized and synthesized into relevant themes and organized into five broad categories: (1) strategic planning, (2) management, (3) development, (4) outreach, and (5) accountability. From these broad themes, comparisons and contrasts arise between the research and current practice of nonprofit communications.
Inferring Maps and Behaviors from Natural Language Instructions

Natural language provides a flexible, intuitive way for people to command robots, which is becoming increasingly important as robots transition to working alongside people in our homes and workplaces. To follow instructions in unknown environments, robots will be expected to reason about parts of the environments that were described in the instruction, but that the robot has no direct knowledge about. However, most existing approaches to natural language understanding require that the robot’s environment be known a priori. This paper proposes a probabilistic framework that enables robots to follow commands given in natural language, without any prior knowledge of the environment. The novelty lies in exploiting environment information implicit in the instruction, thereby treating language as a type of sensor that is used to formulate a prior distribution over the unknown parts of the environment. The algorithm then uses this learned distribution to infer a sequence of actions that are most consistent with the command, updating our belief as we gather more metric information. We evaluate our approach through simulation as well as experiments on two mobile robots; our results demonstrate the algorithm’s ability to follow navigation commands with performance comparable to that of a fully-known environment.
A Neural Network-Based Differential Diagnosis Assessment Instrument

Medical educators have been unable to produce convincing evidence of the construct validity of written or simulation-based assessments of differential diagnosis (DDX) competencies. In 1987, a team of investigators at our institution introduced preliminary reports regarding the psychometric properties of an artificial intelligence-derived DDX assessment instrument. These investigations produced evidence of the construct validity (experts' DDX performance > novices') of the measures derived from this instrument, a linear, fuzzy set-like expert system.In this investigation, the authors used a non-linear, “Back Propagation” neural network as a DDX assessment instrument. An Acute Chest Pain knowledge base was acquired from each of twenty-four board certified emergency medicine specialists and seventy-four junior and senior medical students. The neural network used these knowledge bases to simulate and assess each subject's individual DDX performance against twenty Acute Chest Pain/Myocardial Infarction test ca...