cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Informed device design and gain-speed trade-off for self-aligned polysilicon-emitter transistors

Abstract A theoretical polysilicon contact with and without an interfacial layer has been optimized relative to the dopant concentration and thickness of the polysilicon layer, the underlying emitter profile, and, when necessary, transport parameters for the interfacial layer. The numerical computer simulation that is used for this optimization procedure has been demonstrated (in a previous paper) to be valid for accurately predicting the measured characteristics of extended-emitter polysilicon contacts. The optimization here focuses on defining contacts with the lowest surface recombination velocity and the lowest contact resistance. For transistors with optimized contacts, emitter efficiency is then traded-off for higher base dopant concentration and lower base sheet resistance. For transistors with shallow junctions (⩽2000 A), the optimized polysilicon contacts are demonstrated to have emitter quasi-static delays, associated with f T , that are greater than the base delays. The transistor with a contact, acting like an extension of the original emitter, is demonstrated to have lower quasi-static delays than the one having a contact with the optimized interfacial layer. However, when considered relative to the scale-down for the ECL gate and its delay, the transistor with the latter contact is shown to have an advantage, because of the trade-off between emitter efficiency and base sheet resistance.
Extending assertive community treatment to criminal justice settings : Origins, current evidence, and future directions

This paper presents an overview of Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) as an evidence-based practice in mental health care. We then consider current evidence for FACT (ACT for forensic populations) and FICM (intensive case management for forensic populations) and the ways these models have been extended and adapted to serve mentally ill persons in a variety of criminal justice settings. The available evidence about the effectiveness of these models towards preventing recidivism among criminally-justice involved persons with mental illness is weak. We conclude with several suggestions for how the clinical model of FACT needs to be expanded to incorporate interventions aimed at reducing criminal behavior and recidivism.
Awareness and Practices of Oral Hygiene and its Relation to Sociodemographic Factors among Patients attending the General Outpatient Department in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata, India.

Background: Periodontal diseases, dental caries, malocclusion, and oral cancer are the most prevalent dental diseases affecting people in the Indian community. Objective: The study was conducted to assess the awareness and practices on oral hygiene and its association with the sociodemographic factors among patients attending the general Outpatient Department (OPD). Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 224 patients attending the general OPD of the SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, India, from 1 April to 30 April, 2013. The study tool was a pre-designed and pre-tested semi-structured schedule. Results: About 69.20% of the participants used a toothbrush with toothpaste as a method of cleaning their teeth; 35.71% brushed twice in a day; 33.03% brushed both in the morning and at bedtime; and 8.93% used mouthwash. About 40.62% visited the dentist during the last six months; among them 61.18% attended because of pain. Almost three-fourth of the participants knew that tooth decay and bad breath were the effects of not cleaning the teeth. It was known to 71.42, 63.39, 70.53, and 73.21% of the respondents, respectively, that excess sweet, cold drink, alcohol, and smoking/pan chewing were bad for dental health. Television was the source of knowledge to 57.14% of the participants and 35.71% acquired their knowledge from a dentist. Females, literates, urban residents, users of mouthwash, and regular visitors to the dentist had good oral hygiene practices. Conclusion: Oral health awareness and practices among the study population are poor and need to improve.
Visible and invisible in physical theory

The following question is considered: How is it that physicists can invent equations, so rich in structure, so detailed in consequences, and so closely in agreement with experience?
Inhomogeneity of mercury in the U.S.G.S. rock standards

Abstract Mercury inhomogeneity was found between bottles of the same standard for each of the six U.S.G.S. rock standards tested. Variations between bottles amounted to at least a factor of 2 for four of the six standards. Caution is suggested when using these standards as mercury accuracy checks and as estimators of mercury geochemical abundances or cycles.
2-Amino-6-chloro-3,4-dihydroquinazoline: A novel 5-HT3 receptor antagonist with antidepressant character.

Abstract 2-Amino-6-chloro-3,4-dihydroquinazoline HCl (A6CDQ, 4) binds at 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and displays antidepressant-like action in the mouse tail suspension test (TST). Empirically, 4 was demonstrated to be a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist (two-electrode voltage clamp recordings using frog oocytes; IC50 = 0.26 μM), and one that should readily penetrate the blood–brain barrier (log P = 1.86). 5-HT3 receptor antagonists represent a potential approach to the development of new antidepressants, and 4 is an example of a structurally novel 5-HT3 receptor antagonist that is active in a preclinical antidepressant model (i.e., the mouse TST).
Точка – пафос – тотальность [Point – pathos – totality]

Point – pathos – totality Two situations are possible when two fragments are confronted in montage. First, we can have a continuity corresponding to some established narrative codes. For instance, a character crosses the right border of the frame and reappears from behind the left side of the next frame. Such a figure will be read as a representation of continuity, but shown not in its integrity. The gap in spatial continuity is compensated here by the continuity of a story. On the other hand, we can have a junction that has no support by any code and that opens up opportunities for the display of metaphors, metonyms and allegories. There are also possibilities for violent conflicts and shocks as in Godard. We do not really know how all these non-codified figures of montage work. There is no generally accepted theoretical model that could explain how we are able to synthesize two heterogeneous pieces. All his life Sergei Eisenstein was fascinated by montage and tried to understand its way of functioning. He was particularly interested in solving the mystery of interaction between elements belonging to two different media such as sound and image and in their way of creating unity. This article focuses on Eisenstein’s late writings in which he used the idea of pathos and Hegelian dialectics for the analysis of montage as a dynamic process. According to Eisenstein, montage fuses different pieces of footage but also triggers the whole mechanism of the evolution of culture. Cinema, from this point of view, is not simply an art of modernity but a highest stage in the development of culture somewhat similar to the stage of the absolute knowledge that the spirit reaches in Hegel.
Sylow's Theorem in Polynomial Time

Abstract Given a set Γ of permutations of an n-set, let G be the group of permutations generated by Γ. If p is a prime, a Sylow p-subgroup of G is a subgroup whose order is the largest power of p dividing |G|. For more than 100 years it has been known that a Sylow p-subgroup exists, and that for any two Sylow p-subgroups P1, P2 of G there is an element gϵG such that P2 = g−1P1 g. We present polynomial-time algorithms that find (generators for) a Sylow p-subgroup of G, and that find gϵG such that P2 = g−1P1 g whenever (generators for) two Sylow p-subgroups P1, P2 are given. These algorithms involve the classification of all finite simple groups.
Glial Cells Maintain Synaptic Structure and Function and Promote Development of the Neuromuscular Junction In Vivo

To investigate the in vivo role of glial cells in synaptic function, maintenance, and development, we have developed an approach to selectively ablate perisynaptic Schwann cells (PSCs), the glial cells at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), en masse from live frog muscles. In adults, following acute PSC ablation, synaptic structure and function were not altered. However, 1 week after PSC ablation, presynaptic function decreased by approximately half, while postsynaptic function was unchanged. Retraction of nerve terminals increased over 10-fold at PSC-ablated NMJs. Furthermore, nerve-evoked muscle twitch tension was reduced. In tadpoles, repeated in vivo observations revealed that PSC processes lead nerve terminal growth. In the absence of PSCs, growth and addition of synapses was dramatically reduced, and existing synapses underwent widespread retraction. Our findings provide in vivo evidence that glial cells maintain presynaptic structure and function at adult synapses and are vital for the growth and stability of developing synapses.
High-Speed Space Encoding Projector For 3D Imaging

This paper describes a range imaging system being developed based on a high-speed space encoding projector. Space encoding allows the identity of 2 to the B projected light stripes to be unambiguously determined by the projection of B + 2 coding patterns. Range to each projected stripe element can then be determined by triangulation and a range image of the illuminated scene generated. The projector makes it possible for the coding patterns to be projected at camera frame rates. The complete system, consisting of the projector, a 60 Hz frame rate charge-coupled device (CCD) camera, and processing electronics, will be able to acquire an 8 bit, 256 by 256 pixel range image in 1/6 second.
Head and neck emergencies.

Emergencies of the head and neck are a common presentation in both emergency room and office practice settings. The complex neck anatomy with various spaces and fascial planes poses a challenge to the prompt diagnosis and management. Imaging of the head and neck region includes structuresfromtheskullbasetotheuppermediastinum.The proximity to the brain is certainly an important consideration, and therefore, the potential complications should be known. The extension of the neck spaces inferiorly to the mediastinum is of great significance. Our focus in this review will be centered on using computed tomography (CT) as the primary imaging modality, as it is widely available in emergency settings. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a problem solver and a great tool in special situations. We will discuss the utility of MRI in the appropriate setting. We hope to provide the reader with the appropriate armamentarium to approach these conditions in a simple, yet comprehensive manner. The basic pathophysiology of each condition will be discussed to give the reader a clear understanding of the disease process. The importance of performing the appropriate radiological investigation cannot be overemphasized, as we strive to provide the best patient care to negate the effects of these potentially life-threatening conditions. The chapter will be broadly divided into the following cate
Using prepositions to extend a verb lexicon

This paper presents a detailed account of prepositional mismatch between our handcrafted verb lexicon and a semantically annotated corpus. The analysis of these mismatches allows us to refine the lexicon and to create a more robust resource capable of better semantic predictions based on the verb-preposition relations.
Toward the Development of a Conceptualization of Gifted Motivation

Whereas perspectives on giftedness have included motivation as a construct related to giftedness, the proposed conceptualization advances a new view that motivation is an area of giftedness in and ...
Quantitative and qualitative analysis of microorganisms in an assisted reproductive technology facility

Objective To perform a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the environmental microorganisms associated with two assisted reproductive technology (ART) laboratories. Design Prospective descriptive study. Setting Two ART laboratories at Greenville Hospital System (GHS) University Medical Center in Greenville, South Carolina. Patient(s) None. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Quantitative and qualitative analysis of colony-forming units (CFU; bacteria and fungi) and particles from an embryology clean room and an andrology laboratory. Result(s) Within these laboratories, three of the sites sampled differed significantly in the mean number of CFU per plate. These sites included external laboratory surfaces, laboratory room air, and air within cell-culture incubators. The mean number of viable CFU per cubic meter of laboratory room air differed significantly between the two laboratories. A total of 23 unique microbial species were isolated from the andrology laboratory, whereas 10 unique species were isolated from the embryology clean room. Conclusion(s) The data herein suggest that the increased positive control measures used in the embryology clean room are effective in minimizing environmental biologic contamination.
Issues and implications of screening, surveillance, and reporting of children's BMI.

A robust discussion followed the presentation of each paper at the forum. In the sections below we have tried to capture the most salient points raised during the discussion. As a result, many of these points were not considered in the articles that comprise this supplement but are highly relevant to the screening, surveillance, and reporting of BMI. There was general agreement that BMI was a sound epidemiologic tool for the assessment of overweight and obesity in populations, as well as a useful clinical tool. Several limitations with respect to the use of BMI were raised or confirmed. These limitations included use of triceps skinfold measurements to further differentiate children at risk whose BMI was between the 85th and 95th percentiles, additional efforts to clarify BMI measurements beyond the 97th percentile, self- or parent-reported height and weight, and challenges with communication of the meaning of BMI to parents. As Freedman and Sherry1 indicated, the use of the triceps skinfold does not provide much useful additional information except for children between the 85th and 95th percentiles. In this group, an increased triceps skinfold helps distinguish children who are overweight but not overfat from children who are overweight because of increased body frame or muscle mass. Although 1 published article suggested use of the 99th percentile for the classification of severe obesity, extrapolation of BMI categories beyond the 97th percentile are based on few measurements and, therefore, should be done with caution. Efforts should be made to achieve a consensus on how to classify severely obese children. Several investigators emphasized the limitations of self- or parent-reported height and weight for calculating BMI. Himes2 indicated that the direction of biases in parental reports is uncertain. However, staff of the National Center for Health Statistics have noted that BMIs based on parent-reported … Address correspondence to William H. Dietz, MD, PhD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Mailstop K-24, Atlanta, GA 30341-3717. E-mail: wcd4{at}cdc.gov
Three proofs of Minkowski's second inequality in the geometry of numbers

Let K be a bounded, open convex set in euclidean n-space R n , symmetric in the origin 0. Further let L be a lattice in R n containing 0 and put m 4 =infimum u i i=1,2,.....,n; extended over all positive real numbers u i for which u i K contains i linearly independent points of L. Denote the Jordan content of K by V(K) and the determinant of L by d(L). Minkowski's second inequality in the geometry of numbers states that m 1 m 2 ...m n V(K)≦ 2 n d(L) Minkowski's original proof has been simplified by Weyl [6] and Cassels [7] and a different proof hasbeen given by Davenport [1].
Transient thyrotoxicosis following minimally invasive radio-guided parathyroidectomy.

ABSTRACT Objective We report a case of thyrotoxicosis following minimally invasive parathyroidectomy. Methods Case report with literature review. Results A 70-year-old woman with primary hyperparathyroidism developed thyrotoxicosis 2 weeks following minimally invasive radio-guided parathyroidectomy. A diagnosis of postparathyroidectomy transient thyrotoxicosis (PTT) was made after excluding other causes of thyrotoxicosis. The patient reverted back to a euthyroid state in 4 weeks with conservative management. Conclusion PTT should be considered in the differential diagnosis in patients developing features of thyrotoxicosis following parathyroidectomy. (Endocr Pract. 2014;20:e1-e3)
The Median Picnic: Street Design, Urban Informality and Public Space Enforcement

Medians or central reservations have received scant attention in the vast literature on the history, morphology and design of streets, and are rarely considered as places where people can gather. They are mostly conceived as safety barriers, traffic-calming elements or visual features on multi-way streets. However, by focusing on a case study from Berkeley, California, this paper demonstrates how medians transform into active, informal gathering places despite the presence of prominent prohibitory signage and apparent safety risks. The paper explains how the ‘unlawful’ activity of sitting on the median, or ‘picnicking’ in this instance, is selectively condoned by the City of Berkeley to suit its own liberal image, and because of the commercial interests at stake, underscoring the political dimension in the production of public space. The paper thus engages a discussion of the concepts and practices related to street design, urban informality and public space enforcement, for which the ‘median picnic’ stan...
Edema is a precursor to central nervous system peritumoral cyst formation

Despite the common occurrence and frequent clinical effects of peritumoral cysts in the central nervous system (CNS), the mechanism underlying their development and evolution is not understood. Because they commonly produce peritumoral cysts and because serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is obtained in von Hippel-Lindau disease patients, hemangioblastomas provide an opportunity to examine the pathophysiology of CNS peritumoral cyst formation. Serial MRI was correlated with the clinical findings in 16 von Hippel-Lindau disease patients with 22 CNS hemangioblastomas (11 spinal cord; 11 cerebellar) that were associated with the appearance and evolution of peritumoral cysts. Hemangioblastoma-associated cyst wall histomorphological analysis was performed on postmortem tissues from three von Hippel-Lindau disease patients (not in the clinical series). Comparative proteomic profiling was performed on peritumoral cyst fluid and serum. Vascular endothelial growth factor levels were determined in peritumoral cysts. MRI clearly showed peritumoral edema that developed and slowly and progressively evolved into enlarging hemangioblastoma-associated cysts in all tumors (mean follow-up, 130 +/- 38 months; mean +/- standard deviation). Postcontrast MRI demonstrated convective leakage of gadolinium into cysts. Mean time required for edema to evolve into a cyst was 36 +/- 23 months (range, 8-72 months). Thirteen (59%) hemangioblastoma-cysts became symptomatic (mean time to symptom formation after cyst development, 35 +/- 32 months; range, 3-102 months) and required resection. Protein profiles of cyst fluid and serum were similar. Mean cyst fluid vascular endothelial growth factor concentration was 1.5 ng/ml (range, 0-5.4 ng/ml). Histology of the cyst walls was consistent with reactive gliosis. CNS peritumoral cyst formation is initiated by increased tumor vascular permeability, increased interstitial pressure in the tumor, and plasma extravasation with convective distribution into the surrounding tissue. When the delivery of plasma from the tumor exceeds the capacity of the surrounding tissue to absorb the extravasated fluid, edema (with its associated increased interstitial pressure) and subsequent cyst formation occur.
Microfluidically Reconfigurable Photonics and Matter

In this talk I will describe our research into the use of microfluidics for enabling reconfigurability of photonic systems and matter itself. In the first of these systems it is well known that optical devices which incorporate liquids as a fundamental part of the structure can be traced at least as far back as the 18th century where rotating pools of mercury were proposed as a simple technique to create smooth mirrors for use in reflecting telescopes. The development of modern microfluidic and nanofluidic devices has enabled a present day equivalent of such devices centered on the marriage of fluidics and optics which we refer to as “Optofluidics.” I will demonstrate here the fundamental advantages of using microfluidics to create adaptable photonic materials and provide a few specific examples related to fluid based optical switches. In the second aspect I will introduce how we use microfluidics to create dynamically programmable self-assembling materials, or programmable matter. The uniqueness of the approach I will demonstrate is that it uses dynamically-switchable affinities between assembling components facilitating the assembly of irregular structures.© 2010 ASME
A Theory of Limited Metabolic Energy and Premenstrual Syndrome Symptoms: Increased Metabolic Demands During the Luteal Phase Divert Metabolic Resources From and Impair Self-Control

Numerous studies suggest that premenstrual syndrome (PMS) may be linked to impaired self-control since many of the symptoms of PMS are indicative of impaired self-control. Evidence links PMS to increased difficulty controlling emotions, attention, and fine motor movements; increased intake of alcohol, drugs, nicotine, caffeine, and food; impaired work performance, and increased stress, aggression, criminal behavior, interpersonal conflicts, and passivity. Empirical research demonstrates that self-control is metabolically expensive and, as such, can be impaired when metabolic energy (i.e., glucose) is low or processed ineffectively. The expression of PMS is tightly linked to the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, a time in which considerable metabolic energy is allocated to the ovaries. This increased ovarian metabolic demand could, therefore, divert energy away from, and thereby impair, other processes during this phase of the menstrual cycle. Here, we propose a novel theory in which PMS symptoms are partly attributable to the diversion of metabolic energy to the ovaries and away from processes that benefit self-control.
Design parameters for gas-cooled electrical leads of the g-2 magnets

This report presents the design parameters for a pair of 5300 A gas-cooled electrical leads for the g-2 solenoids and a pair of 2850 A leads for the inflector magnet. The lead design parameters are derived from a scale analysis of two one-dimensional, thermo-fluid-electro-quasi-coupled, and non-linear differential equations. The analysis may apply to general gas-cooled electrical lead design. As an illustration, these design parameters are applied to multi-tube gas-cooled leads that are proposed for the g-2 solenoid magnet system. Multiple electrical current carrying tubes and multiple gas flow cooling channels will increase the lead current capacity and lead efficiency for enhanced heat transfer and low flow pressure drop.
Précis of Simulating Minds: The Philosophy, Psychology, and Neuroscience of Mindreading

In the second half of the twentieth-century, the traditional problem of other minds was re-focused on special problems with propositional attitudes and how we attribute them to others. How do ordinary people, with no education in scientific psychology, understand and ascribe such complex, unobservable states? In different terminology, how do they go about "interpreting" their peers? By charitably presupposing their rationality and assigning them the desires and beliefs that a rational person would have in their circumstances (as Dennett and Davidson proposed)? Many philosophers of mind?perhaps Sellars (1956) was the first? suggested that our grasp of mental states in general and propositional attitudes in particular is based on a folk theory, a set of folk-psychological laws that mediate between stimulus inputs, mental states, and behavioral outputs. Mental states are assigned to others (and even to oneself) by nomological inference from what we know about their observable situation, behavior, and antecedent states. Our grasp of each attitude concept is based on a specific causal or functional role embedded in such a psychological theory. This was the reigning orthodoxy for at least 30 years and arguably still occupies this status in many circles. In the 1980s simulation theory was offered as an alternative to this orthodoxy (Gordon 1986; Heal 1986; Goldman 1989). It proposed that third-person ascription does not proceed by theoretical inference but by the heuristic of projecting oneself into the target's shoes. An attributor creates pretend states intended to correspond to those of the target, feeds them into his own cognitive equipment, and lets it produce an output state, e.g., a belief, decision, or emotion. The outputted state is then ascribed to the target. This resembles the empathetic approach to human understanding that was earlier advocated by theorists of Verstehen, and was trotted out (with little fanfare,
Autoradiographic evidence for bidirectional DNA replication in escherichia coli

Abstract Autoradiographic evidence is presented that demonstrates bidirectional DNA replication during a synchronous round of DNA synthesis in a culture of a reversible temperature sensitive DNA initiation mutant of Escherichia coli K12. High specific activity [ 3 H]thymine was incorporated into the origins and termini of chromosomes which were otherwise uniformly labeled with low specific activity [ 3 H]thymine. Autoradiographs of such differentially labeled chromosomes show two regions of high grain density symmetrically disposed on the circular chromosomes. This demonstrates that the origins and termini of replication are not contiguous; therefore replication must have proceeded in two directions.
The Fermilab Antiproton Source

Fermilab has begun construction of a proton-antiproton collider, the Tevatron I Project, whose goal is to achieve proton-antiproton collisions at 2 TeV in the center of mass at a luminosity greater than 10/sup 30/ cm/sup -2/ sec/sup -1/. The project consists of the adaptation of the Energy Saver to a 1 TeV storage ring, modification of the existing Main Ring, and construction of an Antiproton Source. In order to achieve peak luminosity in the Energy Saver, the Antiproton Source must be able to accumulate 2 X 10/sup 11/ antiprotons (p's) within a lifetime that is shorter than or comparable to the luminosity lifetime. This paper presents the design method meant to achieve this, examines the operation of the Antiproton Source, outlines the construction schedule of the overall project, and justifies theoretically and experientially the selected p production mode.
Visual software tools for bioinformatics

Bioinformatics is the application of techniques from computer science, statistics and mathematics to problems in molecular biology. This interdisciplinary approach is rapidly revolutionizing biology. A survey of software tools for bioinformatics is presented. A special emphasis is placed on the visual aspects of these tools. The most important visualization tasks in bioinformatics are data sequence visualization and visualizing protein structures. The visualization of interactions between molecules in a metabolic pathway or network is an emerging area. Many important visualization techniques have yet to be applied in this application area.
Patient-oriented performance measures of diagnostic tests. 3. U-Factor

When a clinician is faced with the problem of deciding whether to order a specific diagnostic test, the ideal information would be the utility of the "perform test" branch of the decision tree versus the utility of the "do not perform test" branch. This difference in utility is termed the Expected Utility of the Test ( EUT ). We propose a new performance measure of a test called the U-Factor (UF) which is related to EUT by a simple formula. UF depends on the prior probability of disease and on the decision thresholds at which one would be indifferent between any two immediately subsequent management options, and can be presented as a two-dimensional nomogram. UF is useful as a computational aid in a formal decision analysis, and may be useful as an informal measure of the value of a diagnostic test when a formal analysis is not feasible.
A protein with anion exchange properties found in the kidney proximal tubule

A protein with anion exchange properties found in the kidney proximal tubule. One important mechanism for reabsorption of chloride in the kidney proximal tubule involves anion exchange of chloride for a base. Anion exchange transport systems in general demonstrate sensitivity to inhibition by disulfonic stilbenes, probenecid, furosemide, and the arginyl amino group modifier phenylglyoxal. Using disulfonic stilbene affinity chromatography, we have identified and partially purified a protein with anion exchanger properties in luminal membrane vesicles isolated from rabbit kidney cortex. This protein has a molecular weight of 162 kD. The binding of the 162 kD protein to the stilbene affinity matrix is inhibited by disulfonic stilbenes, probenecid, furosemide, and phenylglyoxal. Reconstitution of the proteins eluted from the affinity matrix into liposomes demonstrates anion exchange activity as assayed by radiolabeled chloride influx. Deletion of the 162 kD protein from the eluted mixture by probenecid diminishes the anion exchanger activity in the reconstituted liposomes. Further purification of the disulfonic stilbene column eluant by Econo-Pac Q ion exchange chromatography resulted in significant enrichment in 162 kD protein abundance and also anion exchange activity in reconstituted liposomes. The results of the above experiments strongly suggest that the 162 kD protein is an anion exchanger. Insight into the functional and molecular characteristics of this protein should provide important information about the mechanism(s) of chloride reabsorption in the kidney proximal tubule.
Aortic valve replacement with and without coronary artery bypass surgery.

Twenty-eight patients who underwent aortic valve replacement and coronary artery bypass grafts (group A) were compared, with respect to clinical presentation, operative mortality and morbidity and follow-up clinical status, with 40 patients who had normal coronary arteriograms and underwent aortic valve replacement only (group B). Groups A and B had a similar incidence of angina pectoris, cardiomegaly, and radiographic evidence of congestive heart failure prior to operation. Group A had a higher incidence of positive history of congestive heart failure, electrocardiographic changes indicative of an old myocardial infarction, and pure aortic regurgitation or mixed aortic stenosis-aortic regurgitation. In patients with pure aortic stenosis, the aortic valve area was greater and the aortic valve gradient was lower when there was associated coronary artery disease. The operative mortality was 14.3% in group A; 0% in group B. Postoperative morbidity was similar, except for a higher incidence of perioperative m...
The effect of questioning on young children's memory for an event

Abstract The effect of adult questioning on young children's memory for an event was examined. Three groups of 4- and 5-year-old children experienced two special events. The questioning group was then asked a set of questions about one of the events on four different occasions over a 7-week period. At the end of the 7 weeks, all children were tested for recall of the two events. The experience of answering questions enhanced the memory performance of the children in the questioning group. However, comparison of the performance of the questioning group with that of two control groups showed that their memory improvement was extremely specific: (a) The questioning group did better only on the specific questions they had been repeatedly asked, (b) There was no general enhancement of recall; they were no better on new questions about the same event, (c) The enhancement was not specific to the experience of retrieving information from long-term memory; the performance of a control group with no long-term memory demands was almost identical to that of the questioning group. The results of this study support the view that adult questioning of young children enhances memory for the specific information about which questions have been asked, but it does not have generalized effects on memory performance or development.
Connectivity and inference problems for temporal networks

Many network problems are based on fundamental relationships involving time. Consider, for example, the problems of modeling the flow of information through a distributed network, studying the spread of a disease through a population, or analyzing the reachability properties of an airline timetable. In such settings, a natural model is that of a graph in which each edge is annotated with a time label specifying the time at which its endpoints "communicated." We will call such a graph a temporal network. To model the notion that information in such a network "flows" only on paths whose labels respect the ordering of time, we call a path time-respecting if the time labels on its edges are non-decreasing. The central motivation for our work is the following question: how do the basic combinatorial and algorithmic properties of graphs change when we impose this additional temporal condition? The notion of a path is intrinsic to many of the most fundamental algorithmic problems on graphs; spanning trees, connectivity, flows, and cuts are some examples. When we focus on time-respecting paths in place of arbitrary paths, many of these problems acquire a character that is different from the traditional setting, but very rich in its own right. We provide results on two types of problems for temporal networks. First, we consider connectivity problems, in which we seek disjoint time-respecting paths between pairs of nodes. The natural analogue of Menger's Theorem for node-disjoint paths fails in general for time-respecting paths; we give a non-trivial characterization of those graphs for which the theorem does hold in terms of an excluded subdivision theorem, and provide a polynomial-time algorithm for connectivity on this class of graphs. (The problem on general graphs is NP-complete.) We then define and study the class of inference problems, in which we seek to reconstruct a partially specified time labeling of a network in a manner consistent with an observed history of information flow.
Bilateral monopoly, identical distributors, and game-theoretic analyses of distribution channels

Game-theoretic analyses of distribution channels have generated six widely held beliefs (we call them Channel Hypotheses) whose universal soundness has not been examined. To assess the validity of these Hypotheses, we develop a general, linear-demand model in which distributors face heterogeneity in demand, heterogeneity in costs, and any degree of intensity of inter-distributor competition. For ease of comparison, we nest the bilateral-monopoly model and the identical-distributors model within our general model. Our analysis reveals that the Channel Hypotheses do not generalize beyond the specific game-theoretic models from which they were derived. This lack of generality is critical, because these beliefs have led to intuitively appealing (but inadvertently misleading) strategic advice for managers and modeling advice for game theorists. From our general, linear-demand model, we derive six Channel Propositions that correct these accumulated errors of conceptualization and that generate a richer, more broadly applicable set of managerial and modeling implications. We also present a Channel-Modeling Proposition that we believe will help modelers avoid the errors of conceptualization described in this paper.
Zirconium((IV)) and Hafnium((IV)) Porphyrin and Phthalocyanine Complexes as New Dyes for Solar Cell Devices.

Metalloporphyrin and metallophthalocyanine dyes ligating Hf(IV) and Zr(IV) ions bind to semiconductor oxide surfaces such as TiO2 via the protruding group IV metal ions. The use of oxophilic metal ions with large ionic radii that protrude from the macrocycle is a unique mode of attaching chromophores to oxide surfaces in the design of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Our previous report on the structure and physical properties of ternary complexes wherein the Hf(IV) and Zr(IV) ions are ligated to both a porphyrinoid and to a defect site on a polyoxometalate (POM) represents a model for this new way of binding dyes to oxide surfaces. The Zr(IV) and Hf(IV) complexes of 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) with two ligated acetates, (TPP)Hf(OAc)2 and (TPP)Zr(OAc)2, and the corresponding metallophthalocyanine (Pc) diacetate complexes, (Pc)Hf(OAc)2 and (Pc)Zr(OAc)2, were evaluated as novel dyes for the fabrication of dye-sensitized solar cells. Similarly to the ternary complexes with the POM, the oxide sur...
Object-oriented strategies for a vision dimensional metrology system

This paper presents a general vision-based coordinate measurement system, its planned use within a sheet metal inspection application, the expected benefits accrued from the use of an object-oriented design strategy, and the utilization of the methodology as it applies to the redesign of the vision system. Adherence to an object-oriented design strategy will obviate a number of shortcomings present in the original system implementation. System improvements include: a more lucid and intuitive user interface; greater accuracy and reliability through the use of decentralized modules; simplification of the description of the interrelationship between the perceived and actual dimensions of parts being inspected; and, easier porting of the general vision system to specific applications.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Probing the geometry of the inner vestibule of BK channels with sugars

The geometry of the inner vestibule of BK channels was probed by examining the effects of different sugars in the intracellular solution on single-channel current amplitude (unitary current). Glycerol, glucose, and sucrose decreased unitary current through BK channels in a concentration- and size-dependent manner, in the order sucrose > glucose > glycerol, with outward currents being reduced more than inward currents. The fractional decrease of outward current was more directly related to the fractional hydrodynamic volume occupied by the sugars than to changes in osmolality. For concentrations of sugars ≤1 M, the i/V plots for outward currents in the presence and absence of sugar superimposed after scaling, and increasing K+i from 150 mM to 2 M increased the magnitudes of the i/V plots with little effect on the shape of the scaled curves. These observations suggest that sugars ≤1 M reduce outward currents mainly by entering the inner vestibule and reducing the movement of K+ through the vestibule, rather than by limiting diffusion-controlled access of K+ to the vestibule. With 2 M sucrose, the movement of K+ into the inner vestibule became diffusion limited for 150 mM K+i and voltages >+100 mV. Increasing K+i then relieved the diffusion limitation. An estimate of the capture radius based on the 5 pA diffusion-limited current for channels without the ring of negative charge at the entrance to the inner vestibule was 2.2 A. Adding the radius of a hydrated K+ (6–8 A) then gave an effective radius for the entrance to the inner vestibule of 8–10 A. Such a functionally wide entrance to the inner vestibule together with our observation that even small concentrations of sugar in the inner vestibule reduce unitary current suggest that a wide inner vestibule is required for the large conductance of BK channels.
Childhood maltreatment, intervening variables, and adult psychological difficulties in women: an overview

This article reviews the complex relationship between child maltreatment and later psychosocial difficulties among adult women. Specifically addressed are (a) the various forms of childhood maltreatment, (b) the range of potential long-term psychological outcomes, and (c) important contextual variables that mediate or add to these maltreatment-symptom relationships. Among the latter are characteristics of the abuse and/or neglect; effects of impaired parental functioning; premaltreatment and postmaltreatment psychobiology; qualities of the parent-child attachment; abuse and/or neglect-related affect dysregulation that may lead to further symptomatology; the extent to which the child responds with significant emotional or behavioral avoidance; and whether later traumas are also present. Also relevant are sociocultural contributors to both child maltreatment and maltreatment effects, especially poverty and marginalization. Clinical and research implications are considered.
Heat Shock Protein Hsp72 Controls Oncogene-Induced Senescence Pathways in Cancer Cells

The heat shock protein Hsp72 is expressed at the elevated levels in various human tumors, and its levels often correlate with poor prognosis. Previously we reported that knockdown of Hsp72 in certain cancer cells, but not in untransformed breast epithelial cells, triggers senescence via p53-dependent and p53-independent mechanisms. Here we demonstrate that the p53-dependent pathway controlled by Hsp72 depends on the oncogenic form of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Indeed, upon expression of the oncogenic PI3K, epithelial cells began responding to Hsp72 depletion by activating the p53 pathway. Moreover, in cancer cell lines, activation of the p53 pathway caused by depletion of Hsp72 was dependent on oncogenes that activate the PI3K pathway. On the other hand, the p53-independent senescence pathway controlled by Hsp72 was associated with the Ras oncogene. In this pathway, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) were critical for senescence, and Hsp72 controlled the ERK-activating kinase cascade at the level of Raf-1. Importantly, upon Ras expression, untransformed cells started responding to knockdown of Hsp72 by constitutive activation of ERKs, culminating in senescence. Therefore, Hsp72 is intimately involved in suppression of at least two separate senescence signaling pathways that are regulated by distinct oncogenes in transformed cells, which explains why cancer cells become "addicted" to this heat shock protein.
Greater Utilization of Neural-Circuits Related to Executive Functions is Associated with Better Reading: A Longitudinal fMRI Study Using the Verb Generation Task

Introduction: Reading is an acquired- developmental ability that relies on intact language and executive function skills. Verbal fluency tasks (such as verb generation) also engage language and executive function skills. Performance of such tasks matures with normal language development, and is independent of reading proficiency. In this longitudinal fMRI study, we aim to examine the association between maturation of neural circuits supporting both executive functions and language (assessed using verb generation) with reading proficiency achieved in adolescence with a focus on left lateralization typical for language proficiency. Methods: Normalized fMRI data from the verb generation task was collected from sixteen healthy children at ages 7, 11 and 17 years and was correlated with reading scores at 17 years of age. Lateralization indices were calculated in key language, reading and executive function-related regions in all age groups. Results: Typical development was associated with (i) increasingly left lateralized patterns in language regions (ii) more profound left lateralized activation for reading and executive function-related regions when correlating with reading scores, (iii) greater involvement of frontal and parietal regions (in older children), and of the anterior frontal cortex (in younger children). Conclusions: We suggest that reading and verb generation share mutual neural-circuits during development with major reliance on regions related to executive functions and reading. The results are discussed in the context of the dual-networks architecture model.
Measuring and modeling electrostatic adhesion in micromachines

We measure deformations of electrostatically actuated cantilever beams adhered to a substrate and compare results to numerical simulations. Beams are peroxide treated and either supercritically dried or coated with octadecyltrichlorosilane (ODTS). In air with relative humidity (RH) of about 50%, measured deformations are consistent with numerical results when an effective insulator thickness of 14 nm is assumed. This value is a measure of the roughness of the substrate. Deformations are generally reversible for voltages up to 2 V. With RH of 75%, deformations of supercritically dried beams are dominated by capillary rather than electrostatic forces. The ODTS-coated beams exhibit less effect from the capillary forces, as expected for a hydrophobic coating.
Measurements Used to Characterize the Foot and the Medial Longitudinal Arch: Reliability and Validity

Background and Purpose. Abnormality in the structure of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot is commonly thought to be a predisposing factor to injury. The purpose of this investigation was to compare the reliability and validity of several measurements used to characterize various aspects of the foot, including the medial longitudinal arch. Subjects. One hundred two feet (both feet of 51 subjects) were measured to establish a reference database. From this group, a subset of 20 feet (both feet of 10 subjects) was used to determine intertester and intratester reliability. Radiographs of a further subset of 10 feet (right feet of 10 subjects) were used to determine validity. Methods. Five foot measurements were taken in 2 stance conditions: 10% of weight bearing and 90% of weight bearing. Results. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for intertester and intratester measurements were between .480 and .995. The most reliable method of characterizing arch type in 10% of weight bearing between testers was dividing navicular height by foot length in 10% of weight bearing. However, this measure yielded highly unreliable measurements in 90% of weight bearing. The most valid measurements were navicular height divided by truncated foot length, navicular height divided by foot length in 10% of weight bearing, and navicular height divided by foot length in 90% of weight bearing. Dorsum height at 50% of foot length divided by truncated foot length showed relatively high intertester reliability (ICC=.811 in 10% of weight bearing, ICC=.848 in 90% of weight bearing) and validity (ICC=.844 in 10% of weight bearing, ICC=.851 in 90% of weight bearing). Conclusion and Discussion. These data suggest that, of the measures tested, the most reliable and valid method of clinically assessing arch height across 10% and 90% of weight bearing was dividing the dorsum height at 50% of foot length by truncated foot length.