cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative genitalic morphology in the New World resin bugs Apiomerini (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Reduviidae, Harpactorinae)

Apiomerini, also called New World resin bugs, are a largely Neotropical tribe of the assassin bug subfamily Harpactorinae, whose members show unique predation and maternal care behaviors. Species in this group collect resins to improve prey capture, and species within Apiomerus also coat their eggs with the accumulated resin to prevent egg predation and desiccation. Current understanding of phylogenetic relationships within the tribe is limited, in part due to the lack of comprehensive comparative morphological studies that would allow for cladistic analyses. Here, the male and female ectodermal genitalic structures are documented for all but one of the 12 extant genera of Apiomerini, including 12 species of the speciose genus Apiomerus. Descriptions and digital micrographs are provided for the pygophore, parameres, and phallus of the male, and for the tergite 8, syntergite 9/10, gonocoxae, gonapophyses, gonoplac, and bursa copulatrix of the female. Primary homologs are identified and their variation among taxa discussed. The wealth of morphological character information uncovered in this comparative analysis will greatly facilitate future cladistic analyses of Apiomerini. Our study also represents one of the first detailed and well-illustrated comparative studies of genitalic features at the tribal level in Reduviidae. Functional morphology of apiomerine genitalia is discussed where appropriate. (© 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Octopus-inspired grasp-synergies for continuum manipulators

Human operation of continuum “continuous-backbone” manipulators remains difficult, because of both the complex kinematics of these manipulators and the need to coordinate their many degrees of freedom. We present a novel synergy-based approach for operator interfaces, by introducing a series of octopus-arm inspired grasp-synergies. These grasp-synergies automatically coordinate the degrees of freedom of the continuum manipulator, allowing an operator to perform kinematically complex grasping motions through simple and intuitive joystick inputs. This effectively reduces the complexity of operation and allows the operator to devote more of his attention to higher-level concerns (e.g. goal, environment). We demonstrate the grasp-synergies interface design in both simulation and hardware using the nine degree of freedom Octarm continuum manipulator.
Metals and Society—An Introduction to Economic Geology

Nicholas Arndt and Clement Ganino. Pp. 160. Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg. 2012. ISBN 978-3-642-22995-4. Price $89.95. According to the authors, this book was written to provide an introduction to ore deposits and the “geographic, economic and financial elements that influence the viability of a mining operation.” This is a tall order, but a very important one. If we are to continue to produce ores that are needed by a society that is increasingly critical of our activities, then we need geologists who understand all sides of the economic geology business. So, does the book achieve this laudable goal? The answer is “only partly.” It is essentially an abbreviated, traditional text on ore deposits consisting of six chapters, with most of the information on economic and environmental issues in a series of special “boxes.” Chapter 1 (What is economic geology) reviews the use of minerals in society with good graphs of consumption and production through time. Chapter 2 (Classification, distribution and uses of ores and ore deposits) discusses how to classify ore deposits and makes the important point that ore deposits should be studied in the context of geologic processes that form them. Chapter 3 (Magmatic ore deposits), which is the highlight of the book, provides an excellent summary of modern work on magmatic chromite, nickel sulfide, and …
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase and phosphoinositol-3 kinase mediate IGF-1 induced proliferation of fetal sheep cardiomyocytes

Growth of the fetal heart involves cardiomyocyte enlargement, division, and maturation. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is implicated in many aspects of growth and is likely to be important in developmental heart growth. IGF-1 stimulates the IGF-1 receptor (IGF1R) and downstream signaling pathways, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and phosphoinositol-3 kinase (PI3K). We hypothesized that IGF-1 stimulates cardiomyocyte proliferation and enlargement through stimulation of the ERK cascade and stimulates cardiomyocyte differentiation through the PI3K cascade. In vivo administration of Long R3 IGF-1 (LR3 IGF-1) did not stimulate cardiomyocyte hypertrophy but led to a decreased percentage of cells that were binucleated in vivo. In culture, LR3 IGF-1 increased myocyte bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) uptake by three- to five-fold. The blockade of either ERK or PI3K signaling (by UO-126 or LY-294002, respectively) completely abolished BrdU uptake stimulated by LR3 IGF-1. LR3 IGF-1 did not increase footprint area, but as expected, phenylephrine stimulated an increase in binucleated cardiomyocyte size. We conclude that 1) IGF-1 through IGF1R stimulates cardiomyocyte division in vivo; hyperplastic growth is the most likely explanation of IGF-1 stimulated heart growth in vivo; 2) IGF-1 through IGF1R does not stimulate binucleation in vitro or in vivo; 3) IGF-1 through IGF1R does not stimulate hypertrophy either in vivo or in vitro; and 4) IGF-1 through IGF1R requires both ERK and PI3K signaling for proliferation of near-term fetal sheep cardiomyocytes in vitro.
Design tools for electric ship systems

A major focus of the University of South Carolina effort in support of the US Navy's electric ship initiative is on software that supports the design and analysis of the dynamic systems including electrical, thermal, mechanical, and control. A principle product of this work is software known as the virtual test bed, which is described in some detail here. This software environment also serves as the "glue" for a major demonstration of control technology for the ship systems which will be presented in Sept 2005, and it serves as the test bed for a variety of work related to configuration and operation of the shipboard power systems.
A modular CMOS design of a Hamming network

A modular design approach for the CMOS implementation of a Hamming network is proposed. The Hamming network is an optimum minimum error classifier for binary patterns and is very suitable for a VLSI implementation due to its primarily feedforward structure. First, a modular chip that contains an array of N*M exclusive-NOR transconductors computes the matching scores between M encoded exemplar patterns (with N elements per exemplar) and an unknown input pattern. Then, a winner-take-all (WTA) circuit selects the exemplar pattern that most resembles the input pattern. By interconnecting multiple modular chips, the number and size of the patterns that can be stored in the network can be easily expanded. Measured experimental results are given to illustrate the performance and limitations of the hardware implementations of the Hamming network. >
Work in progress - collaborative outreach to “atrisk” middle school students using LEGO robotics

Through an ongoing collaboration among Mississippi State's Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, the College of Education and Fifth Street Middle School in Westpoint, Mississippi, pre-service mathematics teachers and “at-risk” middle school students come together to focus on learning STEM concepts in an innovative way using LEGO robotics. A key feature of this project is the highly visual approach to teaching and studying STEM concepts. The current phase of the project is directed toward “at risk” middle school students—students whose performance on assessments indicates a strong likelihood of their failure or discontinuance from school. Pre-service teachers participate in completing lesson planning and execution coupled with service-learning by delivering the lessons to middle school students. The collaboration between the university and K-12 faculty members AND across disciplinary boundaries (i.e. engineering and education) provides a unique opportunity to bring innovative approaches to the K-12 classroom.
Roots of Irreducible Polynomials in Tame Henselian Extension Fields

A class of irreducible polynomials &#x1d4ab; over a valued field (F, v) is introduced, which is the set of all monic irreducible polynomials over F when (F, v) is maximally complete. A “best-possible” criterion is given for when the existence of an approximate root in a tamely ramified Henselian extension K of F of a polynomial f in &#x1d4ab; guarantees the existence of an exact root of f in K.
Über Fluoraktive Stoffe

Zur Aufklarung der Struktur der Verbindungen, die in der 1. Mitt. beschrieben wurden, ist die Reaktion von elementarem Fluor mit dem Chlorid, Bromid und Jodid des Rubidiums naher untersucht. Durch bessere Arbeits- und Analysenbedingungen gelang es nachzuweisen, das die Oxydationswirkung durch Fluorokomplexe der Halogene bedingt ist. In order to elucidate the structures of the compounds described in the first paper, the reaction of elemental fluorine with RbCl, RbBr and RbJ has been investigated in detail. By improved preparative and analytical methods, it was proved that the oxydation effect of these compounds is caused by fluorohalogenates.
Using MPEG-7 to build a Human Brain Image Database for Image-guided Neurosurgery

Multimedia annotation is domain specific and is assigned with the help of a domain expert to semantically enrich the data. These annotations are used for not only retrieval tasks but also to answer domain specific complex queries. To accomplish this, we propose to use MPEG-7 to annotate medical images and capture semantic information. In particular, we discuss the MPEG-7 based annotations for images of a human brain. Using MPEG-7, human brain images can be represented in an XML format. This MPEG-7 based XML file can be used to store the semantic medical information along with the low level features of the image We also present the database design to store and query the patient images for image-guided neurosurgery.
Tracking the total CD8 T cell response to infection reveals substantial discordance in magnitude and kinetics between inbred and outbred hosts.

Determining the magnitude and kinetics, together with the phenotypic and functional characteristics of responding CD8 T cells, is critical for understanding the regulation of adaptive immunity as well as in evaluating vaccine candidates. Recent technical advances have allowed tracking of some CD8 T cells responding to infection, and a body of information now exists describing phenotypic changes that occur in CD8 T cells of known Ag-specificity during their activation, expansion, and memory generation in inbred mice. In this study, we demonstrate that Ag but not inflammation-driven changes in expression of CD11a and CD8α can be used to distinguish naive from Ag-experienced (effector and memory) CD8 T cells after infection or vaccination. Interestingly and in contrast to inbred mice, tracking polyclonal CD8 T cell responses with this approach after bacterial and viral infections revealed substantial discordance in the magnitude and kinetics of CD8 T cell responses in outbred hosts. These data reveal limitations to the use of inbred mouse strains as preclinical models at vaccine development and suggest the same dose of infection or vaccination can lead to substantial differences in the magnitude and timing of Ag-specific CD8 expansion as well in differences in protective memory CD8 T cell numbers in outbred individuals. This concept has direct relevance to development of vaccines in outbred humans.
Techniques for Robotic Tubal Surgery

Robotic tubal reanastomosis allows less experienced laparoscopic surgeons to offer a minimally invasive approach to sterilization reversal. Robotic techniques present several advantages for the surgeon: easier dissection of the tubal ends, better visualization of the tubal lumina for reapproximation, more delicate tissue handling, and more precise placement of fine sutures. Data on pregnancy outcomes after robotic tubal reversal appear comparable with those obtained after classic laparotomy with microsurgery. For women desiring childbearing after tubal ligation, robotic tubal reanastomosis should be considered a viable alternative to in vitro fertilization, especially in younger patients.
Drones and the Martial Virtue Courage

ABSTRACTThis article explores the relationship between the operation of combat drones and the martial virtue courage. The article proceeds in three parts. Part one develops a brief account of virtue generally, and the martial virtue courage in particular. Part two discusses why critics suggest that drone operation does not fit the orthodox conceptualization of courage and, in some instances, even erodes the virtue. Part three explores how these criticisms are flawed. This section of the paper goes on to argue that the criticisms are predicated on a twofold misunderstanding. The first involves improperly truncated conceptualizations of courage, which are, in part, predicated upon a narrow definition of risk. From this narrow definition of risk springs the conclusion that drone operation must be riskless. The second misunderstanding follows from the first and involves the failure to grasp properly how courage can be cultivated and required in drone operation. The paper concludes with a discussion of how, pr...
Nomenclatural availability of preliminary electronic versions of taxonomic papers: in need of a clear definition

The question of the nomenclatural availability of preliminary electronic versions of taxonomic papers, distributed online 'ahead of print' by some journals and publishing companies, is addressed again. We disagree with Krell's suggestion to 'distinguish between content and bibliographical metadata'. The concept of 'biblio- graphical metadata' does not exist in the Code and should not be incorporated into it. The citation of publication date, issue and page numbers are part of the relevant information that is useful in bibliographic references, in text citations and in synonymic lists that appear in taxonomic publications (which have a much longer life than most other publications), and should be considered part of the 'content' of a taxonomic paper. In particular, the page of first appearance of a name or of a nomenclatural act is traditionally cited in taxonomic revisions, monographs, faunas and catalogues, whether printed or stored in online databases, and this information is very useful for serious taxonomists. Having two different sets of information in this respect, in a first version of the work first published online but then discarded from the website of the journal, and in a subsequent one included into a journal issue, would be an indisputable source of confusion, which would not be solved by calling artificially both these versions the 'version of record' as if they were identical. The fact that 'pagination is not regulated' by the Code is fully irrelevant here: many aspects of taxonomic works are not regulated by the Code but are of crucial importance for the discipline of taxonomy. Krell's proposal is motivated, according to his own words, by some publishers' desire to make their publications more 'attractive as outlets of taxonomic research'. But the purpose of the Code is not to make some journals more attractive than others; it is to help working taxonomists in their daily work, to make it easier, more straightforward, efficient, reliable and useful, and less prone to ambiguity. We recommend rejecting Krell's suggestion. On the other hand, we make the new proposal of the creation of a 'label' to which some online journals and publishing companies might adhere, taking the engagement to publish online only one single version of each paper, with its final date, issue number and pagination. Authors will then have the possibility to choose their publication outlet among those having this label or those following the practice of 'early view'. Currently, such preliminary versions of papers are unavailable under the 2012 Amendment of the Code.
Experience with Sequential Intravesical Gemcitabine and Docetaxel as Salvage Therapy for Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer

Patients with high-grade muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) receive intravesical therapy with bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) as the well-established standard-of-care. However, even with prompt induction of intravesical therapy, approximately 40 % of patients will recur within 2 years. For patients who fail BCG, options include radical cystectomy, repeat BCG therapy, or alternative intravesical salvage therapy. In this review, we will discuss the most recent published evidence on salvage intravesical therapy with an emphasis on a more in-depth report of our therapeutic strategy with sequential gemcitabine and docetaxel intravesical therapy for this treatment-refractory population. In addition, we will provide practical advice on our approach to this challenging patient population including the use of operative staging to aid early identification of treatment failures.
Automatic staging of bladder cancer on CT urography

Correct staging of bladder cancer is crucial for the decision of neoadjuvant chemotherapy treatment and minimizing the risk of under- or over-treatment. Subjectivity and variability of clinicians in utilizing available diagnostic information may lead to inaccuracy in staging bladder cancer. An objective decision support system that merges the information in a predictive model based on statistical outcomes of previous cases and machine learning may assist clinicians in making more accurate and consistent staging assessments. In this study, we developed a preliminary method to stage bladder cancer. With IRB approval, 42 bladder cancer cases with CTU scans were collected from patient files. The cases were classified into two classes based on pathological stage T2, which is the decision threshold for neoadjuvant chemotherapy treatment (i.e. for stage ≥T2) clinically. There were 21 cancers below stage T2 and 21 cancers at stage T2 or above. All 42 lesions were automatically segmented using our auto-initialized cascaded level sets (AI-CALS) method. Morphological features were extracted, which were selected and merged by linear discriminant analysis (LDA) classifier. A leave-one-case-out resampling scheme was used to train and test the classifier using the 42 lesions. The classification accuracy was quantified using the area under the ROC curve (Az). The average training Az was 0.97 and the test Az was 0.85. The classifier consistently selected the lesion volume, a gray level feature and a contrast feature. This predictive model shows promise for assisting in assessing the bladder cancer stage.
Self-Referencing Interferometer Adaptive Optics for Improving Free Space Laser Communications

Self-referencing interferometer adaptive optics (SRI AO) provides innovative technologies for improving performance of free space laser communications. We provide an overview of the next generation SRI AO system and discuss results from system testing.
Children Who Work and the Concept of Work Style

(1967). Children Who Work and the Concept of Work Style. Psychiatry: Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 392-404.
Choroidal Osteoma and Calcification

Choroidal osteoma (CO) is a flat to minimally elevated, yellow-white choroidal lesion frequently located in the juxtapapillary or macular location. ISCC is the abnormal deposition of calcium in the sclera and adjacent choroid in elderly individuals.
M.F.N. Tariff Reductions and the G.S.P.

Soon after the introduction of the first G.S.P. scheme in 1971 and before the United States introduced the last scheme in 1976, the big three G.S.P. donors (the United States, the E.E.C. and Japan) set the stage for a new round of multilateral tariff negotiations (the so-called M.T.N.). As of this date, the negotiations have not yielded any concrete results but are still actively proceeding. If the end-result is anything like that which emerged from the Kennedy Round, where duties on manufactured products were reduced by an average of 35 per cent, this new round of tariff negotiations will have dire implications for the continuing value of the G.S.P. as a trade policy benefiting the developing countries.
What Research District Leaders Find Useful

This study investigated what research district leaders find useful. It draws on evidence from interviews and surveys of central office leaders in three large urban districts in the United States. We find that although leaders did report using research as federal policies intend—to select among curricula, programs, and interventions to adopt—the kinds of research district leaders find useful are not primarily peer-reviewed impact studies. Instead, research they find useful present frameworks and practical guidance in the form of books. Leaders also report using research to support their own professional learning, guide their instructional leadership activities, and monitor and support implementation of district-adopted programs and practices. These findings make the case that we need a broader understanding of the research that may be relevant for the multifaceted work of district leaders.
Comparisons of the Electric and Acoustic Senses and their Central Processing

Hearing is but one member of a large family of modalities that we call, collectively, the octavolateralis system, a better term than the older acousticolateralis system. This system embraces receptors for gravity, angular acceleration, vibration, water flow, turbulence and other aspects of aquatic disturbance not yet distinguished, acoustic and electric fields, indirectly magnetic fields, by the induced electric currents, not to mention the claims of chemosensitivity (Katsuki and Onada 1973, Yoshioka et al. 1978) and thermosensitivity (Hoagland 1933,1935, Sand 1938).
Epidemiology of Polymyalgia Rheumatica 2000-2014 and Examination of Incidence and Survival Trends Over 45 Years: A Population-Based Study.

Objective: To determine time trends in the incidence and survival of polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) over a 15 year period in Olmsted County, Minnesota, USA and to examine trends in incidence of PMR in the population by comparing this time period to a previous incidence cohort from the same population base. Methods: All cases of incident PMR among Olmsted County, Minnesota residents in 2000-2014 were identified to extend the previous 1970-1999 cohort. Detailed review of all individual medical records was performed. Incidence rates were age and sex adjusted to the US white 2010 population. Survival rates were compared with the expected rates in the population of Minnesota. Results: There were 377 incident cases of PMR during the 15 year study period. Of these 64% were female and the mean age at incidence was 74.1 years. The overall age and sex adjusted annual incidence of PMR was 63.9 (95% confidence interval [CI] 57.4, 70.4) per 100,000 population aged ≥50 years. Incidence rates increased with age in both sexes, but incidence fell after age 80 years. There was a slight increase in incidence of PMR in the recent time period compared to 1970-1999 (p=0.063). Mortality among individuals with PMR was not significantly worse than that expected in the general population (standardized mortality ratio: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.57, 0.85). Conclusion: The incidence of PMR has increased slightly in the past 15 years compared to previous decades. Survivorship in patients with PMR is not worse than in the general population. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Efficient Near-IR Tm:YLF Laser

We demonstrate an efficient cw Tm:YLF laser at 816 nm. The optical slope efficiency is 44% at 77 K, and cw lasing is achieved up to 200 K. Co-lasing at 816 nm and 1876 nm is employed to reduce population trapping and to improve the laser efficiency.
Suppressed grain growth in highly porous barium titanate foams by two-step sintering

Porous barium titanate has gained significant attention in recent years for their potential use in applications such as scaffolds for bone tissue engineering, stress sensors, gas sensors, and many others. However, there is very little control over the grain size of the material during the sintering processes specially to achieve little or no growth of the starting powders. Here, using the two-step sintering method barium titanate foams were shown to be synthesized with controlled grain size of the struts without significant differences in the pore structure of the materials. In order to evaluate the applicability of two-step sintering for a variety of processing methods, highly porous (>80% porosity) foams synthesized through the direct polyurethane foaming method were used to create conditions furthest from bulk where two-step sintering has shown success. Two-step sintering parameters were identified and the processing conditions were confirmed to not alter the mechanical properties of the samples due to expected residual stresses or thermal shock resulting from the rapid heating and cooling rates employed.
Understanding the value of arts & culture: the AHRC cultural value project (2016) by Geoffrey Crossick and Patrycja Kaszynska

Published online at http://www.ahrc.ac.uk/documents/publications/cultural-value-project-final-report/The ambitious Cultural Value Project undertaken by the UK Arts and Humanities Research Council (...
Long-term exposure of MCF-7 breast cancer cells to ethanol stimulates oncogenic features

Alcohol consumption is a risk factor for breast cancer. Little is known regarding the mechanism, although it is assumed that acetaldehyde or estrogen mediated pathways play a role. We previously showed that long-term exposure to 2.5 mM ethanol (blood alcohol ~0.012%) of MCF-12A, a human normal epithelial breast cell line, induced epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and oncogenic transformation. In this study, we investigated in the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7, whether a similar exposure to ethanol at concentrations ranging up to peak blood levels in heavy drinkers would increase malignant progression. Short-term (1-week) incubation to ethanol at as low as 1-5 mM (corresponding to blood alcohol concentration of ~0.0048-0.024%) upregulated the stem cell related proteins Oct4 and Nanog, but they were reduced after exposure at 25 mM. Long-term (4-week) exposure to 25 mM ethanol upregulated the Oct4 and Nanog proteins, as well as the malignancy marker Ceacam6. DNA microarray analysis in cells exposed for 1 week showed upregulated expression of metallothionein genes, particularly MT1X. Long-term exposure upregulated expression of some malignancy related genes (STEAP4, SERPINA3, SAMD9, GDF15, KRT15, ITGB6, TP63, and PGR, as well as the CEACAM, interferon related, and HLA gene families). Some of these findings were validated by RT-PCR. A similar treatment also modulated numerous microRNAs (miRs) including one regulator of Oct4 as well as miRs involved in oncogenesis and/or malignancy, with only a few estrogen-induced miRs. Long-term 25 mM ethanol also induced a 5.6-fold upregulation of anchorage-independent growth, an indicator of malignant-like features. Exposure to acetaldehyde resulted in little or no effect comparable to that of ethanol. The previously shown alcohol induction of oncogenic transformation of normal breast cells is now complemented by the current results suggesting alcohol's potential involvement in malignant progression of breast cancer.
Abstract 5546: A natural alkaloid, berberine, as a novel transcriptional repressor of RET proto-oncogene in medullary thyroid carcinoma

Proceedings: AACR 106th Annual Meeting 2015; April 18-22, 2015; Philadelphia, PA The development of several medullary thyroid carcinomas is strongly associated with the gain-of-function mutation of the RET proto-oncogene, which encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase, so that the RET protein has been regarded as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of progressive and advanced MTC. In our study we have explored a new strategy to repress the transcription of the RET proto-oncogene in MTC using small molecules. Interestingly, we found that a natural product berberine inhibits the RET gene transcription by specifically targeting the promoter region of this gene, thereby reducing the RET protein expression in MTC TT cells. The down-regulation of RET with berberine also results in the suppression of cell proliferation through cell cycle arrest and activation of apoptosis in TT cells. Overall, our results strongly suggest that berberine stabilizes G-quadruplexes formed from the G-rich sequence present on the promoter region of this gene and the stabilization of this structure play a critical role in mediating the repressive effect of berberine on RET transcription. Citation Format: Daekyu Sun, Vishnu Kumarasamy. A natural alkaloid, berberine, as a novel transcriptional repressor of RET proto-oncogene in medullary thyroid carcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 5546. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-5546
Media Coverage of Police Sexual Misconduct in Seven Cities: A Research Note

As a supplemental component of a larger confidential analysis of police sexual misconduct (PSM) in “Central City”, this study examines news accounts of PSM events in seven comparable metropolitan cities in the United States. Google search was used to identify media news reports to estimate PSM, standardized for city population and size of police force. Findings indicate that PSM rates vary by city, events typically implicate a male officer and a female victim, and most media reports involved an arrest that may signal under-reporting. Observation of commonalities across the sample cities informs discussion of the need for transparency and preventative measures.
On the synthesis of machine learning and automated reasoning for an artificial synthetic organic chemist

This perspective outlines current capabilities and limitations of state-of-the-art artificial intelligence methods as applied to automating the planning of synthetic routes in organic chemistry. Synthetic organic chemistry is viewed from the perspective of two prominent approaches: deep neural networks and SAT-solver based automated reasoning. After introducing these concepts to non-computer scientists, the expected performance of these approaches is estimated by surveying comparable problems in artificial intelligence. A truly artificial synthetic organic chemist that automatically constructs viable synthetic routes is clearly a challenging artificial intelligence problem and not directly amenable to existing approaches but chemistry could encourage new combinations of machine learning methods with automated reasoning to realize this goal. The importance of objective and open competitions with standardized problems and evaluations is also detailed as critical to realizing tangible computer programs that automate the planning of plausible synthetic routes.
Combined User Selection and MIMO Weight Calculation for AP Cooperation in Dense Wireless Networks

This paper addresses the problem of weighted sum rate (WSR) maximization in dense wireless networks with cooperative access points (APs) subject to a per-AP power constraint. We propose a combined optimization procedure that performs both user selection and MIMO weight calculation and scales well as the number of users increases. User selection eliminates some undesirable users, while MIMO weight calculation determines the precoders and combiners for all active nodes. A new performance metric, which takes into account available power, channel quality and orthogonality, and user weights, is used to perform an initial phase of user selection. A WSR maximization algorithm is then executed to optimize MIMO weights of selected users. The proposed algorithm includes additional user selection, i.e. certain users not eliminated in the first phase will be assigned zero-power stream during its execution. Numerical results show that our proposed algorithm achieves about 25% higher aggregate performance than the best existing algorithm while having a substantially lower running time. In fact, the running time is nearly constant as the number of users increases due to the very fast initial user selection phase.
Protozoal hepatitis in a western burrowing owl ( Athene cunicularia hypugaea )

Abstract A western burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia hypugaea) found dead in southern California had many light-colored lesions visible grossly on its liver, and histopathology revealed extensive necrosis throughout the hepatic parenchyma. Single-celled organisms were seen in clear spaces within the areas of necrosis. The owl was diagnosed with protozoal hepatitis.
Posttraumatic Headache in the Rehabilitation Patient

Posttraumatic headaches are a common and disabling problem across the spectrum of severity after traumatic brain injury. Posttraumatic headaches can exacerbate other common disorders seen after TBI including insomnia, affective disorders, behavioral disorders, and cognitive impairments. Posttraumatic headaches therefore have a significant direct and indirect effect on social and vocational functioning. Evaluation needs to start with a broad differential diagnosis. This chapter reviews the common sources and characteristics of posttraumatic headaches. Potential sources of head pain that should be considered in the patient presenting with posttraumatic headaches include intracranial, cranial, and cervical structures. A careful history and physical can narrow the diagnoses. Musculoskeletal and neuropathic sources of posttraumatic headaches are reviewed.
Wide Area Monitoring, Protection and Control

A power system consists of generators which convert energy from some primary form – such as coal, wind, gas, sunlight, or water flow – into electric power. Most generators in modern power systems produce alternating currents and voltages (AC) which are then transmitted over appropriate distances to supply loads. It is economical to transmit power at higher voltages in order to limit losses in the transmission lines.
The Changing Landscape of Pediatric Migraine Therapy: A Review.

Importance Migraine is a disabling and prevalent condition that affects the pediatric and adolescent population. This review describes current acute and preventive migraine pharmacologic therapies for the pediatric and adolescent population. Observations Multiple pharmacotherapies that have been used in the treatment of acute headache and prevention in pediatric migraine are reviewed. There have been recent advances in the management of migraines among pediatric and adolescent patients, including US Food and Drug Administration approval of triptans for acute management in children as young as 6 years, and the first prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled comparative study of preventive pharmacotherapy in pediatric migraine. A major challenge of evidence-based research in pediatric and adolescent migraine is the significant placebo effect. Conclusions and Relevance Although progress is being made in the management of migraines among pediatric and adolescent patients, there remains much work to be done.
Allometric Scaling in the Dentition of Primates and Insectivores

Size is probably the single most important determinant of body architecture, physiology, ecology, life history, and social organization in mammals. Morphological characteristics associated with each of these broadly defined aspects of structure and function can profitably be studied in relation to size, and none can be fully understood without considering size. Here we outline the relationship of tooth size to body size in frugivorous and folivorous primates. For comparison we shall also consider the relationship of tooth size to body size in insectivorous mammals.
Map mania:: nationalism and the politics of place in Greece, 1870–1922

Abstract The rival claims over Macedonia by the Serbs, Greeks, Bulgarians, and Turks prompted the so-called ‘map mania’ in the 1870s as national antagonisms were played out in conflicting cartographic representations of the southern Balkans. With the establishment of Greece in the early 1830s the majority of the Greek population had been left in Ottoman lands beyond the sovereign state's frontiers. This gave rise to a militant irredentist ideology, known as the ‘Great Idea’, which pressed for the aggrandisement of the fledgling state to encompass all the Eastern lands inhabited by Greeks in a reconstituted Byzantine Empire. The present paper begins with a discussion of the meanings that accumulated around the concept of the ‘frontier’ in Greek nationalist thought and focuses on the debates in Greece about the imperative to redefine the Greek Kingdom's boundaries in the Balkans and Asia Minor. An analysis of these debates sheds light on a wider process: the naturalisation of boundaries in late 19th century Europe. In the course of the paper an examination is made of the ways in which geographical discourse served to legitimate claims to, and consolidate, territories. The emphasis on an imperialist geography co-existed with a celebration of local, regional geographies, and a key word of late nineteenth and early twentieth-century Greek nationalist discourse was ‘place’ (topos). The argument is put that the particularities of ‘place’ were construed both as underpinning a territorial expansion and as a resistance to the homogenising drive of a state sponsored nationalism.
Encephalopathic toxicity: an experimental model of uremia and solute-specific dialysis.

The questions before us are: (1) How does renal failure make patients sick? and (2) How does dialysis make them better? Put another way: What is the connection, if any, between abnormal extracellular fluid (ECF) chemistry and patients’ symptomatic illness, since both are produced bys severe renal failure and both are improved by dialysis?
Integrating the Mind-Body Split

Somatic fixation is a process whereby a physician and/or a patient or family focuses exclusively and inappropriately on the somatic aspects of a complex problem (1). Somatic fixation can occur not only in hypochondriasis, somatization disorder, and psychosomatic disease, but in any illness, especially chronic illness, when there is a one-sided emphasis on the biomedical aspects of a multifaceted problem. In spite of very difficult life situations, somatically fixated patients tend not to present with anxiety, depression, or trouble coping, but with numerous physical symptoms. The number of patients in any family practice with some degree of somatic fixation is high. One study found that one-half of all medical patients had symptoms of undetermined cause (2). Another study found somatization disorder in a family practice to be not only a prevalent problem, but also an expensive and difficult one. deGruy et al. found that these patients had a 50% higher rate of office visits, 50% higher charges, charts that were close to twice as thick as the average chart, and significantly more diagnoses than matched controls (3).
Predictors of survival in patients with gastrointestinal malignancies admitted to the intensive care unit.

e18050Background: Cancer patients have a high use of healthcare utilization at the end of life which can frequently involve admissions to the intensive care unit (ICU). We sought to evaluate the pr...
STAGES AND COMPONENTS OF A PERSUASIVE CAMPAIGN

Sebuah kampanye persuasif merupakan suatu upaya yang terkelola, berkelanjutan untuk mempengaruhi kelompok-kelompok kepentingan atau organisasiorganisasi tertentu melalui serial pesan-pesan. Beberapa kampanye berorientasi pada produk, yang lain pada citra, dan bahkan berorientasi pada isu-isu khas. Pada kategori kampanye terakhir, komunikasi bertujuan untuk merubah perilaku, atau bertujuan mendapatkan hati dan benak publik tertentu. Topik ini memberikan pengantar umum tentang perencanaan sebuah kampanye melalui model yang mengutamakan pada penentuan tujuan, penelitian dan pengembangan, strategi dasar, mobilisasi, legitimasi, promosi, dan aktivasi. Bahasan mengenai evalusasi juga dipaparkan untuk, Diharapkan artikel ini dapat memberikan kepada pembaca dapat memiliki kemampuan untuk menganalisa kampanye persuasif dan merencanakan dan mengelola kampanye sederhana secara sendiri.
Modeling and Evaluation of Robust Whole-Hand Caging Manipulation

Human in-hand dexterity can be highly fluid and unstructured, with multiple phalanxes breaking and re-establishing contact during any given task. In contrast, prevailing research in robotic manipulation has focused on highly structured well-controlled motions, where contact points are carefully characterized. Maintaining grasp stability by satisfying traditional closure conditions during complex within-hand manipulation motions can be difficult, even with highly articulated end effectors. However, simple grippers can still achieve an effective range of in-hand manipulation tasks without strict closure conditions, as long as the object can be bounded locally relative to the hand frame. The end effector can be considered as a tool to limit the range of possible object poses. In particular, the energy of the hand-object system can be used to determine an attractor region toward which the hand drives the object. This can be combined with a sparse sampling of the configuration space to find a set of manipulation primitives that can reliably constrain the object inside the hand workspace even without feedback, a strategy proposed as whole-hand caging manipulation . In this paper, experimental results with a planar underactuated gripper are presented to validate this manipulation strategy, and it is shown that even though contacts are regularly broken and reformed, the object can be reliably manipulated within the hand workspace without ejection, and challenging movements such as sliding and gaiting can be reliably performed.
Incorporating insights from signal optimization into reservation-based intersection controls

Reservation-based intersection control for autonomous vehicles has the potential to make greater use of intersection capacity. Indeed, previous studies on the first-come-first-served (FCFS) policy ...
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) production and G-CSF receptor structure in patients with congenital neutropenia.

Congenital neutropenia (Kostmann9s syndrome [KS]) is an autosomal recessive syndrome that is characterized by profound neutropenia, resulting in major clinical infections and death. Since the neutropenia and symptoms in KS improve in response to exogenous administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), we studied bone marrow cytokine (G-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage CSF [GM-CSF], and interleukin- 6) production under both basal and stimulated conditions. No differences in G-CSF, GM-CSF, or IL-6 gene expression were found in bone marrow stromal cells between normal controls and KS patients, and all three cytokines were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in medium conditioned by bone marrow stromal cells from normal donors and patients with KS. Each KS patient tested had detectable, functional G-CSF in their own serum before exogenous G-CSF administration. Since G-CSF production appeared normal in KS patients, we then asked whether we could detect structural defects in the signaling portion of G-CSF receptor genes. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the G-CSF receptor transmembrane region alone, and of the transmembrane plus cytosolic portions of the receptor, yielded the size products predicted from the sequences of the normal G- CSF receptor. Single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of G-CSF receptor PCR products demonstrated no variance in structural conformation between KS patients and normal subjects. These results demonstrate that bone marrow stromal cells in patients with KS secrete normal concentrations of functional G-CSF and suggest that the neutropenia in KS patients is caused by an inability of neutrophilic progenitor and precursor cells to respond to normal, physiologic levels of G-CSF. Such a defect, clinically responsive to pharmacologic doses of G-CSF, might be caused by defects in the post-G-CSF receptor signal transduction pathway.
Questionomics: Using Big Data to Ask and Answer Big Questions.

Genomics and the myriad other “-omics” that have arisen over the past decades have created a dramatic—almost frenetic—boost in the ability to generate data. This has amplified with the invention of new technologies that are thrashing the imperative of parsing between model and nonmodel study
Lassitude: The emotion of being sick

Abstract Our long co-evolutionary history with infectious agents likely began soon after the rise of the first single-celled organisms. This ongoing evolutionary arms race has generated complex host adaptations, many highly conserved, for resisting infection (e.g., innate and acquired immune systems, infection-sensitive developmental programs, sexual reproduction). A large body of evidence suggests that, in humans, pathogen-avoidance disgust is an emotion that motivates avoidance of cues associated with pathogens, thereby reducing infection. However, the question of whether there is an emotion that coordinates resistance to active infection has received less attention. We propose that lassitude is such an emotion. It is triggered by cues of active infection and coordinates the fight against infection by: (a) reducing energetically expensive movement to make more energy available to the immune system, (b) reducing exposure to additional infections and injuries that would compound the immune system's workload, (c) promoting thermoregulatory behaviors that facilitate immunity, (d) regulating food consumption to be beneficial for the host but detrimental to pathogens, and (e) deploying strategies that elicit caregiving behavior from social allies. Lassitude exhibits the core features of an emotion – it is triggered by cues of an adaptive problem (i.e., infection), generates a characteristic facial expression (e.g., slack facial muscles, drooping eyelids, slightly parted lips), and has distinct qualia (e.g., profound tiredness, reduced appetite, feelings of vulnerability, altered temperature perception, increased pain sensitivity). We outline the information-processing structure of lassitude, review existing evidence, suggest directions for future research, and discuss implications of lassitude for models of human evolution.
Towards Multisensory Perception: Modeling and Rendering Sounds of Tool-Surface Interactions

Touch-produced sounds in tool-surface interactions convey rich information about textured surface properties and provide direct feedback about how users interact with the surface. This article presents a statistical learning-based approach for modeling and rendering touch-produced sounds in real time. We apply a data-driven modeling method, which recreates highly realistic sounds using audio signals recorded from unconstrained tool-surface interactions. The recorded sound is segmented, and each segment is labeled with the average velocity during that time. We model each segment with wavelet tree models using a moving window approach. Each window is analyzed by fast wavelet transform and is then broken down into a tree structure. During rendering, we use the user's current velocity to select tree models and synthesize new sounds by breadth-first search and inverse wavelet transform. We conducted a user study to evaluate the realism of our virtual sounds and their effect on human's perception of the texture dimensions in the presence of simultaneous real haptic cues. The results showed that in the presence of haptic cues, the virtual sound can more completely capture the texture's roughness and hardness than haptic cues alone. However, the perception on slipperiness depended mainly on touch.