cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photochemical flocculation of terrestrial dissolved organic matter and iron

Abstract Dissolved organic matter (DOM) rich water samples (Great Dismal Swamp, Virginia) were 0.1-μm filtered and UV-irradiated in a solar simulator for 30 days. During the irradiation, pH increased, particulate organic matter (POM) and particulate iron formed. After 30 days, 7% of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was converted to POC while 75% was remineralized. Approximately 87% of the iron was removed from the dissolved phase after 30 days, but iron did not flocculate until a major fraction of DOM was removed by photochemical degradation and flocculation (>10 days); thus, during the initial 10 days, there were sufficient organic ligands present or the pH was low enough to keep iron in solution. Nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies indicated that photochemically flocculated POM was more aliphatic than the residual non-flocculated DOM. Photochemically flocculated POM was also enriched in amide functionality, while carbohydrate-like material was resistant to both photochemical degradation and flocculation. Abiotic photochemical flocculation likely removes a significant fraction of terrestrial DOM from the upper water column between headwaters and the ocean, but has previously been ignored. Preliminary evidence suggests that this process may significantly impact the transport of DOM and POM in ocean margin environments including estuaries.
Fragility and robust design of optimal auctions

We consider the fragility problem of optimal auctions under a general class of preference relations and type spaces. We show that in generic settings feasibility of optimal auctions relies on the principals exact knowledge of the preference relations of the bidders. In the absence of such exact knowledge, a self-interested bidder will find it profitable to either misreport her private information or not participate at the auction. This phenomenon is a manifestation of fragility. Given this limitation we design auctions that are robust to model misspecification by leveraging tools from robust optimization, while maintaining computational tractability.
Lack of the ventral anterior homeodomain transcription factor VAX1 leads to induction of a second pituitary

The pituitary gland is an endocrine organ that is developmentally derived from a fold in the oral ectoderm and a juxtaposed fold in the neural ectoderm. Here, we show that the absence of Vax1, a homeodomain transcription factor known for its role in eye and optic chiasm development, causes the rostral oral ectoderm to form an ectopic fold that eventually develops into a separate second pituitary with all the pituitary cell types and neuronal fibers characteristic of the normal pituitary. The induction of the second pituitary is associated with a localized ectopic expression of Fgf10, a gene encoding a growth factor known to recruit oral ectodermal cells into the pituitary. Interestingly, there are rare cases of pituitary duplications in humans that are also associated with optic nerve dysplasia, suggesting that VAX1 might be involved in the pathogenesis of this disorder.
Safety and Efficacy of Sitagliptin Therapy for the Inpatient Management of General Medicine and Surgery Patients With Type 2 Diabetes A pilot, randomized, controlled study

OBJECTIVE This study investigated the safety and efficacy of sitagliptin (Januvia) for the inpatient management of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in general medicine and surgery patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In this pilot, multicenter, open-label, randomized study, patients (n = 90) with a known history of T2D treated with diet, oral antidiabetic agents, or low total daily dose of insulin (≤0.4 units/kg/day) were randomized to receive sitagliptin alone or in combination with glargine insulin (glargine) or to a basal bolus insulin regimen (glargine and lispro) plus supplemental (correction) doses of lispro. Major study outcomes included differences in daily blood glucose (BG), frequency of treatment failures (defined as three or more consecutive BG >240 mg/dL or a mean daily BG >240 mg/dL), and hypoglycemia between groups. RESULTS Glycemic control improved similarly in all treatment groups. There were no differences in the mean daily BG after the 1st day of treatment (P = 0.23), number of readings within a BG target of 70 and 140 mg/dL (P = 0.53), number of BG readings >200 mg/dL (P = 0.23), and number of treatment failures (P > 0.99). The total daily insulin dose and number of insulin injections were significantly less in the sitagliptin groups compared with the basal bolus group (both P CONCLUSIONS Results of this pilot indicate that treatment with sitagliptin alone or in combination with basal insulin is safe and effective for the management of hyperglycemia in general medicine and surgery patients with T2D.
The effect of a density difference on shear-layer instability

Measurements of mass flow rate and mean density have been made in separated laminar boundary layers with large transverse density gradients. Two-dimensional shear layers were formed by exhausting a half-jet of one gas into a reservoir of another gas with a different molecular weight. Two freons with a density ratio of 1-98 and unusual properties which permitted the measurement of the mass flow rate with a single hot wire were used. A n analysis of the mass flow rate fluctuations showed that a negative density gradient (i.e. light gas flowing into heavy) increases the amplification rate of the instability oscillations and reduces the frequency and wave number. Opposite trends were observed when the density gradient was positive. These findings are in agreement with recent theoretical predictions.
The Logic of Collective Responsibility in European Monetary Integration

Although European Monetary Union led to the creation of one of the world's most independent central banks, politics has not been removed from monetary integration. The European Central Bank's primary claim to legitimacy rests with its ability to deliver low inflation and presumably higher growth. Its independence may be insufficient for this task, making its relationship with political institutions like the Euro-12 and European Parliament more important over time in order to augment its own credibility. This article argues that a model of collective responsibility is more appropriate than one of principle-agent theory to describe the development of European monetary relations between the various institutions as they will need to rely on one another if a coherent European monetary policy is to take shape.
The Distribution of the Virtual Waiting Time for a Single-Server Queue with Poisson Input and General Service Times

A single-server queuing process with Poisson input and general service times is considered and an elementary method is given for the determination of the distribution function of the virtual waiting time.
Developing Probabilistic Models for Identifying Semantic Patterns in Texts

We present a probabilistic graphical model that finds a sequence of optimal categories for a sequence of input symbols. Based on this mode, three algorithms are developed for identifying semantic patterns in texts. They are the algorithm for extracting semantic arguments of a verb, the algorithm for classifying the sense of an ambiguous word, and the algorithm for identifying noun phrases from a sentence. Experiments conducted on standard data sets show good results. For example, our method achieves an average precision of 92:96% and an average recall of 94:94% for extracting semantic argument boundaries of verbs on WSJ data from Penn Tree bank and Prop Bank, an average accuracy of 81:12% for recognizing the six sense word 0line0, and an average precision of 97:7% and an average recall of 98:8% for recognizing noun phrases on WSJ data from Penn Tree bank.
On the Simultaneous Identification of Transfer Functions and Initial Conditions

Methods are developed to obtain continuous system eigenvalues and residues along with initial condition residues. The system may have a feedforward gain, and the output of the system may include a constant offset. The identification is based on periodically sampled input and output values. Depending on the nature of the input signal between sampling instants, two sets of relationships are derived. In both cases, a weighted least-squares method is used to obtain optimal coefficients of three z-transform polynomials. Expressions for initial condition residues and continuous system transfer-function residues are developed in terms of the three polynomials. The transfer function part of the solution is shown to be independent of the initial condition part.
A guided tour through a window oriented debugging environment for embedded real time Ada systems

Embedded real-time control systems typically require the use of special debugging environments, which consist of a special debugging processor that hosts the debugging software and that monitors the execution of the separate target system via a special hardware interface. The focus is on extending the set of base debugging features typically found in such an environment to provide better support for real-time task debugging and a more visual graphic display of program behavior. A system was developed that provides such facilities, in the form of a task condition specification and checking system and multiwindow graphics display. A prototype of these novel debugging features was implemented which demonstrates how they work and how they assist in the debugging process. The features of the system are illustrated by providing a tour through an example debugging session. Various constraints that directed the prototype development process are discussed. >
Reading Performances between Novices and Experts in Different Media Multitasking Environments

This experimental study investigated connections between subject expertise and multitasking ability among college students. One hundred thirty college students participated in the study. Participants were assessed on their subject expertise and reading tasks under three conditions: (a) reading only (silence condition), (b) reading with a video playing in the background (background multitasking condition), and (c) reading and watching video simultaneously (test multitasking condition). The data indicated that the participants performed best in the background condition; the experts scored better than the novices; experts performed better when the reading-comprehension questions were more difficult. Implications for teaching are discussed.
Influence of therapeutic ceftiofur treatments of feedlot cattle on fecal and hide prevalences of commensal Escherichia coli resistant to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins, and molecular characterization of resistant isolates

In the United States, the blaCMY-2 gene contained within incompatibility type A/C (IncA/C) plasmids is frequently identified in extended-spectrum-cephalosporin-resistant (ESC(r)) Escherichia coli strains from both human and cattle sources. Concerns have been raised that therapeutic use of ceftiofur in cattle may increase the prevalence of ESC(r) E. coli. We report that herd ESC(r) E. coli fecal and hide prevalences throughout the residency of cattle at a feedlot, including during the period of greatest ceftiofur use at the feedlot, were either not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) or significantly less (P < 0.05) than the respective prevalences at arrival. Longitudinal sampling of cattle treated with ceftiofur demonstrated that once the transient increase of ESC(r) E. coli shedding that follows ceftiofur injection abated, ceftiofur-injected cattle were no more likely than untreated members of the same herd to shed ESC(r) E. coli. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) genotyping, antibiotic resistance phenotyping, screening for presence of the blaCMY-2 gene, and plasmid replicon typing were performed on 312 ESC(r) E. coli isolates obtained during six sampling periods spanning the 10-month residence of cattle at the feedlot. The identification of only 26 unique PFGE genotypes, 12 of which were isolated during multiple sampling periods, suggests that clonal expansion of feedlot-adapted blaCMY-2 E. coli strains contributed more to the persistence of blaCMY-2 than horizontal transfer of IncA/C plasmids between E. coli strains at this feedlot. We conclude that therapeutic use of ceftiofur at this cattle feedlot did not significantly increase the herd prevalence of ESC(r) E. coli.
The Structure of Marketing Channel Relationships

Distribution channel research has been advanced in recent years by contributions based on the political economy paradigm, transaction cost analysis, and relationship marketing. Drawing on these bodies of thought, we propose a new conceptualization of the structure of marketing channel relationships. Relationship structure is defined in terms of decision-making structure and operational integration. The proposed model of channel structure antecedents and consequences is consistent with the major research paradigms but extends beyond simple categorical assemblages of constructs to provide an ordered set of relationships based on theory and empirical research. This conceptualization reconciles some apparent contradictions in the literature and provides a clear focus for structure, process, and performance research in channels.
Dynamic Thermal Line Ratings Part I Dynamic Ampacity Rating Algorithm

A dynamic ampacity rating algorithm is developed for the real time rating of overhead ACSR conductor. The algorithm is comprised of a transient pseudo macroscopic conductor temperature model combined with real time meteorological and conductor measurements. The real time measurments consist of conductor surface temperature, conductor current, ambient air temperature and wind velocity obtained from a conductor mounted module. The conductor temperature gradient is deemed important and its effect was incorporated into the thermal model. Difficult to monitor variables, such as solar heating and precipitation loss effects, are inferred by the algorithm.
Development of temporal integration in newborn chickens.

Abstract The development of temporal integration was investigated in young chickens who momentarily delay their ongoing peeps when they hear a sound. An adaptive procedure was used to estimate absolute thresholds of pure tones and bands of noise between 10 and 460 ms in duration. Over 400 animals were tested at 0 and 4 days posthatch in a variety of conditions and controls. Thresholds decrease approximately 6 dB per doubling of duration. No difference in temporal integration was observed at low frequencies over this early postnatal period. Thresholds improved with age at higher frequencies, as expected, but only at long durations. This suggests that sensitivity may mature to long before short stimuli. A speculative hypothesis extends this idea and may explain data from chickens and humans.
The relationship of patient defensive functioning and alliance with therapist technique during short‐term psychodynamic psychotherapy

This study investigates the relationship of patient defensive functioning, therapeutic alliance and therapists' use of technical interventions in Short-Term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy (STPP; Book, 1998; Luborsky, 1984; Strupp & Binder, 1984; Wachtel, 1993). Participants in this study were 44 patients admitted for individual psychotherapy at a university based outpatient community clinic. Patient defensive functioning was assessed with the Defensive Functioning Scale (DFS) of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Therapeutic alliance was assessed using patient ratings from the Combined Alliance Short Form (CASF; Hatcher & Barends, 1996). External raters coded videotaped sessions using the Comparative Psychotherapy Process Scale (CPPS; Hilsenroth, Blagys, Ackerman Bonge & Blais, in press) to assess the use of Psychodynamic–Interpersonal (PI) and Cognitive–Behavioral (CB) techniques early (third or fourth session) in psychotherapy. Patient Overall Defensive Functioning (ODF) was found to predict therapists' overall use of PI interventions, as well as specific PI and CB interventions. Additionally, patients who utilized fewer adaptive defenses were found to receive more PI interventions in general. The implications of these findings for treatment planning and intervention are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prediction of premixed, n-heptane and iso-octane unopposed jet flames using a reduced kinetic model based on constituents and light species

A model of steady, quasi one-dimensional premixed laminar jet flame developing unopposed into a uniform flow has been formulated using a previously successful reduced chemical-kinetics model [10] and [11]. A detailed derivation of the steady quasi one-dimensional conservation equations revealed that it is only under very restrictive conditions – probably very difficult to achieve experimentally and the validity of which is not reported in detail in experimental studies – that the quasi one-dimensional concept is meaningful. The governing equations have been mathematically manipulated to be consistent with the framework of the reduced chemical-kinetics model which relied on constituents representing the heavy species, and on quasi-steady light species and unsteady light species. The flame model includes accurate transport property calculation for high-pressure conditions and a real-gas equation of state. Based on a found self-similarity [10] and [11] which deteriorates at increasingly rich conditions, the chemistry model consists of tables of kinetic rates, quasi-steady species molar fractions and the heavy species mean molar mass extracted from the LLNL model in the framework of the reduced kinetics. The progress variables are only the mass fractions of the unsteady light species and the temperature. The values of the dependent variables are specified at the inflow location and null gradients are specified at the outflow. Simulations were performed for both n-heptane and iso-octane air oxidation over a wide range of pressures and equivalence ratios. The limited documentation of experimental conditions not specifying the inflow velocity (or flux) made it impossible to use this data for detailed comparison. In the one case where the inflow velocity was available for a burner experiment, those conditions were adopted for the simulation and the configuration was changed to a constant-area jet to approach the burner configuration. Results from this simulation compared favorably with the data, considering the different configurations. Results from parametric studies not associated with experimental data showed that at stoichiometric conditions the flame temperature, flame velocity and strain rate are not sensitive to the pressure, although flames become increasingly thinner with increasing pressure and the yield of the unsteady light species is different. Computations conducted at 40 bar for various equivalence ratios and for velocities differing with the equivalence ratio showed that the maximum flame velocity, flame strain and flame temperature were obtained at stoichometric conditions. Finally, we discuss the limitations of utilizing a priori obtained reduced chemical-kinetic models in flames calculations.
Is “Argument” subject to the product/process ambiguity?

The product/process distinction with regards to “argument” has a longstanding history and foundational role in argumentation theory. I shall argue that, regardless of one’s chosen ontology of arguments, arguments are not the product of some process of arguing. Hence, appeal to the distinction is distorting the very organizational foundations of argumentation theory and should be abandoned.
Acyclic graph coloring and the complexity of the star chromatic number

Star chromatic number, introduced by A. Vince, is a natural generalization of chromatic number. We consider the question, “When is χ* < χ?” We show that χ* < χ if and only if a particular digraph is acyclic and that the decisioin problem associated with this question is probably not in NP though it is both NP-hard and NP-easy. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Motion in the unstable cervical spine: comparison of manual turning and use of the Jackson table in prone positioning.

Object. The purpose of this study was to compare manual maneuvering with the use of a Jackson table when moving patients with cervical spine instability from the supine to the surgically appropriate prone position. Methods. The range of motion (ROM) of the cervical spine of a fresh cadaver was measured. A ligamentous instability was created at the C5–6 level, and the increased ROM was confirmed. Sensors for an electromagnetic motion analysis device were fixed to the anterior portions of the C-5 and C-6 vertebral bodies (VBs) using machined polyethylene mounts and carbon fiber rods that were inserted into the VBs. The sensors were used to measure cervical flexion, lateral bending, and axial rotation during the two transfer procedures. The cadaver was then moved from the supine position on a hospital bed to the prone position for surgery. The manual technique was performed by four trained individuals who moved the cadaver from the hospital bed while rotating it 180° axially onto the surgical table. In using...
Fentanyl Receptor Assay II. Utilization of a Radioreceptor Assay for the Analysis of Fentanyl Analogs in Urine

I A radloreceptor assay has been developed to measure fentanyl and fentanyl-Ilke drugs In biological specimens. The assay is based on the competition of these drugs with (3H)fentanyl for oplold receptors. Rats were injected intravenously with fentanyl (15 gg/kg), cc-methylfentanyl (15 ~tg/kg), (+_)-cls-3-methylfentanyl (15 IJg/kg), butyrylfentanyl (0.48 mg/kg), and benzylfentanyl (3.19 mg/kg). Urine samples were analyzed by radloreceptor assay (RRA), radloimmuno- assay (RIA), and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The time-course of urinary analysis of fentanyl analogs showed some discrepancies. RRA measurement of urine concentrations of (+).c/s-3-methylfentanyl that were undetectable by RIA gave results 5-10 times higher than values obtained by GC/MS. Concentrations of c<-methylfentanyl obtained by RRA and GC/MS were similar; however, these samples were negative by RIA. Following the administration of benzylfentanyl, urinary concentrations were not detected by RIA and only slightly detectable with RRA; however, high concentrations of benzylfentanyl were found by GC/MS In the same samples. Urine samples from animals Injected with butyrylfentanyl showed high cross-reactivity with fentanyl antibody, giving values measured by radlolmmunoassay about two times higher than those obtained by the other two methods. These findings suggest that this radloreceptor assay is well-suited as an initial assay for the detection of active analogs of fentanyl In urine and correlates well with other techniques in the analysis of fentanyl; however, there Is substantial disagreement between techniques in the quantltation of fentanyl analogs.
Evaluation of the seismic performance of a code-conforming reinforced-concrete frame building—from seismic hazard to collapse safety and economic losses

A state-of-the-art seismic performance assessment is illustrated through application to a reinforcedconcrete moment-frame building designed per current (2003) building code provisions. Performance is quantified in terms of economic losses and collapse safety. The assessment includes site-specific seismic hazard analyses, nonlinear dynamic structural response simulations to collapse, damage analyses, and loss estimation. When selecting ground motion records for nonlinear dynamic analyses that are consistent with a target hazard level expressed in terms of a response spectral value at the building’s fundamental period, it is important to consider the response spectral shape, especially when considering higher hazard levels. This was done through the parameter commonly denoted by e. Neglecting these effects during record selection is shown to lead to a factor of 5–10 overestimation of mean annual collapse rate. Structural response simulations, which properly account for uncertainties in ground motions and structural modelling, indicate a 2–7% probability of collapse for buildings subjected to motions scaled to a hazard level equivalent to a 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years. The probabilities of component damage and the means and coefficients of variation of the repair costs are calculated using fragility functions and repair-cost probability distributions. The calculated expected annual losses for various building design variants range from 0.6 to 1.1% of the replacement value, where the smaller losses are for above-code design variants and the larger losses are for buildings designed with minimum-code compliance. Sensitivity studies highlight the impact of key modelling assumptions on the accurate calculation of damage and the associated repair costs.
Geometric and Mechanical-Stiffness Controls on Jointing in Cataclastic Deformation Bands

Abstract Cataclastic deformation bands on the Waterpocket Fold in southern Utah contain cross-cutting joints that terminate at the contacts between the deformation bands and surrounding sandstone. The mechanical contrast between sandstone host rock and stronger deformation bands is analogous to inter-bedded weak and strong layers in a sedimentary sequence, a situation known to result in joints preferentially forming in the stronger layers with joints perpendicular to layer boundaries. Deformation bands in the field area represent conjugate strike-slip shear zones, many with internal Riedel shear geometry, creating a three-dimensional network of mechanically strong zones in variable orientations. Joint attitudes were found to vary systematically as a function of deformation band strike, and the angle between each deformation band and its associated joints is perpendicular to neither the deformation band nor the far-field extension direction. Field observations are confirmed by 2D finite element models showing that local stress reorientation at boundaries between layers affects the mechanics of jointing. The stiffness contrast results in conditions for initiating joints contained in the deformation band, and also results in variable joint orientations in deformation bands with strike orientations oblique to the far-field extension direction. A higher stiffness contrast results in a greater angle between deformation band strike and band-contained joint strike.
Echocardiographic Diagnosis of Acute Pulmonary Embolism in Patients with McConnell's Sign.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common diagnosis encountered in clinical practice. Within VTE, acute pulmonary embolism (aPE) accounts for over a third of cases and has a high rate of both in-hospital and out-of-hospital mortality.1–3 Of those who survive, the morbidity of VTE is high and the cost is significant both for the patients and to the medical system. Despite advancing methods in treatment and diagnosis, the rate of VTE continues to rise in both the USA and Europe.3,4 The signs and symptoms of aPE vary greatly, and the diagnosis is not always clear at the time of presentation. The diagnosis of aPE is typically made using intravenous contrast computed tomography (CT), ventilation–perfusion (V/Q) nuclear scan, or pulmonary angiography.5 However, other diagnostic testing is frequently also performed prior to any confirmatory tests. Specifically, evidence of “right heart strain” on electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, or cardiac biomarkers might suggest a clinically significant aPE.6 “McConnell’s sign” (McCS) is an echocardiographic description of a hypo- or akinetic mid- and basal right ventricular (RV) free wall associated with a seemingly normal or hyperkinetic RV apical wall motion.7 When McCS is present, the diagnosis of aPE is often suspected. However, the specificity and sensitivity of McCS for the diagnosis of aPE are 94% and 77%, respectively.7 Other studies have reported even lower sensitivity,8–10 limiting the diagnostic power of McCs for the detection of aPE. New echocardiographic technology using deformation imaging, or myocardial strain, allows a detailed, quantitative assessment of myocardial mechanics.11 In the left ventricle, global longitudinal strain has been shown to be better suited than traditional measures, such as ejection fraction, for the detection of subtle myocardial dysfunction,12 and, as a result, a better predictor of outcomes.13 In patients with pulmonary hypertension, right heart free wall strain has been also shown to provide prognostic information.14 Because aPE may cause right heart dysfunction, we hypothesized that right ventricular (RV) strain measurements in patients with McCS could provide additional diagnostic information to that provided by traditional indices in these patients. Specifically, we sought to test this hypothesis by studying echocardiographic parameters of RV function in patients with McCS, including RV global and regional free wall strain, and by testing their ability to differentiate patients with and without aPE.
Alcohol Consumption and Risk for Dependence Among Male Latino Migrant Farmworkers Compared to Latino Nonfarmworkers in North Carolina

BACKGROUND: Our aim was to describe alcohol consumption behavior of male Latino migrant farmworkers, compare their alcohol consumption behavior with that of other male Latino immigrants, and determine factors associated with risk for alcohol dependence among Latino immigrant workers. METHODS: Cross-sectional data were drawn from baseline interviews conducted as part of a larger community-based participatory research project examining the cognitive and neurological outcomes of pesticide exposure. A total of 235 farmworkers and 212 nonfarmworkers completed interviews between May and August 2012. RESULTS: Although 17.5% of the North Carolina Latino farmworkers report never having drunk alcohol, and a total of 34.5% report not having drunk alcohol in the previous 3 months, 48.5% engaged in heavy episodic drinking (HED) in the previous 3 months, and 23.8% frequently engaged in HED during this period. Farmworkers and nonfarmworkers did not differ significantly in alcohol consumption behavior. Farmworkers and nonfarmworkers did differ significantly in each component of the CAGE scale, with 37.9% of farmworkers and 16.0% of nonfarmworkers being at risk for alcohol dependence (p CONCLUSIONS: Latino farmworkers and nonfarmworkers consume relatively large amounts of alcohol and engage in HED at relatively high rates. Latino farmworkers have very high rates of risk for alcohol dependence. Policy changes and public health interventions are needed to address these concerns for a population that is vital to the agricultural economy. Language: en
Attenuation of postexertional hypotension by cardiac afferent blockade

Naloxone eliminates postexertional hypotension (PEH) in human and animal models. The effect of naloxone on sympathetic activity during hemorrhage and generation of arterial baroreflex function curves can be stimulated by blockade of cardiac afferent receptors. We tested the hypothesis that cardiac afferent blockade would eliminate PEH in eight spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Rats were instrumented with a Silastic-tipped catheter inserted into the pericardial space. Four weeks later, a Teflon catheter was placed in the descending aorta via the left common carotid artery for measurement of mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR). MAP and HR were examined before (preexercise) and after (postexercise) a single bout of dynamic treadmill exercise (9-12.0 m/min, 10-18% grade for 30-40 min) under three experimental conditions: control, cardiac efferent blockade, and combined cardiac efferent and afferent blockade. MAP significantly decreased (29 +/- 5 and 25.6 +/- 4 mmHg) in the control and cardiac efferent blockade conditions after exercise. However, when cardiac afferents were blocked, the hypotensive response to mild dynamic exercise was significantly attenuated (-6 +/- 3 mmHg). Thus blockade of cardiac afferents eliminated PEH in the SHR. These data suggest that inhibitory influence of cardiac afferents on the circulation may be enhanced after exercise.
Evidence-based guideline update: intraoperative spinal monitoring with somatosensory and transcranial electrical motor evoked potentials*.

ObjectiveTo evaluate whether spinal cord intraoperative monitoring (IOM) with somatosensory and transcranial electrical motor evoked potentials (EPs) predict adverse surgical outcomes.MethodsA panel of experts reviewed the results of a comprehensive literature search and identified published studies
Semantic networks of interests in online non-suicidal self-injury communities

People who engage in non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) often conceal their practices, which limits examination and understanding of their engagement. The goal of this research is to utilize data from public online social networks (namely, LiveJournal, a major blogging social networking site) to observe the NSSI population in a naturally occurring setting. Specifically, the focus of this paper is the interests publicly declared by LiveJournal users. In the course of study, we collected the self-declared interests of 25,000 users who are members of or participate in 139 NSSI-related communities. We constructed a family of semantic networks of interests based on their similarity. The semantic networks are structured and contain several dense clusters-semantic domains-that include NSSI-specific interests (such as self-injury and razor), references to music performers (such as evanescence), and general daily life and creativity related interests (such as poetry and friendship). Assuming users are genuine in their declarations, the clusters reveal distinct patterns of interest and may signal keys to NSSI.
Resumptive Pronouns in Chinese Passives

This paper accounts for the following puzzle: In Chinese long passives resumptive pronouns are allowed as long as the predicate under bei is modified by a post-verbal modifier. This follows from Huang’s (1999) analysis that Chinese long passives involve null operator movement. Surprisingly, resumptive pronouns cannot be licensed if the predicate under bei is bare. I argue that this exception follows from a PF constraint: Resumptive pronouns cannot occur in a position which receives stress. Without a postverbal modifier of the predicate, the neutral stress automatically falls on the resumptive pronoun, which violates the PF constraint.
Presentation of exception handing with UML activity diagram in workflow system

The approach to present the exception handing with activity diagram is put forward in workflow system. According to the characteristic of the workflow system, a formal semantic of extending UML activity diagram is defined. Through the transferred condition to implement a RCT step, a potential exception is presented, and the handling procedures are described under different strategies. As a result, UML activity diagram fits preferably for presentation of exception handing in workflow system, and the coding of workflow system is implement easily because of the UML modeling language.
Media and Community Organization for Prevention Programs

Mass media are believed by many to hold great promise as educators and agents of positive social influence. The seeming simplicity of an extensive mass media campaign and the larger number of persons reached make it an attractive alternative for cost-effective intervention in social problems arising out of individual behaviors (e.g., eating habits, tobacco and alcohol abuse, failure to use safety restraints in automobiles). However, most research on public service media makes them appear to be ineffective.
Effects of Frequency-Selective Fading on Slow-Frequency-Hopped DPSK Spread-Spectrum Multiple-Access Communications

This paper is concerned with the performance of frequency-hopped spread-spectrum multiple-access communications in a fading environment. The data is transmitted on the carrier using differential phase-shift keying with multiple data bits per hop (i.e., slow frequency hopping). The frequency hopping and dehopping are noncoherent. Frequency-selective fading channels are considered for systems with various data pulse waveforms and channel delay power-density spectra. Analytical results for the average probability of error are presented, and numerical examples of the most interesting cases are given.
Towards Careful Practices for Automated Linguistic Analysis of Group Learning

This paper reviews work in progress towards bridging the field of linguistics and its operationalizations of discourse, and that of frameworks for studying collaborative learning that are rooted directly in the learning sciences. We begin with the vision of a multi-dimensional coding and counting analysis approach that might serve as a boundary object between the variety of methodological approaches to analysis of collaborative learning that exist within the Learning Sciences. We outline what we have discovered from a combination of hand coding, comparison with alternative analytic approaches including network analytic and qualitative approaches, correlational analyses in connection with learning-relevant extralinguistic variables, and computational modeling. We explore both the contribution of work to date as well as the many remaining challenges.
High-risk obstetrical call center: a model for regions with limited access to care.

Purpose: High-risk obstetrical care can be challenging for women in rural states with limited access.Materials and methods: Data were evaluated from 62,342 obstetrical calls from pregnant and postp...
Losing the future? Constructing educational need in Egypt, 1820s to 1920s

AbstractThis article examines petitions submitted to the Egyptian state by students and parents over the span of a century. These sources reveal that Egyptians from across the economic spectrum were shifting their construction of schooling in response to changing political and educational policies and evolving conceptions of educational need. Over the course of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, parents and students were increasingly appealing to discourses concerning education, girls’ schooling and nationalism as a way to frame their personal pursuits as an extension of national advancement. As a result, petitioners saw education not as a matter of charity or luxury, but rather as a fundamental way to prevent ‘losing’ a brighter future. Ultimately, this shift in the concept of educational need underwrote the development of mass educational systems of the twentieth century as a cornerstone of the relationship between even the poorest of citizens and the Egyptian state.
Generating polystore ingestion plans — A demonstration with the AWESOME system

AWESOME is a polystore system that enables a data analyst to create a data ingestion script that specifies how it should collect, organize, run a data-derivation pipeline and reports results of the analysis. The collected data can be stored in different component stores under AWESOME for subsequent secondary analysis. This paper demonstrates the process by which AWESOME analyzes the script to construct an efficient ingestion plan, an executable database-centric dataflow specification which populates the raw and all derived data into the polystore. The demonstration will show how changing the script will alter the ingestion plan using a combination of rules and ingestion cost estimation.
Chronic disease burden predicts food insecurity among older adults

OBJECTIVE Increased out-of-pocket health-care expenditures may exert budget pressure on low-income households that leads to food insecurity. The objective of the present study was to examine whether older adults with higher chronic disease burden are at increased risk of food insecurity. DESIGN Secondary analysis of the 2013 Health and Retirement Study (HRS) Health Care and Nutrition Study (HCNS) linked to the 2012 nationally representative HRS. SETTING USA. SUBJECTS Respondents of the 2013 HRS HCNS with household incomes <300 % of the federal poverty line (n 3552). Chronic disease burden was categorized by number of concurrent chronic conditions (0-1, 2-4, ≥5 conditions), with multiple chronic conditions (MCC) defined as ≥2 conditions. RESULTS The prevalence of food insecurity was 27·8 %. Compared with those having 0-1 conditions, respondents with MCC were significantly more likely to report food insecurity, with the adjusted odds ratio for those with 2-4 conditions being 2·12 (95 % CI 1·45, 3·09) and for those with ≥5 conditions being 3·64 (95 % CI 2·47, 5·37). CONCLUSIONS A heavy chronic disease burden likely exerts substantial pressure on the household budgets of older adults, creating an increased risk for food insecurity. Given the high prevalence of food insecurity among older adults, screening those with MCC for food insecurity in the clinical setting may be warranted in order to refer to community food resources.
Utilitarianism and Personal Faith

Personal religion has, in recent years, been conceptualized in terms of a dichotomy. That defined as Intrinsic and Committed serves as a master-motive for living. Its Extrinsic-Consensual counterpa...
Cryogenic Applications of Composite Technology in the U.S.A.

It is reasonable to expect that, by the turn of the century, a substantial portion of the metallic materials currently used for structural purposes will be replaced by nonmetallic composites and aggregates. The impetus for the change will be primarily economic, as alloying elements become scarcer and more costly. However, improved product performance and lower life-cycle costs will also stimulate the change. Cryogenic technology will make widespread use of these new materials, as the high ratios of strength/conductivity (thermal and electrical) and high specific strengths and moduli of composites are particulary advantageous for low-temperature applications.
Miscellaneous Bacterial Infections

Bacterial esophagitis Bacterial esophagitis is rare and usually found in immunocompromised or debilitated patients, including those with AIDS, neutropenia, hematologic malignancies, and bone marrow or solid organ transplants. Implicated bacteria include Staphylococcus aureus, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Klebsiella pneumoniae By definition, the bacteria should invade the mucosa or deeper layers of the esophageal wall, and there should be no evidence of fungal or viral infection, neoplasia, or history of previous esophageal surgery.
Vocal Ontogeny in Macaques and Marmosets: Convergent and Divergent Lines of Development

Of the many published studies of behavioral development in non-human primates (NHP), very few have had a comparative emphasis in which the developmental course of a behavior found in two taxa is compared. Where comparisons have been made, they consist of rather broad leaps between taxa, such as between NHP and songbirds or humans (e.g, Snowdon et al., 1986). The emphasis in these comparisons is on the emergence of apparently similar behaviorally relevant phenomena such as imitative learning. Within the published literature on NHP, developmental studies of individual species are becoming increasingly prominent, particularly for species which do well in captivity and can, therefore, be observed in great detail from birth. Communicative behavior, particularly vocalizations, have come under close scrutiny in several species, and, with the availability of instruments which can graphically represent vocalization time-histories (sound spectrographs and related forms of time history displays), some of the developmental details of a species’ vocal repertoire are being documented. One group of related species, the squirrel monkeys (Saimiri), has been studied over more than twenty years, and considerable information about vocal development is now available (see contribution by Biben, this volume). Representatives of two other primate groups, the genus Macaca and the callitrichids (marmosets and tamarins) also have been the subjects of detailed analyses of vocal development. Interestingly, in both of these primate taxa, efforts have been made to demonstrate an important role for learning in the acquisition of vocal communication skills (macaques: Gouzoules and Gouzoules, 1989; Masataka and Fujita, 1989; callitrichids: Elowson et al., 1992; Snowdon et al.,1986). While controversial, these pioneering efforts have kept alive the hope among primatologists that a non-human primate model for studying language development in human children may yet be found.
Consideration of Fraud and of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Audit

Effective internal control over financial reporting (“internal control”) helps assure that companies produce reliable published financial statements that investors can use in making investment decisions. In identifying risks of material misstatement due to fraud, it is helpful for the auditor to consider the information that has been gathered in the context of the three conditions present when a material misstatement due to fraud occurs—that is, incentives/pressures opportunities, and attitudes/rationalizations.
Stability of Extemporaneously Prepared Sodium Benzoate Oral Suspension

The stability of extemporaneously prepared sodium benzoate oral suspension in cherry syrup and Ora-Sweet was studied. Oral solutions of 250-mg/mL sodium benzoate were prepared in either cherry syrup or Ora-Sweet. To a beaker, 50 grams of Sodium Benzoate Powder USP was dissolved and filtered, the solution was divided equally into two parts, and each aliquot was added into two separate calibrated 100-mL amber vials. In the first vial, cherry syrup was added to make a final volume of 100 mL. In the second vial, Ora-Sweet was added to give a final volume of 100 mL. This process was repeated to prepare three solutions of each kind and all were stored at room temperature. A 250-µL sample was withdrawn immediately after preparation and again at 7, 14, 28, 60, and 90 days for each sample. At each time point, further dilution was made to an expected concentration of 0.25 mg/mL with sample diluent, and the samples were assayed in triplicate by stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography. Stability was defined as the retention of at least 90% of the initial concentration. At least 92% of the initial concentration of sodium benzoate in cherry syrup and at least 96% of the sodium benzoate in Ora-Sweet remained throughout the 90-day study period. There were no detectable changes in color and no visible microbial growth in any sample. Extemporaneously compounded suspensions of sodium benzoate in cherry syrup or Ora-Sweet were stable for at least 90 days when stored in a 4-oz amber plastic bottle at room temperature in reduced lighting.
Cross-Iteration Coded Computing

We introduce the idea of cross-iteration coded computing, an approach to reducing communication costs for a large class of distributed iterative algorithms involving linear operations, including gradient descent and accelerated gradient descent for quadratic loss functions. The state-of-the-art approach for these iterative algorithms involves performing one iteration of the algorithm per round of communication among the nodes. In contrast, our approach performs multiple iterations of the underlying algorithm in a single round of communication by incorporating some redundancy storage and computation. Our algorithm works in the master-worker setting with the workers storing carefully constructed linear transformations of input matrices and using these matrices in an iterative algorithm, with the master node inverting the effect of these linear transformations. In addition to reduced communication costs, a trivial generalization of our algorithm also includes resilience to stragglers and failures. The degree of redundancy of our algorithm can be tuned based on the amount of communication and straggler resilience required. Finally, we also describe a variant of our algorithm that can flexibly recover the results based on the degree of straggling in the worker nodes. The variant allows for the performance to degrade gracefully as the number of successful (non-straggling) workers is lowered.