cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thalamocortical axons are influenced by chemorepellent and chemoattractant activities localized to decision points along their path.

Thalamocortical axons (TCAs), which originate in dorsal thalamus, project ventrally in diencephalon and then dorsolaterally in ventral telencephalon to their target, the neocortex. To elucidate potentially key decision points in TCA pathfinding and hence the possible localization of guidance cues, we used DiI-tracing to describe the initial trajectory of TCAs in mice. DiI-labeled TCAs extend ventrally on the lateral surface of ventral thalamus. Rather than continuing this trajectory onto the lateral surface of the hypothalamus, TCAs make a sharp lateral turn into ventral telencephalon. This behavior suggests that the hypothalamus is repulsive and the ventral telencephalon attractive for TCAs. In support of this hypothesis, we find that axon outgrowth from explants of dorsal thalamus is biased away from hypothalamus and toward ventral telencephalon when cocultured at a distance in collagen gels. The in vivo DiI analysis also reveals a broad cluster of retrogradely labeled neurons in the medial part of ventral telencephalon positioned within or adjacent to the thalamocortical pathway prior to or at the time TCAs are extending through it. The axons of these neurons extend into or through dorsal thalamus and appear to be coincident with the oppositely extending TCAs. These findings suggest that multiple cues guide TCAs along their pathway from dorsal thalamus to neocortex: TCAs may fasciculate on the axons of ventral telencephalic neurons as they extend through ventral thalamus and the medial part of ventral telencephalon, and chemorepellent and chemoattractant activities expressed by hypothalamus and ventral telencephalon, respectively, may cooperate to promote the turning of TCAs away from hypothalamus and into ventral telencephalon.
Authoritarianism, Dominance, and Social Behavior: A Perspective from Evolutionary Personality Psychology

The concept of authoritarianism has been widely misunderstood because of both confusion about values and science and disagreement about a definition of the concept within different areas of psychology. Research in cognitive and social psychology has focused on linking scores on authoritarianism scales with social behavior or information processing, but these efforts have not been very successful at either defining the concept or predicting behavior. In developmental research, authoritarian parenting refers to an emphasis on parental control and decision making. Organizational authoritarianism has been linked to higher productivity and, in some cases, with lower job satisfaction. One way of making sense of the variety of definitions of authoritarianism is in terms of evolutionary personality theory and the concepts of dominance and submission. These biological concepts are relevant to both human and animal behavior, and they can be used to explain authoritarianism in scientific, rather than pejorative, terms.
When terrorism is evidence of state success: securing the state against territorial groups

I develop a game-theoretic model in which the state first allocates limited resources across defensive and offensive security measures, simultaneously choosing whether to attempt forceful elimination of the group. The group subsequently chooses whether to use terrorism or attempt to take territory via guerrilla tactics. The results suggest that states most capable of fighting groups with territorial objectives experience the highest levels of terrorism. Under weak conditions, states always allocate their resources to deter groups from carrying out guerrilla attacks. Accordingly, when it is possible for both guerrilla and terrorist attacks to be optimal for a group, states allocate resources to ensure a terrorist campaign, even though this (mis)allocation facilitates more costly terrorist attacks than happen when facing a group that only uses terrorism.
Design of self-learning controllers using expert system techniques

The use of real-time expert system techniques to control systems, including robot manipulator control systems, is discussed. A novel type of intelligent controller structure, the expert learning controller prototype called ELEC (expert learning controller), is developed for the control series optimization of trajectory tracking problems in repeat operations. The ELEC, acting as an intelligent real-time controller in a closed-loop system, can modify the control series in a human-expert-like way using the experience of previous operations in order to force the system output to converge to the previously given desired trajectory. With the self-learning functions, the ELEC does not require the knowledge of system models; thus, it can be used in a wide range of control problems, especially in robot control. Numerical examples and simulation results of nonlinear, time-varying and multiple-variable robot systems are given to show the satisfactory performance of ELEC. >
The Moundville Expeditions of Clarence Bloomfield Moors, edited and with an Introduction by Vernon James Knight Jr. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, 1996

The University of Alabama Press has done a valuable service to the Americanist archaeological community by reprinting certain parts of Clarence B. Moore's Moundville's work. As part of their series "Classics in Southeastern Archaeology", this volume provides the historian of Americanist archaeology yet another glimpse into the Moore's classic work at Moundville.
Detection performance theory for ultrasound imaging systems

A rigorous statistical theory for characterizing the performance of medical ultrasound systems for lesion detection tasks is developed. A design strategy for optimizing ultrasound systems should be to adjust parameters for maximum information content, which is obtained by maximizing the ideal observer performance. Then, given the radio-frequency data, image and signal processing algorithms are designed to extract as much diagnostically relevant information as possible. In this paper, closed-form and low-contrast approximations of ideal observer performance are derived for signal known statistically detection tasks. The accuracy of the approximations are tested by comparing with Monte Carlo techniques. A metric borrowed and modified from photon imaging, Generalized Noise Equivalent Quanta, is shown to be a useful and measurable target-independent figure of merit when adapted for ultrasound systems. This theory provides the potential to optimize design tradeoffs for detection tasks. For example it may help us understand how to push the limits of specific features, such as spatial resolution, without significantly compromising overall detection performance.
Mycobacterial ESAT-6 Protein Enhances Mouse IFN-γ Responses to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae P71 Protein

Type 1 immune responses play an important role in the resolution of diseases with infectious or oncogenic etiologies. Vaccines for production animals frequently target humoral immune responses and are often ineffective in protecting against disease. In order to shift the immune response more toward cellular immunity (i.e., type 1 response), we tested the ability of a mycobacterial protein, early secretory antigenic target (ESAT-6), to enhance interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secretion during the recall response with a second antigen. The Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae membrane protein P71 was used as a test antigen in murine vaccination studies. The ESAT-6 open reading frame (ORF) was fused to DNA encoding P71 to produce a recombinant protein that was used to immunize BALB/c mice. Control mice immunized with P71 alone demonstrated a splenic response characterized by release of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and a balanced antigen-specific IgG1/IgG2a antibody response. The presence of ESAT-6 as a fusion partner with P71 during immunization, however, resulted in an enhanced P71-specific IFN-gamma response, decreased release of IL-10, and significantly greater (p < 0.05) IgG2a antibody levels in comparison to immunizing with P71 alone. These results demonstrate that ESAT-6 can modify the profile of an immunologic response to an accompanying immunogen.
Auswirkungen der Realwelt-Integration in SCM-Systeme

RFID-Systeme unterstutzen die Integration des physischen Materialflusses mit IT-Systemen und schaffen hiermit Voraussetzungen fur effiziente sowie luckenlose Kontrolle und Steuerung. Sie ermoglichen die Implementierung einer Geschaftslogik, die auf Entscheidungs- und Aktionsregeln basiert und so z.B. eine individuelle Bearbeitung logistischer Einheiten ermoglicht (vgl. Abschnitt 2.3.3). Dieses Kapitel entwickelt ein Modell, das erklart, in welchen Situationen RFID einen Nutzen bewirkt und wo die wirtschaftlichen und technologischen Grenzen des Einsatzes liegen. Das Erklarungsmodell setzt die in der Koordinationstheorie beschriebenen Auswirkungen erster zweiter und dritter Ordnung in Beziehung zu Faktoren, die den Einsatz von RFID beschranken, wie etwa Kosten oder Verbreitungsgrad der Technologie, und erklart hierdurch, welche Anwendungen wirtschaftlich sinnvoll sind.93 Um die Anwendbarkeit der Koordinationstheorie zu zeigen, begrundet folgender Abschnitte, dass RFID eine Koordinationstechnologie ist, indem er den moglichen Beitrag der Technologie zur Unterstutzung der Koordinationsinstrumente Integration, Automatisierung und Dezentralisierung zeigt (s. Abbildung 4–1). Im Anschluss an die Darstellung der Koordinationseffekte befasst sich der letzte Abschnitt aus Perspektive lokaler Anwendungen und aus SCM-Perspektive mit dem Mehrwert von RFID. Die subjektive Werteinschatzung des RFID-Einsatzes beeinflusst die Ausbreitung und damit auch die Auswirkungen der Technologie. Ein moglicher Mehrwert misst sich an ihrem Beitrag zur Bewaltigung der im vorangegangenen Abschnitt beschriebenen Herausforderungen im SCM der Automobilindustrie.
Experts Track Continuing Evolution of U.S. Pension System

The Employee Benefit Research Institute's spring 2007 policy forum, held in Washington, DC, focused on how retirement plan sponsors are reacting to and dealing with major developments in the pension world: Enactment of the Pension Protection Act (PPA) of 2006, which imposed new funding rules on pension plans (among other things), and major new accounting rules issued by the private-sector Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the public-sector Government Accounting Standards Board (GASB). This paper recaps the experts' reactions -- at EBRI's spring 2007 policy forum -- to these major developments. Change has been a near-constant in the U.S. pension system, the experts noted. One theme emerged at the policy forum: New accounting rules -- rather than new pension funding laws by Congress -- may be the determining factor that triggers the next big shake-up in pension coverage.
Purine metabolism in high and low uric acid lines of chickens: phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) synthetase activities and PRPP pool sizes

Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase activities were examined in liver and kidney tissues of two genetic lines of chickens selected for their plasma uric acid levels. Previous work demonstrated that the high uric acid line (HUA) has significantly greater de novo uric acid synthesis rates in kidney tissue compared to the low uric acid line (LUA). In addition, xanthine dehydrogenase activity in liver and kidney tissues was significantly higher in the HUA compared to the LUA line. The activity of PRPP synthetase, which provides a key substrate for the rate limiting step in de novo purine biosynthesis, was found to be significantly elevated (P less than 0.05) in liver and kidney tissues of the HUA line. The mean value of kidney PRPP synthetase activity was 30.2 +/- 0.7 nmole PRPP and 19.1 +/- 1.6 nmol PRPP produced/mg protein/hr, respectively, for the HUA and LUA lines. The PRPP pool size in kidney tissue was also significantly higher in the HUA line. The mean level of PRPP was 319.8 +/- 37.2 pmole/g of wet tissue compared to 176.7 +/- 12.4 pmole PRPP/g of wet tissue in the LUA line. The mean values of liver PRPP synthetase activities were 11.4 +/- 0.6 nmole PRPP and 9.0 +/- 0.4 nmole PRPP produced/mg protein/hr, respectively, for the HUA and LUA lines. The PRPP pool size in liver tissues was significantly higher in the HUA line as well. The mean level of PRPP was 550.7 +/- 72.5 pmole/g of wet tissue compared to 313.6 +/- 31.4 pmole PRPP/g of wet tissue in the LUA line. The enzyme from the HUA birds does not differ from controls with respect to Michaelis constants, inhibition phenomena, and phosphate activation. The increased PRPP synthetase activity found in HUA tissues may be due to structural alterations of the molecule resulting in an enzyme with a greater Vmax, an increase in the amount of enzyme protein, or a lowered level of a nondialyzable inhibitor.
Bi-Objective Optimal Control Modification Adaptive Law for Unmatched Uncertain Systems

This paper presents a recent development of a new model-reference adaptive control method based on a bi-objective optimal control formulation for systems with unmatched uncertainty. Previously, the bi-objective optimal control method has been developed for systems with input uncertainty. In this work, we develop an extension for unmatched uncertain systems. A parallel predictor model is constructed to relate the predictor error to the estimation error of the control effectiveness matrix and the unmatched uncertainty. An optimal control approach is formulated to minimize a bi-objective linear quadratic cost function of both the tracking error norm and the predictor error norm simultaneously. The resulting adaptive laws are dependent on both the tracking error and the predictor error, while the adaptive laws for the feedback gain and command feedforward gain are only dependent on the tracking error. The role of predictor model is to provide improved robustness of the bi-objective optimal control modification. Flight control simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive control approach.
Dimeric and Tetrameric Supramolecular Aggregates of Single-Molecule Magnets via Carboxylate Substitution

[Mn3]2 and [Mn3]4 supramolecular aggregates of weakly exchange-coupled MnIII3 single-molecule magnets (SMMs) with S = 6 have been prepared by carboxylate substitution on [Mn3O(O2CMe)3(mpko)3]+ [mpkoH = methyl(pyridine-2-yl) ketone oxime)] with the dicarboxylic acids α-truxillic acid and fumaric acid, respectively. The method opens up a new approach to Mn3 SMM aggregates of various size and topology.
Medical Care and Alcohol Use after Testing Hepatitis C Antibody Positive at STD Clinic and HIV Test Site Screening Programs

OBJECTIVES The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend screening individuals at risk for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. However, few published data describe outcomes of individuals with antibody to HCV (anti-HCV) identified through screening programs. The purpose of this study was to assess rates of medical evaluation and HCV treatment, change in alcohol consumption, and barriers to medical care after testing anti-HCV positive through a public screening program. METHODS Anti-HCV positive individuals identified through San Diego sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics and an HIV test site screening program were informed of positive test results, provided education and referral, and contacted by telephone three, six, and > or =12 months later. RESULTS From September 1, 1999, to December 31, 2001, 411 anti-HCV positive individuals were newly identified, of whom 286 (70%) could be contacted > or = three months after receipt of test results (median length [range] of follow-up 14 [3-35] months). Of these 286, 156 (55%) reported having received a medical evaluation, of whom 19 (12%) began HCV treatment. Of 132 who reported drinking alcohol before diagnosis, 100 (76%) reported drinking less after diagnosis. Individuals with medical insurance at diagnosis were more likely than those without insurance to obtain a medical evaluation during follow-up (75 [68%] of 111 vs. 70 [45%] of 155; p < 0.001). Among those who did not obtain an evaluation, the most commonly reported reason was lack of insurance. CONCLUSIONS Only about half of newly identified anti-HCV positive individuals received a medical evaluation, although 76% reported drinking less alcohol. Identifying ways to improve medical access for those who are anti-HCV positive could improve the effectiveness of screening programs.
Acute hypoxia modulates 5-HT receptor density and agonist affinity in fetal and adult ovine carotid arteries.

In light of recent observations that receptor-ligand binding and coupling are physiologically regulated, the present study examined the hypothesis that the direct effects of hypoxia on vascular con...
HL202 base drive and thick-film IC for GTR

The HL202 base drive and thick-film IC for a sort of fading-saturation and negative supply protective special GTR and its the range of pin ,name,funcion and usage are introduced.The main particularity of design and parameter restrict are given.The interior structure and working principle are taken apart,further the technical application are discussed and also the application instance are given.
Crown-Diameter Prediction Models for 87 Species of Stand-Grown Trees in the Eastern United States

The mean crown diameters of stand-grown trees were modeled as a function of stem diameter, live-crown ratio, stand basal area, latitude, longitude, elevation, and Hopkins bioclimatic index for 87 tree species in the eastern United States. Stem diameter was statistically significant in all models, and a quadratic
Effect of concentration of mixed-function oxidase on concentration of estrogen, rate of egg lay, eggshell thickness, and plasma calcium in laying hens.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of induction or depression of mixed-function oxidases (MFO) by xenobiotics on the peripheral concentration of estrogens, plasma Ca, rate of egg lay, and eggshell thickness in laying hens. In Exp. 1, 100 mg of phenobarbital (PB) administered orally each day for 3 or 7 d reduced concentrations of estrone and estradiol (E2) in serum. In Exp. 2, 25, 50, or 100 mg of PB was administered orally to laying hens for 3 or 7 d. Treatment with 100 mg of PB for 3 d or with 25, 50, or 100 mg for 7 d significantly increased liver:body weight ratios. Microsomal protein increased after 7 d of 50 or 100 mg of PB administration. Feeding PB decreased concentration of E2 and total plasma Ca in a dose- and period-dependent manner. Concentration of E2 was reduced to 10% of control, whereas hepatic cytochrome P-450 increased significantly with dose. The correlation between concentration of E2 and P-450 was negative and significant. Total Ca in the plasma was highly, positively correlated with concentration of E2. Eggshells were thinner from hens treated with 100 mg of PB for both 3 or 7 d than those from control hens. Rate of egg lay was reduced by 100 mg of PB for 7 d. In Exp. 3, .5 mL of CCl4 given orally for 1 d decreased P-450 and increased E2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Anthracycline Cardiotoxicity: How Do We Move From Diagnosis to Prediction?

Anthracyclines remain an integral part of chemotherapy regimens in many adult and pediatric cancers but cause myocardial damage that may manifest as either subclinical decrements of left ventricular ejection function or overt cardiomyopathy. Anthracycline-related cardiotoxicity is dose-limiting, and the risks of congestive heart failure increase with higher cumulative doses, particularly above 500 mg/m2 in adults and 300 mg/m2 in pediatric patients.1–3 The cardiotoxic effects of anthracyclines may be enhanced by other treatments, including radiation or trastuzumab. Anthracyclines may also lower the threshold for developing cardiac damage associated with aging or comorbid conditions, such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus. As the number of cancer survivors continues to grow, the burden of anthracycline-related cardiac damage is higher than previously thought.4–6 Thus, there is a critical need to better define and quantify treatment-related cardiovascular toxicity. Currently, predictors of anthracycline cardiotoxicity used in standard practice are limited to clinical cardiac risk factors and estimates of left ventricular function by echocardiography or gated radionuclide scans.7 This is a limited approach, and there is a need to expand anthracycline risk assessment in an evidence-based manner, given significant advances in cardiac imaging. See Article by Jordan et al Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) has become the gold standard for quantifying cardiac function and provides comprehensive tissue characterization of myocardial edema, fibrosis, and other features comparable to direct biopsy examination.8 These may serve as early imaging biomarkers and be more predictive of anthracycline-related cardiac injury. The potential of CMR is to permit …
Material Conditions on Tests of Statistical Hypotheses

Orthodox statistical theory, which is the theory used by most practicing statisticians, physicists, biologists, and social scientists, assumes there are objective probabilities which are properties of physical systems. Statistical hypothesis testing is a branch of statistical theory concerned with a theory for accepting or rejecting statements which ascribe these objective probabilities to particular physical systems. Since use of the theory of statistical hypothesis testing leads to the acceptance or rejection of a kind of empirical statement, I shall assume that this theory is a part of inductive logic. Recent philosophical inquiries have largely ignored orthodox statistical theory, and personalistic (or Bayesian) statisticians have attacked it. Since the theory is so widely used, it is important to reexamine its foundations and its place in the canon of inductive logic. In particular I shall be directly concerned with the Neyman-Pearson theory of statistical hypothesis testing, because most of orthodox hypothesis testing is based on the considerations which underlie this theory.
Layer-by-Layer Encapsulation of Probiotics for Delivery to the Microbiome

The gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome is widely investigated for its role in many diseases. However, technologies designed for microbiome delivery are lacking. Here, a layer-by-layer (LbL) approach is reported for probiotic encapsulation to protect probiotics against GI tract insults and improve their adhesion and growth on the intestines. These advantages translate to significantly enhanced survival of LbL-probiotics in vivo.
Sternal clefts and anomalies

There are many variations of sternal anatomy and development. Most of these do not alter chest physiology significantly and as such are not clinically important. Those that do often require surgical treatment early in life. In this chapter, we will review normal sternal development, congenital sternal anomalies and their treatment, and acquired sternal anomalies. Many of the congenital anomalies are often associated with other conditions that result in alterations in the development of other midline structures or thoracic organs.
Improving Cultural Analysis: Considering Personal Culture in its Declarative and Nondeclarative Modes

While influential across a wide variety of subfields, cultural analysis in sociology continues to be hampered by coarse-grained conceptualizations of the different modes in which culture becomes personal, as well as the process via which persons acquire and use different forms of culture. In this article, I argue that persons acquire and use culture in two analytically and empirically distinct forms, which I label declarative and nondeclarative. The mode of cultural acquisition depends on the dynamics of exposure and encoding, and modulates the process of cultural accessibility, activation, and use. Cultural knowledge about one domain may be redundantly represented in both declarative and nondeclarative forms, each linked via analytically separable pathways to corresponding public cultural forms and ultimately to substantive outcomes. I outline how the new theoretical vocabulary, theoretical model, and analytic distinctions that I propose can be used to resolve contradictions and improve our understanding...
Sex-Specific Response to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: Effect of Left Ventricular Size and QRS Duration in Left Bundle Branch Block

Abstract Objectives In this study, the authors sought to assess the impact of body and heart size on sex-specific cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) response rate, according to QRS duration (QRSd) as a continuum. Background Effects of CRT differ between sexes for any given QRSd. Methods New York Heart Association functional class III/IV patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy and “true” left bundle branch block (LBBB) were evaluated. Left ventricular mass (LVM) and end-diastolic volume were measured echocardiographically. Positive response was defined by left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) improvement post-CRT. Results Among 130 patients (LVEF 19 ± 7.1%; QRSd 165 ± 20 ms; 55% female), CRT improved LVEF to 32 ± 14% (p Conclusions Sex differences in the QRSd–response relationship among CRT patients with LBBB were unexplained by application of strict LBBB criteria or by BSA, but resolved by QRSd normalization for heart size using LV mass or volume.
Using Bayesian Networks to Fuse Intrusion Evidences and Detect Zero-Day Attack Paths

This chapter studies the zero-day attack path identification problem. Detecting zero-day attacks is a fundamental challenge faced by enterprise network security defense. A multi-step attack involving one or more zero-day exploits forms a zero-day attack path. This chapter describes a prototype system called ZePro, which takes a probabilistic approach for zero-day attack path identification. ZePro first constructs a network-wide system object instance graph by parsing system calls collected from all hosts in the network, and then builds a Bayesian network on top of the instance graph. The instance-graph-based Bayesian network is able to incorporate the collected intrusion evidence and infer the probabilities of object instances being infected. By connecting the instances with high probabilities, ZePro is able to generate the zero-day attack paths. This chapter evaluated the effectiveness of ZePro for zero-day attack path identification.
In Memorium: Clara M. Szego (1916–2017)

Abstract Dr. Clara M. Szego passed away recently at the age of 101. She was a pioneer in the study of steroid hormone action, particularly the role of estrogens in target tissues. She was first to report on steroid hormone binding with proteins in the circulation in 1946. This observation led to a Ciba Foundation Award of the Endocrine Society in 1953. Claire then followed the steroid hormone and reported on interactions with membrane-associated and nuclear proteins in target cells of the reproductive tract and breast. She was also an advocate to stop the use of diethylstilbestrol (DES) in animal feed in the 1950s–1960s and later helped to develop clinical tests to identify women at risk for developing malignancy after exposure to DES in utero. Being a woman in endocrinology was challenging in the post-war period, and Claire worked to hinder gender bias in academia throughout her career. Her impact on the fields of endocrinology and steroid hormone action was profound, and the full ramifications and clinical benefits of her work remain to be realized.
Drug-induced eosinophilia.

Background Drug reactions have been associated with increased blood eosinophil levels. Objective To review clinical characteristics, the diagnosis, and the management of drug-induced eosinophilia. Methods Pertinent articles were selected and reviewed in relation to a case presentation of drug-induced eosinophilia. Results A case of asymptomatic eosinophilia in the setting of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) use was presented, followed by discussion of the clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and management of drug-induced eosinophilia. Clinical pearls and pitfalls were reviewed for the practicing allergist, clinical immunologist, and fellow-in-training. Conclusion Drug-induced eosinophilia is a diagnosis of exclusion. Although most cases of drug-induced eosinophilia are asymptomatic, one study showed an increased rate of hypersensitivity reactions in patients with higher eosinophil counts and earlier onset of eosinophilia.
The Interaction Between the Development of Deviant Peer Influence and Resistance to Peer Influence: Relevance for Predicting Offending in Early Adulthood

Elucidate susceptibility to peer influence developmental trajectories across adolescence and early adulthood among a sample of juvenile offenders. Examine the relevance of susceptibility to peer influence and the interaction between deviant peer association and susceptibility to peer influence for predicting offending frequency in early adulthood. The Pathways to Desistance data was used in analyses. Analyses utilized group-based trajectory modeling to elucidate general patterns of development of susceptibility to peer influence. The second phase of analyses utilized a series of negative binomial regression to estimate the effects of susceptibility group assignment, deviant peer association group assignment, and the interaction between these constructs for predicting offending frequency at age 23. A two-group model was found to best fit the susceptibility to peer influence data. Negative binomial regression results indicate that the interactions between assignment to the High and Moderate deviant peer association groups and high susceptibility group significantly predicted elevated offending at age 23. Juvenile offenders with the highest number of deviant peers in early adulthood are at risk for higher offending frequency, but only when they are highly susceptible to peer influence. The implications of results for criminal justice officials are discussed.
Nerve-Dependent Factors Regulating Transcript Levels of Glycogen Phosphorylase in Skeletal Muscle

1. Muscle glycogen phosphorylase (MGP), the rate-limiting enzyme for glycogen metabolism in skeletal muscle, is neurally regulated. Steady-state transcript levels of the skeletal muscle isozyme of MGP decrease significantly following muscle denervation and after prolonged muscle inactivity with an intact motor nerve. These data suggest that muscle activity has an important influence on MGP gene expression. The evidence to this point, however, does not preclude the possibility that MGP is also regulated by motor neuron-derived trophic factors. This study attempts to distinguish between regulation provided by nerve-evoked muscle contractile activity and that provided by the delivery of neurotrophic factors.
Epidemiology of Hypertension in the Older Patient

Disease, disability, and death from cardiovascular disease (CVD) represent major problems in the elderly. As the elderly population continues to grow and constitute a larger proportion of the general population, the magnitude of the problem is expected to increase and to place a heavy burden on existing medical care resources. Heart disease and stroke continue to be the first and third leading causes of death in the United States, respectively. CVD becomes the leading cause of death by age 40 years, whereas in women this is delayed until age 70 years, accounting for the predominance of women in the elderly population (1).
Responsibility and the limits of good and evil

P.F. Strawson’s compatibilism has had considerable influence. However, as Watson has argued in “Responsibility and the Limits of Evil” (1987/2008), his view appears to have a disturbing consequence: extreme evil exempts an agent from moral responsibility. This is a reductio of the view. Moreover, in some cases our emotional reaction to an evildoer’s history clashes with our emotional expressions of blame. Anyone’s actions can be explained by his or her history, however, and thereby can conflict with our present blame. Additionally, we too might have been evil if our history had been like the unlucky evildoer’s. Thus, our emotional responses to the evildoer compromise our standing to blame them. Since Strawson’s view demarcates moral responsibility by moral emotional responses, his view appears to be self-defeating. In this paper, I defend the Strawsonian view from the reductio and self-defeat problems. I argue that two emotions, disgust and elevation, can be moral reactive attitudes in Strawson’s sense. First, moral disgust expresses neither blame nor exemption from responsibility. Instead, moral disgust presupposes blameworthiness but is instead a distinct response to the extreme wrongdoer. Secondly, moral disgust involves self-directed attitudes that explain away our apparent lack of standing to blame the evil agent. The structure of disgust as a reactive attitude is mirrored along the positive dimension by the emotion that Haidt (2003a) has called “elevation”, a feeling of moral inspiration. I conclude by defending my view from objections about the moral appropriateness of disgust.
Kinetics of europium sorption to four different aluminum (hydr)oxides: Corundum, γ-alumina, bayerite, and gibbsite.

Abstract Kinetic studies can improve our understanding of the environmental mobility of radionuclides by providing insight into sorption mechanisms occurring at the mineral-water interface. While nearly identical equilibrium europium sorption edges are obtained for gibbsite (γ-Al(OH)3), bayerite (α-Al(OH)3), corundum (α-Al2O3), and γ-Al2O3, differences in surface acidity and crystal structure result in distinct reaction rates. Batch kinetic experiments were performed to investigate europium sorption to four aluminum (hydr)oxide minerals as a function of time (10–120 min), mineral concentration (0.5–50 m2 L−1), pH (5–7), and europium concentration (10−8–10−6 M). Linear and non-linear pseudo-first and pseudo-second order rate equations were used to fit the data. The overall reaction rates and reaction orders with respect to proton concentration, mineral concentration, and europium concentration were determined, leading to a governing rate law for each mineral system. Europium sorption is characterized by a two-step reaction with a fast initial sorption step followed by a slower sorption or aging process. The pseudo-second order equations resulted in better model fits of the data. Using the non-linear pseudo-second order rate constants, it was observed that the reaction orders for each mineral system were similar but resulted in different overall reaction rates following the trend bayerite ∼ γ-Al2O3 > corundum > gibbsite. However, the calculated reaction orders are similar to those previously reported for plutonium(IV/V) interactions with iron (oxyhydr)oxide minerals, suggesting that these binary systems share similar elementary reactions.
An Economics Theory of Information Escrows

An Economic Theory of Information Escrows Ian Ayres* and Cait Unkovic** A variety of information escrows – including allegation escrows, suspicion escrows and shared-interest escrows – hold the promise of reducing the first-mover disadvantage that can deter people with socially valuable private information from disclosing that information to others. Information escrows allow people to transmit sensitive information to a trusted intermediary, the escrow agent, who only forwards the information under pre-specified conditions. For example, an allegation escrow for sexual harassment might allow a victim to place a private complaint into escrow with instructions that the complaint will only be lodged with the proper authorities if the escrow agent receives allegations against the same individual by at least one other claimant. We assess the benefits and costs of allegation escrows and discuss how they might be applied to a variety of claims – including sexual harassment, adultery, corporate and public whistle-blowing, and physician reporting of negative drug reactions. We also show how analogous “shared-interest escrows” might be used in workplace dating and adoption contexts to facilitate the discovery of parties’ mutual interest where unintermediated expressions of interest might themselves be harassing. *ian.ayres@yale.edu Townsend Professor, Yale Law School. **cait.unkovic@berkeley.edu Student, Jurisprudence and Social Policy, University of California Berkeley. We are grateful to Bruce Ackerman, Mark Branch, Jeremy Bulow, Barry Nalebuff and William Samuelson for useful comments.
Randomized Trial of a Computer-Assisted Intervention for Children With Autism in Schools.

Objective Computer-assisted interventions (CAIs) are popular for educating children with autism, but their effectiveness is not well established. This study evaluated the effectiveness of 1 CAI designed to improve children’s language, cognitive, and academic skills, TeachTown: Basics, in a large urban school district. Method Teachers (n = 59) in autism support classrooms and their consented students in kindergarten through second grade (n = 154) were randomized to TeachTown: Basics or waitlist control. Child outcome was measured at baseline and after 1 academic year using the Bracken Basic Concepts Scale–Receptive and Expressive versions and the Differential Ability Scales, Second Edition (DAS-II). Random effects regression models that included clustering of time within students and students within classrooms were used to test whether the change over time in each outcome differed between groups. Results There were no statistically significant differences in outcomes for children who received TeachTown: Basics or treatment as usual. Increased time spent using TeachTown: Basics was associated with worse receptive language outcomes for children in the experimental group after 1 academic year. However, there was no association between minutes spent using TeachTown and changes in expressive language or DAS-II score. Conclusion Despite growing enthusiasm for CAIs in autism treatment, the present findings indicate that CAI might not be effective at improving language and cognitive outcomes for children with autism spectrum disorder. The decision to implement CAIs in schools should be carefully balanced against the evidence for effectiveness of these programs. Schools might be better served by investing in treatment strategies with established evidence. Clinical trial registration information RCT of TeachTown in Autism Support Classrooms: Innovation and Exnovation; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ ; NCT02695693
Use of Geographic Information Systems in Trauma Research

The applications of geographic information systems (GIS) allow for the tracking and prediction of populations, locations, and infrastructure impacted by natural and man-made disasters and/or where emergency response efforts are needed. GIS also facilitates modeling for more successful disaster preparation and the maximization of resources to mitigate the deleterious effect that disasters have on the physical and mental health of the affected population. As it pertains to trauma research and response, especially with children and their families, when disaster strikes, there is no time to waste. Advanced technologies like GIS can inform decisions on where trauma centers are erected, where mental health first responders are stationed, where and how resources are allocated, and what more can be done in the crucial moments that immediately precede and follow the event. Although every scenario cannot be anticipated, models of previous disasters can be applied to potential future sites of terrorist attacks, hurricanes, floods, nuclear power accidents, and the like, so that fortifications can be constructed, plans can be drawn, and mistakes of the past are not repeated. GIS can also aid mental health researchers in the aftermath of disasters by measuring disaster exposure objectively. The level of exposure to disasters such as the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center, the movement of nuclear material in the air after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, and the location and intensity destruction in war-torn regions, such as Syria and Nigeria, strongly affect physical and mental health outcomes of the population, and can be measured objectively with GIS. These and other examples will be discussed with an emphasis on the mental health of children and their families. Although children might not always have an explicit awareness of all factors involved in a traumatic event, they often shoulder a disproportionate burden of the stress. It is our contention that a more scientific, systematic, and objective approach to measuring direct exposure in future disasters will aid in the decision-making process for interventions and treatment to alleviate some of this burden.
Investigation of tylosin in feed of feedlot cattle and effects on liver abscess prevalence, and fecal and soil microbiomes and resistomes1

Liver abscesses in feedlot cattle are detrimental to animal performance and economic return. Tylosin, a macrolide antibiotic, is used to reduce prevalence of liver abscesses, though there is variable efficacy among different groups of cattle. There is an increased importance in better understanding the etiology and pathogenesis of this condition because of growing concern over antibiotic resistance and increased scrutiny regarding use of antibiotics in food animal production. The objective of this study was to compare the microbiomes and antimicrobial resistance genes (resistomes) of feces of feedlot cattle administered or not administered tylosin and in their pen soil in 3 geographical regions with differing liver abscess prevalences. Cattle (total of 2,256) from 3 geographical regions were selected for inclusion based on dietary supplementation with tylosin (yes/no). Feces and pen soil samples were collected before harvest, and liver abscesses were identified at harvest. Shotgun and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing were used to evaluate the soil and feces. Microbiome and resistome composition of feces (as compared by UniFrac distances and Euclidian distances, respectively) did not differ (P > 0.05) among tylosin or no tylosin-administered cattle. However, feedlot location was associated with differences (P ≤ 0.05) of resistomes and microbiomes. Using LASSO, a statistical model identified both fecal and soil microbial communities as predictive of liver abscess prevalence in pens. This model explained 75% of the variation in liver abscess prevalence, though a larger sample size would be needed to increase robustness of the model. These data suggest that tylosin exposure does not have a large impact on cattle resistomes or microbiomes, but instead, location of cattle production may be a stronger driver of both the resistome and microbiome composition of feces.
The Missing Link: Jail and Prison Conditions in Criminal Justice Reform

This article highlights the actual impact of conditions inside prisons/jails for criminal justice reform efforts. The recent consensus towards reducing incarceration – most recently through the Justice Reinvestment Initiative – omits prison conditions from reform. Limiting reform to diversion and re-entry ignores the real toll that violence, minimal medical/mental health care, solitary confinement, and economic/social isolation have on people incarcerated. What happens in prison does not stay in prison, but instead can undermine public safety. Part I assesses reforms across 23 states and finds that none addressed conditions of incarceration. Part II argues that conditions undermine diversion by aggravating the root causes of crime and enlarging the population at the front end of the criminal legal system. Similarly, re-entry programs are hobbled by years of, at best, physical, mental, and social neglect, undermining the ability of people recently released from prison to succeed. These harms are also disproportionately imposed on women and racial minorities. Part III offers strategies to integrate prison conditions into reform efforts. First, systematic data on conditions, paired with expertise from people formerly incarcerated, can improve transparency and propel accountability for prison conditions. Second, eliminating the “user-fee” approach to incarceration can make the true cost of incarceration more visible, while also mitigating the economic isolation of incarcerated people. More specifically, the article urges reform advocates to enforce existing laws, implement federal laws at the state level, and import issue-expertise into best practices for prisons and jail populations. Improved conditions can help break cycles of incarceration, enhance economic and social ties post- release, build equity for disproportionately impacted groups, and ultimately help build a safer society.
The Cultural Realignment of State White Electorates in the 21st Century

Since the beginning of the new millennium, the partisan leanings and presidential voting of state white electorates have been changing. Drawing on party realignment theories and analyses of cultural politics, this paper hypothesizes that cultural issues may be the dimension along which the realignment is occurring. The empirical findings are consistent with this view. The cultural issue preferences of state white electorates are strongly related to change in partisanship from 2000 to 2016. Further, only cultural issue attitudes have become a stronger predictor of state white presidential voting over this period. The apparent effects of partisanship, economic issue attitudes, and racial attitudes have either declined over time or been substantial in some elections and less so in others.
Biologically inspired methods for volumetric deposition of colloidal materials for 3D nano-fabrication of optics and photonics (Conference Presentation)

Nanotechnology and more generally the ability to fabricate devices with nanoscale features has developed from a history rooted in the semiconductor industry; however, biology has long been able to programmatically assemble nanoscale structures with a vast array of functions. Inspired by this, we develop a set of volumetric deposition strategies related to the mechanisms of assembly employed in biological systems. Leveraging a technology for 3D nanofabrication, Implosion Fabrication, we have explored novel methods for depositing nanomaterials relevant to optics, photonics, and plasmonics using thiol-binding, hydrophobic interactions, protein binding, and hydrogen bonds into any 3D geometry with nanoscale resolution and gradient capabilities. Through the development of these novel deposition chemistries, we create a platform by which a large variety of functional nanomaterials can be directed to assemble for the future of device manufacture.
Compositionally Modulated Metallic Glasses

Metallic glasses (amorphous alloys) are of considerable scientific and technological interest (reviewed in, e.g., (1)). They were first produced by rapid quenching of the melt (2), but other techniques can be used, including deposition by evaporation or sputtering. Alloys which have been produced in glassy form fall into two main categories: noble or transition metals with 15–25 atomic % of metalloids; and combinations of early and late transition metals, which typically form glasses over wider composition ranges.
Mathematics of Parking: Varying Parking Rate

In the classical parking problem, unit intervals (“car lengths”) are placed uniformly at random without overlapping. The process terminates at saturation, i.e. until no more unit intervals can be stowed. In this paper, we present a generalization of this problem in which the unit intervals are placed with an exponential distribution with rate parameter $$\lambda $$ . We show that the mathematical expectation of the number of intervals present at saturation satisfies a certain integral equation. Using Laplace transforms and Tauberian theorems, we investigate the asymptotic behavior of this function and describe a way to compute the corresponding limits for large $$\lambda $$ . Then, we derive another integral equation for the derivative of this function and use it to compute the above limits for small $$\lambda $$ with the help of some asymptotic results for integral equations. We also show that the corresponding limits converge to the uniform case as $$\lambda $$ vanishes, yielding the well-known Renyi constant. Finally, we reveal the asymptotic behavior of the variance of the intervals at saturation.