cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of the Al Mole Fraction in the Bulk- and Surface-State Induced Instability of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs

Charge trapping and slow (10 s to > 1000 s) detrapping in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs designed for high breakdown voltage (> 1500 V) are studied to identify the impact of Al molefraction and passivation on trapping. Two different trapping components, TG1 (E a = 0.62 eV) and TG2 (with negligible temperature dependence) in AlGaN dominate under gate bias stress in the off-state. Al 0.15 Ga 0.85 N shows much more vulnerability to trapping under gate stress in the absence of passivation than does AlGaN with a higher Al mole fraction. Under large drain bias, trapping is dominated by a much deeper trap TD. Detrapping under illumination by monochromatic light shows TD to have E a ≈ 1.65 eV in Al 0.26 Ga 0.74 N and E a ≈ 1.85 eV in Al 0.15 Ga 0.85 N. This is consistent with a transition from a deep state ( E c - 2.0 eV) in the AlGaN barrier to the 2DEG.
Hybrid bootstrap for mapping quantitative trait loci

The hybrid bootstrap uses resampling ideas to extend the duality approach to interval estimation for a parameter of interest when there are nuisance parameters. The confidence region constructed by the hybrid bootstrap may perform much better than the parametric bootstrap region in situations where the data provide substantial information about the nuisance parameter, but limited information about the parameter of interest. We apply this method to estimate the location of quantitative trait loci (QTL) in interval mapping model. The conditional distribution of quantitative traits, given flanked genetic marker genotypes is often assumed to be the mixture model of two phenotype distributions. The mixing proportions in the model represent the recombination rate between a genetic marker and quantitative trait loci and provides information about the unknown location of the QTL. Since recombination events are unlikely, we will have less information about the location of the QTL than other parameters. This observation makes a hybrid approach to interval estimation for QTL appealing, especially since the necessary distribution theory, which is often a challenge for mixture models, can be handled by bootstrap simulation.
The Big Five personality traits of professional comedians compared to amateur comedians, comedy writers, and college students

Stand-up comedians are a vocational group with unique characteristics: unlike most other entertainers with high creative abilities, they both invent and perform their own work, and audience feedback (laughter or derision) is instantaneous. In this study, the Big Five personality traits (NEOFFI-R) of 31 professional stand-up comedians were compared to those of nine amateur comedians, 10 humor writers and 400 college students. All four groups showed similar neuroticism levels. Professional stand-up comedians were similar to amateur stand-up comedians in most respects. However, compared to college students, professional and amateur stand-up comedians on average showed significantly higher openness, and lower conscientiousness, extraversion, and agreeableness. Compared to stand-up comedians, comedy writers showed higher openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, and agreeableness. These results challenge the stereotype of comedians as neurotic extraverts, and suggest a discrepancy between their stage persona and their true personality traits.
Post-burial fragmentation of microvertebrate skeletons

An experiment designed to assess the effect of post-burial compaction on microvertebrate skeletons was achieved by compacting an owl pellet assemblage and a simulated natural death assemblage under increasing pressure in sediments of differing grain size. Observations of the compacted assemblages suggest that the distinct signatures associated with dissimilar agents of accumulation can maintain their integrity after tertiary modification in buried substrates.
Retrograde Pre-excitation Comparison of Antegrade and Retrograde Conduction Intervals in Man

The purpose of this report was to compare antegrade (atrioventricular [A-V]) and retrograde (ventriculoatrial [V-A]) conduction times in 124 consecutive patients who exhibited bidirectional conduction during diagnostic studies where His bundle recordings were obtained. None of these patients had any evidence of antegrade pre-excitation. The mean age was 64 ± 13 (range 32-89 years). The QRS complex was abnormal (≧ 0.11 sec) in 46 patients. The control mean P-R, A-H, and H-V times were 170 ± 37, 80 ± 21, 49 ± 8 msec, respectively. The A-V and V-A times were measured from local bipolar right ventricular (RV) and right atrial (RA) electrograms obtained via pacing catheters placed in the high RA and RV apex. Both RA and RV were paced at identical cycle lengths and the rate was progressively increased until block developed or to a cycle length of 400-330 msec. The V-A time was longer than A-V in 45 (group A), equal in 11 (group B), and shorter in 68 patients. Of the latter 68 patients (group C) in 49 V-A time was 172 ± 36 as compared to 197 ± 38 msec for A-V time, and while the interval lengthened at higher pacing rates, it remained shorter than A-V time throughout (197 ± 40 versus 261 ± 51 msec). In the remaining 19 patients (group D) the V-A was not only shorter than A-V (176 ± 27 versus 207 ± 49 msec) but remained unchanged up to the highest paced rates, whereas A-V time progressively lengthened 269 ± 81 msec). In group D a constant V-A time in all probability is indicative of retrograde impulse transmission through tissue other than the A-V node, i.e., bypass pathways functioning only in a retrograde direction. Progressively increasing A-V and V-A times in groups A to C suggest bidirectional conduction through a single common pathway. Our data demonstrate that: 1) V-A is less often longer (35%) and more often shorter (56%) than A-V; 2) In some patients retrograde pre-excitation and V-A may occur through bypass pathways, functional in the retrograde direction only. These findings may be of clinical significance.
Late Dresbachian (Late Cambrian) Biostratigraphy of North America

An examination of the taxonomic composition of the North American late Dresbachian faunules described to date indicates that there is an Aphelaspis Zone faunal assemblage characteristic of the early half of the late Dresbachian Stage and a Dunderbergia Zone faunal assemblage characteristic of the later half. The diagnostic elements of each of the assemblages are listed, and the biozones of the common trilobite genera are noted so that correct intracontinental correlations may be made.
Properties of polysilicon films annealed by a rapid thermal annealing process

This paper describes the electrical and mechanical properties of polysilicon films annealed by a rapid thermal annealing (RTA) process. The results show that doped polysilicon films annealed by RTA process have conductivity below 100 ω sq−1. This is sufficient for application for integrated micromechanical structures. Also, the stress non-uniformity, as well as the average stress in polysilicon films annealed by RTA, is acceptable for manufacturing flat cantilever beams. The average stress of 2 μm polysilicon films is compressive and typically less than 200 MPa.
Role of reticulated platelets and platelet size heterogeneity on platelet activity after dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel in patients with stable coronary artery disease.

Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between reticulated platelets (RPs), platelet size, and platelet function in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) taking aspirin and clopidogrel. Background Reticulated platelets are young platelets that are larger and possibly more active than non-RPs. Methods Flow cytometry was used to measure RPs after staining with thiazole orange and to define the upper 20% and lower 20% of platelets by size. Platelet aggregation was measured with light transmission aggregometry (LTA); platelet activation was assessed by measuring activated platelet surface expression of P-selectin and glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa. Results Ninety patients were recruited and stratified into tertiles of %RPs. Patients in the upper tertile displayed greater platelet aggregation to 5-μmol/l adenosine diphosphate (ADP) (50.7 ± 16.4% vs. 34.2 ± 17.3%, p 20%) was higher in the upper tertile (53% vs. 17%, p 50%) was also elevated in the upper tertile (50% vs. 13%, p = 0.003). The larger platelet gate had a higher % of RPs compared with the smaller gate (15.4 ± 16.7% vs. 1.7 ± 2.3%, p Conclusions The proportion of circulating RPs strongly correlates with response to antiplatelet therapy in patients with stable CAD. Large platelets exhibit increased reactivity despite dual antiplatelet therapy, compared with smaller platelets.
Seizure-prone EL/Suz mice exhibit physical and motor delays and heightened locomotor activity in response to novelty during development

Seizure-prone EL/Suz mice have been studied as a model of multifactorial epilepsy for five decades. In prior behavioral studies, EL/Suz mice were shown to exhibit heightened locomotor activity, which implies a state of underlying hyperexcitability. The aim of the present study was to establish the premorbid behavioral development of basic motor skills and activity levels of EL/Suz mice, as compared with DDY mice, the control strain that is not seizure-prone. EL/Suz and DDY pups were monitored from Postnatal Day (PND) 3 to assess body weight, surface righting, negative geotaxis, forelimb grip strength, eye opening, habituation to a novel environment, and exploratory behavior in a two-compartment task. EL/Suz mice weighed less from PNDs 3 to 21 and exhibited delayed surface righting (PNDs 3, 5, 7) and negative geotaxis (PNDs 5, 7, 9) responses. EL/Suz and DDY mice differed in their habituation to a novel environment, with EL/Suz mice exhibiting higher activity, both within a single 10-minute session and across the 3 days of testing. EL/Suz and DDY mice also differed in the two-compartment task, with EL/Suz mice exhibiting increased locomotor activity and spending a greater amount of time in the light compartment. Thus, the present findings reveal that EL/Suz mice exhibit some developmental delays, altered habituation to a novel environment, and increased exploratory activity. Overall, the present results demonstrate that the behavioral and physiological phenotype of seizure-prone EL/Suz mice is deviant more than 2 months before the onset of seizure susceptibility.
Comments on “Effect of Electric Charge on Collisions between Cloud Droplets”

AbstractFletcher’s simple model for the electric force between charged conducting spheres (with reference to cloud droplets) is compared with an exact model and also with another approximate model. His results for the charge ratio as a function of the distance at which the force of attraction changes to one of repulsion differs from that of the other treatments by a factor of 4 at large separations (where the effects of approximations should be negligible) and by a factor of 8 at small separations. The reasons for the discrepancy are explored, and the other treatments are found to be reliable. The attractive force is present for a much larger range of separations, and for more meteorologically plausible charge ratios, than in Fletcher’s results. The general results are discussed in the context of confounding effects of droplet inertia, which is the dominant factor in collisions unless there are very high droplet charges. Inertia is much less important for collisions of charged aerosol particles and cloud ...
Lake Herring Spawning Grounds of the St. Marys River with Some Potential Implications for Early Spring Navigation

Abstract The St. Marys River is a connecting channel between Lakes Superior and Huron and is a thoroughfare for international shipping. An experimental expansion of the navigation season into early spring raised concerns over the effects on the hatch of lake herring Coregonus artedii. Fundamental to assessing the risk is knowledge on location of lake herring spawning grounds and proximity of incubation to navigation. Variable-mesh gill nets were fished from late October through November 1993–1996 between Izaak Walton Bay (above the Soo Locks, in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan) to lower Lake Munuscong. Presence of ripe, partially spent, and spent female lake herring was used as an indicator of spawning activity. Catch rates of female lake herring in spawning condition were compiled in a Geographic Information Systems database and expressed on three-dimensional graphic plots for visual inspection. A hydraulic-flow model was used to predict the potential short-term dispersion of the eggs from spawning grounds. W...
Chromaticity of the Martian sky as observed by the Mars Exploration Rover Pancam instruments

[1] We have derived quantitative color estimates of the Martian sky from data acquired by the Panoramic Cameras (Pancams) on the Mars Exploration Rovers Spirit and Opportunity. We calculate the perceptual color of the sky directly from the absolute radiometric calibration of the cameras, following similar approaches to those used in previous studies with Viking Lander and Mars Pathfinder data. We further use these measurements to study changes in sky color throughout the MER missions and to compare these to changes in atmospheric opacity determined from direct solar imaging by the Pancams. We have derived a functional relationship between sky color and optical depth and discuss its possible uses and limitations. Finally, we simulate changes in sky color as suspended dust is removed and present visual representations of these based on modeling results, past studies, and observed MER sky brightnesses. The color of the Martian sky as opacity decreases from 1.0 to 0.0 is estimated to change from “dark yellowish brown” at high opacity to “bluish-black” or “black” if dust-free.
Fermi-Surface Topology Changes in In Alloys Deduced from the Behavior of T c under Strain

We have measured the effect of dilute alloying on the strain ($\ensuremath{\epsilon}$) dependence of the superconducting transition temperature ${T}_{c}$ of In whiskers. Alloy contents $x$ ranged up to 0.1-at.% Ag, 1.5-at.% Sn, and 3-at.% Cd. The addition of Ag and Sn did not affect $\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}{T}_{c}}{\ensuremath{\partial}\ensuremath{\epsilon}}$, but the addition of Cd had a large effect. The initial slope of the ${T}_{c}$-vs-$\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ curve, ${(\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}{T}_{c}}{\ensuremath{\partial}\ensuremath{\epsilon}})}_{\ensuremath{\epsilon}=0}$, decreased with increasing Cd content until at 0.9 at.% it was a minimum of 15 mK/%, one-fourth of its value for pure In. As $x$ increased from 0.9- to 2-at.% Cd, ${(\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}{T}_{c}}{\ensuremath{\partial}\ensuremath{\epsilon}})}_{\ensuremath{\epsilon}=0}$ increased to almost its value for pure In. The curves ${T}_{c}$ vs $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ were linear in $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ for $0\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}0.3$ and for $xg2$ at.%. For $0.3lx\ensuremath{\le}0.9$-at.% Cd, $\frac{{\ensuremath{\partial}}^{2}{T}_{c}}{\ensuremath{\partial}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{2}}$ was negative, while for $0.9lxl2$-at.% Cd it was positive. For alloys with more than about 2.0-at.% Cd, ${T}_{c}$ was linear in $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$. This behavior is attributed to a change in the topology of the Fermi surface occurring at about 0.9-at.% Cd in In.
Conformational analysis of olefin-carbene ruthenium metathesis catalysts

We settle a long-standing disagreement of DFT with experiment (both solution and gas phase) for the phosphine dissociation process in Grubbs metathesis catalysis. Our findings with the M06 functional provide further support to gas-phase experimental work, concluding that for the ring-closing metathesis of norbornene, the resting state is the alkylidene−olefin complex and the rate-determining step is the loss of norbornene as a ligand and generation of the 14-electron activated species. Comparing to recent solution NMR data on olefin−carbene Ru complexes relevant to olefin metathesis, we find that the M06 density functional leads to accurate predictions for the stability of conformers, ~0.5 kcal/mol better than is found by B3LYP. Using this methodology, we suggest that Piers and co-workers observed the cis-dichloro “down” isomer exclusively following the ring opening of acenaphthalene.
Molecular signaling network motifs provide a mechanistic basis for cellular threshold responses.

Background: Increasingly, there is a move toward using in vitro toxicity testing to assess human health risk due to chemical exposure. As with in vivo toxicity testing, an important question for in...
Utility Deregulation and Stranded Investments

Abstract Electric utilities in the U.S. are moving towards full competition in the electricity market. Many utilities carry stranded investments on their balance sheets and the disposition of stranded investments is a public concern, affecting the competing interests of customers and shareholders. Stranded investments represent past utility investments that may not be recoverable in a competitive environment. Recent federal regulations allow utilities to collect their stranded investments in wholesale rates, which is a benefit to shareholders at the expense of existing customers. We find that investor owned utilities with high stranded investments enjoyed larger security returns on the date regulations that allowed utilities to recover stranded investments was enacted. We also find that firms with stranded investments had larger security returns in the one-year period following passage of legislation. In substance, the regulations delayed the movement of the utility industry toward competition and put the burden of stranded investments on consumers, as opposed to shareholders.
Photodissociation of Co3: Evidence for a long-lived excited state

Abstract Energy analysis of the photofragment O − ions produced in the photodissociation reaction CO 3 − + hv »- O − + CO 2 identifies two dinstict O − production mechanisms: a two-photon absorption via an intermediate bound electronic state, and a collision-assisted single-photon process via a long-lived excited state. This species has a radiative lifetime exceeding one microsecond. and a collisional dissociation cross section measurably higher than that of the ground state.
Folding of the glucocorticoid receptor N-terminal transactivation function: Dynamics and regulation

The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mediates biological effects of glucocorticoids at the level of gene regulation, and plays important roles in many aspects of physiology. In recent years, it has become quite evident that GR behaves very dynamically, controlled by its reversible interactions with a variety of coregulatory proteins at various DNA and non-DNA sites. The N-terminal activation function domain (AF1) of the GR exists in an intrinsically disordered (ID) state, which promotes molecular recognition by providing surfaces capable of binding specific target molecules. Several studies suggest that when in action, the GR AF1 gains structure. Thus, it is hypothesized that the GR AF1 domain may be structured in vivo, at least when directly involved in transcriptional activation. Our recent work supports this conclusion. We propose that by allowing AF1 to rapidly and reversibly adopt various configurations through structural arrangements, AF1 can create protein surfaces that are readily available for selective binding to coregulatory proteins, resulting in GR-mediated transcriptional regulation of target genes.
Solvatochromism of distyrylbenzene pairs bound together by [2.2]paracyclophane: evidence for a polarizable "through-space" delocalized state.

A series of compounds were designed and synthesized to examine how through-space and through-bond electron delocalization respond to solvent effects. The general strategy involves the study of “dimers” of the distyrylbenzene chromophore held in close proximity by the [2.2]paracyclophane core and a systematic dissection of the chromophore into components with through-space and through-bond electronic delocalization. Steady state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy in a range of solvents reveals a red-shift in emission and an increase in the intrinsic fluorescence lifetime for the emitting state in polar solvents when donor substituents are absent. We propose that through-space delocalization across the [2.2]paracyclophane core is more polarizable in the excited state, relative to the through-bond (distyrylbenzene based) excited state. When strong donors are attached to the distyrylbenzene chromophore, the charge transfer character of the distyrylbenzene-based excited state dominates fluorescence pr...
The differential diagnosis and management of asthma in the preschool-aged child.

Purpose: To discuss the diagnosis and management of asthma in preschool-aged children by nurse practitioners in primary care. Data sources: Selected research and clinical articles; 2007 National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma. Conclusions: Proper diagnosis leads to appropriate treatment of asthma in preschool-aged children, which facilitates asthma control. Well-controlled asthma results in fewer asthma exacerbations, fewer nighttime awakenings, and an increased ability to engage in normal childhood activities. Implications for practice: Advanced practice nurses are in the position to aid in the initial diagnosis of asthma in preschool-aged children through taking detailed medical histories, providing thorough physical examinations, and, if needed, initiating a therapeutic trial with an inhaled corticosteroid. Proper diagnosis and management of asthma is essential to reduce asthma complications, such as exacerbations leading to emergency department visits and hospitalizations.
The Role of Knowledge in R&D Efficiency

Past research has recognized that both demand and capability influence the allocation of R&D resources. Scholars have had an easier time getting a grip on demand than on capability. While it has been recognized that knowledge is an important part of capability, to date, formalization of knowledge and its role in R&D activity has been unsatisfactory. This paper models the role of knowledge in R&D. Various sources of such knowledge are considered. The model throws a different light on analyses that employ a â€œknowledge capital stock,â€ and also illuminates the dual private and public nature of technological knowledge.
Potassium-dependent prolonged field bursts in the dentate gyrus: Effects of extracellular calcium and amino acid receptor antagonists

The dentate gyrus in rat hippocampal slices produces spontaneous, prolonged bursts of population spikes (i.e. prolonged field bursts) when [Ca2+]0 is lowered (0-0.5 mM) and [K+]0 is concurrently elevated (9-11 mM). In this investigation we examined whether the dentate gyrus could also generate spontaneous field bursts in relatively "normal" (i.e. nominal 1.3 mM) or only moderately decreased [Ca2+]0 (i.e. nominal 0.9 mM). In 1.3 mM [Ca2+]0, no prolonged field bursts occurred spontaneously in the dentate gyrus when [K+]0 was raised as high as 12 mM. Prolonged field bursts were generated, however, when [K+]0 was further increased to 13-15 mM. Similar bursts could be generated at [K+]0 within the "physiological ceiling level" observed in vivo during seizure activity (i.e. 11-12 mM) if: (i) the bath [Ca2+] was reduced to 0.9 mM; or (ii) the GABA type A-receptor antagonist bicuculline was added in the presence of "normal" (1.3 mM) [Ca2+]0. Adding both the N-methyl-D-aspartate and non-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists, (+/-)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (50-100 microM) and 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (50-100 microM), respectively, did not block the occurrence of the field bursts. The bursts generated in 1.3 mM [Ca2+]0, 12 mM [K+]0, bicuculline, (+/-)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid and 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione could, however, be reversibly depressed or blocked if [Ca2+]0a was raised to 2.0 mM.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
TERPENES FROM PITTOSPORACEAE

Abstract The monoterpenes of the fruits of Pittosporum resiniferum and P. undulatum have been identified. The essential oil of P. resiniferum contai
Localization Effects in Bammann-Chiesa-Johnson Metals With Damage Delocalization

The presence of softening in the Bammann-Chiesa-Johnson (BCJ) material model presents a major physical drawback: the unlimited localization of strain which results in spurious zero dissipated energy at failure. This difficulty resolves when the BCJ model is modified to incorporate a nonlocal evolution equation for the damage, as proposed by Pijaudier-Cabot and Bazant (1987). The objective of this work is to theoretically assess the ability of such a modified BCJ model to prevent unlimited localization of the strain. To that end, we investigate two localization problems in nonlocal BCJ metals: appearance of a spatial discontinuity of the velocity gradient in a finite, inhomogeneous body, and localization into finite bands. We show that in spite of the softening arising from the damage, no spatial discontinuity occurs in the velocity gradient. Also, we find that the dissipation energy is continuously distributed in nonlocal BCJ metals and therefore can not localize into zones of vanishing volume. As a result, the appearance of any vanishing width adiabatic shear band is impossible in a nonlocal BCJ metal. Finally, we study the finite element (FE) solution of shear banding in a rectangular mesh, deformed in plane strain tension and containing an imperfection, thereby illustrating the effects of imperfections on the localization of the strain.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
The effect of lattice anisotropy on low-temperature specific heat

Abstract A general analysis has been made in terms of the Debye theory of most of the available lowtemperature specific heat data of monatomic solids. The results of the analysis are compared among the various crystal structures including the highly anisotropic lattices. An attempt has also been made to apply for the purpose of general analysis the Tarassov quasi-empirical specific heat integrals to describe lattice anisotropy. The results of such an analysis are summarised for Se, Te, Hg, In, Zn, Cd, Sb, Sn (white) and Li (low-temperature phase). The comparison using this simple model shows that the anisotropy of mercury and indium is “similar” to that of tellurium and selenium, and that the anisotropy of zinc and cadmium is “similar” to that of other “layer” structure elements. The relative number of “soft” and “hard” modes of vibration of these anisotropic lattices have been calculated using simple continuum models. A qualitative method is pointed out for distinguishing between monatomic isotropic lattices, polymeric “chain” lattices and polymeric “layer” lattices from low temperature specific heat data.
Quality characteristics of meat batters and frankfurters containing wheat germ protein flour

Frankfurters were extended with wheat germ protein flour (WGPF) at 3.5, 5.0. and 7.0%. Water added during formulation was increased by 2% for every 1% of WGPF added. Batters containing WGPF had higher pH and adhesiveness values. Viscosities of the batters were not affected by addition of WGPF. Batters containing WGPF had lower cooking losses, and lower percent water and fat separated. Positive effects, such as lower cooking losses, higher processing yields and lower percent fat, were not consistent at levels of WGPF beyond 3.5%, probably because of higher levels of added water. Total yields of the samples containing WGPF were higher than those of control samples. No differences were observed in protein and amino acid contents of samples. Lower fat content was found in samples extended with 7.0% WGPF. Frankfurters containing WGPF had lower shear force and firmness values. Differences in color of frankfurters were also observed.
Formation of novel nucleosides from free base and sugar phosphate: Aqueous reaction of 2-aminopyrimidine and ribose-5-phosphate

The facile formation of glycosylamines suggests that a base liberated by depurination might react at the free C1 position of the sugar phosphate from which it had been hydrolyzed, effectively repurinating the site. Model experiments testing this hypothesis demonstrate that such a reaction does take place. The primary product of a reaction between 2-aminopyrimidine (a model for guanine) and ribose-5-phosphate is characterized by enzymatic and chemical degradation, and UV spectra. It is shown to be a novel nucleoside with the base attached via its exocyclic amino group to the C1 of the ribose-5-phosphate.
Novel polycyclic heterocycles. XII. Reactions of 1,2-dihydro-11-(trifluoromethyl)-3H-7H-quino[8, 1-cd] [1,5]-benzoxazepin-3-one with aromatic aldehydes†

The Claisen-Schmidt condensation between 1,2-dihydro-11-(trifluoromethyl)-3H,7H-quino-[8,1 -cd][1,5]benzoxazepin-3-one, 1, and aromatic aldehydes has been investigated. The acid catalyzed reactions yielded the trans-2-benzylidene derivatives, 4; the structures and configurations of the group of compounds represented by 4 have been confirmed by pmr in conjunction with the Eu(fod)3 shift reagent. In contrast, catalysis with sodium hydroxide gave the isomeric 2-benzyl-endocyclic α,β-unsaturated ketones, 3. Finally, the 4 could be isomerized to the corresponding 3 by means of sodium hydroxide. The ir, uv, and pmr spectra of these compounds are discussed.
HgCl(B-X) emission due to CO(+) and CH(3)HgCl collisions.

Dissociative excitation of the HgCl(B—X) band system and atomic mercury lines have been observed in the present studies during collisions of CO+ ions with CH3HgCl molecules in the laboratory kinetic energy range of 100–1000 eV.
Respiratory changes accompanying Leishmania to leptomonad transformation in Leishmania donovani.

Abstract Recent studies with Leishmania donovani have indicated that transformation from leishmania to leptomonad in culture involves a shift to aerobic metabolism. An attempt was made to confirm this hypothesis by measuring changes in parasite respiratory activity corresponding to body shape during transformation. Parasites were prepared from infected rodent spleens by homogenizing and centrifugation; preparations were diluted to contain a constant number of organisms, one-half volume of a saline-citrate-hemolyzed blood medium was added, and O2 uptake was measured at 28 °C on a differential respirometer for up to 27 hours. Stained smears were made periodically to monitor transformation. Leishmanias exhibited a falling respiratory rate for the first 3 to 6 hours and a steadily increasing respiratory rate thereafter as transformation progressed. The initial fall in O2 uptake was attributed to “dying” host tissue contaminant, since uninfected spleens prepared as above showed the initial fall in respiration but did not show the subsequent increase.
STIMULUS COMPETITION IN ATTENTION: A NEURAL MODEL OF VISUAL CORTEX AREA V4

When a monkey is presented simultaneously two stimuli in the receptive field of a neuron in the visual cortex area V4, the neuron firing rate response is intermediate between the neuron response when both stimuli are presented alone. This phenomenon is called stimulus competition. To study its basic underlying neural mechanisms, we calculate the neuron firing rate response to different stimulus configurations. We find that stimulus competition can arise from the neuron's response properties alone, but only for a limited set of stimulus pair parameters. Furthermore, network properties may be important in modifying the inputs so that competition may occur for much wider sets of stimulus pairs.
Spin‐free quantum chemistry. XII. Coarse structure magnetic theory

The coarse structure magnetic theory presented here is a reformulation of conventional magnetic theory which emphasizes the spin-free (i.e., the coulombic) nature of the electron-electron interaction. We show that the magnetic properties of a system for which fine and hyperfine structure can be neglected depend only on the energy spectrum of a spin-free Hamiltonian. As an example, we treat the Heisenberg linear chain.
Mitochondrial Ca2+ signals in autophagy

Macroautophagy (autophagy) is a lysosomal degradation pathway that is conserved from yeast to humans that plays an important role in recycling cellular constituents in all cells. A number of protein complexes and signaling pathways impinge on the regulation of autophagy, with the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) as the central player in the canonical pathway. Cytoplasmic Ca2+ signaling also regulates autophagy, with both activating and inhibitory effects, mediated by the canonical as well as non-canonical pathways. Here we review this regulation, with a focus on the role of an mTOR-independent pathway that involves the inositol trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R) Ca2+ release channel and Ca2+ signaling to mitochondria. Constitutive InsP3R Ca2+ transfer to mitochondria is required for autophagy suppression in cells in nutrient-replete media. In its absence, cells become metabolically compromised due to insufficient production of reducing equivalents to support oxidative phosphorylation. Absence of this Ca2+ transfer to mitochondria results in activation of AMPK, which activates mTOR-independent pro-survival autophagy. Constitutive InsP3R Ca2+ release to mitochondria is an essential cellular process that is required for efficient mitochondrial respiration, maintenance of normal cell bioenergetics and suppression of autophagy.
Epitope-Specific Antibodies to the β1C Integrin Cytoplasmic Domain Variant

The beta(1C) integrin is an alternatively spliced variant of the beta(1) subunit that contains a unique 48-amino-acid sequence in its cytoplasmic domain. We have shown previously that beta(1C) is a potent inhibitor of cell proliferation and that in vivo its expression is downregulated in prostate and breast carcinoma. In this study, we describe a panel of specific monoclonal antibodies that react with the beta(1C) cytodomain. We show by immunoblot analysis that the newly generated monoclonal antibodies specifically recognize the beta(1C) cytodomain expressed as glutathione S-transferase fusion protein. The specificity of the antibodies to beta(1C) was confirmed in competition studies by immunoblotting using beta(1C)-specific synthetic peptides. These monoclonal antibodies reacted, in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, with the beta(1C) 785-808 peptide but failed to bind the beta(1C) 778-794, beta(1C) 805-825, or beta(1A) 765-798 peptides. Thus, the epitope recognized by the antibodies is located within the Q(795)-F(804) beta(1C) cytoplasmic sequence; this region overlaps the previously described Q(795)-Q(802) domain necessary for beta(1C) to inhibit cell proliferation. To our knowledge, these are the first monoclonal antibodies specific for a beta(1) cytoplasmic isoform. The monoclonal antibodies described here will be useful tools for dissecting functional differences, among beta(1) integrin variants, as well as for the study of the role of beta(1C) in prostate and breast epithelial cell proliferation.
Description and evaluation of a glycemic management protocol for patients with diabetes undergoing heart surgery.

Objective: To evaluate a protocol for glycemic management in the treatment of postoperative heart patients with diabetes in the setting of a community hospital. Methods: The protocol included a standardized guideline in tabular form for nurse-implemented insulin infusion ("drip") therapy for postoperative glycemic control. At the time of discontinuation of the insulin drip, the glycemic status of patients with diabetes was managed by the endocrine department. Overall, 29 patients were assessed without and 29 patients with use of the protocol in a community hospital. Results: From postoperative days 0 through 4, use of the protocol resulted in a greater number of blood glucose determinations, a trend toward greater utilization of insulin drip therapy without a significant increase in the number of patients treated with insulin drip, and no change in the frequency of hypoglycemic episodes. During the same time interval, the percentages of postoperative days during which at least one blood glucose value equa...
Globalization and the events of September 11, 2001*

(2002). Globalization and the events of September 11, 2001. Socialism and Democracy: Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 131-136.
Words of Batswana: Letters to the Editor of Mahoko a Becwana, 1883–1896

During the last twenty years, in conjunction with rapid political changes in southern Africa, scholars of the region's history have become increasingly interested in studying the experiences of people whose stories, like their livelihoods, were previously often restricted or ignored by those in power. This scholarly interest initially focused on instances of conflict and oppression, disclosing the violence and injustice that accompanied colonialism and apartheid, but more recent studies have given greater attention to different local and personal histories that do not necessarily share the same preoccupation with broader political issues. Rather than define their lives primarily in terms of their relations with Europeans, Africans were often more concerned with affairs within their own families and communities over which they felt that they had some measure of control and responsibility. Those problems were certainly instigated to some extent by European institutions, but they were usually addressed and managed in African terms and along the lines of locally-established norms and practices. Such African-centered historical viewpoints and activities, previously overlooked by scholars, are achieving greater recognition, but there are still numerous important sources that have not yet been fully studied.
Synthesis of a new iron Lewis acid catalyst possessing a chelating cyclopentadienyldiphenylphosphinite ligand, (η5:η1-C5H4CH(Ph)OPPh2)

Abstract A new iron Lewis acid catalyst, [(η5:η1-C5H4CH(Ph)OPPh2)Fe(CO)(THF)]+[BF4]− featuring a cyclopentadienyl ring that is tethered to a terminal diphenylphosphinite moiety was created. This is the first complex to contain a chelating η5:η1-cyclopentadienyl-phosphinite ligand. This new racemic iron Lewis acid was tested and found to be an effective catalyst in an aziridine-forming reaction. An asymmetric alcohol that is a precursor of the chiral catalyst was synthesized with greater than 95% ee. Upon ligation of the diphenylphosphinite to the iron center, a 3:2 mixture of diastereomers was formed. The diastereomeric mixture of the asymmetric catalysts was utilized in the aziridine-forming reaction and produced the cis-aziridine with low enantiomeric excess.
Ethical conflicts experienced by certified pediatric nurse practitioners in ambulatory settings.

Abstract Introduction. The purpose of this descriptive study was to (a) identify the types of ethical conflicts and their resolutions reported by a group of certified pediatric nurse practitioners (CPNPs) in their ambulatory practice and (b) to examine demographic, educational, and practice-setting factors associated with these conflicts. Method. Five hundred fifty-nine CPNPs, identified by the National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates and Practitioners, received survey questionnaires in the mail and were asked to participate by describing an ethical conflict in their practice. Questionnaires were completed by 118 CPNPs. Each ethical conflict was analyzed according to a four content analysis classification system to capture multiple relevant meanings. The relationship between types of ethical conflicts and demographic, educational, and practice-setting variables was examined. Results. One third (34%) of the perceived ethical conflicts fell in the child/parent/practitioner relationship category. Most conflicts (31%) were experienced as a moral dilemma where 2 or more clear moral principles apply but they support mutually inconsistent courses of action. Most ethical conflicts (22%) were unresolved. Discussion. Understanding the nature of ethical conflicts that CPNPs are experiencing in ambulatory settings is important. Professional and institutions/agencies need to collaborate on how to initiate appropriate ethics education and consultation for professional staff to recognize, discuss, and resolve ethical conflicts in the workplace.
Parameter estimation in a generalized discrete-time model of density dependence

Flexible discrete-time per-capita-growth-rate models accommodating a variety of density-dependent relationships offer parsimonious explanations for the variation of population abundance through time. However, the accuracy of standard approaches to parameter estima- tion and confidence interval construction for such models has not been explored in a generalized setting or with consideration of limited sample sizes typical for ecology. Here, we use simulated data to quantify the relative effects of sample size, population perturbations, and environmental stochasticity on statistical inference. We focus on the key parameters that inform population dynamic predictions in a generalized Beverton-Holt model. We find that reliable parameter estimation requires data spanning ranges where both low and high density dependence act. However, the asymptotic distribution of the likelihood ratio test statistic can be fairly accurate for constructing confidence regions even when point estimation is poor. Consideration of the joint profile likelihood surface is shown to be useful for assessing reliability of point estimates and dynamical population predictions.
The Practice of Marriage and Family Counseling in Cyberspace

This article reviews the current practice of using the Internet to provide marriage and family counseling services. A history of how the Internet has developed into a medium that can be used for th...
Action spectra for sensitization of light emission from monomeric and aggregated chlorophyll at physiological and liquid nitrogen temperatures.

Abstract In this paper are shown action spectra for excitation of fluoresence from the monomer and aggregate of chlorophyll a in vivo and concentrated ethanolic solutions of methyl chlorophyllide a, both at 293 ° and 77 °K. Differential transfer from the phycobilins to these chlorophyll species lends support to the concept of pigment complexes in vivo .
Hirschman's loyalty construct

Of the three key words in Hirschman's (1970) widely cited exit, voice, and loyalty framework, loyalty is the least understood. Some portray it as a third behavioral response to dissatisfaction (after exit and voice). Others see loyalty as an affective moderating variable that influences the choice between exit and voice (and/or the levels of them). Further, of those who interpret loyalty as a moderator, some claim it reduces the incidence and volume of voice, while others argue for the opposite effect. This article compares alternative conceptions of loyalty and identifies conditions under which one or another conception is most appropriate.
Alamine aminopeptidase excretion after mercuric chloride renal failure

Within the first 24 hr after induction of acute renal failure in rats by 4.7 mg/kg body weight of mercuric chloride, there was a highly significant (P < 0.001) increase in urine AAP activity. Enzymuria sharply declined during the next 48 hr, although did not return to baseline until Day 4. A transient secondary period of hyperenzymuria occurred 8 to 10 days after injection. In addition to the type of renal injury, timing of sample collections influences the diagnostic value of urine enzyme determinations.
Nanosensor system for monitoring brain activity and drowsiness

Detection of drowsiness in drivers to avoid on-road collisions and accidents is one of the most important applications that can be implemented to avert loss of life and property caused by accidents. A statistical report indicates that drowsy driving is equally harmful as driving under influence of alcohol. This report also indicates that drowsy driving is the third most influencing factor for accidents and 30% of the commercial vehicle accidents are caused because of drowsy driving. With a motivation to avoid accidents caused by drowsy driving, this paper proposes a technique of correlating EEG and EOG signals to detect drowsiness. Feature extracts of EEG and blink variability from EOG is correlated to detect the sleepiness/drowsiness of a driver. Moreover, to implement a more pragmatic approach towards continuous monitoring, a wireless real time monitoring approach has been incorporated using textile based nanosensors. Thereby, acquired bio potential signals are transmitted through GSM communication module to the receiver continuously. In addition to this, all the incorporated electronics are equipped in a flexible headband which can be worn by the driver. With this flexible headband approach, any intrusiveness that may be experienced by other cumbersome hardware is effectively mitigated. With the continuous transmission of data from the head band, the signals are processed on the receiver side to determine the condition of the driver. Early warning of driver’s drowsiness will be displayed in the dashboard of the vehicle as well as alertness voice and sound alarm will be sent via the vehicle radio.
Synthesis, structure, redox properties and azide binding for a series of biphenyl-based Cu(II) complexes

A series of biphenyl-based N3O ligands, 2, 4, 6, and 8 were synthesized and their Cu(II) complexes prepared. These complexes were characterized by a combination of elemental analysis, FAB-MS, UV-vis spectroscopy and electrochemistry. The structure of [Cu(N3O-mpy-NO2)Cl2], 12 [N3O-mpy = 2-(3-pyridylmethylimino)-2′-(2-methylaminophenol)biphenyl], was solved and showed that the ligand coordinates through the three nitrogens with the phenol oxygen uncoordinated. Titration of azide anion into solutions of the complexes in methanol resulted in the appearance of a new band between 485–495 nm at the expense of the starting peak at 380 nm. Cyclic voltammetry studies indicated that the complexes undergo quasi-reversible one-electron reductions in acetonitrile at potentials between 0.13–0.58 V vs. Ag/AgCl. The complexes were found to be weakly active for the oxidation of di-tert-butyl catechol (DTBC).
Quick, efficient conversion of phenones to conjugated trienes via germylene cycloaddition

The germylene Ge[CH(Si(CH3)3)2]2 reacts with phenones to give conjugated trienes. This reaction is quantitative at room temperature in minutes and has some functional group tolerance.
Optimum Featurs and Graph Isomorphism

An algorithm is presented to test the graph isomorphism for undirected linear graphs. The graph isomorphism between two or more graphs can be tested by obtaining their optimum codes. The algorithm relabels the nodes of graphs to obtain optimum codes. The optimum code is the code of maximum weight obtained from the upper triangle of the Adjacency matrix of the given graph. The method of ordering the nodes of a graph to produce a code invariant to isomorphism is related to invariant features in feature extraction [7], [15].
High temperature oxidation of Nb-10 at. % W alloy

Abstract The oxidation kinetics of Nb-10 at . % W alloy under oxygen pressures of 100, 400 and 760 Torr in the temperature range 900–1200°C have been determined. The overall kinetics at 1100, 1150 and 1200°C are described by a paralinear model. Deviations from paralinear behaviour at 1000°C and the observed catastrophic oxidation at 900°C are explained by the critical ratio of (α′-Nb2O5/α-Nb2O5). Dissolution of WO3 in Nb2O5 increases the γ-Nb2O4 → α-Nb2O5 transformation temperature from ∼ 830°C to between 900 and 1000°C. Calculations are given for the influence of W content in Nb2O5 on the oxygen vacancy concentration in (Nb2O5 + WO3) solid solution. Electron microprobe and X-ray analyses suggest the presence of NbO2 and NbO subscales. Reasons for the enhanced oxidation resistance of the alloy as compared to pure Nb are discussed.