cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Power function comparisons in inequality hypothesis testing

Abstract This paper evaluates the power of the inequality likelihood ratio tests and compares its power with that of other tests normally used in practice.
The computational complexity of asymptotic problems 1: partial orders

The class of partial orders is shown to have Ol laws for first-order logic and for inductive fixed-point logic, a logic which properly contains first-order logic. This means that for every sentence in one of these logics the proportion of labeled (or unlabeled) partial orders of size n satisfying the sentence has a limit of either 0 or 1 as n goes to co. This limit, called the asymptotic probability of the sentence, is the same for labeled and unlabeled structures. The computational complexity of the set of sentences with asymptotic probability 1 is determined. For first-order logic, it is PSPACE-complete. For inductive fixed-point logic, it is EXPTIME-complete.
The biphasic opening of the blood–brain barrier in the cortex and hippocampus after traumatic brain injury in rats

This study examined the time course of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) opening and correlated this with brain edema formation after a lateral controlled cortical impact (CCI) brain injury in rats. Quantitative measurement of Evans blue (EB) extravasation using fluorescence was employed at 2, 4, 6 h and 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7 days after injury. Brain edema was measured by specific gravity of the tissue at corresponding time points. Two prominent EB extravasations were observed at 4-6 h and 3-day after injury in the injury-site cortex and the ipsilateral hippocampus. Brain edema became progressively more severe over time and peaked at 24 h after injury and began to decline after day 3. These results suggest that there is a biphasic opening of the BBB after CCI brain injury and the second opening of the BBB does not contribute to a further increase in edema formation.
Thermodynamic parameters of the binding of retinol to binding proteins and to membranes

Retinol (vitamin A alcohol) is a hydrophobic compound and distributes in vivo mainly between binding proteins and cellular membranes. To better clarify the nature of the interactions of retinol with these phases which have a high affinity for it, the thermodynamic parameters of these interactions were studied. The temperature-dependence profiles of the binding of retinol to bovine retinol binding protein, bovine serum albumin, unilamellar vesicles of dioleoylphosphatidylcholine, and plasma membranes from rat liver were determined. It was found that binding of retinol to retinol binding protein is characterized by a large increase in entropy and no change in enthalpy. Binding to albumin is driven by enthalpy and is accompanied by a decrease in entropy. Partitioning of retinal into unilamellar vesicles and into plasma membranes is stabilized both by enthalpic and by entropic components. The implications of these finding are discussed.
A categorical accommodation of various notions of fuzzy topology

Different definitions of fuzzy topology have been stated and developed in the literature but have not been satisfactorily related to each other and to ordinary topology. To remedy this, a new fuzzy topological category FUZZ is defined: it is a significant generalization of previous definitions; it is the simplest setting yet constructed into which ordinary topology and these previous definitions may be placed (by identifying each with a different subcategory of FUZZ); it therefore allows us to conveniently analyze the relative merits of previous definitions, give coherence to known results, and indicate appropriate directions for future development; and it generates and may be viewed as both including and included in categories of fuzzy topological spaces which exhibit higher order fuzziness.
Terrorism, Our World and Our Way of Life

In this article, the author touches on a variety of threads relevant to a psychoanalytic approach to terrorism. He begins with a personal September 11 recollection, and then goes on to share some thoughts about terrorism from the vantage point of a citizen who retired from active military duty a little over a year ago. He then speculates about a possible psychoanalytic understanding of terrorists and their motivation, while acknowledging that terrorists too are individuals, and that no hypothesis can apply to an entire group, across the border. To illustrate his points, the author shares some vignettes from literature, biography, and philosophy. He then reflects on our post-September 11 roles as psychoanalysts or psychodynamic psychiatrists, but also as Americans.
Selective display of histamine receptors on lymphocytes

Histamine, acting on histamine type 2 receptors, increases intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and thus modulates the immunologic functions of lymphocytes. Lymphocyte cyclic AMP levels were used to follow the development of histamine receptors. The B lymphocytes have no functional histamine receptors. As T lymphocytes "mature" in immunologic function--from thymocytes to cortisone-resistant thymocytes to splenic T lymphocytes--their response to histamine increases. The response of these subpopulations of lymphocytes to isoproterenol is the inverse of the histamine response. It is suggested that the changing display of histamine receptors plays an important part in the control of immunologic responses.
New vacancy-related defects in n-type silicon.

Using deep-level transient capacitance spectroscopy, four dominant vacancy-related defects are found to be produced by room-temperature 2.5-MeV electron irradiation of n-type (p phosphorus concentration approx.10/sup 16/ cm/sup -3/) floating-zone silicon. This is in contradiction to the simple accepted model of vacancy trapping to produce predominantly oxygen- and phosphorus-vacancy pairs. We observe the oxygen-vacancy pair, but we now have two candidates for the phosphorus-vacancy pair. One of these displays properties suggestive of configurational metastability with four distinct configurations. We suggest that the remaining defect could be a vacancy-unknown impurity pair (carbon .) or possibly the isolated lattice vacancy in a new, more stable configuration.
Tissue-specific activities of C. elegans DAF-16 in the regulation of lifespan

Abstract In C. elegans , the transcription factor DAF-16 promotes longevity in response to reduced insulin/IGF-1 signaling or germline ablation. In this study, we have asked how different tissues interact to specify the lifespan of the animal. We find that several tissues act as signaling centers. In particular, DAF-16 activity in the intestine, which is also the animal's adipose tissue, completely restores the longevity of daf-16(−) germline-deficient animals, and increases the lifespans of daf-16(−) insulin/IGF-1-pathway mutants substantially. Our findings indicate that DAF-16 may control two types of downstream signals: DAF-16 activity in signaling cells upregulates DAF-16 in specific responding tissues, possibly via regulation of insulin-like peptides, and also evokes DAF-16-independent responses. We suggest that this network of tissue interactions and feedback regulation allows the tissues to equilibrate and fine-tune their expression of downstream genes, which, in turn, coordinates their rates of aging within the animal.
Synthesis, structure, and reactivity of some sterically hindered (Silylamino)phosphines.

A series of new (silylamino)phosphines that contain sterically bulky silyl groups on nitrogen were prepared by deprotonation/substitution reactions of the hindered disilylamines t-BuR2Si(Me3Si)NH (...
Low temperature photoluminescence of lightly Si-doped and undoped MBE GaAs

A semiquantitative low temperature (~4 K) photoluminescence technique has been used to estimate the residual carbon concentration in MBE GaAs to be ~2 × 1014 cm−3 . This value agrees well with the total compensating acceptor concentration calculated from electrical measurements and thus confirms that carbon is the dominant residual acceptor in MBE GaAs. In high purity MBE GaAs films grown at substrate temperatures between 545°C and 625°C a band of at least nine luminescence peaks is observed in the 1.471 eV to 1.491 eV spectral region. These peaks can be correlated with the most prominent "defect-induced" bound exciton peaks in the 1.504 eV to 1.511 eV spectral region and their transition energies follow the empirical relation $$hv_{C_{As}^o ,X} - hv_{d,X} = 0.38[hv_{e,C_{As}^o } - hv_{e,d} ].$$ This suggests that the luminescence in these two spectral regions have a common origin at a set of “defect-complexes” which involve carbon impurities.
An in vitro feasibility study of controlled drug release from encapsulated nanometer liposomes using high intensity focused ultrasound.

Abstract A liposome with a diameter ranging from 150 to 200 nm has been considered to be one of the optimal vehicles for targeted drug delivery in vivo since it is able to encapsulate drug and also circulate in the blood stream stably. Its small size, however, makes controlled release of its encapsulated content difficult. A feasibility study for applications of high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) of the mega-hertz frequency to induce controlled release of its content was carried out. This study, using the dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopic observation, demonstrated 21.2% of encapsulated fluorescent materials (FITC) could be released from liposomes with an average diameter of 210 nm when exposed to continuous (cw) ultrasound at 1.1 MHz (ISPTA = 900 W/cm2) for 10 s and the percentage release efficiency can reach to 70% after 60 s irradiation. This result also reveals that rupture of relatively large liposomes (>100 nm) and generation of pore-like defects in the membrane of small liposomes (
HIV, heterosexual transmission, and women

THE HUMAN immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic has moved into the heterosexual population in the United States. This probably started in the 1970s but was making significant inroads by 1982 as determined from a backcalculation model. 1 Given the methodologic difficulties in estimating HIV incidence, trend data may give the most reliable picture of the emerging epidemic. As of March 1992, a total of 12 881 patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) had been reported who acquired their infection through heterosexual intercourse, 5100 men and 7781 women. 2 Women have outnumbered men in the heterosexual contact transmission category in the United States since the epidemic was recognized in 1981. 3 Four-year trends in reported AIDS cases show that women accounted for an increasing proportion of total cases between 1988 (10.4%) and 1991 (12.8%) and heterosexual contact accounted for a greater proportion of female cases each year from 1988 through 1991
Foundational considerations in the corporate social responsibility debate

O ver the last several years, the debate over the nature and extent of the social responsibilities of business has become heated and complex. A number of positions have been taken on the issue of "corporate social responsibility" (hereafter referred to as CSR). In an effort to defuse some of this complexity, I will present an overview of this debate and attempt to sort out the various approaches taken toward determining the responsibilities of business institutions to the broader society. I will also try to group these diverse approaches to CSR within "camps" and make some general observations about the foundations of the debate itself. Finally, I will argue that the complexity of the CSR debate can be somewhat simplified once the many different CSR theories are classified in relation to a single foundational question. This question is, "Are corporations social institutions?"
Greedy algorithms in disordered systems

Abstract We discuss search, minimal path and minimal spanning tree algorithms and their applications to disordered systems. Greedy algorithms solve these problems exactly, and are related to extremal dynamics in physics. Minimal cost path (Dijkstra) and minimal cost spanning tree (Prim) algorithms provide extremal dynamics for a polymer in a random medium (the KPZ universality class) and invasion percolation (without trapping) respectively.
Intercellular junctions in the early human embryonic retina

Previous studies have shown that adult retinal pigment epithelial cells and early undifferentiated neural retinal cells are connected by intercellular junctions. In this study we found intercellular junctions between pigment epithelial cells, between neural retinal cells, and between these two cell types in the 28 and 36 mm human embryo. Intercellular junctions described include the zonula adhaerens, zonula occludens, macula adhaerens, and gap junctions. The gap junctions are of particular interest because of their role in intercellular communication. It appears that all cell types in the early embryonic human retina are coupled by extensive gap junctions.
The effect of suspense and its resolution on the appreciation of dramatic presentations

Abstract In a factorial design, degree of suspense (low, intermediate, high) of an adventure presented audiovisually was varied with resolution of the suspense (resolved, lingering). The variations were accomplished by producing different versions of the same program. Appreciation of the presentation was measured in the viewers' facial displays, in structured interviews, and in ratings. Consistently across measures, it was found that under conditions of resolved suspense, appreciation substantially increased with degree of suspense. Under conditions of lingering suspense, appreciation also increased with degree of suspense but to a significantly smaller extent. Excitatory responses were measured in skin temperature and heart rate. A significant differentiation of heart rate as a function of degree of suspense was observed. In addition, both skin temperature and heart rate disclosed sudden declines in excitation with the effective resolution of suspense.
Wind relaxations and poleward flow events in a coastal upwelling system on the central California coast

[1] When upwelling favorable winds weaken or relax in coastal upwelling systems, prevailing equatorward currents often weaken and then reverse to form propagating poleward currents. Here the statistics of wind relaxations and poleward flow events along the south central California coast are derived using meteorological and oceanographic times series during 2000-2006. Over the 7-year record, 169 wind relaxations were observed (about 1 every 2 weeks) and 127 of these were followed by poleward flow events. Thermistor moorings and current profilers along the 15 m isobath at Alegria, Point Arguello, Point Purisima, and Point Sal recorded the poleward flows. The poleward flows propagate northward at 10-30 km d -1 and appear as sequential temperature increases at the moorings. Wind relaxations occur throughout the year but are most frequent in September and least frequent in April when upwelling winds are strong and persistent. Poleward flows follow wind relaxations frequently during May through November and rarely in December and January. Sea level differences between Santa Monica and Port San Luis, California, decreased as winds relaxed, consistent with forcing by alongshore pressure gradients. Temperature distributions at Point Arguello, Point Purisima, and Point Sal were skewed toward higher values because of the poleward flows. The alongshore distance traveled by the poleward flows increased with duration of the wind relaxations and magnitudes of alongshore temperature and sea level differences prior to the relaxations.
The relationship between intelligence and motor learning ability, as measured by a high relief finger maze.

(1946). The Relationship Between Intelligence and Motor Learning Ability, as Measured by a High Relief Finger Maze. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 237-246.
Inflation and imported input prices in some inflationary Latin American economies

This paper first updates to 1980 the estimates of the Harberger inflation model for Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Uruguay and shows that all the hypotheses of this model hold and the reaction to monetary growth is fairly rapid. An aggregate supply function including imported inputs is then hypothesized, following recent theoretical work. This yields two testable propositions on the reduced form estimates of inflation: (a) the relation between inflation and monetary growth should be less than proportional and the income coefficient should be insignificant contrary to the Harberger model, and (b) inflation should be a weighted average of monetary growth and imported inflation, assuming the underlying aggregate production function is homogenous of degree zero in prices. Tests on the same data base support both hypotheses. These results also explain the similar results of many of the previous estimates of the Harberger inflation equation, which included the rate of devaluation in an ad hoc fashion.
Statins and the nursing home.

In this issue of the Journal, we published yet another article showing that high cholesterol has little relationship to mortality.1 This is in contrast to the well-established data demonstrating a clear correlation of low total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to increasing mortality.2 The correlation to low total cholesterol to mortality is almost certainly related to it being caused by weight loss (under nutrition) and an increase in cytokines both of which are associated with increased mortality.3e10 Frailty represents another important cause of poor outcomes in older persons.11e15 Frailty is associated with low cholesterol.16 Thus, cholesterol represents a classical example of reverse epidemiology in older persons.17 The wrinkle introduced in the article by Jacobs et al1 is that in the very old (85e90 years of age), statins resulted in a decreased mortality, and there was a strong trend in older persons. The authors point out that their study was observational and noninterventional; nevertheless, this finding deserves to be taken seriously. A major caveat is that this study began in 1990 when the majority of older persons were unlikely to receive statins. Thus, it could have been that those who received statins were a special group who had a high atherosclerotic burden and a recent myocardial infarction or stroke. This would be in keeping with the finding that persons 80e97 years of age with angiographically proven atherosclerosis had a 50% relative risk reduction in total mortality when given a statin.18 Alternatively, statins could have a noncholesterol associated action, as was suggested by the Justification for the Use of Statins in Primary Prevention: An Intervention Trial Evaluation Rosuvastatin (JUPITER) trial.19 Statins have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects among others that could explain these outcomes. In deciding whether or not to give statins to older nursing home residents, the side-effects of statins need to be taken under consideration. Statins are clearly associated with myositis.20 Statin use may increase risk of falls based upon 1 observational study.21 Another review article suggests that elderly females are more prone to statin myopathy than men.22 Thus, statins may be an important cause of morbidity in nursing homes.23e26 Sarcopenia has increased risk of morbidity or mortality in the elderly.27e31 There probably is an increased risk of falls in elderly patients with sarcopenia who take
Prions as protein-based genetic elements.

▪ Abstract Fungal prions are fascinating protein-based genetic elements. They alter cellular phenotypes through self-perpetuating changes in protein conformation and are cytoplasmically partitioned from mother cell to daughter. The four prions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Podospora anserina affect diverse biological processes: translational termination, nitrogen regulation, inducibility of other prions, and heterokaryon incompatibility. They share many attributes, including unusual genetic behaviors, that establish criteria to identify new prions. Indeed, other fungal traits that baffled microbiologists meet some of these criteria and might be caused by prions. Recent research has provided notable insight about how prions are induced and propagated and their many biological roles. The ability to become a prion appears to be evolutionarily conserved in two cases. [PSI+] provides a mechanism for genetic variation and phenotypic diversity in response to changing environments. All available evidence sugges...
Universal models for binary spike patterns using centered Dirichlet processes

Probabilistic models for binary spike patterns provide a powerful tool for understanding the statistical dependencies in large-scale neural recordings. Maximum entropy (or "maxent") models, which seek to explain dependencies in terms of low-order interactions between neurons, have enjoyed remarkable success in modeling such patterns, particularly for small groups of neurons. However, these models are computationally intractable for large populations, and low-order max-ent models have been shown to be inadequate for some datasets. To overcome these limitations, we propose a family of "universal" models for binary spike patterns, where universality refers to the ability to model arbitrary distributions over all 2m binary patterns. We construct universal models using a Dirichlet process centered on a well-behaved parametric base measure, which naturally combines the flexibility of a histogram and the parsimony of a parametric model. We derive computationally efficient inference methods using Bernoulli and cascaded logistic base measures, which scale tractably to large populations. We also establish a condition for equivalence between the cascaded logistic and the 2nd-order maxent or "Ising" model, making cascaded logistic a reasonable choice for base measure in a universal model. We illustrate the performance of these models using neural data.
Modulation and coding for land mobile satellite channels

A summary is presented of the various modulation and coding techniques that have been investigated for 2.4/4.8-kb/s 5-kHz-spaced, land mobile satellite (LMS) channels. Two detection schemes are described which have many inherent advantages due to their common feed-forward processing structure. These are differentially coherent and pilot-aided detection. Based on the channel throughput and bit error rate (BER) performance requirements, i.e. 4.8 kb/s and 10/sup -3/ BER at 11 dB E/sub b//N/sub 0/, it is shown that rate-2/3, eight-phase-shift-keying (8PSK), trellis-coded modulation (TCM) with data symbol interleaving is the preferred modulation type. The receiver is implemented using differential detection augmented with feed-forward Doppler estimation. >
Computing the distance between general convex objects in three-dimensional space

A methodology for computing the distance between objects in three-dimensional space is presented. The convex polytope is replaced by a general convex set, avoiding the errors caused by the usual polytope approximations and actually reducing the overall computational time. The basic algorithm is a simple extension of the polytope distance algorithm described by E.G. Gilbert et al. (1988). It utilizes the support mappings of the sets representing the objects. A calculus for evaluating these mappings that allows the extended algorithm to be applied to a rich family of nonpolytopal objects is presented. While the convergence of the algorithm is not finite, it is fast and an effective stopping condition that guarantees the accuracy of the numerical solution is available. Extensive numerical experiments support the claimed efficiency. >
Fluoride affinities of fluorinated alanes

Abstract The fluoride affinities of fluorinated alanes, AlHmF3−m (m = 1–3) were measured using energy-resolved collision-induced dissociation of fluorinated aluminate anions. The AlHmF4−m− anions were formed by reaction of dimethylethylamine-alane with fluoride ion and F2. From the measured bond dissociation energies, the fluoride affinities of fluorinated alanes are determined to be 93.2 ± 3.1, 97.5 ± 4.0, and 108.6 ± 3.7 kcal/mol for m = 3, 2, and 1, respectively. The fluoride affinities are in good agreement with the theoretical calculations at the CCSD(T)/CBS and B3LYP/6-31 + G* levels of theory. The increased Lewis acidity of more fluorinated alanes is attributed to increased positive charge density on the aluminum.
Real time stabilisation of a triple link inverted pendulum using single control input

The causes of failure of stabilising a triple link inverted pendulum using only one control input are investigated and mostly determined. In addition to using computer software in deriving and simulating the dynamics of a triple link inverted pendulum system, experimental observations and measurement improvements play major roles in the iterative control system design process. Stick friction, measurement noise and speed of third link are found to be the most decisive factors in stabilising this system. The experience, learned from earlier experimental success, of stabilising a double link inverted pendulum is used to modify the system's model; this becomes part of a single input state space control law which is capable of stabilising the triple link inverted pendulum system about its upright position. This control input is realised in experiments through the use of a DC motor driven by a microcomputer.
Large-field trichromacy in protanopes and deuteranopes

Protanopes and deuteranopes do not accept the classical dichromatic matches when field size extends to 8° visual angle. Their unique matches of spectral yellow to a mixture of red and green are then mediated by the photoreceptors of small-field dichromacy interacting with a photoreceptor with the spectral sensitivity of rhodopsin. Our data suggest that large-field trichromacy is a general feature of protanopia and deuteranopia.
Structure of Coatomer Cage Proteins and the Relationship Among COPI, COPII, and Clathrin Vesicle Coats

COPI-coated vesicles form at the Golgi apparatus from two cytosolic components, ARF G protein and coatomer, a heptameric complex that can polymerize into a cage to deform the membrane into a bud. Although coatomer shares a common evolutionary origin with COPII and clathrin vesicle coat proteins, the architectural relationship among the three cages is unclear. Strikingly, the alphabeta'-COP core of coatomer crystallizes as a triskelion in which three copies of a beta'-COP beta-propeller domain converge through their axial ends. We infer that the trimer constitutes the vertex of the COPI cage. Our model proposes that the COPI cage is intermediate in design between COPII and clathrin: COPI shares with clathrin an arrangement of three curved alpha-solenoid legs radiating from a common center, and COPI shares with COPII highly similar vertex interactions involving the axial ends of beta-propeller domains.
A Comprehensive Evaluation of PCR Primers to Amplify the nifH Gene of Nitrogenase

The nifH gene is the most widely sequenced marker gene used to identify nitrogen-fixing Bacteria and Archaea. Numerous PCR primers have been designed to amplify nifH, but a comprehensive evaluation of nifH PCR primers has not been performed. We performed an in silico analysis of the specificity and coverage of 51 universal and 35 group-specific nifH primers by using an aligned database of 23,847 nifH sequences. We found that there are 15 universal nifH primers that target 90% or more of nitrogen fixers, but that there are also 23 nifH primers that target less than 50% of nifH sequences. The nifH primers we evaluated vary in their phylogenetic bias and their ability to recover sequences from commonly sampled environments. In addition, many of these primers will amplify genes that do not mediate nitrogen fixation, and thus it would be advisable for researchers to screen their sequencing results for the presence of non-target genes before analysis. Universal primers that performed well in silico were tested empirically with soil samples and with genomic DNA from a phylogenetically diverse set of nitrogen-fixing strains. This analysis will be of great utility to those engaged in molecular analysis of nifH genes from isolates and environmental samples.
Detecting Chemical Hazards with Temperature-Programmed Microsensors: Overcoming Complex Analytical Problems with Multidimensional Databases ∗

Complex analytical problems, such as detecting trace quantities of hazardous chemicals in challenging environments, require solutions that most effec- tively extract relevant information about a sample's composition. This review presents a chemiresistive microarray-based approach to identifying targets that combines temperature-programmed elements capable of rapidly gen- erating analytically rich data sets with statistical pattern recognition algo- rithms for extracting multivariate chemical fingerprints. We describe the chemical-microsensor platform and discuss its ability to generate orthogo- nal data through materials selection and temperature programming. Visual inspection of data sets reveals device selectivity, but statistical analyses are required to perform more complex identification tasks. Finally, we discuss recent advances in both devices and algorithms necessary to deal with prac- tical issues involved in long-term deployment. These issues include iden- tification and correction of signal drift, challenges surrounding real-time unsupervised operation, repeatable device manufacturability, and hierarchi- cal classification schemes designed to deduce the chemical composition of untrained analyte species.
Organizational Wisdom Human, Managerial, And Strategic Implications

This special issue comprises select papers from the 2004 Eastern Academy of Management Conference with the theme of Organizational Wisdom: Human, Managerial, and Strategic Implications. The evoluti...
Forecasting Post-Extratropical Transition Outcomes for Tropical Cyclones Using Support Vector Machine Classifiers

AbstractIntensity changes following the multistage process of extratropical transition have proven to be especially difficult to forecast because of the extremely similar storm evolutions prior to and during the first stages of the transformation from a warm-cored axisymmetric tropical storm to a cold-cored asymmetrical extratropical low pressure system. In this study, differences in surrounding synoptic environments between dissipating and reintensifying extratropical transitioning tropical cyclones are used to develop a predictive technique for extratropical transition intensity change that can be used to enhance the standard numerical guidance. Using a set of all historical transitioning storms between 2000 and 2008 in the western North Pacific, common differences between 850-hPa potential temperature fields surrounding extratropical transition intensifiers and extratropical transition dissipaters, respectively, were identified. These features were then used as inputs into a support vector machine clas...
An examination of ethnic differences in cigarette smoking intention among female teenagers.

Purpose To describe and compare predictors of cigarette smoking intention, as defined by the theory of planned behavior, among African American, Puerto Rican, and non-Hispanic white female teenagers. Data sources A convenience sample of 430 English-speaking female teenagers (141 African American, 146 Puerto Rican, and 143 non-Hispanic white teenagers), aged 13-19 years, who were patients at family planning clinics in eastern Pennsylvania. The data were obtained through a self-administered questionnaire. Conclusions Regression analyses demonstrated attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control predicted 70% of the variance in smoking intention in African American, 69% in Puerto Rican, and 88% in non-Hispanic white teenagers. In addition, ethnic group differences were identified. For African Americans, smoking intention was mediated principally by perceived behavioral control, whereas for Puerto Rican and non-Hispanic white teenagers, attitudes were the greatest predictor of intention to smoke. Moreover, non-Hispanic white smokers had a stronger intention to smoke than either the African American or Puerto Rican smokers. Implications for practice Cigarette smoking is the leading preventable cause of death in the United States, with the majority of smokers initiating the habit in their teen years. Nurse practitioners are in key positions to counsel young women about the dangers of smoking. The identification of cultural-specific predictors of smoking will assist in the development of tailored antismoking messages.
Condition Data Aggregation with Application to Failure Rate Calculation of Power Transformers

Cost-effective equipment maintenance for electric power transmission systems requires ongoing integration of information from multiple, highly distributed, and heterogeneous data sources storing various information about equipment. This paper describes a federated, query-centric data integration and knowledge acquisition framework for condition monitoring and failure rate prediction of power transformers. Specifically, the system uses substation equipment condition data collected from distributed data resources, some of which may be local to the substation, to develop Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) which transform the condition data into failure probabilities. These probabilities provide the most current knowledge of equipment deterioration, which can be used in system-level simulation and decision tools. The system is illustrated using dissolved gas-in-oil field data for assessing the deterioration level of power transformer insulating oil.
Stratigraphy and Structure of Mountains Northeast of Santa Barbara, California

The district discussed in this paper includes parts of the Santa Ynez and San Rafael ranges near the coast of Southern California. The oldest rocks belong to the Franciscan group (Jurassic?) and consist chiefly of structurally disorganized dark shale with isolated bodies of sandstone, contorted chert, and other types of rock. The stratigraphic section is remarkable for its great thickness (more than 28,000 feet) of Cretaceous and Eocene sandstone and shale. These sediments, which are marine but only scantily fossiliferous, greatly predominate over the other rocks in areal extent. In this paper the Cretaceous strata are divided into three formations: the Undifferentiated Cretaceous shale, the Debris Dam sandstone, and the Pendola shale, the two latter formations being newly named. Lower Eocene rocks are lacking. There is an important angular unconformity at the base of the middle Eocene section. The well known Sierra Blanca limestone of middle Eocene age locally comprises the basal unit of the Eocene rocks. It is overlain by the thick Juncal formation (middle Eocene shale and sandstone) which is here defined for the first time. Above this are the Matilija sandstone, Cozy Dell shale, and "Coldwater sandstone,"--all upper Eocene in age, and all previously described by others. The Oligocene is represented by the non-marine Sespe formation, and the Miocene rocks include "Temblor" sandstone and Monterey shale. At the base of the Miocene section, there is a striking angular unconformity. The Santa Ynez fault, which extends east and west across the area (and beyond), is the most important structural feature. It is a steeply dipping fault of Quaternary age, probably with both a reverse and a strike-slip component of displacement. North of this fault the rocks are folded along northwest-southeast axes in accordance with the general pattern of California Coast Range structure. South of the fault, however, the formations in general strike east-west in harmony with the Transverse Ranges, of which the Santa Ynez Mountains are a member. The rocks of the Santa Ynez Range in this area comprise a locally overturned limb of a large syncline whose trough lies south of the mountains. On the north the limb may have once been shared by an anticline, but the Santa Ynez fault now occupies the supposed axial region. Near the fault the Cretaceous and Eocene beds are interrupted and truncated by a body of Franciscan rocks which, although mainly sedimentary, have apparently been forced upward in the manner of an intrusive mass. The writers describe other structural features and give a chronology of tectonic events. End_Page 1727------------------------------
The third information interaction in context symposium (IIiX'10)

The 3rd Information Interaction in Context Symposium (IIiX'10) was held at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, NJ, USA on 18-21 August, 2010. This report provides an overview of the purpose and program of the conference, as well as information about how to access the Proceedings.
Hematopathology: integration of morphologic features and biologic markers for diagnosis.

The Revised European-American Classification of Lymphoid Neoplasms (REAL) represented a new paradigm for the classification of lymphomas. Although earlier classification schemes relied strictly on morphologic features or immunophenotype for the definition of diagnostic categories, the REAL classification emphasized that each disease was a distinct entity, defined by a constellation of clinical and laboratory features, i.e., morphologic and genetic features, immunophenotype, clinical presentation, and course. It also noted that the site(s) of presentation were often a signpost for important underlying biologic distinctions. The inclusion of clinical criteria for the definition of disease entities was one of the more novel aspects of the REAL classification. These principles of classification of lymphomas and leukemias also have an impact on diagnostic hematopathology. The REAL classification stresses that diagnoses are based on a multiparameter approach. Although morphologic features alone might suffice for some diagnoses, diagnostic accuracy and reproducibility are enhanced when immunophenotypic and genetic studies are also used. In addition, adequate clinical information is essential for some diagnoses, in particular the mature T-cell lymphomas and leukemias. The proposed World Health Organization classification of lymphoid and hematopoietic neoplasms incorporates these principles of classification and diagnosis.
Healthcare Use in the Heartland: How Health Care Selection Varies Between Rural, Retirement‐Age Migrants and Long‐Term Residents

One increasingly important problem affecting rural health care selection is the tendency of older residents to bypass local health care providers. This research investigates how the effects of community characteristics and attachment on health care bypass behavior vary between rural retirement-age migrants and retirement-age long-term residents. Non-health-related behaviors, such as purchasing goods and services outside one's community during a health care trip, that is, “outshopping,” could influence bypass if individuals combine trips for their medical care with other consumer needs. Basing our work on the outshopping theory, we argue that bypass behavior is one facet of consumer consumption patterns for both rural retirement-age migrants and long-term residents. In addition, dissatisfaction with local health care and services like shopping can “push” rural residents to bypass local health care and travel greater distances for primary health care. We further contend that strong community attachment has an opposite “pull” effect that can help to negate the push of outshopping and reduce the likelihood of bypass. Our results reveal retirement-age migrants are significantly more likely to bypass local primary health care providers than retirement-age long-term residents. Furthermore, our analysis bridges the rural health care and retirement community development literature to suggest that outshopping theory can now be applied to rural primary health care bypass behavior.
Transmission network restoration considering AC power flow constraints

This paper develops an efficient model for power system restoration after natural disasters based on AC power flow constraints. The objective is to derive the optimal restoration schedule in order to minimize the real power load interruptions in the post-disaster phase. The load criticality is represented by using the value of lost load which prioritizes the loads to be restored. A linear AC formulation is further proposed to allow the calculation of voltage angle and reactive power in the network, hence ensuring a more practical solution compared to DC power flow based models. Mixed-integer programming is used to formulate the proposed restoration model. Numerical analysis on the IEEE 118-bus test system demonstrates the effectiveness and the applicability of the proposed restoration model.
Open Data and Messaging Standards: Enabling On-the-Go Operation of IT and Non-IT Resources via IoT Devices

By cognitively leveraging a bevy of cloud technologies and tools, the information technology (IT) environments and data centers are increasingly being empowered to be highly optimized and organized to be elegantly lean, green, elastic and workload-aware. Further on, our everyday environments (personal, professional and social) are also technologically equipped to be smarter in their operations and outputs. That is, scores of smarter homes, hospitals, hotels, etc. Are being systematically realized with the adoption and adaption of the promising and powerful digitization and edge technologies, sophisticated applications, connected devices, reflective middleware solutions, integrated IT platforms and state-of-the-art IT infrastructures. On the users' side, there are new slim and sleek, handy and trendy digital assistants, wearables, smartphones, point of sales (PoS), tablets, etc. Fast emerging and evolving. The brewing trend is that these new-generation devices are being increasingly leveraged to access, use and operate the emerging IT and other everyday environments and the resources within remotely on the go. The challenge is how to enable the ubiquitous and unambiguous operation of those different and distributed resources using these pervasive devices and on the other side, how notifications and other useful information from any server-side resources can be pushed to those authorized devices in order to enable the device users to contemplate the next and best course of actions in time with all the clarity and confidence. In this paper, we have described a viable and standards-centric solution along with a pilot implementation details.
Estimating Monomer Sequence Distributions in Tetrapolyacrylates

Recently Ting et al. [ACS Macro Lett. 2013, 2, 770−774] described the syntheses of acrylic tetrapolymers with controlled molecular weights and tetramonomer compositions. Relative reactivity ratios of all monomer pairs were determined and used in the Walling–Briggs terminal copolymerization model along with Skeist’s equations to address the expected compositional drift in the monomer feed ratios. The anticipated control of monomer incorporation based on this approach was verified experimentally on several tetrapolyacrylates synthesized by RAFT polymerization, which additionally controlled their molecular weights. Their “new and simple paradigm combining both predictive models provides complementary synthetic and predictive tools for designing macromolecular chemical architectures with hierarchical control over spatially dependent structure–property relationships for complex applications” is extended here to the derivation of expected monad compositions, and diad, triad, and tetrad monomer sequence distribu...
Novel and current rodenticides for pocket gopher Thomomys spp. management in vineyards: what works?

Background Rodenticides are often included as part of an integrated pest management approach for managing pocket gophers (Thomomys spp.) given that they are relatively quick and inexpensive to apply. Strychnine has historically been the most effective toxicant for pocket gophers, but its use is currently limited in the United States; alternative registered toxicants have not proven effective. Recent research with baits containing cholecalciferol plus anticoagulant toxicants proved effective against pocket gophers in a lab setting. Therefore, we established a field study to compare cholecalciferol plus anticoagulant combinations [0.03% cholecalciferol plus 0.005% diphacinone (C + D), 0.015% cholecalciferol plus 0.0025% brodifacoum (C + B1), 0.03% cholecalciferol plus 0.0025% brodifacoum (C + B2)] with strychnine (0.5%) for pocket gopher management. Results Strychnine treatments resulted in 100% efficacy after two treatment periods. Both C + D and C + B2 resulted in efficacy significantly greater than 70% after two treatment periods (83 and 75% respectively). Efficacy from C + B1 (85%) was not significantly greater than 70%, but did yield high overall efficacy as well. Conclusion Although strychnine remains the most effective rodenticide for pocket gopher control, the cholecalciferol plus anticoagulant baits tested would be a good alternative when strychnine is unavailable. C + D may be the best option given that it uses a first-generation anticoagulant as the synergist. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
Macroscale: Macroclimatic Differentiation (Ecoregions)

We describe climate primarily in terms of temperature, movement, and water content of (and precipitation from) air masses. Our unique position in the solar system (and possibly throughout much of the universe) combined with our atmosphere enables water to exist on earth in all three states of liquid, solid, and gas. The water molecule is unusual in that its solid form is less dense than its liquid form. This enables ice to float, thus forming huge masses at the poles that strongly affect climate. Climate is more heavily modified by the large land and water masses, the continents, and the oceans. Continental position and landforms, such as mountain chains, also modify climate.
Dialectic since the Sixteenth Century

At Paris in the middle years of the thirteenth century the tendency towards harmonising philosophy and theology reached its perfection, one could say, in the scholasticism of Aquinas which implied the harmony of faith and reason. The beginning of the decline of scholasticism has been attributed to the doctrines of Duns Scotus (d. 1308) and William of Ockham (d. 1349), both of whom reintroduce the dualism between faith and reason which for centuries scholasticism had tried to overcome. After the fifteenth century, it is sometimes said, scholasticism ceased in effect to exist, except perhaps in its lone, late champion, Suarez.
Determination of the Thermal Death Time of Vibrio cholerae in Blue Crabs ( Callinectes sapidus ).

The D-values of Vibrio cholerae were determined in peptone water and in crab meat homogenate. In peptone water, the D-values in minutes were 1.70 at 49°C, 1.04 at 54°C, 0.63 at 60°C and 0.36 at 63°C. In crab meat homogenate, the D-values in minutes were 8.15 at 49°C, 5.02 at 54°C, 2.65 at 60°C, 1.60 at 66°C and 0.30 at 71°C. Whole crabs injected with 106 V. cholerae were cooked by boiling or steaming. No V. cholerae was recovered from crabs cooked in boiling water (100°C) for 15 min or in steam (100, 115.6 or 121.1°C) for 10 min when V. cholerae was injected into the crab's dorsal swim fin muscle. The rate of heat penetration during cooking of crabs was also determined.
Radiation-Induced Sarcoma

One of the few known causes of sarcomas is therapeutic irradiation. Therapeutic radiation has also been associated with development of breast cancer, lung cancer, and accelerated coronary artery disease in patients receiving thoracic radiation [1–3]. With the increased recognition of second cancers as a long-term side effect of radiation therapy, attempts have been made to use radiation more sparingly. For example, there is a question as to whether surgery for ductal carcinoma in situ is necessary, whereas at least one present standard of care is lumpectomy and radiation therapy, despite the ability to obtain negative margins in at least 95 % of patients with surgery alone, and no difference in long-term breast cancer mortality with the addition of radiation therapy [4, 5]. The incidence of a sarcoma after radiation is not precisely known, and may vary from one part of the body to the next. In a series of patients treated for cancer of all sites in Finland, for example, the crude risk was of the order of 0.05 % [6].