cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accelerator-rich architectures: from single-chip to datacenters

In order to drastically improve energy efficiency, we believe that future processor architectures will make extensive use of accelerators from single-chip implementation to datacenter-level integration, as custom-designed accelerators often provide 10-1000X performance/energy efficiency over the general-purpose processors [1]. Such an accelerator-rich architecture presents a fundamental departure from the classical von Neumann architecture, which emphasizes efficient sharing of the executions of different instructions on a common pipeline, providing an elegant solution when the computing resource is scarce. In constrast, the accelerator-rich architecture features heterogeneity and customizaiton for energy efficiency, which is better suited for energy-constrained design where the silicon resource is abundant. There are several concerns with the extensive usage of accelerators: (1) low utilization, (2) narrow workload coverage, (3) high design cost, and (4) unfamiliar programming interfaces. In this talk, I shall discuss recent progresses and ongoing work to address these concerns. Due to tight power and thermal budgets, only a fraction of computing elements on-chip can be active in future technologies (so called dark silicon [2]). This means low utilization (but much higher energy efficiency) will be an inherent characteristic of future chips. To address the problem of narrow workload coverage, we look to the use of composable accelerators and programmable fabrics to virtualize and accelerate larger blocks of computation [3]. The design cost can properly managed by leveraing the recent advances in high-level synthesis coupled with efficient parameterized architecture template generation. The programming interface is a critical issue for successful adaption of accelerator-rich architectures. It needs to support extensive use of accelerators from single-chip to datacenter scales [4]. We have made significant progress in compilation and runtime support to enable programmers to make use the existing programming interfaces (e.g. C/C++ for computation tasks and MapReduce or Hadoop for large-scale distributed computation in dataceners) for efficient use of accelerators at all scales.
ORIENTATION OF 1- AND 2-METHYLIMIDAZOLE ON SILVER ELECTRODES DETERMINED WITH SURFACE-ENHANCED RAMAN SCATTERING

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering is used to determine the potential-dependent orientation of 1- and 2-methylimidazole on Ag electrodes. Frequency shifts resulting from adsorption and potential changes suggest adsorption of these molecules through the pyridine nitrogen at positively charged surfaces. Unique ν(CH3) features appear in the SERS spectra of 1-methylimidazole at neutral and negatively charged surfaces which suggest direct interaction of the methyl group with the surface. SERS surface selection rules are applied to three carefully selected groups of vibrational modes. The comparison of in-plane and out-of-plane ring modes is used to determine the orientations of the imidazole ring planes relative to the surface. The orientations of the methyl groups relative to the surface are elucidated by comparing the νsym(CH3) and νasym(CH3) modes. Finally, comparison of the ν(N−CH3) to the δsym(N−CH3) of 1-methylimidazole and the ν(C−CH3) to the δsym(C−CH3) of 2-methylimidazole provides information on the “...
Transformation behaviour of a Ti50Ni47Fe3 alloy I. Premartensitic phenomena and the incommensurate phase

Abstract The transformation behaviour of TiNiFe alloys of nominal composition Ti50Ni47Fe3 has been studied by transmission electron microscopy and diffraction, and electrical resistance measurements between room temperature and −196°C. Based on the present results and complementary neutron and X-ray diffraction data, charge density wave (CDW) phenomena and associated phase transitions were found to be involved in the ‘premartensitic’ behaviour of the Ti50Ni47Fe3 alloys. The crystal structure of the high-temperature parent phase was confirmed to he the CsCl (B2) structure with a0, = 3·02 A. On cooling from room temperature, 1/3(110) and 1/3(111) superlattice reflections appeared, coincident with the onset of the electrical resistance anomaly (increase). The ‘1/3’ superlattice reflections were observed to intensify with decreasing temperature, and close inspection showed that such reflections deviated slightly from the exact 1/3 positions relative to the parent CsCl structure, suggesting the formation of an...
INFECTIONS IN PATIENTS WITH END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE: An Overview

The patient with end-stage renal disease who is dependent on chronic hemodialysis presents a unique biologic model. In 1961, Schreiner was the first to note susceptibility to infection among patients with renal failure. 85 Of patients hospitalized with chronic renal failure, 60% acquired infections and 39% died from infectious causes. It was assumed that general debility from chronic uremia increased risk of infection and it was postulated that reversal of the uremic state would reduce the risk of infection. 64 Unfortunately, the prescription of chronic hemodialysis has not reduced the problem of infection; it has only changed the paradigm. 84 Dialysis superimposes myriad new problems onto patients already suffering relentless deterioration from underlying multi-system disease and poor wound healing. Common are problems associated with the intravascular connection, white blood cell and complement dysfunction from contact with dialysis membranes, iron overload, and exposure to bacteria and pyrogens from contaminated dialysis solutions or inadequately cleaned dialysis machines. Progress in solving the problems of these patients has been limited. A 10-year review of dialysis patients published in 1979 showed that infection was present in 25% of hospitalizations. 9 Major infectious problems included vascular access site infections, bacteremia, and pneumonia. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common pathogen. Infection contributed to 24% of total deaths. More recent experience finds little change from these earlier statistics. The vascular access site remains the source of bacteremia in 50% of patients. 52 S. aureus is still the most common pathogen in vascular access site infections and bacteremia. 67 Septicemia and pneumonia are as prevalent today as they were in the 1970s. 11,50
Roquin Paralogs Add a New Dimension to ICOS Regulation

Two studies in the current issue of Immunity (Pratama et al., 2013; Vogel et al., 2013) demonstrate that the RNA-binding proteins Roquin-1 and Roquin-2 have redundant function in the posttranscriptional repression of Icos messenger RNA by CD4 + T cells.
Pregnancy-induced hypertension and low birth weight: the role of calcium

Considerable interest has developed regarding the role of calcium in the regulation of blood pressure. Epidemiologic investigations, laboratory evaluations, and clinical trials all confirm that the relationship between calcium and blood pressure extends to include the pregnant state. On the basis of current information it is clear that calcium supplementation during pregnancy lowers blood pressure. Additionally, the effect of calcium on blood pressure may influence the incidence and/or gestational age of development of preeclampsia. Additionally, the effect on smooth-muscle relaxation detected in calcium-supplemented patients may affect the incidence of prematurity. Although the mechanism for these effects has not been entirely elucidated, calcium supplementation appears to affect circulating concentrations of parathyroid hormone and renin, which may modulate intracellular ionized calcium, resulting in the observed effect on smooth-muscle relaxation. This effect may also be responsible for reduced uterine activity and for a lowering of the incidence of prematurity.
Entwining electrical and hypertrophic cardiomyopathies

and congestive symptoms. In addition, frequent congenital heart disease and often central nervous system involvement with a spectrum of autism diagnoses were observed. Multiple dysmorphic features (notably syndactyly), when present, represent a potentially visible cardinal feature of this disorder, although interestingly they are absent in the two infants with combined G406R/G402R deletion. Management of patients with Timothy syndrome has been challenging, with high mortality observed. Combinations of pacing, sodium channel blockade with mexiletine, -adrenergic blockade, cervical sympathetectomy and, in infant 2, a nontransvenous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator may permit continued survival without risk of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Through management of life-threatening arrhythmias, multisystem involvement has become even more apparent with a spectrum of autistic behavior, despite the absence of hypoxic injury. With commercial testing now available for up to 75% of long QT genes, the clinician may ask why a case report of two more patients with an exceptionally rare disease is important. Commercially available tests are highly effective in identifying the common mutations in the majority of patients, and their positive predictive value is outstanding. However, commercial tests rely on patient selection for its
A comparison of anisotropic PML to Berenger's PML and its application to the finite-element method for EM scattering

The use of an anisotropic material for the boundary truncation of the finite-element method is considered. The anisotropic material properties can be chosen such that a plane-wave incident from free space into the anisotropic halfspace has no reflection. Because there is no reflection, the material is referred to as a perfectly matched layer (PML). The relationship between the anisotropic PML and the original PML proposed by Berenger (see J. Comp. Phys., vol.114, p.185-200, October 1994) is considered. The anisotropic PML is applied to the finite-element solution of electromagnetic (EM) scattering from three-dimensional (3-D) objects. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the accuracy of the PML.
Prediction of 2-Year Carcinogenicity Study Results for Pharmaceutical Products: How Are We Doing?

Some have proposed that 2-year carcinogenicity studies may not be necessary if the material is a direct-acting DNA mutagen, induces liver enzymes, causes hyperplasia or toxicity in particular organs, causes cell proliferation, is cytotoxic, causes hormonal perturbations, or if one has QSAR analyses or 'omics information. Safety pharmacology data, pharmacologic activity, metabolism data, and results of 13-week dose ranging studies (with organ weight data, clinical chemistry data, hematologic data, clinical signs and histopathologic findings) were compared with results of 2-year carcinogenicity studies reviewed by the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)/FDA. The experience with the ICH genetic toxicology battery and alternative carcinogenicity models was also reviewed. It appears that the information available from short-term studies is not currently sufficient to accurately and reliably predict the outcome of long-term carcinogenicity studies.
Cytolytic Cells and Their Function

AbstractCytolytic cells play an important role in cellular immunity and their function is compromised in a subgroup of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. This review summarizes historical, methodological, clinical, therapeutic, and basic immunology aspects of cytolytic cells.
Hierarchical Bayesian methods for recognition and extraction of 3-D shape features from CAD solid models

This paper introduces a new uncertainty reasoning-based method for identification and extraction of manufacturing features from solid model description of objects. A major difficulty faced by previously proposed methods for feature extraction has been the interaction between features. In interacting situations, the representation for various primitive features is nonunique making their recognition very difficult. We develop an approach based on generating, propagating, and combining geometric and topological evidences in a hierarchical belief network for identifying and extracting features. The methodology combines and propagates evidences to determine a set of correct virtual links to be augmented to the cavity graph representing a depression of the object so that the resulting supergraph can be partitioned to obtain the features of the object. The hierarchical belief network is constructed based on the hypotheses for the potential virtual links, the evidences which are topological and geometric relationships at different abstraction levels impact the belief network through their (amount of) support for different hypotheses. The propagation of the impact of different evidences updates the beliefs in the network in accordance with the Bayesian probability rules.
Optimization of Network Topology in Computer-Aided Detection Schemes Using Phased Searching with NEAT in a Time-Scaled Framework

In the field of computer-aided mammographic mass detection, many different features and classifiers have been tested. Frequently, the relevant features and optimal topology for the artificial neural network (ANN)-based approaches at the classification stage are unknown, and thus determined by trial-and-error experiments. In this study, we analyzed a classifier that evolves ANNs using genetic algorithms (GAs), which combines feature selection with the learning task. The classifier named “Phased Searching with NEAT in a Time-Scaled Framework” was analyzed using a dataset with 800 malignant and 800 normal tissue regions in a 10-fold cross-validation framework. The classification performance measured by the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.856 ± 0.029. The result was also compared with four other well-established classifiers that include fixed-topology ANNs, support vector machines (SVMs), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and bagged decision trees. The results show that Phased Searching outperformed the LDA and bagged decision tree classifiers, and was only significantly outperformed by SVM. Furthermore, the Phased Searching method required fewer features and discarded superfluous structure or topology, thus incurring a lower feature computational and training and validation time requirement. Analyses performed on the network complexities evolved by Phased Searching indicate that it can evolve optimal network topologies based on its complexification and simplification parameter selection process. From the results, the study also concluded that the three classifiers – SVM, fixed-topology ANN, and Phased Searching with NeuroEvolution of Augmenting Topologies (NEAT) in a Time-Scaled Framework – are performing comparably well in our mammographic mass detection scheme.
Ripening of tomato fruit locule gel tissue in response to ethylene.

Ethylene production by locule gel tissue excised from immature tomato fruit was inhibited by exposure to 4.5 mmol l 1 C2H4, and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) content was reduced. In contrast, CO2 production, ethylene forming capacity (EFC), red colour development, tissue liquefaction and seed maturation as measured by subsequent germination rate were stimulated by C2H4, and, in immature gel, the onset of autocatalytic C2H4 production was hastened. The autoinhibition of C2H4 production in immature locule gel tissue required continuous exposure to C2H4, as transfer to air and then back to C2H4 resulted in C2H4 production first increasing to control levels, then decreasing again. Locule gel tissue from pink fruit however, responded to C2H4 treatment with increased C2H4 and CO2 production, but ACC levels were unchanged. Inhibition of C2H4 action by pretreatment with STS inhibited both autoinhibition and autostimulation of C2H4 production in immature and mature gel tissues, respectively. These results indicate that there is a transition from a negative to a positive feedback mechanism of C2H4 on C2H4 biosynthesis in locule gel during ripening. Control of this feedback mechanism, which involves ACC synthesis, may be separate from that of other manifestations of C2H4 action. © 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen is required for loading of the SMCX/KMD5C histone demethylase onto chromatin

Background Histone methylation is regulated by a large number of histone methyltransferases and demethylases. The recently discovered SMCX/KMD5C demethylase has been shown to remove methyl residues from lysine 4 of histone H3 (H3K4), and constitutes an important component of the regulatory element-1-silencing transcription factor (REST) protein complex. However, little is known about the cellular mechanisms that control SMCX activity and intracellular trafficking.
A Compilation of Fast Neutron Interactions, Cross Sections, Gamma Spectra and Gamma Decay Energies

Fast neutron activation analysis (FNAA) is an excellent non-destructive assay technique for selected nuclides such as Al, Cu, F, N, O, P, and Si and may be used to identify other trace elements such as Ag, Ba, Ca, Cd, Fe, Ga, Mg, Nd, Pd, Rb, Se, Sr, Th, U, Zn, and Zr when other, more sensitive methods are not available or whenever interference reactions render the preferred method useless. FNAA has considerable potential for increased usage in undergraduate and graduate educational experiments, industrial applications and a variety of research pursuits. However, multiple trace element identification is often difficult because there is a dearth of publications which organize and present FNAA data in a format suitable for this type of research effort. Whereas considerable amounts of general information and specific applications are described in the published literature, it is often difficult as well as tedious to consolidate the data and facts into a format suitable for general experiments or multi-element analysis. Furthermore, theoretical reactions may not be observed during experimental activation or unreported gamma radiations may impede element identification. To rectify the situation a literature survey was conducted and existing information on FNAA crosssections, reactions, half-lives and decay energies was assembled for every nuclide. Then all nuclides which exist in solid form were activated for representative times and resulting gamma-ray emissions plotted to show characteristic short and long half-life decay spectra.
Doppler sideband spectra for ions in a linear trap

The authors describe a spectroscopic measurement of the temperature and linear density of Hg/sup +/ ions held in a linear ion trap (LIT). The inferred temperature and number result from analysis of sidebands on the 40.5 GHz resonance line. The temperature of the ion cloud is determined by the Doppler-broadened line when microwave radiation is propagated along the axis of the LIT. When propagation is perpendicular to the trap axis, the microwave sidebands are displaced from the trap secular frequency by an amount dependent on the ion cloud size and temperature. A Monte Carlo simulation of the ion trajectories inside the cloud is used to model the position of these sidebands for a given cloud temperature, and a comparison with measured sideband position is used to determine ion number. In clock operation with 7 /spl times/ 10/sup -14/ /spl tau//sup -1/2/ stability, the method described here was used to measure a -8.8 /spl times/ 10/sup -13/ frequency offset due to second order Doppler shift at 650 K and a linear ion density of 2.5 /spl times/ 10/sup 6//75 mm. >
Monotonic Vector Forces and Green's Theorem for Automatic Area Calculation

The disorders caused by a cerebral hemorrhage depend on its location, shape and area. The purpose of this paper is to develop a framework to automatically extract the above features for the goal of indexing and fast image retrieval. The method uses monotonic normal and tangent forces, defined on an active contour, guided by two forms of the geometric heat equation toward objects' and voids' boundaries, which are used by the Green's theorem to automatically calculate their areas. To validate the theory experiments are performed with medical images. A discussion on the advantages/limitations and a comparison with existing methods is given at the end of the paper.
Dominance and fertility in a functionally monogynous ant

Colonies of some leptothoracine ants may contain several inseminated but sterile females in addition to a single, fertile queen (functional monogyny). We here report the first observations on the behavior of these supernumerary females in the nearctic ant Leptothorax sp.A, a species belonging to the L. “muscorum” complex.
Who's Responsible for the Digital Divide? Public Perceptions and Policy Implications

Addressing the reasons for—and the solutions to—the “digital divide” has been on the public agenda since the emergence of the Internet. However, the term has meant quite different things, depending on the audience and the context, and these competing interpretations may in fact orient toward different policy outcomes. The goals of this article are twofold. First, the authors unpack the term “digital divide” and examine how it has been deployed and interpreted across a range of academic and policy discourses. Second, through a framing experiment embedded within a nationally representative survey, the authors demonstrate how presenting respondents with two different conceptual frames of the digital divide may lead to different perceptions of who is most accountable for addressing the issue. From this, they discuss the dynamic relationship between the construction and communication of policy discourse and the public understanding of the digital divide, as well as implications for effective communication about the digital divide and information and communication technology policy to the general public.
Signaling Pathways Regulating Zebrafish Lateral Line Development

The lateral line organ is a mechanosensory organ of fish and amphibians that detects changes in water flow. The lateral line organ of zebrafish has been used as a model for cell polarity and collective cell migration as well as hair cell loss and regeneration. A combination of genetic tools and live imaging has allowed dissection of signaling pathways that regulate these processes. Here, we summarize recent findings on the roles of the FGF, Wnt/beta-catenin, and Notch pathways in the initial formation of the posterior lateral line primordium, as well as during organ patterning, migration, cell fate specification and hair cell regeneration.
Radical prostatectomy shortly after prostate biopsy does not affect operative difficulty or efficacy.

Objectives To examine whether radical prostatectomy (RP) conducted before 4 or 6 weeks after prostate biopsy is associated with surgical difficulty or efficacy. Many urologists recommend an interval of at least 4 to 6 weeks between prostate biopsy and RP. Methods Using our surgical database, we identified 2996 men undergoing open RP and compared the outcomes after surgery stratified by the interval from biopsy, analyzed as a dichotomous variable with cutpoints of either 4 or 6 weeks. The estimated blood loss and operating room time were considered surrogates for surgical difficulty, and surgical margin status and postoperative urinary and erectile function surrogates for surgical efficacy. We used regression models to assess whether the time to RP affected these surgical outcomes after controlling for the surgeon, surgeon experience, and various clinical and pathologic disease features. Results The interval between biopsy and RP was 4 weeks or less for 168 men (6%) and 6 weeks or less for 416 men (14%). Using an interval of 4 weeks or less or 6 weeks or less, multivariate mixed effects regression analyses did not show a significant association between early surgery and operating room time, estimated blood loss, surgical margin status, urinary continence, or erectile function (all P ≥0.18). Our results were sufficiently precise to exclude an important effect of early surgery. Conclusions The results of our study have shown that performing radical prostatectomy shortly after prostate biopsy, within 4 to 6 weeks, does not adversely influence surgical difficulty or efficacy.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of Gas-Particle Flow Within a Solid-Particle Solar Receiver

A detailed three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis on gas-particle flow and heat transfer inside a solid-particle solar receiver, which utilizes free-falling particles for direct absorption of concentrated solar radiation, is presented. The two-way coupled Euler-Lagrange method is implemented and includes the exchange of heat and momentum between the gas phase and solid particles. A two-band discrete ordinate method is included to investigate radiation heat transfer within the particle cloud and between the cloud and the internal surfaces of the receiver. The direct illumination energy source that results from incident solar radiation was predicted by a solar load model using a solar ray-tracing algorithm. Two kinds of solid-particle receivers, each having a different exit condition for the solid particles, are modeled to evaluate the thermal performance of the receiver Parametric studies, where the particle size and mass flow rate are varied, are made to determine the optimal operating conditions. The results also include detailed information for the gas velocity, temperature, particle solid volume fraction, particle outlet temperature, and cavity efficiency.
Outage analysis for hybrid relaying in the parallel relay network

Although cooperation in wireless networks is known to improve communication in many respects, optimal relay selection remains a relatively open problem. We analyze a wireless network which employs multiple parallel relays to assist in communication between a single source-destination pair, demonstrating that gains are achieved when the relays selected form a random set as compared to utilizing a deterministic set of relays. Relays are selected to actively participate in transmission based on their instantaneous channel magnitudes, which implies that the set of relays chosen to participate in a block of time is stochastic. We define a hybrid relaying scheme comprised of two existing protocols and derive thresholds which determine a relay's forwarding behavior. Numerical results for the network probability of outage are presented.
Examining the Effects of Adapted Peer Tutoring on Social and Language Skills of Young English Language Learners.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of adapted peer tutoring (APT) on social interactions and early language and literacy skills of pre-school-age children who were English language learners (ELLs). APT was the treatment for this study. Quasi-experimental group comparison design was applied. Two inclusive pre-school classrooms were randomly assigned as the experimental group and two other classrooms were assigned as the comparison group. A total of 75 children participated in this study. The ELLs from the experimental group demonstrated significant improvement than their peers from the comparison group in positive social interaction behaviour, receptive language, and print knowledge. The total effect indicated that children's social interaction behaviour moderately mediated the APT effectiveness on language acquisition.
Microfabrication Process Cost Calculator

Abstract-The cost of fabricating micro-devices and systems is an important factor in the development of new products and systems. It is important for researchers to be able to budget expenses when submitting proposals. Likewise, it is also important from an operations point of view. The cost of running a typical Microelectromechanical (MEMS) process in eight different academic micro and nanofabrication facilities has been calculated by "virtually" performing fabrication processes at these facilities. The different charging mechanisms in place have been presented as have been different charge tiers and rates. Due to the different recharge structures, a computer application has been developed to streamline the cost estimation of fabrication.
Systematic dissection of regulatory motifs in 2000 predicted human enhancers using a massively parallel reporter assay

Genome-wide chromatin annotations have permitted the mapping of putative regulatory elements across multiple human cell types. However, their experimental dissection by directed regulatory motif disruption has remained unfeasible at the genome scale. Here, we use a massively parallel reporter assay (MPRA) to measure the transcriptional levels induced by 145-bp DNA segments centered on evolutionarily conserved regulatory motif instances within enhancer chromatin states. We select five predicted activators (HNF1, HNF4, FOXA, GATA, NFE2L2) and two predicted repressors (GFI1, ZFP161) and measure reporter expression in erythroleukemia (K562) and liver carcinoma (HepG2) cell lines. We test 2104 wild-type sequences and 3314 engineered enhancer variants containing targeted motif disruptions, each using 10 barcode tags and two replicates. The resulting data strongly confirm the enhancer activity and cell-type specificity of enhancer chromatin states, the ability of 145-bp segments to recapitulate both, the necessary role of regulatory motifs in enhancer function, and the complementary roles of activator and repressor motifs. We find statistically robust evidence that (1) disrupting the predicted activator motifs abolishes enhancer function, while silent or motif-improving changes maintain enhancer activity; (2) evolutionary conservation, nucleosome exclusion, binding of other factors, and strength of the motif match are predictive of enhancer activity; (3) scrambling repressor motifs leads to aberrant reporter expression in cell lines where the enhancers are usually inactive. Our results suggest a general strategy for deciphering cis-regulatory elements by systematic large-scale manipulation and provide quantitative enhancer activity measurements across thousands of constructs that can be mined to develop predictive models of gene expression.
Some Observations on the Evaporation of Water from Cellulose

The influence of water on the deterioration of cellulose is discussed, with special reference to deterioration at the brown line which forms when water rises in cotton by capillary action. The brown, fluorescent, water-soluble material results from the evaporation of water at the cellulose-water-air interface. Oxycellulose of the mildly reducing acidic type is formed. The oxidation appears to occur in part at the primary hydroxyl group, with the formation of polyglu curonic acid followed by chain scission and formation of soluble, low-molecular-weight frac tions. The deterioration proceeds even at moderate temperatures and in diffused light indoors. The brown-line effect undoubtedly contributes significantly to the degradation of cotton during its production, processing, and use.
Fast fault-tolerant digital convolution using a polynomial residue number system

A fault-tolerant convolution algorithm that is an extension of residue-number-system fault-tolerance schemes applied to polynomial rings is described. The algorithm is suitable for implementation on multiprocessor systems and is able to concurrently mask processor failures. A fast algorithm based on long division for detecting and correcting multiple processor failures is presented. Moduli polynomials that yield an efficient and robust fast-Fourier transform (FFT)-based algorithm are selected. For this implementation, a single fault detection and correction is studied, and a generalized-likelihood-ratio test is applied to optimally detect system failures in the presence of computational noise. The coding scheme is capable of protecting over 90% of the computation involved in convolution. Parts not covered by the scheme are assumed to be protected via triple modular redundancy. This hybrid approach can detect and correct any single system failure with as little as 70% overhead, compared with 200% needed for a system fully protected via modular redundancy. >
The no-carrier-added synthesis of bromine-76 labeled alkenyl and alkynyl bromides using organotrifluoroborates

A straightforward radiobromination procedure has been developed for the construction of radiobrominated alkenyl and alkynyl bromides. The organotrifluoroborates used as the reactive intermediates are unique in that they are quite polar and thus readily separated from the desired products. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
First-year students as interviewers: Uncovering what it means to be an engineer

A lack of understanding about engineering and its applications limits the number of undergraduates entering and persisting in engineering majors. Connecting students with practicing engineers is one way to address these problems. Research suggests this connection will help students become engineers rather than simply learn engineering skills. In this study, first-year engineering students interviewed practicing engineers as part of their technical communication course. Interviews were conducted either in-person or online through MentorNet. Students reported that the experience improved their understanding of engineering skills, values and ways of thinking. Students valued the direction the interviews gave them in their education and the advice the engineers gave them about practice. Students generally reported the interview as being the best part of the course, with some saying it was the best part of the semester or year. Both in-person and online interviews resulted in significant, reported learning outcomes for students. Results suggest that including interviews as part of first-year student curriculum in engineering will significantly improve student motivation and understanding of engineering practice.
International cross-holdings of bonds in a two-good DSGE model

I solve for equilibrium portfolios in a two-country, two-good dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model where the only traded assets are locally-denominated real bonds. Unless the elasticity of substitution between goods is exceptionally low, the model predicts that each country will hold a short position in foreign bonds.
Evolvability and Upgradability of Fractionated Space System: A Real Options Approach

Fractionation enables responsive space systems and potentially increased value delivery in life cycle of the space systems in face of various uncertainties such as component failure, vulnerability to external and environmental risks such as meteorite impact and object collision, irregular radiation etc. Fractionation also creates the potential of upgradability of the spacecraft payloads in operational lifecycle by replacing one or more fraction(s). The redesign cost of a fraction and its potential value for the fractionated space system is subject of this paper. In this research, we provide a model to examine the upgradability value associated with different fractionation types. Our approach is based on using the Design Structure Matrix (DSM) and a measure of module complexity. The cost of upgrading a module (or fraction) depends on the redesign effort of the replacement module, and deployment cost. The redesign cost of a module is proportional to the functional complexity of the unit, and the level of fraction’s coupling to other fractions in the system. We present a fractionation design decision tool for upgradability and evolvability optimization of space systems. We examine the sensitivity of the model to stakeholders requirements uncertainty and have observed that fractionation (and modularization of general systems) is recommended to be done with extreme caution. In short this paper is an attempt to uncover the simple rules governing Fractionation of the systems to deliver and optimal evolvability value.
Science and the discovery of the imagination in Enlightened England.

LATE IN the seventeenth century man discovered his imagination1 and, as Densher in Henry James's novel The Wings of the Dove says, "we shall never again be the same." When they tell the story of this discovery, historians of science will probably insist that it was part of a long, continuing process of discovering the body. Not until man discovered a considerable portion of his anatomy could he earnestly formulate a scientific model by which to account for the physiology of imagination. The discovery of the imagination does not imply that man suddenly realized he had one; for example, that he had now located the faculty which permitted him to dream
Design and Realization of A Kind of Power Measurement Vehicle Smart Exhibition Platform Based on the GIS and GPS Techniques

This paper develops a kind of embedded,GIS and GPS centered,power system engineering vehicle contra-posed smart exhibition platform in order to add a kind of engineering vehicle smart exhibition system into the gateway measurement management system of the electric power department.The system is composed of the vehicle terminal,the server software platform and the monitoring center.Using the Windows NT Server,Oracle software and VB.NET as the developing tools.the N-tier Architecture and the reusable component technology can be used to display the real time information of engineering vehicle with the GIS and GPS technologies.The trial operation in the Chongqing Power Electrical Corp.indicates that,with the special structure,the application program development has no connection with the software platform,the heterogeneous database interaction is convenient,and the opening and security of the system is great.This smart exhibition system enhances the dispatching management on the power measurement engineering vehicle,which improves the reaction ability on the sudden accident of power equipment and power measurement equipment.It plays an important role in the safety maintenance of power grid as well as the loss decrease caused by the measurement errors of power measurement equipment.
Structural analysis and optimization of tall buildings connected with skybridges and atria

Multi-level skybridges and atria between tall buildings make possible a new urban paradigm that has the potential to dramatically reduce resource consumption, air pollution, and traffic accidents. Structural analysis and optimization methods and results are presented for tall buildings connected with roller or hinge-skybridges at multiple levels and atria between buildings. Generic building systems were studied with controlled factors such as number of buildings, equal-height vs. variable-height, skybridge connection type, site seismicity and wind intensity, and presence/absence of skybridges and atria. The 48 optimization problems held all other factors constant such as building width, shape, configuration, and spacing. A simplified lateral load analysis model is described which makes optimization of large systems possible. The simplified lateral load analysis model was compared to a finite element model for accuracy. An optimization strategy was developed involving gradient and evolutionary algorithms. Results show that atria and hinge-connected skybridges reduced the total structural volume by as much as 10 %.
Early post-transplant contrast-enhanced abdominopelvic CT scan predicts the risk of subsequent acute GvHD.

Early post-transplant contrast-enhanced abdominopelvic CT scan predicts the risk of subsequent acute GvHD
Laparoscopic Meckel’s Diverticulectomy

Meckel’s diverticulum (MD) is the most common congenital anomaly found in the GI tract. It is a remnant of the omphalomesenteric duct that normally obliterates between weeks 5 and 7 of fetal development. It is usually found incidentally during surgical exploration for other pathologies, and it is symptomatic in less than 5 % of people. The most common presenting symptom is painless rectal bleeding, due to ectopic gastric mucosa causing ulceration of the adjacent ileum. This ectopic gastric mucosa is often diagnosed using a Meckel’s technetium scan. Other presenting symptoms are obstruction and diverticulitis. Meckel’s diverticulum is managed by complete resection of the diverticulum, removing all ectopic tissue. This chapter discusses the pathophysiology and clinical evaluation of MD but will predominantly focus on surgical management and laparoscopic technique. This chapter also discusses the controversy of regarding resection of incidentally found MD.
Colimitation and the coupling of N and P uptake kinetics in oligotrophic mountain streams

Ecosystem element cycles can be tightly linked by both abiotic and biotic processes. Evidence for multi-element limitation (i.e., colimitation) of a variety of ecosystem processes is growing rapidly, yet our ability to quantify patterns of coupled nutrient dynamics at the ecosystem level has been hindered by logistical and methodological constraints. Here we quantify coupled nitrogen and phosphorus uptake kinetics in three oligotrophic mountain streams by using novel experimental techniques that quantify colimitation dynamics across a range of nutrient concentrations and stoichiometries. We show that relative demand for NO3-N and PO4-P varied across streams, but that short term availability of one nutrient consistently resulted in elevated, but variable, uptake of the other nutrient at all sites. We used temporally offset, pulsed nutrient additions to parameterize dual-nutrient Michaelis–Menten uptake surface models that represent NO3-N and PO4-P uptake at any given concentration or dissolved NO3-N:PO4-P stoichiometry. Our results indicated that the uptake of N and P were strongly enhanced in the presence of the other nutrient. Surface models quantitatively reflect patterns of colimitation and multi-element demand in streams, and should allow for parameterization of more realistic stream network models that explicitly account for interactions among element cycles.
Timothy Cadman, Lauren Eastwood, Federico Lopez-Casero Michaelis, Tek Narayan Maraseni, Jamie Pittock, and Tapan Sarker, The Political Economy of Sustainable Development: Policy Instruments and Market Mechanisms

A team of six PhDs from three countries collaborated to produce The Political Economy of Sustainable Development: Policy Instruments and Market Mechanisms, a complex book examining how sustainable...
Culture and a Criminology of Disaster

Culture and a Criminology of Disaster. In this chapter, we focus on a number of disasters around the world that resulted in antisocial behavior and try to make sense of that behavior in a cultural framework. We find that cultures that are characterized by xenophobia, religious intolerance, and acceptance of violent symbols including gangs and guns may produce antisocial behavior when a disaster strikes. We also summarize what is known and as yet unknown about crime in disaster and make our final proclamation that a criminology of disaster is here and here to stay.
Implications of iterative communication for biological system performance.

Abstract The performance of integrated biological systems can often be described by the behavior of component subunits: the proportion of subunits performing an activity, and the rate of recruitment to the activity, can be relevant to system performance. We develop a model for activation of subunits (receivers) to a task when activation requires repeated signals (iterative communication). The model predicts how system performance will be affected by the parameters of iterative communication. Receiver activation is influenced by the frequency of stimulation, by forgetting about past interactions, and by the number of stimuli needed to activate the receivers. These parameters, along with the probability of activated receivers returning to a de-activated state, modulate the system-wide time course of activation and the steady-state proportion of activated receivers. Parameters can interact to affect system-wide activation, and multiple parameter combinations can yield similar patterns of activation. Group performance is less variable at higher stimulation frequencies and in systems with greater numbers of receivers. Biological constraints on iterative communication, such as time and energy costs, may limit the parameter values that are feasible for a given system. Iterative communication parameters may be subject to natural selection at the system (group) level because they affect system performance.
Mobile sessions in content-centric networks

Content-centric networking (CCN) is a network architecture for transferring named data from producers to consumers upon request. This shifts security from that of a connection or channel to the content itself. There remains, however, many critical uses for the traditional client-server communication model with secure sessions. For instance, in many CCN applications, producers need a way to transfer key material or secret information to consumers. Not only does caching this content fail to serve multiple consumers, encrypting it under long-term, static keys does not afford them any forward secrecy. Consequently, there is a real and present need for a CCN-friendly protocol whose security properties meet or exceed similar transport security protocols in IP networks. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of the CCNx Key Exchange Protocol — CCNxKE — the first protocol design for bootstrapping encrypted service-centric sessions in CCN. We compare our design to that of existing IP-based transport security protocols to highlight important differences, discuss several important use cases for CCNxKE and secure sessions in CCN, and present a preliminary performance assessment. Our experiments indicate that session encryption adds, on average, a 30% data transfer latency compared to unencrypted traffic using our prototype implementation.
Causal effects of the microbiota on immune-mediated diseases

The mammalian immune system has evolved in the presence of a complex community of indigenous microorganisms that constitutively colonize all barrier surfaces. This intimate relationship has resulted in the development of a vast array of reciprocal interactions between the microbiota and the host immune system, particularly in the intestine, where the density and diversity of indigenous microbes are greatest. Alterations in the gut microbiota have been correlated with almost every known immunological disease, but in most cases, it remains unclear whether these changes are a cause or effect of the disease or merely a reflection of epidemiological differences between groups. Here, we review recent efforts to demonstrate a causal role for the microbiota in health and disease, outline experimental advances that have made these studies possible, and highlight how changes in microbial composition may influence immune system function.
The development of the Systems and Individual Responsibility for Poverty (SIRP) Scale.

Poverty is a widespread social problem that affects a substantial number of Americans each year. Attitudes can affect a range of judgments, behavioral intentions, and actions related to addressing this problem. However, existing tools that measure attitudes toward those in poverty do not fully capture the deficit ideology that is a critical component of beliefs about social class. We developed the Systems and Individual Responsibility for Poverty (SIRP) Scale to address this gap. This article describes the development of an initial pool of 20 items, and then the refinement and validation of the final 17-item measure. Exploratory factor analysis (N = 260) and confirmatory factor analysis (N = 280) yielded 2 factors: Individual Responsibility and Systems Responsibility. The Individual Responsibility factor comprises two subscales, differentiating between reasons for getting into and not getting out of poverty. The SIRP is a new tool for evaluating community psychologists' efforts to shift deficit-oriented thinking about poverty, and is likely to be particularly useful in education contexts. In future work, community psychologists might adapt the measure to assess deficit oriented thinking about other problems, and to explore how such attitudes are related to behavior.