cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
To Brake or Accelerate When the Light Turns Yellow? Stress Reduces Older Adults' Risk Taking in a Driving Game

This article reports on a study undertaken to examine age differences in the effects of stress on risky decisions, such as deciding whether to brake or accelerate as one drives up to a traffic light that has turned yellow (amber). The authors had younger adults (aged 18-33 years; N=45; 22 males) and older adults (aged 65-89 years; N=40; 21 males) play a computer-based driving game either after a stress challenge or in a control condition. The study included 15 driving game trials in which drivers accumulated points by getting their simulated vehicle stopped before the traffic light turned red. Participants randomly assigned to the stress condition submerged their non-dominant hand in ice water (2.0 to 4.2 C) for three minutes. In the control condition, participants held their hand in warm water (37.3 C to 38.8 C) for three minutes. They started the driving game 18 min after the stress challenge, during the period of peak cortisol response to acute stress. Compared with the control group, the stress group’s salivary cortisol levels increased by the time of the game for both younger and older adults, with no significant age difference in the increase. The stress condition also resulted in higher post-experiment self-ratings of stress during the water task for both younger and older adults. Being stressed reduced older adults' final scores by nearly half, but did not significantly affect younger adults' scores. Stressed older adults risked driving for a smaller proportion of the yellow light. Stress also increased older adults’ stopping rate, but did not significantly affect younger adults’ stopping rate. Overall, older adults had fewer losing trials (M = 27%) than younger adults (M = 41%), but there were no effects of stress on losing rates. Consistent effects of stress were found on driving time, stopping rate and points throughout the game. The authors conclude that their results reveal that stress can change older adults’ decision strategies. After a stress challenge, older adults not only risked significantly less driving time but also stopped and restarted more frequently than those in the control condition. The age differences in the effects of stress were robust, occurring even when each sub-phase of the game was analyzed separately and when male and female data were analyzed separately. They call for addition research using different measures of risky decision making to see if these age differences are specific to risky decisions made under time pressure (as in the current task) or also extend to other decision tasks.
Pro Se Litigation

This review examines the rising challenge of self-represented litigants in America's courts. It begins with a history of the right to represent oneself and the right to counsel and then considers the dearth of empirical information about those who proceed on their own—in other words, pro se. The article examines the shortcomings of the available data about how pro se litigants are treated as compared with those represented by counsel. It then considers the importance of how the unrepresented feel about their experience—most particularly regarding their opportunity for “voice.” The article then explores judicial attitudes about pro se litigants, arguing that judges may be resistant to reforms to help these parties because such reforms raise fears about judicial neutrality and fair resolution of the merits. The review concludes by briefly considering the cost of not addressing the pro se challenge.
Toward a Biology of Collectivism: Reducing the East West Divide to Its Physical and Physiological Substrates

The signs of mating competition are written into the physiology of the human male, but they are not written equally into the physiology of all racial groupings of human males. It seems that Asian males are different, different in that they are more fully dissimilar from the gorilla than are other races, showing less sexual dimorphism, muscularity, and less marked secondary sexual characteristics, and different in that they are more fully dissimilar from the chimpanzee than are other races, showing less sexual drive and activity as well as smaller testicles and lower sperm counts. It is presently argued that such anatomical differences are a testament to a more peaceably monogamous mating history. In turn, it is then argued that such physiological markers are directly associated with the collectivist ethos that has been historically, anthropologically, and sociologically observed among the Asian people.
Face Fly Dispersal, Nocturnal Resting Places, and Activity During Sunset as Observed in 1963

In preliminary studies, activity of face flies, Musca autumnalis DeGeer, during sunset was observed by releasing marked flies near 2 cows about 1 hr before sunset. A few marked flies and a few wild ones were noted on the cows several minutes after release. They appeared to leave the cattle when the level of natural light was still so high that artificial light would probably not be an effective attractant. In dispersal studies 24,000 individually marked flies were released in 4 different areas, 6000 flies per area. Several marked flies were found 2 miles from their release point after 24 hr. One fly was found 4 miles away after 5 days. Attempts were made to determine the flies' nocturnal resting places by releasing marked flies before sunset and then searching for them after sunset with UV lamps. Searches for marked flies during the late fall indicated that they spend the night in trees and in tall weeds rather than in or around barns.
Controlled pH Stability and Adjustable Cellular Uptake of Mixed-Charge Nanoparticles

Nanoparticles functionalized with mixed self-assembled monolayers (m-SAMs) comprising positively and negatively charged thiols are stable at both low and high pH but precipitate sharply at the pH where the charges on the particle are balanced (pH(prec)). By adjusting the proportion of the positively and negatively charged ligands in the m-SAM or changing particle size, pH(prec) can be varied flexibly between ~4 and ~7. In addition, changes in the SAMs' composition and particles' net charge translate into different degrees of cellular uptake. Remarkably, the presence of the positively charged thiols allows for the uptake of particles having net negative charge.
Erythromycin breath test and clinical transplantation

The intravenous 14 C-erythromycin breath test (ERMBT) appears to be a convenient and reproducible means of measuring the activity of a major drug-metabolizing enzyme present in the liver, termed CYP3A4. Interpatient differences in liver CYP3A4 activity, as measured by the ERMBT, seem to account, for the most part, for interindividual differences in the kinetics of cyclosporin A and FK506. The predictability of the test may be improved as an oral form of the test and improved oral formulations oftransplant medications are developed. Although the ERMBT is a promising research tool, its role in clinical transplantation has yet to be defined.
Silica, Silicosis, and Autoimmunity

Inhalation of dust containing crystalline silica is associated with a number of acute and chronic diseases including systemic autoimmune diseases. Evidence for the link with autoimmune disease comes from epidemiological studies linking occupational exposure to crystalline silica dust with the systemic autoimmune diseases systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Although little is known regarding the mechanism by which silica exposure leads to systemic autoimmune disease, there is a voluminous literature on silica exposure and silicosis that may help identify immune processes that precede development of autoimmunity. The pathophysiology of silicosis consists of deposition of silica particles in the alveoli of the lung. Ingestion of these particles by macrophages initiates an inflammatory response, which stimulates fibroblasts to proliferate and produce collagen. Silica particles are encased by collagen leading to fibrosis and the nodular lesions characteristic of the disease. The steps in the development of silicosis, including acute and chronic inflammation and fibrosis, have different molecular and cellular requirements, suggesting that silica-induced inflammation and fibrosis may be mechanistically separate. Significantly, it is unclear whether silica-induced inflammation and fibrosis contribute similarly to the development of autoimmunity. Nonetheless, the findings from human and animal model studies are consistent with an autoimmune pathogenesis that begins with activation of the innate immune system leading to proinflammatory cytokine production, pulmonary inflammation leading to activation of adaptive immunity, breaking of tolerance, and autoantibodies and tissue damage. The variable frequency of these immunological features following silica exposure suggests substantial genetic involvement and gene/environment interaction in silica-induced autoimmunity. However, numerous questions remain unanswered.
Alterations in Na(+)-H+ exchange in mesenteric arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats

Na(+)-H+ exchange was examined in segments of the superior mesenteric artery from spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats using the pH-sensitive dye 2',7'-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF). Basal pH values were identical in the two strains (SHR = 7.18 +/- 0.02, WKY = 7.15 +/- 0.01) and exposure to 20-50 mM NH4Cl produced comparable changes in pH in both strains (tissues acidified to pH 6.8). The recovery of intracellular pH (pH(i)) from acid loading in bicarbonate-free buffer was dependent on extracellular Na+, inhibited by dimethyl amiloride, and thus was presumably mediated by Na(+)-H+ exchange. Exchange activity was markedly increased in SHR (0.308 vs. 0.182 pH U/min), and the increased activity could not be explained by differences in intracellular buffer capacity or in the Na+ affinity of the transporter. The rate of Na(+)-H+ exchange was more steeply dependent on pH(i) in SHR vessels Hill coefficient = 6.6 in SHR vs. 4.1 in WKY), suggesting an alteration in the transport protein. Young SHR (4-6 wk) exhibited kinetic characteristics resembling those of 12- to 14-wk-old WKY rats. Exposure to the Ca2+ ionophore bromo-A23187 significantly increased the Hill coefficient of WKY arteries but had no effect on vessels from SHR. Exposure of vessels from either strain to the phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13 acetate (PMA) had no effect on Na(+)-H+ exchange.
Practical Diagnosis and Treatment of Allergic and Nonallergic Rhinitis

Allergic and nonallergic rhinitis is a common chronic disorder affecting children and adults. Effective treatment includes a variety of pharmacologic agents: antihistamines, sympathomimetics, cromolyn, corticosteroids or parenteral immunotherapy. Correct diagnosis is crucial for selecting appropriate and beneficial therapy.
MMP-13 is one of the critical mediators of the effect of HDAC4 deletion on the skeleton.

Histone deacetylase 4 (Hdac4) regulates chondrocyte hypertrophy. Hdac4−/− mice are runted in size and do not survive to weaning. This phenotype is primarily due to the acceleration of onset of chondrocyte hypertrophy and, as a consequence, inappropriate endochondral mineralization. Previously, we reported that Hdac4 is a repressor of matrix metalloproteinase-13 (Mmp13) transcription, and the absence of Hdac4 leads to increased expression of MMP-13 both in vitro (osteoblastic cells) and in vivo (hypertrophic chondrocytes and trabecular osteoblasts). MMP-13 is thought to be involved in endochondral ossification and bone remodeling. To identify whether the phenotype of Hdac4−/− mice is due to up-regulation of MMP-13, we generated Hdac4/Mmp13 double knockout mice and determined the ability of deletion of MMP-13 to rescue the Hdac4−/− mouse phenotype. Mmp13−/− mice have normal body size. Hdac4−/−/Mmp13−/− double knockout mice are significantly heavier and larger than Hdac4−/− mice, they survive longer, and they recover the thickness of their growth plate zones. In Hdac4−/−/Mmp13−/− double knockout mice, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression and TRAP-positive osteoclasts were restored (together with an increase in Mmp9 expression) but osteocalcin (OCN) was not. Micro-CT analysis of the tibiae revealed that Hdac4−/− mice have significantly decreased cortical bone area compared with the wild type mice. In addition, the bone architectural parameter, bone porosity, was significantly decreased in Hdac4−/− mice. Hdac4−/−/Mmp13−/− double knockout mice recover these cortical parameters. Likewise, Hdac4−/− mice exhibit significantly increased Tb.Th and bone mineral density (BMD) while the Hdac4−/−/Mmp13−/− mice significantly recovered these parameters toward normal for this age. Taken together, our findings indicate that the phenotype seen in the Hdac4−/− mice is partially derived from elevation in MMP-13 and may be due to a bone remodeling disorder caused by overexpression of this enzyme.
Antibiotic perturbation of the preterm infant gut microbiome and resistome.

ABSTRACTThe gut microbiota plays important roles in nutrient absorption, immune system development, and pathogen colonization resistance. Perturbations early in life may be detrimental to host health in the short and the long-term. Antibiotics are among the many factors that influence the development of the microbiota. Because antibiotics are heavily administered during the first critical years of gut microbiota development, it is important to understand the effects of these interventions. Infants, particularly those born prematurely, represent an interesting population because they receive early and often extensive antibiotic therapy in the first months after birth. Gibson et al. recently demonstrated that antibiotic therapy in preterm infants can dramatically affect the gut microbiome. While meropenem, ticarcillin-clavulanate, and cefotaxime treatments were associated with decreased species richness, gentamicin and vancomycin had variable effects on species richness. Interestingly, the direction of spec...
Grover Cleveland, II

Cleveland had no military service, and thus broke the pattern of electing Civil War generals. He was a reformer, an advocate of clean government, and was not overly partisan. As the first Democratic president since the war, he favored the South, which contained his party’s base. He maintained Jacksonian small-government attitudes, however unsatisfactory they had become, and believed government assistance to citizens to be improper, even in natural disasters. He was a strong president who succeeded in securing complete repeal of the Tenure of Office Act. Despite his orientation toward business, he was concerned about its power and thus signed the Interstate Commerce Act. His term strengthened both the federal government in general, and the presidency in particular.
Strategies and Challenges for Pharmacological Maintenance Therapies after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation

Abstract Disease relapse is a major barrier to successful allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Maintenance therapy administered after HCT is a promising strategy to attempt to reduce relapse and improve overall survival. However, many questions and challenges remain regarding this approach, including which patients should receive maintenance therapy, which agents should be used, what the ideal duration of therapy is, and what effect specific agents will have on toxicities, immunological reconstitution and graft-versus-host disease. Clinical trials are ongoing, which should help begin to address some of these issues and it is imperative that the transplantation community continues to collaborate in such trials to best answer these questions.
Scalable and Gray-Coded Optical M-ary QAM Using QPSK Modulators with Binary Electronic Driving Signals

We present a novel square M-ary QAM transmitter using QPSK modulators driven by binary electronic signals. The proposed configuration generates Gray-coded symbol constellations and is scalable for high order optical M-ary QAM.
Understanding “nostalgic inequality”: A critical analysis of barriers to Latinos’ healthy eating practices in the United States

Based on two mixed-methods studies conducted with first and second generation Latinas in New York City (NYC), this article questions simplistic notions of acculturation by stressing the impact of structural conditions (at the individual, social and physical levels) in determining Latinas’ food practices in the United States (U.S.). The term “nostalgic inequality” is used here to argue that Latinas’ retention of, and adaptation to, their traditional staples (i.e., nostalgic foods) tends to favor affordable and fat-saturated items (e.g., fried and processed foods) that through time contribute to higher rates of obesity and cardiovascular disease, among other deleterious health conditions. In the end, this review is aimed at raising awareness about the barriers to healthy eating experienced by disadvantaged minority groups in the U.S. urban milieu.
Glucose uptake and regulation by intestinal tissues: Implications and whole-body energetics

The purpose of this review is to examine mechanisms of glucose absorption by the ruminant small intestine and to relate these processes to avail- able information on the theoretical advantages of shift- ing site of starch digestion in ruminants. The primary mechanism for glucose absorption across the brush- border membrane of enterocytes is the Na + -dependent glucose transporter, SGLT1. This transport protein is a high-affinity, concentrative, glucose transporter that couples glucose transport to an inwardly directed Na + gradient. This Na + gradient is maintained by the activ- ity of Na + /K + -ATPase in the basolateral membrane. The activity of SGLT1 is highest in the developing ruminant and declines after weaning. Glucose transporter activ- ity can be increased by intraluminal glucose; however, glucose absorption or metabolism is not necessary to induce transporter activity. Changes in SGLT1 activity are proportional to SGLT1 protein content. In contrast, SGLT1 mRNA levels are poorly correlated with SGLT1 activity, suggesting post-transcriptional regulation.
Screening for Behavioral Health Conditions in Primary Care Settings: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Mounting evidence indicates that early recognition and treatment of behavioral health disorders can prevent complications, improve quality of life, and help reduce health care costs. The aim of this systematic literature review was to identify and evaluate publicly available, psychometrically tested tools that primary care physicians (PCPs) can use to screen adult patients for common mental and substance use disorders such as depression, anxiety, and alcohol use disorders. We followed the Institute of Medicine (IOM) systematic review guidelines and searched PubMed, PsycINFO, Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Health and Psychosocial Instruments databases to identify literature addressing tools for screening of behavioral health conditions. We gathered information on each tool’s psychometrics, applicability in primary care, and characteristics such as number of items and mode of administration. We included tools focused on adults and the most common behavioral health conditions; we excluded tools designed for children, youth, or older adults; holistic health scales; and tools screening for serious but less frequently encountered disorders, such as bipolar disorder. We identified 24 screening tools that met the inclusion criteria. Fifteen tools were subscales stemming from multiple-disorder assessments or tools that assessed more than one mental disorder or more than one substance use disorder in a single instrument. Nine were ultra-short, single-disorder tools. The tools varied in psychometrics and the extent to which they had been administered and studied in primary care settings. Tools stemming from the Patient Health Questionnaire had the most testing and application in primary care settings. However, numerous other tools could meet the needs of primary care practices. This review provides information that PCPs can use to select appropriate tools to incorporate into a screening protocol.
Pharmacogenetic Effects of Naltrexone in Individuals of East Asian Descent: Human Laboratory Findings from a Randomized Trial.

Author(s): Ray, Lara A; Green, ReJoyce; Roche, Daniel J O; Bujarski, Spencer; Hartwell, Emily E; Lim, Aaron C; Rohrbaugh, Taylor; Ghahremani, Dara; Hutchison, Kent; Miotto, Karen | Abstract: Genetic variation in the endogenous opioid system has been identified as 1 potential source of individual variability in naltrexone treatment outcomes. The majority of naltrexone pharmacogenetic studies have focused on a particular single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the mu-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1; rs1799971; commonly known as the Asn40Asp SNP) in Caucasian samples with decidedly mixed results. The goal of this study was to test the pharmacogenetic effects of naltrexone on subjective response to alcohol and self-administration of alcohol in individuals of East Asian descent. We hypothesized that naltrexone, compared with placebo, would potentiate the aversive and sedative effects of alcohol and reduce alcohol self-administration to a greater extent in Asp40 carriers.Participants (Nn=n77; Asn40Asn, nn=n29; Asn40Asp, nn=n34, and Asp40Asp, nn=n14) completed 2 double-blinded and counterbalanced experimental sessions: one after taking naltrexone (50nmg/d) for 5ndays and one after taking matched placebo for 5ndays. In each experimental session, participants received a priming dose of intravenous alcohol up to the breath alcohol concentration target of 0.06ng/dl which was immediately followed by an alcohol self-administration period (1nhour).There were no pharmacogenetic effects observed for alcohol-induced stimulation, sedation, craving for alcohol, or alcohol self-administration in the laboratory. During the self-administration period, Asp40 carriers consumed fewer drinks and had a longer latency to first drink as compared to Asn40 homozygotes.These findings in East Asians add to the mixed literature on naltrexone pharmacogenetics from predominantly Caucasian samples and highlight the complexity of these effects and their overall limited replicability. It is plausible that a consistent pharmacogenetic effect in tightly controlled preclinical and experimental medicine models "fades" in more complex and heterogeneous settings and samples.
From Research to Practice: Informing the Design of Autism Support Smart Technology

Smart technologies (wearable and mobile devices) show tremendous potential in the detection, diagnosis, and management of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) by enabling continuous real-time data collection, identifying effective treatment strategies, and supporting intervention design and delivery. Though promising, effective utilization of smart technology in aiding ASD is still limited. We propose a set of implications to guide the design of ASD-support technology by analyzing 149 peer-reviewed articles focused on children with autism from ACM Digital Library, IEEE Xplore, and PubMed. Our analysis reveals that technology should facilitate real-time detection and identification of points-of-interest, adapt its behavior driven by the real-time affective state of the user, utilize familiar and unfamiliar features depending on user-context, and aid in revealing even minuscule progress made by children with autism. Our findings indicate that such technology should strive to blend-in with everyday objects. Moreover, gradual exposure and desensitization may facilitate successful adaptation of novel technology.
Food Nutrition Visualization on Google Glass: Design Tradeoff and Field Evaluation

Acquiring nutritional information before buying and eating food is crucial for making healthier choices and more educated selections. Therefore, there is a demand for electronic devices that can automatically access nutrition information. To help with this, we propose a novel augmented reality (AR)-based wearable food-monitoring system to make food nutritional information available and visible in real-life scenarios, such as at the supermarket. It combines reverse image search (RIS) and text mining to recognize the food, and then it retrieves nutritional information from a remote database. For userfriendliness, the information is overlaid on a live feed from a front-facing camera.
Celebrate the Trail to Recovery: Power of the positive post-diagnosis of cancer

This paper explored how those in treatment for cancer, or in remission from it, benefitted from participation in a weekly hiking program. Fredrickson’s (2001) broaden-and-build concept was used to structure and demonstrate the ability of participants to create and store positive emotions from their experiences hiking with fellow survivors of cancer. The broaden-and-build concept embraces aspects of social support, posttraumatic growth, life course development, and subjective well-being, thus suggesting its value in articulating the positive growth of those who participated in the program and this study. Through semi-structured interviews, survivors of cancer shared stories about their participation in the hiking program, and how it was beneficial to their recovery process and discovery of their “new normal.”
Nighttime temperature field in a valley

An analysis of the nighttime near-surface temperature field at 27 stations in a deep mountain valley has been carried out for 5 nights during which drainage winds developed. It was found that a simple exponential function of time and the pressure level of each station accurately represents the temperature evolution during the night. Of particular interest is the fact that above a particular pressure elevation the temperature increases during the night.
Valuing visitor access to forested areas and exploring willingness to pay for forest conservation and restoration finance: The case of small island developing state of Mauritius

Small island developing states share as common constraints their small size, geographical dispersion, greater vulnerability to rapid and drastic environmental change, and limited administrative and technical resources. Within these, they have to cater for urban and agricultural areas, as well as enough natural landscape for ecosystem services. Funding for conservation of forest ecosystems on these islands has received relatively less attention and national park systems are chronically underfunded. We used Mauritius as a case study to investigate the willingness to pay for conservation of state and privately owned forests. It is part of a biodiversity hotspot with highly threatened forest ecosystems, but has known some conservation successes. We designed and administered survey based contingent valuation approach to estimate the willingness to pay entry fees to visit forest areas across the island. Study results suggest international and domestic tourists have a mean willingness to pay of USD 7.73 and USD 3.74 respectively, for conservation. These values represent amounts visitors are willing to pay every time they visit a public or private forested site. Results show that mid-level supervisory roles positively influence willingness to pay values. Results also show that people aged 50 and above, not having any supervisory role, married with one child or less, tend to have lower willingness to pay for conservation.
High-velocity deformation properties of polyurethane foams

This paper presents the results of dynamic uniaxial-stress tests performed on polymer-foam material. A water-blown ester polyurethane foam designated as rigid and a castor-oil-base polyurethane foam designated as semirigid were tested in tension and compression at rates of loading from 10−3 in./in./sec to 103 in./in./sec at room temperature. A gas-operated medium-strain-rate machine was used for rates of loading from 10−3 to about 102 in./in./sec. Tests at higher rates were performed on a split Hopkinson-bar device. Highspeed photographic techniques were used to study dynamic fracture.
Lean Flammability Limits of Syngas/Air Mixtures at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures

New experimental results for lean flammability limits (LFLs) of syngas/air (H2/CO/air) mixtures have been obtained at temperatures up to 200 °C and pressures up to 9 bar. ASTM Standard E918 (1983) ...
Recurrent Cholangiocarcinoma in Pregnancy: A Case Report

Hepatobiliary malignancies during pregnancy are extremely rare and portend a poor prognosis. There are only seven published cases of cholangiocarcinoma in an obstetrical patient, all are cases of primary cholangiocarcinoma (1-7). Herein, we describe the first case of recurrent cholangiocarcinoma during pregnancy. The patient did not receive chemotherapy during pregnancy and required prolonged hospitalizations for nutritional and intensive medical support. She delivered preterm, at 30 2/7 weeks gestation, after developing pre-eclampsia with severe features. The infant was healthy, with no malformations, and currently exhibits no neurological or behavioral sequelae at 8months of age. We discuss themanagement considerations inherent to this complex clinical scenario including metastatic disease severity, ethical considerations, and palliative care treatment options.
Time and Crisis: Questions for Psychoanalysis and Race

In the triumvirate of personalities and motives—from Wright and Baldwin to Coates—we encounter the essential elements of the “crisis” that configures black passage in the New World. These lines of kinship, both consanguineous and ineffable, travelling from father to son, from uncle to nephew, from one generation to the next, lend us a figurative rhythm that grasps the notion of the processional —the traversal of time and space that remains fundamentally mysterious, just as we can put our finger directly on the problem—black life is still as endangered and precarious as it ever was. If one regards such passage as a “crisis,” then it is precisely because it is riddled with turning points, sudden ruts and rifts in the road when the way seemed smooth and clear—those moments when decisions must be made—and from that perspective, African-American cultural apprenticeship offers, by definition, crisis not as a state of exception, but rather, as a steady state, given historical pressures that bear in on it and that become, as a result, intramural pressures. What I wish to do in these remarks is to clarify one of the questions engendered by this predicament, and that is to say, the riddle of identity and how it matters, but even more than an inquiry into the identitarian, I am searching for a protocol through intramural space.
Use of celebrity and non-celebrity persons in B2B advertisements: Effects on attention, recall, and hedonic and utilitarian attitudes

Abstract Images of people are often featured in business-to-business print advertisements. In some cases, person images in B2B ads may be perceived as having little or no pragmatic purpose in promoting the brand or product. The current research examines the effects of the presence of a celebrity or non-celebrity person in a B2B print ad on attention to the ad, hedonic and utilitarian attitudes towards the ad, and on aided brand recall. An eye-tracking study featured three experimental B2B ad conditions (i.e., no person, non-celebrity person, and celebrity person) conducted with business managers. The findings of this study suggest that while the presence of a celebrity endorser causes managers to pay more attention to the ad, the increase in time focusing on the advertisement brings about more negative hedonic attitudes towards the ad. Further, a celebrity endorser can reduce utilitarian attitudes towards the ad. An ad featuring a non-celebrity produced the highest brand recall.
Isomerization of N‐[α‐(Alkylthio)alkyl]‐ and N‐[α‐(Arylthio)alkyl]benzotriazoles

The thermal isomerizations of N-[α-(alkylthio)alkyl]- and N-[α-(arylthio)alkyl]benzotriazoles have been investigated under N2 atmospheres (i) in toluene, xylene, MeOH, or EtOH, in the presence of acid catalysts and (ii) in the absence of solvent. The sulfide isomerization rates depend on the number of H-atoms carried by the C-atom attached to the N-atom of the benzotriazole: tertiary (no hydrogen) > secondary (1 hydrogen) > primary (2 hydrogens). The results support an isomenzation mechanism involving a heterolytic NC bond cleavage with formation of sulfonium/carbonium and benzotriazolate ions.
Unequal Dignity: An Examination of Social Class Differences in Preserving and Protecting Dignity

Employment organizations are one of the primary sites where individuals’ dignity can be affected–for better or for worse. For some, organizations provide an opportunity to attain and maintain digni...
Verification of extreme event attribution: Using out-of-sample observations to assess changes in probabilities of unprecedented events

Independent verification of anthropogenic influence on specific extreme climate events remains elusive. This study presents a framework for such verification. This framework reveals that previously published results based on a 1961-2005 attribution period frequently underestimate the influence of global warming on the probability of unprecedented extremes during the 2006-2017 period. This underestimation is particularly pronounced for hot and wet events, with greater uncertainty for dry events. The underestimation is reflected in discrepancies between probabilities predicted during the attribution period and frequencies observed during the out-of-sample verification period. These discrepancies are most explained by increases in climate forcing between the attribution and verification periods, suggesting that 21st-century global warming has substantially increased the probability of unprecedented hot and wet events. Hence, the use of temporally lagged periods for attribution-and, more broadly, for extreme event probability quantification-can cause underestimation of historical impacts, and current and future risks.
A Selective Fluorogenic Peptide Substrate for the Human Mitochondrial ATP‐Dependent Protease Complex ClpXP

The goal of this work is to identify differences in the substrate determinants of two human mitochondrial matrix ATP-dependent proteases, human ClpXP (hClpXP) and human Lon (hLon). This information allows the generation of protease-specific peptide substrates that can be used as chemical biology tools to investigate the physiological functions of hClpXP. These enzymes play a role in protein quality control, but currently the physiological functions of human ClpXP are not well defined. In this study, the degradation profile of casein, an alanine positional scanning decapeptide library, and a specific peptide sequence found in an endogenous substrate of bacterial ClpXP by hClpXP as well as hLon were examined. Based on our findings, we generated a specific fluorogenic peptide substrate, FR-Cleptide, for hClpXP with a kcat of 2.44±0.15 s-1 and Km =262±43 μM, respectively. The FR-Cleptide substrate was successfully used to identify a leucine methyl ketone as a potent lead inhibitor, and to detect endogenous hClpXP activity in HeLa cell lysate. We propose that the fluorogenic peptide substrate is a valuable tool for quantitatively monitoring the activity of hClpXP in cell lysate, as well as mechanistic characterization of hClpXP. The peptide-based chemical tools developed in this study will complement the substrates developed for human Lon in aiding the investigation of the physiological functions of the respective protease.
Personal Protective Equipment N95 Facemask Shortage Quick Fix: The Modified Airway From VEntilatoR Circuit (MAVerIC)

We are in a crisis where healthcare providers on the frontlines are running out of the appropriate personal protective equipment including N95 masks and power air-purifying respirators Here, we propose a makeshift filter mask that we call the Modified Airway from VEntilatoR Circuit (MAVerIC) that can be assembled within seconds using widely available supplies routinely utilized by anesthesia providers in the operating room to provide practitioners on the frontlines with the high standard of protection of a N95 mask during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, and can be easily quantitatively "fit tested" to ensure no significant leak to optimize safety and efficacy
Exact controllability of the wave equation with Neumann boundary control

We consider the wave equation defined on a smooth bounded domainΩ⊂R n with boundary Γ=Γ0⋃Γ1, with Γ0 possibly empty and Γ1 nonempty and relatively open in Γ. The control action is exercised in the Neumann boundary conditions only on Γ1, while homogeneous boundary conditions of Dirichlet type are imposed on the complementary part Γ0. We study by a direct method (i.e., without passing through “uniform stabilization”) the problem of exact controllability on some finite time interval [0,T] for initial data on some preassigned spaceZ=Z 1 ×Z 2 based on Ω and with control functions in some preassigned space $$V_{\Sigma _1 } $$ based on Γ1 and [0,T]. We consider several choices of pairs [Z, $$V_{\Sigma _1 } $$ ] of spaces, and others may be likewise studied by similar methods. Our main results are exact controllability results in the following cases: (i) $$Z = H_{\Gamma _0 }^1 (\Omega ) \times L^2 (\Omega )$$ and $$V_{\Sigma _1 } = L^2 (\Sigma _1 ); (ii) Z = L^2 (\Omega ) \times [H_{\Gamma _0 }^1 (\Omega )]\prime $$ and $$V_{\Sigma _1 } = [H^1 (0,T;L^2 (\Gamma _1 ))]\prime $$ , both under suitable geometrical conditions on the triplet {Ω, Γ0, Γ1} expressed in terms of a general vector field; (iii)Z = L 2 (Ω)×[H 1 (Ω)]′ in the Neumann case Γ0=O in the absence of geometrical conditions on Ω, but with a special classV Σ of controls, larger thanL 2 (Σ). The key technical issues are, in all cases, lower bounds on theL 2 (Σ 1)-norm of appropriate traces of the solution to the corresponding homogeneous problem. These are obtained by multiplier techniques.
Social Action as Curriculum

Since a democratic society repudiates the principle of external authority, it must find a substitute in voluntary disposition and interest; these can be created only by education. But there is a deeper explanation. A democracy is more than a form of government; it is primarily a mode of associated living, of conjoint communicated experience.
Failure to Replicate: Testing a Growth Mindset Intervention for College Student Success

Interventions surrounding mindset have recently been applied as a tool for student success in higher education. The current study tested the efficacy of a growth mindset intervention at a universit...
High-Efficiency Ultraviolet Emission from AlInN/GaN Nanowires Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy

The epitaxial growth and characterization of AlInN/GaN core-shell nanowire structures with highly stable emission and high internal quantum efficiency of ∼52% in the ultraviolet wavelength range are presented.
"I Felt Like a Hero:" Adolescents' Understanding of Resolution-Promoting and Vengeful Actions on Behalf of Their Peers.

Bystander intervention on behalf of victims of peer aggression is credited with reducing victimization, yet little is known about how bystanders evaluate their intervention efforts. African-, European-, Mexican-, and Native-American adolescents (N = 266) between 13 and 18 years (Mage = 15.0, 54% female) recounted vengeful and peaceful responses to a peer’s victimization. For comparison, they also described acts of personal revenge. Youth’s explanations of how they evaluated each action were coded for goals and outcomes. Befitting its moral complexity, self-evaluative rationales for third-party revenge cited more goals than the other two conditions. References to benevolence and lack thereof were more frequent after third-party revenge compared to personal revenge. Concerns that security was compromised and that actions contradicted self-direction were high after both types of revenge. Third-party resolution promoted benevolence, competence, self-direction, and security more than third-party revenge. Epistemic network analyses and thematic excerpts revealed the centrality of benevolence goals in adolescents’ self-evaluative thinking. Self-focused and identity-relevant goals were cited in concert with benevolence after third-party intervention.
Time to Unplanned Return to the Operating Room and Associated Risk Factors in Patients with Surgical Retinal Detachment Repair

Purpose : To assess the incidence of unplanned return to the operating room (ROR) at ≤45 days or ≥46 days after primary retinal detachment (RD) surgery and correlate ROR with preoperative risk factors and visual outcomes. Design : Retrospective cohort study. Methods : This was a retrospective review of patients with primary RD surgery to assess for unplanned ROR between January 1, 2012 and June 30, 2014, with follow-up of 90 days to 8 years (mean, 1.5 years). We assessed 268 patients receiving 270 primary rhegmatogenous RD surgeries between January 1, 2012 and June 30, 2014 in an academic tertiary referral center. Results : Of the 270 RD surgeries, 82 were complicated (history of proliferative vitreoretinopathy or trauma-related RDs at presentation) and 188 were uncomplicated (RD unrelated to trauma or proliferative vitreoretinopathy at presentation). The ROR rate for all surgeries was 12.2% (33/270) over the follow-up period, with 51.5% (17/33) having reoperations within 45 days. The complicated detachment group had a ROR rate of 14.6% (12/82) over the follow-up period, and 50% of those (6/12) had reoperations within 45 days. The uncomplicated detachment group had a ROR rate of 11.2% (21/188) over the follow-up period. Of those, 52.4% (11/21) had reoperations within 45 days. Conclusions : Given that only 51.5% of all RORs occurred within 45 days, a 45-day ROR surgical quality metric that has been previously used may be of limited value for RD surgery. Factors such as age at presentation, number of retinal breaks, number of detached clock hours, use of silicone oil tamponade for pars plana vitrectomy, history of choroidal detachment, high myopia, ocular trauma, and open globe were associated with increasing risk of ROR. Implementing risk-adjusted metrics may provide a more accurate and useful quality improvement metric for evaluating quality of surgical care in vitreoretinal surgery. Am J Ophthalmol 2021;221:•••–•••. © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
BamA forms a translocation channel for polypeptide export across the bacterial outer membrane.

Summary The β-barrel assembly machine (BAM) integrates β-barrel proteins into the outer membrane (OM) of Gram-negative bacteria. An essential BAM subunit (BamA) catalyzes integration by promoting the formation of a hybrid-barrel intermediate state between its own β-barrel domain and that of its client proteins. Here we show that in addition to catalyzing the integration of β-barrel proteins, BamA functions as a polypeptide export channel. In vivo structural mapping via intermolecular disulfide crosslinking showed that the extracellular “passenger” domain of a member of the “autotransporter” superfamily of virulence factors traverses the OM through the BamA β-barrel lumen. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a highly conserved residue within autotransporter β-barrels is required to position the passenger inside BamA to initiate translocation and that during translocation, the passenger stabilizes the hybrid-barrel state. Our results not only establish a new function for BamA but also unify the divergent functions of BamA and other “Omp85” superfamily transporters.
Impact of growth parameters on the background doping of GaN films grown by ammonia and plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy for high-voltage vertical power switches

We report on ammonia and plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (NH3-MBE and PAMBE) grown GaN layers with a low net carrier concentration (Nnet). Growth parameters, such as growth rate, V–III ratio, and plasma power, were investigated on different substrates to study their impact on surface morphology and background doping levels using atomic force microscopy and capacitance–voltage (C–V) measurements, respectively. The elevated growth rates are especially interesting for vertical power switches, requiring very thick drift regions (over 10 μm) with low background concentrations. For our NH3-MBE-grown layers, Nnet shows an almost linear increase with the growth rate. Using a freestanding substrate and at a fast growth rate of 1.4 μm hr−1, a Nnet value as low as 1 × 1015 cm−3 was achieved. For samples grown via PAMBE, the lowest Nnet among samples grown under a Ga adlayer was 2 × 1016 cm−3 for a growth rate of 0.32 μm h−1 on a GaN-on-sapphire template. The results support the use of MBE for growing high-quality GaN material with reasonably fast growth rates maintaining low background doping levels for high-voltage vertical power electronic devices.
The politics of budgetary capture in rentier states: who gets what, when and how in Afghanistan

The literature of fiscal federalism suggests two approaches to explaining the allocation of intergovernmental transfers. First, a normative approach that considers governments as benevolent social ...
Horsenettle (Solanum carolinense) fruit bacterial communities are not variable across fine spatial scales

Fruit house microbial communities that are unique from the rest of the plant. While symbiotic microbial communities complete important functions for their hosts, the fruit microbiome is often understudied compared to other plant organs. Fruits are reproductive tissues that house, protect, and facilitate the dispersal of seeds, and thus they are directly tied to plant fitness. Fruit microbial communities may, therefore, also impact plant fitness. In this study, we assessed how bacterial communities associated with fruit of Solanum carolinense, a native herbaceous perennial weed, vary at fine spatial scales (<0.5 km). A majority of the studies conducted on plant microbial communities have been done at large spatial scales and have observed microbial community variation across these large spatial scales. However, both the environment and pollinators play a role in shaping plant microbial communities and likely have impacts on the plant microbiome at fine scales. We collected fruit samples from eight sampling locations, ranging from 2 to 450 m apart, and assessed the fruit bacterial communities using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Overall, we found no differences in observed richness or microbial community composition among sampling locations. Bacterial community structure of fruits collected near one another were not more different than those that were farther apart at the scales we examined. These fine spatial scales are important to obligate out-crossing plant species such as S. carolinense because they are ecologically relevant to pollinators. Thus, our results could imply that pollinators serve to homogenize fruit bacterial communities across these smaller scales.