cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A conceptual model of organo-mineral interactions in soils: self-assembly of organic molecular fragments into zonal structures on mineral surfaces

In this paper, we propose a structure for organo-mineral associations in soils based on recent insights concerning the molecular structure of soil organic matter (SOM), and on extensive published evidence from empirical studies of organo-mineral interfaces. Our conceptual model assumes that SOM consists of a heterogeneous mixture of compounds that display a range of amphiphilic or surfactant-like properties, and are capable of self-organization in aqueous solution. An extension of this self-organizational behavior in solution, we suggest that SOM sorbs to mineral surfaces in a discrete zonal sequence. In the contact zone, the formation of particularly strong organo-mineral associations appears to be favored by situations where either (i) polar organic functional groups of amphiphiles interact via ligand exchange with singly coordinated mineral hydroxyls, forming stable inner-sphere complexes, or (ii) proteinaceous materials unfold upon adsorption, thus increasing adhesive strength by adding hydrophobic interactions to electrostatic binding. Entropic considerations dictate that exposed hydrophobic portions of amphiphilic molecules adsorbed directly to mineral surfaces be shielded from the polar aqueous phase through association with hydrophobic moieties of other amphiphilic molecules. This process can create a membrane-like bilayer containing a hydrophobic zone, whose components may exchange more easily with the surrounding soil solution than those in the contact zone, but which are still retained with considerable force. Sorbed to the hydrophilic exterior of hemimicellar coatings, or to adsorbed proteins, are organic molecules forming an outer region, or kinetic zone, that is loosely retained by cation bridging, hydrogen bonding, and other interactions. Organic material in the kinetic zone may experience high exchange rates with the surrounding soil solution, leading to short residence times for individual molecular fragments. The thickness of this outer region would depend more on input than on the availability of binding sites, and would largely be controlled by exchange kinetics. Movement of organics into and out of this outer region can thus be viewed as similar to a phase-partitioning process. The zonal concept of organo-mineral interactions presented here offers a new basis for understanding and predicting the retention of organic compounds, including contaminants, in soils and sediments.
Modulation of Nucleotide Binding of trans Platinum(II) Complexes by Planar Ligands. A Combined Proton NMR and Molecular Mechanics Study.

Nonclassical trans platinum complexes containing planar nitrogen bases show biological activity different from that of trans-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (trans-DDP). In search of the mechanism of action of such compounds, a comparative study on the nucleobase chemistry of trans-DDP and trans-[PtCl2(NH3)(quinoline)] (trans-QUIN) was performed using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and molecular modeling techniques. The two simple monofunctional adducts trans-[PtCl(9-ethylguanine-N7)(NH3)L]NO3 (L = NH3, 1; L = quinoline, 2) were synthesized by employing the AgNO3/DMF method. Reactions of these species with 5‘-guanosine monophosphate (5‘-GMP) and 5‘-cytidine monophosphate (5‘-CMP) were used to simulate potential second binding steps on DNA. Guanine-N7 proved to be the kinetically preferred binding site for both 1 and 2. Reactions with 2 proceeded significantly slower than those with 1 under the same conditions. These differences in reactivity are attributed to an altered hydrolytic behavior of 2 due to steric inf...
Field Theoretical Treatment of Approximations to Radiative Transitions in Atoms

Abstract Starting with a field-theoretical many-body definition of eigenvalues and radiative transition matrix elements for atomic systems, a systematic approach is taken to approximations of the exact results. The guiding principle is the maintenance of gauge invariance (GI) in radiative transition S matrix elements. At the level of the one Coulomb exchange approximation in both the one-electron and the electron-hole propagator kernels, one obtains the well-known Hartree-Fock (HF) and random phase approximations (RPA). A detailed discussion and comparison of various approaches to RPA is made, in the case of both N and N − 1 electron shielding (the regular HF and HF with frozen relaxed core—FRC). In the former case, a new and considerably simpler form of the RPA equations are obtained than heretofore proposed equivalent forms. Finally, a different approximation than the usual HF and RPA, involving higher-order correlations, is developed to illustrate how such approximations can be systematically generated.
Statistical data mining

Data mining is widely used in modern science to extract signal from complex data sets. This article summarizes some of the key intellectual issues in the development of this field, largely from a historical perspective. There is particular emphasis on the Curse of Dimensionality, and its implications for non-parametric regression, classification, and cluster analysis. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Food intake and physical activity: A comparison of three measures of dieting

We examined food preferences, dietary intake, and physical activity in dieters and nondieters using three different methods of dieting classification. One hundred three women and 99 men completed the cognitive restraint subscale of Stunkard and Messick's (1985) Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-R) and Herman and Polivy's (1980) Restraint Scale (RS), and answered questions about their current efforts to lose or maintain weight. Women identifying themselves as currently dieting to lose weight reported expending twice as much energy in physical activity compared to those reporting that they were either currently dieting to maintain weight or not dieting. There were no significant differences in dietary intake or physical activity by current dieting status in men. Women chronic dieters identified by high TFEQ-R scores reported lower total calorie intake and less frequent sweets consumption than women with low TFEQ-R scores. In men, those with high TFEQ-R scores reported consuming a greater percent of calories from protein and carbohydrate, less beef, pork, whole milk, and sweets. In women, the RS did not distinguish dieters from nondieters on any measure. In men, the RS results were similar to those from the TFEQ-R. These results show that current measures of dieting are only weakly related to behaviors thought to be indicative of dieting. Future research must develop more precise measures of dieting in order to examine the relationship between self-reports of dieting and behaviors thought to be related to dieting.
Secure dissemination of code updates in sensor networks

Existing code update protocols target efficiency and assume correct behavior from participating sensor nodes. This work aims for the progressive, resource sensitive verification of code updates in sensor networks to ensure that unauthorized updates from malicious nodes are not propagated, while correct updates continue to be efficiently disseminated.
The role of risk aversion in nuclear plant safety decisions

Abstract Risk to civil infrastructure facilities from extreme natural and manmade hazards is characterized by involuntary exposure and potentially severe consequences to the public. Individuals and the public tend to overstate involuntary risks that are poorly understood or involve the possibility of fatalities. Such exaggerations of risk perception influence policy-making and the development of appropriate strategies for mitigating and managing the risk. Regulatory decision-making for nuclear power plant safety represents a case that is affected by exaggerated risk perception caused by fear. The recent meltdowns at the Fukushima Daiichi Plant in Northeast Japan in March 2011 reinforced such fears and fueled opposition to the further development of nuclear power as a solution to the nation's growing energy demands. In this paper, we analyze the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)'s regulations regarding to the operation of nuclear power plants utilizing a decision model known as cumulative prospect theory (CPT), which permits risk-averse behavior to be modeled in assessing both likelihoods and consequences of a hazardous event. The investigation is extended to different requirements that are influenced by the International Commission on Radiological Protection for an international perspective. Finally, we consider how risk attitudes can be incorporated in future decisions with an example of retrofitting Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant in accordance with the Severe Accident Mitigation Alternatives stipulated by the USNRC.
A new tooling mechanism for CNC lathes

The paper describes details of the development of a new CNC lathe tooling mechanism with on-line adjustable cutting edge inclination angle, which is one of the major tool geometry parameters in machining operations. The mechanism is based on the combination of (i) three linkages which adjust the tool inclination angle automatically and continuously, (ii) three curved slots which work simultaneously to compensate the tooltip deviations accurately, and (iii) an input link driven by a linear stepping motor that converts the linear stroke into tool angle rotation. The prototype developed provides a new tooling mechanism for the prospective open architecture-based CNC machines.
The Impact of the Transition to Parenthood on Marital Leisure

A longitudinal study examined whether the transition to parenthood affects the amount of time spouses pursue leisure activities-both together and apart-and the degree to which they pursue leisure activities they particularly enjoy. Results indicated that (a) new parents and childless couples do not differ in the amount of time they spend in leisure activities both spouses like, (b) parenthood reduces the amount of time new fathers engage in leisure activities independently, (c) parenthood increases the amount of time couples pursue activities together that are liked by the wife but not the husband, and (d) parenthood reduces the amount of time wives pursue leisure activities they dislike but their husbands like. The results show that parenthood restricts husbands' independent leisure pursuits and increases the extent to which spouses' leisure activities reflect the preferences of wives rather than husbands.
Sensory-Processing Sensitivity and Communication Apprehension: Dual Influences on Self-Reported Stress in a College Student Sample

This study investigated the influence of sensory-processing sensitivity on communication apprehension scores and self-reported stress levels of college students (N = 304). Two path models detailing relations among the variables were compared and findings were threefold. First, as self-report sensory-processing sensitivity increased so did self-reported communication apprehension. Second, as sensory-processing sensitivity increased so did perceived college stress, most noticeably academic stress. Third, sensory-processing sensitivity accounted for a greater amount of variance in self-reported stress than communication apprehension. Implications for future research regarding the impacts of sensory-processing sensitivity on communication are discussed.
Enzymic synthesis of uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid and uridine diphosphate galacturonic acid with extracts from Phaseolus aureus seedlings

Abstract Extracts from mung bean seedlings contain a pyrophosphorylase (or pyrophosphorylases) capable of catalyzing the reversible formation of the following compounds: (a) uridine diphosphate d -glucuronic acid and inorganic pyrophosphate from uridine triphosphate and d -glucuronic acid 1-phosphate; and (b) uridine diphosphate d -galacturonic acid and inorganic pyrophosphate from uridine triphosphate and d -galacturonic acid 1-phosphate.
The Agitated Patient, Part II: Pharmacologic Treatment

Effective treatment ofthe acutely agitated patient in an emergency setting requires an approach that combines behavioral management, differential diagnosis, and pharmacologic intervention. This column, the second in a two-part series on treatment of the agitated patient, discusses pharmacologic interventions. Part I, published in the April issue, addressed behavioral interventions and evaluation and differential diagnosis.
Loss in the Grain of Corn in Storage as Silage

Summary Changes in the grain of corn silage may be determined under normal conditions of storage by using the kernel as a unit and applying statistical methods. Data from one silo show a loss of 5.08 per cent in the dry matter of the grain. The corresponding loss in crib storage was 2.25 per cent.
Early hominid body weight and encephalization

The body weight of the Plio-Pleistocene hominids of Africa is estimated by predicting equations derived from the Terry Collection of human skeletons with known body weights. About 50% of the variance in body weight can be accounted for by vertebral and femoral size. Predicted early hominid weights range from 27.6 kg (61 lb) to 54.3 kg (119 lb). The average weight for Australopithecus is 43.2 kg (95 lb) and for Homo sp. indet. from East Rudolf, Kenya, is 52.8 kg (116 lb). These estimates are consistent even if pongid proportions are assumed. Indices of encephalization show that the brain to body weight ratio in Australopithecus is above the great ape averages but well below Homo sapiens. The Homo sp. indet. represented by the KNM-ER 1470, O.H. 7 and O.H. 13 crania have encephalization indices above Australopithecus despite the greater body weight of the former.
Prognostic features in acute megakaryoblastic leukemia in children without Down syndrome: a report from the AML02 multicenter trial and the Children's Oncology Group Study POG 9421.

Prognostic features in acute megakaryoblastic leukemia in children without Down syndrome: a report from the AML02 multicenter trial and the Children’s Oncology Group Study POG 9421
Information source usage by prospective home buying consumers

Given the fact that millions of home properties are bought and sold each year, what are the methods by which Americans go about searching out prospective homes? This study endeavors to examine the use of information sources by prepurchase and postpurchase home searchers as they seek out prospective homes. Three prepurchase groups and one postpurchase group are used in this study in order to make this determination. The findings reveal that during each stage of home search and purchase, there are certain types of information sources that are relied on in home search. The study also reveals that certain other information sources are utilized for locating and in arranging for the purchase of a home.
Brief announcement: impossibility results for optimistic fair exchange with multiple autonomous arbiters

Fair exchange is one of the most fundamental problems in secure distributed computation. Alice has something that Bob wants, and Bob has something that Alice wants. A fair exchange protocol would guarantee that, even if one of them maliciously deviates from the protocol, either both of them get the desired content, or neither of them do. It is known that no two-party protocol can guarantee fairness in general; therefore the presence of a trusted arbiter is necessary. In optimistic fair exchange, the arbiter only gets involved in case of faults, but needs to be trusted. To reduce the trust put in the arbiter, it is natural to consider employing multiple arbiters.Expensive techniques like byzantine agreement or secure multi-party computation with Ω(n2) communication can be applied to distribute arbiters in a non-autonomous way. Efficient protocols can be achieved by keeping the arbiters autonomous (non-communicating). Avoine and Vaudenay [5] employ multiple autonomous arbiters in their optimistic fair exchange protocol which uses global timeout mechanisms; all arbiters have access to loosely synchronized clocks. They left two open questions regarding the use of distributed autonomous arbiters: (1) Can an optimistic fair exchange protocol without timeouts provide fairness when employing multiple autonomous arbiters? (2) Can any other optimistic fair exchange protocol with timeouts achieve better bounds on the number of honest arbiters required? In this paper, we answer both questions negatively. To answer these questions, we define a general class of optimistic fair exchange protocols with multiple arbiters, called "distributed arbiter fair exchange" (DAFE) protocols. Informally, in a DAFE protocol, if a participant fails to send a correctly formed message, the other party must contact some subset of the arbiters and get correctly formed responses from them. The arbiters do not communicate with each other, but only to Alice and Bob. We prove that no DAFE protocol can meaningfully exist.
Deformation-induced nanocrystal formation in shear bands of amorphous alloys

AMORPHOUS alloys formed by rapid solidification of a metallic melt are of considerable technological interest as high-strength materials1–8. As they are not in thermodynamic equilibrium, these materials tend to crystallize on heating9,10. A high degree of crystallization leads to embrittlement, but if it can be arrested when the crystallites are of only nanometre dimensions, the resulting amorphous–nanocrystalline composite actually has greater strength than the original amorphous material11. There is consequently much interest in understanding the mechanisms of crystallization. Previous studies have suggested that mechanical deformation can induce crystallization12–16. Here we report the direct observation of crystallization within the shear bands of aluminium-based amorphous alloys induced by bending. The crystals are face-centred cubic aluminium, 7–10 nm in diameter, and seem to form as a consequence of local atomic rearrangements in regions of high plastic strain. We suggest that mechanical deformation might therefore be used to form high-strength amorphous–nanocrystalline composites.
Heuristic Computation of Periodic-Review Base Stock Inventory Policies

We study the problem of determining production quantities in each period of an infinite horizon for a single item produced in a capacity-limited facility. The demand for the product is random, and it is independent and identically distributed from period to period. The demand is observed at the beginning of a time period, but it need not be filled until the end of the period. Unfilled demand is backordered. A base stock or order-up-to policy is used. The shortfall is the order-up-to level minus the inventory position. The inventory system is easily understood and managed if we know the distribution of the shortfall. We develop a new approximation for this distribution, and perform extensive computational tests of existing approximations. Our new approximation works extremely well as long as the coefficient of variation of the demand is less than two. For practical applications this is by far the most interesting case. No known approximations work well consistently when the coefficient of variation of the demand is greater than two.
Exhibit of the Month

T HE University Museum in Philadelphia had the temporary problem of attracting visitors while the exhibits were being reorganized six years ago. Several of the main halls had been closed off for preparation of new displays, and in the meantime there were only the permanent exhibits in which the objects had not been changed for a long time. Something was clearly needed both to attract newcomers and to provide interest and variety for the habitual visitors, who naturally wanted to see new things when they returned to the museum. To meet this situation, I arranged a special series of small shows under the general title "Exhibit of the Month." These turned out so successfully that a brief account of our experiences with the project may prove useful to other museum staff members faced with similar problems. Many museums, particularly art museums, have an "Exhibit of the Month" featuring a single object of special interest, usually some recent acquisition. This is generally displayed under a spotlight, with a label telling why it has been selected as worthy of special attention. However, the emphasis tends to be placed on the objects themselves rather than on any ideas which they might convey. Acting on the assumption that the aim of a university museum is primarily to educate the viewers, we wanted to give our visitors some ideas to carry away, as well as something new to look at. At the same time, we wanted to provide a simple introduction to the museum as a whole. Lastly, we had to avoid expense, since the exhibition funds and other resources were being devoted to redecorating the new halls. These various requirements were satisfied by placing a single desk case (33"X 95") in the entrance hall of the museum, and arranging in it small groups of objects which would present a comprehensive display on a single theme. The presentation usually stressed some one entity-in the form of tool, utensil or substance, or some aspect of material culture-as it is found in different parts of the world, and compared or contrasted local variations. Objects were drawn from as many as possible of the areas and periods represented in the permanent galleries, which are largely arranged by geographical or cultural areas. Small individual labels identified each object, while a general label in larger type told the story which provided the basis of unity. In this way we hoped to induce museum visitors to learn to make comparisons for themselves, and to look for the many traits that various civilizations have had in common. Some of the exhibits were centered on substances that have had a far wider
Increased Root Initiation in Pinto Bean Hypocotyls With 2,4-Dinitrophenol

While examining the ef feots of metabolic inhibitors on the establiishment of growth (mobi'llization) centers in bean hypocotyl's, I noticed that 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) increased t'he number of root primordia initiatted in areas of t;he hypocotyls kept iin darkness with opaque rubber tubing. I felt it unusual that an uncotupler of oxirdative phosphoryliation shouild promote the formation of root primordia and decided to examine the pos,sibil,ity that other sutch compounds might also increase root initiation. Various inhib.tor-s and uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation were dissolved in eiither water, dilulte Na!OH, or ethanoil. The pH o,f ithose dissolved in NaOH was adjusted to 7.0 with HCl. Each preparation, inciluding the water control, contained 0.05 % (v/v) Tween 20. The preparations were swalbbed on the entire hypocotyl of 7or 8-day old bean plants, Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Ptinto variety), grown in the greenihoutise. When the hypocotyl's were dry, a piece of black rubber tubing or transparent polyv,inyl tubing, 25 mm long with a 4.8 mtm bore, was placed around the hypocotyl midway between the ioityledons and the soill level. Root prlmordia were cotunted 7 dlays after the ttubinig was placed around the hypocotyl. The number of root primordia indutced in the shaded portion of the hypocotyl increased with increasing concentraltions of DNP (fig 1). A 100-mM applicatbion resutlited in a 3-fold increase in the nutmber of primordia. Hypocotyls treated with 100 mM DNP sometimes devdloped necroti!c lesions. Roots from injured plants were not couinted. No roots were formed on the uncovered portions of hypocotyls nor in areas covered by transparent tubing of DNP-treated or conitrol plants. Dicoumarol, amytal, guanidine-HGl, and s,odium fluoride had no influence on th,e number of primordia formed. S,od,ium aztide, cairbonyl cyanid-e m-chl'lorophenyrihydrazone (CCP), and potassiuvm cyanide were generally inhibiltory to primiorffdia fo,rmaation. If the promlobion of root iniltiia(tion by DNP involves the uncoupling of oxidative pho,sphorylation, the addition o'f ATP sho,ulld reduce the DNP response, assuming that ATP reaches the siite of action. We treated hypocotyls wiith DNP and v.arying concentraltions of ATP as descnibed above. ATP, in equimolar or in concentrations 1000 times greater than DNP, did not aliter the number of root primo.rdlia initia(ted. The puri,ty of the DNP (Nutritional Bdochemicals Lot No. 1380)1 was checked by recrystalliza-
Continuous production of butanol from starch-based packing peanuts.

Acetone, butanol, ethanol (ABE, or solvents) were produced from starch-based packing peanuts in batch and continuous reactors. In a batch reactor, 18.9 g/L of total ABE was produced from 80 g/L packing peanuts in 110 h of fermentation. The initial and final starch concentrations were 69.6 and 11.1 g/L, respectively. In this fermentation, ABE yield and productivity of 0.32 and 0.17 g/(L·h) were obtained, respectively. Compared to the batch fermentation, continuous fermentation of 40 g/L of starch-based packing peanuts in P2 medium resulted in a maximum solvent production of 8.4 g/L at a dilution rate of 0.033 h−1. This resulted in a productivity of 0.27 g/(L·h). However, the reactor was not stable and fermentation deteriorated with time. Continuous fermentation of 35 g/L of starch solution resulted in a similar performance. These studies were performed in a vertical column reactor using Clostridium beijerinckii BA101 and P2 medium. It is anticipated that prolonged exposure of culture to acrylamide, which is formed during boiling/autoclaving of starch, affects the fermentation negatively.
Ductal carcinoma in situ in African American versus Caucasian American women: analysis of clinicopathologic features and outcome.

The incidence, morphology, and outcome of invasive breast carcinoma in African American (AA) women differ significantly from invasive breast carcinoma in Caucasian American (CA) women. Although the overall incidence of breast cancer is higher among CA women, AA women are more often diagnosed at a younger age; 20% of CA breast cancer patients are <50 years of age, compared with 30% to 40% of AA patients.1 In addition, AA women are more frequently diagnosed with higher-stage carcinomas, and the carcinomas are significantly more likely to be high grade, hormone receptor negative, aneuploid, and lymph node positive. These latter patterns persist even after controlling for stage and age.2 Mortality related to breast cancer in AA women is higher than in CA patients, particularly in younger age groups.3 These differences are most likely related to a combination of factors, including socioeconomic status, reproductive history, lifestyle experiences, and genetic factors. A better understanding of the precursors to invasive breast cancer may help elucidate the mechanisms underlying the differences observed in invasive breast carcinoma in AA and CA women. The characteristics of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) in the AA population are, however, poorly described, and there have been few comparisons of DCIS in AA patients with DCIS in CA patients. DCIS is a well-described precursor lesion of invasive carcinoma, currently representing 7% to 13% of the total cases of breast cancer according to data from 9 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registries.4 This proportion has increased significantly in the United States with the widespread adoption of screening mammography in 1980.5 Few authors have previously reported differences in the incidence of DCIS among various racial/ethnic groups.6,7 However, possible differences in the pathological features of DCIS and the outcome of patients with this diagnosis among AA and CA women have not been addressed. We describe the clinical and pathologic features, treatment, and outcome of AA and CA patients diagnosed with DCIS at our institution, where half of the population seeking breast care is AA.
Recent Advances in Gas-Particle Nozzle Flows

T USE of metallic fuel constituents in modern rocket engines has brought attention to nonequilibrium aspects of two-phase nozzle expansion processes. Since condensed metal oxide combustion products (which comprise 30 to 40% by weight of the total products of contemporary solid rockets) can do no expansion work, their presence in the rocket nozzle can only be deleterious to the effectiveness of the nozzle expansion process in converting thermal to kinetic energy. The condensed particles are accelerated in a nozzle almost exclusively by drag forces associated with lag or slippage of the particles relative to the expanding gas. Some performance loss relative to the calculated ideal no-slip expansion process must always be associated with macroscopic size particles, and experience has shown that the magnitude of the loss increases with the weight fraction of particles. Significant velocity and thermal lags thus have been suspected as a prime cause of rocket performance losses, and a number of studies have been directed toward delineation of the mechanism and magnitude of these lag effects. Early studies were summarized and extended in the review of Altman and Carter (l). Primarily, these early studies served to place bounds on the performance losses by examining the limiting cases of no-lag and complete lag. They demonstrated that thermal lag ordinarily has a lesser effect on specific impulse than does velocit}^ lag. Gilbert, Davis, and Altman (2) were the first to relate the losses to particle size. They solved the linear equation that results from assuming the drag force to be proportional to the velocity difference (Stokes' law) for the case of linearly accelerated nozzle gas. They demonstrated that, typically, a 1-ju diam particle follows the gas velocity closely, whereas a IQ-fj, diam particle has a significant lag. All of these early studies treated the nozzle expansion processes as though they are uncoupled, i.e., the thermal lag
Chemogenetic inactivation of ventral hippocampal glutamatergic neurons disrupts consolidation of contextual fear memory

Synaptic consolidation is a process thought to consolidate memory in the brain. Although lesion studies have mainly implicated the hippocampus (HPC) in this process, it is unknown which cell type(s) or regions of the HPC might be essential for synaptic consolidation. To selectively and reversibly suppress hippocampal neuronal activity during this process, we developed a new Gi-DREADD (hM4Di) transgenic mouse for in vivo manipulation of neuronal activity in freely moving animals. We found that CA1 pyramidal neurons could be dose-dependently inactivated by clozapine-n-oxide (CNO). Inactivation of hippocampal neurons within 6 h immediately after conditioned fear training successfully impaired the consolidation of contextual memory, without disturbing cued memory. To anatomically define the brain subregion critical for the behavioral effects, hM4Di viral vectors were transduced and selectively expressed in the glutamatergic neurons in either the dorsal or ventral HPC. Significantly, we found that selective inactivation of ventral but not dorsal glutamatergic hippocampal neurons suppressed the synaptic consolidation of contextual memory.
Improved Oxygenation During Bronchoscopy

Abstract A method for the continuous administration of oxygen during fiberoptic bronchoscopy is described. The procedure has proved effective in elevating marginal intraoperative arterial oxygen tensions to safe levels in most patients. The technique is based on insufflation of oxygen through a fenestrated endotracheal balloon. This in no way further compromises the somewhat cramped conditions common with most forms of endoscopy.
Braided bronchus : A previously undescribed airway anomaly

Infants with congenital heart disease frequently experience recurrent atelectasis, in many cases associated with anomalous branching of the bronchial tree. The bridging bronchus has been well described and has been associated with both left-sided obstructive lesions and a sling-like left pulmonary artery. We describe a similar, though distinct airway anomaly, the "braided bronchus," associated with a bridging bronchus in a child with coarctation of the aorta and recurrent atelectasis. Methods used to delineate the "braided bronchus" are described.
Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr−1) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.
The dynamics of a discrete geotropic sensor subject to rotation-induced gravity compensation

Abstract A clinostat achieves gravity compensation by providing circular rotation with uniform speed, about a horizontal axis. The dynamics of an assumed, discrete and free-moving subcellular gravity receptor, subject to clinostat rotation, is analyzed. The results imply that there is an optimum rotation rate; higher speeds result in circular motions with diameters more comparable to thermal noise fluctuations, but with greater linear velocities due to increasing centrifugal forces. An optimizing function is proposed. The nucleolus and mitochondrion is chosen as a gravity receptor for illustrating the use of this theory. The characteristics of their clinostat-induced motions are incorporated with experimental results on Avena plant shoots in an illustrative example.
Permeation of xylene isomers through nitrile gloves

The physical parameters of the xylene isomers (the positional isomers o-, m-, and p-xylenes and the skeletal isomer ethyl benzene) responsible for the differing permeation behavior of the isomers through lined unsupported 0.41 mm thick nitrile glove material were investigated. An ASTM type permeation cell at 30°C, constant mixing conditions, hexane liquid collection, and capillary column gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of samples taken from the collection side every ten minutes allowed break through times tb and steady-state sections to be defined. While pure isomers had distinct break through times tb(m-xylene = p-xylene m-xylene > ethyl benzene = o-xylene), lag times tl(m-xylene < p-xylene = ethyl benzene < o-xylene), and diffusion coefficients Dp(m-xylene < p-xylene = ethyl benzene < o-xylene), such behavior was lost in a equal volume mixture (tb, tl, Ps, and Dp were equivalent). The average Ps of the mixture isomers of equal volumes did not differ from that expected from the individual pure isomer Ps values. The results for the pure isomers were attributed to o-xylene and ethyl benzene being similarly sterically hindered, the p-xylene being the flattest and most symmetrical molecule and having no dipole moment, and m-xylene being intermediate in steric structure. The pure isomer tl were directly related to viscosity divided by the log octanol-water coefficient, while their log Ps was inversely related to dipole moment times the logarithm of the capacity factor for water for a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography column. In an equivolume mixture of the isomers, isomer interactions caused equivalence for all permeation kinetic parameters, indicating that the kinetics of mixture constituents is not predictable from the behavior of the pure constituents, although mass transfer appears additive. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 63: 1713–1721, 1997
On the connection of the Independent-Pair Model with a variational principle

It is shown thatBrenig's method of deriving the basic equations of the Independent-Pair Model can also be understood from a variational principle applied to the pseudoexpectation value 〈п¦H¦Ψ〉 (п=model wave function,Ψ=true wave function). Deviations from a vanishing first and second variation of 〈п¦H¦Ψ〉 with respect to the model wave functionп are shown to be due only to the independent-pair approximation, and thus permit us to make a qualitative estimate of the accuracy of this method.
Confessions of the ‘unhealthy’ – eating chocolate in the halls and smoking behind the bus garage: teachers as health missionaries

By drawing on interviews with administrators, faculty and staff at one school in the northeastern United States, this qualitative work considers the ways in which school leaders negotiate, resist or draw upon discourses associated with health, weight, nutrition and fitness to understand and experience their own bodies and interpret their roles and responsibilities at the school. Analysis of the narratives suggest that school leaders saw themselves as public examples from which students might resist and/or mimic (ill‐)health. Further, school leaders believed that it was only through their active engagement in and display of health that they were able to effectively evangelize their commitment to the social project of self. Thus, while schools could provide an important venue for young people to experience diverse notions of health and well‐being, without a school leader’s knowledge of or commit to exploring these alternatives, this outcome is unlikely.
Eye movements and the search for the essence of schizophrenia.

Clinical Schizophrenia has eluded precise description because of its protean phenotypic manifestations and variable clinical course, a variability that also makes it difficult to discover genetic linkages. Co-familial traits have higher recurrence risk rates than schizophrenia itself and might serve as pointers to the underlying physiology of schizophrenic illness. A dysfunction of smooth pursuit eye movements is one such co-familial trait that occurs in about 40 to 80% of schizophrenic patients and about 25 to 40% of their first degree relatives. The eye movement abnormality appears only when the subject tracks a moving target. We have traced this abnormality to a deficit in velocity sensitivity, a function that is regulated by a specific central nervous system network that includes the middle temporal and medial superior temporal areas of the extra-striate cortex. The higher familial recurrence risk of abnormal eye tracking, compared with that of clinical schizophrenia (about 5 to 8%), suggests that schizophrenic psychosis may be the rare form of a more prevalent disorder whose symptoms are much milder and more benign than the cognitive and behavioral disturbances of the clinical psychosis. From this vantage point, abnormal eye tracking can be viewed as one pleiotropic manifestation of schizophrenia, considered broadly, just as the cafe-au-lait spots of neurofibromatosis are a more benign and more frequent manifestation of that disease than are the neurofibromata.
A simple start-up policy for a catalytic reactor with catalyst-deactivation

Abstract An optimal start-up policy, based on singular perturbation analysis, has been developed for a stirred tank catalytic reactor suffering independent or series catalyst deactivation. A switch-over at a preselected level of conversion from the maximum start-up temperature policy to the optimal constant conversion temperature policy based on a quasi-steady-state assumption resulted in general improvements in the profit. The improvement becomes more significant as the operating cost of the reactor approaches the sale price of the product.
Mechanism of turnover of rapidly labeled RNA in rat liver nuclei.

In order to study the mechanisms of degradation of “rapidly labeled DNA-like” or “heterogeneous nuclear” RNA, rat liver nuclei were labeled for 12 to 2 hr in vivo with [14C]-orotic acid, then incubated in unlabeled medium. About half of the labeled RNA was lost in 20 min, even under conditions which permitted new RNA synthesis. The products of degradation were mostly uridine, uridine 24′(3′)-phosphate and unidentified fragments, unless an extract of rat liver, containing a 5′-nucleotide kinase and an inhibitor of alkaline ribonuclease II, was added. Under these latter conditions, up to 70% of the rapidly labeled RNA uracil was recovered as UTP, and it was shown that the uracil was released as 5′-UMP units by an exonuclease previously described by Lazarus and Sporn. Nuclear RNA labeled with [3H]-adenine or [32P]-phosphate gave a different pattern of degradation; ADP was the primary product observed and was rapidly phosphorylated to ATP. Some of this ADP was associated with the nuclei as isolated and may represent some metabolic system other than RNA turnover. It also appeared possible, but was not confirmed, that polynucleotide phosphorylase was responsible for releasing 5′-AMP units as ADP from the rapidly labeled RNA. The results indicate that the rapidly labeled RNA is synthesized from and degraded to a pool of 5′-nucleotides in a cyclic process. It is postulated that the process is efficient enough to provide the basis for a post-transcriptional genetic regulatory system which selectively protects certain messenger RNA molecules among the “rapidly labeled DNA-like” population and allows the rest to be degraded.
The use of an optimized colonoscopy protocol in a low-risk population for colorectal cancer prevention.

We read with interest the recent report from Xirasagar et al,1 reporting a striking reduction in colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality with their optimized colonoscopy protocol. Using the South Carolina and US-SEER-18 populations as comparison groups, the authors computed that the expected number of CRC cases would be 104 over 78,375 person-years of observation. In contrast, only 18 cases were observed in patients enrolled in the colonoscopy-screening program. The 83% reduction in CRC incidence and 89% reduction in CRC mortality, were attributed to screening colonoscopies that used their protocol.
Hydroprene Prolongs Developmental Time and Increases Mortality of Indianmeal Moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Eggs

Eggs of the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner), were exposed to the labeled rate of hydroprene (1.9 × 10−3 mg [AI]/cm2) sprayed on concreted petri dishes. These eggs were exposed for 1, 3, 6, 12, and 18 h and until hatching (continuous exposure) at temperatures of 16, 20, 24, 28, and 32°C and 57% RH until the emergence of first instars. The developmental time and egg mortality were significantly influenced by temperature and exposure periods. At 16°C, hydroprene did not cause differences in developmental time when eggs were exposed for different periods. At temperatures >16°C, both exposure period and temperature influenced developmental time. The maximum developmental time (15.0 ± 0.2 d) occurred at 16°C, and the minimum developmental time (3.2 ± 0.3 d) occurred at 32°C. Mortality increased when eggs were exposed to hydroprene for longer periods at all of the five tested temperatures. The greatest mortality (81.6 ± 2.1%) occurred when eggs were continuously exposed on treated surfaces at 32°C. We used developmental time instead of rate (1/developmental time) to fit simple linear or polynomial regression models to the development data. Appropriate models for developmental time and mortality were chosen based upon lack-of-fit tests. The regression models can be used in predictive simulation models for the population dynamics of Indianmeal moth to aid in optimizing use of hydroprene for insect management.
Photoinduced activation of CO2 on Ti-based heterogeneous catalysts: Current state, chemical physics-based insights and outlook

This article is a review of the current knowledge of the chemical physics of carbon dioxide (CO2) conversion to fuels using light energy and water (CO2 photoreduction) on titania (TiO2)-based catalysts and Ti-species in porous materials. Fairly comprehensive literature reviews of CO2 photoreduction are available already. However, this article is focused on CO2 photoreduction on Ti-based catalysts, and incorporates fundamental aspects of CO2 photoreduction, knowledge from surface science studies of TiO2 and the surface chemistry of CO2. Firstly, the current state of development of this field is briefly reviewed, followed by a description of and insights from surface state and surface site approaches. Using examples such as metal-doping of TiO2, dye-sensitization, oxygen vacancies in TiO2 and isolated-Ti centers in microporous/mesoporous materials, the utility of these approaches to understand photoinduced reactions involved in CO2activation is examined. Finally, challenges and prospects for further development of this field are presented. Enhanced understanding of the CO2 : TiO2 system, with a combination of computational and experimental studies is required to develop catalysts exhibiting higher activity towards CO2 photoreduction.
Viral 2A peptides allow expression of multiple proteins from a single ORF in transgenic zebrafish embryos.

We have adapted a novel multicistronic gene expression system involving viral peptides to the zebrafish. The viral 2A peptide allows production of multiple protein products from a single transgene. Based on highly inefficient peptide bond formation between glycine and proline residues within the 2A peptide, placement of 2A peptide sequence as a linker region between tandem cDNA's allows the stoichiometric translation of multiple unfused protein products. To test this system in zebrafish, we generated two different tandem reporter constructs employing eGFP and mCherry, separated by 2A peptide sequence. Using this system, we produced transgenic zebrafish in which fluorophores were produced as independent proteins from a single transcript. The successful application of this technology in zebrafish will be valuable for visually marking transgenic embryos and transgene-expressing cells, or in any situation where reliable expression of multiple transgenes is desired. genesis 45:625–629, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Vacuum charge and the eta function

The vacuum charge of a second quantized spinor field in a static classical background field on a static spacetime is studied. When g00 = 1 the vacuum charge is shown to be essentially the eta function of the spinor Hamiltonian at 5 = 0. This is computed for compact and noncompact spaces and a boundary dependence is derived in the latter case.
Prediction of child abuse risk from emergency department use.

Objective To examine whether pre-abuse rates and patterns of emergency department (ED) visits between children with supported child abuse and age-matched control subjects are useful markers for abuse risk. Study design A population-based case-control study using probabilistic linkage of four statewide data sets. Cases were abused children Results Cases (n = 9795) and control subjects (n = 9795) met inclusion criteria; 4574 cases (47%) had an ED visit; thus linked to the ED database versus 2647 control subjects (27%). The crude ED visit rate per 10 000 person-days of exposure was 8.2 visits for cases compared with 3.9 visits for control subjects. Cases were almost twice as likely as control subjects (adjusted rate ratio = 1.8; 95% CI, 1.5, 1.8) to have had a prior ED visit. Leading ED discharge diagnoses were similar for both groups. Conclusions Children with supported child abuse have higher ED use before abuse diagnosis, when compared with the general pediatric population. However, neither the rate of ED use nor the pattern of diagnoses offers sufficient specificity to be useful markers of risk for abuse.