cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On parametrization, robustness and sensitivity analysis in a marginal structural Cox proportional hazards model for point exposure

Abstract In this paper, some new statistical methods are proposed, for making inferences about the parameter indexing a Cox proportional hazards marginal structural model for point exposure. Under the key assumption that unmeasured confounding is absent, we propose a new class of closed-form estimators that are doubly robust in the sense that they remain consistent and asymptotically normal for the effect of treatment provided the marginal structural model is correctly specified and, at least one of the following holds: (i) a model for the treatment assignment mechanism is correctly specified or, (ii) a model for part of the observed data likelihood not involving the treatment assignment mechanism is correctly specified. In order to ensure that condition (ii) provides a genuine opportunity for valid inference, we propose a new parametrization of the observed data law, that is congenial with the marginal proportional hazards assumption. In addition, because the assumption of no unmeasured confounding can seldom be established with certainty with observational data, a second contribution of the current paper is to propose a general framework for estimation without the assumption of no unmeasured confounding. For this purpose, a sensitivity analysis technique is developed, that allows an investigator to assess, under model (i), the extent to which unmeasured confounding may alter inferences about causal effects.
Fine structure of Eimer's organ in the coast mole (Scapanus orarius)

Eimer's organ is a small, densely innervated sensory structure found on the glabrous rhinarium of most talpid moles. This structure consists of an epidermal papilla containing a central circular column of cells associated with intraepidermal free nerve endings, Merkel cell neurite complexes, and lamellated corpuscles. The free nerve endings within the central cell column form a ring invested in the margins of the column, surrounding 1–2 fibers that pass through the center of the column. A group of small-diameter nociceptive free nerve endings that are immunoreactive for substance P surrounds this central ring of larger-diameter free nerve endings. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a high concentration of tonofibrils in the epidermal cells of the central column, suggesting they are more rigid than the surrounding keratinocytes and may play a mechanical role in transducing stimuli to the different receptor terminals. The intraepidermal free nerve endings within the central column begin to degrade 15 μm from the base of the stratum corneum and do not appear to be active within the keratinized outer layer. The peripheral free nerve endings are structurally distinct from their counterparts in the central column and immunocytochemical double labeling with myelin basic protein and substance P indicates these afferents are unmyelinated. Merkel cell-neurite complexes and lamellated corpuscles are similar in morphology to those found in a range of other mammalian skin. Anat Rec, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Coronal electron velocity and temperature from Thomson scattered visible light

The measurements of velocity and temperature of coronal electrons are of immense importance to the study of coronal dynamics, especially in the low solar corona. In this lies interesting physics yet to fully explain the theoretical reasoning for the million degree hot coronal plasma and the cause for the initial acceleration of this coronal plasma. In this regard it would be equally important if both of these coronal electron parameters, namely the velocity and the temperature of these coronal electrons, could be determined simultaneously and globally all around the low solar corona. The purpose of this paper is twin fold. First, to lay out an instrumental procedure that allows for the measurement of a coronal signature that could measure all around the low solar corona simultaneously. Second, to describe a theoretical procedure that allows for deriving both the coronal electron temperature and its bulk flow velocity from the measured coronal signature.
Structure and relationship of the mammillary gore to membrane fibres and initial calcification of the avian Egg Shell 1

1. The interior of the mammillary knob is shown to be composed of: (1) outer shell membrane fibres that penetrate the basal portion of the knob and become associated with (2) The mammillary core, and (3) the bulk calcification of the main knob. 2. The mammillary knob consists of radial crystals which are arranged in a hemisphere on the outer shell membrane fibres, and are composed of a central zone which is a homogeneous solid, crystalline in nature, and an outer heterogeneous vesiculated zone. 3. The walls of the mammillary knob are continuous with the base and sides of the mammillary core radial crystals; the dorso‐central zone of the core crystals are exposed to a cavity that communicates with the upper zones of the mammillary knob and palisade layer via the central channel. The dorsal surface of the core cavity is formed by a layer of unorganised crystals of the mammillary knob proper. 4. Initial calcification of the knob begins at the base and sides of the mammillary core and expands over the organic...
Charge trapping and retention in ultra-thin oxide-nitride-oxide structures

Abstract This paper describes charge trapping, detrapping and memory cycling and retention in ultra-thin oxide-nitride-oxide (ONO) structures in submicron FET devices with polysilicon gates, also known as silicon-oxide-nitride-oxide-silicon (SONOS) structures. The ONO films had various thicknesses (4.9–9.0 nm) and their top oxide was obtained either by reoxidation of nitride or by in situ deposition of oxide by chemical-vapor-deposition (CVD). Memory characteristics are found to be critically dependent on details of processing and film thicknesses. The reoxidized ONO films show larger threshold shifts than the CVD films. A surprising result is that the “write” threshold shift could be “erased” only in one of the reoxidized structures.
The Development about Multifunction Merging Unit Used in Smart Substation

The merging unit is used to realize the digitalization and sharing of the data of process and is widely used with the electronic voltage transformer (EVT) and electronic current transformer (ECT). As the construction of smart substation which is presented by the state grid company of china, a serial new requirements and needs about the merging unit are proposed and the merging unit which only sends the sampling value can not meet it. The new demands of the smart substation are analyzed, The design of hardware and the implement of the function are presented. The multifunction which including the model of sampling, the data catenation, the acquisition of status signal through GOOSE , the voltage parallel and switching and the synchronization of device are analyzed in detailed. At the end, the function of intelligent diagnosis and debug is introduced. The device has been used in the project of smart substation and takes good effect.
Discontinued in 2013: diabetic drugs.

Introduction: The increasing prevalence of diabetes, with no cure on the horizon, continues to provide biopharmaceutical companies with an incentive to develop novel therapies and improve existing compounds.Areas covered: The following paper provides a summary of the experimental drug projects targeted for diabetes and associated complications that were discontinued in 2013. The discontinued projects, highlighted in this article, were identified via biopharmaceutical company pipelines, annual reports, and press releases. The authors also used other sources including: Google, ClinicalTrials.gov, and PubMed. Compounds were in various stages of development at termination and many of them had been associated with favorable effects in earlier studies.Expert opinion: There were two main reasons for the termination of anti-diabetic compounds that dominated 2013: concerns about safety and efficacy. Attempts to discover a novel mechanism that is both safe and effective in human disease present many challenges, not...
On the Selection of the Underlying Distribution and Adaptive Estimation

Abstract In our approach to adaptive inference, selection of the true underlying family of distributions is needed. A Bayesian selection rule, which is based on non-informative priors for the parameters, and a multiple decision solution, that maximizes the weighted sum of the probabilities of correct selection, are presented; both of these yield a decision rule of the same form. A modified maximum likelihood solution is also given and is used to construct an adaptive estimate of the location of a symmetric distribution. By a Monte Carlo study, it is found that this adaptive estimator compares most favorably to more standard estimators.
Incremental value of using Medicaid claim files to study comorbid conditions and treatments in dually eligible beneficiaries.

Although investigations using Medicare claim files are ubiquitous in the health services research literature, Medicaid claims files are used less frequently. Researchers must either access Medicaid files on a state-by-state basis or obtain Medicaid Analytic Extract files from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), which can be a costly option,1 and one that could limit the possibility of linking Medicaid claim files with other sources of patient-level data (eg, disease registries). Advantages of working with state Medicaid agencies include the ability to link with other files, complete patient enrollment and coverage information, and timely data. However, states vary in how they process and maintain Medicaid claim files and in their interest in and resources for working with researchers. Medicaid agencies may feel restricted in sharing their data given the current regulatory environment and privacy rules. If Medicaid data are obtained, there are many challenges associated with linking them to other files.2–4 Nevertheless, Medicaid is the primary payer for certain categories of low-income people and for long-term nursing home care services5; and until Medicare part D became available, Medicaid was the only source for prescription drug utilization for low-income individuals. Using data from 2 contiguous Midwestern states, Michigan and Ohio, we examined the incremental value of Medicaid claim files for identifying comorbid conditions and cancer treatments among dually eligible Medicare and Medicaid beneficiaries. This assessment informs researchers who are weighing the potential gain from Medicaid claim files when studying dually eligible beneficiaries. Dually eligible beneficiaries are the most vulnerable among the elderly population, accounting for a disproportionate share of Medicaid and Medicare utilization and payments6 and a disproportionate share of chronic illness relative to other Medicare enrollees.7 However, many researchers base their assessment of healthcare utilization among dually eligible with Medicare claims alone without knowledge of how much Medicaid claims would have added to their analysis.8–12 We study the occurrence of comorbid conditions among the dually eligible because these conditions are negatively correlated with cancer treatment13–17 and an accurate assessment of them is essential to fully understand disparities in cancer care. Disparities in treatment have been noted between dually eligible and Medicare-only patients diagnosed with cancer.18–20 However, if dually eligible beneficiaries receive care that is documented in Medicaid, but not Medicare claims, the extent of disparate treatment may be over-stated by analysts using Medicare claim files alone. Such an assessment is useful to researchers considering whether to expend resources to obtain Medicaid claim files.
Rudimentary quasicrystallography: The icosahedral and decagonal reciprocal lattices.

We prove that there are precisely three distinct icosahedrally symmetric lattices in three dimensions that are integral linear combinations of six vectors. By lattice, we mean a set of vectors which is closed under addition and subtraction. These three lattices can be represented as projections of the six-dimensional simple, face-centered, and body-centered hypercubic lattices into three dimensions. We also show that there is only one distinct three-dimensional decagonal lattice that is integrally spanned by five vectors.
Developmental biology of higher fungi. edited by David Moore, Lorna A. Casselton, David A. Wood, and Juliet C. Frankland.

List of contributors Preface 1. Resource relations - an overview A. D. M. Rayner, R. Watling and Juliet C. Frankland 2. Tropical agarics: resource relations and fruiting periodicity J. N. Hedger 3. Armillaria: resources and hosts J. Rishbeth 4. The growth of Crinipellis perniciosa in living and dead cocoa tissue B. E. J. Wheeler 5. Mycorrhizal dynamics during forest tree development J. Dighton and P. A. Mason 6. A comparative ultrastructural analysis of the host-fungus interface in mycorrhizal and parasitic associations J. A. Duddridge 7. The challenge of the dolipore/parenthesome septum Royall T. Moore 8. Dikaryon formation Lorna A. Casselton and Androulla Economou 9. Cytology of hyphal interactions and reactions in Schizophyllum commune N. K. Todd and R. C. Aylmore 10. Morphogenesis of vegetative organs A. D. M. Rayner, J. A. Powell, W. Thompson and D. H. Jennings 11. Developmental character of agarics Roy Watling 12. Elongation of the stipe of Coprinus cinereus G. W. Gooday 13. Differentiation and pattern formation in the fruit body cap of Coprinus cinereus Isabelle V. Rosin, Jacqueline Horner and David Moore 14. Determination of the initial steps in differentiation in Coprinus congregatus Ian K. Ross 15. Production and roles of extrcellular enzymes during morphogenesis of basidiomycete fungi D. A. Wood 16. The biochemistry of Agaricus fructification J. B. W. Hammond 17. Growth and development of Lentinus edodes on a chemically defined medium Gary F. Leatham 18. Ultrastructural aspects of fruit body differentiation in Flammulina velutipes M. A. J. Williams, A. Beckett and N. D. Read 19. Developmental genetics - from spore to sporophore T. J. Eiliot 20. Nucelic acid studies in Schizolphyllum Robert C. Ullrich, Charles P. Novotny and Charles A. Specht 21. Molecular biology of fruit body formation in Schizophyllum commune J. G. H. Wessel, J. J. M. Dons and O. M. H. De Vries 22. Meiosis and genetic recombination in Coprinus cinereus Patricia J. Pukkila, David M. Binniger, Jeane R. Cassify, Beverly M. Yashar and Miriam E. Zolan 23. Strategies for mushroom breeding Carlene A. Raper 24. Biological and technological aspects of commercial mushroom growing P. B. Flegg 25. Composting technology Lung-Chi Wu 26. Secondary metabolic products of selected agarics Norman Claydon 27. Developmental biology of agarics - and overview A. F. M. Reikinders and David Moore Species index Subject index.
Interstitial Diffusion of Copper in Lead at Pressures up to 56 kbar

The diffusion of copper in lead has been investigated using radioactive-tracer and sectioning techniques. The measured diffusion coefficients span the hydrostatic pressure range 0---56 kbar and temperature range 218---530\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The activation energy and volume at the melting temperature and atmospheric pressure are, respectively, $\ensuremath{\Delta}H=5.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5$ kcal/mole and $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}V}{{V}_{0}}=0.04\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03$. The pressure and temperature coefficients of the activation volume, although quite uncertain, were also determined. The small activation energy and volume indicate that copper diffuses in lead primarily by the interstitial mechanism.
Robotic high pressure water jet cutting of chuck slices

With the objective of producing high quality and economical starting material for restructured beef products, the use of a high pressure water jet was investigated for excising objectionable material from slices of bone-in beef chuck. From the limited number of tests conducted, best conditions for a clean, smooth cut were obtained with a water jet orifice diameter of 0.15 mm (0.006 in), a water pressure of 380 MPa (55,000 PSI), a slice thickness of 19 mm (3/4 in) and a linear cutting speed of 10.9 m/min (430 in/min). A preliminary cost comparison indicated that a fully automated line had a greate economic advantage over the manual method.
Distinguishing unconscious from conscious cognition—Reasonable assumptions and replicable findings: Reply to Merikle and Reingold (1998) and Dosher (1998).

S. C. Draine and A. G. Greenwald (1998) demonstrated replicable unconscious semantic priming by combining a response window procedure, which increases priming effects by requiring rapid responding, and a regression analysis in which the regression intercept is a marker for unconscious cognition. The commentaries by B. A. Dosher (1998) and by P. M. Merikle and E. M. Reingold (1998) raise two questions about conclusions based on these methods: (a) Did Draine and Greenwald (1998) demonstrate an indirect effect (subliminal priming) in the absence of a direct effect (i.e., visibility of the subliminal priming words)? and (b) Did Draine and Greenwald (1998) demonstrate dissociation of conscious from unconscious cognition? The first question has reassuring responses that are reviewed here. The second question is answered by pointing out that although Draine and Greenwald (1998) did not claim to have established such dissociation, they provided data that advance the plausibility of that conclusion.
The kinetics of chemical vapor deposited diamond-oxygen reaction

The kinetics of reaction between chemical vapor deposited diamond films (prepared by the hot filament method) and oxygen gas was studied by thermogravimetry. The reactions were carried out at atmospheric pressure in gas mixtures containing between 25 and 100 vol. % oxygen (balance argon), and in the temperature range of 973–1073 K. The apparent order of the reaction is close to 0.6, and the apparent activation energy is 232 kJ/mole. The kinetic data are explained by assuming no mass transfer limitations, direct reaction between CVD diamond and oxygen to form CO and CO2, and thermodynamic equilibrium between CVD diamond, CO, and CO2. The dominant chemical reaction involves the formation of CO, while the formation of CO2 is not significant. Three stage mechanistic schemes are developed involving adsorption of oxygen on CVD diamond surface, surface chemical reaction, and desorption of adsorbed species to CO or CO2. The experimental rate data conform to the reaction rate expressions developed for the mechanistic schemes leading to the formation of CO and CO2, assuming adsorption as the rate-controlling step. The adsorption rate constants for the formation of CO and CO2 are determined. The activation energy of the adsorption step leading to the formation of CO is 213 kJ/mole.
Critical analysis of the clinical presentation of acute scrotum: a 9-year experience at a single institution.

AbstractPurpose: We assessed the significance of the clinical presentation of boys who underwent surgical exploration for acute scrotum.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the records of 115 consecutive boys who underwent surgical exploration for acute scrotum between October 1986 and January 1996. We divided the children into group 1 – 83 with spermatic cord torsion a mean of 14.4 years old, group 2 – 27 with torsion of a testicular appendage a mean of 9.4 years old and group 3 – 5 with epididymo-orchitis a mean of 14.1 years old. Particular attention was given to nausea and vomiting, patient age and duration of pain.Results: Nausea and vomiting occurred in 69 and 60% of the boys in group 1, 8 and 4% in group 2 and none in group 3. Nausea and vomiting had positive predictive values of 96 and 98%, respectively, for spermatic cord torsion. Only 6 of the 83 boys (7%) with spermatic cord torsion were younger than 11 years, whereas 15 of the 27 (56%) with torsion of a testicular appendage were ...
Canine and feline caval syndrome

The caval syndrome is a serious complication of chronic heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) disease in dogs and cats. The syndrome is characterized by acute anorexia, respiratory distress, weakness, right-sided cardiac murmur, anemia, hemoglobinuria, hepatic and renal dysfunction, signs of forward and backward heart failure, and, possibly, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Retrograde migration of adult heartworms from the pulmonary arteries to the right ventricle, right atrium, and venae cavae causes disruption of the tricuspid apparatus. Valvular insufficiency, with concurrent pulmonary hypertension, reduces cardiac output thus resulting in forward and backward heart failure. Additionally, red blood cells are traumatized and hemolyzed as they flow through the mass of worms. Therapy consists of supportive care and the removal of the heartworm mass from the right ventricular inflow tract. Caval syndrome in dogs and cats is associated with high mortality rates and generally has a guarded to poor prognosis.
Automated structure prediction of weakly homologous proteins on a genomic scale

We have developed TASSER, a hierarchical approach to protein structure prediction that consists of template identification by threading, followed by tertiary structure assembly via the rearrangement of continuous template fragments guided by an optimized C(alpha) and side-chain-based potential driven by threading-based, predicted tertiary restraints. TASSER was applied to a comprehensive benchmark set of 1,489 medium-sized proteins in the Protein Data Bank. With homologues excluded, in 927 cases, the templates identified by our threading algorithm PROSPECTOR_3 have a rms deviation from native <6.5 A with approximately 80% alignment coverage. After template reassembly, this number increases to 1,172. This shows significant and systematic improvement of the final models with respect to the initial template alignments. Furthermore, significant improvements in loop modeling are demonstrated. We then apply TASSER to the 1,360 medium-sized ORFs in the Escherichia coli genome; approximately 920 can be predicted with high accuracy based on confidence criteria established in the Protein Data Bank benchmark. These results from our unprecedented comprehensive folding benchmark on all protein categories provide a reliable basis for the application of TASSER to structural genomics, especially to proteins of low sequence identity to solved protein structures.
Phytic acid-metal ion interactions. II. The effect of pH on ca(II) binding

Abstract The interaction of phytic acid with Ca(II) has been studied by potentiometric titration and by measurement of free Ca(II) concentrations using an ion Selective electrode. With increasing Ca(II) concentration, the titration curve of phytic acid is displaced to regions of lower pH. In the binding of calcium ions to phytic acid, there is no evidence that significant binding occurs below approximately pH 5. Above this pH, the extent of binding is dependent upon both pH and the calcium to phytic acid ratios. Maximum binding obtains at a Ca(II):phytate ratio of 6 with 4.8 mol of Ca(II) bound per mol of phytate above pH ca. 8. Binding constants are apparently very large since binding isotherms at any Ca(II): phytate ratio are a linear function of the total calcium ion concentration. In all cases, binding occurs only when one or more phosphate groups have been converted to the oxo dianion form. The apparent p K' values (curve-fit parameters) that describe the potentiometric titration data are in good agreement with the constants evaluated from the binding of Ca(II) to phytate as a function of pH. Using CPK space-filling models, structures containing six metal ions in coordinate linkage to pairs of oxo dianions have been constructed and discussed within the framework of the axial conformation of phytic acid and the order of proton removal with an increase in pH based upon NMR studies.
Transformation and regeneration in social systems: A dissipative structure perspective

This paper focuses on the study of transformation and regeneration processes in social systems, and identifies aspects of these processes that have parallels across systems levels. A paradigm originating within physical science research is used to frame a model of social system transformation. Social system change literature is presented in terms of the model and implications for change agents and researchers are discussed. An illustrative case study from the NASA Apollo organization is presented.
New tight frames of curvelets and optimal representations of objects with piecewise C2 singularities

This paper introduces new tight frames of curvelets to address the problem of finding optimally sparse representations of objects with discontinuities along piecewise C 2 edges. Conceptually, the curvelet transform is a multiscale pyramid with many directions and positions at each length scale, and needle-shaped elements at fine scales. These elements have many useful geometric multiscale features that set them apart from classical multiscale representations such as wavelets. For instance, curvelets obey a parabolic scaling relation which says that at scale 2 -j , each element has an envelope that is aligned along a ridge of length 2 -j/2 and width 2 -j . We prove that curvelets provide an essentially optimal representation of typical objects f that are C 2 except for discontinuities along piecewise C 2 curves. Such representations are nearly as sparse as if f were not singular and turn out to be far more sparse than the wavelet decomposition of the object. For instance, the n-term partial reconstruction f C n obtained by selecting the n largest terms in the curvelet series obeys ∥f - f C n ∥ 2 L2 ≤ C . n -2 . (log n) 3 , n → ∞. This rate of convergence holds uniformly over a class of functions that are C 2 except for discontinuities along piecewise C 2 curves and is essentially optimal. In comparison, the squared error of n-term wavelet approximations only converges as n -1 as n → ∞, which is considerably worse than the optimal behavior.
Signal detection theory and generalized linear models.

Generalized linear models are a general class of regressionlike models for continuous and categorical response variables. Signal detection models can be formulated as a subclass of generalized linear models, and the result is a rich class of signal detection models based on different underlying distributions. An example is a signal detection model based on the extreme value distribution. The extreme value model is shown to yield unit slope receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for several classic data sets that are commonly given as examples of normal or logistic ROC curves with slopes that differ from unity. The result is an additive model with a simple interpretation in terms of a shift in the location of an underlying distribution. The models can also be extended in several ways, such as to recognize response dependencies, to include random coefficients, or to allow for more general underlying probability distributions.
Developing understanding of statistical variation: secondary statistics teachers’ perceptions and recollections of learning factors

This retrospective phenomenological study investigates activities and actions identified by secondary statistics teachers who exhibit robust understandings of variation as deepening their understandings of statistical variation. Using phenomenological methods and a frame of Mezirow’s transformation theory, analysis revealed learning factors that include their interests in statistics, motivation to encounter and resolve dilemmas, desires to have an overarching content framework, propensities for critical reflection, and actions on opportunities to engage in statistical learning activities and rationale discourse with more knowledgeable others. The extent to which these teachers embrace these opportunities distinguishes them from other teachers. Results from this study provide some basis for formulating hypotheses about secondary teachers’ statistics learning in general by contributing to understanding circumstances that may be conducive to developing deep understandings of statistical content. This study also advances the use of retrospective methods within a theoretical frame for adult learning to investigate teacher learning.
High-affinity microtubule protein-higher organism DNA complexes. Many-fold enrichment in repetitive mouse DNA sequences comprised of satellite DNAs

Abstract We have examined aspects of the interaction of cycled microtubule protein preparations with 35 S-labeled mouse DNA tracer in a competition system with unlabelled competitor E. coli or mouse DNA. The nitrocellulose filter binding assay was used to measure interaction by scintillation counting. DNA molecular weight affected the levels of filter retained 35 S-labelled mouse tracer DNA. Filter retention levels increased if 35 S-labelled mouse DNA tracer size was increased, and the filter binding level decreased if competitor DNA size was increased. There was a sizeable, reproducible difference in the 35 S-labelled mouse DNA tracer binding level of about 1% when E. coli or mouse DNA competitors were compared. Mouse DNA more effectively competed with 35 S-labelled mouse DNA for microtubule protein binding than did E. coli DNA, suggesting that a small class of higher-organism DNA sequences interacts very strongly with microtubule protein. From other studies we know this to be the MAP fraction (Marx, K.A. and Denial, T. (1984) in The Molecular Basis of Cancer (Rein, R., ed.), Alan R. Liss, New York, in the press; and Villasante, E., Corces, V.G., Manso-Martinez, R. and Avila, J. (1981) Nucleic Acids Res. 9, 895–908). We find that this difference in competitor DNA strength is qualitatively similar under high-stringency conditions (0.5 M NaCl, high competitor [DNA]) we developed for examining high-affinity complexes. Under high-stringency conditions we isolated 1.2% and 0.6% of 35 S-labelled mouse DNA at 4200 and 350 bp respective sizes as nitrocellulose filter bound DNA-protein complexes. At both molecular weights these high-affinity DNA sequences, isolated from the filters, were shown to be significantly enriched in repetitive DNA sequences by S 1 nuclease solution reassociation kinetics. The kinetics are consistent with about a 4-fold mouse satellite DNA enrichment as well as enrichment in other repetitious DNA sequence classes. The high molecular weight filter-bound DNA samples were sedimented to equilibrium in CsCl buoyant density gradients and found to contain primarily mouse satellite DNA density sequences (1.691 g/cm 3 ) with some minor fractions at other density positions (1.670, 1.682, 1.705, 1.740, 1.760 g/cm 3 ) similar to those observed by our laboratory in previous investigations of micrococcal nuclease-resistant chromatin (Marx, K.A. (1977) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 78, 777–784). That the high-affinity microtubule-bound DNA was some 3–5-fold enriched in mouse satellite sequences was demonstrated by its characteristic Bst NI restriction enzyme cleavage pattern
On a conjecture concerning the maximal cross number of unique factorization indexed sequences

Abstract In this paper, we study a conjecture of Gao and Wang concerning a proposed formula K 1 ⁎ ( G ) for the maximal cross number K 1 ( G ) taken over all unique factorization indexed sequences over a given finite abelian group G. As a corollary of our first main result, we verify the conjecture for abelian groups of the form C p m ⊕ C p , C p m ⊕ C q , C p m ⊕ C q 2 , C p m ⊕ C r n where p, q are distinct primes and r ∈ { 2 , 3 } . In our second main result we verify that K 1 ( G ) = K 1 ⁎ ( G ) for groups of the form C r ⊕ C p m ⊕ C p , C r p m q and C r ⊕ C p ⊕ C q 2 for r ∈ { 2 , 3 } given some restrictions on p and q. We also study general techniques for computing and bounding K 1 ( G ) , and derive an asymptotic result which shows that K 1 ( G ) becomes arbitrarily close to K 1 ⁎ ( G ) as the smallest prime dividing | G | goes to infinity, given certain conditions on the structure of G. We also derive some results on the structure of unique factorization indexed sequences which would hypothetically violate k ¯ ( S ) ⩽ K 1 ⁎ ( G ) .
Plasma models applicable to low pressure discharges

Abstract Electron, ionization and excitation temperatures are often used to characterize discharge plasmas. These temperatures are determined using a plasma model, which generally is based on the assumption of equilibrium in the plasma. The assumptions that are used in the development of the equilibrium model are critically discussed, especially with regard to the application of this model to a low pressure plasma. A steady state model based on a set of assumptions much more applicable to a low pressure plasma is presented. A ratioing technique is developed which allows this model to be straight-forwardly applied to spectroscopic data. Results obtained for the application of the steady state model to a hollow cathode discharge are presented and shown to be more realistic than those obtained using the equilibrium model.
On Phenomenal Character and Petri Dishes

Michael Tye (2007) argues that phenomenal character cannot be an intrinsic microphysical property of experiences (or be necessitated by intrinsic microphysical properties) because this would entail that experience could occur in a chunk of tissue in a Petri dish. Laudably, Tye attempts to defend the latter claim rather than resting content with the counterintuitiveness of the associated image. However, I show that his defense is problematic in several ways, and ultimately that it still amounts to no more than an appeal to the unargued intuition that experience could not occur in something small enough to fit in a Petri dish.
Image analysis techniques for visualizing the spatial organization of DNA replication sites in the mammalian cell nucleus using multichannel confocal microscopy

Confocal images of double labeled DNA replication sites in mouse 3T3 cells were analyzed using a set of image processing algorithms to investigate the spatial organization of replication sites at different times. Since confocal microscopy images have about a 1:10 ratio of horizontal (X-Y) versus vertical (Z) scale, extending traditional 2D image processing techniques to 3D rarely gives satisfactory results. By using 2D image segmentation on the individual slices to obtain replication site contours and combining this high-level 2D data using a modified 3D connected component labeling algorithm with weak connectivity in the Z direction, we were able to reconstruct the network of 3D replication sites. Instead of using the equivalent of traditional 2D 8-connectivity in 3D, we used a metric which evaluated the amount of overlap between successive contours of a replication site to decide whether the two contours belong to the same replication site. This method is applicable in analyzing the images of replication sites as they are bead like structures. Once the data structures describing the individual sites are obtained, several pattern recognition techniques are applied to elucidate 3D higher order assembly of replication sites. In one method, the amount of site overlap between the two channels was calculated in an attempt to quantify the closeness of sites at different times. Another approach consisted of grouping the replication sites using a pre-set distance between sites required for a set of sites to be included in the same group.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Engineering Education-Its History and Prospects

A brief history of the development of engineering education in the United States and a consideration of the usual type of curriculum in particular branches of engineering are followed by reasons for the development of a new type of curriculum and a discussion of its principal characteristics. The recently adopted curriculum leading to the degree of Bachelor of Arts in Engineering at Stanford University is given in detail. The ideals discussed in the paper are emphasized by a few selected quotations from statements of leading executives and teachers.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF MULTIDIMENSIONAL FUZZY SET ORDINATIONS

A protocol for the creation and statistical analysis of multidimensional fuzzy set ordinations (MFSO) is presented, including a simple forward stepwise variable selection algorithm and goodness-of-fit statistics. Mapping sample point distributions from the fuzzy topological space of fuzzy set ordination (FSO) to a Euclidean space enables analysis by a broad range of parametric statistical methods. The results obtained exhibit immediate interpretability, as each axis in an MFSO represents a single environmental variable and is orthogonal to all other axes by design. MFSO is tested on five data sets: three simulated coenospaces, and vegetation data from Bryce Canyon National Park, Utah, USA, and the Shoshone National Forest, Wyoming, USA. The resulting ordinations on the test data sets achieve (1) high efficiency in representing the underlying dissimilarity matrix in low dimensionality (>90% of the efficiency of principal coordinates analysis); (2) a high level of fidelity in reconstructing the location and configuration of samples in the simulated coenospaces; (3) a high level of resistance to noise in vegetation or environment data; and (4) a low level of sensitivity to sample size or placement along simulated environmental gradients. Environmental variable effect sizes are easily estimated, and probabilities of observing the results obtained are easily calculated by parametric distributions or permutation statistics.
Pre‐Chill Spray of Chicken Carcasses to Reduce Salmonella typhimurium

A test chamber was designed and constructed and prechill chicken carcasses inoculated with Salmonella typhimurium were treated in it. They were sprayed with tap water, 0.85% sodium chloride (NaCl), 5% or 10% trisodium phosphate (TSP), 5% or 10% sodium bisulfate (SBS), 0.1% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), or 1% lactic acids (LAC) at 207, 345 or 827 kPa pressure for either 30 or 90 sec exposure time. Samples were taken from carcass wash water to determine the most probable number of Salmonella. Compared to tap water spraying, 0.85% NaCI spraying did not significantly reduce Salmonella. The greatest reductions of S. typhimurium, by 10% TSP, 10% SBS, 0.1% CPC or 1% LAC spraying, were 3.7, 2.4, 1.6 or 1.6 log in 90 sec treatments, respectively.
Thermodynamics of random copolymer melts.

We report on a mean-field thermodynamic analysis of AB random copolymer melts with (backbone) composition correlations that reflect realistic polymerization conditions. Depending on the strength and sign of these correlations, multiple homogeneous phases, periodic mesophases, or disordered mesophases are possible. We identify an isotropic Lifshitz point and the critical lines that emerge from it. Our results should facilitate the design of new copolymeric materials.
Local slowdown of translation by nonoptimal codons promotes nascent-chain recognition by SRP in vivo

Analyses of yeast codon usage and ribosome profiling data reveal a nonoptimal codon cluster in the mRNAs of ER-targeted proteins, downstream of the SRP-binding site, that would slow down translation to promote SRP interaction.
Oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II: correlating structure with spectroscopy

Water oxidation at the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) of photosystem II (PSII) involves multiple redox states called Sn states (n = 0–4). The S1 → S2 redox transition of the OEC has been studied extensively using various forms of spectroscopy, including electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. In the S2 state, two isomers of the OEC are observed by EPR: a ST = 1/2 form and a ST = 5/2 form. DFT-based structural models of the OEC have been proposed for the two spin isomers in the S2 state, but the factors that determine the stability of one form or the other are not known. Using structural information on the OEC and its surroundings, in conjunction with spectroscopic information available on the S1 → S2 transition for a variety of site-directed mutations, Ca2+ and Cl− substitutions, and small molecule inhibitors, we propose that the hydrogen-bonding network encompassing D1-D61 and the OEC-bound waters plays an important role in stabilizing one spin isomer over the other. In the presence of ammonia, PSII centers can be trapped in either the ST = 5/2 form after a 200 K illumination procedure or an ammonia-altered ST = 1/2 form upon annealing at 273 K. We propose a mechanism for ammonia binding to the OEC in the S2 state that takes into account the hydrogen-binding requirements for ammonia binding and the specificity for binding of ammonia but not methylamine. A discussion regarding the possibility of spin isomers of the OEC in the S1 state, analogous to the spin isomers of the S2 state, is also presented.
Structure and mechanism of ABC transporters.

All living organisms depend on primary and secondary membrane transport for the supply of external nutrients and removal or sequestration of unwanted (toxic) compounds. Due to the chemical diversity of cellular molecules, it comes as no surprise that a significant part of the proteome is dedicated to the active transport of cargo across the plasma membrane or the membranes of subcellular organelles. Transport against a chemical gradient can be driven by, for example, the free energy change associated with ATP hydrolysis (primary transport), or facilitated by the potential energy of the chemical gradient of another molecule (secondary transport). Primary transporters include the rotary motor ATPases (F-, A-, and V-ATPases), P-type ATPases and a large family of integral membrane proteins referred to as “ABC” (ATP binding cassette) transporters. ABC transporters are widespread in all forms of life and are characterized by two nucleotide-binding domains (NBD) and two transmembrane domains (TMDs). ATP hydrolysis on the NBD drives conformational changes in the TMD, resulting in alternating access from inside and outside of the cell for unidirectional transport across the lipid bilayer. Common to all ABC transporters is a signature sequence or motif, LSGGQ, that is involved in nucleotide binding. Both importing and exporting ABC transporters are found in bacteria, whereas the majority of eukaryotic family members function in the direction of export. Recent progress with the X-ray crystal structure determination of a variety of bacterial and eukaryotic ABC transporters has helped to advance our understanding of the ATP hydrolysis-driven transport mechanism but has also illustrated the large structural and functional diversity within the family.
Overhaul your helpdesk ticketing system

Before implementing the Footprints helpdesk ticketing system MassArt had a homegrown system that was not user friendly and therefore by and large, unused. Does this sound familiar? The college needed a comprehensive, centralized, and customizable solution for issue tracking and technology requests. The new system was implemented in August 2006 and now ten months later we have closed over 1700 helpdesk tickets. This paper will cover the following: * evaluation of products * initial installation, setup, and implementation * learning curve for staff and users * initial problems and training * tweaking the system * working with the vendor * steps to succes. The package that we implemented at MassArt was Unipress* Footprints 7.0 (Footprints), we have since upgraded to 7.5 and have worked closely with Unipress to customize the product to our needs. Footprints is linked to our LDAP server for authentication, has a dynamic-link address book, and has built-in reporting and survey tools. We have been able to track issues very closely as well as increase productivity and accountability of work with this new system. The software is 100% web-based and runs on a Windows 2003 Server. The customer response has been 99% positive and we are very happy with our system thus far. This presentation strives to answer any questions that there may be about implementing a new system like this. The target audience is IT staff who either do not have a system in place or who are looking to implement a new system.
SAMSON: a generalized second-order arnoldi method for reducing multiple source linear network with susceptance

Power integrity analysis of in-package and on-chip power supply needs to consider a large number of ports and handle magnetic coupling that is better represented by susceptance. The existing moment matching methods are not able to accurately model both large number of ports and susceptance. In this paper, we propose a generalized Second-order Arnoldi method for reducing Multiple Source Linear Network (SAMSON) with susceptance. We employ a right-hand-side excitation current vector to replace the port incident matrix such that an MIMO (Multiple-input-multiple-output) system is transformed into an equivalent superposed SIMO (Single-input-multiple-output) system to avoid accuracy loss in block moment matching, and develop a generalized second-order Arnoldi method based orthonormalization to accurately handle susceptance and non-impulse current sources. Compared with existing EKS and IEKS approaches able to consider non-impulse sources but not susceptance, SAMSON is slightly faster and is more accurate in high frequency range and at dc. With same model order, SAMSON reduces time domain waveform error by 33X compared to EKS/IEKS and by 47X compared with the best block moment matching method applicable to susceptance.
Medial Temporal Lobe Involvement in an Implicit Memory Task: Evidence of Collaborating Implicit and Explicit Memory Systems from fMRI and Alzheimer's Disease

We used a prototype extraction task to assess implicit learning of a meaningful novel visual category. Cortical activation was monitored in young adults with functional magnetic resonance imaging. We observed occipital deactivation at test consistent with perceptually based implicit learning, and lateral temporal cortex deactivation reflecting implicit acquisition of the category’s semantic nature. Medial temporal lobe (MTL) activation during exposure and test suggested involvement of explicit memory as well. Behavioral performance of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients and healthy seniors was also assessed, and AD performance was correlated with gray matter volume using voxel-based morphometry. AD patients showed learning, consistent with preserved implicit memory, and confirming that AD patients’ implicit memory is not limited to abstract patterns. However, patients were somewhat impaired relative to healthy seniors. Occipital and lateral temporal cortical volume correlated with successful AD patient performance, and thus overlapped with young adults’ areas of deactivation. Patients’ severe MTL atrophy precluded involvement of this region. AD patients thus appear to engage a cortically based implicit memory mechanism, whereas their relative deficit on this task may reflect their MTL disease. These findings suggest that implicit and explicit memory systems collaborate in neurologically intact individuals performing an ostensibly implicit memory task.
Communication and the Civil Sphere: Discovering Civil Society in Journalism Studies

This essay is an effort to introduce civil sphere theory to fellow communication scholars. The primary goals are to sketch its central concepts and theoretical framework, demonstrate its explanatory power through reference to a historical case study, and suggest how it can open new pathways of inquiry and understanding for those who study communication and social movements. The secondary goal is to persuade scholars of journalism studies that the concepts civil society and civil sphere have much to offer those who take seriously journalism’s role in democratic struggle.