cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using Prefrontal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) to Enhance Proactive Cognitive Control in Schizophrenia

The goal of this study was to use transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to examine the role of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in neural oscillatory activity associated with proactive cognitive control in schizophrenia. To do so, we tested the impact of PFC-targeted tDCS on behavioral and electrophysiological markers of proactive cognitive control engagement in individuals with schizophrenia. Using a within-participants, double-blinded, sham-controlled crossover design, we recorded EEG while participants with schizophrenia completed a proactive cognitive control task (the Dot Pattern Expectancy (DPX) Task), after receiving 20 min of active prefrontal stimulation at 2 mA or sham stimulation. We hypothesized that active stimulation would enhance proactive cognitive control, leading to changes in behavioral performance on the DPX task and in activity in the gamma frequency band during key periods of the task designed to tax proactive cognitive control. The results showed significant changes in the pattern of error rates and increases in EEG gamma power as a function of tDCS condition (active or sham), that were indicative of enhanced proactive cognitive control. These findings, considered alongside our previous work in healthy adults, provides novel support for the role gamma oscillations in proactive cognitive control and they suggest that frontal tDCS may be a promising approach to enhance proactive cognitive control in schizophrenia.
15564 Going with the Flow: Engineering Vascularized Urothelial Flaps for Female-to-Male Phalloplasty in Transgender Patients

ABSTRACT IMPACT: This project uses rapid prototyping, 3D printing, and cell seeding to solve the most common post-operative complications that arise from the current methods of urethral elongation during phalloplasty. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Post-op fistula and stricture formation occur in up to 50% of phalloplasty patients. These complications arise from the mismatch between skin and uroepithelium, or from scarring secondary to ischemia. Here we describe the fabrication of a novel vascularized urothelial flap for phalloplasty that contains discrete urothelial and vascular channels. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A custom designed 3D negative mold, with a urethral channel and a vascular inlet and outlet channel was prototyped in Adobe Fusion 360 and printed on a Prusa i3 MK3S printer in PLA. A 2mm diameter pluronic sacrificial macrofiber was used to connect the channels to form a vascular loop, and 1% type-I collagen was extruded over the mold. After solidifying, the scaffold was demolded and seeded with grade I urothelial carcinoma (SW780 cells, at 5-10 x 106 cells/mL) in the urethral channel, and adenovirus-infected E4 endothelial cells (at 3x106 cells/mL) in the vascular channel. The scaffolds were cultured up to 14 days and then fixed for histologic analysis. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Collagen scaffolds were fabricated reliably using the custom 3D negative molds. After both seven and fourteen days of culture, the urothelial channel contained a robust, stable urothelial monolayer lining throughout the channel. By 14 days urothelial multilayer formation was seen, providing definitive evidence of a more mature urothelial layer. Grooves within the collagen allowed for nests of urothelial cells to develop, leading to increased multilayer formation. In addition, the vascular channels supported a healthy endothelial lining at both seven and fourteen days. There were no significant histological differences between constructs seeded with 5x106 urothelial cells/mL and 107 cells/mL. We anticipate that multilayer formation will increase with time, and that constructs will survive beyond 28 days. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: We have developed a novel strategy to engineer vascularized urethral tissue. These constructs can be kept for at least 14 days and form stable monolayers and multilayers consistent with native urothelial architecture. Using 3D printing and autologous cell seeding promises to create patient-specific vascularized urethral flaps for phalloplasty.
Structural biology in the time of COVID-19: perspectives on methods and milestones

The global COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has wreaked unprecedented havoc on global society, in terms of a huge loss of life and burden of morbidity, economic upheaval and social disruption. Yet the sheer magnitude and uniqueness of this event has also spawned a massive mobilization of effort in the scientific community to investigate the virus, to develop therapeutics and vaccines, and to understand the public health impacts. Structural biology has been at the center of these efforts, and so it is advantageous to take an opportunity to reflect on the status of structural science vis-a-vis its role in the fight against COVID-19, to register the unprecedented response and to contemplate the role of structural biology in addressing future outbreak threats. As the one-year anniversary of the World Health Organization declaration that COVID-19 is a pandemic has just passed, over 1000 structures of SARS-CoV-2 biomolecules have been deposited in the Worldwide Protein Data Bank (PDB). It is rare to obtain a snapshot of such intense effort in the structural biology arena and is of special interest as the 50th anniversary of the PDB is celebrated in 2021. It is additionally timely as it overlaps with a period that has been termed the `resolution revolution' in cryoelectron microscopy (CryoEM). CryoEM has recently become capable of producing biomolecular structures at similar resolutions to those traditionally associated with macromolecular X-ray crystallo­graphy. Examining SARS-CoV-2 protein structures that have been deposited in the PDB since the virus was first identified allows a unique window into the power of structural biology and a snapshot of the advantages of the different techniques available, as well as insight into the complementarity of the structural methods.
Analysis of Neisseria Meningitidis carriage characteristics among healthy population in Shandong province from 2008 to 2020

Objective: To analyze the carriage characteristics of Neisseria meningitidis (Nm) among healthy population of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis in Shandong province. Methods: From April 2008 to April 2020, a total of 16 848 healthy population were recruited from Lixia District of Jinan City, Gaomi City of Weifang City, Jiaxiang County of Jining City, Wendeng District of Weihai City, Tancheng County of Linyi City and Linyi County of Dezhou City for the investigation.Throat swab samples were collected, Nm was isolated, cultured and identified, and Nm carrying characteristics of healthy population with different characteristics were analyzed. Results: Among the 16 848 healthy population, male accounted for 51.86% (8 737). A total of 136 Nm strains were isolated, and the carriage rate was 0.81%. Among the 136 Nm strains, serogroup B (60.29%) and ungroupable strains (23.53%) were dominant. Analysis of the Nm carriage rate, that were higher in the healthy population of Linyi (1.39%) and Jinan (1.14%), higher in 13-16 years old (1.60%) and 17-19 years old (1.10%) healthy population, and higher in male (1.02%). Conclusion: The Nm carriage rate of healthy population is relatively low in Shandong Province, and the proportion of serogroup B and ungroupable Nm is relatively high.
Computer Determination of Flow through Bridges

Techniques used for the computer determination of water surface profiles through bridge structures of various shapes and sizes, including culverts under high fills, are presented. The techniques are incorporated in the Hydrologic Engineering Center Program on Water Surface Profiles. Theoretical aspects of procedures for low flow-through bridges using momentum principles are described in detail for both supercritical and subcritical flow. Methods for determining the controlling type of flow (low flow, pressure flow, weir flow, or various combinations of these) and corresponding changes in water surface elevation, are described and illustrated. Stress is placed on the need for additional research and field data to evaluate the accuracy of various techniques that are suited to computer determination of water surface profiles through bridges. Limitations of the procedures are described.
Spray features in the near field of a flow-blurring injector investigated by high-speed visualization and time-resolved PIV

In a flow-blurring (FB) injector, atomizing air stagnates and bifurcates at the gap upstream of the injector orifice. A small portion of the air penetrates into the liquid supply line to create a turbulent two-phase flow. Pressure drop across the injector orifice causes air bubbles to expand and burst thereby disintegrating the surrounding liquid into a fine spray. In previous studies, we have demonstrated clean and stable combustion of alternative liquid fuels, such as biodiesel, straight vegetable oil and glycerol by using the FB injector without requiring fuel pre-processing or combustor hardware modification. In this study, high-speed visualization and time-resolved particle image velocimetry (PIV) techniques are employed to investigate the FB spray in the near field of the injector to delineate the underlying mechanisms of atomization. Experiments are performed using water as the liquid and air as the atomizing gas for air to liquid mass ratio of 2.0. Flow visualization at the injector exit focused on a field of view with physical dimensions of 2.3 mm × 1.4 mm at spatial resolution of 7.16 µm per pixel, exposure time of 1 µs, and image acquisition rate of 100 k frames per second. Image sequences illustrate mostly fine droplets indicating that the primary breakup by FB atomization likely occurs within the injector itself. A few larger droplets appearing mainly at the injector periphery undergo secondary breakup by Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities. Time-resolved PIV is applied to quantify the droplet dynamics in the injector near field. Plots of instantaneous, mean, and root-mean-square droplet velocities are presented to reveal the secondary breakup process. Results show that the secondary atomization to produce fine and stable spray is complete within a few diameters from the injector exit. These superior characteristics of the FB injector are attractive to achieve clean combustion of different fuels in practical systems.
Overview of the Causes of Congestion

Traffic congestion results from the imbalance between the supply of and the demand for transportation facilities
Time Series Models to Predict the NAV of an Asset Allocation Mutual Fund VWELX

This research examines the use of various forms of time series models to predict the NAV of an asset allocation mutual fund. In particular, the mutual fund case used is the Vanguard Wellington Fund. This fund maintains a balance between relatively conservative stocks and bonds. The period of the study on which the prediction of the NAV is based is the 24-month period of 2010 through 2011, and the forecasting period is the first three months of 2012. Forecasting the NAV of a massive conservative allocation fund, composed of an extremely large number of investments, requires a method that produces accurate results. Achieving this accuracy has no necessary relationship to the complexity of the variety of the methods typically present in many financial forecasting studies.
Socioeconomic Status, Parenting, and Child Development

Contents: M.H. Bornstein, Series Foreword. Socioeconomic Status, Parenting, and Child Development: An Introduction. Part I:SES: Measurement and Ecology. M.E. Ensminger, K. Fothergill, A Decade of Measuring SES: What It Tells Us and Where We Go From Here. M.H. Bornstein, C-S. Hahn, J.T.D. Suwalsky, O.M. Haynes, Socioeconomic Status, Parenting, and Child Development: The Hollingshead Four-Factor Index of Social Status and the Socioeconomic Index of Occupations. G.J. Duncan, K.A. Magnuson, Off With Hollingshead: Socioeconomic Resources, Parenting, and Child Development. A.J. Fuligni, H. Yoshikawa, Socioeconomic Resources, Parenting, Poverty, and Child Development Among Immigrant Families. L.W. Hoffman, Methodological Issues in Studies of SES, Parenting, and Child Development. Part II:SES: Parenting and Child Development. E. Hoff, Causes and Consequences of SES-Related Differences in Parent-to-Child Speech. R.H. Bradley, R.F. Corwyn, Age and Ethnic Variations in Family Process Mediators of SES. A.W. Gottfried, A.E. Gottfried, K. Bathurst, D.W. Guerin, M.M. Parramore, Socioeconomic Status in Children's Development and Family Environment: Infancy Through Adolescence. T. Leventhal, J. Brooks-Dunn, Moving on Up: Neighborhood Effects on Children and Families. R.M. Lerner, What Are SES Effects Effects of?: A Developmental Systems Perspective.
Corticosteroids for exacerbations of asthma: current status of the controversy.

In 1956, as the result of a multicenter placebo-controlled evaluation, the British Medical Research Council9 reported a higher rate of resolution of asthma among hospitalized adults treated with cortisone than among those treated with placebo. However, subsequent trials of corticosterodis for acute exacerbations of asthma have been associated with inconsistent results. A report 2 in 1974 showed no effect on asthmatic symptoms or pulmonary function during the first 24 hours of treatment among 45 hospitalized children randomly assigned to receive placebo or parenterally administered corticosteroids, although a small but statistically significant increase in Pao 2 was observed. Studies by Kattan et al 3 in 1980 and Elbirt et al 4 in 1984 further questioned the value of corticosteroids for acute symptoms of asthma in children.
Exposure-Based Therapies

Exposure therapy is a set of psychological treatment procedures designed to reduce pathological fear in individuals with anxiety problems. This entry provides an overview of the history, goals, implementation, and uses of exposure-based therapies, along with a discussion of the empirical evidence regarding their effectiveness and efficacy. The entry also discusses the use of exposure-based therapies for specific anxiety disorders. Keywords: anxiety disorders; fear; phobia; anxiety; systematic desensitization; behavior therapy
The Purification and Properties of Superoxide Dismutase from Neurospora crassa

Abstract Soluble extracts of Neurospora crassa contain a single, electrophoretically distinct, superoxide dismutase. This enzyme has been isolated and has been found to be a blue-green, copper- and zinc-containing enzyme, similar to that already described from bovine tissues and from garden peas. The molecular weight was approximately 31,000, and the enzyme appeared to be composed of 2 subunits of equal size joined only by noncovalent interractions. The Neurospora enzyme contains two Cu++ and two Zn++ per molecule. The ultraviolet absorption spectrum indicates a lack of tryptophan. Amino acid analyses are reported as are the spectral and catalytic properties.
Associations among Human-Associated Fecal Contamination, Microcystis aeruginosa, and Microcystin at Lake Erie Beaches

Lake Erie beaches exhibit impaired water quality due to fecal contamination and cyanobacterial blooms, though few studies address potential relationships between these two public health hazards. Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), Microcystis aeruginosa was monitored in conjunction with a human-associated fecal marker (Bacteroides fragilis group; g-Bfra), microcystin, and water quality parameters at two beaches to evaluate their potential associations. During the summer of 2010, water samples were collected 32 times from both Euclid and Villa Angela beaches. The phycocyanin intergenic spacer (PC-IGS) and the microcystin-producing (mcyA) gene in M. aeruginosa were quantified with qPCR. PC-IGS and mcyA were detected in 50.0% and 39.1% of samples, respectively, and showed increased occurrences after mid-August. Correlation and regression analyses showed that water temperature was negatively correlated with M. aeruginosa markers and microcystin. The densities of mcyA and the g-Bfra were predicted by nitrate, implicating fecal contamination as contributing to the growth of M. aeruginosa by nitrate loading. Microcystin was correlated with mcyA (r = 0.413, p < 0.01), suggesting toxin-producing M. aeruginosa populations may significantly contribute to microcystin production. Additionally, microcystin was correlated with total phosphorus (r = 0.628, p < 0.001), which was higher at Euclid (p < 0.05), possibly contributing to higher microcystin concentrations at Euclid.
What's cost got to do with it? Association between hospital costs and frequency of admissions among “high users” of hospital care

BACKGROUND Efforts to curb healthcare spending have included interventions that target frequently hospitalized individuals. It is unclear the extent to which the most frequently hospitalized individuals also represent the costliest individuals. OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between 2 types of “high users” commonly targeted in cost-containment interventions—those incurring the highest hospital costs (“high cost”) and those incurring the highest number of hospitalizations (“high admit”). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS Cross-sectional study of 2566 individuals with a primary care physician and at least 1 hospitalization within an academic health system from 2010 to 2011. MEASUREMENTS Overlap between the population constituting the top decile of hospital costs and the population constituting the top decile of hospitalizations; characteristics of the 3 resulting high user subgroups. RESULTS Only 48% of individuals who were high cost (>$65,000) were also high admit (≥3 hospitalizations). Compared to hospitalizations incurred by high cost–high admit individuals (n = 605), hospitalizations incurred by high cost–low admit individuals (n = 206) were more likely to be for surgical procedures (58 vs 22%, P < 0.001), had a higher cost ($68,000 vs $28,000, P < 0.001), longer length of stay (10 vs 5 days, P < 0.001), and were less likely to be a 30-day readmission (17 vs 47%, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Stratifying high admit individuals by costs and high cost individuals by hospitalizations yields 3 distinct high user subgroups with important differences in clinical characteristics and utilization patterns. Consideration of these distinct subgroups may lead to better-tailored interventions and achieve greater cost savings. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2013;8:665–671. © 2013 Society of Hospital Medicine.
A comparison of infant and toddler feeding practices of mothers with and without histories of eating disorders

This preliminary study surveyed the feeding practices of mothers with eating disorder histories through evaluation of mothers’ reported feeding styles, child diet composition, and restrictive special approaches to feeding. For this non-randomized cohort study, 25 mothers with eating disorder histories and 25 mothers with no history of an eating disorder with children ages 6–36 months were selected such that the groups were similar based on child age group and child sex. Mothers were compared on self-reported feeding style using the Infant Feeding Styles Questionnaire and on child diet composition and special feeding approaches using a modified version of the Toddler Diet Questionnaire from the Women, Infants, and Children program. Mothers with eating disorder histories scored lower on the restrictive feeding style subscale than controls. No significant differences were detected between groups in child diet including the percentage of mothers who breastfed, duration of breastfeeding, age at solid food introduction, daily number of meals or snacks, or daily frequency of consumption of fruits, vegetables, or protein foods. Mothers with eating disorder histories were more likely to report taking a restrictive special approach to feeding such as limiting processed foods or feeding organic foods only. Although mothers with eating disorder histories may not differ greatly from control mothers in terms of child diet composition (smaller effects may not have been detected due to limited sample size), they may be more likely to take restrictive special approaches to feeding which mirror dietary rules common in individuals with eating disorders.
Three formulas for eigenfunctions of integrable Schrödinger operators

We give three formulas for meromorphic eigenfunctions (scatteringstates) of Sutherland‘sintegrable N-body Schrodinger operators and their generalizations.The first is an explicit computation of the Etingof–Kirillov tracesof intertwining operators, the second an integral representationof hypergeometric type, and the third is a formula of Bethe ansatz type.The last two formulas are degenerations of elliptic formulasobtained previously in connection with theKnizhnik–Zamolodchikov–Bernardequation. The Bethe ansatz formulas in the elliptic case are reviewed and discussed in more detail here: Eigenfunctionsare parametrized by a ‘Hermite–Bethe’ variety, a generalizationof the spectral variety of the Lame operator.We also give the q-deformed version of ourfirst formula. In the scalar slN case, this gives common eigenfunctionsof the commuting Macdonald–Rujsenaars difference operators.
Generating a Networked Improvement Community to Improve Secondary Mathematics Teacher Preparation Network Leadership, Organization, and Operation

The Mathematics Teacher Education Partnership (MTE-Partnership) was formed to address the undersupply of new secondary mathematics teachers who are well prepared to help their students attain the goals of the Common Core State Standards and other college- and career-ready standards. This national consortium of more than 90 universities and 100 school systems has been organized as a Networked Improvement Community (NIC), which combines the disciplined inquiry of improvement science with the power of networking to accelerate improvement by engaging a broad set of participants. Initiating a NIC involves a number of challenges described in the NIC Initiation Framework. This case study analyzes the MTE-Partnership’s progress in one domain of that framework: network leadership, organization, and operation. Areas of discussion include convening the network, establishing a membership framework and participation structures, building leadership and hub functions, developing a communications infrastructure, and find...
Is there a Positive Risk-Return Tradeoff? A Forward-Looking Approach to Measuring the Equity Premium

This article revisits the puzzling time-series relation between risk and return on the stock market portfolio. It replaces the standard ex post mean returns with forward-looking calculations of the equity risk premium derived from the classic Gordon stock valuation model. The article estimates the equity premium for several industrialised markets and finds that conditional market risk is significantly priced in the context of asset pricing theory both in the short- and long-run using various specifications for volatility. Findings herein lend credible support for the presence of a positive intertemporal risk-return relation and suggest that perhaps ex post realised returns are unjustifiably used to make ex ante inferences regarding expected returns and to motivate asset pricing tests.
Solid Modeling On a Massively Parallel Processor

Solid modeling underlies many technologies that are key to modern manufacturing. These range from com puter-aided design systems to robot simulators, from finite element analysis to integrated circuit process modeling. The accuracy, and hence the utility, of these models is often constrained by the amount of com puter time required to perform the desired operations. We present a family of algorithms for solid modeling operations using the Connection Machine, a massively parallel SIMD processor. We describe a data structure for representing solid models and algorithms that use the representation to implement efficiently a variety of solid modeling operations. We give a sketch of the al gorithm for intersecting solids and present computa tional experience using these algorithms. The data structure and algorithms are contrasted with those of serial architectures, and execution times are compared.
Visual summaries for graph collections

Graphs can be used to represent a variety of information, from molecular structures to biological pathways to computational workflows. With a growing volume of data represented as graphs, the problem of understanding and analyzing the variations in a collection of graphs is of increasing importance. We present an algorithm to compute a single summary graph that efficiently encodes an entire collection of graphs by finding and merging similar nodes and edges. Instead of only merging nodes and edges that are exactly the same, we use domain-specific comparison functions to collapse similar nodes and edges which allows us to generate more compact representations of the collection. In addition, we have developed methods that allow users to interactively control the display of these summary graphs. These interactions include the ability to highlight individual graphs in the summary, control the succinctness of the summary, and explicitly define when specific nodes should or should not be merged. We show that our approach to generating and interacting with graph summaries leads to a better understanding of a graph collection by allowing users to more easily identify common substructures and key differences between graphs.
BEYOND THE JOURNEY TO WORK

Abstract This paper analyses the Nationwide Personal Transportation Study (NPTS) surveys of 1977 and 1983–1984 that reveal a remarkable increase in nonwork travel. This growth occurred among all city size classes but was stronger for suburban residents. Also interesting is that the rate of increase in nonwork trips was higher in the peaks (especially in the morning peak) than in the off-peak period. Some, but not all, of these trips may be price-elastic and might be diverted by congestion pricing strategies. The nonwork trip growth is concentrated in the “family and personal” and the “social and recreational” categories. Although higher-income households make more trips than low-income households, the increase in nonwork travel is common to all income groups. The growth in nonwork travel does not appear to be closely associated with the growth in female employment or trips related to the children of working women. The most convincing explanation of the growth in nonwork travel is that the trip cost savings (less time and distance) experienced because of more efficient spatial settlement patterns have provided an incentive to undertake more trips. Another implication is that urban economic models and urban transport policies have overemphasized the journey to work, especially to the central business district (CBD).
A finite difference-time-domain technique for modeling narrow apertures in conducting scatterers

The finite difference-time domain (FDTD) technique has proven to be a valuable tool for the calculation of the transient and steady state scattering characteristics of relatively complex scatterer and source configurations. In spite of its usefulness, it exhibits serious deficiencies when used to analyze geometries that contain fine detail. An FDTD technique is described that utilizes Babinet's principle to decouple the regions on both sides of the aperture. The result is an FDTD technique that is capable of modeling apertures that are much smaller than the spatial grid used in the analysis and yet is not perturbed by numerical noise when used in the "scattered field" mode. Numerical results are presented that show the field penetration through cavity-backed apertures that are much smaller than the spatial grid used during the solution.
Tapentadol for acute and chronic pain.

Acute pain results from most surgical and procedural hospital experiences. While treatment options include nonsteroidals and local anesthetic blocks, immediate-release opioids remain the primary tr...
Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Studies Of The Lipid Thermotropic Mesomorphism Of Acholeplasma laidlawii B

The lipid components of the plasma membrane of the microorganism A. laidlawii B undergo a temperature induced phase transition. The biosynthetic incorporation of deuterated fatty acids into these membranes has allowed, via the C-D stretching vibrations, a detailed study of the lipid organization and dynamics, and the effect of the intrinsic membrane proteins on the transition. A number of fatty acids, of different chain lengths, have been incorporated biosynthetically in the presence or absence of avidin, a fatty acid synthesis inhibitor. In this manner the membranes are enriched solely in the added deuterated fatty acid up to high levels of homogeneity, providing an excellent system for the study of lipid-protein interactions. Detailed data regarding the lipid thermal behaviour will be presented and compared with results obtained by means of other techniques.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Angiosarcoma arising in an irradiated breast: a case report and review of the literature

The authors discuss an angiosarcoma that developed in a 50-year-old woman's breast 10 years after she underwent conventional postoperative irradiation with cobalt 60 teletherapy. Although angiosarcoma developing in a lymphedematous arm after radical mastectomy is a well-known phenomenon, and several cases of angiosarcoma are known to have occurred in the chest wall after mastectomy with or without irradiation, only one other case of angiosarcoma in an irradiated breast has been reported. The possible role of therapeutic irradiation in inducing this malignancy is discussed.
Normative Values of Major SCAT2 and SCAT3 Components for a College Athlete Population

The Sports Concussion Assessment Tool-2 (SCAT2) is a posttrauma evaluative screener for concussion. Although a revised version (SCAT3) recently was released, the SCAT2 continues in use. Moreover, there have been no reports of normative values with college athletes with the SCAT2 or SCAT3. Similar to the SCAT3, the SCAT2 includes a 22-item self-report symptom scale, the Standardized Assessment of Concussion (SAC), and a hard surface-only version of the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS). The SCAT3 does not employ a total score and adds an optional gait component. The purpose of this study was to develop normative values for collegiate athletes on the SCAT2 and its subparts with respect to sex, collision risk by sport, and concussion history. In preseason, 477 college athletes (332 male, 145 female) completed the SCAT2. The average total score was 91.08 (SD = 5.60). The average number of symptoms endorsed was 1.75. Average SAC and BESS scores were 27.17 (SD = 2.01) and 25.64 (SD = 4.07), respectively. Little or no difference was found in total and component scores due to sex, sport type, or concussion history. When baseline measurement is lacking, these data provide a good benchmark for interpreting SCAT2 and SCAT3 performance.
Multibody final states of the 6Li + 6Li reaction AT 97 MeV☆

Abstract Absolute coincidence cross sections were measured for the reactions 6Li + 6Li → 3α, 6Li(6Li, 2α), and 6Li (6Li, 2d), where the latter two represent N- body (N ≧ 4) final states. Broad peaks from the 6Li (6Li, 2α) reaction are well described by a double spectator pole (DSP) model utilizing a Hulthen wave function, whereas near 40 MeV the DSP peaks are much narrower than predicted. A broad peak in the 3α final-state spectrum, attributed to a single-spectator pole (SSP) process, is well described with the same wave function. The SSP is the principal mechanism for the 3α reaction, in contrast to data near 40 MeV which show that sequential decay from 8Be levels is dominant.
Changes in Patterns of Trip Planning Horizon: A Cohort Analytical Approach

Knowledge of changing age structure and its effect on the patterns of travel behavior may help tourism marketers and promoters identify growth areas, target age-related segments, or forecast future preferences for, and use of, their products and services. The purpose of this study is to investigate the causal relationship between changes in patterns of trip planning horizon over time and the effects of biological age, time of travel, and generational cohort. Household data of 1997 and 2002 were utilized for this study. Independent samples t-tests and one-way ANOVA were carried out to test the relationship between trip planning horizon and the effects of time-related variables, and then stepwise multiple regression was employed to identify key determinants that explain variations in trip planning horizon over time. The results of the study provided evidence that travelers' trip planning horizon became shorter during the five-year period. Those traveling in 2002 had 2.7% shorter trip-planning intervals than...
Experimental and Numerical Study of Jets from Elliptic Nozzles with Conic Plug

The study presents results concerning jets exhausting from elliptic nozzles with conic centerbody plugs. A nozzle with 3:1 ratio of exit heights is surveyed experimentally using particle image velocimetry for jet Mach numbers from 0.24 to 1.0, heated and unheated. At the exit, the nozzle inner surface has a slope of zero in the major axis plane, while in the minor axis plane the slope is steeper than that for a corresponding round nozzle. The conic plug causes splitting of the initial elliptic jet into two jets with their centerlines in the major-axis plane of the elliptic nozzle. Increasing M j or total temperature causes the bifurcated potential cores of the individual jets to be slightly smaller and to diverge from one to another at a slightly greater angle from the nozzle centerline. Large eddy simulations of the experimental nozzle and two alternate nozzles are analyzed to find how the flow features are influenced by not forcing the jet towards the conic plug in the minor axis plane and by changing the ratio of exit heights to 2:1. Changing nozzle shape caused reduction in the spreading rate in the major axis and increase in spreading in the minor axis. Bifurcation occurs for all nozzles studied.
Combination immunotherapy in chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Synergism between transfer factor and fetal thymus tissue.

Abstract A child with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis and hypothyroidism was found on immunological evaluation to have significant deficits of cell-mediated immunity. Skin anergy and absent lymphocyte transformation to specific antigens as well as failure to produce a lymphokine (macrophage migration inhibitory factor) by antigen-stimulated lymphocytes were observed. Immune responses to mitogens and allogeneic cells were normal. Two courses of combined transfer-factor therapy and amphotericin B did not result in clinical improvement or changes in immunologic function. A 20-week-gestation fetal thymus was transplanted intraperitoneally. Because of persistent deficits in cell-mediated immune function 3 months after thymus transplantation, transfer-factor therapy was reinstituted. Shortly thereafter, lymphocyte proliferative responses to specific antigens developed for the first time. After a partial clinical relapse, a second fetal thymus, 18-weeks gestation, was transplanted concomitant with vigorous transfer-factor therapy. Without further chemotherapy, delayed skin reactivity became positive with clearing of all candidal skin lesions. The success of the combination immunotherapy which resulted in clinical improvement and immunologic reconstitution may have been achieved by the synergistic interaction of transfer factor with the fetal thymus.
Design and Realization of Electric Vehicle Cross-Regional Operation Online Transaction Settlement System Base on Tuxedo Middleware

Through the analysis of electric vehicle cross-regional operation online transaction settlement system(OTSS) business requirement, determine the electric vehicle operations management system(EVOMS) based on using the Tuxedo middleware interface program developed to achieve. Design and development the Tuxedo server, client program, which can realize electric vehicle cross-regional operation online transaction settlement, solve the problem of cross -regional travel electric vehicle users.
DIAGNOSIS OF PRIMARY HEADACHE DISORDERS : Validity of the International Headache Society Criteria in Clinical Practice

The publication of the monograph "Classification and Diagnostic Criteria for Headache Disorders, Cranial Neuralgias, and Facial Pain" in 1988 by the International Headache Society (IHS) represented a major advance in the taxonomy of headache disorders. 5 This article discusses the development of the new terminology by the IHS, followed by a review of the new criteria for diagnosis of the primary headache disorders—migraine, tension-type headache, and cluster headache (Table 1). 5 Other important features of these primary headaches are noted. Based on data developed since the IHS publication, changes in the criteria are suggested.
Orbit-Based Identification of Damping Coefficients for a Rotor Mounted on Off-Centered Squeeze Film Dampers and Including Support Flexibility

Squeeze film dampers (SFDs) provide structural isolation and energy dissipation in jet engines and process gas compressors. The determination of linearized damping force coefficients to allow the use of well-developed linear techniques is of importance in the design and reliability analysis of rotor-bearing systems dynamic response and stability. Two parameter identification techniques to estimate the linearized viscous damping coefficients of a rotor-bearing system based on the measurement of rotor displacements are presented. The first method applies a least-square curve fitting to the damping force, while the second determines the elliptic orbit that best approximates the actual one. The filtered orbit method is applied to identify the damping force coefficients from measurements of the synchronous response of a test rotor mounted on off-centered SFDs. The identified system damping coefficients (direct and cross-coupled) are found to be independent of the imbalance magnitude and shaft speed, in spite of the large amplitude rotor motions within the dampers’ clearances. A modification of the method to include the damper bearing support flexibility shows a dramatic improvement on the predicted rotor response and more reliable force coefficients.Copyright © 2000 by ASME
Localization of thyroid hormone receptor β2 in the ventral medullary neurons that synthesize thyrotropin-releasing hormone

Altered thyroid statuses are associated with autonomic disorders. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) synthesized in medullary raphe pallidus (Rpa), raphe obscurus (Rob) and the parapyramidal regions (PPR) regulates vagal and sympathetic preganglionic motoneurons. Hypothyroidism increased TRH gene expression and c-Fos immunoreactivity (IR) in these nuclei. Whether these increases represent a direct action of thyroid hormone was studied by detecting the presence of thyroid hormone receptor β2 (TRβ2) in pro-TRH-synthesizing neurons in the Rpa, Rob and the PPR using immunohistochemistry with specific TRβ2 antiserum and in situ hybridization with digoxigenin-labeled pro-TRH cRNA probe. TRβ2 IR was widely distributed throughout the medulla and primarily localized within the cell nuclei. Particularly intense immunostaining was presented in the Rpa, Rob and the PPR neurons. The combination of immunohistochemistry with in situ hybridization revealed that all pro-TRH mRNA-positive neurons in these ventral medullary nuclei were also TRβ2 IR positive. The numbers of TRβ2 IR-positive neurons in each nucleus were identical in both euthyroid rats and hypothyroid rats induced by 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil in drinking water for 4 weeks. The finding that TRβ2 localized in pro-TRH-synthesizing neurons in the ventral medullary nuclei provides an anatomical substrate for a direct thyroid hormone action on these neurons in the regulation of TRH gene expression, which may contribute to the altered autonomic activity in different thyroid statuses.
Voltage–time behavior of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell stack at constant current discharge

Abstract Empirical equations were developed to describe the voltage–time behavior of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stacks at constant current discharge. When either ambient temperature or discharge current is too high, the experimental voltage–time curves exhibit rapidly falling cell voltage within a short discharge time. Various experimental voltage–time curves have been fitted very well with empirical equations at different discharge currents and ambient temperatures. The effect of parameters of the empirical equations on the shape of voltage–time curve is also analyzed. Inadequate mass-transfer is likely a reason for the voltage falling down rapidly, and polymer electrolyte membrane dehydration is responsible for the inclination of the voltage–time curves. The empirical equations are helpful for forecasting and explaining the long-term discharge performance of the PEMFC stacks.
Steady Coastal Upwelling Induced by an Along-Shore Current

Abstract Studies of frictionally induced motions of continental shell water near a large-scale ocean current reveal the possibility of strong coastal upwelling whenever the straight coast lies to the left of the current direction in the Northern Hemisphere and to the right of it in the Southern Hemisphere. In a homogeneous ocean with linear dynamics, this is apparently a consequence of the adjustment necessitated by the presence of bottom friction over the continental shelf which causes reduction of the Coriolis acceleration and allows the development of an onshore flow near the bottom due to the unbalanced pressure gradient. As a result, a one-sided subsurface mass convergence is established. In a vertical section normal to the coast, viewed in the direction of the current, the streamlines thus form a clockwise gyre in the Northern Hemisphere and a counterclock-wise gyre in the Southern Hemisphere. In both cases, strong coastal upwelling appears. In the presence of a subsurface countercurrent offshore, t...
Photodissociation of NH3 in the Vacuum Ultraviolet

Two photodissociation processes of NH3 producing electronically excited radicals have been studied in the vacuum ultraviolet: NH3→NH2 A2A1+H, NH3→NH c 1Π+H2. The intensity of the fluorescence from these radicals, lying in the spectral regions 4000 to 6000 A and at 3240 A, respectively, has been measured as a function of wavelength of incident light with a resolution of 7 A. The fluorescence curves thus obtained were compared with the absorption spectrum of NH3. It is shown that the process (1) may be correlated with the B1E′′ (1665‐A bands), D1A2″ (1434‐A bands), Ẽ1A2′′ (1330‐A bands), 1286‐A bands and the continuum (1250 to 1600 A). On the other hand, the process (2) may be associated with the continua (1250 to 1600 A and below 1250 A). The threshold wavelength of Process (2) is 1325±7 A. The electronic energy a of the first singlet state NH a 1Δ with respect to the ground triplet state X3Σ− is a≤1.6±0.1 eV, which is obtained from the threshold wavelength together with the heat of reaction (3.9±0.1 eV) of NH3→NH X3Σ−+H2, and the electronic of the NH c1Π (3.813 eV) with respect to the a1Δ. Various other primary processes are discussed in conjunction with the absorption spectrum. For incident light of wavelength below 1200 A the ionization process NH3→NH3++e, and the process (2) both of which may arise from the continuum become predominant. Dissociation processes appear to be subject to the spin conservation rule.
Dental and skeletal changes in the transverse dimension

Abstract Many methods are available for achieving maxillary expansion. Dentalexpansion can be accomplished using a variety of appliances depending on the amount of expansion desired and the age of the patient. Significant skeletal expansion may be achieved with a fixed jackscrew expander, though the amount of skeletal expansion and the stability of such expansion is variable. No skeletal expansion should be expected in a patient who has reached skeletal maturity.
Biochemical effects of CCl4 on rat intestinal mucosa

Abstract 1. 1. The effects of CCl 4 on the intestine were studied and compared with the effects of this agent on liver. CCl 4 caused inhibition of protein synthesis and polyribosome breakdown in rat intestine when given in vivo . In addition, dietary lipid accumulated in the intestine after CCl 4 administration. Experiments with intestinal slices demonstrated that CCl 4 inhibited protein synthesis when added in vitro . These effects were similar to those previously demonstrated in liver after CCl 4 administration both in vivo and in vitro . 2. 2. Contrary to the effects observed in the liver following the oral administration of CCl 4 , the intestinal inhibition of protein synthesis produced by CCl 4 was found to be a transient phenomenon, lasting only 30–60 min. Moreover, CCl 4 led to necrosis in the liver but not in the intestine. It is suggested that these differences may be explained by the fact that CCl 4 is concentrated and retained by the liver cells, whereas this toxin may be only transiently present in the intestinal mucosa. 3. 3. 14 CCl 4 was metabolized to 14 CO 2 to a much greater extent by liver slices than by intestinal slices. Furthermore, while CCl 4 enhanced lipid peroxidation in hepatic subcellular fractions, no lipid peroxidation could be detected in intestinal cell fractions either in the presence of absence of CCl 4 . It is suggested that, if metabolism of CCl 4 and lipid peroxidation are important for the toxic actions of CCl 4 on liver, other mechanisms must account for its effects on the intestinal mucosa. 4. 4. Pretreatment with cycloheximide partially reversed the effects of CCl 4 on protein synthesis in both liver and intestine. This effect is consistent with the hypothesis that CCl 4 produces a decreased synthesis or increased breakdown of messenger RNA.
Impact of diet, moisture, location, and storage on soluble phosphorus in broiler breeder manure.

Decreasing dietary phosphorus (P) has the potential to reduce P excreted in manure and therefore alleviate the environmental degradations associated with intensive animal farming. We evaluated reducing dietary P for broiler breeders as an aid to reduce manure total and water soluble phosphorus (WSP). Broiler breeders were fed diets high and low in dietary P, with and without phytase, from 22 to 64 wk of age. At the end of the 42-wk production period, manure was collected from four locations in each two-thirds slat, one-third litter breeder pen: the litter scratch area, under the drinker in the slat area, under the feeder in the slat area, and in a clean area of the slat area away from feeder or drinker. After the initial sampling, all manure was removed from pens and representative samples were stored for 6 mo with and without feed mixed in to simulate the effect of spilled feed. Total P was determined on all pen samples, and moisture and WSP determined on the pen and stored samples. The manure collected under the drinker had much greater moisture due to spilled water. This was associated with much greater WSP in this location, showing the importance of good water management. The manure from under the feeder had similar WSP as manure from the clean area, so spilled feed did not significantly affect WSP. Dietary phytase either had no effect or significantly decreased manure WSP. However, addition of dietary phytase to the feed led to slightly elevated manure moisture. Since moisture was correlated with manure WSP this may explain some of the variability in WSP results between studies. Over 6 mo of storage WSP increased and generally followed the same ranking order at 168 d as at 1 d among the dietary treatments (high > high + phytase > low > low + phytase). Combining decreased dietary P and phytase reduced both manure total P and WSP by 42%. As total P and WSP are indicators of the long and short term impacts manure applications can have on P losses from manured soils, diet modification should be seen as environmentally beneficial.