cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The regulation of natural anticoagulant pathways

Vascular endothelium plays an active role in preventing blood clot formation in vivo. One mechanism by which prevention is achieved involves a cell surface thrombin-binding protein, thrombomodulin, which converts thrombin into a protein C activator. Activated protein C then functions as an anticoagulant by inactivating two regulatory proteins of the coagulation system, factors Va and VIIIa. The physiological relevance of the protein C anticoagulant pathway is demonstrated by the identification of homozygous protein C--deficient infants with severe thrombotic complications. Recent studies suggest that this pathway provides a link between inflammation and coagulation.
Bilateral optic disk melanocytoma in a 10-month-old infant.

Abstract Purpose To report bilateral optic disk melanocytoma in a healthy infant, Method Case report. Results A 10-month-old healthy boy presented with intermittent right exotropia. Dilated fundus examination showed a heavily pigmented mass within both optic disks. The optic disks were hypoplastic, and there was diffuse retinal pigment epithelial mottling around the optic disks. Systemic evaluation including thyroid function tests, pituitary gland hormone levels, adrenal gland hormone levels, and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed normal findings. After 1 year, the lesions remained stable, and the patient was healthy with normal growth and development. Conclusions Bilateral optic disk melanocytoma is uncommon. Although this patient had no systemic problem, a literature review revealed an association of bilateral optic disk melanocytoma, optic disk hypoplasia, and central nervous system abnormalities such as meningioma and hypopituitarism. Systemic evaluation for central nervous system abnormalities is warranted in such cases.
Local Government Collaboration Considerations, Issues, and Prospects

The purpose of this article is to lay a foundation for a better understanding of the nature of local government collaboration, the rationale for and pros and cons of entering into them, the conside...
Experimental techniques for thermo-mechanical design in silicon validation platforms

Validation platforms are used to validate processors/chipsets to ensure Intel providing world-class quality and reliable products. In this paper, experimental methodologies of thermal, mechanical, acoustics, shock and vibration and ergonomic tests are demonstrated. These tests are essential to enable the boot-out-of-the-box model with increased complexities of the platforms while meeting the budget and schedule. Component level thermal testing data are correlated with CFD simulations to provide guidance for system simulations. The choice of second level thermal interface material (TIM2) was implemented using the detailed thermo-mechanical test data. Next, the acoustic tests are performed to meet acoustic safety requirements and to implement fan control to minimize system noise. Structural tests validated the retention designs based on Finite Element (FE) analyses. The packaged system level shock and vibration tests demonstrated the ability of the packaged system to avoid damages during shipping. Ergonomic chassis lifting tests illustrated in this paper assist to meet safety and ergonomic requirements for validation platforms. The experimental results guide the thermo-mechanical design decisions for validation platforms during the development and deployment phases. The work presented in this paper will serve as a guideline to support future thermo-mechanical designs of validation platforms.
“I want my robot to look for food”: Comparing Kindergartner’s programming comprehension using tangible, graphic, and hybrid user interfaces

In recent years, educational robotics has become an increasingly popular research area. However, limited studies have focused on differentiated learning outcomes based on type of programming interface. This study aims to explore how successfully young children master foundational programming concepts based on the robotics user interface (tangible, graphical, hybrid) taught in their curriculum. Thirty-five Kindergarten students participated in a 9-week robotics curriculum using the LEGO WeDo robotics construction kit and the Creative Hybrid Environment for Robotic Programming (CHERP) programming language. A mixed methods data collection approach was employed, including qualitative observational data from the classrooms, as well as quantitative mid- and post-test assessments of students’ programming knowledge using CHERP. The findings show little association between user interface and programming comprehension, although there may be an order-affect when introducing user interfaces. Implications for best practices when introducing programming in early childhood settings are discussed.
Ethical issues in health workforce development

Increasing the numbers of health workers and improving their skills requires that countries confront a number of ethical dilemmas. The ethical considerations in answering five important questions on enabling health workers to deal appropriately with the circumstances in which they must work are described. These include the problems of the standards of training and practice required in countries with differing levels of socioeconomic development and different priority diseases; how a society can be assured that health practitioners are properly trained; how a health system can support its workers; diversion of health workers and training institutions; and the teaching of ethical principles to student health workers. The ethics of setting standards for the skills and care provided by traditional health-care practitioners are also discussed.
A comparative profile analysis of neuropsychological function in men and women with schizotypal personality disorder

The purpose of this study was to compare the cognitive profiles of men and women with clinically defined schizotypal personality disorder (SPD). We examined the neuropsychological profile of SPD in 26 right-handed females and 31 right-handed males who met DSM-IV criteria for SPD, and matched comparison subjects. Cognitive performance was assessed on measures of abstraction, verbal and spatial intelligence, learning and memory, language, attention, and motor skills. Neuropsychological profiles were constructed by standardizing test scores based on the means and standard deviations of comparison groups matched for sex, age, handedness, ethnicity and parental SES. Overall, SPD subjects showed mild, general decrements in performance in most cognitive domains. However, unlike male SPD subjects, female SPDs did not show relative deficits in verbal learning and abstraction. The results suggest a less severe pattern of cognitive deficits in women with SPD compared to men, consistent with hypotheses of gender differences in cognitive function in schizophrenia.
Endothelial function during stimulation of renin-angiotensin system by low-sodium diet in humans.

We examined whether physiological stimulation of the endogenous renin-angiotensin system results in impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in forearm resistance vessels of healthy subjects a...
Public Opinion About Condoms for HIV and STD Prevention: A Midwestern State Telephone Survey

Public opinion is important in determining condom and condom education policies in public high schools. A random telephone survey of 517 Indiana residents was conducted from July through October 2003 to assess public opinion about education on correct condom use for HIV and STD prevention; condom availability in Indiana public high schools; and issues related to condom use effectiveness and promotion. Data were analyzed using bivariate and linear regression techniques. A majority of respondents strongly or somewhat agreed that instruction on correct condom use for HIV and STD prevention should be provided in public high schools (77%) classroom instruction should include condoms (71%) only medically accurate information about condoms should being given (94%) and the federal government should promote condoms (70%). Fewer than half (48%) strongly or somewhat agreed that condoms should be made available to teenagers in public high schools without parental permission. Nearly all (92%) considered condoms at least somewhat effective in preventing HIV and other STDs. Non-Republican party affiliation younger age and condom use within the previous five years were each significantly associated with having positive opinions on many of the condom-related statements. Public opinion appears to support the provision of correct condom use information in Indiana public schools. Schools should consider providing only medically accurate information about condoms and including condoms in instruction so students can see and touch them. (authors)
Women's decision making about the use of hormonal and nonhormonal remedies for the menopausal transition.

Objective: To critically review qualitative research on women's decision making about the use of hormonal and nonhormonal remedies for the menopausal transition. Data Sources: Computerized searches in CINAHL, MEDLINE, Medscape, and PsychINFO databases, using the keywords decision making, hormone therapy, herbal remedies, attitude toward hormone therapy, and qualitative research; and ancestral bibliographies. Study Selection: Articles from indexed journals from 1982 to 2001 in the English language relevant to the keywords were evaluated. Sixteen studies met inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. Data Extraction: Study findings were organized into several categories and compared and contrasted across publications and categories. Data Synthesis: Half of the researchers described decision making as a weighing of benefits and risks. Women's considerations, beliefs, and values, as well as interaction with the environment, were primary influences on the process. Conclusions: Major gaps in care for midlife women were identified. Women need information about the process of menopause and the range of available options for menopause management. Nurses can play a major role in providing information, counseling, and developing decision aids. Women's values and beliefs, cultures, life contexts, and desire for involvement in the decision should guide interventions.
Three-Dimensional Transonic Aeroelasticity Using Proper Orthogonal Decomposition-Based Reduced-Order Models

The proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) based reduced order modeling (ROM) technique for modeling unsteady frequency domain aerodynamics is developed for a large scale computational model of an inviscid flow transonic wing configuration. Using the methodology, it is shown that a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model with over a three quarters of a million degrees of freedom can be reduced to a system with just a few dozen degrees of freedom, while still retaining the accuracy of the unsteady aerodynamics of the full system representation. Furthermore, POD vectors generated from unsteady flow solution snapshots based on one set of structural mode shapes can be used for different structural mode shapes so long as solution snapshots at the endpoints of the frequency range of interest are included in the overall snapshot ensemble. Thus, the snapshot computation aspect of the method, which is the most computationally expensive part of the procedure, does not have to be fully repeated as different structural configurations are considered.
Shielded LTCC Inductor as Substrate for Power Converter

The presence of a magnetic substrate below the circuitry created additional parasitic inductances, which resulted in low-frequency oscillations. From simulation, the presence of a metal shield reduces trace inductances and improves circuit performance. There is a minimum shield thickness required to minimize losses associated with ringing. High shield conductivity is necessary to lower the trace inductance and minimize power loss. Traces should be placed close to the shield to minimize inductance.
Evaluating eHealth: undertaking robust international cross-cultural eHealth research.

David Bates and Adam Wright discuss the opportunities and challenges of undertaking international collaborations in eHealth evaluation research, and make recommendations for moving forward.
Lower extremity vein graft failure: a translational approach

Patients with the most severe manifestations of lower extremity arterial occlusive disease often require peripheral bypass surgery for limb salvage and preservation of function. Although good quality saphenous vein offers the most durable conduit for reconstruction, 5-year failure rates are 30-50% and have remained largely unchanged for the past two decades. The majority of these failures occur within the first year of implantation, which is regarded as the most biologically active time during which the vein graft adapts to the arterial environment. Although intimal hyperplasia is generally regarded as the primary culprit of vein graft failure, geometric remodeling of the healing vein graft has recently emerged as a potentially significant contributing factor. While hemodynamic forces, including an increase in shear stress and wall tension, are undoubtedly central to the magnitude and direction of vein graft remodeling, we have determined that these forces alone cannot account for the extent of variability noted in early remodeling patterns. Therefore, we hypothesize that circulating factors, such as mediators of inflammation, may modulate the vein graft response to mechanical forces. This article reviews the definition and diagnosis of vein graft failure and summarizes our current efforts to understand the mechanisms of normal and abnormal vein graft adaptation to the arterial environment.
Behavioral Problems Following Reunification of Children in Long Term Foster Care.

Abstract Although reunification is the most common and preferred exit from the U.S. foster care system, little is known about the well-being of children following foster care. Even less is known about reunification following long-term foster care. Geographically limited studies suggest poor behavioral outcomes following reunification. A secondary data analysis was performed using a subsample of 604 children from the National Study of Child and Adolescent Well-being (NSCAW) who had experienced at least 8 months of foster care. Multiple imputation (MI) was employed to address missing data. Descriptive statistics, logistic regression, and propensity score matching are used to explore the role of risks and reunification in children's well-being from baseline to 36-month follow-up. Results indicate that reunification has no direct effect on behavioral outcomes, but is associated with increased risks in the family context of children who are reunified. Findings highlight the complex nature of the relationship between reunification and behavioral outcomes, as well as the need for reunification interventions that specifically target parental mental health and children's internalizing behaviors. Reunification research using longitudinal data and qualitative methods is recommended to clarify risks and outcomes across time.
Distribution and Urinary Excretion of Furosemide in the Rat

Using 35S-labeled furosemide, the distribution and excretion of furosemide was investigated. Emphasis was placed upon the possibility of accumulation of the compound resulting from daily administration. The excretion and distribution of furosemide and/or metabolites (expressed as furosemide) were determined at various time intervals after termination of dosing. Of the tissues studied, the level of furosemide was the highest in the liver and kidney. At the termination of drug administration, furosemide levels in liver and kidney of single-dose animals were not significantly different from levels observed in repeatedly treated rats; however, 10 days later the retention of furosemide was significantly greater in the repeatedly treated rats. The results of the excretion studies indicated, as did the distribution data, that furosemide may have accumulated in repeatedly treated animals.
Alternative heat rejection methods for power plants

Abstract Process waste heat in large power generation plants is commonly rejected to lakes or rivers, or through the use of cooling towers. Although these waste heat rejection methods are effective, they may not be feasible in every application due to cost considerations or geographic location. Moreover, it is desirable to put some of the waste heat to good use, both from the standpoint of improved plant efficiency as well as reduced environmental impact. An analysis of alternative methods of power plant waste heat rejection is presented here as applied to a coal-fired power generation facility in the Midwestern United States. Five approaches for rejecting or recovering the waste heat are considered: cooling canals, open-water algae bioreactors, wintertime greenhouse heating, spray ponds, and modified solar updraft towers. Each of the five technologies can be sized for the needs and operating conditions of a given power plant. The quantitative analysis tools developed in this work are validated by benchmarking against published results. Three of the alternative methods generate secondary benefits: the algae bioreactor, greenhouse heating, and the modified solar updraft tower produce biodiesel, extended periods for horticulture, and electric power, respectively. The land area required to reject 1.16 GW of heat (the condenser heat rejection from a 500 MW plant operating at 30% thermal efficiency) using each of the alternative technologies is compared. The sensitivity of the sizing of the different technologies to changes in the environmental and geometric parameters is quantified. Finally, the net water use for each technology is estimated and compared against a typical cooling tower solution for the same 500 MW plant.
NEW ANALYSIS METHOD FOR A THIN BEAM IMPACTING AGAINST A STOP BASED ON THE FULL CONTINUOUS MODEL

A new analysis method has been developed to solve the contact problems of a thin beam impacting against a stop. The motivation for this research came from impact failure problems frequently found in thin plate type valves used in small compressors. The developed procedure is believed to provide, for the first time, a complete analysis method for this kind of problem. The procedure has been developed in a general form so that it can be utilized for impact problems with any general stop geometry.
Biomedical term mapping databases

Longer words and phrases are frequently mapped onto a shorter form such as abbreviations or acronyms for efficiency of communication. These abbreviations are pervasive in all aspects of biology and medicine and as the amount of biomedical literature grows, so does the number of abbreviations and the average number of definitions per abbreviation. Even more confusing, different authors will often abbreviate the same word/phrase differently. This ambiguity impedes our ability to retrieve information, integrate databases and mine textual databases for content. Efforts to standardize nomenclature, especially those doing so retrospectively, need to be aware of different abbreviatory mappings and spelling variations. To address this problem, there have been sev
Human Rights Theory, 3: The Three Pillars of Democracy: The Human Rights to Democratic Governance, Intellectual Freedom, and Moral Equality

This is the third in a series of papers I began posting in late April 2015. Each paper addresses an issue, or a set of related issues, in Human Rights Theory. The overarching subject of the first two papers: the morality of human rights. For the first two papers, see “Human Rights Theory, 1: What Are ‘Human Rights’? Against the ‘Orthodox’ View” (2015), http://ssrn.com/abstract=2597403; “Human Rights Theory, 2: What Reason Do We Have, if Any, to Take Human Rights Seriously? Beyond ‘Human Dignity’” (2015), http://ssrn.com/abstract=2597404. In the third and fourth papers, I pursue the implications of the morality of human rights for democracy.As I explained in “Human Rights Theory, 2,” the “act towards all human beings in a spirit of brotherhood” imperative is the normative ground of human rights: Each of the human rights articulated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and/or in one or more of the several international human rights treaties that have followed in the UDHR’s wake is a specification of what the imperative, in conjunction with all other relevant considerations, is thought to forbid or to require. I focus in this, the third paper on three human rights that are articulated both in the UDHR and in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR): the right to democratic governance, the right to intellectual freedom, and the right to moral equality. Each of the three rights is a compelling specification of what the “in a spirit of brotherhood” imperative forbids or requires; each is also one of the three pillars of democracy — “democracy” in the broad modern understanding of the term. Therefore, a commitment to the morality of human rights — a commitment, more precisely, to what I described in “Human Rights Theory, 2” as the heart of the morality of human rights, namely, the “in a spirit of brotherhood” imperative — not only supports but requires a commitment to democracy — a commitment, that is, to the three pillars of democracy: the human rights to democratic governance, intellectual freedom, and moral equality.As I explain in the fourth paper, which is a companion to this paper, a commitment to the “in a spirit of brotherhood” imperative — a commitment, in that sense, to the morality of human rights — requires a commitment not only to democracy but also to certain limitations on democracy — certain limitations on what democratic government may do to, and certain limitations on what democratic government may refrain from doing for, the human beings over whom it exercises power. See “Human Rights Theory, 4: Democracy Limited: The Human Right to Religious and Moral Freedom” (2015), http://ssrn.com/abstract=2610942.
Using data mules to preserve source location privacy in wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have many promising applications for monitoring critical regions, such as in military surveillance and target tracking. In such applications, privacy of the location of the source sensor is of utmost importance as its compromise may reveal the location of the object being monitored. Traditional security mechanisms, like encryption, have proven to be ineffective as location of the source can also be revealed by analysis of the direction of traffic flow in the network. In this paper, we investigate the source-location privacy issue. We first propose a semi-global eavesdropping attack model which we show as being more realistic than the local or global eavesdropping attack model discussed in literature. In this model, we use a linear-regression based traffic analysis technique and show that it is effective in inferring the location of the data source under an existing source-location preserving technique. To measure source location privacy against this semi-global eavesdropping, we define an α-angle anonymity model. Additionally, we adapt the conventional function of data mules to design a new protocol for securing source location privacy, called the Mules-Saving-Source (MSS) protocol, which provides α-angle anonymity. We analyze the delay incurred by using data mules in our protocol and examine the association between privacy preservation and data delay in our protocol through simulation.
Optimization of PZT-based MEMS

Due to their excellent piezoelectric properties, PZT ceramics are attractive materials for many MEMS applications. By depositing a PZT film on a micro-machined platinized silicon substrate, membranes can be actuated in the flexural mode. In this work, 2D arrays of PZT actuated membranes, which can be used as ultrasonic transducers, have been designed, fabricated, and tested for their ferroelectric response. The device behavior was also modeled using FEA. Data from FEA runs were used to evaluate the device performance based on its effective coupling coefficient (efficiency), acoustic impedance, and resonance frequency. Results show that the device-coupling factor is significantly affected by the PZT and silicon layers' thickness and the top electrode configuration. Results also indicate a considerable flexibility in optimizing the device performance under a wide range of operational requirements, which makes such devices attractive for different applications.
THE INCIDENCE OF OPERATIONS THAT PREVENT CONCEPTION.

Abstract Among 10 per cent of American white couples with the wife 18 to 39 years old, either the wife or the husband had had an operation that prevents conception. For over half of these couples, the operation was performed for the expressed purpose of preventing pregnancy; these are referred to as contraceptive operations. The remaining operations were performed to treat a pathological condition, and are referred to as remedial operations. The reason given for nearly two thirds of the contraceptive operations was to protect the wife against pregnancies that would endanger her health. The remaining operations were performed because the couple did not want additional children for financial or other reasons. The proportion of couples with contraceptive operations is highest among Protestants, among the less educated, in the South and West, and in rural areas. Remedial operations show much less variation. However, the proportion of couples with remedial operations is greater for the less educated. There was an upward trend from 1955 to 1960 in the proportion of husbands with vasectomies, but no definite trend in the proportion of wives with contraceptive operations. The proportion of couples with remedial operations was the same in both years. Between 1955 and 1960, probably about 200,000 operations preventing pregnancy were performed each year on wives 18 to 39 years old or their husbands. (These estimates include white and nonwhite couples.) Approximately 110,000 were contraceptive operations, and 90,000 were remedial.
Managed Care and the Elusive Quest for Accountable Health Care

This article analyzes the concept of accountability and the role that managed care organizations play in promoting accountable health care. It examines the challenges to promoting accountable health care by analyzing conflicting goals within managed care and the conflicting interests of various managed care stakeholders.
Systemic Mismatch: Bringing Down the Risks of Conformity and Deviation Biases

For any given situation, managers have to balance the risks of conformity and deviation biases. Organizational behavior scholars to date have focused on reducing the risks of conformity biases but ...
Effect of intermittent electric shock on plasma renin activity in rats.

SummaryDuring exposure of rats to an intermittent electric shock PRA increased initially by about 500%. After 1-2 hr the PRA response decreased and after 8-24 hr PRA was no longer different from that of control-rats. Plasma corticosterone concentration stayed elevated during the whole 24 hr period.Following hypophysectomy the increase of PRA was not inhibited and occurred also after 8 hr. Both dexamethasone and propranolol blocked completely the initial rise in PRA. Phentolamine potentiated the response.These results suggest that stress-induced release of renin is mediated via β-adrenergic receptors and that endogenous corticosteroids modify this response.
Yolk–Shell Nanocrystal@ZIF-8 Nanostructures for Gas-Phase Heterogeneous Catalysis with Selectivity Control

A general synthetic strategy for yolk–shell nanocrystal@ZIF-8 nanostructures has been developed. The yolk–shell nanostructures possess the functions of nanoparticle cores, microporous shells, and a cavity in between, which offer great potential in heterogeneous catalysis. The synthetic strategy involved first coating the nanocrystal cores with a layer of Cu2O as the sacrificial template and then a layer of polycrystalline ZIF-8. The clean Cu2O surface assists in the formation of the ZIF-8 coating layer and is etched off spontaneously and simultaneously during this process. The yolk–shell nanostructures were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and nitrogen adsorption. To study the catalytic behavior, hydrogenations of ethylene, cyclohexene, and cyclooctene as model reactions were carried out over the Pd@ZIF-8 catalysts. The microporous ZIF-8 shell provides excellent molecular-size selectivity. The results show high activity for the ethylene an...
Processing Low‐Oxide ZrB2 Ceramics with High Strength Using Boron Carbide and Spark Plasma Sintering

A phase diagram-assisted powder processing approach is shown to produce low-oxygen (0.06 wt%O) ZrB2 ceramics using minimal B4C additions (0.25 wt%) and spark plasma sintering. Scanning electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy with elemental spectroscopy are used to identify “trash collector” oxides. These “trash collector” oxides are composed of manufacturer metal powder impurities that form discreet oxide particles due to the absence of standard Zr–B oxides found in high oxygen samples. A preliminary Zr–B–C–O quaternary thermodynamic database developed as a part of this work was used to calculate the ZrO2–B4C pseudobinary phase diagram and ZrB2–ZrO2–B4C pseudoternary phase diagrams. We use the calculated equilibrium phase diagrams to characterize the oxide impurities and show the direct reaction path that allows for the formation of ZrB2 with an oxygen content of 0.06 wt%, fine grains (3.3 μm) and superior mechanical properties (flexural strength of 660 MPa).
Analysis of Trace Elements in Blood in Children with Anorexia

To study the relationship between children with anorexia and trace elements in the blood.Method: the levels of trace elements in the blood in children with anorexia and normal children We 're determined by ICP AES.The result shows that Zn in serum in children with anorexia is significantly lower than control group(P 0.001),Fe in serum in children with anorexia is obviously different from children in control group(P 0.05),and Cu,Ca,Mg in two groups have no statistical significance(P 0.005).It concludes children with anorexia are closely related to deficiency of trace elements in the blood.It is necessary to pay great attention to children nutrition,scientific and rational feeding methods,good habits.
AGGRESSIVE DRUG THERAPY FOR RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

Recent data indicate that rheumatoid arthritis is more often systemic, progressive, and disabling than benign, and that it reduces life expectancy. The new evidence argues for a dramatic alteration in pharmacologic management. If several months of rest, exercise, and anti-inflammatory therapy are ineffectual, aggressive treatment with disease-modifying antirheumatic and immunosuppressive agents may be in order.
Symptoms of Knee Instability as Risk Factors for Recurrent Falls.

OBJECTIVES: Whether knee instability contributes to the increased risk of falls and fractures observed in persons with knee osteoarthritis (OA) has not been studied. We examined the association of knee buckling with the risk of falling and fall-related consequences in older adults with, or at high risk for, knee OA. METHODS: At the 60 month visit of the Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study, men and women ages 55 to 84 were asked about knee buckling in the past 3 months and whether they fell when a knee buckled. Falls and fall-related injuries in the past 12 months and balance confidence were assessed at 60 and 84 months. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the association of knee buckling with falls and their consequences. RESULTS: 1,842 subjects (59% women, mean [SD] age= 66.9 [7.8] and BMI= 30.3 [5.7]) were included. At 60 months 16.8% reported buckling and at 84 months 14.1% had recurrent (?2) falls. Bucklers at 60 months had a 1.6 to 2.5-fold greater odds of recurrent falls, fear of falling and poor balance confidence at 84 months. Those who fell when a knee buckled at baseline had a 4.5-fold, 2-fold and 3-fold increased odds two years later of recurrent falls, significant fall injuries and fall injuries that limited activity, respectively, and were 4 times more likely to have poor balance confidence. CONCLUSION: Interventions that reduce knee buckling may help prevent falls, fall-related injuries and adverse psychological consequences of falls in persons with knee OA. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Javanese Religious Orientations in the Residency of Surakarta

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the Javanese religious orientations in the residency of Surakarta. It also discusses the possibility of accounting for the spatial distribution of Javanese religious orientations in the Residency of Surakarta, Central Java, by the action of regional system variables. It reports and interprets the tentative conclusions that, in two of six regencies of the Residency for which religious orientation data are already available, the regional systems variables—administrative centrality, presence and type of plantations, and transport—are diagnostic. The performance of the national parties within constituencies of a given value orientation is shown to vary across the region according to the administrative centrality of the local places. If the regional systems variables indeed prove diagnostic in the manner described for the entire Residency when the data become available, the regional systems approach will have expanded and clarified the sociology of Javanese religious orientations and their role in political mobilization.
Time-Domain Simulations of Radiation and Diffraction Forces

Large-amplitude, time-domain, wave-body interactions are studied in this paper for problems with forward speed. Both two-dimensional strip theory and three-dimensional computation methods are shown and compared by a number of numerical simulations. In the present approach, an exact body boundary condition and linearized free surface boundary conditions are used. By distributing desingularized sources above the calm water surface and using constant-strength flat panels on the exact body surface, the boundary integral equations are solved numerically at each time step. The strip theory method implements Radial Basis Functions to approximate the longitudinal derivatives of the velocity potential on the body. Once the fluid velocities on the free surface are computed, the free surface elevation and potential are updated by integrating the free surface boundary conditions. After each time step, the body surface and free surface are regrided due to the instantaneous changing wetted body geometry. Extensive results are presented to validate the efficiency of the present methods. These results include the added mass and damping computations for a Wigley III hull and an S-175 hull with forward speed using both two-dimensional and three-dimensional approaches. Exciting forces acting on a Wigley III hull due to regular head seas are obtained and compared using both the fully three-dimensional method and the two-dimensional strip theory. All the computational results are compared with experiments or other numerical solutions.
Effects of asexual reproduction on the neighborhood area of cyclical parthenogens

The habitat occupied by a subpopulation and withinwhich there is random mating is known as its‘neighborhood area’. Neighborhood area is dependenton dispersal rates and organisms with low rates ofdispersal are expected to have small neighborhoodareas. In the absence of evolutionary forces,neighborhood areas under sexual reproduction will beconstant in size as long as dispersal patterns do notchange. This scenario differs when reproduction is bycyclical parthenogenesis since recombination anddispersal may occur in different generations. Ingeneral, dispersal distances increase with the numberof parthenogenetic generations. We show that cyclicalparthenogenesis increases neighborhood area which,concomitantly, decreases the potential for geneticsubdivision. It is noteworthy, however, that theincrease in neighborhood area is a decreasing functionof the number of parthenogenetic generations.This mechanism may have important implications for thepopulation structure of planktonic rotifers living ina horizontally undifferentiated habitat. In suchhabitats organisms are effectively unrestricted intheir lateral movements. Because rotifers typicallyhave low dispersal rates spatial geneticdiscontinuities may develop that divide the populationinto genetically distinct subpopulations. Counteringthis tendency is the increased neighborhood areaproduced by dispersal during the parthenogeneticphase. Thus cyclical parthenogenesis in organismslike rotifers may have important and previouslyunreported effects on the population's geneticstructure.
Prevalence of Surgical Repair for Athletic Pubalgia and Impact on Performance in Football Athletes Participating in the National Football League Combine

Purpose To examine the prevalence and impact of athletic pubalgia (AP) surgery in elite American football athletes participating in the National Football League (NFL) Combine. Methods Results from 1,311 athletes participating in the Combine from 2012 to 2015 were evaluated. Athletes with a history of AP repair were identified using the NFL Combine Database. Athlete history and available imaging was reviewed. NFL performance based on draft status, games played, games started, and current status in the NFL was gathered using publicly available databases. Statistical analysis was performed to detect for significant associations between athlete history and NFL performance in the presence of AP repair and pelvic pathology on postsurgical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Results AP repair was identified in 4.2% (n = 55) of athletes. MRI was performed in 35% (n = 19 of 55) with AP repair, of which 53% (n = 10 of 19) had positive pathology. Athletes with repair were not at risk of playing ( P = .87) or starting ( P = .45) fewer regular season games, going undrafted ( P = .27), or not being on an active NFL roster ( P = .51). Compared with athletes with negative imaging findings, positive pathology on MRI did not have a significant impact on games played ( P = .74), games started ( P = .48), draft status ( P = .26), or being on an active roster ( P = .74). Offensive linemen ( P = .005) and athletes with a history of repair within 1 year of the Combine ( P = .03) had a significantly higher risk of possessing positive pathology on MRI. Conclusions Athletes with a history of successful AP surgery invited to the NFL Combine and those with persistent pathology on MRI are not at increased risk for diminished performance in the NFL. Offensive linemen and athletes less than 1 year out from surgery have a higher risk for positive MRI findings at the pubic symphysis. Level of Evidence Level IV, prognostic study-case series.
Patient Acceptance of Half-dose Vs. Half-time Molecular Breast Imaging

Abstract Objective A number of strategies have been implemented at our institution to allow reductions in the administered dose or imaging time for molecular breast imaging (MBI). In this work, we examine patient opinions of whether dose reduction or time reduction is preferred. Methods Sixty female volunteers were randomized to undergo MBI at either half-dose (150 MBq Tc-99m sestamibi; images acquired for 10 minutes per view) or half-time (300 MBq Tc-99m sestamibi; images acquired for 5 minutes per view). A survey was then performed to assess patient comfort and examination preferences. Survey responses were compared between groups using Fisher's exact test. Results No differences were observed between groups regarding opinions of radiation dose, duration of examination, examination comfort, and willingness to undergo MBI in the future. Of those who responded, most women (39/55 [70%]) indicated a preference for the examination type they underwent, either half-dose or half-time MBI, rather than the other protocol. Conclusions Survey findings support that MBI, whether performed at half-time or half-dose, is well accepted by patients.
Support given by women to their mothers and mothers-in-law and relationship quality over time

This study investigates relationship quality of women with their mothers and mothers-in-law and how relationship quality is affected by providing instrumental support. This longitudinal study extends the research by exploring the effects of support giving over time on the daughter/mother relationship and on the daughter-in-law/ mother-in-law relationship. Based upon social exchange theory and role theory, the central hypothesis for this study is instrumental support given and perceived demands will erode relationship quality over time. As support giving increases, social exchange theory suggests that the support giver feels an imbalance in rewards verses costs and this perception negatively affects the relationship. Role theory also makes the argimient that as demands of a particular role increase, role overload from that one role can occur. The resulting stress can negatively affect relationship quality over time. Subjects were 252 white, married women, drawn from three waves of a larger ongoing research project. The Iowa Youth and Families Project conducted at Iowa State University. The women were members of families with children, living in rural Iowa. Using t-tests, means of mother related variables were compared with means of mother-in-law related variables. Change in relationship quality over time with both mothers and mothers-in-law were also assessed. Pearson product moment correlations were used to determine the direction and strength of the relationships between variables. Ordinary least vii squares regression was used to estimate coefficients for path analyses. Results indicated that although subjects provided mothers with more instrumental support than they did mothers-in-law, mothers were not perceived as any more demanding than mothers-in-law. While relationship quality with mothers was higher at both times than relationship quality with mothers-in-law, relationship quality with mothers and mothers-inlaw were stable over time. Giving instrumental support did not affect relationship quality with mothers nor with mothers-in-law over time. However, demands of both mothers and mothers-in-law were associated with declining relationship quality over time. Giving instrumental support to mother was unexpectedly associated with lower relationship quality with mother-in-law. This implies the occurrence of scapegoating of mothers-in-law. The data strongly suggest that it is not the amount of support given, but rather the perception of demands made by support recipients that adversely affects relationship quality over time. 1 CHAPTER
Cosmic ray-modified shocks: appearance of an isothermal jump

We point out that for sufficiently strong shocks, with Mach number $ M_1 > \sqrt{\frac{3 \gamma -1}{(3-\gamma ) \gamma }}= 1.34$ ($\gamma=5/3$), the solutions for cosmic ray-modified shocks experiences a bifurcation. As a result, for super-critical flows an isothermal jump forms (which is not a shock). The isothermal jump forms due to the energy diffusion of fast, but energetically subdominant cosmic rays. For super-critical flows the isothermal jump appears regardless of a particular feed-back mechanism from the CRs. The compression ratio at the isothermal jump is $2/ (\gamma-1)=3$, so that in the test particle regime the expected spectrum of low energy CRs experiencing first-order Fermi process is $p = 2\gamma/(3- \gamma) = 5/2$, steeper than conventional $p=2$.
Dynamics of Viral and Host Immune Cell MicroRNA Expression during Acute Infectious Mononucleosis.

Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is the etiological agent of acute infectious mononucleosis (IM). Since acute IM is a self-resolving disease with most patients regaining health in one to three weeks there have been few studies examining molecular signatures in early acute stages of the disease. microRNAs have been shown, however, to influence immune cell function and consequently the generation of antibody responses in IM. In this study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of differentially expressed microRNAs in early stage uncomplicated acute IM. microRNAs were profiled from patient peripheral blood obtained at the time of IM diagnosis and at subsequent time points, and pathway analysis performed to identify important immune and cell signaling pathways. We identified 215 differentially regulated microRNAs at the most acute stage of infection when the patients initially sought medical help. The number of differentially expressed microRNAs decreased to 148 and 68 at one and two months post-primary infection, with no significantly changed microRNAs identified at seven months post-infection. Interferon signaling, T and B cell signaling and antigen presentation were the top pathways influenced by the microRNAs associated with IM. Thus, a dynamic and regulated expression profile of miRNA accompanies the early acute immune response, and resolution of infection, in IM.
Overview of Magnetless Doubly Salient Brushless Machines

Due to a large variety of industrial applications, including the electric vehicles (EVs), wind power generations, ship propulsion systems, and robotic applications, the development of the electric machines has been a hot research topic in the last century (Cheng et al. in IEEE Trans Ind Electr 58(11):5087–5101, 2011 [1]).
Microcavity III-V lasers monolithically grown on silicon

We will present our recent work on III-V micro-cavity lasers monolithically grown on silicon substrates. The III-V material is directly grown using Template-Assisted-Selective-Epitaxy (TASE) within oxide cavities patterned using conventional lithographic techniques on top of the silicon substrate. This allows for the local integration of single-crystal III-V active gain material. Two variations of this technique will be discussed; the direct growth of disc lasers and the two-step approach via a virtual substrate. Room temperature single-mode optically pumped lasing is achieved in GaAs micro-cavity lasers, and devices show a remarkably low shift of the lasing threshold (T0=170K) with temperature. Dependence on cavity geometry and pump power will be discussed.
Incentives to Pander: How Politicians Use Corporate Welfare for Political Gain

Policies targeting individual companies for economic development incentives, such as tax holidays and abatements, are generally seen as inefficient, economically costly, and distortionary. Despite this evidence, politicians still choose to use these policies to claim credit for attracting investment. Thus, while fiscal incentives are economically inefficient, they pose an effective pandering strategy for politicians. Using original surveys of voters in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom, as well as data on incentive use by politicians in the US, Vietnam and Russia, this book provides compelling evidence for the use of fiscal incentives for political gain and shows how such pandering appears to be associated with growing economic inequality. As national and subnational governments surrender valuable tax revenue to attract businesses in the vain hope of long-term economic growth, they are left with fiscal shortfalls that have been filled through regressive sales taxes, police fines and penalties, and cuts to public education.