cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Orbit Determination Using TDMA Radio Navigation Data with Implicit Measurement Times

lter has been developed that uses two types of measurements of time division multiple access (TDMA) L-Band signals from satellites in low Earth orbit, a carrier phase measurement and a biased pseudorange measurement. This algorithm will enable precise orbit determination of satellites broadcasting TDMA signals not originally intended for navigation. The TDMA structure of the carrier phase data introduces carrier phase ambiguities, which can be partially removed via preprocessing based on rough orbit estimates. It is often impossible to remove a residual integer-valued Doppler shift measured in cycles per data burst. The orbit determination square-root information Kalman lter (SRIF) is a mixed real/integer extended Kalman lter which deals explicitly with the integer Doppler shift ambiguities of its partially corrected carrier phase measurements. It isolates the integer unknowns from the real-valued unknowns, and solves for its integer-valued estimates using an integer linear least-squares solver. The carrier phase and pseudorange measurements are available at known measurement times at ground-based receivers, but they provide information about the satellite’s orbital state at an unknown signal transmission time. An additional feature of the Kalman lter is its explicit treatment of the uncertain range delay. This is accomplished by applying a new technique that includes Chebyshev polynomial models of random process noise, dense output state interpolation that is consistent with numerical integration of the state dierential equation, iterative solution for signal transmission times, and consistent propagation of all of these eects through the SRIF. The eectiveness of this new Kalman lter has been evaluated using truth-model data. The truth model simulation tests evaluate the
Bonding and pressure-tunable interfacial thermal conductance

Stiffness of interfacial bonding between two materials plays a major role in controlling the thermal conductance of the interface. We use nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations to study interfacial thermal conductance at an epitaxial interface between two fcc crystals with interatomic interactions described by Lennard Jones (LJ) potentials. The interface stiffness was varied by two different methods: (i) application of pressure and (ii) direct change of the interfacial bonding strength by varying the depth of potential well parameter of the LJ potential. Our results show that when the interfacial bonding strength is low, interfacial stiffness increases linearly with pressure due to the anharmonicity of atomic interactions. Consequently, the interfacial conductance increases, first proportionally to interfacial stiffness, and then it saturates at a high value. Quantitatively similar behavior is observed when the stiffness of the interfacial bonding is increased by directly varying the depth of the potential well parameter of the LJ potential. By contrast, when the interfacial bonding strength is high, thermal conductance is almost pressure independent and in fact slightly decreases with increasing pressure. This decrease can be explained by the change of overlap between the vibrational density of states (DOS) in the two crystalline materials.
Immanence and Infidelity: Fifteen Ways to Leave Badiou

This essay analyzes the recent book Fifteen Ways to Leave Badiou, produced by the Egyptian curator Bassam El Baroni for the Alexandria Contemporary Arts Forum (ACAF). For the project, which was carried out in 2011, concurrent with the events of the Arab Spring, El Baroni invited a group of artists from the Middle East to produce works responding to Alain Badiou's text “Fifteen Theses on Contemporary Art”. The essay has three objectives, the first of which is to situate Fifteen Ways… relative to the ongoing encounter between contemporary global art and Western philosophy. Next, it considers how the works in the project can be said to stage an immanent critique of Badiou's aesthetic theory. Lastly, the essay examines the book within the context of the popular uprisings of 2011.
Case Report Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma: Response to Chemotherapy

Abstract A 69-year-old woman with far advanced inoperable follicular carcinoma of the thyroid became refractory to radioactive iodine therapy and to combination chemotherapy with adriamycin and cyclophosphamide. She then attained a good clinical response to chemotherapy with adriamycin, CCNU, and methotrexate (ACMe); this lasted more than a year. The regimen of adriamycin, CCNU, and methotrexate deserves further study for patients with follicular thyroid carcinoma.
Psychological Aspects of Muscular Dystrophy

Muscular dystrophy, an organic disease of muscles, brings special psychological problems to its child sufferers. This paper points out that knowledge of the psychological dynamics of such handicapped children and their families is of value to the educator. Understanding his own reactions to the handicapped can aid the educator even more in his school program for such children.
Interrelationship of in situ growth stress evolution and phase transformations in Ti/W multilayered thin films

This paper addresses the in situ growth stress evolution and phase transformation of bcc to hcp Ti in Ti/W multilayered thin films. A series of equal layer thicknesses from 20 nm to 1 nm were deposited. As the bilayer thickness reduced, the overall film stress became less compressive until the Ti transformed from hcp (at the larger layer thicknesses) to bcc in the 1 nm/1 nm multilayer. The pseudomorphic bcc stabilization resulted in a recovery of the compressive stress to values near that for the bulk phase stabilized for the 5 nm/5 nm multilayer. A discernable change in stress slope was noted for the bcc to hcp Ti transition as a function of Ti layer thickness. The stress states for each film, during film growth, are rationalized by the lattice matching of the phase with the growth surface. These results are coupled to a molecular dynamics deposition simulation which revealed good agreement with the experimentally observed transformation thickness.
Abstract 1211: Killing cancer one cell at a time: Development and characterization of a novel antibody drug conjugate

Thymidine Kinase 1 (TK1) is a protein that we have established to be present on the surface of cancer cells and absent on the surface of normal cells. Various methods have been used to confirm the presence of TK1 using localization methods such as scanning electron microscopy gold labeling, fluorescence imaging, and flow cytometry analysis. In this project, we explored the potential of using the TK1 marker as a therapeutic target by conjugating an anti-TK1 antibody to the toxin saporin, a ribosome inhibiting protein derived from the seeds of Saponaria officinalis. The toxin is widely used in the biological and neurological fields due to its stability and adaptability. An additional benefit to using this particular toxin is the inability of saporin to transverse the cell membrane without an antibody or other agent mediating internalization into the cell. We expressed a cysteine mutated form of saporin in the BL21(DE3) E. coli strain. Saporin from the expressed protein was subsequently isolated with a cation exchange cellulose column before verification on a non-reducing SDS-PAGE gel. A single band was observed at approximately 30 kD, indicating purity of the protein. After thiolation of the amine groups in the anti-TK1 antibody, the cysteine residues on the mutated saporin toxin was linked to the antibody through the formation of disulfide bonds. Further purification of the conjugate was achieved by eliminating unconjugated saporin and antibody, and high molecular weight aggregates using a Sephacryl S-200 column. Over 90% cancer cell death was observed in the Burkitt9s Lymphoma Raji cell line when exposed to conjugate concentrations of 10 nM. Complete cell death was observed with exposure to 100 nM concentrations. In addition, there was a significant difference between the saporin conjugated treated and untreated samples (p Citation Format: Michael Xiao, Roger Chu, Jayson Pagaduan, Richard A. Robison, Kim L. O’Neill. Killing cancer one cell at a time: Development and characterization of a novel antibody drug conjugate. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 1211.
A monolithically integrated active matrix microphone incorporating local sensing, switching, and amplification

Array microphones have a variety of applications including directional listening, speaker localization, ultrasonic imaging, and boundary layer turbulence measurement.[1][2] Two approaches are commercially used for these applications; arrays of discrete microphones, and one dimensional arrays of electroded piezoelectric materials directly connected to amplification circuitry.[3] Two dimensional array designs using piezoelectric sensors require local amplification at the sensing site to overcome charge sharing through interconnect and switching parasitics. While hybrid silicon-based designs have been proposed for 2-D active matrix microphone systems, these have been based on bulk or thinned crystalline silicon, which can compromise the acoustic properties of the microphone and have a limit on their ultimate size. We have demonstrated a monolithically integrated two dimensional active matrix microphone fabricated on a flexible polymer piezoelectric sheet which uses thin film organic field effect transistors to both locally amplify the piezoelectric charge signal and switch individual elements, allowing for sensing site localization. The integrated design of the sensor and amplifier eliminates a previously dominant parasitic capacitance, allowing an acoustic bandwidth response, and the flexible, thin film form factor allows maximum versatility in applications. The device is tested using both turbulent air current and far field acoustic excitation in this work.
Thermal analytical techniques for characterization of polymeric electrical insulators

The purpose of this research was to systematically evaluate the utility of thermal analysis techniques in lifetime prediction methods for electrical insulating materials. There have been studies using various separate thermal methods on electrical insulators but there appear to have been no reports where a variety of techniques were applied. Recently the terminology “total thermal analysis” has been applied to such studies.1
Laser-Based Ultrasonic Inspection of Complexly Contoured Rocket Engine Components

High-performance rocket engines, that are being developed for the next generation reusable launch vehicles, require active cooling of the thrust surfaces. An effective and rapid method is needed to inspect the critical bond between the liner assembly and the jacket of the thrust cell chamber, to determine its integrity prior to the expense of hot fire testing. Currently, a series of conventional ultrasonic techniques are used to inspect the thrust cell chamber. However, the complexly contoured surfaces prevent 100% inspection. The use of laser-based ultrasound (LBU) techniques have previously been shown to be an effective method for rapid inspection of contoured polymer-matrix composite structures[l–3]. The transition to inspection of metallic components requires increased spatial resolution to resolve defects of ∼1.2 mm diameter, in addition to modification for limited access inspection from inside the thrust cell. This paper reports progress on inspection of a heat exchanger NDE standard which demonstrates the resolution capability of the LBU system. LBU inspection of a three-quarter section aluminum rocket nozzle proof part is presented, in addition to data showing the dependence of the thermoelastic generation efficiency as a function of the applied paint thickness.
Thyroid Hormone Receptor Beta and NCOA4 Regulate Terminal Erythrocyte Differentiation

Abstract An effect of thyroid hormone on erythropoiesis has been known for more than a century but the molecular mechanism(s) by which thyroid hormone affects red cell formation are still elusive. Our study demonstrates an essential role of thyroid hormone during terminal human erythroid cell differentiation; specific depletion of thyroid hormone from the culture medium completely blocked human erythroid differentiation. Genome wide analysis showed that thyroid hormone receptor β (TRβ) occupies many gene loci encoding transcripts abundant during terminal erythropoiesis, including globin genes, and cooperates with GATA-1 and RNA polymerase II (Pol II) to regulate their expression. Treatment with TRβ agonists enhanced erythroblast differentiation in vivo and alleviated anemic symptoms in a chronic anemia mouse model. To identify factors that cooperate with TRβ during human erythroid terminal differentiation, we conducted RNA-Seq in human reticulocytes and identified NCOA4 as a critical regulator of terminal differentiation. Furthermore, Ncoa4 -/- mice are anemic in both the embryonic and perinatal periods and fail to respond to thyroid hormone by enhanced erythropoiesis. Genome wide analysis suggests that thyroid hormone promotes NCOA4 recruitment to chromatin regions that are in proximity to Pol II and are highly associated with transcripts abundant during terminal differentiation. Collectively, our results reveal the molecular mechanism of thyroid hormone function on red blood cell formation and are potentially useful to treat certain anemias. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Fast Food: The Good, the Bad and the Hungry

In Fast Food: The Good, the Bad, and the Hungry, Andrew Smith’s stated purpose is to “examine controversies related to the fast-food industry” (p. 8). The controversies examined by Smith broadly fi...
Economies of Scale: Shakespeare and Book History

The purpose of the present article is to survey recent developments in Shakespeare and book history and to identify promising new avenues in the field. Book history always had a close – if never precisely articulated – relationship with New Historicism, but in recent years, I argue, as the influence of the latter has waned in English studies, book history has become a crucible of alternative historicisms in part because it is the subfield that deals most immediately and reflexively with the status of texts as historical evidence. Perhaps paradoxically, I also suggest, book history is by its nature a demilitarized zone, protected from the extremes of presentism and pastism, aestheticism and contextualism, critique and affective attachment, while freer than many subfields to absorb what is best in these conflicting intellectual campaigns. I organize my account in three section headings that reflect what I see as the prevailing currents in Shakespeare and book history at present: the plurality of context, reading at scale, and beyond materiality.
Assessing the Prevalence of Risk Factors for Neglected Tropical Diseases in Brazos County, Texas

Introduction Although more than one billion people live at risk of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) in areas of Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and Latin America, the degree to which they burden countries like the U.S. is unclear. Even though many NTDs such as dengue, leishmaniasis, and Chagas disease are typically not endemic to the U.S., the possibility of their emergence is noteworthy, especially in states like Texas with high levels of poverty, large immigrant populations, geographic proximity to endemic areas, and a climate amenable to the vectors for these diseases. Despite the health threat that emerging NTDs may pose, little is known about the prevalence of risk factors for NTDs in the U.S. Methods We tested the Community Assessment for Public Health Emergency Response (CASPER) method to assess the prevalence of risk factors for NTDs in Brazos County, Texas.Results: We found relatively low prevalence of risk factors related to travel (5.2% of respondents visited an endemic area in the previous 3 months); however, few respondents reported adherence to mosquito prevention, such as wearing long sleeves and long pants (14.1%, 95% CI: 13.9,14.4) and repellant containing DEET (13.5%, 95% CI: 13.2,13.7). Between 5.4% and 35.8% of respondents had a visible container (e.g., pet water dishes, flower pots, bird baths) that could support mosquito breeding. Discussion CASPER findings present public health authorities with potential avenues for implementing health education and other interventions aimed at reducing exposure to risk factors for NTDs among Texas residents.
The role of positron emission tomography fused with computed tomography (PET/CT) versus CT alone in detecting oligoprogressive disease (OPD) in oncogene-addicted non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) receiving tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy.

e20683Background: OPD represents limited extra-central nervous system (eCNS) progression. In oncogene-addicted NSCLC, OPD can be treated with local ablative therapy to prolong TKI control. The impa...
The Maverick planner: An efficient hierarchical planner for autonomous vehicles in unstructured environments

Planning kinodynamically feasible trajectories for autonomous vehicles is computationally expensive, especially when planning over long distances in unstructured environments. This paper presents a hierarchical planner, called the Maverick planner, which can find such trajectories efficiently. It comprises two parts: a waypoint planner that uses a simplified vehicle model and an RRT∗ planner that respects full kinodynamic constraints. The waypoint planner quickly finds a directed graph of waypoints from start to goal, which is then used to bias sampling and speed up computation in RRT∗. The Maverick planner is capable of anytime planning and continuous replanning. It has been tested extensively in simulation and on real vehicles. When planning on a sensor-generated map of the SwRI test track it can find a feasible path over 0.5 km in under 16 ms, and refine that path to within 1% of the local optimum in 0.5 seconds.
Primary and Secondary Biologic Activities Intrinsic to the Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Molecule

The hypothesis that follicle-stimulating activity (FSA) and thyroid-stimulating activity (TSA) are intrinsic to the human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) molecule is one aspect of a broad controversy nearly as old as the discovery, more than 50 years ago, that the urine of pregnant women contains gonadotropic activity. At the heart of this controversy is the observation that urine rich in hCG stimulates follicular growth, as well as interstitial repair in the ovaries of hypophysectomized rats (Evans et al., 1953; Lyons et al., 1953). The unsettled issue is whether one accounts for the FSA in pregnancy urine on the basis of follicle-stimulating hormone (hFSH) of pituitary origin, on the basis of a putative separate factor with FSA secreted by the placenta, or potentially even on the basis of the hCG molecule having intrinsic FSA. There is reason to suspect that all three may contribute, making the FSA in pregnancy urine heterogeneous in nature. Kulin et al. (1979) have recently found low, but measurable levels of pituitary hFSH-like material in pregnancy urine by radioimmunoassay. Ashitaka et al. (1970) have separated two glycoprotein fractions from pregnancy urine, one of which is richer in FSA than the other. Albert (1969) has shown that FSA is not lost when hCG is purified seven-fold, suggesting that FSA represents an intrinsic property of the hCG molecule. A controversy, similar in nature, has gone on concerning what substances account for the TSA in pregnancy urine (Lyon et al., 1953). Possible candidates include thyroid-stimulating hormone (hTSH) of pituitary origin (Burger, 1967), a putative separate factor with TSA secreted by the placenta (Akasu et al., 1955; Hennen, 1965; Hershman and Starnes, 1969; Kitagaki, 1977; Tojo et al., 1978), or the hCG molecule on the basis of its hypothetical intrinsic TSA. Again, some combination of these may actually account for the TSA in extracts of pregnancy urine.
Order out of Chaos: The Case for a New Conceptualization of the Cross-Boundary Instruments of American Regionalism:

In the absence of consensus about which organizations matter or are the “right” manifestations of American regional intergovernmentalism scholarship has had to develop an imprecisely defined and ta...
The Impact of Braille Reading Skills on Employment, Income, Education, and Reading Habits.

This study compared a number of outcomes for congenitally legally blind adults who learned to read braille or print as their original reading medium. It was found that those who learned to read usi...
Curbing Dense Sprawl

Dense residential and commercial developments have been touted by the environmental community for years. Yet, as demonstrated by recent sprawl studies, without abrupt changes in both population growth and the stringency of land use planning at state and local levels, future sprawl is inevitable in the U.S. This article puts forth three options for addressing the inevitability of sprawl, and argues that until the sprawl question is addressed through adequate law and policy, advocates should promote developments that are less dense and that integrate more of the natural environment into the places where we live, shop, and work.
Nonlinear but Small Amplitude Longitudinal Plasma Waves

This paper describes new and rigorous results on small amplitude spatially periodic traveling wave solutions of the kinetic equations that govern the evolution of collisionless plasmas in one dimension. The exact nonlinear analysis described here shows that it is in fact possible for electrostatic waves to travel through a spatially uniform background without decaying, even in the absence of a particle beam or “bump-on-the-tail” of the equilibrium particle distribution function. The results include the derivation of conditions necessary and sufficient for the existence of traveling wave solutions which are small perturbations on a spatially uniform background plasma; they also include the construction of approximations to these solutions. This nonlinear analysis of small amplitude waves shows that, in contrast to the standard linear analysis, spatially periodic traveling waves are quite common perturbations to all spatially uniform plasma equilibria. The damping of the electric field commonly predicted by the linear theory need not always occur. The conclusions of the linear analysis do not apply to the undamped waves reported here because the term neglected in the linear analysis is not small, even though the electric field is small and the particle distribution functions that describe the waves, which always include trapped particles, represent only a minor rearrangement of the particles in the background distribution.
Self-Evaluation and the Ends of Existence

Reasons are irreducibly normative, in the sense that there is a distinction between having reasons and acting upon them. This distinction is sometimes characterized in terms of the difference between what we ought to do vs. what we are actually moved to do in fact, though when we characterize it in this way, we must take care not to confuse the “ought” of irreducible normativity with the “ought” of moral obligation. The former is a wider notion than the latter, covering all of the practical “oughts” on which we act in connection with our nonmoral ends as well as our moral ends, and also logical “oughts” and epistemic “oughts”. Being thus wider than the latter, the former is also a weaker notion, insofar as it registers a normative force that may fall short of a binding obligation.
Targeted gene silencing by RNA interference in Chlamydomonas.

Abstract Small RNA-guided gene silencing is an evolutionarily conserved process that operates by a variety of molecular mechanisms and plays an essential role in developmental pathways and defense responses against genomic parasites in eukaryotes. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) triggered posttranscriptional gene silencing, termed RNA interference (RNAi), is also becoming a powerful tool for reverse genetics studies. Stable RNAi, induced by the expression of long dsRNAs or duplex small RNAs from genome-integrated transgenes, has been achieved in multiple organisms, including the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii . However, the level of gene repression is often quite variable, depending on the type of construct, transgene copy number, site of integration, and target gene. Moreover, unintended transcripts partly complementary to a trigger dsRNA can also be silenced, making difficult the interpretation of observed phenotypes. To obviate some of these problems we have developed a tandem inverted repeat system that consistently induces cosilencing of a gene with a selectable RNAi-induced phenotype (encoding tryptophan synthase β-subunit) and any other (nonessential) gene of interest. In addition, to circumvent off-target effects, for each tested gene, RNAi lines are generated with at least two transgenes, homologous to distinct and nonoverlapping sequences of the target transcript. A common phenotype among these independent RNAi strains is expected to result from suppression of expression of the gene of interest. We demonstrate this approach for the characterization of a gene of unknown function in Chlamydomonas , encoding a predicted exoribonuclease with weak similarity to 3′hExo/ERI-1.
Improving the Spatial Resolution of Imaging Instruments Using Software

In order to overcome spatial resolution limitations associated with physical sensor limitations when using smallsats and cubesats, we utilize an image processing technology referred to as Super-Resolution (SR). In general, software approaches are increasingly considered in connection with smaller satellites for which size, mass and power constraints limit the sensor capabilities. Being able to perform hardware vs. software trades might enable more capabilities for a lower cost. This paper describes recent experiments conducted to optimize the spatial enhancement of acquired observations using multiple sub-pixel shifted low resolution image.
Diagnosis and Management of Lynch Syndrome.

Case Summary:A 56-year-old man with a history of hypertension and hyperlipidemia was referred by gastroenterology for bleeding per rectum. Because of a family history of colon cancer, he had several prior colonoscopies, most recently 3 years ago, without evidence of pathology. His mother was diagnos
Serum concentrations of CCL20/MIP-3alpha in women with endometriosis

Introduction Endometriosis is a chronic disease defined by the presence of uterine mucosa outside the uterine cavity. Abnormal levels of cytokines, growth factors, adhesion molecules and metalloproteinases have been found in patients with endometriosis. A review of the literature revealed no papers on CCL20 serum levels in women with endometriosis. Material and methods The study included 32 women who underwent laparoscopy in the Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital-Research Institute, Lodz, Poland. Patients were divided into 2 groups: the study and control group. The study group was divided into three subgroups according to endometriosis form. Twenty patients were included in the study group and 12 patients acted as controls. CCL20 concentrations value were determined using a quantitative sandwich ELISA kit (R&D Systems). Results were statistically analyzed by SPSS STATISTICS 24.0.0 software. A significance level of 0.05 was used. Results The mean serum level of CCL20 in the study group was 7.4 pg/ml. In controls the mean value was 10.95 pg/ml. The concentration of CCL20 was statistically significantly lower in the study group than in controls (p = 0.004). Within the study group the highest values were reported in patients with endometrial ovarian cysts (8.55 pg/ml), intermediate in the DIE subgroup (8.24 pg/ml) and the lowest in patients with peritoneal endometriosis (6.74 pg/ml). Differences between subgroups were not statistically significant (p = 0.385). Conclusions Our study revealed statistically significantly decreased CCL20 serum levels in women with endometriosis. No significant differences of CCL20 serum levels between patients with different forms of endometriosis were observed.
Developmental hearing loss in conjunction with early life stress: Perceptual deficits and central auditory correlates

In children with otitis media, the conductive hearing loss (CHL) accompanying infection is a risk factor for later problems with speech perception. These perceptual deficits can persist long after auditory thresholds return to normal, suggesting they may be mediated by changes within the central auditory system. Using animal models of developmental CHL, we have demonstrated perceptual deficits for several temporally-varying signals that comprise speech. Furthermore, these perceptual deficits are correlated with impaired encoding in auditory cortex, indicating that central changes emerge from early auditory deprivation. In our transient developmental CHL model, which mimics the intermittent bouts of hearing loss experienced by children with otitis media, deficits are much alleviated by adulthood. However, early-life stress (ELS) has been described as an additional risk factor for speech problems arising from otitis media. Our data indicate that ELS alone induces deficits in the perception of temporally var...
Age and sex regulate kappa opioid receptor-mediated anxiety-like behavior in rats.

Abstract Anxiety occurs across ontogeny, but there is evidence that its etiology may vary across the lifespan. The kappa opioid receptor (KOR) system mediates some of the anxiogenic effects of stress and drug exposure, and is involved in aversive responses to environmental stimuli. However, much of this work has been conducted in adult males. Work assessing the effects of KOR activation in younger males has demonstrated that this system produces an anxiolytic/no response, indicating that that this system may be developmentally regulated. Despite these discrepancies, a direct comparison of KOR-induced anxiety in stress-naive adolescents and adults has not been done. Additionally, the effects of KOR activation in females are poorly understood. Therefore, we assessed the impact of KOR activation on anxiety-like behavior in adolescent and adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals were given an i.p. injection of the KOR agonist U69593 (0.01, 0.1, 1.0 mg/kg or vehicle) and were tested using the elevated plus maze. U69593 decreased open arm time in adult males, indicating increased anxiety-like behavior. Adolescents exhibited decreased stretch attend postures when collapsed across sex, suggesting reduced anxiety-like behavior. Adult females were not affected by U69593 administration. These data support studies that have identified age-dependent changes in the KOR system in males, and provide novel evidence that females may not exhibit this ontogenetic change. Given the prevalence of stress and drug exposure during the adolescent period, differences in how the KOR system may mediate the effects of these exposures across age and sex should be explored.
Developmental biology: Life in flux

Renee Reijo Pera enjoys a treatise tracking the rise of embryology, from Aristotle to cloning and beyond.
Bilingual Grammar: Toward an Integrated Model

Does a bilingual person have two separate lexicons and two separate grammatical systems? Or should the bilingual linguistic competence be regarded as an integrated system? This book explores this issue, which is central to current debate in the study of bilingualism, and argues for an integrated hypothesis: the linguistic competence of an individual is a single cognitive faculty, and the bilingual mind should not be regarded as fundamentally different from the monolingual one. This conclusion is backed up with a variety of empirical data, in particular code-switching, drawn from a variety of bilingual pairs. The book introduces key notions in minimalism and distributed morphology, making them accessible to readers with different scholarly foci. This book is of interest to those working in linguistics and psycholinguistics, especially bilingualism, code-switching, and the lexicon.
Lightning Strikes on Commercial Aircraft: How the Airlines Are Coping

The hazard posed by lightning strikes is an important issue in commercial aviation. Extensive research into methods for coping with lightning strikes has been continuing for many years. This paper addresses the issues pertaining to lightning strikes, impact on commercial aviation, and initiatives undertaken to prevent lightning strike mishaps. This paper concludes that commercial airliners are generally quite safe during electrical storms. The metal skin of the plane conducts the current on the outside around the passengers. Fuel tanks are now designed to prevent entry of electrical charges.
Human Trafficking: Definitions, Epidemiology, and Shifting Ground

This chapter will review the definitions of human trafficking, trafficking epidemiology, and current trends in anti-trafficking approaches. Human trafficking definitions encompass an array of human rights violations which span multiple arenas including labor, commercial sex, involuntary servitude, and removal of organs for sale. We will review the US federal definition of trafficking, its origin, and describe some state-to-state variations of human trafficking definitions. In addition, we will review current knowledge on the epidemiology of adolescent trafficking, including limitations of current data. Finally, we will conclude with a discussion of positive trends in anti-trafficking work and directions for future research.
Lymphoma survivors have an increased long-term risk of chronic kidney disease

With improving lymphoma survival, late effects of therapy have emerged. Here, we describe pattern of long-term chronic kidney disease (CKD) in lymphoma survivors. Demographics, comorbidities, lymph...
Informed Decision-Making in the Emergency Department

Personnel in the emergency department are often called upon to make assessments of the patient’s ability to make informed decisions to accept or refuse treatment. To understand medical decision-making, we review two questions. First, we discuss what it means to make an informed decision about medical care, in terms of four essential elements: to make and express a choice, to know the facts, to appreciate the facts, and to manipulate the facts. Second, we discuss what the options are when the patient cannot make an informed decision: next-of-kin surrogates, patient-appointed healthcare proxies, court-appointed conservators, and emergency options when none of these are available.
Does Parenting Explain the Link Between Cumulative SES Risk and Child Problems in the Context of Parental Depression

The accumulation of socioeconomic stressors, such as being a single parent and having a limited income, is associated with childhood maladjustment and prospective poor health. Evidence suggests both positive and negative parenting strategies (e.g., warmth and praise; criticism and neglect) may account for the relationship between socioeconomic adversity and child outcomes. However, despite the common co-occurrence of parental depression and socioeconomic stress, models of cumulative socioeconomic risk and parenting have yet to be tested in parents who are also coping with depression. In a sample of children whose parents have a history of depression, this study extends findings from a previous report (i.e., Sullivan et al. in J Fam Psychol 33:883-893, 2019) to test whether behavioral observations of parenting account for the association between a cumulative risk index of socioeconomic stress and child psychological problems in the same sample of 179 children (Mage = 11.46 years, SDage = 2.00) of parents with depression. Both positive and negative parenting accounted for the relationship between socioeconomic risk and both child- and parent-reported externalizing problems, whereas no evidence emerged for parenting accounting for the relation between cumulative risk and internalizing problems. This study highlights the central role socioeconomic stress plays in child maladjustment among parents coping with depression, as well as how parenting may be a critical mechanism linking socioeconomic stress and child externalizing problems.
Detecting Scene-Plausible Perceptible Backdoors in Trained DNNs Without Access to the Training Set

Backdoor data poisoning attacks add mislabeled examples to the training set, with an embedded backdoor pattern, so that the classifier learns to classify to a target class whenever the backdoor pat...
Functional cooperation between co-amplified genes promotes aggressive phenotypes of HER2-positive breast cancer

MED1 (mediator subunit 1) co-amplifies with HER2, but its role in HER2-driven mammary tumorigenesis is still unknown. Here, we generate MED1 mammary-specific overexpression mice and cross them with mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-HER2 mice. We observe significantly promoted onset, growth, metastasis, and multiplicity of HER2 tumors by MED1 overexpression. Further studies reveal critical roles for MED1 in epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cancer stem cell formation, and response to anti-HER2 therapy. Mechanistically, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) transcriptome analyses and clinical sample correlation studies identify Jab1, a component of the COP9 signalosome complex, as the key direct target gene of MED1 contributing to these processes. Further studies reveal that Jab1 can also reciprocally regulate the stability and transcriptional activity of MED1. Together, our findings support a functional cooperation between these co-amplified genes in HER2+ mammary tumorigenesis and their potential usage as therapeutic targets for the treatment of HER2+ breast cancers.
A Phosphine-Mediated Dearomative Skeletal Rearrangement of Dianiline Squaraine Dyes.

A phosphorus(III)-mediated dearomatization of ortho-substituted dianiline squaraine dyes results in an unusual skeletal rearrangement to provide exotic, highly conjugated benzofuranone and oxindole scaffolds bearing a C3 side chain comprised of a linear conflagration of an enol, a phosphorus ylide, and 2,4-disubstituted aniline. Employing experimental and computational analysis, a mechanistic evaluation revealed a striking dependence on the acidity of the aniline ortho substituent. Notably, the rearrangement adducts underwent rapid and complete reversion to the parent squaraine in the presence of a Bronsted acid.
Method, Matter, Practice, and Procedure

The clarion call for research in architecture academies and the profession sounded a century ago. From the 1930s onward, various ACSA and AIA published reports called for technical competency and t...
Combating Constraints of the Functional Matrix: The Importance of Overcorrection in Pediatric Craniofacial Surgery.

Background To effectively manipulate the bone, particularly in the growing patient, the craniofacial surgeon must understand the principles related to bone-based reconstruction. A theory of craniofacial growth that is both biologically accurate and clinically relevant is thus needed. Methods A historical review of major findings across various disciplines (including orthopedic surgery, anatomy, embryology, orthodontics, and cell biology) will be covered, as it pertains to the concept of the functional matrix of the craniofacial skeleton. Results The functional matrix dictates the interplay between the soft tissue envelope and bone grafts, thus guiding donor site choice and inset methods. The soft tissue may also warrant the use of bony hypercorrection especially in cranial vault remodeling. Control of both bone and boundaries of the soft tissue functional matrix can be achieved via distraction osteogenesis. Conclusion The soft tissue functional matrix must be accounted for during craniofacial bone grafting, mobilizing osteotomies, and distraction osteogenesis if optimal aesthetic results are to be obtained using the least amount of procedures.
Practicing Medicine and Ethics: Integrating Wisdom, Conscience, and Goals of Care

1. Medicine as a goal-directed, moral practice 2. Virtue ethics 3. Practical wisdom in medicine 4. Conscience and its relation to practical wisdom 5. The authority, fallibility, and normative reach of conscience 6. Conscience as integrity 7. The challenge and inescapability of religious pluralism 8. Implications of moral pluralism for public dialogue and professional practice 9. Conscientious objection and conscientious practice 10. An integrity-centered framework for practical wisdom in medicine.
Marrow Stromal Cells as Restorative Treatment of Neural Injury

Cellular treatment of brain after stroke, traumatic brain injury or neurodegenerative diseases has primarily focused on the use of cell populations, whether embryonic stem cells or others, to replace injured cerebral tissue [1,2,15]. Thus, the logic of these approaches resides in the ability of certain stem and progenitor-like cells to differentiate into neural tissue [15]. This approach, even if it can replace tissue, may be appropriate and could provide therapeutic benefit for certain neurodegenerative diseases, like Parkinson’s disease in which specific populations of neurons are lost and products of these cells are thereby diminished [14,34]. However, when loss of cerebral tissue occurs under conditions of stroke or traumatic brain injury, the use of cell replacement therapy to confer restoration of neurological function is less likely.
High-performance liquid chromatography of platinum complexes on solvent generated anion exchangers : III. Application to the analysis of cisplatin in urine using automated column switching

Platinum complexes are retained on solvent generated anion exchangers, prepared by coating reversed-phase (C-18) supports with a monolayer of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide. The retention mechanism is described in terms of ion--dipole interactions in the stationary phase, reinforced by a hydrophobic effect. The high degree of ligand selectivity exhibited by these systems arises from the use of purely aqueous mobile phases which maximize the differences in solute dipole and hydrophobic surface area. By using stationary phases of different surface characteristics and the application of automated column switching, the technique is applicable to the clinical analysis of cisplatin in urine. After chromatography, the purified cisplatin fractions area determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The recovery of cisplatin from urine is 101.1% with a relative standard deviation of 3.6% and the limit of detection is 2 micrograms/ml.
Derivatives, Portfolio Composition and Bank Holding Company

This paper examines the role played by derivatives in determining the interest rate sensitivity of bank holding companies' (BHCs) common stock, controlling for the influence of on-balance sheet activities and other bank- specific characteristics. The major result of the analysis suggests that derivatives have played a significant role in shaping banks' interest rate risk exposures in recent years. For the typical bank holding company in the sample, increases in the use of interest rate derivatives corresponded to greater interest rate risk exposure during the 1991-94 period. This relationship is particularly strong for bank holding companies that serve as derivatives dealers and for smaller, end user BHCs. During earlier years, however, there is no significant relationship between the extent of derivatives activities and interest rate risk exposure. There are two plausible interpretations of the relationship between interest rate derivative activity and interest rate risk exposure in the latter part of the sample period: one interpretation suggests that derivatives tend to enhance interest rate risk exposure for the typical BHC in the sample, while the other suggests that derivatives may be used to partially offset high interest rate risk exposures arising from other activities. The analysis provides support for the first of these two interpretations.
Stop and Frisk, Judicial Independence, and the Ironies of Improper Appearances

On October 31, 2013 — just days before New York City’s mayoral election — three federal appellate judges, Jose A. Cabranes, John M. Walker, Jr., and Barrington D. Parker, Jr., hastily issued an unusual order staying two major decisions by U.S. District Judge Shira A. Scheindlin, which held that the New York City Police Department’s “stop and frisk” practices involved unconstitutional racial profiling. Acting sua sponte and providing no reasoned explanation, the three judges dismissed Judge Scheindlin from presiding over the stop and frisk cases altogether, summarily concluding that she had “compromised” the “appearance of [im]partiality” surrounding the litigation. Two weeks later, after their order had been widely criticized, the three judges abruptly issued a new opinion casting aside the ostensible basis for their earlier decree in favor of other legal grounds. To support their decision, the three judges relied entirely upon extrajudicial information that — by their own acknowledgment — they “read [in] the newspapers.”In this Article, I closely examine this episode, which highlights a growing fluidity between adjudication and public discourse. With enormous amounts of news, opinion, and other information instantly available online, it has become trivially easy for judges to independently research matters outside the formal judicial record that they deem relevant to the cases before them. As a result, judges increasingly appear to render decisions based on extrajudicial sources, but without meaningful constraints or norms to guide and limit the practice. The panel’s actions illustrate the hazards in this apparent trend. Throughout the stop and frisk litigation, New York City officials relentlessly attacked Judge Scheindlin in the media for her alleged “bias” against law enforcement, but declined to actually seek her recusal. By validating and giving effect to that campaign — based entirely on what they had read in the newspapers — Judges Cabranes, Walker, and Parker openly permitted the norms of contemporary political discourse embodied in those news stories to displace the norms of reasoned judicial decision making, and unnecessarily inserted themselves into the mayoral election campaign.Whatever the precise reasons for the conduct of Judges Cabranes, Walker, and Parker, both due process and the quality of their adjudication suffered as a result. And ironically, the three judges also thereby failed to satisfy the very standards to which they sought to hold Judge Scheindlin. The procedurally irregular and substantively deficient nature of their adjudication gave more than ample cause for reasonable observers to question the three judges’ own impartiality and propriety, and undermined the decisional independence that trial judges must enjoy to render fair and impartial decisions that are seen as legitimate across the full spectrum of the public’s diverse litigants and communities.