cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of the Uzgiris and Hunt Scales with Handicapped Infants: Concurrent Validity of the Dunst Age Norms:

The primary purpose of this study was to gather concurrent validity data on the age norms provided in the 1980 Dunst manual for use with the Uzgiris and Hunt Infant Psychological Development Scale. The sample included 39 infants and toddlers who had heterogeneous handicapping conditions which brought about their enrollment in infant intervention programs. Test scores on a traditional measure, the Mental Scale of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, were compared with scores on the Infant Psychological Development Scale. Evidence supporting the validity of the age norms was obtained. The correlation between the mental age estimates from the two infant scales was highly significant (r = .92, p < .01). A discussion of the Infant Psychological Development Scale including the patterns of inter-correlation, the multiple purposes to which it may be applied, and cautions and limitations of the use of this ordinal scale of infant assessment, conclude this report.
Impact of strong quantum confinement on the performance of a highly asymmetric device structure: Monte Carlo particle-based simulation of a focused-ion-beam MOSFET

A highly asymmetric 250 nm n-channel MOSFET, with a 70-nm p/sup +/-implant placed at the source end of the channel (achievable by focused-ion-beam (FIB) implantation, so the device is named FIBMOS), has been simulated using a two-dimensional (2-D) coupled Monte Carlo-Poisson solver, in which quantum confinement effects have been taken into account by incorporating an effective potential scheme into the particle simulator. Although the device is a long-channel one, its performance is dictated by the highly doped p/sup +/-implant at the source end of the channel, and it is crucial to properly account for the quantum-confinement effects in transport, especially at the implant/oxide interface. We show that parameters such as threshold voltage and device transconductance are extremely sensitive to the proper treatment of quantization effects. On the other hand, the built-in electric field, due to the pronounced asymmetry caused by the presence of the p/sup +/-implant, drastically influences the carrier transport, and consequently, the device output characteristics, in particular the magnitude of the velocity overshoot effect and the low-field electron mobility.
Mario Bunge’s Scientific Realism

This paper presents and comments on Mario Bunge’s scientific realism. After a brief introduction in Sects. 1 and 2 outlines Bunge’s conception of realism. Focusing on the case of quantum mechanics, Sect. 3 explores how his approach plays out for problematic theories. Section 4 comments on Bunge’s project against the background of the current debate on realism in contemporary analytic philosophy.
Between and within-site variation in qualitative implementation research

Multisite qualitative studies are challenging in part because decisions regarding within-site and between-site sampling must be made to reduce the complexity of data collection, but these decisions may have serious implications for analyses. There is not yet consensus on how to account for within-site and between-site variations in qualitative perceptions of the organizational context of interventions. The purpose of this study was to analyze variation in perceptions among key informants in order to demonstrate the importance of broad sampling for identifying both within-site and between-site implementation themes. Case studies of four sites were compared to identify differences in how Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) medical centers implemented a Primary Care/Mental Health Integration (PC/MHI) intervention. Qualitative analyses focused on between-profession variation in reported referral and implementation processes within and between sites. Key informants identified co-location, the consultation-liaison service, space, access, and referral processes as important topics. Within-site themes revealed the importance of coordination, communication, and collaboration for implementing PC/MHI. The between-site theme indicated that the preexisting structure of mental healthcare influenced how PC/MHI was implemented at each site and that collaboration among both leaders and providers was critical to overcoming structural barriers. Within- and between-site variation in perceptions among key informants within different professions revealed barriers and facilitators to the implementation not available from a single source. Examples provide insight into implementation barriers for PC/MHI. Multisite implementation studies may benefit from intentionally eliciting and analyzing variation within and between sites. Suggestions for implementation research design are presented.
Processing spatial layout by perception and sensorimotor interaction.

Everyone has the feeling that perception is usually accurate—we apprehend the layout of the world without significant error, and therefore we can interact with it effectively. Several lines of experimentation, however, show that perceived layout is seldom accurate enough to account for the success of visually guided behaviour. A visual world that has more texture on one side, for example, induces a shift of the body's straight ahead to that side and a mislocalization of a small target to the opposite side. Motor interaction with the target remains accurate, however, as measured by a jab with the finger. Slopes of hills are overestimated, even while matching the slopes of the same hills with the forearm is more accurate. The discrepancy shrinks as the estimated range is reduced, until the two estimates are hardly discrepant for a segment of a slope within arm's reach. From an evolutionary standpoint, the function of perception is not to provide an accurate physical layout of the world, but to inform the pl...
Advancing Loop Technique for Endovascular Access to the Anterior Cerebral Artery

Direct endovascular access to the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) with a guidewire and catheter is not always possible. A C-shaped guidewire advanced as a loop into the middle cerebral artery and then withdrawn to advance the guidewire into the ACA is a way to gain endovascular access to the ACA when the direct approach is unsuccessful.
Molecular imaging with optical, magnetic resonance, and radioisotope techniques: potentials and relative limitations

Summary form only given. Advances in optical techniques of fluorescence and bioluminescence; molecular engineering of tracers or probes for magnetic resonance, ultrasound, and emission tomography have lead to new directions in research and new strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. In the last 10 years the resolution, speed, volume of coverage and commercial availability of non-invasive imaging methods have improved many fold and at the same time the contrast resolution for metabolic and functional imaging of the body has shifted the thrust of medical imaging from anatomy to to function and identification of specific molecules and genes by in vivo imaging. The technology advances include photodiode arrays for optical methods, high field magnets proposed to 12 Tesla for functional imaging and multinuclear spectroscopy, 3D ultrasound and positron tomography systems with 2 mm resolution for animals and people. The engineered molecular probes have the potential do image specific enzyme expression and protein receptor patterns specific to diseases such as breast cancer, congestive heart failure, drug addiction and progressive stroke. This presentation will highlight current and future technological advances in the context of major diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, manic depressive diseases, heart failure, spinal vertebrae diseases, breast cancer and prostate cancer.
Cysteine Substitution of Transmembrane Domain Amino Acids Alters the Ethanol Inhibition of GluN1/GluN2A N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptors

N-Methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are inhibited by behaviorally relevant concentrations of ethanol, and residues within transmembrane (TM) domains of NMDARs, including TM3 GluN1 phenylalanine 639 (F639), regulate this sensitivity. In the present study, we used cysteine (C) mutagenesis to determine whether there are additional residues within nearby TM domains that regulate ethanol inhibition on NMDARs. GluN1(F639C)/GluN2A receptors were less inhibited by ethanol than wild-type receptors, and inhibition was restored to wild-type levels following treatment with ethanol-like methanethiosulfonate reagents. Molecular modeling identified six residues in the GluN1 TM1 domain (valine V566; serine S569) and the GluN2A TM4 domain (methionine, M817; V820, F821, and leucine, L824) that were in close vicinity to the TM3 F639 residue, and these were individually mutated to cysteine and tested for ethanol inhibition and receptor function. The F639C-induced decrease in ethanol inhibition was blunted by coexpression of GluN1 TM1 mutants V566C and S569C, and statistically significant interactions were observed for ethanol inhibition among V566C, F639C, and GluN2A TM4 mutants V820C and F821C and S569C, F639C, and GluN2A TM4 mutants F821C and L824C. Ethanol inhibition was also reduced when either GluN1 TM1 mutant V566C or S569C was combined with GluN2A V820C, suggesting a novel TM1:TM4 intrasubunit site of action for ethanol. Cysteines substituted at TM3 and TM4 sites previously suggested to interact with ethanol had less dramatic effects on ethanol inhibition. Overall, the results from these studies suggest that interactions among TM1, TM3, and TM4 amino acids in NMDARs are important determinants of ethanol action at these receptors.
Propagation of cutaneous thermal injury: A mathematical model

Cutaneous burn wounds represent a significant public health problem with 500,000 patients per year in the USA seeking medical attention. Immediately after skin burn injury, the volume of the wound burn expands due to a cascade of chemical reactions, including lipid peroxidation chain reactions. Such expansion threatens life and is therefore highly clinically significant. Based on these chemical reactions, the present paper develops for the first time a three-dimensional mathematical model to quantify the propagation of tissue damage within 12 hours post initial burn. We use the model to investigate the effect of supplemental antioxidant vitamin E for intercepting propagation. We show, for example, that if tissue levels of vitamin E tocotrienol are increased, postburn, by five times then this would slow down the lipid peroxide propagation by at least 50%. We chose the alpha-tocotrienol form of vitamin E as it is a potent inhibitor of 12-lipoxygenase, which is known to propagate oxidative lipid damage. Our model is formulated in terms of differential equations, and sensitivity analysis is performed on the parameters to ensure the robustness of the results.
Evolvable hardware using evolutionary computation to design and optimize hardware systems

Evolvable hardware lies at the intersection of evolutionary computation and physical design. Through the use of evolutionary computation methods, the field seeks to develop a variety of technologies that enable automatic design, adaptation, and reconfiguration of electrical and mechanical hardware systems in ways that outperform conventional techniques. This article surveys evolvable hardware with emphasis on some of the latest developments, many of which deliver performance exceeding traditional methods. As such, the field of evolvable hardware is just now starting to emerge from the research laboratory and into mainstream hardware applications.
The Efficacy of Suction Drains After Routine Total Joint Arthroplasty

A prospective study of thirty-eight patients (seventy-six knees) who had had a primary bilateral total knee replacement and twelve patients (twenty-four hips) who had had a primary bilateral total hip replacement was conducted to assess the effect of postoperative suction drainage on wound-healing. A suction drain was placed on each patient's right operative wound, while no drains were used on the left. Otherwise, the same operative technique and method of closure were used in all wounds. Statistical analysis of the results showed no difference between the two sides with regard to the incidences of swelling or persistent drainage. Return of active function of the quadriceps and of range of motion of the knee in patients who had had a total knee replacement was also unaffected by the use of suction drains. We concluded that the routine use of suction drains for wounds is unnecessary after uncomplicated total joint arthroplasty.
Crucifixion and Burial

This essay examines the contention that Joseph of Arimathaea buried Jesus—in light of what one can know from Greco-Roman culture about the disposal of the bodies of crucified individuals. A survey of the statutes governing the burial of criminals and governing the prosecution of those accused of seditious activity indicates that provincial officials had a choice when confronted with the need to dispose of the bodies of the condemned. Greco-Roman texts show that in certain cases the bodies of the crucified were left to decompose in place. In other cases, the crucified bodies were buried.
High salt intake increases endothelin B receptor function in the renal medulla of rats.

Abstract Aims Endothelin (ET)-1 promotes natriuresis via the endothelin B receptor (ET B ) within the renal medulla. In male rats, direct interstitial infusion of ET-1 into the renal medulla has no effect on renal sodium and water excretion but is associated with endothelin A receptor (ET A )-dependent reductions in medullary blood flow. Loss of ET B function leads to salt-sensitive hypertension. We hypothesized that HS intake would increase the natriuretic and diuretic response to renal medullary infusion of ET peptides. Main methods Male Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats were fed a normal (NS) or high (HS) salt diet for 7 days. Rats were anesthetized and a catheter implanted in the renal medulla for interstitial infusion along with a ureteral catheter for urine collection. Medullary infusion of a low dose of ET B receptor agonist, sarafotoxin 6c (S6c; 0.15 μg/kg/h), or ET-1 (0.45 μg/kg/h) was used to determine changes in sodium excretion (UNaV). Key findings In HS fed rats, intramedullary infusion of a low dose of S6c induced a significant increase in UNaV, roughly 2-fold over baseline, compared to no response to this low dose in NS fed rats. In HS fed rats, intramedullary infusion of ET-1 induced a significantly greater increase in UNaV compared to NS fed rats, although this increase was not different from the HS time control studies. Significance We conclude that high salt intake enhances the diuretic and natriuretic effects of ET B receptor activation in vivo consistent with a role for the ET B receptor in maintaining fluid-electrolyte homeostasis.
Regulation of Immunological Responses by the Neonatal Fc Receptor for IgG, FcRn

Immunoglobulins (Ig) are the hallmark of the humoral immune system and can be found, in varying concentrations, in all tissues of the body as well as throughout the circulatory system. Of the various isotypes, IgG is by far the most abundant in serum due to its extremely long half-life of 7–23 days. Indeed, while other Ig isotypes are known for very specialized roles in allergy (IgE) and pathogen neutralization (IgA), IgG is the main driver of many of the functions originally attributed to humoral immunity including opsonization, complement activation, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Increasingly, however, it is being recognized that the functions of IgG extend beyond simply that of a humoral immune system component to that of a potent integrator of the humoral and cellular arms of a coordinated adaptive immune response.
THE ADAPTIVE SIGNIFICANCE OF ALARM CALLS GIVEN BY SHOREBIRDS ON THEIR WINTER FEEDING GROUNDS.

Some wintering shorebirds (Charadrii) fly up and give a loud alarm call when they are disturbed by a bird of prey. The evolution of this behavior is difficult to explain by natural selection as it seems to confer an advantage to nearby birds by warning them of a predator, and may attract the attention of the predator to the caller itself. Maynard Smith (1965) argued that alarm calls probably evolved through kin selection on the breeding grounds, where the risk to the caller would be outweighed by the advantage of the increased survival of its young. However, it is sometimes difficult to explain the persistence of alarm calling through the winter. In many winter flocks, including those formed by shorebirds, the birds are likely to be only distantly related, and 'alarmism' could only be maintained as a result of kin selection if the disadvantage of calling were extremely small. Maynard Smith (loc. cit.) suggests that this would be the case with alarm calls that had acquired properties that made them very difficult to locate. Whilst these characteristics may be present in some passerine calls (Marler, 1955; Perrins, 1968), they do not seem to exist in the alarm calls given by some shorebirds on their winter feeding grounds. For example, oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus, redshank Tringa totanus, greenshank Tringa nebularia, curlew Numenius arquata and whimbrel Numenius phaeopus fly up and give very loud and easily located calls. One reason for flying up may lie in the tendency of some raptors to take their prey on the ground (e.g., Dickson, 1974; Page and Whitacre, 1975), though other raptor species, such as peregrines Falco peregrinus, often pursue their prey in the air (Hunt et al., 1975). The reason for also giving an alarm call is less clear, and the apparent danger in doing so is exacerbated by the open nature of the habitat and the large size and/or conspicuous plumage of these species. The advantage in shorebirds may be that giving an alarm call enables a flock to form, and this protects the caller from predation. Evidence that grouping can reduce the risk of predation, even after the prey has been detected, is provided by a number of studies. A group may reduce the
Forging African American Minds: Black Pragmatism, “intelligent labor,” and a new look at industrial education, 1879–1900

ABSTRACTThis article examines black thought and black ideas about racial consciousness after Reconstruction in order to rethink the way African American leaders conceived the relationship between work and intellectual achievement in the late nineteenth century. Conventional scholarly accounts of the politics of black knowledge and education – including the still very prevalent paradigm of industrial and classical education – have missed a fascinating transformation of thought among many African American leaders after 1879 who sought to reinvent black identity. At the root of this transformation were shifting ideas about the black worker and a new industrial economy. The leaders who represented the transformation embraced progressive, pragmatist, and very modern approaches to intellectual cultivation – approaches that were more in line with theories of manual training and object-learning than with classical education. In other words, the intellectual rationales for industrial education among black educator...
Improved Receiver Coil Arrays for Real-Time Contrast-Enhanced MR Angiography of the Peripheral Vasculature

Contrast-enhanced MR angiography (CE-MRA) of the peripheral vasculature is particularly challenging because of the need to image multiple limited fields of view or “stations” within an extended region ranging from the renal arteries to the feet. It is desirable to image each station with high spatial resolution, requiring adequately long acquisition time, while also advancing the patient table from one station to the next in synchrony with the advancing contrast bolus, generally necessitating a short acquisition time at each station. To address these competing needs, parallel acquisition methods have been developed which increase the speed with which high spatial resolution images can be formed. However, this method requires receiver coil arrays which are matched to the fields of view and which are mathematically robust to parallel acquisition reconstruction. The purpose of this work is to describe receiver coil arrays which provide the desired performance.
Locally dispersing populations in heterogeneous dynamic landscapes with spatiotemporal correlations. II. Habitat driven by voter dynamics

We examine a spatially explicit population model on a dynamic landscape with suitable and unsuitable habitat driven by voter or contagion dynamics. We consider four cases, consisting of all combinations of local and global interactions for both population dispersal and habitat dynamics. For both local and global population dispersal, using local habitat dynamics always increases population density relative to the case with global habitat dynamics, due to the resulting segregation of habitat turnover, decrease in effective habitat turnover rate, and presence of stable habitat corridors. With global habitat dynamics, a population using local dispersal exhibits lower density than one with global dispersal due to local crowding as well as frequent disturbance due to habitat transitions. On the other hand, with local habitat dynamics, a population using local dispersal can exploit suitable habitat patches and use dynamic corridors to colonize new regions. The latter effect is not seen with static landscapes, where clustered habitat can lead to the isolation of suitable patches due to surrounding unsuitable habitat.
Wage Policies and Funding Strategies for Job Guarantee Programs

As the contributions to this volume illustrate, most of the scholarly literature produced in recent years on the subject of job guarantees has been produced by people working within the Keynesian/post-Keynesian theoretical tradition. Within this theoretical framework, a job guarantee is seen as an economic measure that promises to remedy a critical weakness in conventional Keynesian aggregate demand management policies. That weakness is the inability of those policies to achieve full employment—and the benefits associated with it—without sacrificing price stability.
Mitochondrial Hypermetabolic Neurons in Epilepsy

Researchers at the University of Calgary and Alberta Children's Hospital, Canada studied histochemically frozen sections of 10 brain resections from 7 epileptic children (ages 2 months to 17 years).
Piezoelectric Compliant Mechanism Energy Harvesters Excited Under Large Base Accelerations

A piezoelectric compliant mechanism (PCM) energy harvester is designed, modeled, and analyzed that consists of a polyvinylidene diflouoride, PVDF unimorph clamped at its base and attached to a compliant mechanism at its tip. The compliant hinge stiffness is carefully tuned to approach a low frequency first mode with an efficient (nearly quadratic) shape that provides a uniform strain distribution. A nonlinear model of the PCM energy harvester under large base excitation is derived to determine the maximum power that can be generated by the device. Simulation results show that the PCM bridge structure self-limits the displacement and maximum strain at large excitations compared with the proof mass cantilever, improving the device robustness. The PCM outperforms the cantilever in both average power and power-strain sensitivity at high accelerations due to the PCM axial stretching effect and its more uniform strain distribution.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Los Animales Transgénicos y su Potencial en el Desarrollo de la Biotecnología Animal

The development of new technologies in animal sciences, have allowed the production of transgenic animals as an alternative to improve some characteristics. Transgenic animals have a huge importance in human and veterinary biomedicine and in animal production. These animals are being used as research models in medicine. For example, apolipoprotein E deficient mice that show susceptibility to arteriosclerosis, are good models to study the factors involved in the development of this disease. Several important proteins in human and veterinary medicine obtained from human or animal tissues, are as expensive as 10000 dollars per milligram. These costs could be reduced by using the mammary gland as a bioreactor to produce these proteins in the recombinant form. However, one the major difficulties to produce transgenic animals is the impossibility to predict the regulation and expression level of the gene in the animal obtained. In this paper, technological alternatives that are being evaluated to improve gene inclusion and to control the expression of the gene in the transgenic animal are critically reviewed.
Two Decades of Lung Retransplantation: A Single-Center Experience

Background Lung retransplantation (ReTx) comprises an increasing share of lung transplants and recently has shown improved outcomes. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors affecting overall survival after pulmonary ReTx. Methods The United Network for Organ Sharing database was used to identify patients undergoing lung transplantation at our institution from 1995 to 2014. Of the total 542 lung transplants performed, 87 (16.1%) were ReTxs. The primary outcome was overall survival. Multivariate Cox regression models were used to assess the effect of recipient and donor characteristics on survival. Results Of the patients who underwent ReTx, median survival was 2 years. Predictors of worse survival include recipient age between 50 and 60 years (relative risk, 4.3; p = 0.02) or older than 60 years (relative risk, 10.2; p p = 0.01). ReTx for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome had longer median survival than for restrictive chronic lung allograft dysfunction (2.7 years vs 0.9 years; p = 0.055). Overall survival of ReTx patients after initiation of the lung allocation score was not significantly different ( p = 0.21). Conclusions Lung ReTx outcomes are significantly worse than for primary transplantation but may be appropriate in well-selected patients with certain diagnoses. Lung ReTx in patients older than 50 years or within 2 years of primary lung transplantation was associated with decreased survival. Further work is warranted to identify patients who benefit most from ReTx.
On the Role of Complete, Transitive Preferences in Equilibrium Theory

Most of modern economic equilibrium analysis has as one of its components the “rational consumer”. The rational consumer is assumed to have an ordering on all possible states of the world so that given two such states he will either be able to select the one he prefers or else express indifference between them. Further his preferences are supposed to display consistency by being transitive. Judged by these standards it seems that few real people would pass the rationality test, for it is easy to think of situations in which people deliberately avoid making decisions, say, on a future course of action because they have no clearly felt preference (e.g. to go on a picnic next Sunday, or stay home and watch a televised football game).
Management of Mental Health Crises Among Youths With and Without ASD: A National Survey of Child Psychiatrists

Objective:This study compared management by child psychiatrists of mental health crises among youths with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD).Methods:A custom online mental health crisis services survey was administered to members of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. The survey probed three domains of crisis management: willingness to work with youths with a history of mental health crisis, comfort level in managing a mental health crisis, and availability of external resources during a crisis. Child psychiatrists reporting on management of youths with ASD (N=492) and without ASD (N=374) completed the survey.Results:About 75% of psychiatrists in both groups were willing to accept a child with a history of a mental health crisis in their practice. During a crisis, psychiatrists caring for youths with ASD had less access to external consultation resources, such as a crisis evaluation center or other mental health professionals, compared with those caring for youths without ASD....
Processing strategies for cellulose nanocrystal/polyethylene-co-vinyl alcohol composites

Abstract Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have garnered significant attention due in part to the remarkable properties of crystalline cellulose displayed at the nanoscale coupled with its availability from renewable resources. However, challenges exist in dispersing CNCs in thermoplastic polymers and assessing CNC dispersion. The purpose of this research was to investigate the impact different processing protocols had on CNC dispersion in two polyethylene-co-vinyl alcohol (EVOH) matrices and the resulting microstructure of the nanocomposites. Three processing strategies were proposed: a melt processing technique, a solution casting technique, and a combination of solution casting followed by melt processing. Polarized optical microscopy images of the nanocomposites showed that improved CNC dispersion and changes to the nanocomposite microstructure were observed when the multi-step protocol was implemented. Additionally, changes in microstructure as a function of comonomer ratios of EVOH suggested CNC dispersion changed as a result of differences in polymer-particle compatibility.
Is Recovery from Alcoholism without Treatment Possible? A Review of the Literature

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this review is to collect and report the findings of published studies that report the incidence of diagnosed alcoholics who, without formal treatment, achieved a state of full remission. Potential studies were identified through searches of electronic bibliographic databases. Studies were selected for review if they met the following criteria: (1) were published in a scholarly journal, (2) published prior to March 2014, (3) written in the English language, (4) study participants were older than age 18, (5) had an initial diagnosis of an alcohol use disorder, (6) had never been known to receive formal group or individual substance abuse treatment, and (7) recovery was defined as maintained sobriety for a minimum 12 consecutive month period. Sixteen studies meeting inclusionary criteria and published between 1976 and 2013 were located and reviewed. A growing body of evidence confirms successful remittance of alcoholism can be achieved and maintained over time, without formal treatmen...
Drug Solubilization by Means of a Surface-Modified Edible Biopolymer Enabled by Hot Melt Extrusion.

Abstract A coprocessing/formulation approach for increasing the solubility of poorly soluble drugs using solid dispersions is presented, whereby the active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) retains its crystalline state. The approach uses a biopolymer naturally produced as dendrimeric nanoparticles that has been surface-modified to act as a solubilizing agent. The solubilizing agent is enabled by hot melt extrusion to produce the solid dispersions. Four APIs, phenytoin (PHT), griseofulvin, ibuprofen, and loratadine were used as model compounds to evaluate solubility enhancement. The rank order in solubility enhancement follows that of the hydrophobicity of the APIs. The APIs remained predominantly crystalline after hot melt extrusion processing. However, APIs with weak crystal structure (ibuprofen and loratadine) underwent measurable crystallinity loss. The solubilizing power of the modified biopolymer increases with increasing hydrophobicity and strength of the crystal structure. The solubility is described in terms of a parallel liquid-phase partition-association. For one API (PHT), solubility enhancement was minimal. The dissimilar behavior of PHT is discussed in terms of the polarity match between the API and the hydrophobic microenvironment in the solubilizing agent. This approach is expected to apply to a large number of poorly soluble drugs, offering a complementary approach to existing processing and formulation drug solubilization methods.
Pulpal and Periapical Diagnostic Terminology and Treatment Considerations

This chapter presents a revision of diagnostic terminology developed by the American Association of Endodontists and indicates both the previous and most current terms and definitions. The clarification is useful to the practitioner as dentists and publications often use different terms to describe pulp/periapical pathosis. This can lead to misunderstandings and confusion. Each diagnostic category is described and its clinical significance is reviewed.
NON LINEAR FILTERING

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the problems based on nonlinear filtering. This theorem is an advance over previous work on the subject in the sense that it derives the stochastic differential equation for the nonlinear filtering problem for an important class of stochastically controlled signal processes. The approach just described yields the stochastic differential equation sought as an almost immediate consequence. To keep the calculations less tedious, one shall consider only the scalar case, the general vector case being treated quite similarly. Wonham's result was derived in connection with the existence of an optimal stochastic control in certain problems.
PLASTIC DEFORMATION OF TRANSITION METAL CARBIDES

The transition metal carbides possess a combination of properties1 that places them in a unique position in any classification of compounds. Both the elastic moduli and the melting points are extremely high which are primary characteristics of covalent solids. On the other hand, some of the electrical properties of the carbides are similar to those of metals although some important differences have been described that reflect other contributions to the bonding.2 Close to roam temperature slip and cleavage occur on the same planes as in ionic solids with the same crystal structure, but at high temperatures the details of slip show great similarity to those of metal crystals. This multifaceted character makes it particularly difficult to predict and understand plastic deformation processes in the transition metal carbides. Individual observations can be explained but the details of deformation are not as well understood, at the fundamental level, as they are in a material such as silicon.
Economics analysis of tomato cultivation under poly house and open field conditions in Haryana, India

In the present paper an attempt has been made to study the comparative economics of tomato cultivation under poly house and open field conditions in Karnal district, Haryana. Production and marketing constraints under poly house cultivation have also been identified. The primary data for the agriculture year 2013-14 were collected by personal interviews of the selected farmers with the help of a specially designed schedule. Simple statistical tool like Averages and percentages were used to compare, contrast and interpret the results properly. The overall findings of the study reveal that the cost of cultivation of tomato under poly houses was higher by Rs. 206816.90/acre as com-pared to open field conditions. At the same time, the net returns under poly houses were higher by Rs. 51097.54/acre. Farmers realized 53.71 % higher yield of tomato under poly house as compared to open field conditions. The gross return, returns over variable cost and net return were also higher by 106.94 %, 160.70 % and 48.70 %, respectively in case of poly house as compared to open field conditions. The results of the study also revealed that the tomato cultivation under poly houses has significantly contributed to the yield.
Scandinavians in Chicago: The Origins of White Privilege in Modern America

Scholarship on whiteness, the process by which certain groups of people claimed a white racial identity that enabled them to gain full acceptance into American society, has typically focused on the...
Sex and the Ethnographic I in Reflexive Relationships: A Question of Ethics and Desire in Laurie Charles' Intimate Colonialism

Intimate Colonialism is an autoethnographic account of peace Corp work, Western feminist ideology, and sexual relationships in the field. In this review-essay, the ethics of reflexive relationships and human sexuality are discussed. Lately, ethnographers have been admitting to sexual experiences in the field with their informants and it has become acceptable for anthropologists and sociologists to admit to these interactions; the argument is that the sexual liaisons bring to light new data that would otherwise not be attainable. This review essay also discusses the genre differences between the standard memoir and the autoethnography.
Concentration dependence of human and mouse aryl hydrocarbon receptor responsiveness to polychlorinated biphenyl exposures: Implications for aroclor mixtures

Abstract1. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligands, including 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), are endocrine disrupting chemicals associated with non...
miRNAs and Long-term Breast Cancer Survival: Evidence from the WHEL Study.

Background: There is substantial variation in breast cancer survival rates, even among patients with similar clinical and genomic profiles. New biomarkers are needed to improve risk stratification and inform treatment options. Our aim was to identify novel miRNAs associated with breast cancer survival and quantify their prognostic value after adjusting for established clinical factors and genomic markers. Methods: Using the Women9s Healthy Eating and Living (WHEL) breast cancer cohort with >15 years of follow-up and archived tumor specimens, we assayed PAM50 mRNAs and 25 miRNAs using the Nanostring nCounter platform. Results: We obtained high-quality reads on 1,253 samples (75% of available specimens) and used an existing research-use algorithm to ascertain PAM50 subtypes and risk scores (ROR-PT). We identified miRNAs significantly associated with breast cancer outcomes and then tested these in independent TCGA samples. miRNAs that were also prognostic in TCGA samples were further evaluated in multiple regression Cox models. We also used penalized regression for unbiased discovery. Conclusions: Two miRNAs, 210 and 29c, were associated with breast cancer outcomes in the WHEL and TCGA studies and further improved risk stratification within PAM50 risk groups: 10-year survival was 62% in the node-negative high miR-210-high ROR-PT group versus 75% in the low miR-210- high ROR-PT group. Similar results were obtained for miR-29c. We identified three additional miRNAs, 187-3p, 143-3p, and 205-5p, via penalized regression. Impact: Our findings suggest that miRNAs might be prognostic for long-term breast cancer survival and might improve risk stratification. Further research to incorporate miRNAs into existing clinicogenomic signatures is needed.
Data on reducing carbon footprint in microgrids using distributed battery energy storage

Abstract This data presented in this article was collected using simulations on a microgrid system to analyze reduction of carbon footprints using distributed battery storage devices. Analysis was performed over a 24-h period of operation of the microgrid system to reduce the CO2 emissions from 0% to 100% using battery storage devices. The data can be used in designing efficient microgrid systems, understanding the potential of battery energy storage devices in future electricity generation, and sizing the microgrid systems depending of the CO2 reduction goals in power systems.
A comparative study of shear design methods for straight and skew concrete slabs

Abstract The shear behaviour of concrete members has been long investigated; however, there is still no consensus on a single design approach. Shear failures are generally brittle, hence highly undesired. Failure modes are traditionally classified into one-way and two-way (punching) shear. Nevertheless, in concrete slabs intermediate cases are observed when a concentrated load is located close to the supports. These cases are not considered in most codes of practice, despite some investigative efforts conducted in recent years. Furthermore, knowledge about the shear behaviour of skew slabs is still limited. This paper reviews the shear design provisions of main codes of practice, as well as relevant research on concrete slabs subjected to concentrated loads close to supports. Procedures for extending the code provisions to the design of skew slabs are proposed. These are illustrated and validated through the case studies of two skew railway decks, one simply-supported and the other continuous. Some scatter is found across different codes of practice, broadly reflecting their predominant parameters. The procedures are also compared to the limited experiments on skew slabs available in the literature. It is found that the predicted shear strengths are considerably smaller than the experimental values. Unexpectedly, the experiments highlighted a modest influence of the reinforcement grid orientation, which confirms that the mechanisms underlying shear design in slabs still need to be fully understood.
Trends in HIV prevalence and risk behaviours among men who have sex with men from 2013 to 2017 in Nanjing, China: a consecutive cross-sectional survey.

Objective To examine the trends of HIV prevalence, risk behaviours and HIV testing among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Nanjing. Design Five consecutive cross-sectional surveys. Setting Nanjing, China. Primary and secondary outcome measures HIV and syphilis prevalence, HIV testing rate and factors associated with HIV infection; demographic characteristics and behaviours. Results 649, 669, 577, 633, 503 MSM were recruited from 2013 to 2017. HIV prevalence was 9.9%, 12.3%, 12.5%, 9.8% and 10.1%, respectively. Syphilis prevalence decreased with a range from 10.6% to 5.6%. Risk behaviours like unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) and unprotected virginal sex in the past 6 months decreased, but multiple sex partners and ever used rush popper rose significantly. MSM tested for HIV in the previous year remained stable from 57.0% to 64.1% (P=0.633). Multivariate analysis showed that tested for HIV in the past year was protective factor against HIV infection. MSM who had UAI in the past 6 months, sex role as receptive and dual, diagnosed with sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in the past year and currently syphilis infected were risk factors for HIV infection. Conclusions We observed stable high HIV prevalence, a steady HIV testing rate, decreasing syphilis prevalence and UAI among MSM in Nanjing. However, rush popper use rose dramatically. The HIV preventive strategies for MSM including condom promotion, HIV testing expansion and reduction of rush popper use, STDs screening and standardised treatment should be strengthened.
Chapter 3 – Probability

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the concept of probability. Probability is a concept that is used in conversation. The problems surrounding the definition of probability itself can be similarly circumscribed by summarizing its properties in purely mathematical terms. This is called the axiomatic theory of probability. In brief, if a number conforms to the axioms of probability, it is a probability. The axioms are deceptively simple but they are sufficient to underpin the entire structure of mathematical probability and its offspring, statistics. The frequency definition of probability has been adapted to address (and evade) this problem by defining probability as the relative frequency of the event in the long run. No meaning can he attached to a statement that literally assigns a frequency based probability to a single event or individual. And that, according to the opponents of the frequency view of probability, is exactly what is wrong with the whole frequency approach. An event is a particular group of outcomes having some common property with respect to the random variable.
Is consent sexy? Comparing evaluations of written erotica based on verbal sexual consent

Whether “consent is sexy’ is a topic that has been broadly debated, with some contending that asking for consent ‘ruins the mood’ and is, therefore, distinctly not sexy. In the current research, we...
Institutional Type, Organizational Pathways, and Student Engagement: Deepening Student Engagement and the Benefit Use Paradox in Formal Engagement Spaces.

We explore howinstitutional types relate to individual students’ depth and breadth of engagement, and the degree to which organizational pathways can increase the presence of marginalized students in formal engagement structures. Institutional type and organizational pathways increase student engagement, particularly for marginalized students; however, students who participate at high levels are majority white and middle class. This illuminates how institutional type and organizational pathways operate jointly, and not as substitutes.
National Estimates of ENDS Liquid Nicotine Exposures, U.S., 2013–2017

Introduction Increased use of ENDS in the U.S. is related to acute adverse events from liquid nicotine exposure. This paper provides national estimates of U.S. hospital emergency department visits for exposures from liquid nicotine exposure in individuals aged ≥5 years. Methods In 2018–2019, data from the 2013–2017 National Electronic Injury Surveillance System All Injury Program were used to identify cases of liquid nicotine–related exposures in individuals aged ≥5 years. National estimates of exposures related to liquid nicotine exposure in ENDS for those aged ≥5 years by demographic characteristics, symptoms, diagnoses, and treatment dispositions were calculated. Results From 2013 to 2017, an estimated 2,718 cases related to liquid nicotine among those aged ≥5 years were treated in U.S. hospital emergency departments. Most exposures occurred among those who were aged ≥25 years (51.7%), white (74.1%), and male (51.9%). Most case patients were treated and released from the hospitals, and 7.5% were admitted. Poisoning was the most common diagnosis of these exposures (82.7%). The most common symptoms were cardiovascular (29.7%). Conclusions This study provides national estimates of emergency department visits for injury and poisoning cases related to nicotine exposure from ENDS among individuals aged ≥5 years. Although long-term health outcome studies of liquid nicotine exposure are not available, these estimates provide some insight into the acute health effects. Findings from this study may inform education programs aimed at preventing exposures related to ENDS products.
Bulk flow of cerebrospinal fluid observed in periarterial spaces is not an artifact of injection

The flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) through perivascular spaces surrounding the vasculature is thought to be an important part of the brain9s mechanism for clearing metabolic waste products, including those associated with disorders such as Alzheimer9s disease. Experiments that track tracer particles injected into the cisterna magna of mouse brains have shown evidence of pulsatile CSF flow in perivascular spaces around pial (surface) arteries, with a bulk (average) flow in the same direction as the blood flow. Although measurements are consistent with the idea that this flow is driven primarily by arterial pulsations, the driving mechanism is still not completely understood, and several published articles have suggested that the bulk flow might be an artifact, driven by the injection itself. Here we address this hypothesis with new in vivo experiments in which the injection of suspended tracer particles into the cisterna magna is done with a dual-syringe system, with simultaneous injection and withdrawal of equal amounts of fluid. This method produces no net increase in CSF volume and no significant increase in intracranial pressure, and yet particle-tracking reveals flows in the pial periarterial spaces that are completely consistent with the flows observed in earlier experiments with single-syringe injection.