cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of long-chain and very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in macular degenerations and dystrophies

Macular degeneration is a progressive, bilateral eye disorder that damages the macula of the human eye. The most common form of macular degeneration is age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in people older than 50 years in developed countries. Autosomal dominant Stargardt disease-3 (STGD3) is an inherited macular dystrophy that has clinical features similar to dry AMD, but occurs at a much earlier age. It is caused by a mutation in the elongation of very-long-chain fatty acids-like 4 (ELOVL4) gene, which is responsible for encoding the elongase enzyme that converts shorter chain fatty acids into C28-C38 very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLCPUFAs, total number of carbons ≥24). Diets rich in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) have inverse associations with the progression of AMD and STGD3, and a deficiency in retinal LCPUFAs and VLCPUFAs has been detected in AMD retinas and STGD3 animal models. This article systematically summarizes the roles of LCPUFAs and VLCPUFAs in AMD and STGD3, and discusses future research directions.
Postoperative morbidity is similar inpatients anesthetized with epidural and general anesthesia for radical prostatectomy

Objectives To compare the effect of epidural and general anesthesia on thepostoperative course and complication rate in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy.
Bijections and the Riordan group

One of the cornerstone ideas in mathematics is to take a problem and to look at it in a bigger space. In this paper we examine combinatorial sequences in the context of the Riordan group. Various subgroups of the Riordan group each give us a different view of the original sequence. In many cases this leads to both a combinatorial interpretation and to ECO rewriting rules. In this paper we will concentrate on just four of the subgroups of the Riordan group to demonstrate some of the possibilities of this approach.
Student laboratory presentations as a learning tool in anatomy education

Previous studies have shown that anatomy students who complete oral laboratory presentations believe they understand the material better and retain it longer than they otherwise would if they only took examinations on the material; however, we have found no studies that empirically test such outcomes. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of oral presentations through comparisons with other methods of assessment, most notably, examination performance. Specifically, we tested whether students (n = 256) performed better on examination questions on topics covered by their oral presentations than on other topics. Each student completed two graded, 12-minute laboratory presentations on two different assigned topics during the course and took three examinations, each of which covered a third of the course material. Examination questions were characterized by type (memorization, pathway, analytical, spatial). A two-way repeated measures analysis of variance revealed that students performed better on topics covered by their presentations than on topics not covered by their presentations (P 0.05) and question type (P > 0.05). These results demonstrate empirically that oral presentations are an effective learning tool.
Slow scan SEC vidicon system

A slow scan SEC vidicon system is described here. This system is coupled to the 152.4-cm (60-in) McMath telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory. An anamorphic lens system is used to couple optically the vertical spectrograph to the vidicon system. The resolutin of the over-all system is 55 mA, while the resolution of the spectrograph alone is 50 mA. Actual observational results are used to evaluate the system performance.
High- and Low-Affinity α-[3H]Amino-3-Hydroxy-5-Methylisoxazole-4-Propionic Acid ([3H]AMPA) Binding Sites Represent Immature and Mature Forms of AMPA Receptors and Are Composed of Differentially Glycosylated Subunits

Quantitative alpha-[3H]amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid ([3H]AMPA) binding autoradiography was performed on frozen-thawed sections from rat brain after preincubation at 0 or 35 degrees C for 1 h. Preincubation at 35 degrees C instead of 0 degrees C resulted in a selective decrease of [3H]AMPA binding assayed at a low concentration of [3H]AMPA (50 nM) and an enhancement of binding at a high concentration (500 nM). The decrease in [3H]AMPA binding after preincubation at 35 degrees C was accompanied with the loss of the lighter organelles of P3 (microsomal) fractions. These organelles were found to contain a small subpopulation of AMPA/GluR receptors exhibiting a high affinity for [3H]AMPA (K(D) approximately 14 nM), whereas heavier organelles exhibited lower affinity for AMPA (K(D) approximately 190 nM). This small subpopulation of AMPA/GluR receptors contained almost exclusively a structurally distinct species of GluR2/3 subunits with an apparent molecular mass of 103.5 kDa (assessed with anti-GluR2/3, C-terminal antibodies). Experiments using two deglycosylating enzymes, N-glycopeptidase F and endoglycosidase H, clearly indicated that the 103.5-kDa species represented a partially unglycosylated form of GluR2/3 subunits containing the high-mannose type of oligosaccharide moiety, whereas receptors present in synaptosomal fractions were composed of subunits with complex oligosaccharides. A similar result was obtained by using an antibody recognizing the N-terminal domain of GluR2(4). The same enzymatic treatment indicated that GluR1 subunits also exhibited a partially glycosylated form. These data indicate that high-affinity [3H]AMPA binding sites represent nonsynaptic, intracellular membrane-bound AMPA receptors that differ from synaptic receptors by at least the glycosylation state of GluR2 (and GluR1) subunits. In addition, our results provide a relatively simple way of assessing changes in two spatially and structurally distinct [3H]AMPA binding/GluR sites.
Gender, self-perception, and self-devaluation in depression: A factor analytic study among Iranian college students☆

Abstract The present study is a preliminary attempt to study the relationship between self-esteem and depression from the perspective of attitude theory. Self-esteem was considered as a central attitude toward (or an overall affective evaluation of) oneself, with this central attitude being determined by a complex structure of beliefs about one's attributes, abilities, and behaviors. Within this general conceptual framework, it was found that self-devaluation as an accompaniment of depression did not occur in all aspects of the self-belief system. Also, gender was found to mediate between depression and self-devaluation, in that the relationship between depression and self-devaluation was stronger for females than for males, and females showed devaluation in more aspects of self-beliefs than did males. Results suggest that a self-esteem framework derived from theory and research on attitude should enrich our understanding of self-esteem and of its relationship with depression. Such approaches should also contribute to the strengthening of cognitive and behavioral intervention strategies to deal with depression.
Transverse nuclear magnetic relaxation rate of the cuprate superconductors.

We simplify the Pennington-Slichter expression for the transverse NMR relaxation rate (${\mathit{T}}_{2\mathit{G}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$) in the cuprate superconductors, and use our result to calculate spin-fluctuation parameters in the normal state and ${\mathit{T}}_{2\mathit{G}}$ for the superconducting state of ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$.
The three-factor eating questionnaire to measure dietary restraint, disinhibition and hunger

This report describes the construction of a questionnaire to measure three dimensions of human eating behavior. The first step was a collation of items from two existing questionnaires that measure the related concepts of 'restrained eating' and 'latent obesity', to which were added items newly written to elucidate these concepts. This version was administered to several populations selected to include persons who exhibited the spectrum from extreme dietary restraint to extreme lack of restraint. The resulting responses were factor analyzed and the resulting factor structure was used to revise the questionnaire. This process was then repeated: administration of the revised questionnaire to groups representing extremes of dietary restraint, factor analysis of the results and questionnaire revision. Three stable factors emerged: (1) 'cognitive restraint of eating', (2) 'disinhibition' and (3) 'hunger'. The new 51-item questionnaire measuring these factors is presented.
Molecular evidence that echiurans and pogonophorans are derived annelids

The Annelida, which includes the polychaetes and the clitellates, has long held the taxonomic rank of phylum. The unsegmented, mud-dwelling echiuran spoon worms and the gutless, deep-sea pogonophoran tube worms (including vestimentiferans) share several embryological and morphological features with annelids, but each group also has been considered as a separate metazoan phylum based on the unique characters each group displays. Phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences from the nuclear gene elongation factor-1α place echiurans and pogonophorans within the Annelida. This result, indicating the derived loss of segmentation in echiurans, has profound implications for our understanding of the evolution of metazoan body plans and challenges the traditional view of the phylum-level diversity and evolutionary relationships of protostome worms.
Adverse childhood experiences, dispositional mindfulness, and adult health.

Abstract Objective To determine whether greater dispositional mindfulness is associated with better adult health across a range of exposures to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Methods In 2012, a web-based survey of 2160 Pennsylvania Head Start staff was conducted. We assessed ACE score (count of eight categories of childhood adversity), dispositional mindfulness (Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale—Revised), and the prevalence of three outcomes: multiple health conditions (≥ 3 of 7 conditions), poor health behavior (≥ 2 of 5 behaviors), and poor health-related quality of life (HRQOL) (≥ 2 of 5 indicators). Results Respondents were 97% females, and 23% reported ≥ 3 ACEs. The prevalences of multiple health conditions, poor health behavior, and poor HRQOL were 29%, 21%, and 13%, respectively. At each level of ACE exposure, health outcomes were better in those with greater mindfulness. For example, among persons reporting ≥ 3 ACEs, those in the highest quartile of mindfulness had a prevalence of multiple health conditions two-thirds that of those in the lowest quartile (adjusted prevalence ratio (95% confidence interval) = 0.66 (0.51, 0.86)); for those reporting no ACEs, the ratio was 0.62 (0.41, 0.94). Conclusion Across a range of exposures to ACEs, greater dispositional mindfulness was associated with fewer health conditions, better health behavior, and better HRQOL.
Anti-idiotype antibody induced cellular immunity in mice transgenic for human carcinoembryonic antigen

In the present study, we have analysed the detailed cellular immune mechanisms involved in tumour rejection in carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) transgenic mice after immunization with dendritic cells (DC) pulsed with an anti-idiotype (Id) antibody, 3H1, which mimics CEA. 3H1-pulsed DC vaccinations resulted in induction of CEA specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in vitro and the rejection of CEA-transfected MC-38 murine colon carcinoma cells, C15, in vivo (Saha et al.,Cancer Res 2004; 64: 4995-5003). These CTL mediated major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-restricted tumour cell lysis, production of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and expression of Fas ligand (FasL) and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) in response to C15 cells. CTL used perforin-, FasL-, and TRAIL-mediated death pathways to lyse C15 cells, although perforin-mediated killing was the predominant lytic mechanism in vitro. The cytokines IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha synergistically enhanced surface expression of Fas, TRAIL receptor, MHC class I and class II on C15 cells that increased the sensitivity of tumour cells to CTL lysis. CTL activity generated in 3H1-pulsed DC immunized mice was directed against an epitope defined by the idio-peptide LCD-2, derived from 3H1. In vivo lymphocyte depletion experiments demonstrated that induction of CTL response and antitumour immunity was dependent on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. The analysis of splenocytes of immunized mice that had rejected C15 tumour growth revealed up-regulated surface expression of memory phenotype Ly-6C and CD44 on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. The adoptive transfer experiments also suggested the role of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in this model system. Furthermore, mice that had rejected C15 tumour growth, developed tumour-specific immunological memory.
Unholy Matrimony: Aurora A and N-Myc as Malignant Partners in Neuroblastoma

Aurora A is a mitotic kinase that is essential for regulation of the G2/M checkpoint. In this issue of Cancer Cell , Otto et al. report that Aurora A interacts with MYCN , a potent oncogene in human neuroblastoma, and sequesters it from proteolytic degradation. This surprising finding further enhances Aurora A's potential as a therapeutic target.
Sleep Telemedicine: A Survey Study of Patient Preferences

Telemedicine is an increasingly recognized option for cost-effective management of chronic conditions. We surveyed Sleep Clinic patients about their experiences and preferences regarding different forms of telemedicine. Adult Sleep Clinic patients seen between 2009 and 2011 received a brief survey either by postal mail (𝑛=156) or, for those with an available email address, electronically (𝑛=282). The overall response rate was 28.1% (𝑛=123 responses), with email response rates being higher than postal mail responses. The most commonly reported barriers to in-person physician visits were parking cost (44%), time away from work/school (34%), and cost of gas (26%). Whereas 89% of respondents indicated using telephone and 55% of respondents indicated using email to communicate with providers, none reported experience with video telemedicine. Despite this lack of experience, over 60% reported feeling comfortable or willing to try it. Of those who were uncomfortable about video telemedicine, the two main reasons were that in-person visits feel more natural (48%) and that the doctor might need to perform an examination (24%). More than half of respondents reported willingness to pay a copay for a video visit. Video telemedicine represents a feasible option for chronic sleep disorders management.
Respiratory dysfunction due to L-Dopa therapy for parkinsnism: Diagnosis using serial pulmonary function tests and respiratory inductive plethysmography☆

Dyskinesias involving the respiratory muscles have been described in a variety of movement disorders, especially the tardive dyskinesia associated with long-term use of neuroleptic agents [l-5]. A few reports of respiratory dysfunction after L-dopa therapy for Parkinson’s disease have suggested that this drug induces a similar respiratory dyskinesia, but detailed analyses of respiratory pattern and pulmonary function have been lacking [6-91. We report herein two patients with L-dopa-induced respiratory dysfunction appearing in association with choreiform movements of muscles not related to respiration. These patients were studied using serial monitoring of breathing pattern with the respiratory inductive plethysmograph and serial monitoring of alterations in pulmonary function as assessed by forced expiratory flow volume maneuvers and peak inspiratory and expiratory mouth pressures. CASE REPORTS
Experimental investigation of direct attach microprocessors in a Liquid-Cooled chiller-less Data Center

As part of a US Department of Energy cost shared grant, a liquid cooled chiller-less data center test facility was designed and constructed with the goal of reducing total cooling energy use to less than 5% of the total IT and facilities energy usage by utilizing warm water cooling of the electronic rack. A server compatible Liquid Metal Thermal Interface (LMTI) [1] was developed and integrated to improve the thermal conduction path of the hot server components to the ambient cooling of the data center. This LMTI has a thermal resistance an order of magnitude better than that achieved with most commercially utilized thermal interface materials (TIMs). When integrated directly between a bare die and a water cooled heat sink, this technology achieved a significant improvement in thermal conduction and enabled the computer devices to operate in a much higher ambient temperature environment. Initial studies on single modules showed substantial improvement in operating temperature when utilizing LMTI. Based upon this result, a detailed study was completed using two liquid cooled System X 3550 servers, comparing the thermal performance between the commercial thermal solution of a standard lidded module interfaced with a thermal grease to a cold plate, and the solution where the lid was removed and LMTI was used between the bare die and the same cold plate. The servers were first characterized using bench top investigation and then in a Data Center Liquid Cooled System with the standard lidded module and subsequently reassembled with a direct die attach LMTI. The servers CPU core temperatures showed a 5 to 6 °C advantage in CPU core temperature for the direct attach LMTI compared to the standard lidded module with thermal grease.
Back to the Future: From Klockars' Model of Effective Supervision to Evidence-Based Practice in Probation

ABSTRACT Three contemporary models of probation supervision can be differentiated, based on the extent to which they focus on protecting community safety (surveillance model), promoting offender rehabilitation (treatment model), or both (hybrid model). Hybrid models combine dual roles of controlling and caring for probationers. A quarter century ago, Klockars (1972) articulated a theory to describe how the “synthetic” officer reconciles these dual roles to achieve a broader base of power for behavior change and more positive outcomes than the “law enforcement” officer or “therapeutic agent.” In this article, we apply Klockar's theory to compare modern models of supervision in their (a) theoretical coherence and (b) effectiveness, at both the officer and program level, and for both general probationers and probationers with mental disorder. The weight of the evidence for both types of probationers supports the hybrid model. Going back to Klockar's theory may ultimately inform officers' understanding and ad...
TEACHING ETHICS, TEACHING ETHICALLY

A fair amount of attention has been given recently to teaching ethics and what manners of conduct are proper, especially in the public sector. This article examines not only the substance of teaching ethics, but also the process. The author contends that professors of ethics are in a difficult field because its scope is so broad. While different professions have different ethical codes and standards, it remains true that all fields have ethical considerations. The challenge for the ethics professor is to instill in students a basic understanding of proper conduct, realizing that some actions and decisions are better than others, while not attempting to appear morally omniscient.
In vitro propagation of Hydrangea quercifolia Bartr.

In vitro propagation of Hydrangea quercifolia is possible through differentiation of leaf callus into plantlets and stimulation of axillary bud release from the dormant shoots. The plantlets derived from leaf callus appeared to be suitable for commercial propagation due to their uniform growth pattern and ease of rooting.
Studies in experimental hypersensitiveness in the rhesus monkey

Abstract The same technique which has previously been employed in human beings to demonstrate the absorption of unaltered antigen from the gastrointestinal tract has been demonstrated to be equally as effective for use in the Macacus Rhesus monkey.
Charge–discharge studies on a lithium cell composed of PVdF-HFP polymer membranes prepared by phase inversion technique with a nanocomposite cathode

Abstract A novel polymer membrane of poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP) co-polymer was prepared by the phase inversion technique with two different non-solvents, 1-butanol or hexane. The prepared films were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and nitrogen absorption/desorption techniques. The change in the morphology and pore diameter of the films prepared with different non-solvents correlates with the structure of the non-solvents used. This electrolyte membrane was coupled with a nanocomposite LiAl 0.01 Co 0.99 O 2 cathode which was prepared by a solid-state reaction method and subsequently by ball-milling. Lithium cells consisting of LiAl 0.01 Co 0.99 O 2 /polymer electrolyte/Li were assembled and their charge–discharge studies were investigated.
Enhanced sensitivity of the C3H/10T1/2 cell transformation system to alkylating and chemotherapeutic agents by treatment with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate

The failure of the C3H/10T1/2 cell transformation system to respond to numerous known carcinogens has limited its applications for the detection and study of cancer-causing substances. Recent studies have found, however, that some carcinogens function as initiating agents for the process of transformation in these cells. Treatment with such agents is generally not sufficient to transform low-density asynchronous cultures of C3H/101/2 cells, but morphologic transformation will occur if such cultures are subsequently exposed to the potent tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). In the present study, the ability of TPA to enhance transformation was examined in cultures treated with a variety of chemical agents. The addition of TPA after chemical treatment enhanced the transformation of these cells by methylmethanesulfonate, ethylmethanesulfonate, N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, N-nitrosomethylurea, N-nitrosoethylurea, mitomycin C, 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, and 5-azacytidine. Treatment with amethopterin or benzo(e)pyrene did not produce significant numbers of foci in the presence or absence of TPA. TPA inhibited transformation by high concentrations of 3-methylcholanthrene and benzo(a)pyrene. Thus, numerous carcinogens function as initiating agents for these cells and the presence of TPA can dramatically increase the sensitivity of this cell transformation system.
Quasi-periodic distribution of plasmon modes in two-dimensional Fibonacci arrays of metal nanoparticles

In this paper we investigate for the first time the near-field optical behavior of two-dimensional Fibonacci plasmonic lattices fabricated by electron-beam lithography on transparent quartz substrates. In particular, by performing near-field optical microscopy measurements and three dimensional Finite Difference Time Domain simulations we demonstrate that near-field coupling of nanoparticle dimers in Fibonacci arrays results in a quasi-periodic lattice of localized nanoparticle plasmons. The possibility to accurately predict the spatial distribution of enhanced localized plasmon modes in quasi-periodic Fibonacci arrays can have a significant impact for the design and fabrication of novel nano-plasmonics devices.
Thermal evolution of early solar system planetesimals and the possibility of sustained dynamos

Abstract We present a study investigating the possible presence and longevity of a stable dynamo powered by thermal convection in early solar system planetesimals. We model the thermal evolution of planetesimals that start from an initially cool state. After melting, core formation, and onset of mantle convection have occurred, we use a numerical model that relies on thermal boundary layer theory for stagnant lid convection to determine a cooling rate and thermal boundary layer thickness that are dynamically self consistent. We assess the presence, strength and duration of a dynamo for a range of planetesimal sizes and other parameters. The duration of a dynamo depends foremost on the planetesimal’s radius. Given a particular magnetic field strength and dynamo duration we are able to place a constraint on the minimum radius of planetesimals, for example: bodies smaller than ∼ 500 km will be unable to generate a dynamo with magnetic field strength of the order of 20 μ T for a duration of 10 Myr or longer. We find that dynamo duration also depends, to a lesser extent, on the effective temperature dependence of the mantle viscosity and on the rotation rate of the body. These dependencies are made explicit by our derivation of an analytical approximation for the cooling rate of a planetesimal and its dynamo duration.
Increasing student involvement in lectures: (very) low tech innovations in a biochemistry lecture class

The inherent passivity of the traditional lecture format makes this a poor mode for learning. In this paper I outline a simple but effective approach for eliciting student participation in the intermediate size lecture course (50–100 students). Two types of question are employed to increase student involvement. Each lecture ends with a set of questions directly related to concepts that will be covered in the next session. At the following lecture, specific students, chosen at random from the class list, are called on to answer these questions. Classroom participation is also elicited by calling on students to answer questions which focus on the major points during each lecture. Finally, students are invited to submit questions for inclusion on each exam. These devices make the lecture a more active and participatory experience.
Multichannel Mobile Ad Hoc Links for Multimedia Communications

This paper is mainly concerned with multichannel transmission of real-time information such as video over multihop ad hoc links. We propose two multichannel routing protocols. The first is based on single-path routing and aims at suppressing the intrapath interference in a carrier sense multiple access/collision avoidance network. This is achieved by developing a link-partitioning scheme where nodes in the neighboring partitions operate at different nonoverlapping frequency bands. For this approach, we present a systematic channel assignment technique that has been specifically developed for the ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing protocol. It is shown that this partitioning scheme can considerably enhance the throughput performance of a multihop link. The second multichannel scheme is developed for transmission of real-time traffic over multiple-path routes. Bear in mind that multiple-path diversity routing has been shown to be very effective in dealing with network congestion in wireline Internet protocol networks. Unfortunately, in mobile ad hoc network environments, particularly for real-time traffic, this approach can suffer greatly from cochannel interference due to the simultaneous transmission of packets via multiple routes. In this respect, we have designed a dual-path routing protocol, which guarantees a different frequency band for each path, thus eliminating any interpath interference. We show that this protocol has an important property, which is reducing the probability of losing both routes at the same time. Based on this important property, we demonstrate that a combination of the routing protocol and dual-description video coding can greatly enhance the ad hoc network performance of video transmission for real-time traffic.
Computational Studies of Transition Metal Selectivity of Octapeptide Repeat Region of Prion Protein (PrP)

We have presented a detailed theoretical (density functional theory and ONIOM) study on the structure and M−PrP (prion protein) interaction on various prion models, M(PrP) systems (where PrP = HGG,...
Stability of nuclear DNA content during adventitious shoot formation in Pinus taeda L. tissue culture

Attempts to preserve selected genotypes through clonal propagation may be hampered by genetic instability produced during the tissue culture phase of the propagation procedure. To investigate the genetic condition of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) tissue cultures, nuclear DNA content in embryos grown in vitro and in regenerated buds were examined using two-wavelength microspectrophotometry. Embryos were grown on chemically defined media containing cytokinin as the sole growth regulator. Nuclear DNA content remained at or between 2 C and 4 C with no evidence of polyploidy during nearly 3 months of continuous culture. Benzylaminopurine, even at concentrations which were supraoptimal for shoot regeneration, had no effect on nuclear DNA content. Regenerated shoots also had stable nuclear DNA contents which correspond to a diploid condition. These results are of significance for the development of mass propagation techniques for this commercially valuable species. GENETIC STABILITY of species in vitro is a prerequisite for mass propagation of selected genotypes through tissue culture. Yet reports of genetic instability in plant tissue cultures are numerous (Partanen, 1963; Nagl, 1974;
Phase diagram for a Josephson network in a magnetic field.

We have constructed the ground-state configurations for a square-lattice Josephson network in a magnetic field H=p${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Phi}}}_{0}$/${\mathit{qa}}^{2}$, for all p and q in the range 1\ensuremath{\le}p\ensuremath{\le}q/2 and 2\ensuremath{\le}q\ensuremath{\le}20, leading to a better understanding of the zero-temperature phase diagram. We then compute the field dependence of the ground-state energy, helicity modulus, and critical current.
Mutual optimization of resolution enhancement techniques

As subhalf wavelength optical lithography is pursued, the variety of imaging requirements increases. This can result in complex combinations of various resolution enhancement techniques. Optimization based on simple standards or rules is not possible. Problems often arise as analysis is carried out in a spatial domain, where mask and image properties are evaluated using sizing or dimensional evaluations. A more appropriate perspective for image optimization is that of the lens pupil, in a spatial frequency domain. In this paper, we describe the common characteristics of resolution enhancement, beyond the historical comparisons of alternating phase shifting masking (PSM) and strong OAI. Enhancement techniques including assist feature optical proximity correction (OPC), custom illumination, attenuated PSM, and pupil filtering are described from a spatial frequency standpoint where each can be utilized to take advantage of strengths and avoid weaknesses. As a result of this type of analysis, we will also describe an alternative OPC method in which assist features of varying tone, referred to as gray bars, provide significant image improvement.
Workload and transmission data for the installation of a digital breast tomosynthesis system.

Purpose: Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) differs from conventional mammography in target/filter, kVp range, and imaging geometry. The aim of this study was to assess the breast input exposure of a DBT system by completing a workload survey of DBT installations, and to determine the parameters α, β, and γ in the Archer equation for the primary radiation generated by the clinical workload distributions. Methods: The authors conducted a retrospective survey of the x-ray breast imaging performed between September 2011 and September 2012 in three clinical DBT rooms equipped with Selenia Dimensions systems (Hologic Inc., Bedford, MA). A total of 343 examinations were analyzed to calculate the workload (mA-minute) and the primary air kerma at 1 m from the source (K1). Transmission curves were calculated for the primary radiation generated by the workload distributions of the DBT rooms, and were fitted to the Archer equation. Results: There were large variations in patient volume and workload in the three examination rooms. In all these rooms, the average tube voltage (kVp) was about 31, the average K1 per patient was 16–21 mGy, and the average mA-minute per patient was 1.4–2.2 times higher than that of the mammography room described in NCRP Report No. 147. Most DBT screening examinations consisted of four two-dimensional mammographic views plus four tomosynthesis scans; the numbers of views acquired in diagnostic examinations varied widely. Tomosynthesis scans contributed about 30% of total mA-minute and about 50% of K1. For the primary radiation generated by the clinical workload distributions, α was similar to that of 40–45 kVp W/Al (target/filter), and α + β was similar to that of 30 kVp W/Al. Conclusions: The workload (mA-minute and K1) distributions of mammographic examinations with DBT differ from conventional mammography. A field survey of patient volume and x-ray tube usage is important for the shielding design of DBT facilities. The clinical workloads and transmission data presented in this paper may be useful for clinical medical physicists.
NMR measurements of chemical theory equilibrium constants for hydrogen-bonded solutions

Although various chemical theories have often been used to characterize hydrogen-bonded systems with some success, they have been limited by the fact that the equilibrium constants were adjustable parameters. This paper reports a method to measure directly these constants by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Results are reported for several systems and are used with a chemical-physical theory to predict vapor-liquid equilibria.
Calcification of the pericardium caused by a hitherto unrecognized etiological factor

Abstract Calcification of the pericardium has been associated with diseases of varied etiology. However, in the majority of cases the etiological agent remains undefined. The most frequently recognized causes are tuberculosis, rheumatic fever, septic infections, and nonspecific pericarditis. Of lesser incidence are trauma, neoplasm, foreign body, and myocardial infarction. 1–3 Recently, histoplasmosis has been suggested as another agent responsible for calcification of the pericardium. 4 In a recent clinicoroentgenologic study of workers employed in talc mills and mines by one of the authors (M.K.), calcification of the pericardium was observed in three of thirty-seven cases. 5 It is the purpose of this paper (a) to present these three cases with calcification of the pericardium, (b) to establish another etiological agent (inhalation of talc) for pericardial calcification, and (c) to discuss the possible mechanisms responsible for the latter.
Induction of liver microsomal drug metabolism and inhibition of microsomal ribonuclease activity by phenobarbital

Microsomal ribonuclease (RNase) activity was determined after the administration of phenobarbital (100 mg/kg, ip) to rats. Eighty percent inhibition of RNase activity occurred 48 hr prior to maximal stimulation of p-chloro-N-methylaniline demethylation. Thereafter, RNase activity increased to control levels. Inhibition of RNase activity was also observed in a dose-dependent manner when phenobarbital (25 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg twice daily) was administered to intact, adrenalectomized or hypophysectomized rats. These results suggested that RNase inhibition occurred during stimulation of drug metabolism in the absence of the pituitary or adrenal glands. Recombination experiments involving addition of 105,000 g liver supernatant fractions to control microsomes resulted in inhibition of RNase activity of the latter fractions. The administration of 3-methylcholanthrene (40 mg/kg, ip for 2 days) did not produce significant (p > 0.05) inhibition of microsomal RNase. The results of this study suggested that RNase inhibition did not require an intact pituitary-adrenal axis during induction of drug metabolism by phenobarbital. The inhibition of RNase was probably due to the presence of a cytoplasmic inhibitor.
DIAGNOSTIC TESTING AND DEMENTIA

The prevalence of dementia is expected to increase markedly as our population ages. Although only a minority of cases currently are found to have treatable causes, the personal and financial costs of misdiagnosis are great. Furthermore, progress in developing effective therapy hinges on accurate diagnosis. This article reviews the current state of diagnostic testing in the diagnosis of dementia.
Psychosocial adaptation to disability and its investigation among persons with multiple sclerosis

This review begins with a general discussion of the concept of psychosocial adaptation to disability, reaction phases that the adaptation process is thought to comprise, instruments to measure adaptation and the basic research questions that need to be addressed to construct a theoretical model for the process. The research literature concerning psychosocial adaptation to disability among persons with multiple sclerosis is reviewed as an illustration. Research problems identified in this review are then listed, with suggestions for future research.
Metamorphosis of ordered mesopores to micropores: periodic silica with unprecedented loading of pendant reactive organic groups transforms to periodic microporous silica with tailorable pore size.

Ordered porous silicas with unprecedented loadings of pendant vinyl groups have been synthesized via co-condensation of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and triethoxyvinylsilane (TEVS) under basic conditions in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium surfactant. The resulting organosilicate-surfactant composites exhibited at least one low-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD) peak up to the TEVS:TEOS molar ratio of 7:3 (70% TEVS loading) in the synthesis gel. The surfactant was removed from these composites without any structural collapse. Nitrogen adsorption provided strong evidence of the presence of uniformly sized pores and the lack of phase separation up to TEVS:TEOS ratios as high as 13:7 (65% TEVS loading), whereas 29Si MAS NMR and high-resolution thermogravimetry showed essentially quantitative incorporation of the organosilane. Thus, a hitherto unachieved loading level for pendant groups, considered by many to be impossible to achieve for stable organosilicas because of the expected framework connectivity ...
Endometriosis—the role of medroxyprogesterone acetate

SummaryEndometriosis is a progressive, often debilitating disease which affects 10 to 15 per cent of women during their reproductive years (Williams and Pratt, 1977; Schmidt 1985). Among gynaecological disorders, endometriosis is second only to leiomyomata in frequency and accounts for 25 per cent of all laparotomies performed by gynaecologists. (Hassan, 1976). Although not usually life threatening, endometriosis may significantly impair health and fertility potential. Selection of optimal treatment is therefore of the utmost clinical significance, as new and improved methods of treatment are continually being sought with the hope of finding a cure for this pervasive disease.
A Novel Scheme for Traffic Monitoring in Optical Burst-Switched Networks

Optical Burst Switching (OBS) technology offers a promising solution for the next generation Internet backbone. One of the main aspects in the deployment of OBS services is the development of an optical traffic/performance monitoring scheme allowing the provision of user-specified quality of service (QoS). In this paper, we develop a performance monitoring scheme for an OBS network architecture suitable for contention resolution and QoS provisioning. It mainly addresses congestion control and QoS monitoring. Simulation experiments are also performed to validate the proposed scheme and analyze its performances.
Domain wall junctions are 1/4 - BPS states

We study N=1 SUSY theories in four dimensions with multiple discrete vacua, which admit solitonic solutions describing segments of domain walls meeting at one-dimensional junctions. We show that there exist solutions preserving one quarter of the underlying supersymmetry -- a single Hermitian supercharge. We derive a BPS bound for the masses of these solutions and construct a solution explicitly in a special case. The relevance to the confining phase of N=1 SUSY Yang-Mills and the M-theory/SYM relationship is discussed.
An electron diffraction study of amorphous silicon oxide films

Abstract Amorphous silicon oxide films have been examined by high energy electron diffraction using the sector-microphotometer method of data collection common to gas phase electron diffraction. This data was analyzed with a least-squares procedure that is designed to minimize extraneous detail in the radial distribution function obtained by the Fourier sine transform of the interference function. The results of this analysis for thin film SiO 2 show that the overall bonding topology of the thin film agress well with that of bulk (vitreous) SiO 2 examined by X-ray diffraction. The experimental short distance parameters for the films whose composition was determined to be ∼SiO 1.3 , SiO, and SiO 0.8 are found to be consistent with those expected for a mixture of tetrahedrally bonded amorphous Si and SiO 2 phases in which the scale of the Si-like and SiO 2 -like regions is of the order of a few basic tetrahedral units. This result is in agreement with previous examinations of SiO powder by X-rays and a previous examination of thin silicon oxide films by electron diffraction.
Cognitive strategies and eye movements for searching hierarchical computer displays

This research investigates the cognitive strategies and eye movements that people use to search for a known item in a hierarchical computer display. Computational cognitive models were built to simulate the visual-perceptual and oculomotor processing required to search hierarchical and nonhierarchical displays. Eye movement data were collected and compared on over a dozen measures with the "a priori" predictions of the models. Though it is well accepted that hierarchical layouts are easier to search than nonhierarchical layouts, the underlying cognitive basis for this design heuristic has not yet been established. This work combines cognitive modeling and eye tracking to explain this and numerous other visual design guidelines. This research also demonstrates the power of cognitive modeling for predicting, explaining, and interpreting eye movement data, and how to use eye tracking data to confirm and disconfirm modeling details.
John Marshall Harlan's Political Memoir

Near the end of his life, John Marshall Harlan wrote a number of biographical essays, presumably at the request of his children. Most of the essays relate to his experiences in the Civil War. The essay reprinted here instead recounts Harlan's political career before he joined the Supreme Court. Although he rarely won any elections and only held a couple of offices, Harlan's political odyssey is significant in that it shows how his social views were formed. Harlan's transformation from a staunch anti-abolitionist to a civil-rights advocate can be viewed as a series of reactions against various opponents as he struggled to find his political identity after the collapse of the Whig party in the 1850s.
Synthesis and characterization of C60{lcub;CCl4}rcub;10

Abstract A new type of CCl4-solvated-C60 compound has been synthesized in single crystal form which is stable at room temperature and below only when in contact with the C60 saturated CCl4 solution. From differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements we conclude that the crystal contains (10±2) CCl4 molecules per C60. The crystal structure is face-centered-cubic (f.c.c.) with a lattice parameter of 27.39 A at room temperature.
Kinetics and Mechanisms of the Oxidation of Hydrazinium Ion (N2H5+) by ICl and IBr; Determination of the Protonation Constant of N2H5+

The kinetics of N2H5+ oxidation by ICl and IBr in 0.1−1.0 M [H+] is investigated by following the formation of I2Cl- and I2Br- with excess ICl2- and IBr2-, respectively, when total hydrazine is the limiting reactant. Highly acidic solutions are needed to suppress the rates of N2H4 reactions and to avoid hydrolysis of the interhalogens. Protonation constants of N2H5+, KP2 = [N2H62+]/[N2H5+][H+], measured spectrophotometrically at 25.0 °C with picric acid as an indicator, are 1.61 M-1 (μ = 0.50 M) and 1.72 M-1 (μ = 1.00 M). In the proposed mechanisms, ICl and IBr react by an I+ transfer process to N2H5+ with loss of H+ (k1) to form a steady-state species, IN2H4+, that eliminates I- and H+ to give N2H3+ (k2). Subsequent reactions consume a second interhalogen, as diazine (N2H2) is rapidly oxidized to N2. Rate constants (25.0 °C, μ = 1.00 M) for the ICl/N2H5+ reaction are k1 = 4.12 × 106 M-1 s-1, k-1/k2 = 1.9 M-2 and for the IBr/N2H5+ reaction are k1 = 7.6 × 104 M-1 s-1, k-1/k2 = 28 M-2. The relative rates of...
Interactive Phenomena among Bacteria of Dairy Origin

Abstract Interactive phenomena among pairs of microorganisms were studied by overlapping drop pairs of the species on nutrient agar plates over a 10 3 -fold range of concentration. Changes in the number and size of the colonies in and beyond the zone of overlap were recorded after incubation for 24–48 hours at 32C. Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas fragi , and Alcaligenes viscolactis had no visible effect on coliform bacteria and certain species of Micrococcus, Serratia, Sarcina , and Gaffkya . The inhibitory action of Escherichia coli and Aerobacter aerogenes was limited to a partial or complete reduction of growth of the test species in the zone of overlap and seemed independent of the concentration of the test species. Mutual inhibition was evident when Streptococcus faecalis var. liquefaciens or Streptococcus faecalis was tested against E. coli, A. aerogenes , or Serratia marcescens . The extent of inhibition of each species depended on the ratio of concentrations of the species in the drop pair. The partial to complete and diffusible inhibition of Micrococcus flavus, Micrococcus candidus, Micrococcus freudenreichii, Sarcina flava , and Gaffkya tetragena by certain concentrations of S. faecalis var. liquefaciens, S. faecalis , and S. marcescens , seemed to be affected by the concentration of the test species.
High-resolution ion mobility studies of sodium chloride nanocrystals

Abstract High-resolution ion mobility measurements have been used to examine the geometries of (NaCl)nCl− clusters with up to 49 NaCl units. Steps in the relative inverse mobilities as a function of the number of NaCl units are due to completion of the 4 × 3 × 3, 4 × 4 × 3, 4 × 4 × 4, and 5 × 4 × 4 cuboids. For clusters with more than 30 NaCl units several families of isomers, with different cuboid or incomplete cuboid geometries, have been resolved at room temperature. The resolved isomers are assigned to specific geometries by comparing the measured mobilities to mobilities calculated for geometries optimized using an ionic potential.
Trace element diel variations and particulate pulses in perimeter freshwater wetlands of Great Salt Lake, Utah

Abstract Trace elements (including total and methyl Hg, Sb, Se, U, V, and Mn), field parameters (including dissolved oxygen, pH, and water temperature), and other constituents were monitored over a 24-hr period during August 20–21, 2008 and September 14–15, 2009 at the outlet of two freshwater wetland ponds located near the southeastern shoreline of Great Salt Lake, Utah, to determine whether pe- and/or pH-driven diel cycles in trace element concentrations would be observed. Unfiltered and filtered ( 75% of mass) associated with the > 0.45 μm, or particulate, fraction. Cu, Cr, Cd, Mn, and Ti were also associated with the particulate fraction to a lesser extent (22–58% of mass). As, Co, Li, Ni, Sb, Se, Sr, U, and V were predominantly in the “dissolved” (