cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ornithopter optimal trajectory control

Abstract Mesoscale ornithopters inhabit a niche in our vehicle technology; they are capable of both hovering and forward flight. The ability to achieve both of these flight regimes is valuable, and this can be done through control of vehicle parameters and by having sufficient actuation authority. The problem of transition between forward flight and hovering flight in an ornithopter is described. An ornithopter dynamic model based on quasi-steady aerodynamics and Newton–Euler rigid body dynamics is developed and shown to accurately describe the problem of interest. A brief exegesis on nonlinear dynamics and flight stability is used to develop stabilizing feedback controllers used to encourage the flight to remain within satisfactory errors of the desired trajectories. Then, feedback control is shown to allow stable transition between forward flight and hover. The optimal control problem to develop transition trajectories is then described and several optimal paths are calculated. These are shown to be amenable to stabilizing feedback control as well. It is concluded that the methods outlined in this paper will prove useful in the design of micro-air-vehicles with unique capabilities.
A field ion microscope — imaging atom probe study of the underpotential deposition of copper on platinum

Etudes des 1res etapes du depot electrochimique de l'alliage et en particulier de l'etape d'adsorption
Quasi-free scattering in the D(p, pn)p reaction from 15 to 50 MeV

Abstract The D(p, pn)p reaction was studied in a kinematically complete experiment. Comparison with the kinematically equivalent D(p, pp)n reaction shows the surprising result that the measured cross section for the (p, pn) reaction is a factor of seven larger than that of the (p, pp) reaction at the lower energies. The impulse approximation describes the shape of the observed energy spectra, but does not predict the measured magnitude.
Cautions for the estimation of equivalent current systems from geomagnetic data

Abstract Spherical harmonic geomagnetic data analysis is a convenient technique to estimate equivalent current systems and to separate the external from the internal fields. However, there are certain cautions which need to be taken in the procedure, as demonstrated by some examples of the analyses of geomagnetic daily variations during solar active and quiet periods. Questions concerning the proper level of series truncation, problems with sharp gradients of the northward amplitude in narrow latitudinal zones, and dependence of results on which horizontal component is selected (northward, eastward or both) are discussed for the northern hemispheric equivalent current systems.
Rapid flow-injection sandwich-type immunoassays of proteins using an immobilized antibody reactor and adenosine deaminase-antibody conjugates

Abstract A rapid flow-injection sandwich enzyme immunoassay suitable for the direct determination of proteins in biological samples is described. The proposed system utilizes highly active adenosine deaminase—antibody conjugates in conjunction with a flow-through immunoreactor and an ammonium ion-selective potentiometric detector. After appropriate sample/reagent injection steps, the enzyme activity bound to the reactor is measured by diverting a coninuously flowing stream of substrate (adenosine) through the packed immunocolumn and detecting liberated ammonium ions downstream with a tubular ammonium ion-selective electrode. The bound enzyme activity is directly proportional to the concentration of analyte in the original sample. By using non-equilibrium flow-rates of sample and reagent slugs, a single protein assay takes less than 12 min, including regeneration of the reactor. The proposed method is shown to be selective, reproducible and capable of determining accurately the model protein (human IgC) at sub-μg ml −1 concentrations.
Photographic Catalog of the Selected Antarctic Meteorites

The collection of new meteorite specimens from Antarctica has commanded the attention of interested scientists for the past decade. Meteorites have been collected in large numbers by Japanese exploration teams in the Yamato Mountains, East Antarctica region. The first meteorites were discovered there in 1969. Expeditions in 1973, 1974, 1975–1976, and 1979–1980 have added over 4000 meteorites to the National Institute of Polar Research Collection. Another 700 were added in 1976 through 1979 by joint Japan-United States teams in the Transantarctic Mountains, South Victoria Land. It should be noted that when meteoroids fall, they usually break up into many pieces. It has not been established how many individual falls make up this large collection of individuals. The Photographic Catalog of the Selected Antarctic Meteorites contains 178 photographs of 134 meteorites selected from the NIPR Collection. The majority of the photographs are of whole or broken stones in the condition they were found on the ice. Some photographs show cut or broken faces made during the sampling of the meteorites for investigation. A brief description of the specimen is included with each photograph. The publishers hope that these photographs and hand-specimen descriptions will be helpful in guiding detailed petrologic, chemical, and physical studies in the future.
The synthesis of 1-methyl-1-silaadamantane

Abstract The synthesis of 1-methyl-1-silaadamantane from cis -1,3,5-tris(trimethylsilylmethyl)cyclohexane and AlCl 3 is described. 1-Chloro-1-silaadamantane was also isolated as a minor product.
The influence of uremia on fractional sodium reabsorption by the proximal tubule of rats.

The influence of uremia on fractional sodium reabsorption by the proximal tubule. Micropuncture and clearance studies were performed on four groups of rats. All had one remnant kidney in which the nephron population was reduced by approximately 80%. In the first two groups, the contralateral kidney was intact; in one of these, micropuncture studies were performed on the intact kidneys and in the other on the remnant kidneys. In the remaining two groups the intact kidneys were removed and the remnant kidneys were studied at one of two time intervals: 1) within 50 hours of removing the intact kidneys; 2) two to three weeks post-nephrectomy. Free flow micropuncture techniques were used to measure single nephron GFR and proximal tubular sodium reabsorption by superficial nephrons. All animals were maintained on a constant daily salt intake by tube feeding. During the studies sodium was infused at a rate adjusted to produce a modest natriuresis. In both acutely and chronically uremic animals fractional sodium excretion was markedly greater than in control animals with the same estimated degree of ECF volume expansion. Single nephron GFR was increased in the uremic animals but absolute sodium reabsorption was not significantly different from the values in the control group. A substantial reduction in fractional sodium reabsorption by proximal tubules was observed. The data suggest that both hyperfiltration and inhibition of proximal tubular sodium reabsorption contributed to the increased rate of sodium excretion per nephron in the uremic rats.
On the structure of anagrammatic encodings

The anagrammatic, (never-synchronizing) property is investigated in terms of some structural aspects of exhaustive prefix encodings. In the case of alphabets having even numbers of characters, a condition necessary for the anagrammatic property is derived in terms of the number of second-longest words. Structure functions are used to derive a necessary condition for the property in terms of the sets of proper prefixes of an encoding and its reversal.
Energy dependence of commercially available diode detectors for in-vivo dosimetry.

The energy dependence of commercially available diode detectors was measured for nominal accelerating potential ranging between Co - 60 and 17 MV . The measurements were performed in a liquid water phantom at 5 cm depth for 10 × 10 cm 2 collimator setting and source-to-detector distance of 100 cm . The response (nC/Gy) was normalized to Co - 60 beam after corrections for the dose rate and temperature dependences for each diode. The energy dependence, calculated by taking the percent difference between the maximum and minimum sensitivity normalized to Co - 60 beam, varied by 39% for the n -type Isorad Red, 26% for the n -type Isorad Electron, 19% for the QED Red ( p -type), 15% for the QED Electron ( p -type), 11% for the QED Blue ( p -type), and 6% for the EDP10 diode for nominal accelerating potential between Co - 60 and 17 MV . It varied by 34% for the Isorad-3 Gold #1 and #2, 35% for the Veridose Green, 15% for the Veridose Yellow, 9% for the Veridose Electron, 21% for the n -type QEDGold, 24% for the n -type QED Red, 3% for the EDP 2 3 G , 2% for the PFD (photon field detector), 7% for the EDP 10 3 G , and 16% for the EDP 20 3 G for nominal accelerating potential between Co - 60 and 15 MV . The magnitude of the energy dependence is verified by Monte Carlo simulation. We concluded that the energy dependence does not depend on whether the diode is n - or p -type but rather depends mainly on the material around the die such as the buildup and the geometry of the buildup material. As a result, the value of the energy dependence can vary for each individual diode depending on the actual geometry and should be used with caution.
Intracellular zinc fluctuations modulate protein tyrosine phosphatase activity in insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling.

Abstract Zinc is an effector of insulin/IGF-1 signaling and has insulinomimetic effects, the molecular basis of which is not understood. The present study establishes the capacity of zinc to inhibit protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) as a cause for these effects and, moreover, demonstrates modulation of the insulin response by changes in intracellular zinc. The inhibition of PTPs by zinc occurs at significantly lower concentrations than previously reported. In vitro, zinc inhibits PTPs 1B and SHP-1 with IC50 values of 17 and 93 nM, respectively. A fluorescent probe with a similar binding constant [FluoZin-3, KD(Zn) = 15 nM] detects corresponding concentrations of zinc within cells. Increase of cellular zinc after incubation with both zinc and the ionophore pyrithione augments protein tyrosine phosphorylation, and in particular the phosphorylation of three activating tyrosine residues of the insulin/IGF-1 receptor. Vice versa, specific chelation of cellular zinc with the membrane-permeable N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine suppresses insulin- and IGF-1-stimulated phosphorylation. In the context of the emerging concept that intracellular zinc is tightly regulated and fluctuates dynamically, these results suggest that a pool of cellular zinc modulates phosphorylation signaling.
Firewall Policy Reconstruction by Active Probing: An Attacker's View

Having a firewall policy that is correct and complete is crucial to the safety of the computer network. An adversary will benefit a lot from knowing the policy or its semantics. In this paper we show how an attacker can reconstruct a firewall's policy by probing the firewall by sending tailored packets into a network and forming an idea of what the policy looks like. We present two approaches of compiling this information into a policy that can be arbitrary close to the original one used in the deployed firewall. The first approach is based on region growing from single firewall response to sample packets. The other approach uses split-and-merge in order to divide the space of the firewall's rules and analyzes each independently. Both techniques merge the results obtained into a more compact version of the policies reconstructed.
Taking assessment on the road: Utah Academic Librarians focus on distance learners

Abstract This paper presents the results of focus groups conducted by Utah academic librarians at branch campuses in Utah. Librarians met with distance learners on-site to gain insights into their informationseeking behavior and to learn if they are using library services. Students rely heavily on the Web for information and also utilize known resources in friends and family. Marketing and publicizing library services through classes and at the delivery sites is vital. Students appreciate the services libraries offer and strongly prefer face-to-face instruction and direct assistance from a librarian.
Damage tolerance analysis of detail fractures in rail

Abstract This paper describes a fracture mechanics approach for analyzing the growth of internal transverse defects in rails known as detail fractures. Analyses are used specifically to determine: (1) the defect size at which a rail failure can be expected when a train is traveling over it and (2) the time for a detail fracture to grow from a given size to the size at which rail failure can be expected. The results from these analyses are shown to depend strongly on ambient temperature. Moreover, the results can be applied to develop damage-tolerant strategies for rail inspection.
An epidemiologic study of households exposed to canine systemic lupus erythematosus

To determine whether exposure to canine lupus is a risk for human lupus, we studied 83 members of 23 households exposed to 19 dogs with high titer antinuclear antibodies and compared these contact households to 50 members of 18 control households matched for dog age, sex, and primary veterinarian. No differences were found between contacts and controls in titer of antinuclear, antiDNA, antiRNA, and antilymphocyte antibodies, frequency of positive rheumatoid factor, or elevated serum immunoglobulins. Further analysis of subgroups by age, sex, and intensity of dog exposure did not reveal any serologic differences between contacts and controls. No cases of lupus were identified in either group. Three contact households and no controls reported a family history (remote from the household) of lupus. This study did not detect any clinical or serologic effect of human household exposure to dogs with high titer antinuclear antibodies.
MM3 modeling of fructose ring shapes and hydrogen bonding

Abstract MM3(92) was used to minimize energies in exhaustive searches of the ring shapes and orientations of exocyclic groups for four fructose tautomers (α-furanose, β-furanose, α-pyranose and α-pyranose). A dielectric constant of 4.0 was used to emulate a “general condensed phase” environment. Calculated energies of the three major tautomers were within a range of 0.86 kcal after the correction by −5.5 kcal as done by MM3 for heats of formation for five-membered rings. The energy of the minor α-pyranose form was 2.5 kcal above the minimum. Tautomeric ratios from crystal structures and from DMSO as well as aqueous solutions differ depending on the environment. However, no experiment has found quite as much α-furanose as we predict, unlike our results on other monosaccharides where the extents of β-anomers are slightly over-estimated. In all cases, however, the apparent error of the MM3 calculations has been less than 1.0 kcal/mol. Energy surfaces for ring puckering depict the degree of pseudorotation and rationalize the distribution of conformers of each tautomer. Numerous β-furanose rings in crystals fit well as do the β-pyranose rings, and our interpretation of literature NMR data requires a north-south equilibrium for α-furanose. Model bond lengths were compared with averaged data from precise X-ray studies of crystals containing β- d -fructopyranose. Bonds between heavy atoms based on r α (an optional computation corresponding to distances between thermally averaged centers) fit about 25% better than the normal MM3 values that correspond to r g (gas-phase electron diffraction results). The C2O2 (anomeric) bond length was over-estimated by 0.024 A, but the mean absolute deviation of the other bonds was only 0.006 A. Intramolecular hydrogen bonds were weak in most preferred fructose models, shown by a plot of energy vs. lengths and angles of hydrogen bonds. The stabilization of sugar models with peripheral intramolecular hydrogen bonds is augmented by the lack of destabilizing dipole-dipole forces. MM3(92) (with a dielectric constant of 4.0) accommodated hydrogen bond geometries found in crystals.
Protein turnover in intestinal mucosal villus and crypt brush border membranes.

Abstract Relative turnover rates of intestinal brush border proteins have been studied by double labelled technique. Brush borders were isolated from cells at all levels along the villus, and from the crypts. Proteins with large molecular weight (>150,000) demonstrated more rapid turnover compared with other brush border proteins at all levels along the villus. This rapid turnover was not seen in crypt brush borders. These findings support the concept of protein turnover in intestinal brush borders, and demonstrate differences between the proteins in rapidly growing crypt cells and non growing villus cells.
Modeling multi-jet mode electrostatic atomization using boundary element methods

Abstract A two-dimensional, nonlinear model has been developed to assess the dynamics of charged liquid columns. The model, which is based on the boundary element method (BEM), has been used to investigate oscillations and instabilities of single and multi-column configurations. For the single-column configuration, oscillation frequencies have been determined for a range of charge and initial distortion levels. In addition, simulations of unstable jets have been conducted; these results show a “spiked” behavior at the pinching event. An energy-based analysis has been used to determine maximum voltages for stable configurations with a given number of ligaments. These results are compared against experimental data.
Effects of reactive ion etching on chemical vapor deposition

Silicon surfaces were exposed to reactive ion etching with CCl2F2, followed by low pressure chemical vapor deposition of silicon nitride. Examination with transmission electron microscopy shows a 5‐nm homogeneous layer with interfacial roughness about the order of the layer thickness between the nitride and the silicon substrate. Analysis with spatially resolved electron energy loss scattering indicates that this phase is Si2N2O. The causes for the formation of this layer and its implication on very large scale integration technology are discussed.
Test of the applicability of the Clapeyron relationship to a few cases of solid-solid transitions

Abstract In principle the Clapeyron-Clausius relationship can be conveniently employed to calculate values of the heat of transition in solids from accurate p-V-T data. The general applicability of the Clapeyron relation to polymorphic transformations of several types has been tested experimentally on the transitions in CsCl, NH4Cl, NH4NO3, Na3AlF6 and GeO2. The utility of this procedure proves, however, to be extremely limited. Reasonable results are obtained only in the case of unambiguous first order transitions with large ΔV and d p d T terms. For sluggish transformations where a suitable solvent cannot be found for all modifications, this method works especially well and can serve as a more reliable alternative to conventional calorimetry. In non-quenchable cases the determination of ΔV proves to be the most difficult part of the process and is the probable source of the gross discrepancies found.
Phosphorylation-dependent interactions of α-Actinin-1/IQGAP1 with the AMPA receptor subunit GluR4

AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid) receptors play key roles in excitatory synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity in the CNS. Although a variety of proteins has been characterized to interact with AMPA receptors and regulate their function, little is known about the regulation of the AMPA receptor subunit GluR4. To understand the molecular mechanisms of GluR4 functional regulation, the yeast two-hybrid system was used to identify GluR4-interacting molecules. α-Actinin-1 and IQGAP1 were identified to be GluR4-specific binding partners. Both proteins interact specifically with GluR4 and co-cluster with GluR4 individually in neurons. Mapping experiments revealed that α-Actinin-1 and IQGAP1 bind to the same region within the C-terminus of GluR4 that contains a previously identified PKA phosphorylation site, Ser842, phosphorylation of which is regulated by synaptic activity. Interestingly, the phosphorylation of Ser842 differentially regulates interactions of GluR4 with α-Actinin-1 and IQGAP1; phosphorylation strongly inhibits interaction of GluR4 with α-Actinin-1 but has little effect on its interaction with IQGAP1. These results suggest that α-Actinin-1 and IQGAP1 regulate GluR4 functions via their specific associations with GluR4. In addition, our data indicate that activity-dependent phosphorylation of GluR4 may regulate its synaptic targeting through phosphorylation-dependent interactions with α-Actinin-1 and IQGAP1.
Conformational Changes at The Carboxyl Terminus of Gα Occur during G Protein Activation

To understand the dynamics of conformational changes during G protein activation, surface exposed cysteine residues on Galpha were fluorescently labeled. Limited trypsinolysis and mutational analysis of recombinant Galphat/Galphai1 determined that two cysteines are the major fluorescent labeling sites, Cys210, located in the switch II region, and Cys347 at the C terminus. Mutants with serines replacing Cys210 (Chi6a) and Cys347 (Chi6b) were single fluorescently labeled with lucifer yellow (LY), while a double mutant (Chi6ab) was no longer labeled. When Chi6b was labeled with LY on Cys210, AlF4- caused a 220% increase in LY fluorescence, indicating that the fluorescent group at Cys210 is a reporter of conformational change in the switch II region. Chi6a labeled at Cys347 also showed an AlF4--dependent increase in LY fluorescence (91%), indicating that Galpha activation leads to a conformational change at the COOH terminus. Preactivation of the protein with AlF4- before labeling led to a decreased incorporation of LY into Cys347 suggesting that Galpha activation buries Cys347. This COOH-terminal conformational change may provide the structural basis for communication between the GDP-binding site on Galpha and activated receptors, and may contribute to dissociation of activated Galpha subunit from activated receptor.
E2,M1 multipole mixing ratios in odd-mass nuclei, A > 150

Abstract A survey is presented of the E 2, M 1 multipole mixing ratios of gamma-ray transitions in odd-mass nuclei with A > 150. Angular distribution and correlation measurements reported in the literature have been analyzed in terms of a consistent choice of the phase relationship between the E 2 and M 1 matrix elements. Presented is a set of recommended values which is based whenever possible on an average of results from various studies. For the strongly deformed nuclei, these values are grouped and analyzed according to the Nilsson configurations assigned to the levels. In order to facilitate the analysis in terms of Nilsson states, the angular distribution and correlation data are complemented by the inclusion of some selected determinations of the multipole mixing ratios from internal-conversion-coefficient measurements. The survey includes data available in the literature up to December 1975.
Influence Functions for Testing

Abstract Influence functions for testing are defined by applying Hampel's influence function to transformed P values. These influence functions describe the effect of an observation and an underlying distribution on the behavior of a test. Because these influence functions are not based on the test statistic alone, they are applicable to both unconditional and conditional (e.g., randomization) tests. The influence function of a transformed P value at a null hypothesis distribution is related to an influence function based on limiting power. The influence functions of several one- and two-sample tests for location are discussed to illustrate the utility of this approach.
Simulation of catalytic fluidized bed reactors by a transient axial dispersion model with invariant physical properties and nonlinear chemical reactions

Abstract This paper presents a transient axial dispersion model for an isothermal, catalytic fluidized bed reactor, which is frequently employed in synthetic production processes including coal gasification and liquefaction. A non-linear chemical reaction is considered to occur in the reactor. This model of a fluidized bed reactor takes into account the axial dispersion in the three phases, bubble, cloud-wake and emulsion. The physical properties along the axial coordinate are invariant in the model. Transient characteristics of the gas reactant, and the length of the transient period have been examined based on the model. The model compares favorably with experimental data in the steady state condition.
Myb proteins repress human Ig ε germline transcription by inhibiting STAT6-dependent promoter activation

Cytokine-dependent induction of correctly spliced germline (GL) transcripts is required to target the appropriate switch region for class switch recombination. GL transcription is linked to the cell cycle and the number of cell divisions through mechanisms that have not been defined. The human proximal epsilon GL promoter contains an IL-4 responsive element (IL-4RE) that binds STAT6 and is sufficient to confer IL-4 inducibility to a heterologous promoter in transient transfection studies. We show herein that the IL-4RE contains a novel Myb binding motif that overlaps the 3' end of the STAT6 palindrome. EMSA analysis showed binding to the IL-4RE of endogenous Myb proteins expressed in BL-2 B cells and Jurkat T cells. However, double occupancy of a probe spanning both STAT6 and Myb binding motifs could not be detected. Thus, binding of either factor may prevent protein/DNA interactions at the other site, raising the possibility that Myb binding may interfere with STAT6-dependent activation of the IL-4RE. Indeed, cotransfection of A-Myb or c-Myb expression vectors in HEK293 and BL-2 cells suppressed STAT6-dependent transcription from a reporter construct containing four copies of the IL-4RE cloned upstream of a minimal thymidine kinase promoter. Most importantly, overexpression of A-Myb was sufficient to suppress IL-4-induced endogenous epsilon GL transcription in BL-2 cells. Our results indicate that Myb proteins, which are known to act as cell cycle sensors, may play an important mechanistic role in the in vivo regulation of epsilon GL transcription in human B cells.
Molecular aspects of the interaction of halogenoacetylcholines with cholinesterase

Abstract The kinetics of hydrolyses of fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, and iodoacetylcholines by cholinesterase (acylcholine acyl-hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.8) were studied using manometric techniques. The activity p S curves were suggestive that high substrate concentrations of halogenoacetylcholines inhibited the enzyme. All of them exhibit a p S optimum at about 1.75–2.0. Acetylcholine did not exhibit a p S optimum between p S values 1.5 to 3.0. All halogenoacetylcholines had higher K m , ν max and relative rates of enzymic hydrolysis (p S 2.75-1.50) than those of acetylcholine. There was a linear relationship between p K a of fluoro-, chloro-, bromo- and iodoacetic acids and p K m for the cholinesterase hydrolyses of their choline esters. Iodoacetylcholine and sodium iodoacetate were the most effective of the halogen compounds to depress the fluorescence of enzyme proteins, acetylcholinesterase, chymotrypsin and the cholinesterase preparation. Iodoacetate was known to alkylate many enzyme proteins. However, preincubation of cholinesterase with iodoacetate or other halogenoacetates did not depress its activity. Choline and sodium fluoroacetate were weak inhibitors of the enzymic hydrolysis of fluoroacetycholine. However, the descending limb in the activity p S curve of fluoroacetylcholine could not be explained completely by the products of hydrolysis. There were no significant differences between the enzymic rates of hydrolyses of 2-dimethylaminoethyl halogenoacetates and the corresponding halogenoacetylcholines.
Recursive operations in image algebra

The three commonly used high-level image-template operations provided by the image algebra are the generalized convolution the additive maximum or generalized lattice convolution and the multiplicative maximum These are used to realize various nonrecursive image transformations e. g. DFT edge detection and morphological operations. Along with nonrecursive transformations a class of recursive transformations are also widely used in signal and image processing e. g. hR filters sequential block labeling predictive coding etc. . In this paper a couple of new recursive operations are introduced which allow the image algebra to express a set of linear and nonlinear recursive transformations. Algebraic properties of these recursive operations are given which provide a mathematical basis for recursive template composition and decomposition. Also some applications of recursive operations in image processing are presented.
The effects of mediation content and form on children's responses to violent television

This research explores the role of mediation content and its grammatical structure in children's responses to a violent television program. An experiment was conducted with 103 children ranging in age from 5- to 12-years-old. Mediation strategies that emphasized the program as either factually inaccurate or socially unrealistic were developed. This information was communicated to children either directly (in statement form) or by asking children to consider the program's reality status. The results revealed that the utility of various approaches to mediation depend on the age and viewing history of the child.
Multivalent Fertilinβ Oligopeptides: The Dependence of Fertilization Inhibition on Length and Density

The sperm protein fertilinbeta, a member of the ADAM family of proteins, is implicated in sperm-egg binding in all mammals studied to date. Multivalent inhibitors containing the three amino acid binding sequence of fertilinbeta, ECD, have been shown previously to be more effective inhibitors of fertilization than their monovalent counterparts. Here, we probed sperm-egg interactions with ruthenium-catalyzed ring-opening metathesis polymers that contained from 3 to 70 ECD pharmacophores in densities ranging from 10% to 100%. Evaluation of the polymer potencies, and synthesis of a triblock copolymer from two building blocks, revealed that two multivalent contacts are sufficient for maximal inhibition, and that the distance between ECD pharmacophores required is 7-9 monomers spanning 4-5 nm. We conclude that inhibition requires recruitment of two receptors on the egg surface into an inhibitory complex.
Long-term Strategic Incrementalism: An Approach and a Model for Bringing About Change in Higher Education

Innovation and reform are crucial to progress, but higher education institutions are by nature highly resistant to change. This article describes long-term strategic incrementalism, an approach to change advocated by L. Cuban, How scholars trumped teachers: Change without reform in university curriculum, teaching, and research, 1890–1990, Teachers College Press, New York, NY, 1999, and proposes a model based on this approach as a proven way of successfully carrying out change within higher education. The approach and model are illustrated through two cases involving reforms—one at the department level and another at the institutional level.
The development and evaluation of human factors guidelines for the review of advanced human-system interfaces

Advanced control rooms for future nuclear power plants are being designed utilizing computer-based technologies. The US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the human engineering aspects of such control rooms to ensure that they are designed to good human factors engineering principles and that operator performance and reliability are appropriately supported in order to protect public health and safety. The rationale, general approach, and initial development of an NRC Advanced Control Room Design Review Guidelines are reviewed. >
Towards a Complete Model

In this chapter we compare and contrast our two models, first with each other and then with data from biological experiments. Our analysis suggests that frogs and toads do not use a single means for determining depth but, instead, use two different processes, one for determining depth of stationary environmental objects and the other for determining depth of prey. We present an accommodation control system that meets the needs of both of these processes, and show how some of the discrepancies between animal experiments and our prey localization model would be eliminated by the nonlinearities inherent in this control. The chapter concludes with an evaluation of the depth scale used in the two models.
Quark gluon plasma, color glass condensate and glasma: 3 Lectures at Lake Baikal

These lectures concern the properties of strongly interacting matter at very high energy density. I begin with the properties of the Quark Gluon Plasma and Quarkyonic Matter. I later discuss the Color Glass Condensate and the Glasma, matter that controls the earliest times in hadronic collisions. I then describe the Quark Gluon Plasma, matter produced from the thermalized remnants of the Glasma. The discussion will be intuitive and based on simple structural aspects of QCD. There will be some discussion of experimental tests of these ideas.
Geographic and specialty distribution of US physicians trained to treat opioid use disorder.

PURPOSE The United States is experiencing an epidemic of opioid-related deaths driven by excessive prescribing of opioids, misuse of prescription drugs, and increased use of heroin. Buprenorphine-naloxone is an effective treatment for opioid use disorder and can be provided in office-based settings, but this treatment is unavailable to many patients who could benefit. We sought to describe the geographic distribution and specialties of physicians obtaining waivers from the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) to prescribe buprenorphine-naloxone to treat opioid use disorder and to identify potential shortages of physicians. METHODS We linked physicians authorized to prescribe buprenorphine on the July 2012 DEA Drug Addiction Treatment Act (DATA) Waived Physician List to the American Medical Association Physician Masterfile to determine their age, specialty, rural-urban status, and location. We then mapped the location of these physicians and determined their supply for all US counties. RESULTS Sixteen percent of psychiatrists had received a DEA DATA waiver (41.6% of all physicians with waivers) but practiced primarily in urban areas. Only 3.0% of primary care physicians, the largest group of physicians in rural America, had received waivers. Most US counties therefore had no physicians who had obtained waivers to prescribe buprenorphine-naloxone, resulting in more than 30 million persons who were living in counties without access to buprenorphine treatment. CONCLUSIONS In the United States opioid use and related unintentional lethal overdoses continue to rise, particularly in rural areas. Increasing access to office-based treatment of opioid use disorder—particularly in rural America—is a promising strategy to address rising rates of opioid use disorder and unintentional lethal overdoses.
Progress testing in clinical science education: Results of a pilot project between the National Board of Medical Examiners and a US Medical School

Background: Though progress tests have been used for several decades in various medical education settings, a few studies have offered analytic frameworks that could be used by practitioners to model growth of knowledge as a function of curricular and other variables of interest.Aim: To explore the use of one form of progress testing in clinical education by modeling growth of knowledge in various disciplines as well as by assessing the impact of recent training (core rotation order) on performance using hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) frameworks.Methods: This study included performances across four test administrations occurring between July 2006 and July 2007 for 130 students from a US medical school who graduated in 2008. Measures-nested-in-examinees HLM growth curve analyses were run to estimate clinical science knowledge growth over time and repeated measures ANOVAs were run to assess the effect of recent training on performance.Results: Core rotation order was rel...
Obesity and the US military family

Objective This review discusses the current knowledge and future directions regarding obesity within the US military family (i.e., active-duty servicemembers, as well as military spouses, children, retirees, and veterans). The increasing rates of overweight and obesity within the US military adversely impact military readiness, limit recruitment, and place a significant financial burden on the Department of Defense. Design and Methods The following topics are reviewed: 1) The prevalence of and the financial, physical, and psychological costs associated with overweight in military communities; 2) military weight regulations, and challenges faced by the military family related to overweight and disordered eating; 3) the continued need for rigorous program evaluations and new intervention development. Results Overweight and its associated sequelae impact the entire military family. Military families share many similarities with their civilian counterparts, but they face unique challenges (e.g., stress related to deployments and relocations). Although the military has weight management resources, there is an urgent need for rigorous program evaluation and the development of enhanced obesity prevention programs across the lifespan of the military family—several of which are proposed herein. Conclusions Interdisciplinary and collaborative research efforts and team-based interventions will continue to inform understanding of obesity treatment and prevention within military and civilian populations.
Differential Gene Expression in Chilling-Acclimated Maize Seedlings and Evidence for the Involvement of Abscisic Acid in Chilling Tolerance.

An acclimation phenomenon was characterized in seedlings of chilling-sensitive maize (Zea mays L.) inbred G50 (Pioneer). Seedlings were germinated at 27[deg]C for 3 d and then exposed to chilling treatments of 4, 5, or 6[deg]C for 2, 4, 7, or 10 d in darkness. Damage symptoms in the more severe treatments included a waterlogged appearance and a discoloration of the tissue. The symptoms were most obvious in the mesocotyl. After a 10-d grow-out period in the greenhouse, moderately damaged seedlings exhibited chlorotic areas, an occasional disruption in leaf expansion, and a constriction of the mesocotyl. Growth and survival were improved by first exposing seedlings to a 14[deg]C acclimation treatment for 3 d before applying the chilling treatment. After chilling at 5[deg]C for 7 d, 79% of the acclimated seedlings survived, whereas only 22% of the nonacclimated seedlings survived. Differences in gene expression between acclimated and control seedlings were investigated using subtraction and differential screening techniques. Transcripts corresponding to three genes, car333, car30, and car757 (chilling acclimation responsive), were present in higher levels in seedlings after acclimation. Sequence analysis identified car333 as cat3, which encodes maize mitochondrial catalase isozyme 3. Characterization of these three clones revealed that all corresponding transcripts were elevated in acclimated seedlings in a manner that depended on the organ, i.e. coleoptile, mesocotyl, or root. Although transcripts were elevated in all three organs in response to acclimation, car30 was most abundant in the coleoptile and root, whereas cat3 and car757 were most abundant in the coleoptile and mesocotyl. Catalase activity followed the same general trend as cat3 transcript levels. Exogenous treatment with abscisic acid (ABA) resulted in an improvement in growth and survival of nonacclimated, chilled seedlings. Inhibition of ABA biosynthesis with fluridone abolished acclimation-induced chilling tolerance, and exogenous application of ABA to fluridone-treated seedlings restored chilling tolerance. Exogenous ABA treatment also resulted in increases in cat3, car30, and car757 transcript levels and catalase activity in the same organ-specific manner as in acclimated seedlings. These results indicate that ABA synthesis is essential for chilling tolerance. However, measurement of ABA levels in mesocotyls during acclimation and chilling revealed only a marginal increase during acclimation and a dramatic increase during chilling, regardless of whether or not seedlings were acclimated. Thus, although ABA may be required for chilling tolerance, we have no conclusive evidence that the acclimation process is mediated by ABA.
Effects of labeling patients "psychiatric" or "medical": favorability of traits ascribed by hospital staff.

Summary.-A modified version of the Adjective Checklist was developed to test whether labeling patients "psychiatric" or "medical" would affect caretakers' anirudes. 97 psychiatric hospital employees (47 men and 50 women) completed valid questionnaires during their initial employment processing. Compared to medical patients, psychiatric patients were rated as less likable and were viewed as having more unfavorable and fewer favorable traits. Specifically, psychiatric patients were characterized as more irresponsible, less dependable, and less clear-thinking than medical patients. No significant atticudid effects were found for the factors of perceivers' sex or role (direacare versus suppon personnel). The over-all findings indicate that, despite a generation of professional advocacy of the medical model, chose charged with the care of psychiatric patients continue to view them as less socially desirable than medical patients.
Pregabalin versus naltrexone in alcohol dependence: a randomised, double-blind, comparison trial

Pregabalin (PRE) acts as a presynaptic inhibitor of the release of excessive levels of excitatory neurotransmitters by selectively binding to the alpha(2)-delta subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels. In this randomised, double-blind comparison trial with naltrexone (NAL), we aimed to investigate the efficacy of PRE on alcohol drinking indices. Craving reduction and improvement of psychiatric symptoms were the secondary endpoints. Seventy-one alcohol-dependent subjects were detoxified and subsequently randomised into two groups, receiving 50 mg of NAL or 150-450 mg of PRE. Craving (VAS; OCDS), withdrawal (CIWA-Ar) and psychiatric symptoms (SCL-90-R) rating scales were applied. Alcohol drinking indices and craving scores were not significantly different between groups. Compared with NAL, PRE resulted in greater improvement of specific symptoms in the areas of anxiety, hostility and psychoticism, and survival function (duration of abstinence from alcohol). PRE also resulted in better outcome in patients reporting a comorbid psychiatric disorder. Results from this study globally place PRE within the same range of efficacy as that of NAL. The mechanism involved in the efficacy of PRE in relapse prevention could be less related to alcohol craving and more associated with the treatment of the comorbid psychiatric symptomatology.
Intelligent scheduling of automated machining systems

Abstract An automated machining system involves concurrent use of manufacturing resources, alternative process plans and flexible routings. High investment in the installation of automated facilities requires an efficient scheduling system that is able to allocate the resources specified for operations over a scheduling horizon. The primary emphasis of this paper is to generate schedules that accurately reflect details of the automated environment and the objectives stated for the system. In this paper, a rule for dispatching operations, named the Most Dissimilar Resources (MDR) dispatching rule, is introduced. A scheduling algorithm for automated machining is presented. Using the previous simulation research for this topic, a rule-based scheduling system is constructed. An architecture for an intelligent scheduling system is proposed, and the system has a high potential to provide efficient schedules based on the task-specific knowledge for the dynamic scheduling environment.
Compositeness condition at finite temperature in four dimensions

Abstract The effect of finite temperature on the compositeness condition for gΨΨσ field theory is studied in four space-time dimensions. It is shown that this condition remains satisfied at low temperature, the compositeness condition is completely broken, contrary to the results of two and three dimensions.
Combining Parent and Child Training for Young Children with ADHD

The efficacy of the Incredible Years parent and child training programs is established in children diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder but not among young children whose primary diagnosis is attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We conducted a randomized control trial evaluating the combined parent and child program interventions among 99 children diagnosed with ADHD (ages 4–6). Mother reported significant treatment effects for appropriate and harsh discipline, use of physical punishment, and monitoring, whereas fathers reported no significant parenting changes. Independent observations revealed treatment effects for mothers' praise and coaching, mothers' critical statements, and child total deviant behaviors. Both mothers and fathers reported treatment effects for children's externalizing, hyperactivity, inattentive and oppositional behaviors, and emotion regulation and social competence. There were also significant treatment effects for children's emotion vocabulary and problem-solvi...
Example-centric programming: integrating web search into the development environment

The ready availability of online source-code examples has fundamentally changed programming practices. However, current search tools are not designed to assist with programming tasks and are wholly separate from editing tools. This paper proposes that embedding a task-specific search engine in the development environment can significantly reduce the cost of finding information and thus enable programmers to write better code more easily. This paper describes the design, implementation, and evaluation of Blueprint, a Web search interface integrated into the Adobe Flex Builder development environment that helps users locate example code. Blueprint automatically augments queries with code context, presents a code-centric view of search results, embeds the search experience into the editor, and retains a link between copied code and its source. A comparative laboratory study found that Blueprint enables participants to write significantly better code and find example code significantly faster than with a standard Web browser. Analysis of three months of usage logs with 2,024 users suggests that task-specific search interfaces can significantly change how and when people search the Web.
Electrical characteristics of single buried microstrip lines in the TEM approximation

Several design parameters for the analysis of the performance of buried microstrip-like interconnect geometries under the assumption of TEM-mode wave propagation are examined. Electrical characteristics of buried microstrip are investigated over a wide range of practical values of material parameters and geometries. The result is a set of curves which can be used for substrate design for a wide range of dielectric constants and for a variety of practical geometries. >