cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preoperative Glycosylated Hemoglobin and Postoperative Glucose Together Predict Major Complications after Abdominal Surgery.

Background Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is diagnostic of and a measure of the quality of control of diabetes mellitus. Both HbA1c and perioperative hyperglycemia have been targeted as modifiable risk factors for postoperative complications. The HbA1c percent cutoff that best predicts major complications has not been defined. Study Design A prospective study of all abdominal operations from a single institution from 2007 to 2010 was performed. All patients with HbA1c within 3 months before surgery were included. The primary end point was major complication, using the Clavien-Dindo complication system, within 30 days of surgery. Stepwise, multivariate analysis was performed including clinically relevant variables chosen a priori. Results Among 438 patients who had a measured HbA1c, 96 (21.9%) experienced a major complication. On multivariate analysis, HbA1c ≥6.5% (odds ratio = 1.95; 95% CI, 1.17–3.24; p = 0.01) was found to be the most significant predictor of major complications. Glyosylated hemoglobin and glucose were strongly correlated (correlation coefficient 0.414, p 30 kg/m 2 , history of coronary artery disease, and nonwhite race were more likely to have a HbA1c ≥6.5%. Conclusions Elevated HbA1c ≥6.5% and perioperative hyperglycemia were associated with an increased rate of major complications after abdominal surgery. Elevated peak postoperative glucose levels were correlated with elevated HbA1c and were independently associated with major complications. More liberal HbA1c testing should be considered in high-risk patients before elective surgery. Safe, feasible, and effective strategies to reduce both HbA1c and perioperative hyperglycemia need to be developed to optimize patient outcomes.
Executive Authority, Removal Power, and Congressional Delegation: 'Bowsher v. Synar' Revisited

The Supreme Court’s 1986 decision in Bowsher v. Synar remains one of the more recent major cases dealing with the question of executive appointment and removal power. In Bowsher, the Court struck down the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Deficit Control Act of 1985, on the grounds that the Act unconstitutionally delegated executive power to an officer, the Comptroller General, who was statutorily removable by Congress. More properly, the Court’s holding was that since the Comptroller General was exercising executive power under the Act, he could not be removable by Congress. The Bowsher Court relies in large part on many previous Supreme Court decisions regarding removal power, as well as its understanding of the separation of powers. Yet, a powerful concurrence by Justice Stevens suggests that while the Court may have its holding right, it misunderstands the nature of the power being granted, and thus overlooks what he takes to be the fundamental issue at stake in the case.
Integrating an environmental ethic into undergraduate engineering education-a case study at Grand Valley State University

The integration of an environmental theme into the entire undergraduate engineering curriculum at Grand Valley State University (GVSU) is described. This integrated approach for all students is driven by industry demand that all engineers understand how the practice of their profession affects the environment. A new set of tools is required to meet this demand, yet the typical undergraduate curriculum is already so crowded that the insertion of new material is extremely difficult. The author describes how this challenge has been met by the program at GVSU and provides guidance for continued curriculum development. An attempt has been made to integrate an environmental ethic into the program by developing and employing laboratory exercises which use the context of a real environmental problem to teach the traditional engineering topics as well as the newer topics dictated by industry. >
The Cerebellum and Cognitive Function: 25 Years of Insight from Anatomy and Neuroimaging

Twenty-five years ago the first human functional neuroimaging studies of cognition discovered a surprising response in the cerebellum that could not be attributed to motor demands. This controversial observation challenged the well-entrenched view that the cerebellum solely contributes to the planning and execution of movement. Recurring neuroimaging findings combined with key insights from anatomy and case studies of neurological patients motivated a reconsideration of the traditional model of cerebellar organization and function. The majority of the human cerebellum maps to cerebral association networks in an orderly manner that includes a mirroring of the prominent cerebral asymmetries for language and attention. These findings inspire exploration of the cerebellum's contributions to a diverse array of functional domains and neuropsychiatric disorders.
Relationship of an overt commitment to task compliance in behavior therapy

Abstract This study investigated the effect of two types of overt commitment on compliance with an assigned task (making a telephone call). Forty-four subjects were randomly assigned to a No Commitment, Verbal Commitment or Verbal and Written Commitment condition. The commitment consisted of a written and/or verbal agreement by the subject to perform the task. Compliance rates varied directly with increasing amounts of commitment for all subjects.
Biochemistry and genetics of abamectin resistance in the house fly

Abstract We investigated the biochemical basis and genetic inheritance of high level abamectin resistance (>;60,000-fold) in the AVER strain of house fly. Resistance was associated with a 2.4-fold decreased rate of cuticular penetration and altered abamectin binding. There was no apparent difference between resistant and susceptible strains in the affinity (KD) of abamectin binding to its receptor. However, the AVER strain had significantly less (1.5-fold) receptors/mg protein compared to the susceptible strain as judged by Bmax values. No difference in the in vivo metabolism of abamectin was found between the resistant and susceptible strains. The resistance was inherited as a strongly recessive trait that was not sex linked nor due to cytoplasmic influences based on crosses of the susceptible aabys strain with the AVER strain. The AVER strain was cross-resistant to two abamectin analogues: MK-243 and abamectin oxide.
Capturing the Mechanical Unfolding Pathway of a Large Protein with Coiled‐Coil Probes

The folding behaviors and mechanisms of large multidomain proteins have remained largely uncharacterized, primarily because of the lack of appropriate research methods. To address these limitations, novel mechanical folding probes have been developed that are based on antiparallel coiled-coil polypeptides. Such probes can be conveniently inserted at the DNA level, at different positions within the protein of interest where they minimally disturb the host protein structure. During single-molecule force spectroscopy measurements, the forced unfolding of the probe captures the progress of the unfolding front through the host protein structure. This novel approach allows unfolding pathways of large proteins to be directly identified. As an example, this probe was used in a large multidomain protein with ten identical ankyrin repeats, and the unfolding pathway, its direction, and the order of sequential unfolding were unequivocally and precisely determined. This development facilitates the examination of the folding pathways of large proteins, which are predominant in the proteasomes of all organisms, but have thus far eluded study because of the technical limitations encountered when using traditional techniques.
Strontium diffusion kinetics in amphiboles and significance to thermal history determinations

Abstract Strontium tracer-diffusion coefficients have been determined in hornblende and tremolite single crystals using experiments conducted at a confining pressure of 200 MPa at temperatures ranging from 700 to 960°C. A quasi-hydrothermal experimental technique was devised to avoid solution-precipitation effects. Depth profile analyses were made with an ion microprobe. The Arrhenius relation for diffusion parallel to the c-crystallographic direction in the Gore Mountain hornblende over this temperature interval has an activation energy (Q) = 260 (±12) kJ/mol and a pre-exponential factor ( D 0 ) = 4.9( +18. −1.3 ) × 10 −8 m 2 / s . At 800°C, transport rates parallel to the c-axis measured in the two tremolite samples (AMNH #30563 and Barrie Township, Ontario) are 3.2 × 10−21 m2/s and 2.0 × 10−21 M2/s, respectively. These values are factors of 3 and 5 slower than those observed for the hornblende sample at the same temperature. Transport rates parallel and perpendicular to the c-axis are the same within the estimated uncertainty for all three compositions. Experiments that differed in ƒ O 2 by a factor of 6 × 107 [MnOMn3O4 (MNO) and magnetite-wustite (MW)] for the hornblende gave the same strontium diffusion rates within a factor of two. Crystals with cleavage faces, or polished with alumina or diamond, gave the same D values, provided the crystals were annealed prior to the diffusion experiment. Using a combination of closed-system RbSr systematics and strontium diffusion kinetics it is now possible to determine the thermal histories of hornblende-bearing igneous and metamorphic rocks. Since the diffusion rates for strontium in amphiboles are relatively slow, hornblende will be more retentive of Sr than of other species for which transport rates are known (Ar, O, H) and will be a useful tool to record higher temperature portions of cooling paths.
Preservice Classroom Teachers’ Attitudes Toward Music in the Elementary Curriculum:

The purpose of this study is to survey preservice classroom teachers at Calvin College in Grand Rapids, Michigan, to determine their attitudes toward music in the elementary curriculum. Research questions examined participants’ (a) musical abilities and experience as well as beliefs regarding (b) the roles of the classroom teacher and music specialist, (c) their comfort level with teaching music as a subject and integrating music with other disciplines, (d) the importance of music in relation to other subjects, and (e) the importance of various outcomes of the general music program. A survey was administered to 116 preservice elementary classroom teachers enrolled in either student teaching or early field experience during the 2008—2009 academic year. Data indicated that most of these respondents do not feel comfortable teaching music as a subject, believe music should be taught by a specialist, and disagree that classroom teachers should be capable of teaching music. Results also suggest that participant...
Semiclassical transition state theory. A new perspective

Abstract The semiclassical transition state theory (SCTST) introduced by Miller, Hernandez, Handy, Jayatilaka and Willetts requires the inversion of an (effectively integrable ) Hamiltonian with respect to the action of the reactive coordinate. It is shown that the inversion may be avoided in computing the thermal rate constant; the resulting expression also provides an appealing link to conventional transition state theory. This reformulation of the SCTST rate is illustrated by application to the bimolecular reaction, H + H 2 →H 2 + H, and to the unimolecular dissociation, D 2 CO→D 2 + CO.
An adaptive remeshing method in the simulation of Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) process

Abstract In this paper, an adaptive remeshing method for the numerical analysis of a mold filling process is presented. After a brief discussion of the derivation, of governing equations using the homogenization method, the adaptive remeshing method is developed which incorporates error measures and an automatic mesh generator. The method is successfully combined with the finite element/control volume method to solve the governing equations. Two model problems are provided to examine the performance of the method.
Effect of Matrix Grain Growth Kinetics on Composite Densification

The effect of matrix grain growth kinetics on the densification behavior of a particulate composite has been investigated. Large alumina inclusions were added to two types of zirconia matrices having different grain growth kinetics, i.e., Zr(8Y)O2 and Zr(3Y)O2. Despite the evolution of different grain sizes, both matrices reached an end-point relative density of 0.92 and 0.94, respectively, even though they contained 0.25 volume fraction of inclusions (based on total solid volume). However, the morphology and spatial distribution of the residual pores were distinct. The Zr(8Y)O2 matrix, which developed very large grains, had a dual microstructure with porous regions surrounded by a connective, denser region, as previously reported for an alumina matrix containing zirconia inclusions. Conversely, the Zr(3Y)O2 matrix was fully dense and uniform, but the composite contained large cracklike voids at inclusion/matrix interfaces. The large opening displacement of these cracklike voids locally relaxed the constraint to matrix shrinkage imposed by the inclusion network.
Recovery of Corneal Sensitivity, Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide-Positive Nerves, and Increased Wound Healing Induced by Pigment Epithelial-Derived Factor Plus Docosahexaenoic Acid After Experimental Surgery

Objective To assess function of regenerated corneal nerves in correlation with epithelial wound healing after experimental nerve damage in rabbits treated with pigment epithelial–derived factor (PEDF) plus docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Methods An 8-mm stromal dissection was performed in the right eyes of adult New Zealand rabbits. Treatment with PEDF+DHA was for 6 weeks. Corneal sensation was measured weekly by Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer. After 8 weeks, immunofluorescence with βIII-tubulin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and substance P antibodies was performed to quantify nerves. Also, rabbits were treated with PEDF+DHA for 4 weeks after lamellar keratectomy, followed by 8-mm epithelial debridement and epithelial defect assessment. One week after surgery, corneas were stained with anti-Ki67 antibody to assess cell proliferation. Results Eight weeks after surgery, calcitonin gene-related peptide–positive nerve fibers in the PEDF+DHA group were similar to normal rabbit corneas but were decreased in the vehicle. Substance P was localized in the subepithelial plexus but appeared in epithelial cells after nerve injury regardless of treatment. Five weeks after surgery, an increase in corneal sensitivity occurred in the PEDF+DHA group and reached normal values by 8 weeks. Pigment epithelial–derived factor plus DHA increased epithelial wound healing after lamellar keratectomy. One week after epithelial injury, Ki67-positive cells increased in the limbal area. Conclusion Pigment epithelial–derived factor plus DHA promotes regeneration of calcitonin gene-related peptide–positive corneal nerves, accelerating wound healing and return of corneal sensitivity. Clinical Relevance Pigment epithelial–derived factor plus DHA represents a new approach to regenerate nerves and a potential treatment for prevention of severe dry eye after surgery or diseases of the ocular surface.
Effects of selected thermal variables on the mechanical properties of trabecular bone

Abstract Osteoarticular allografts are commonly used in the treatment of segmental bone loss due to a wide resection of tumour. While the use of such grafts has met with considerable clinical success, fractures are a recognized complication of allograft use. Although trabecular bone can play an important structural role in the function of segmental allografts, few data exist on the effects of common storage and sterilization procedures on the mechanical properties of trabecular bone. To this end, we investigated with these experiments the effects of freezing at −20 °C, freezing at −70 °C, eight freeze-thaw cycles at −20 °C, freeze-drying, boiling and autoclaving on the compressive modulus and strength of bovine trabecular bone. Of these treatments, boiling and autoclaving were the only treatments to alter the properties of bovine trabecular bone, resulting in 26 and 58% reductions in strength, respectively. Autoclaving also significantly reduced the compressive modulus by 59%. From these data, freezing at temperatures between −20 and −70 °C does not appear to compromise the structural integrity of trabecular bone.
IPM-compatibility of foliar insecticides for citrus: Indices derived from toxicity to beneficial insects from four orders

A series of compounds representing four major pesticide groups were tested for toxicity to beneficial insects representing four different insect orders: Coleoptera (Coccinellidae), Hemiptera (Anthocoridae), Hymenoptera (Aphelinidae), and Neuroptera (Chrysopidae). These materials included organophosphates (methidathion, esfenvalerate and phosmet), carbamates (carbofuran, methomyl and carbaryl), pyrethroids (bifenthrin, fenpropathrin, zeta-cypermethrin, cyfluthrin and permethrin) and the oxadiazine indoxacarb. Toxicity to coccinellid and lacewing species was assessed by treating 1st instar larvae with the recommended field rate of commercial products, and two 10 fold dilutions of these materials, in topical spray applications. Adult Aphytis melinus Debach and 2nd instar Orius insidiosus (Say) were exposed to leaf residues of the same concentrations for 24 h. ANOVA performed on composite survival indices derived from these data resolved significant differences among materials with respect to their overall toxicity to beneficial insects. Cyfluthrin, fenpropathrin and zeta-cypermethrin all increased the developmental time of the lacewing and one or more coccinellid species for larvae that survived topical applications. Bifenthrin increased developmental time for two coccinellid species and decreased it in a third. Indoxacarb (Avaunt WG, DuPont Corp.) ranked highest overall for safety to beneficial insects, largely because of its low dermal toxicity to all species tested. Zeta-cypermethrin (Super Fury), FMC Corporation) received the second best safety rating, largely because of its low toxicity as a leaf residue to A. melinus and O. insidiosus. Phosmet (Imidan 70W, Gowan Co.) and methidathion (Supracide 25W, Gowan Co.) ranked high for safety to coccinellid species, but compounds currently recommended for use in citrus such as fenpropathrin (Danitol 2.4EC, Sumimoto Chem. Co.) and carbaryl (Sevin XLR EC, Rhone Poulenc Ag. Co.) ranked very low for IPM-compatibility based on their relatively high toxicity to all species tested.
Is Predisposition to NAFLD and Obesity Communicable

A forthcoming article in Nature reveals that inflammasome deficiency disturbs gut microbiota and predisposes to diet-induced obesity and liver disease. The aberrant microbiota and its consequences could be transferred by cohousing mutant and wild-type mice, suggesting that some aspects of metabolic syndrome can be communicable (Henao-Mejia et al., 2012).
Willingness to communicate and employee success in U.S. organizations

Abstract This article presents a view of the influence and effects of individuals’ willingness to communicate in an organizational setting. Definitional explanations of the willingness to communicate construct are provided along with an extensive review of the relevant research and theory in this area. Communication apprehension is explicated and considered in context of willingness to communicate. The manner in which low willingness to communicate affects individuals and fosters specific organizational outcomes is explored. In general, research indicates negative results from low willingness to communicate, both on individual and organizational levels. Appropriate organizational responses to “at risk individuals”; are explored in terms of diagnosis and remediation.
Implications of China’s Accession to the World Trade Organisation for China and the WTO

China’s accession package to the WTO provides China with some substantial advantages. In terms of market access, the most important advantage to China is the promised phase-out of the quotas on textiles and clothing originally introduced under the Multifibre Arrangement. But accession will provide important additional gains on the export side by securing current market access and the rules under which China operates on world markets. It will also provide China with important future opportunities to increase its market access in areas such as labor-intensive agricultural products and textiles and clothing, where exports are currently tightly constrained. Domestically, the accession negotiations have helped China to bring about a major reform of trade policy that will increase its openness to the world economy in a way that is projected to increase economic welfare and, by raising demand for unskilled labor, to increase the incomes of the poor. The longevity of China’s liberalization commitments is more assured than if they had simply been made without the binding commitments that are part of the WTO process, and the greater credibility of these commitments should help attract investment into the efficient industries that benefit from these reforms. China will have a major impact on the WTO by increasing the WTO’s share of world trade by about 5 percent (with Taiwan, China), and by introducing another major developing country with a wide range of interests. The wide range of reforms being undertaken, and the inevitable lack of clarity in some of the commitments involved in China’s accession means that there is likely to be a considerable upsurge in dispute settlement activity. This poses some risks for the WTO system if the dispute settlement is used in a confrontational manner, rather than as a basis for devising agreed solutions to the inevitable trade problems.
Behavioral Interventions—Rationale, Measurement, and Effectiveness

Effective STD and HIV prevention requires synergism of individual-based prevention behaviors and societal/structural supports that will promote and maintain these behaviors. We should also expect the unexpected. STD rates in gay men have risen after effective prevention of HIV/STD in gay men and effective antiretroviral therapy. New drugs of abuse, such as methamphetamine ("crystal meth"), have induced risky sexual behaviors in gay and heterosexual communities. Economic dislocation in Eastern Europe has resulted in trafficking of commercial sex workers to Europe, the Mideast, and Asia, all with the potential for STD and HIV spread. James Curran, formerly director of the HIV epidemiology and prevention effort at the CDC, has written: It is ironic that the two clearest examples of large-scale success in HIV prevention-reduction in HIV transmission in gay men in the United States and national declines in HIV incidence in Thailand-arise in societies/communities known in their own way for sexual openness....the openness in both communities provided the environment to make the powerful revolutionary changes needed. In Africa, the powerful voice of President Museveni of Uganda has also encouraged candor about sexual risk-taking and facilitated that nation's encouraging early success in reducing HIV prevalence...Unfortunately, most of the world remains unable or unwilling to deal frankly and consistently with sexuality despite the considerable risks of HIV infection in many communities. There is a worldwide sexual hangup hampering HIV prevention efforts.
Prevention of early-onset group b streptococcal disease: Another look at single-dose penicillin at birth

Objective To determine the effect of single-dose penicillin given at birth on the rate of early-onset group B streptococcal (GBS) invasive disease in an inner-city population. Methods Laboratory-based surveillance of GBS disease from 1972–1994 at Parkland Memorial Hospital and Children's Medical Center in Dallas, Texas, was reviewed retrospectively. All infants born at Parkland Memorial Hospital from January 1, 1972 to December 31, 1994, or a total of 259,049 live births, were included. Early-onset (within 3 days) GBS disease rates were compared for each of five observation groups to determine the efficacy of a single dose of aqueous penicillin G (50,000 U for infants weighing 2000 g or more and 25,000 U for those weighing less than 2000 g) administered intramuscularly within 1 hour of delivery for prevention of GBS disease. Results The rates of early-onset GBS disease were compared in five observation groups: A) pre-study, January 1, 1972 to December 3, 1977—no GBS prophylaxis; B) prospective, controlled intervention study, December 4, 1977 to May 31, 1981, including infants who received a single dose of penicillin at birth (group B1) and those who did not (group B2); C) universal penicillin prophylaxis, June 1, 1981 to October 31, 1986; and D) no routine penicillin prophylaxis, November 1, 1986 to December 31, 1994. The incidence of early-onset GBS disease in the penicillin groups (B1, C) was significantly lower than that in the untreated groups (A, B2, D): 0.25 and 0.63 per 1000 versus 1.59, 1.19, and 1.95 per 1000, respectively (P ≤ .03). The incidence of late-onset GBS disease was unaffected by penicillin prophylaxis, and there was no increase in the incidence of disease caused by penicillin-resistant pathogens or associated mortality in penicillin-treated infants: 2.2 and 2.1 per 1000 versus 1.6 and 3.3 per 1000 for disease; 1.0 and 0.5 per 1000 versus 0.4 and 0.3 per 1000 for deaths. Conclusion Universal administration of single-dose penicillin at birth is a safe and effective intervention for the prevention of early-onset GBS disease.
Free flap neo-vascularisation: case report

This report records the unusual occurrence of occlusion of the artery of a free flap on the ninth post-operative day. Careful clinical observation strongly suggested that good neo-vascularisation had already occurred at this early date. The pattern of capillary refill suggested that neo-vascularisation originated from the periphery of the recipient site. The decision was made not to re-explore the flap vessel. The flap survived.
Accuracy of trauma triage in patients transported by helicopter.

Abstract Introduction: Our objective was to study the accuracy of the American College of Surgeons Trauma Triage Scheme in trauma patients transported by helicopter from the scene of injury. Methods: This is a case series of 333 patients transported by helicopter from the scene of injury to a University Hospital Level 1 Trauma Center. We constructed 2 × 2 tables with the use of Injury Severity Score > 15 as the "gold standard" for major trauma and assessed the Trauma Triage Scheme (overall) and its physiologic, situational, and age/comorbidity components individually. Results: Physiologic criteria had high specificity (85.7%) but low sensitivity (55.6%), whereas situational criteria had high sensitivity (86.6%) but low specificity (19.9%). Use of physiologic criteria alone would miss 67 of 151 patients with Injury Severity Score > 15 and five of 31 fatalities. Situational criteria capture 58 of the 67 major trauma patients missed by the physiologic criteria but also 125 minor trauma patients. Age/comorbidity criteria had low positive (22.7%) and negative (10%) predictive values. Conclusions: Physiologic triage criteria alone identify only half of trauma patients with Injury Severity Score > 15. Situational criteria are needed to identify most patients with Injury Severity Score > 15, but this also captures many patients with minor injury. If the Trauma Triage Scheme situational criteria could be improved, trauma overtriage might be reduced with resultant health care cost savings.
A comparative performance analysis of the Wagner-Whitin algorithm and lot-sizing heuristics

Abstract Lot-sizing for dynamic demand has received considerable attention in th eliterature over the past two decades. The Wagner-Whitin (WW) algorithm, although known to produce optimal ordering plants for dynamic lot-sizing problems, has not been utilized or promoted due to the unjustified claims about its inefficiency. In this paper, we show the relative performances of four popular heuristics against the WW. We use the cost performance and CPU time as our criteria. Our results show that the WW algorithm will solve problems in linear time, and among all of the algorithms tested, the Silver-Meal heuristic exhibits the best overall performance, in terms of speed (17 times faster than WW), and in quality of solution (with an average loss of 1.6% of optimality).
Characteristics of projections from the nucleus ventralis lateralis to the motor cortex in the cats: an anatomical and physiological study.

The properties of neurons in the nucleus ventralis lateralis (VL) of thalamus were examined by anatomical and electrophysiological methods and the following results were obtained: 1. There were two types of projection fibers from VL to the motor cortex. One type projected to a limited area of the cortex, the other arborized extensively and projected to a wide area of the cortex. 2. The widely arborizing projection fibers, i.e., wide projection fibers, showed a special terminal bush which was different from that of the specific projection fibers of VPL and spread as widely as 1.0 mm2 within the III layer of the motor cortex. 3. Neither narrow nor wide projection fibers carried specific information from the periphery but rather diffuse information arising from deep structures such as joints and periosts. 4. Both types of projection fibers branched somewhere in the white substance and projected to different areas of the motor cortex. 5. The chronaxie of these fibers was about the same as that of PT cells but considerably longer than spinal interneurons. The excitability of these fibers was lower than that of PT cells indicating that weak intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) does not excite these fibers. 6. The possible functional role of wide projection fibers was discussed in relation to the cortical efferent zones.
Software design with fuzzy requirements (a case study)

Describes the resource allocation and planning helper (RALPH) scheduling system developed at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. RALPH addresses the concerns of designing software systems to minimize the need to recode for changes and upgrades; this concern is acute when requirements are uncertain or changing. Determining requirements, understanding the problem, designing for change, and tradeoffs are also discussed. >
FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE INFECTION OF MICE AFTER VACCINATION WITH TYPE II PNEUMOCOCCI.

A group of mice was vaccinated against Type II pneumoccci and subsequently tested for immunity against different numbers of the live bacteria. The immunity tests were conducted within two zones of dosage. In the first zone where the doses were kept within reasonable limits (10–6 to 10–3 cc. of culture), the number of invading bacteria was without influence and the occurrence of infections was determined by the previous immunity response of the individual. In the second zone of dosage (where passive protection also fails), these relations were reversed, and invasion by overwhelming numbers of the bacteria invariably produced infection regardless of the previous immunity response of the individual. These results present an extreme example of the importance of the immunity response of the individual as a factor always concerned in the effectiveness of vaccination.
Genomics: protein fossils live on as RNA.

Pseudogenes constitute many of the non-coding DNA sequences that make up large parts of genomes. Once considered merely protein fossils, it now emerges that some of them have active regulatory roles.
Long-lasting single-dose tolerance to neurologic deficits induced by diazepam

Development of single-dose tolerance to diazepam-induced neurologic deficits was assessed in mice by means of a rotarod test. Diazepam suspended in corn oil was administered orally in doses 5–20 mg/kg. Tolerance was found following a second administration of diazepam 24 h after a first dose. It decayed gradually over 4–5 weeks. Hence tolerance persists considerably longer than measurable amounts of diazepam or its metabolites are likely to be present in mice.
Association of MHC class I and class II gene polymorphisms with vaccine or challenge response to Salmonella enteritidis in young chicks.

Salmonella enteritidis (SE) is a worldwide source of salmonellosis in humans, caused mainly by consumption of contaminated poultry products. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II molecules, which function as antigen-presentation structures, are involved in both macrophage and dendritic cell immune response to Salmonella and may, therefore, play an important role in host resistance to infections. The chicken MHC class I and class II were investigated as candidate genes for immune response to SE. We characterized the complete MHC class I cDNA sequences for an outbred broiler line and four diverse highly inbred lines: two MHC-congenic Leghorn (G-B2 and G-B1), one Egyptian Fayoumi (M15.2), and one Spanish (Sp21.1), to define the allelic sequences within these lines, so that we might study the association between particular MHC polymorphisms and response to SE. The F1 offspring of outbred broiler sires crossed with three inbred lines (G-B1, G-B2, and Fayoumi) were evaluated as young chicks for either bacterial load in spleen and cecum after pathogenic SE inoculation or antibody level after SE vaccination. Alleles defined by a Lys148→Met148 polymorphism in the MHC class I α2 domain were associated with spleen bacterial load after SE challenge. These results suggest that particular MHC haplotypes may contribute to control of responses to SE, and that particular polymorphisms may serve as markers for genetic resistance to SE in the chicken.
Real-Time Monitoring of Electrically Stimulated Norepinephrine Release in Rat Thalamus: II. Modeling of Release and Reuptake Characteristics of Stimulated Norepinephrine Overflow

As in the preceding study, electrical stimulation was used to effect release overflow of norepinephrine in the rat thalamus. Using a weak electrochemical pretreatment of a carbon fiber electrode, it was possible to "tune in" the electrochemical response signal for norepinephrine without metabolite interference. This reasonably selective signal was then used to study the degradation of norepinephrine release ability caused by prolonged stimulation. Further, the signals were modeled by the method used successfully for stimulated dopamine overflow, providing hitherto unavailable information on the temporal and spatial characteristics of norepinephrine release overflow. Pertinent comparisons between the release characteristics of the dopamine and norepinephrine systems show that the half-life for norepinephrine in the extracellular fluid space is approximately 1 s in thalamus compared with 33 ms for dopamine in caudate.
The interface crack loaded in bending

In this paper we consider the interface crack in a pure bending field. Since the interface crack must necessarily have closed tips [3,4], there is a contact zone on both sides of its open part, and the contact zone that runs into the compressive field is expected to be much larger. In the following analysis we neglect friction (f = 0) and deal only with that aspect of the problem which is influenced by the material interface. The effect of friction was studied in [5] for the interface crack loaded in shear. It was found that the main consequence of friction, besides adding considerable computational complexity to the problem, is to slightly increase the extent of the contact zones and the maximum value of the gap.
CHILDHOOD MEMORY OF PARENTAL AUTHORITY AS RELATED TO FAMILY CONSTELLATION VARIABLES

Str?nmary.--Several investigations of family constellation variables and parental authority have shown that firstborns demonstrate higher perception of parenral authority than do later borns. This study approached early childhood perceptions from a different perspecrive, long-term memory. Also, an attempt was made to equalize several variables that might influence rcsearch on birthorder research and parental authority. A sample of 282 dentists was interviewed regarding childhood perceptions of parental strianess-permissiveness and family coosrellation variables. No relationships were found for parental strianesspermissiveness and family constellation variables. The implications of the lack of relationships were discussed. The relationship berween family constellation and childhood development has been a subject of continuing interest. Some research has focused on family constellation variables, e.g., sibling ordinal position, socio-psychological birth order, family size, that relate to child-parent interaction patterns. One of the child-parent dimensions which has received some attention is parental authority. A number of investigators have found that firstborn children are overrepresented in factors related to parental authority. For example, Corsello (1973) found that firstborn boys demonstrated a higher perception of parental authority than second- or third-born boys. An investigation by Shaller (1972) noted that lo-, 12-, 14-yr.-old firstborns indicated they were subjected to more parental control than later borns at all three age levels. Forer (1976) states that firstborns receive the strictest discipline. Interviews of parents in a study by Stout ( 1960) showed that parents were more directive with firstborns than with later borns. In regard to acceptance of parental authority, Smith ( 197 1) found that firstborn male adolescents accepted parental authority more fully than later-born adolescents. In the investigation of this developmental influence on firstborns, the primary source of information has been the reports of children and parents. However, a major variable related to the nature of children's reports needs to be considered, the perceptual biasing effects of firstborns' characteristics. Regarding this biasing in investigating children's perceptions of parental authority, the assessments by firstborns may be somewhat biased by those uniquely firstborn characteristics that filter into the perceptual processes. These firstborn characteristics may not necessarily be directly related to perceptions of
High frequency of mitochondrial complex I mutations in Parkinson's disease and aging.

Idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (PD) involves a systemic loss of activity of complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. This biochemical lesion plays a key pathogenic role. Transfer of PD mitochondrial DNA recapitulates this loss of activity and several other pathogenic features of PD suggesting that this lesion may arise, at least in part, from mitochondrial DNA. We investigated this possibility by an extensive clonal sequencing of the seven mitochondrial genes encoding complex I subunits in PD and age-matched control frontal cortex. Each gene was completely sequenced an average of 94.4 times for each subject. Aminoacid-changing mutations were found at the frequency of 59.3 per million bases in both PD and controls, corresponding to approximately 32% of the mitochondrial genomes in the average sample having at least one mutation in a complex I gene. Individual low frequency mutations had an abundance of 1–10%. Significant interindividual variation in mutation frequency was observed. Several aminoacid-changing mutations were identified and multiple PD brains but not in controls. Genetic algorithm analysis detected areas in ND genes with a higher mutation frequency in PD that allowed differentiation of PD from controls. Total mutational burden due to low-abundance heteroplasmy is high and may play a role in human disease.
A token-reinforcement remedial reading program administered by black therapy-technicians to problem black children

Reading materials in a stimulus-response presentation procedure combined with a token-reinforcement motivational system were employed with 32 black, ghetto children in a remedial program administered by black subprofessional therapytechnicians supervised by a behaviorally trained teacher. The children, who were problem learners—many considered to be emotionally disturbed, antisocial, or retarded—attended well, worked hard, and learned well in the 4- to 5-month program. There were two types of dependent measures: behavioral measures consisting of detailed recordings of the responses each child made, the reinforcers received, the words learned and retained, and the like; and test data. The results showed the procedures and reinforcement system employed to be significantly effective in producing improved attention and work behaviors in these usually intractable children and in the utilization and upgrading of unemployed black adults. However, although 40.2 hr of training was not deemed sufficient to remediate long standing cases of educational failure, the results suggest that longer, more intensive programs of the present type could make important contributions to solution of the social problems involved as well as to the study of human learning.
A two‐process model of strategic monitoring in event‐based prospective memory: Activation/retrieval mode and checking

Theorists have suggested that individuals may remember to execute event‐based intended actions by deploying executive or attentional resources to monitor for the markers or target events that indicate that it is appropriate to execute the intended actions (e.g., McDaniel & Einstein, 2000; Shallice & Burgess, 1991), but these strategic monitoring views are not specific about the processes that strategic monitoring entails. A more specific idea is outlined here (see also Guynn, 2001) and an experiment with results consistent with this view is reported. According to this two‐process view, strategic monitoring entails maintaining the cognitive system in a prospective memory retrieval mode, which may be mediated by increased activation of the prospective memory representation, plus checking whether the circumstances to execute the intended action are present. In the current experiment, concurrent task impairment on nontarget trials, on which participants were instructed to press a key if they saw a target even...
Counterion distribution around DNA: variation with conformation and sequence

Abstract The three-dimensional Poisson-Boltzmann equation for the distribution of counterion charge density around double helical DNA has been solved by an iterative procedure. These computations have been performed for 0.01M monovalent salt solutions. A systematic study of the ten possible sequences found among adjacent nucleotide base pairs is presented for the A, B, and C conformations of DNA. In addition, calculations of the electrostatic stabilities of these conformations of DNA allows for comparison of the charge accumulation around each of the three conformers.
On Simulation of Turbulent Nonlinear Free-Surface Flows

A method for numerical simulation of the unsteady, three-dimensional, viscous Navier?Stokes equations for turbulent nonlinear free-surface flows is presented and applied to simulations of a laminar standing wave and turbulent open-channel flow with a finite-amplitude surface wave. The solution domain is discretized with a boundary-orthogonal curvilinear grid that moves with the free surface, allowing surface deformations to be smoothly resolved down to the numerical grid scale. The nonlinear kinematic and dynamic boundary conditions for boundary-orthogonal curvilinear coordinates are developed and discussed with a novel approach for advancing the free surface in curvilinear space. Dynamic large-eddy-simulation techniques are used to model subgrid scale turbulence effects. The method is shown to correctly produce the shape of a nonlinear free-surface wave and its decay due to viscosity. Application to finite-amplitude waves moving over a turbulent channel flow allows demonstration of the clear differences between a channel flow with and without waves, particularly the instantaneous turbulence structure. An interesting sidelight is the appearance of short-crested cross-channel surface waves caused by natural resonance.
Anticipation in familial plasma cell dyscrasias

Familial myeloma was described as early as 1925; however, the causative factors are unknown. Studies of families with other familial haematological malignancies demonstrate anticipation. Five new families are described in which plasma cell dyscrasias occurred in parent and child generations (six such pairs), and data were pooled with those of 16 other families (with 20 parent–child pairs affected) recorded in the literature. Disease-free survival for parent and child generations were each estimated and differences in the disease-free survival between generations were tested by the log-rank and signed rank methods. In all six previously unreported parent–child pairs with plasma cell dyscrasia and in 18/20 such pairs found in the literature, the disease occurred at an earlier age in the child generation. The median age of onset of myeloma in the parent and child generations of all 26 pairs was 71 years (95% CI 67–78 years) and 50 years (95% CI 45–55 years), respectively (P < 0.0001). The ages of onset of malignant plasma cell dyscrasias in the parent and child generations of these families compared with patients in the general population were significantly different for the child generation (P < 0.005) but not for the parent generation. It would appear that anticipation occurs in familial myeloma.
A Rare Duplication on Chromosome 16p11.2 Is Identified in Patients with Psychosis in Alzheimer's Disease

Epidemiological and genetic studies suggest that schizophrenia and autism may share genetic links. Besides common single nucleotide polymorphisms, recent data suggest that some rare copy number variants (CNVs) are risk factors for both disorders. Because we have previously found that schizophrenia and psychosis in Alzheimer's disease (AD+P) share some genetic risk, we investigated whether CNVs reported in schizophrenia and autism are also linked to AD+P. We searched for CNVs associated with AD+P in 7 recurrent CNV regions that have been previously identified across autism and schizophrenia, using the Illumina HumanOmni1-Quad BeadChip. A chromosome 16p11.2 duplication CNV (chr16: 29,554,843-30,105,652) was identified in 2 of 440 AD+P subjects, but not in 136 AD subjects without psychosis, or in 593 AD subjects with intermediate psychosis status, or in 855 non-AD individuals. The frequency of this duplication CNV in AD+P (0.46%) was similar to that reported previously in schizophrenia (0.46%). This duplication CNV was further validated using the NanoString nCounter CNV Custom CodeSets. The 16p11.2 duplication has been associated with developmental delay, intellectual disability, behavioral problems, autism, schizophrenia (SCZ), and bipolar disorder. These two AD+P patients had no personal of, nor any identified family history of, SCZ, bipolar disorder and autism. To the best of our knowledge, our case report is the first suggestion that 16p11.2 duplication is also linked to AD+P. Although rare, this CNV may have an important role in the development of psychosis.
Adrenal insufficiency in asymptomatic adrenoleukodystrophy patients identified by very long-chain fatty acid screening.

Objective Plasma assay for very long-chain fatty acids has made it possible to perform large-scale screening of at-risk individuals to identify asymptomatic patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD). We evaluated the burden of undiagnosed adrenal insufficiency in 49 such patients (age, 4.5 ± 3.5 years). Study design Serum adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and standard-dose ACTH stimulation test were performed at the baseline and followed prospectively until initiation of adrenal replacement therapy (follow-up, 2 ± 1.7 years). Results At baseline, 39 (80%) patients had impaired adrenal function, serum ACTH levels were elevated in 34 (69%) patients, and ACTH stimulation test was abnormal in 21(43%) patients. There was a moderate association between Serum ACTH and age at baseline, ( r =0.32, P =.05). By the end of follow-up, 86% of patients had borderline or overt adrenal insufficiency (age of onset, 4.8 ± 3.7 years). Conclusions We detected a high prevalence of unrecognized adrenocortical insufficiency in asymptomatic boys with X-ALD. It is known to be a frequent cause of morbidity and can be prevented by careful monitoring, early identification of impaired adrenal reserve, and timely initiation of therapy. It manifests early and before onset of neurologic symptoms, suggesting X-ALD as a candidate disorder for neonatal screening.