cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Power Over, Power With, and Power to Relations: Critical Reflections on Public Relations, the Dominant Coalition, and Activism

Symmetrical public relations theory acknowledges primacy of the dominant coalition in making organizational decisions and influencing public relations practices but reveals little about this powerful inner circle. Drawing from interviews with 21 public relations executives, this article opens up the dominant coalition and reveals its complex power relationships and a matrix of constraints that undermine and limit the function, rendering it difficult for practitioners to do the "right" thing, even if they want to. If public relations is to better serve society, professionals and academics may need to embrace an activist role and combine advocacy of shared power with activism in the interest of shared power.
Growth hormone binding to a circulating receptor fragment--the concept of receptor shedding and receptor splicing

Recent advances in the understanding of circulating growth hormone binding proteins (GHBP) are reviewed. The high affinity GHBP represents the ectodomain of the GH receptor (GHR); it is either cleaved from membrane-bound GHRs (man, rabbit) or derived from an alternatively spliced GHR mRNA (rodents). Another circulating GHBP, of low affinity and not GHR-related, is only partially characterized. The GHBPs complex about half of the GH in human plasma. They act as a buffer regulating free and bound GH, prolong GH half-life, and modulate GH bioactivity through competition with GHRs for ligand. The plasma levels of both GHBPs are developmentally upregulated during childhood and remain relatively constant thereafter. Different species vary in their regulation of GHBP, with sexual dimorphism and large pregnancy-related changes in some but not all species. A variety of conditions associated with altered GH responsivity (resistance or hypersensitivity) are attended by altered levels of the high affinity GHBP. Generally, GH resistance is characterized by decreased GHBP levels, and the converse is true in GH hypersensitivity such as in obesity. It has been postulated that the plasma GHBP level reflects tissue concentrations of the GHR, but this remains to be proven. The high affinity GHBP appears to be positively, though imperfectly, linked to GH action. Soluble receptor isoforms analogous to the GHBP have been demonstrated for several members of the cytokine receptor family to which the GHR belongs. The ultimate biological role of these circulating receptor ectodomains remains to be fully defined.
Polybenzimidazole-membrane-based PEM fuel cell in the temperature range of 120–200 °C

Abstract Phosphoric acid-doped polybenzimidazole-membrane-based PEM fuel cells were tested in the temperature range of 120–200 °C, with ambient backpressure and 0% RH. AC impedance spectroscopy, surface cyclic voltammetry and fuel cell performance simulation were used to obtain the exchange current densities for the cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and anodic hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) on platinum-based catalysts at such high temperatures. The activation energies for ORR, HOR and membrane conductivity were also obtained separately. The results showed that temperature significantly affects the charger transfer and gas (O 2 and H 2 ) diffusion resistances. The effect of O 2 stoichiometry (ST air ) on fuel cell performance was also investigated. Increasing ST air can effectively increase the O 2 partial pressure in the feed air, leading to improvements in both the thermodynamics and the kinetics of the fuel cell reactions. In addition, it was observed that increasing ST air could also improve the gas diffusion processes.
Rebuilding the Thymus

The thymus is the essential generative organ for T cell production, conserved from cartilaginous fish to humans ( 1 ). It is periodically colonized by lymphoid precursor cells from the blood, and after a period of maturation, T cells emerge bearing specific T cell receptors ( 2 ). This constitutes an arm of the adaptive immune system that provides many different modalities of protection. But many conditions affect thymus function, including therapeutic treatments such as chemotherapy and irradiation, with dire consequences for host protection ( 3 ). On page 91 of this issue, Dudakov et al. ( 4 ) demonstrate a surprising role for a subset of innate lymphoid cells in regenerating the thymus. This has implications for restoring and maintaining normal T cell immunity during conditions when thymus function is diminished.
Design of High-Resolution Monochromator for the Vacuum Ultraviolet. An Application of Off-Plane Eagle Mounting*†

The possibility of constructing a high-resolution monochromator for the vacuum ultraviolet is discussed; off-plane Eagle mounting is chosen as the most suitable one. Considering all optical restrictions arising from an off-plane setting, the resolving power of the grating in the off-plane Eagle mounting is calculated numerically for the following conditions: 3-m concave grating (5- × 3-in. ruled area) with 30 000 lines/in. or 15 000 lines/in., 0 to 5800 A in the first order, and distance of the entrance slit from the Rowland plane 6 cm. In order to have compactness, a link mechanism introduced by Bair et al. is chosen in the scanning system and a tentative design of a 3-meter vacuum monochromator is shown schematically. As the result, it is recommended to use the off-plane Eagle mounting in constructing a high-resolution monochromator for the vacuum ultraviolet.
Rate of RNA synthesis as a function of temperature in Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (V-79)

Abstract The rates of intracellular RNA synthesis at various temperatures between 33 and 41 °C were determined in Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts by measuring average amounts of [ 3 H]uridine incorporated per cell per unit of time. The energy of activation and Q 20 for intracellular RNA synthesis were calculated from the slopes of the relative rates of RNA synthesis in hamster fibroblasts vs time, plotted on Arrhenius coordinates. The incorporation of uridine into RNA is characterized by an energy of activation of 19 200 calories/mole and a Q 10 of 2.71. The absolute rates of RNA synthesis were determined at various temperatures, with values ranging from 1.55 to 0.60 × 10 −15 g RNA/min/cell at 41 to 33 °C, respectively.
INTERCONTINENTAL GENE FLOW AMONG WESTERN ARCTIC POPULATIONS OF LESSER SNOW GEESE

Abstract. Quantifying the spatial genetic structure of highly vagile species of birds is important in predicting their degree of population demographic and genetic independence during changing environmental conditions, and in assessing their abundance and distribution. In the western Arctic, Lesser Snow Geese (Chen caerulescens caerulescens) provide an example useful for evaluating spatial population genetic structure and the relative contribution of male and female philopatry to breeding and wintering locales. We analyzed biparentally inherited microsatellite loci and maternally inherited mtDNA sequences from geese breeding at Wrangel Island (Russia) and Banks Island (Canada) to estimate gene flow among populations whose geographic overlap during breeding and winter differ. Significant differences in the frequencies of mtDNA haplotypes contrast with the homogeneity of allele frequencies for microsatellite loci. Coalescence simulations revealed high variability and asymmetry between males and females in r...
Peer Observation Action Research Project

This paper outlines the initial findings of an action research project that focuses on the possible contribution of peer observation to a more collaborative environment and teachers’ professional growth at The University High School. The research component played a significant part as previous attempts to change the culture at the school were unsuccessful and investigating the forces that prevent collaboration in the day-to-day workings of the school became necessary. Our investigation reveals that whilst a peer observation programme has great potential to stimulate cooperation amongst teachers, the ingrained power relations in schools turn its intended professional growth outcomes on its head. Only if the school's leadership employs strategies to counter entrenched disciplinary structures in schools, can peer observation lead to more collaboration between staff members and stimulate professional learning.
Reasons for Local Anesthesia Failures

U.S. dental practitioners administer about 4,000,000 local anesthetic blocks and infiltrations annually. The failure rate to achieve adequate anesthesia for the procedure is estimated to be 5 percent to 15 percent. This article describes five different categories of failures and suggest ways to troubleshoot them.
Strategically focused engineering: Design and management

During the last ten years strategic analysis has become a major focus of management theory and practice. From this has emerged a general consensus on basic strategic principles and processes, which will play an ever larger role in engineering thought and practice. This article explores the interface between engineering and strategy. We outline the fundamental philosophy and basic method of strategic analysis and compare them to traditional engineering approaches. The addition of strategic criteria will often change the choice of a particular engineering solution. An engineering design may be technically correct but strategically wrong — as illustrated by the instant movie camera and the SST airliner. Also, failing to take advantage of engineering and technological possibilities may represent a major strategic error — e.g., NCR and the shift from mechanical to electronic registers. We conclude that tightening the linkage between engineering and strategy formulation will require changes in the thinking patterns of both engineers and the managements that employ them. Engineers and engineering managers will have to learn bow to shift back and forth between structured and unstructured problem solving, and managements will have to consciously increase the role of technologists in strategy formulation.
Association between breast cancer susceptibility loci and mammographic density: the Multiethnic Cohort.

Mammographic density is a strong risk factor for breast cancer. Our objective was to examine its association with polymorphisms identifying breast cancer susceptibility loci that were ascertained in recent genome-wide association studies. Subjects were 825 women who participated in previous case–control studies of mammographic density and genetic factors nested within the Multiethnic Cohort study and were from three ethnic groups (White, Japanese American, Native Hawaiian). Eight polymorphisms (rs2981582 in FGFR2, rs3803662 and rs12443621in TOX3, rs3817198 in LSP1, rs981782 and rs10941679 near HCN1/MRPS30, rs889312 in MAP3K1, and rs13387042 at 2q) were examined. Mammographic density was quantified with a computer-assisted method as the percent dense area: the area of radiologically dense fibroglandular tissue relative to the total breast area that also includes radiologically lucent fatty tissue. The polymorphism rs12443621 in TOX3 was associated with percent dense area; women with at least one G allele (previously associated with increased breast cancer risk) had 3% to 4% higher densities than women with two A alleles. The polymorphism rs10941679 near HCN1/MRPS30 was also associated with percent dense area; women who were homozygous for the G allele (previously associated with increased breast cancer risk) had 4% to 5% lower densities than women with at least one A allele. The other polymorphisms were not associated with percent dense area. The available data suggest that the effects of most of these polymorphisms on breast cancer are not mediated by mammographic density. Some effects may have been too small to be detected. The association with rs12443621 may provide clues as to how variation in TOX3 influences breast cancer risk.
Simulation of small-scale releases from liquid hydrogen storage systems

Abstract Knowledge of the concentration field and flammability envelope from small-scale leaks is important for the safe use of hydrogen. These small-scale leaks may occur from leaky fittings or o-ring seals on liquid hydrogen-based systems. The present study focuses on steady-state leaks with large amounts of pressure drop along the leak path such that hydrogen enters the atmosphere at near atmospheric pressure (i.e. Very low Mach number). A three-stage buoyant turbulent entrainment model is developed to predict the properties (trajectory, hydrogen concentration and temperature) of a jet emanating from the leak. Atmospheric hydrogen properties (temperature and quality) at the leak plane depend on the storage pressure and whether the leak occurs from the saturated vapor space or saturated liquid space. In the first stage of the entrainment model ambient temperature air (295 K) mixes with the leaking hydrogen (20–30 K) over a short distance creating an ideal gas mixture at low temperature (∼65 K). During this process states of hydrogen and air are determined from equilibrium thermodynamics using models developed by NIST. In the second stage of the model (also relatively short in distance) the radial distribution of hydrogen concentration and velocity in the jet develops into a Gaussian profile characteristic of free jets. The third and by far the longest stage is the part of the jet trajectory where flow is fully developed. Results show that flammability envelopes for cold hydrogen jets are generally larger than those of ambient temperature jets. While trajectories for ambient temperature jets depend solely on the leak densimetric Froude number, results from the present study show that cold jet trajectories depend on the Froude number and the initial jet density ratio. Furthermore, the flammability envelope is influenced by the hydrogen concentration in the jet at the beginning of fully developed flow.
Surface‐Wave Potential for Triggering Tectonic (Nonvolcanic) Tremor—Corrected

Abstract Source processes commonly posed to explain instances of remote dynamic triggering of tectonic (nonvolcanic) tremor by surface waves include frictional failure and various modes of fluid activation. The relative potential for Love‐ and Rayleigh‐wave dynamic stresses to trigger tectonic tremor through failure on critically stressed thrust and vertical strike‐slip faults under the Coulomb–Griffith failure criteria as a function of incidence angle are anticorrelated over the 15‐ to 30‐km‐depth range that hosts tectonic tremor. Love‐wave potential is high for strike‐parallel incidence on low‐angle reverse faults and null for strike‐normal incidence; the opposite holds for Rayleigh waves. Love‐wave potential is high for both strike‐parallel and strike‐normal incidence on vertical, strike‐slip faults and minimal for ∼45° incidence angles. The opposite holds for Rayleigh waves. This pattern is consistent with documented instances of tremor triggered by Love waves incident on the Cascadia megathrust and the San Andreas fault (SAF) in central California resulting from shear failure on weak faults (apparent friction is μ * ≤0.2). Documented instances of tremor triggered by surface waves with strike‐parallel incidence along the Nankai megathrust beneath Shikoku, Japan, however, are associated primarily with Rayleigh waves. This is consistent with the tremor bursts resulting from mixed‐mode failure (crack opening and shear failure) facilitated by near‐lithostatic ambient pore pressure, low differential stress, with a moderate friction coefficient ( μ ∼0.6) on the Nankai subduction interface. Rayleigh‐wave dilatational stress is relatively weak at tectonic tremor source depths and seems unlikely to contribute significantly to the triggering process, except perhaps for an indirect role on the SAF in sustaining tremor into the Rayleigh‐wave coda that was initially triggered by Love waves.
GRAIN BOUNDARY EFFECTS AND CONDUCTION MECHANISM STUDIES IN CHROMIUM METAL-INSULATOR-SILICON SOLAR CELLS ON POLYCRYSTALLINE SILICON.

Abstract Chromium metal-insulator-silicon (MIS) solar cells fabricated on Wacker polycrystalline silicon and electron-beam-deposited thin film silicon were studied to determine current flow mechanisms. Wacker polycrystalline p-type silicon was shown to produce MIS solar cells which exhibit surface-state-controlled current for T>150 K and tunneling-controlled current at lower temperatures. MIS cells on unpolished Wacker silicon are clearly space charge limited. Electron-beam-deposited polycrystalline silicon 20 – 30 μm thick has a conductivity which may be limited by the grain boundary trap density or the availability of free carriers. Surface state analysis, laser scan data and diffusion length studies also show the limitations which exist at grain boundaries of polycrystalline silicon.
Tack and Green Strength of Elastomeric Materials

Abstract Tack and green strength are two important properties of many elastomer compounds. Tack is the ability of two materials to resist separation after bringing their surfaces into contact for a short time under a light pressure. Two types can be defined: autohesive tack (autohesion), where both materials have the same chemical composition and adhesive tack, in which the two materials have dissimilar compositions. The green strength of an elastomer is its resistance to deformation and fracture before vulcanization. Rubber stocks that are used in tire manufacture (or other plied-up operations) must have a certain minimum level of tack and green strength. Tack is necessary so that the many components of a green tire will hold together until molding. This requires not only that the components exhibit quick stick when building, but also that the tack bonds have long term creep resistance, since the green tire may be hung on a rack several days before molding and vulcanization. In addition, an uncured tire ...
Fathers Who Kill Their Children: An Analysis of the Literature

Roughly half of filicidal acts are committed by fathers, though the majority of the literature focuses on maternal filicide. This paper reviews the existing literature on paternal filicide with the goal of identifying characteristics common among these fathers. Fathers who killed their children were, on average, in their mid thirties. The mean age of their victims was five. They may have multiple victims. Sons and daughters were killed in equal numbers. Reasons included death related to abuse, mental illness (including psychosis and depression), and revenge against a spouse. The method often involved wounding violence. Suicide following the act occurred frequently. After being tried for their crimes, filicidal fathers were more frequently incarcerated than hospitalized. Given the range of those capable of this act, mental health professionals must be alert to the possibility of filicide in a variety of fathers. Considering this risk, clinicians should inquire about thoughts of harming children, partners, and themselves.
Decrease of Foxp3+ Treg Cell Number and Acquisition of Effector Cell Phenotype during Lethal Infection

Using a model of lethal oral infection with Toxoplasma gondii, we examined the fate of both induced and natural regulatory T (Treg) cells in the face of strong inflammatory responses occurring in a tolerogenic-prone environment. We found that during highly T helper 1 (Th1) cell-polarized mucosal immune responses, Treg cell numbers collapsed via multiple pathways, including blockade of Treg cell induction and disruption of endogenous Treg cell homeostasis. In particular, shutdown of interleukin 2 (IL-2) in the highly Th1 cell-polarized environment triggered by infection directly contributes to Treg cell incapacity to suppress effector responses and eventually leads to immunopathogenesis. Furthermore, we found that environmental cues provided by both local dendritic cells and effector T cells can induce the expression of T-bet transcription factor and IFN-gamma by Treg cells. These data reveal a mechanism for Th1 cell pathogenicity that extends beyond their proinflammatory program to limit Treg cell survival.
In vitro amplification of misfolded prion protein using lysate of cultured cells.

Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) recapitulates the prion protein (PrP) conversion process under cell-free conditions. PMCA was initially established with brain material and then with further simplified constituents such as partially purified and recombinant PrP. However, availability of brain material from some species or brain material from animals with certain mutations or polymorphisms within the PrP gene is often limited. Moreover, preparation of native PrP from mammalian cells and tissues, as well as recombinant PrP from bacterial cells, involves time-consuming purification steps. To establish a convenient and versatile PMCA procedure unrestricted to the availability of substrate sources, we attempted to conduct PMCA with the lysate of cells that express cellular PrP (PrPC). PrPSc was efficiently amplified with lysate of rabbit kidney epithelial RK13 cells stably transfected with the mouse or Syrian hamster PrP gene. Furthermore, PMCA was also successful with lysate of other established cell lines of neuronal or non-neuronal origins. Together with the data showing that the abundance of PrPC in cell lysate was a critical factor to drive efficient PrPSc amplification, our results demonstrate that cell lysate in which PrPC is present abundantly serves as an excellent substrate source for PMCA.
Multi-fluid simulations of Ganymede's magnetosphere

[1] Comparative studies of 3D multi-fluid simulations with Galileo magnetometer data are used to develop a quantitative model of the currents and fields within Ganymede's magnetosphere as well as its bulk plasma environment. The model includes contributions from Jupiter's magnetosphere and the flux of different ion species originating from Ganymede's ionosphere. Comparisons between the magnetometer data and the simulation demonstrate good agreement for the strength and structure of Ganymede's magnetosphere. An ionospheric outflow rate of ∼1026 ions/s was found for the simulation, which is well correlated to the sputtering rate determined for the surface of Ganymede that actively supplies the ionosphere. Qualitative comparisons are made with the Hubble Space Telescope observations of Ganymede's UV aurora. The size and location of regions of Jovian magnetospheric plasma precipitation are similar to the observed UV emissions. Plasma acceleration due to reconnection and the size of Ganymede's cusps are also examined.
Stereochemistry of pipecolic acid found in the urine and plasma of subjects with peroxisomal deficiencies

Recently it was found that normal adults excrete pipecolic acid primarily as the D-enantiomer even though it is present in the blood stream mainly as the L-enantiomer (i.e. > 98% L). This study of pipecolic acid stereochemistry was extended to subjects with peroxisomal deficiencies since they are known to have high levels of pipecolic acid in their physiological fluids. Also, pipecolic acid stereochemistry was examined in young normal subjects since this group was not considered previously. It was found that the stereochemical composition of pipecolic acid in plasma was very similar for all subjects tested (i.e. > 98% of the L-enantiomer). However, the stereochemical composition of excreted pipecolic varied considerably. Urine samples from subjects with the most severe peroxisomal deficiency, i.e. cerebralhepatorenyl (Zellweger) syndrome (CHRS) contained little D-pipecolic acid. In fact the enantiomeric ratios for pipecolic acid in the urine and plasma of these subjects were very similar. This was not the case for normal subjects. Levels of D-pipecolic acid in the urine of subjects with 'less severe' peroxisomal deficiencies tended to be somewhat higher but they did not approach the levels found in normal adults. Several possible reasons for these results are discussed.
Fugue States: Modiano Romancier

The essay shows how in Dora Bruder, Modiano is able to call upon imagination and mobilize the novelist's craft while remaining faithful to historical truth. This article is available in Studies in 20th & 21st Century Literature: http://newprairiepress.org/sttcl/vol31/iss2/9 Fugue States: Modiano Romancieri Lynn A. Higgins Dartmouth University A narrator in the 1990s retraces the life and disappearance of Dora Bruder, age 15, after reading her parents' announcement in an old newspaper (Paris soir, Dec 31, 1942), revealing that she had run away from the convent school where she was in hiding. Moved by the detailed description of the missing girl, and further driven by his own multiple bereavements, he undertakes to document her escapadeher fugue-seeking to understand by bringing it into parallel with his own experience as a runaway and his father's clandestine existence during the Occupation. His itineraries around Paris retracing Dora's footsteps yield information about her parents' background, and he learns as well that the family was deported and died at Auschwitz. The newspaper announcement exists. The young girl's name is real, although so richly overdetermined as to seem invented. Among its associations, the name brings to mind Rudy Modiano, the author's adored brother (bruder is "brother" in German), who died at the age of ten; it evokes Freud's Dora; and there are even connections to actress Francoise Dorleac, Catherine Deneuve's sister, who also died young and tragically. Nevertheless, a real Dora Bruder is listed in Serge Klarsfeld's Memorial des enfants juifs deportes de France. Modiano published a tribute to Klarsfeld in Liberation, in which he admits that reading, page after page, lists of names of deported children caused him to "have doubts about literature. Since memory is often the primary motor of literature, it seemed to me that the only book it was truly necessary to write was this memorial, as Serge Klarsfeld wrote it." His reading left him especially haunted by the many entries marked "unidentified child" [ "Enfant sans identite,"] and so, taking Klarsfeld as an example, "I tried to find a 1 Higgins: Fugue States: Modiano Romancier Published by New Prairie Press
Architects: Gender-Role and Hiring Decisions:

To examine architects' judgments of male and female applicants represented by the information in resumes, 204 architects, 156 men and 48 women, licensed in the state of Connecticut participated in ...
Multiple-quantum ESR and distance measurements

Abstract It is shown that allowed double-quantum coherences (DQC) can now be routinely generated in disordered and oriented solids containing nitroxide biradicals and random distributions of stable radicals. The Pake doublets obtained from DQC pathways can be effectively used to determine long (∼30 A) distances in the former case, and concentrations in the latter. The DQC signals are strong and often comparable to standard single-quantum signals. In the limit of non-selective pulses their interpretation becomes independent of complicating features which affect other ESR distance methods.
Middle fossa vestibular neurectomy for refractory vertigo: less is more.

Objective:This study aimed to evaluate outcomes of the middle fossa (MF) superior vestibular neurectomy in unilateral Meniere’s disease.Patients and Methods:Case series with preoperative and postoperative analysis of the 1995 American Academy of Otolaryngology hearing stage and vertigo class, gait instability, and results of vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (VEMP).Results:Four out of the 5 patients had total vertigo control (class A) and 1 had near total control (class B) by the last visit (mean follow-up, 23.6 months). There were no changes in hearing thresholds and hearing stage. Four patients had resolution of their gait instability by 2 months after surgery. Postoperative VEMP responses were preserved in all 3 patients with positive VEMP preoperatively.Conclusion:This is the first report of the anatomical and functional preservation of the inferior vestibular nerve in vestibular neurectomy for the treatment of refractory vertigo in unilateral Meniere’s disease, with VEMP testing before and after ...
C-OLiVE: Group co-located interaction in VEs for contextual learning

In informal learning spaces employing digital content, such as museums, visitors either do not get adequate exposure to content or get information through passive instruction offered by a museum docent to the whole group. This research aims to identify which elements of co-located group collaboration, virtual environments, and serious games can be leveraged for an enhanced learning experience. Our hypothesis is that synchronous, co-located, group collaboration will afford greater learning compared to conventional approaches. We developed C-OLiVE, an interactive virtual learning environment supporting tripartite group collaboration, which we will use as a testbed to respond to our research questions. In this paper, we discuss our proposed research, which involves exploring some benefits of the involved technologies and proposing a list of design guidelines for anyone interested to exploit them in developing virtual environments for informal learning spaces.
Constant covariance in local vertical coordinates for near-circular orbits

A method is presented for devising a covariance matrix that either remains constant or grows in keeping with the presence of a period error in a rotating local-vertical coordinate system. The solution presented may prove useful in the initialization of simulation covariance matrices for near-circular-orbit problems. Use is made of the Clohessy-Wiltshire equations and the travelling-ellipse formulation.
Microinfarct disruption of white matter structure: A longitudinal diffusion tensor analysis

Objective: To evaluate the local effect of small asymptomatic infarctions detected by diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) on white matter microstructure using longitudinal structural and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Methods: Nine acute to subacute DWI lesions were identified in 6 subjects with probable cerebral amyloid angiopathy who had undergone high-resolution MRI both before and after DWI lesion detection. Regions of interest (ROIs) corresponding to the site of the DWI lesion (lesion ROI) and corresponding site in the nonlesioned contralateral hemisphere (control ROI) were coregistered to the pre- and postlesional scans. DTI tractography was additionally performed to reconstruct the white matter tracts containing the ROIs. DTI parameters (fractional anisotropy [FA], mean diffusivity [MD]) were quantified within each ROI, the 6-mm lesion-containing tract segments, and the entire lesion-containing tract bundle. Lesion/control FA and MD ratios were compared across time points. Results: The postlesional scans (performed a mean 7.1 ± 4.7 months after DWI lesion detection) demonstrated a decrease in median FA lesion/control ROI ratio (1.08 to 0.93, p = 0.038) and increase in median MD lesion/control ROI ratio (0.97 to 1.17, p = 0.015) relative to the prelesional scans. There were no visible changes on postlesional high-resolution T1-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images in 4 of 9 lesion ROIs and small (2–5 mm) T1 hypointensities in the remaining 5. No postlesional changes in FA or MD ratios were detected in the 6-mm lesion-containing tract segments or full tract bundles. Conclusions: Asymptomatic DWI lesions produce chronic local microstructural injury. The cumulative effects of these widely distributed lesions may directly contribute to small-vessel–related vascular cognitive impairment.
Ecophysiology of microcolonial fungi and lichens on rocks in northeastern Oregon

SUMMARY In this study of rocks in eastern Oregon, air and rock temperatures and moisture were monitored, along with the abundance and distribution of micro-colonial fungi (MCF) and lichens, for 2 yr. Conditions were suitable for MCF growth during all but the winter months with the most favorable conditions occurring in spring and autumn. In these seasons moisture was frequent and the absorption of solar irradiation by rocks increased the surface temperatures considerably above the very cool air temperatures. Distributions of MCF and lichens were studied in detail on ten granite rocks at one site. While MCF were most numerous on southern rock exposures, this appeared to be because this exposure was least favorable for lichen growth. MCF appeared to precede lichens in colonizing recently fractured, exposed rock surfaces. The ability of the MCF to grow in the dark as well as the light may be an important factor favouring growth of MCF relative to lichens, especially in the summer when daytime air and rock temperatures were too high to permit growth. However, conditions on some areas of the rocks were especially favourable for lichen growth and in these places lichens effectively dominated the MCF for surface area. A list of lichen species observed at this and nearby locations is provided. 14CO2 release from [14C]acetate was used as a measure of MCF activity at 10–12 °C and 25 °C under different conditions of moisture. Moderate respiration was found at 10–12 °C and respiration occurred with a 2 h period of air drying. In contrast, MCF on rocks air dried for several weeks and subsequently dried for 18 h over H2SO4 did not become active during incubation for 2 h following wetting.
Improved Survival of Follicular Lymphoma Patients in the United States

Purpose Despite several new treatment options, single- and multi-institution analyses have not clarified whether survival patterns in follicular lymphoma (FL) patients have changed in recent decades. We undertook a study using a large population-based registry to analyze survival patterns among patients with FL. Patients and Methods Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results morphology codes were used to identify 14,564 patients diagnosed with FL between 1978 and 1999. Observed median survival times, Kaplan-Meier survival curves, proportional death hazard ratios, and relative survival rates were calculated. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to identify trends in annual adjusted death hazard ratios. Results An improvement in survival of all patients with FL was observed between each of three diagnosis eras (1978 to 1985, 1986 to 1992, and 1993 to 1999) by log-rank tests. Among patients with stage-specific data, the median survival time improved from 84 months (95% CI, 81 to 88 months) in the 1983 to ...
Expanding Maintainability Concepts and Techniques

As electronic systems continue to increase in cost and complexity, the search for more effective maintainability concepts and techniques takes on added momentum. Recent contracts often require maintainability to be predicted during design and the predictions later validated by demonstration. To accomplish these new requirements, maintainability must develop a new and closer relationship with reliability and design engineering. This new relationship will not be difficult when probabilities of maintenance success are applied to the corrective maintenance repair time predictions. Probabilities of maintainability and reliability would then be compatible and thus effectively utilized to determine availability, the prime index for systems effectiveness. Changing maintainability requirements are discussed along with the more familiar prediction methods, as well as how these concepts and techniques can be expanded to predict the probability of maintenance success.
AN ALGEBRAIC TOPOLOGICAL METHOD FOR FEATURE IDENTIFICATION

We develop a mathematical framework for describing local features of a geometric object—such as the edges of a square or the apex of a cone—in terms of algebraic topological invariants. The main tool is the construction of a "tangent complex" for an arbitrary geometrical object, generalising the usual tangent bundle of a manifold. This framework can be used to develop algorithms for automatic feature location. We give several examples of applying such algorithms to geometric objects represented by point-cloud data sets.
Synthesis of continuous-time filters and analog to digital converters by integrated constraint transformation, floorplanning and routing

This paper describes a layout-aware analog synthesis methodology. The methodology includes parameter exploration and classification, parameter domain pruning and sampling, and identification of parameter dependencies. The optimization process executes a combined constraint transformation, floorplanning and global routing. The paper presents results for a high frequency continuous-time filter, and two Δ ADCs. Compared to similar work, the methodology is more flexible in handling new designs, and more tolerant in accommodating layout parasitics.
Estimation of buckling loads of structural components by measurements of shifts in modal vibrations

Instability of structural components is shown to be more complicated for beams and hooks than for the classical Euler's column condition. A normal mode vibration method is shown to be relevant to the detection of loads that approach the unstable buckling condition. The natural frequency of the mode of vibration that matches the unstable bending or torsional shape shifts from the no-load natural frequency and then returns to the no-load frequency value at the critical load for buckling. This new experimental method is proposed as a nondestructive method for complex structures when no analytical solution is available. >
A guide to reviewing technical graphics

The text and the graphics in a paper can each be judged for two quality considerations: message and presentation. Although we are usually most concerned with the text, it is part of the job of the reviewer to consider the graphical aspects of technical papers. The content and usefulness of the graphs, as well as the appropriateness and clarity of the graphs, must be evaluated.
The struggle for legitimacy: A study of contingencies and constraints in emergency medicine

This paper explores the organizational structure and the social work world of an emerging medical specialty area, the emergency medicine practitioner. In‐depth interviews were undertaken with a number of physicians practicing emergency medicine in an attempt to come to some understanding of the problems encountered by a new specialty area as it attempts to gain credibility with more traditional and well established specialty areas in medicine. Key elements that appear to be critical in the struggle for legitimation by emergency room physicians revolve around such issues as income, power, autonomy, the referral system, specialized knowledge and commitment levels of active participants. The nontraditional organizational structure of emergency medicine was also found to be a factor in strained social relationships between emergency room physicians and their peers. This paper also documents the more commonly used interactional strategies employed by emergency room practitioners in their day‐to‐day interaction...
Ultrafast Pulse Propagation in Zero-Dispersion Silicon Wire based OTDM System

We present the first theoretical study of femtosecond pulse train propagation in silicon wire based intra-chip OTDM transmission line. Dispersion engineering is employed to achieve GVD-free transmission
Aftershocks and Pore Fluid Diffusion Following the 1992 Landers Earthquake

[1] We model the evolution of regional stress following the 1992 Landers earthquake in order to test the importance of pore fluid flow in producing aftershocks. Rising fluid pressure due to pore fluid flow and the resulting Coulomb stress changes were found to be strongly correlated with the time and location of aftershock events. Regional aftershock frequencies computed by integrating pore pressure decay rates also agreed quite well with aftershock data. Calculations show that regions of rising postseismic poroelastic Coulomb stress overlap considerably with regions of positive coseismic Coulomb stress. Thus pore fluid flow, which affects pore pressure within faults and causes regional poroelastic stress evolution following earthquakes, gradually evolves the initial coseismic stress changes. Together these changes provide a reasonable physical mechanism for aftershock triggering which agrees with data for the 1992 Landers earthquake.
Emerging infectious diseases

Human population growth, technological advances, and changing social behaviors lead to the selection of new microbial pathogens. Antimicrobial drugs, vaccines, diagnostics, and treatments for emerging infectious diseases must be developed. The selective forces that drive the emergence of new infectious diseases, and the implications for our survival, are just beginning to be understood.
Oblique collision and accretion of the Netherlands Leeward Antilles to South America

[1] Accretion of the Netherlands Leeward Antilles volcanic island arc to northern South America (offshore Venezuela) was accompanied by deformation and clockwise block rotation. Structural analysis of Aruba, Curacao, and Bonaire indicates that they were deformed during at least one ductile event (D1) and three brittle events (F1 − F3). The first deformation phase (D1 and F1) began in the Early Cretaceous, at approximately 110 Ma. Deformation features are consistent with displacement partitioning at the obliquely convergent Caribbean-Atlantic (proto-Caribbean) plate boundary. This deformation was accompanied by an approximate 90° clockwise rotation of the forearc terrane. The onset of the second phase of deformation (F2) occurred in the Eocene (∼55 Ma), also accompanied by a small amount of rotation, and structures are consistent with wrench tectonics in a pull-apart regime. This coincided with the collision of the Caribbean plate with the Great Bahama Bank and the initiation of convergence between North and South America. The youngest deformation structures and rotation (F3) are also associated with wrench faulting. Likely, motion along the Oca fault and the Caribbean plate transform fault initiated a major restraining bend in the late Paleogene. Beginning ∼12 Ma, the northeastward escape of the Maracaibo block further increased the complexity of tectonism at the Caribbean–South American plate boundary. Deformation structures are consistent with a total of 135° clockwise rotation of the Leeward Antilles islands and regional diachronous deformation from west to east since the Early Cretaceous.
STUDIES ON THE TREATMENT OF HUMAN TRYPANOSOMIASIS WITH TRYPARSAMIDE (THE SODIUM SALT OF N-PHENYLGLYCINEAMIDE-p-ARSONIC ACID)

The present study of the action of tryparsamide in human trypanosomiasis concludes a series of chemical and biological investigations in a particular problem of chemotherapy and thus represents the final step in a logical method of approach to such a problem. It has been shown that tryparsamide, the sodium salt of N-phenylglycineamide-p-arsonic acid, possesses a marked trypanocidal activity in human trypanosomiasis caused by Tr. gambiense. Single doses of from 0.5 to 5.0 gm. produced a peripheral sterilization of lymph glands and blood in an average of 6 to 12 hours. The duration of the peripheral sterilization following single doses of 17 to 83 mg. per kilo ranged from 17 to 58 days in patients who ultimately showed a return of trypanosomes to the peripheral blood. In a number of patients, however, treated with single doses of 9 to 68 mg. per kilo, no such relapse was detected during an observation period of from 40 to 111 days. The drug is extremely soluble in water and may be administered intramuscularly as well as intravenously. The immediate trypanocidal action after intramuscular administration was as rapid as that following the intravenous route while the duration of peripheral sterilization was appreciably longer. Relatively few repeated doses produced in advanced cases a marked and rapid diminution of the cells of the spinal fluid and were associated with definite improvement of mental and nervous symptoms. The occurrence of visual disturbances in certain advanced cases was the only untoward effect detected during the course of the work, and was apparently related to a too frequent administration of the drug. The condition was transitory in the majority of instances and resumption of treatment was not followed by a recurrence of this symptom. The general beneficial effect of the drug was a noticeable feature of its action in both early and advanced cases as shown by the disappearance of subjective symptoms, by the return of the pulse and temperature to normal limits, by the pronounced improvement of the blood picture, and by well marked gains in weight.
Election Boycotts and Hybrid Regime Survival

Despite the frequent occurrence of election boycotts, there are few studies available in the scholarly literature concerning their effectiveness, particularly as a strategy of opposition parties seeking to bring about the end of electoral authoritarian governments. This article uses an original data set with global coverage of hybrid regimes from 1981 to 2006, and uses event-history analysis to determine the efficacy of boycotts in national elections among other risk factors thought to undermine hybrid regimes. This article also takes a preliminary look at democratization outcomes following boycotted and contested elections in hybrid regimes. The core findings are that boycotts hasten the electoral defeat of hybrid regimes without much risk of destabilizing the electoral process, but ultimately do not lead to increased competition in successor regimes.
Effect of nitration on prolactin activities

Abstract The seven tyrosines of ovine prolactin were modified with tetranitromethane and the resulting products were assayed for α-lactalbumin production in a mouse mammary gland explant assay system, for binding activity in a radioreceptor assay, and by radioimmunoassay. The five tyrosines which were exposed can be nitrated without loss of activity. The two remaining tyrosines can be nitrated only under denaturing conditions, a reaction that caused a loss of binding and biological activities. The loss of activity was not a consequence of the denaturants but was due to modification of either or both of the two relatively unreactive tyrosines. It is postulated that this activity loss is the result of alterations of conformation rather than the modification of a tyrosine which is in contact with the prolactin receptor.
Efficiency of pump absorption in double-clad fiber amplifiers. II. Broken circular symmetry

Absorption of an incoherent pump in a double-clad fiber amplifier is analyzed in the paraxial wave approximation. Different inner cladding shapes are considered. A small spiral distortion of an otherwise circular inner cladding shape is shown to enhance the coupling efficiency significantly relative to other geometries.
On conflict-free all-to-all broadcast in one-hop optical networks of arbitrary topologies

In this paper, we investigate the problem of all-to-all broadcast in optical networks, also known as gossiping. This problem is very important in the context of control plane design as it relates to status information dissemination. We present a routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) method to reduce the number of wavelengths such that the communication is conflict-free in a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) optical environment without wavelength converters. Our approach utilizes the tap-and-continue capability of the optical nodes. The network topology is considered to be arbitrary as long as it is connected. Both cases of maximally and nonmaximally edge-connected graphs are studied. For the first case, we give a closed-form expression for the lower bound on the number of wavelengths, which is an elegant extension of the results in 7 for concurrent broadcast trees in optical networks. Furthermore, we show how to achieve this bound. The second case is more involved and requires a specific procedure to achieve the minimum number of wavelengths. For this case, we provide an attractive method for the RWA algorithm that attempts to minimize the number of wavelengths. Our solution for this case is within a constant factor that is strictly less than 2 from the optimal solution. The proposed algorithm uses the concept of "cactus" representation of all minimum edge-cuts in a graph in a novel recursive approach.