cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fifty/Fifty by 20201

During the last two decades large numbers of women have entered parliaments in several east and southern African countries. In late 2007, Mozambique, Namibia and South Africa in southern Africa and Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda in east Africa all had national legislatures ranging from 25 to nearly 50 per cent women, placing them in the top 26 worldwide. This is far above the Sub-Saharan African and world averages of about 17 per cent women in a single or lower house of parliament. This development is part of a global trend whereby women are using electoral gender quotas to take a ‘fast track’ to equal legislative representation. The six countries identified here share a set of common characteristics explaining women's electoral success, with one important difference. The three southern African cases have all increased their percentages of women in parliament using a proportional representation electoral system and voluntary political party based quotas. The three east African cases have done the same throug...
Repeatability and variability of myocardial perfusion imaging techniques in mice: Comparison of arterial spin labeling and first-pass contrast-enhanced MRI.

Purpose Preclinical imaging of myocardial blood flow (MBF) can elucidate molecular mechanisms underlying cardiovascular disease. We compared the repeatability and variability of two methods, first-pass MRI and arterial spin labeling (ASL), for imaging MBF in mice. Methods Quantitative perfusion MRI in mice was performed using both methods at rest, with a vasodilator, and one day after myocardial infarction. Image quality (score of 1–5; 5 best), between-session coefficient of variability (CVbs), intra-user coefficient of variability (CVintra-user), and inter-user coefficient of variability (CVinter-user) were assessed. Acquisition time was 1–2 min for first-pass MRI and approximately 40 min for ASL. Results Image quality was higher for ASL (3.94 ± 0.09 versus 2.88 ± 0.10; P < 0.05). Infarct zone CVbs was lower with first-pass (17 ± 3% versus 46 ± 9%; P < 0.05). The stress perfusion CVintra-user was lower for ASL (3 ± 1% versus 14 ± 3%; P < 0.05). The stress perfusion CVinter-user was lower for ASL (4 ± 1% versus 17 ± 4%; P < 0.05). Conclusion For low MBF conditions such as infarct, first-pass MRI is preferred due to better repeatability and variability. At high MBF such as at vasodilation, ASL may be more suitable due to superior image quality and lower user variability. First-pass MRI has a substantial speed advantage. Magn Reson Med 75:2394–2405, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enhancement of growth of virulent strains of Escherichia coli by interleukin-1

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a polypeptide cytokine that mediates many physiological responses to infection and inflammation and is a growth factor for certain mammalian cells. Virulent and avirulent clinical isolates of Escherichia coli were grown in culture media in the presence of human IL-1. IL-1 beta, but not tumor necrosis factor or IL-4, enhanced the growth of virulent, but not avirulent, E. coli. This enhancement was blocked by the IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra). Radiolabeled IL-1 bound to virulent but not avirulent E. coli in a specific and saturable fashion; IL-1ra inhibited this binding. Thus, human IL-1 may recognize a functional IL-1-like receptor structure on virulent E. coli and may be a virulence factor for bacterial pathogenicity.
Short-term effect of low and high protein intake on renal function in children with renal disease.

. The short-term effect of different levels of protein intake on renal function was investigated in 18 children with moderately (51–85 ml/min/1.73 m2 BSA) or severely (9–50 ml/min/1.73 m2 BSA) reduced glomerular filtration rates (GFR). The GFR and effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), estimated as the clearances of respectively inulin and para-aminohippuric acid during uncontrolled (2-2.5 g/kg bw), low (1.2 g/kg bw for 12 days) and high (3–5 g/kg bw for 24 h) protein intake were determined by a standard clearance method employing continuous infusion and spontaneous voiding. There were no significant differences in GFR or ERPF during uncontrolled and low protein intake. During high protein intake the GFR and ERPF increased significantly in patients with GFRs above 50 ml/min/1.73 m2 BSA and ERPFs above 150 ml/min/1.73 m2 BSA. It is concluded that these findings might indicate a functional reserve capacity in children with only moderately reduced renal function.
Co-ordinate control of tryptophan, histidine and tyrosine enzyme synthesis in Bacillus subtilis.

Abstract Derepression of tryptophan gene expression is accompanied by co-ordinate expression of a gene of histidine synthesis and a gene of tyrosine synthesis. The histidine gene specifies imidazolylacetolphosphate: l -glutamine aminotransferase and the tyrosine gene specifies prephenate dehydrogenase. The synthesis of another enzyme of aromatic amino-acid biosynthesis, enolpyruvylshikimate-5-phosphate synthetase is also elevated. These loci are on one side of the tryptophan gene cluster. Genes of histidine or tyrosine synthesis on the other side of the tryptophan gene cluster or unlinked to this gene cluster are not expressed co-ordinately with the tryptophan genes. Control of aminotransferase, prephenate dehydrogenase and tryptophan enzyme synthesis is not always co-ordinate. Conditions of histidine or tyrosine limitation cause derepression of only the genes specific for the synthesis of the limiting amino acid. When a strain with elevated levels of the tryptophan enzymes, aminotransferase and prephenate dehydrogenase is grown with limiting histidine the level of aminotransferase is further increased. The data are explained by a read-through model for transcriptional control and the possible physiological significance of this relationship is discussed.
Households and the social organization of consumption in Southern Ghana

This article replicates Guyer's finding in Marginal Gains (2004) of a social gradient in expenditure patterns of Ghanaian households using more flexible statistical techniques than those used in the book. We show that similar gradients are found in Cote d'Ivoire and in Kagera, Tanzania, suggesting that Guyer's finding in Ghana is a manifestation of a more general phenomenon. In addition, we examine patterns of measurement error in household expenditure data from Ghana. This reveals a worrying possibility that survey reports of expenditure may reflect respondents' beliefs about what expenditures should be, as well as actual expenditures within the household.
The complement system of man. I.

Acquired Abnormalities Alterations in the complement system associated with human disease have been appreciated since early in this century,152 but only within recent years have measurements of ser...
Meiosis with telomeric pairing in a haploid of Triticum monococcum (x = 7).

In the microsporocytes of a haploid of Triticum monococcum (x = 7), foldback and other nonhomologous pairing was observed at pachytene. At the diplotene equivalent stage of meiosis, nonhomologous chromosomes were connected by their telomeres in associations involving two to seven chromosomes. Telomeric connections were Feulgen-positive for DNA and were disjoined by metaphase I. These connections may have resulted from earlier base-pairing of repeated sequences of guanine-rich telomere overhangs of nonhomologous chromosomes. Recent molecular studies of several widely divergent organisms have shown that all telomeres of nonhomologous chromosomes in a genome are identical, and telomere structure is conserved among widely divergent eukaryotes. Chromosome distribution at anaphase I fitted theoretical expectations of random movement of each of the seven chromosomes to one or the other of the two poles as did pollen fertility (stainability) resulting from such distribution. A single bivalent in 3.78% of the metaphase I cells provided evidence for a duplication in the genome of Triticum monococcum. ALTHOUGH spontaneously occurring and induced haploids have been investigated by many workers (Kimber and Riley, 1963), cytogenetic analysis of haploids in any species continues to be of general interest because it may yield information about duplications. In addition, chromosomally doubled haploids can be an immediate source of homozygous diploids that can be useful for various kinds of genetic analyses.
Electrolytic magnesium recovery from drinking water membrane residuals

The application of advanced membrane processes for drinking water treatment is hampered by the management of the concentrated membrane residuals. This byproduct is typically treated as waste, with the associated costs for disposal. In this study we tested electrolysis as an approach to recover potentially useful products from this waste stream, mitigating its cost of disposal. Aqueous solutions of Mg(NO3)2, MgCl2, or MgSO4 similar in concentration to those measured in typical membrane concentrates were utilized as test solutions. Cathodic reduction of these solutions resulted in the deposition of brucite, Mg(OH)2, coatings on the surface of the carbon electrode. Recovery was tested in potentiostatic and galvanostatic modes as a function of process parameters and solution composition. Recovery was observed to increase with time, applied voltage, and cell current. The mass deposited also depended upon the electrolyte anion, with under the conditions studied solutions of MgCl2 being the most amenable to electrolysis.
Immunocytochemical localization of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)-like immunoreactivity in the thalamus of the rat.

Abstract The distribution of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)-immunoreactive structures in the rat thalamus was studied after treatment with high doses of colchicine (100 μg/100 g b.wt.) with peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) immunocytochemistry in vibratome sections. CRF-immunopositive perikarya were found in the ‘posteromedial complex’ of the thalamus, including the ventromedial, paracentral, mediodorsal, rhomboid, parafascicular nuclei, centrum medianum and ventromedial portion of the posterolateral nucleus. In addition, CRF-containing perikarya were observed in the pretectal and subthalamic nuclei. CRF-immunoreactive processes were seen in most of the medial nuclei of the thalamus. The presence of CRF-immunopositive structures in the thalamus suggests that CRF not only functions as a hypophysiotropic hormone regulating the release of ACTH and β-endorphin from the pituitary, but also as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator, playing an important role in nociception and analgesia.
Synthesis of singly and doubly bridged ansa-Zirconocene hydrides. Formation of an unusual mixed valence trimeric hydride by reaction of H2 with {(Me2Si)2(η5- C5H3)2} Zr(CH3)2 and generation of a dinitrogen complex by reaction of N2 with a zirconocene dihydride

A series of singly and doubly bridged ansa-zirconocene dihydride complexes has been prepared from hydrogenation of the corresponding dimethyl complexes. For the singly [SiMe_2]-bridged species, the hydrogenation reaction is facile at 25 °C, whereas for the doubly [SiMe_2]-bridged complexes hydrogenation occurs over the course of days at 87 °C. Hydrogenation of {meso-Me_2Si(η^5-C_5H_3-3-CMe_3)_2}ZrMe_2 affords the isomeric dimeric dihydrides [{meso-Me_2Si(η^5-C_5H_3-3-CMe_3)_2}ZrH]_2(μ_2-H)_2, one of which has been characterized by X-ray diffraction. The racemo isomer of Me_2Si(η^5-C_5H_2-2-SiMe_3-4-CMe_3)_2ZrMe_2 (BpZrMe_2) reacts with dihydrogen, affording the first example of a monomeric ansa-zirconocene dihydride, {rac-Me_2Si(η^5-C_5H_2-2-SiMe_3-4-CMe_3)_2}ZrH_2 (rac-BpZrH_2). In the presence of dinitrogen, rac-BpZrH_2 undergoes thermal reductive elimination of H_2 and reaction with N_2, yielding the dinitrogen complex BpZr(μ_2,η^2,η^2-N_2)ZrBp, for which the dinitrogen ligand is coordinated in a side-on fashion to both zirconiums with a N−N bond distance of 1.241(3) A. The doubly [SiMe_2]-bridged zirconium dimethyl complex {(Me_2Si)_2(η^5-C_5H_3)_2}ZrMe_2 (RpZrMe_2) undergoes hydrogenation under forcing conditions, affording the mixed valent (Zr(IV)/Zr(IV)/Zr(III)) hydride trimer [RpZr]_3(μ_3-H)_2(μ_2-H)_3, which has been characterized by X-ray diffraction. More substituted doubly [SiMe_2]-bridged zirconocene dihydrides such as [{(Me_2Si)_2(η^5-C_5H-3,5-(CHMe_2)_2)(η^5-C_5H_2-4-CHMeEt}ZrH]_2(μ_2-H)_2 ([sec-BuThpZrH]_2(μ_2-H)_2) and [(Me_2Si)_2(η^5-C_5H-2,4-(CHMe_2)_2)(η^5-C_5H_2-4-CHMe_2)ZrH]_2(μ_2-H)_2 ([^iPrThpZrH]_2(μ_2-H)_2) have been prepared and shown to be robust dimers in solution.
Marketing Small Schools in New York City: A Critique of Neoliberal School Reform

The objective of this article is to critically examine a school reform effort that has taken hold in New York City over the past seven years. A largely privately funded venture, the New Century Schools Initiative (NCSI), opened hundreds of new small high schools in poor urban communities in New York City starting in 2002. The theory behind opening small schools on a such a large scale has come from market principles of competition and consumer choice. By flooding the market with hundreds of schools, competition for students would, in turn, drive up the quality of the schools. Although support appears to be ubiquitous for the market-based reforms in New York City, this article argues that we need to look critically at reforms like NCSI, especially with the recent failure of market-driven policies to deliver on their promises. Using neoliberalism as a conceptual framework, this article asks two main questions: (a) How do neoliberal school reform policies play out in individual schools? and (b) To what exten...
Near-term feasibility demonstration of laser power beaming

A mission to recharge batteries of satellites in geostationary orbits (geosats) may be a commercially viable application which could be achieved with laser systems somewhat larger than present state-of-the-art. The lifetime of batteries on geosats is limited by repetitive discharge cycles which occur when the satellites are eclipsed by the earth during the spring and fall equinoxes. By coupling high power lasers with modern, large aperture telescopes and laser guide star adaptive optics systems, present day communications satellites could be targeted. It is important that a near term demonstration of laser power beaming be accomplished using lasers in the kilowatt range so that issues associated with high average power be addressed. The Laser Guide Star Facility at LLNL has all the necessary subsystems needed for such a near term demonstration, including high power lasers for both the power beam and guide star, beam directors and satellite tracking system.
Radiation-Induced Expansion and Increase in Refractive Index of Magnesium Oxide; Evidence for the F Center

Magnesium oxide single-crystal fragments bombarded with ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{D}}^{+}$, and ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ at several energies between 0.14 and 4 MeV were examined polarimetrically. The dilatation was determined from photoelastic measurements (order of magnitude 0.01), and an increase in refractive index (despite a concomitant decrease in density) was inferred from an interference effect noted in the polarimeter. The depth of the radiation-induced dilatation for the 0.14-MeV ions was determined by an etching procedure. The increase in refractive index was confirmed interferometrically for specimens bombarded with 40-MeV ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$, and also the dispersion of the change in refractive index was measured for the visible region. Anomalous dispersion caused by a small absorption band in the visible region was found, but most of the refractive index change was associated with a very large band in the ultraviolet. On thermal annealing the refractive-index increase vanished at \ensuremath{\sim}450\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, but the dilatation remained until much higher temperatures were reached. From the refractive-index change and its dispersion, the wavelength of the ultraviolet absorption peak (\ensuremath{\sim}0.26 \ensuremath{\mu}) and the associated number of color centers (multiplied by their oscillator strength) were calculated. Thus the absorption was determined despite impurity absorption which prevented its direct observation. From a comparison with the annealing behavior reported by others for the magnetic resonance signal identified as the $F$ center, it is concluded that the optical absorption band is caused by the $F$ center. It is shown that the expansion can be accounted for largely by vacancies which were generated during ion bombardment and which have formed $F$ centers. Thus the magnesium oxide behaves very much like the alkali halides, except that in the case of the alkali halides vacancies may be introduced by ionization and on annealing may vanish with the centers, whereas in the case of magnesium oxide corpuscular radiation is required to produce the vacancies and on annealing may remain even when the color centers have vanished.
Reading the Moon's volcanic record by ion microprobe analysis of Apollo 14 glass beads

The application of secondary ion mass spectrometry to lunar volcanic problems is demonstrated by individually analyzing representative glass from the seven Apollo 14 pyroclastic glass bead groups (black, orange, yellow, LAP, green A, VLT, and green B) for selected trace elements (e.g., rare earth elements [REE], Ba, Sr, Zr, V, and Co). The trace element characteristics of glass beads are useful for differentiating impact from volcanic glass beads and identifying other volcanic glass types (e.g., LAP). Trace element modeling indicates that the bead groups are unrelated by low-pressure fractional crystallization to each other, to Apollo 14 crystalline basalts, or to basalts from other landing sites. A possible exception is the relation between LAP and Apollo 14 aluminous basalts. The absence of evolved basalts derived from primary magmas with volcanic glass compositions suggests either that these evolved basalts have not been sampled or that fire fountaining tapped mantle sources subtly different from crystalline mare-basalt source regions. Hybridization of mantle source regions is preferred to assimilation-fractional crystallization processes to explain the incorporation of the evolved potassium-REE-phosphorus (KREEP) component identified in these primitive magmas. Apollo 14 volcanic glass and mare basalt trace element signatures indicate that the character of the Apollo 14 mantle source region is intrinsically different from that of other sites, which suggests that large-scale mantle heterogeneities exist.
The Puritan Work Ethic Revisited

Whether Puritanism gave rise to a “work ethic,” and, if so, what the nature of that ethic was, has been a source of controversy since Max Weber published The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism more than seventy years ago. Experienced polemicists have waged international wars of words over its terms, and tyros have won their spurs in the battle. With repect to England, there is at present no agreement either about the reality of a peculiarly Puritan work ethic or about the impact, if any, that such an ethic might have had on the attitudes and behavior of the emerging capitalist bourgeoisie, if such a species indeed existed as a distinctive social class or group in the early modern period. In fact, since perfectly sane and competent historians have questioned on the one hand, whether “Puritanism” is more than a neo-idealist reification of a nonentity, and on the other, whether the early modern middle class is more than a myth, it might be the better part of wisdom to inter the remains of these vexed questions as quietly as possible. What follows is not a perverse attempt to flog a dead horse, if it is dead and a horse, but rather on the basis of a different perspective and different evidence to resurrect a part of what Timothy Breen has called “the non-existent controversy.”
The Pittsburgh study of normal sleep in young adults: focus on the relationship between waking and sleeping EEG spectral patterns

Abstract The effects of age and gender on spectral characteristics of the waking EEG were investigated in a large sample of young adult men and women. In addition, relationships between spectral characteristics of the waking and sleeping EEG within an individual were explored. The sample included 28 females and 33 males in two age groups: 20–29 years ( n =32), and 30–40 years ( n =29). Spectral analysis was used to quantify EEG frequency characteristics for waking EEG just prior to sleep onset, as well as for the entire sleep recording. Significant effects of age were seen in the waking EEG but only in the delta frequency range (0.5–4.5 Hz) with lower delta activity in the older group ( F =11.6, P =0.001). No significant gender effects were found in the waking EEG. Independent of age and gender, spectral profiles in the delta, theta, alpha and beta frequency bands of a subject's waking EEG were found to be highly correlated with their sleep EEG. In addition, subjects with high voltage alpha profiles during waking were found to sleep significantly longer and deeper than those with low voltage records. Significant correlations between waking and sleep EEG suggest that the spectral signature of an individual's EEG may be found across sleep/wake states.
Characterization of a glycopeptide from the proline-rich glycoprotein of human parotid saliva.

Abstract Glycopeptides (Gp I and Gp II) were prepared from the proline-rich glycoprotein of human parotid saliva by extensive papain-pronase digestion, Sephadex G-25 gel filtration, and DE-52 cellulose chromatography. Their carbohydrate units contained N-acetylgluco-samine, mannose, fucose, galactose and sialic acid. Based upon minimal mol wt calculations, the salivary glycoprotein contained four heteropolysaccharide units. One glycopeptide (Gp I) was homogeneous by N-terminal analysis and descending paper chromatography. Using dansyl-Edman degradation and partial acid hydrolysis coupled with dansylation, the peptide sequence of Gp I was found to be GlyGlyProAsn (CHO)Gln. Alkaline borohydride treatment of Gp I at 80 °C verified a glycosylamine bond between asparagine and N-acetylglucosamine.
Quantification of risk from fetal exposure to diagnostic ultrasound.

Abstract Biomedical ultrasound may induce adverse effects in patients by either thermal or non-thermal means. Temperatures above normal can adversely affect biological systems, but effects also may be produced without significant heating. Thermally induced teratogenesis has been demonstrated in many animal species as well as in a few controlled studies in humans. Various maximum ‘safe’ temperature elevations have been proposed, although the suggested values range from 0.0 to 2.5° C. Factors relevant to thermal effects are considered, including the nature of the acoustic field in situ, the state of perfusion of the embryo/fetus, and the variation of sensitivity to thermal insult with gestational stage of development. Non-thermal mechanisms of action considered include acoustic cavitation, radiation force, and acoustic streaming. While cavitation can be quite destructive, it is extremely unlikely in the absence of stabilized gas bodies, and although the remaining mechanisms may occur in utero, they have not been shown to induce adverse effects. For example, pulsed, diagnostic ultrasound can increase fetal activity during exposure, apparently due to stimulation of auditory perception by radiation forces on the fetal head or auditory structures. In contrast, pulsed ultrasound also produces vascular damage near developing bone in the late-gestation mouse, but by a unknown mechanism and at levels above current US FDA output limits. It is concluded that: (1) thermal rather than nonthermal mechanisms are more likely to induce adverse effects in utero, and (2) while the probability of an adverse thermal event is usually small, under some conditions it can be disturbingly high.
Arteriosclerosis and iron metabolism

Abstract Serum iron was studied in 50 patients with known calcific arteriosclerosis. These patients were divided into three groups of severe, moderate, and mild cases. It was found that patients with severe calcific arteriosclerosis have relatively lower serum-free iron and higher liver-iron deposition. The milder the calcific arteriosclerosis seen in patients, the more normal were the iron levels observed in the serum and liver. Serum calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase levels were normal in all groups. Osteosclerosis was not noted, with one exception. The reason for low serum iron in patients with severe calcific arteriosclerosis is thought to be due to deposition of iron in certain organs such as the liver. These findings are in agreement with the hypothesis which indicates that circulating serum iron prevents calcium deposits in the wall of vessels.
Beach sediment budgets and coastal modification

In recent years a start has been made in developing the concept of the coastal sediment compartment because of a growing interest in the question of sediment budgets. In many ways the coastal compa...
On stability properties of time-varying systems with delays

We consider several stability properties in the framework of input-to-state stability for time-varying systems with delays. By following a natural approach to convert a time-varying system to an auxiliary time-invariant system, we obtain several results including Razumikhin-type stability criteria, Razumikhin-Lyapunov functions with non-strict decay rates, and cyclic small-gain theorems for time-varying systems with delays.
All-optical quality-of-signal monitoring in real time

A new optical correlator containing a tapped delay line with thousands of taps is described. This enables ultra-high resolution correlation. We apply this to monitoring quality-of-signal by correlating the received, degraded bits with an un-degraded signal. The strength of the correlation signal, which is all-optical, is proportional to the quality. Dispersion and attenuation can be evaluated in less than 100 ps at 40Gb/s, and jitter and noise in less than 100 ns. This is a significant improvement over minutes or even hours for bit-error-rate measurements. Simulations show good correspondence to eye-diagram measurements, the conventional (but slow) way to measure signal quality. If a network node can know the quality of all its links in real-time, it can re-route signals around poor links, and provide restoration and protection as well. The key to all this is an optical correlator with a very large number of taps in its internal tapped delay line. Our device uses a White cell and a fixed micro-mirror array. In a White cell, light bounces back and forth between three spherical mirrors. Multiple beams circulate in the same cell without interfering and are each refocused to a unique pattern of spots. We make the spots land on the micro-mirror array to switch between cells of slightly different lengths. Our current design provides 6550 possible delays for thousands of light beams, using only ten mirrors, a lens, and the micro-mirror array. We have developed two routing and protection protocols to exploit having this real-time information available to the network.
Lithium and sodium intercalated dichalcogenides: Properties and electrode applications

Abstract The structural, thermodynamic and transport properties of lithium and sodium intercalated dichalcogenides are summarized. They have an unusual layered structure, an extremely low alkali-metal chemical potential over a wide compositional range, and an extremely high alkali-metal chemical diffusivity. With such properties these compounds are attractive electrode materials. To assess their potential applications in high energy density batteries, recent electrochemical cell investigations using either lithium-intercalated or sodium-intercalated TiS 2 electrodes are discussed.
Warfarin: a higher "high-risk" medication?

. nIn the mid-1900s, it was observed that cattle grazing in sweet clover hay frequently died of hemorrhage. Soon thereafter, dicoumarol wa identified as the active substance and synthetic warfarin began being used therapeutically. There is strong clinical evidence supporting the treatment of patients with deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism as well as preventing stroke with warfarin. 2-4 Warfarin has been shown to reduce the risk of stroke by 68–80% in patients with atrial fibrillation. 4 However, it con tinues to be underused, particularly among elderly patients who are at the highest risk of stroke. Counterbalancing the high-quality scientific evidence of warfarin’s efficacy is equally welldocumented safety concerns. Several potential adverse consequences of warfarin therapy including skin necrosis, white clot syndrome, and allergic reactions pale in comparison to the risk of hemorrhage, which is approximately 2.3% per year of the general population and as high as 4.2% per year in patients older than 75 years 1,4-6
Inequality and Power: The Economics of Class

The general objective of Inequality and Power is to present a class analysis of income inequality. A more precise objective is to explain the observed increasing inequality in the USA in the last d...
Architecture and Planning: The Divergence of Two Fields.

Many universities are engaged in strategic planning. A natural part of that process for a college that contains architecture and planning is the reconsideration of the administrative structure and the respective roles of each within the university. As part of such an exercise, we reevaluated the rationale for locating planning and architecture in the same unit. This paper is a result of that endeavor. We begin by inventorying the current administrative homes of the accredited programs of architecture and planning and then explore both the disciplinary and the administrative reasons for the obvious tensions between the two fields. We conclude that the disciplines have become radically different and continue to reside together only for pragmatic reasons. Finally, we suggest the beginnings of a new common discourse which may be of value to each of the disciplines, their respective professions, and the city which both disciplines profess to serve.
Surface Barrier Structures with Various Metal Electrodes

This paper describes the results of studies intended to provide a detailed understanding of the physical phenomena associated with dead layers sufficient to permit the production of rugged, reliable, ultrathin window detectors suitable for use in experiments which require the detection of very low energy radiation and also for the detection of heavily ionizing radiation, such as fission fragments. The properties of contacts formed by several different metals have been investigated. Interesting phenomena were observed when using nickel and chromium as the rectifying contact. The thinnest dead layers obtained so far are 270 A for gold, 280 A for aluminum, and 190 A for palladium, in terms of silicon-equivalence.
Mixed allogeneic chimerism as an approach to transplantation tolerance.

Abstract Mixed allogeneic chimerism is currently being investigated as a means to induce donor-specific transplantation tolerance across MHC barriers. Here, Megan Sykes and David Sachs compare the two most extensively studied examples - lethal whole body irradiation followed by reconstitution with mixed allogeneic and syngeneic marrow, and total lymphoid irradiation followed by allogeneic marrow infusion - and assess the likelihood that they will be clinically useful in the future.
Local control of squamous cell carcinoma following marginal and segmental mandibulectomy

The records of 130 consecutive patients undergoing marginal or segmental mandibulectomy for squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity or oropharynx were reviewed. An attempt was made to correlate incidence of recurrence with characteristics of the primary tumor and extent of mandibulectomy. The local recurrence rate was 19% following marginal mandibulectomy and 6% following segmental mandibulectomy. The incidence of local recurrence was independent of the size of the primary tumor or the extent of lymph node metastases. Neither mandibular invasion by tumor nor the addition of radiotherapy influenced local recurrence. Ten of 15 patients recurring locally after marginal mandibulectomy were salvaged by further surgery. This study suggests that local control following marginal mandibulectomy is comparable to that following segmental mandibulectomy regardless of the size of the tumor. Segmental mandibulectomy should be reserved for those tumors invading deeply into the mandible or wrapping around it.
Lifetime measurements in 184Pt and the shape coexistence picture

Abstract Lifetimes for levels in the yrast band of 184 Pt have been measured up to spin 16 + using the recoil distance technique. The B (E2) values exhibit a marked increase in going from spin 2 to 10, consistent with a proposal that two bands of different deformations are mixing at low spin. This provides further support for shape coexistence occuring at low excitation energies in this region.
Amphetamine and LSD as discriminative stimuli: alterations following neonatal monoamine reductions

Abstract Male adult Sprague-Dawley rats (70 days of age), neonatally depleted of either 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) via 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT; ICS) + desmethylimipramine (DMI; IP) at 3 days of age or dopamine (DA) via 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA; ICS) + DMI at 14 days of age, were trained to discriminate either d -LSD-tartrate (80 μg/kg; IP) or d -amphetamine ( d -AMPH sulfate (0.90 mg/kg; IP) from saline utilizing a two lever drug discrimination paradigm. A neurochemical analysis at the termination of these studies revealed the following in terms of %DA or %5HT (presented in that order) depleted with respect to the appropriate vehicle control group; telencephalon; 96 and 96%, diencephalon; 51 and 31%, and brain stem; 76 and 80%. Rats learned to discriminate either d -AMPH or LSD regardless of amine depleted. In addition, the depletion of 5HT had little effects on dose or drug generalizations, or the ability of known antagonists to antagonize the discrimination stimulus (DS) effects of either LSD or d -AMPH. The effect of DA depletion, on the other hand, was to increase the sensitivity of the LSD DS at low doses, while decreasing the sensitivity of the d -amphetamine DS. DA depletion alsp had the effect of reducing the effectiveness of the LSD-antagonists, pizotifen maleate (BC 105), while the opposite was observed for the d -AMPH antagonist, trifluoperazine HCl. These data suggest that: (1) LSD and d -amphetamine discrimination stimuli are not mediated and/or influenced via the compromised aspects of the 5HT systems (other central mechanisms may have compromised for these 5HT deficits); (2) the LSD DS is mediated or influenced both by serotonergic and dopaminergic mechanisms; and (3) the d -amphetamine DS is mediated by certain aspects of the dopaminergic system with little evidence for the involvement of 5HT systems.
Demonstrative-reinforcer constructions

This paper investigates the demonstrative-reinforcer construction, combinations of a demonstrative and a (usually) adverbial element, in the different Germanic and Romance languages. Documenting that there are four different types, I argue that demonstratives are phrasal elements that are merged in the Specifier position of an intermediate phrase. Depending in part on the different inner makeup, demonstratives may or must move to Spec,DP. Furthermore, reinforcers come in two types: ‘bare’ reinforcers are merged in the same Specifier as demonstratives; PP-reinforcers are right-adjoined. Assuming that there is no Subextraction out of Specifiers or Adjuncts, we can also explain a number of patterns that, although logically conceivable, do not occur in any language.
Use of pattern electroretinography to differentiate acute optic neuritis from acute anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.

Abstract The transient pattern electroretinogram (PERG) was recorded from 16 patients with acute neuritis and from 13 patients with acute non-arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy (AION). All patients were tested within 35 days from the the onset of visual symptoms and all had significant central visual field abnormalities in their affected eyes as quantified by automated perimetry. Analysis of the PERGs showed that the amplitude of the N95 peak was abnormally reduced for each eye affected with AION while it remained normal in optic neuritis. No significant alteration in P50 amplitude was observed in either condition. The loss of N95 amplitude in AION was highly correlated with the average depth of visual field loss (in decibels) within a radius of 10° of fixation. These results suggest that PERG could be used early in the course of optic neuropathy to distinguish optic neuritis from AION in those cases for which the diagnosis is still uncertain after the clinical examination.
Three principles of unity in Newton

Abstract I discuss three principles of unity available in Newton’s physics, appealing to space and time, causal interaction, and law-constitution respectively. I compare these three approaches with respect to aggregation (how a collection of entities can compose a whole) and multiplicity (how the world as a whole can contain a multiplicity of genuine unities), outlining the problems faced by the first two approaches and arguing that the third looks a promising candidate for further philosophical investigation.
An Improved Method for the Prolonged Maintenance of Pneumocystis carinii In Vitro

A culture system for rat-derived Pneumocystis carinii was developed that allows the long-term maintenance of viable organisms in vitro. Organisms were derived from the lungs of immunosuppressed rats infected with P. carinii. P. carinii was maintained in culture with human embryonal lung (HEL) fibroblasts and Eagle MEM for up to 42 days. Passage of organisms was done by reinoculation of infected HEL cells with attached P. carinii onto a fresh monolayer of confluent cells. Rats pretreated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and inoculated with cultured organisms (up to day 42) developed P. carinii pneumonia by 6 weeks while control animals remained uninfected. P. carinii was able to be harvested from these lungs and reintroduced into tissue culture. Cultures have been maintained for up to 6 weeks without a substantial loss of P. carinii viability. In combination with intratracheal inoculation, this system raises the possibility of maintaining stable laboratory strains of P. carinii.
Depression and attribution: Some new data and a review of old data

Depressed, formerly depressed, and never depressed college women were randomly assigned to success or failure conditions on a supposed measure of “accurate empathy.” Based on the Abramson, Seligman, and Teasdale (1978)theory, it was predicted that depressed subjects would favor internal, stable attributions for failure and external, unstable attributions for success. Consistent with previous research, depressed subjects made more internal attributions for failure than did never depressed subjects. In absolute terms, however, they favored external over internal attributions for failure and internal over external attributions for success. Depressed subjects tended to favor stable attributions for both success and failure. These results were compared with previously published ones, and it was concluded that there is, at best, inconsistent evidence that depressives attribute failure internally and that there is relatively clear evidence that they do not attribute success externally and unstably.
Mucinous ductal ectasia: making the numbers really count

TO THE EDITOR: We read with interest the article entitled "Natural history of mucinous ductal ectasia of the pancreas: A case report and review of the literature," by Lew et al. (1). Their report raises a number of important issues, including the importance of defining nomenclature, precision in identifying unique cases, and the adequate number of cases needed to accurately describe a disease's natural history.
Survey of plasma parameters in Earth's distant magnetotail with the Geotail spacecraft

The three-dimensional velocity distributions for both electrons and positive ions as determined with plasma instrumentation on board the Geotail spacecraft are used to compute number densities, ion bulk velocities, and electron and ion temperatures. We present a statistical survey of these plasma parameters for the magnetotail at distances from Earth in the range of 10 to 210 R(sub E) for the period 19 October 1992 through 10 July 1993. The ion temperature is used to discriminate 'hot' plasmas from 'cold' plasmas. The hot ion plasmas are frequently found to stream either towards or away from Earth and we identify these with the plasma sheet, plasma sheet boundary layer, and regions of acceleration. The cold ion plasmas are typically streaming away from Earth. These cold plasmas appear to be associated with the plasma mantle, the magnetosheath, and boundary layers interior to the magnetosheath, although the contribution from the ionosphere has not yet been evaluated.
Analytical methods for evaluation of stress intensity factors and fatigue crack growth

Abstract The problem of fatigue has been of major concern in the design of structures for use in engineering applications. The fatigue process is comprised of crack nucleation, crack propagation and final failure. The fatigue crack propagation characteristics of engineering materials have been a topic of considerable research effort with the majority of such investigations focusing on experimental predictions of the behavior of fatigue cracks. This paper reviews the various approaches used for extraction of stress intensity factors and for predicting stable fatigue crack growth under linear elastic fracture mechanics conditions. Problems containing a single crack and multiple cracks are critically examined. Specific approaches discussed are the direct methods, energy methods, singularity function methods, superposition methods and boundary integral equation methods. The implications and characteristics of each method are examined based on the results published in open literature. The salient advantages and limitations of each method are discussed. Also examined in this paper are research efforts on the simulation of fatigue crack growth.
Personality traits of college women in beginning swimming.

On the 16 PF 176 novice female swimmers were differentiated from 264 females enrolled in other courses (basic movements, tennis, golf) generally as being introverted.
Hand Infections with Mycobacterium Chelonei: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

A case is reported of soft-tissue infection in the hand due to Mycobacterium chelonei, presenting as a chronic painful swelling of a finger.
A biologically inspired approach to modeling unmanned vehicle teams

Cooperative motion control of teams of agile unmanned vehicles presents modeling challenges at several levels. The "microscopic equations" describing individual vehicle dynamics and their interaction with the environment may be known fairly precisely, but are generally too complicated to yield qualitative insights at the level of multi-vehicle trajectory coordination. Interacting particle models are suitable for coordinating trajectories, but require care to ensure that individual vehicles are not driven in a "costly" manner. From the point of view of the cooperative motion controller, the individual vehicle autopilots serve to "shape" the microscopic equations, and we have been exploring the interplay between autopilots and cooperative motion controllers using a multivehicle hardware-in-the-loop simulator. Specifically, we seek refinements to interacting particle models in order to better describe observed behavior, without sacrificing qualitative understanding. A recent analogous example from biology involves introducing a fixed delay into a curvature-control-based feedback law for prey capture by an echolocating bat. This delay captures both neural processing time and the flight-dynamic response of the bat as it uses sensor-driven feedback. We propose a comparable approach for unmanned vehicle modeling; however, in contrast to the bat, with unmanned vehicles we have an additional freedom to modify the autopilot. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of this biologically guided modeling approach.
Sensing shallow seafloor and sediment properties, recent history

Near surface seafloor properties are needed for recreational, commercial, and military applications. Construction projects on the ocean seafloors often require extensive knowledge about strength, deformability, hydraulic, thermal, acoustic, and seismic characteristics for locating stable environments and ensuring proper functioning of structures, pipelines, and other installations on the surface of and buried into the marine sediments. The military is also interested in a variety of seafloor properties as they impact sound propagation, mine impact burial, trafficability, bearing capacity, time-dependent settlement, and stability of objects on the seafloor. Point measurements of sediment properties are done using core samplers and sediment grab devices (with subsequent lab analysis) and in-situ probes. These techniques are expensive in terms of ship time and provide limited area coverage. Sub-bottom acoustic and electromagnetic sensors can provide profiles of near surface sediment information with improved coverage rates. Fusion techniques are being developed to provide areal extent of sediment information from multiple sensors. This paper examines the recent history of techniques used to measure sediment properties in the upper portions of the seafloor and in shallow (< 100 m) water.
Oxygen analyzers: failure rates and life spans of galvanic cells.

Competing technologies exist for measuring oxygen concentrations in breathing circuits. Over a 4-year period, two types of oxygen analyzers were studied prospectively in routine clinical use to determine the incidence and nature of malfunctions. Newer AC-powered galvanic analyzers (North American DrAger O2med) were compared with older, batterypowered polarographic analyzers (Ohmeda 201) by recording all failures and necessary repairs. The AC-powered galvanic analyzer had a significantly lower incidence of failures (0.12 ±0.04 failures per machine-month) than the battery-powered polarographic analyzer (4.0 ± 0.3 failures per machinemonth). Disposable capsules containing the active galvanic cells lasted 12 ± 7 months. Although the galvanic analyzers tended to remain out of service longer, awaiting the arrival of costly parts, the polarographic analyzers were more expensive to keep operating when calculations included the cost of time spent on repairs. Stocking galvanic capsules would have decreased the amount of time the galvanic analyzers were out of service, while increasing costs. In conclusion, galvanic oxygen analyzers appear capable of delivering more reliable service at a lower overall cost. By keeping the galvanic capsules exposed to room air during periods of storage, it should be possible to prolong their life span, further decreasing the cost of using them. In addition, recognizing the aberrations in their performance that warn of the exhaustion of the galvanic cells should permit timely reordering and minimize downtime.