cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SPHERES: Development of an ISS Laboratory for formation flight and docking research

The MIT Space Systems Laboratory (SSL) is developing the SPHERES (Synchronized Position Hold Engage Reorient Experimental Satellites) formation flight testbed to provide multiple investigators with a long term, replenishable, and upgradable testbed for the validation of high risk metrology, control, and autonomy technologies. These technologies are critical to the operation of distributed satellite and docking missions such as TechSat21, Starlight, Terrestrial Planet Finder, and Orbital Express. The development of SPHERES follows the guidelines set in a laboratory design philosophy created from lessons learned through the development and operation of prior microgravity testbeds by the MIT SSL. The philosophy ensures that the resulting laboratory provides a risk-tolerant and cost-effective environment that facilitates the design process and reduces the development costs of unproven technologies. The testbed consists of three free flyer units which can control their relative positions and orientations in six degrees of freedom. The testbed can operate in 2D on a laboratory platform and in 3D on NASA's KC-135 and inside the International Space Station. Flight tests aboard NASA's KC-135 and studies in the ground laboratory confirm the functionality of SPHERES.
A two‐step synthesis of benzylamine‐15N from ammonia‐15N

The reaction of ammonia-15N with benzaldehyde in 50% aq. methanol followed by slow removal of solvent led to a high yield of a crystalline product (benzylimine-15N). On reduction with sodium cyanoborohydride a good yield of benzylamine-15N was obtained. The synthetic usefulness of this compound is discussed.
Plagiarism: What Is It, Whom Does It Offend, and How Does One Deal With It?

Academic plagiarism is a thorny ethical and practical problem. Perhaps readers have never personally encountered or recognized a case of plagiarism so its immediate interest and relevance may be obscure. A short case history may provide evidence that the issue of plagiarism is germane to the contemporary academic endeavor. A young university radiologist recognized his own writing in a professional journal under another's authorship, without attribution to himself, and had no idea what to do about it. He finally wrote to the author of the article who answered something to the effect that it was indeed a "remarkable coincidence" and that "great minds think alike." Unsatisfied with the response, he considered reporting the matter to the journal editor, but he was a junior faculty member while the plagiarist was a revered figure in his subspecialty. He chose not to pursue the issue further because he was afraid that the plagiarist would harm him professionally [1].
Stabilizers: a modular checkpointing abstraction for concurrent functional programs

Transient faults that arise in large-scale software systems can often be repaired by re-executing the code in which they occur. Ascribing a meaningful semantics for safe re-execution in multi-threaded code is not obvious, however. For a thread to correctly rexecute a region of code, it must ensure that all other threads which have witnessed its unwanted effects within that region are also reverted to a meaningful earlier state. If not done properly, data inconsistencies and other undesirable behavior may result. however, automatically determining what constitutes a consistent global checkpoint is not straightforward since thread interactions are a dynamic property of the program.In this paper, we present a safe and efficient checkpointing mechanism for Concurrent ML (CML) that can be used to recover from transient faults. We introduce a new linguistic abstraction called stabilizers that permits the specification of per-thread monitors and the restoration of globally consistent checkpoints. Safe global states are computed through lightweight monitoring of communication events among threads (e.g. message-passing operations or updates to shared variables).Our experimental results on several realistic, multithreaded, server-style CML applications, including a web server and a windowing toolkit, show that the overheads to use stabilizers are small, and lead us to conclude that they are a viable mechanism for defining safe checkpoints in concurrent functional programs.
An investigation of the psychological effects of the September 11, 2001, attacks on New York City: developing and implementing research in the acute postdisaster period.

The September 11, 2001, attack on New York City was the largest human-made disaster in United States history. In the first few days after the attack, it became clear that the scope of the attacks (including loss of life, property damage, and financial strain) was unprecedented and that the attacks could result in substantial psychological sequelae in the city population. Researchers at the Center for Urban Epidemiologic Studies at the New York Academy of Medicine designed and implemented an assessment of the mental health of New Yorkers 5—8 weeks after the attacks. To implement this research in the immediate postdisaster period, researchers at the center had to develop, in a compressed time interval, new academic collaborations, links with potential funders, and unique safeguards for study respondents who may have been suffering from acute psychological distress. Results of the assessment contributed to a New York state mental health needs assessment that secured Federal Emergency Management Agency funding for mental health programs in New York City. This experience suggests that mechanisms should be in place for rapid implementation of mental health assessments after disasters.
The hidden impact of inter-individual genomic variations on cellular function

An analysis of the degree of genomic variation between two individual genomes suggests that there may be considerable biochemical differences among individuals. Examination of DNA sequence variations in 14 canonical signaling pathways and Monte-Carlo simulation modeling suggest that the kinetic and quantitative behavior of signaling pathways in many individuals may be significantly perturbed from the 'healthy' norm. Signal transduction pathways in some individuals may suffer context-specific failures, or they may function normally but fail easily in the face of additional environmental perturbations or somatic mutations. These findings argue for new systems biology approaches that can predict pathway status in individuals using personal genome sequences and biomarker data.
Crowdsourcing for information retrieval

The 2nd SIGIR Workshop on Crowdsourcing for Information Retrieval (CIR 2011) was held on July 28, 2011 in Beijing, China, in conjunction with the 34th Annual ACM SIGIR Conference1. The workshop brought together researchers and practitioners to disseminate recent advances in theory, empirical methods, and novel applications of crowdsourcing for information retrieval (IR). The workshop program included three invited talks, a panel discussion entitled Beyond the Lab: State-of-the-Art and Open Challenges in Practical Crowdsourcing, and presentation of nine refereed research papers and one demonstration paper. A Best Paper Award, sponored by Microsoft Bing, was awarded to Jun Wang and Bei Yu for their paper entitled Labeling Images with Queries: A Recall-based Image Retrieval Game Approach. A Crowdsourcing Challenge contest was also announced prior to the workshop, sponsored by CrowdFlower. The contest offered both seed funding and advanced technical support for the winner to use CrowdFlower's services for innovative work. Workshop organizers selected Mark Smucker as the winner based on his proposal entitled: The Crowd vs. the Lab: A Comparison of Crowd-Sourced and University Laboratory Participant Behavior. Proceedings of the workshop are available online2 [15].
THE CHALLENGES OF STUDYING FLOW WITHIN A COMPUTER-MEDIATED ENVIRONMENT

Flow theory has been borrowed from psychology to address positive user experiences with personal computers, and more recently, the Internet. The flow experience has been correlated to increased exploratory behavior, communication, learning, positive affect, and computer use. This paper reviews the flow studies within computer-mediated environments to gain a more coherent understanding. The authors identify ambiguities in the conceptualization of flow, challenges in the operationalization of flow constructs, and difficulties in data collection.
RF Perturbation Measurements in Long Linac Cavities

Equipment and procedures have been developed for measuring the axial accelerating electric field in proton linear accelerator cavities. The method used is the usual one of measuring the change in resonant frequency caused by a small perturbing sphere on the axis of the cavity. The frequency change is determined at millimeter intervals along the axis by measuring the corresponding period length using an on-line digital computer. The computation is carried out on the computer so that the derived fields can be obtained, integrated, plotted, and compared. The method is rapid and the increased precision of the measurement allows better knowledge of the fields in operating linear accelerators. This equipment has been used on the 50-MeV linac injector for the Zero Gradient Synchrotron at Argonne National Laboratory.1 It has also been used to measure the axial field in a cavity with fields which can be calculated using a field computational program.2 The measured and calculated field values have been compared.
Management of Complications of Bacillus Calmette–Guérin Immunotherapy in the Treatment of Bladder Cancer

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the management strategies available for the complications associated with bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) immunotherapy in the treatment of bladder cancer.DATA SOURCES:Clinical literature accessed through MEDLINE (January 1983–January 1999). Key search terms included bacillus Calmette-Guerin, BCG, and bladder cancer.DATA SYNTHESIS:BCG vaccine is a live-attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis; therefore, the risk for complications exists. An evaluation of treatment regimens was conducted, and the management strategies are presented.CONCLUSIONS:The complications associated with BCG immunotherapy range from local reactions to potentially fatal systemic reactions requiring long-term therapy. Therefore, healthcare practitioners need to be aware of the current treatment regimens available.
The Issues and Perspectives of Pilgrimage Tourism Development in Thanjavur

Pilgrimage tourism is the type of tourism that entirely or powerfully motivates tourists for the achievement of religious attitudes and practices. One of the oldest types of visiting the attractions and a global experience in the olden times of spiritual growth, it can be differentiated into different forms. The temporary religious sightseeing is well-known by excursions to close by pilgrimage centers or religious conferences. The durable implies visits of quite a few days or weeks to nationwide and worldwide pilgrimage sites or conferences. This paper investigates the issues and challenges of pilgrimage tourism and also it’s civilizing significance in Thanjavur. The scope of socio-economic enlargement during pilgrimage tourism and analysis of the communications issues pertaining to the pilgrimage location of Thanjavur is dealt through in this study. The levels of inspiration and prospect of religious tourists are recognized as type factors in emergent pilgrimage tourism in the State. The data for this study as collected from crowd citizens occupied in pilgrimage tourism actions. The quantity of involvement of pilgrimage tourists in pilgrimage tourism development of Thanjavur is elucidated in this study. This study is generally based on primary data; secondary data necessary for this study was composed since unusual dependable sources.
Mothers’ Temperament and Personality: Their Relationship to Parenting Behaviors, Locus of Control, and Young Children’s Functioning

There appears to be a lack of construct clarity and a dearth of studies that have examined both mothers' temperament and personality in conjunction with parenting behaviors when predicting young children's functioning. As a result, this study examined these constructs jointly so that a further understanding of how mothers' temperament and personality may work together to predict young children's functioning could be gained. As part of this study, 214 diverse mothers with young children who ranged in age from 2- to 6-years rated their own temperament and personality, their parenting characteristics, and their young children's functioning (i.e., temperament and emotional and behavioral functioning). Based on the findings of hierarchical regression analyses completed in this study, both mothers' temperament and personality may be important individual predictors of young children's temperament but may be important joint predictors, along with parenting behaviors, of young children's behavior problems. Consequently, future research should examine the role that mothers' temperament and personality characteristics may play in conjunction with their parenting behaviors when trying to understand young children's functioning. These findings will be particularly helpful for professionals providing parenting interventions to families with young children who have difficult temperament styles and/or emotional and behavioral problems.
Investigations Into 1D and 2D Metamaterials at Infrared Wavelengths

Investigations are made into the characterization of 1D metamaterials consisting of stacks of metal and dielectric. These stacks are modeled and designed to have a permittivity approaching zero. Simulation, fabrication and testing are conducted to verify the design of the layered material. These stacks are fabricated using magnetron sputtering and tested using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Comparison between modeled and measured reflection and transmission are used to determine if the fabricated structure is behaving like a homogeneous material. Collected results indicate that a homogeneous structure was structures were formed, one with a possible low permittivity.
Recruiting and Retaining African American Custodial Grandparents in University-Sponsored Research: An Opening Dialogue

Studies on recruitment and retention of grandparents raising grandchildren into community-based research have received scant attention by scholars. The lack of attention is especially troubling considering the continuing growth of this family group, as well as the large proportion of custodial grandparents who are ethnically diverse and vulnerable to various health and psychological risks. Limited attention to recruitment and retention methods leads to reduced understanding of the full value of service interventions for custodial grandparents and the grandchildren they are rais­ing. This article describes the recruitment and retention methods used in one longstanding research study involving African American custodial grandparents. The merits of establishing a research agenda on this topic are reviewed, along with specific suggestions for extending this line of inquiry.
Una propuesta para la certificación en la teoría de enfermería

The author proposes the development of different levels of certification in the knowledge of nursing theory that would be based on the level of formal education attained. At present, nurses are being required to obtain higher levels of formal education in order to serve patients safely in a technologically complex health care system. Although evidence-based practice is strongly desired in contemporary health care, less consideration has been given to the value of theory-based nursing practice or the relationship between theory and research. The author explains multiple background issues and then highlights several questions that are important for disciplinary discussion at this point in time. Doi: 10.5294/aqui.2016.16.1.2
Formation, Stability, and Structures of Borenium and Boronium Cations Derived from Pentamethylazaferrocene–Boranes by Hydride or Chloride Abstraction Reactions

Hydride abstraction reactions from 1′,2′,3′,4′,5′-pentamethylazaferrocene–boranes (PMAF-boranes, where borane = BH3, 9-bora[3.3.1]bicyclononane) using trityl cation in CH2Cl2 yielded the corresponding borenium cations, whose stability depends on the counteranion of the trityl salt. If the [BF4]− salt was employed, then fluoride abstraction from the anion occurred immediately, yielding PMAF-BF3 and other identifiable byproducts. If the [B(C6F5)4]− salt was employed, then the borenium ions were stable in solution at room temperature and could be characterized by 1H, 13C, and 11B NMR spectroscopy. Double hydroboration of [PMAF-BH2]+ with 1,5-cycloooctadiene yields the borenium ion of PMAF-9-bora[3.3.1]-bicyclononane, [PMAF-9BBN]+. Reaction of [PMAF-BH2]+ with excess PMAF yields the boronium cation [(PMAF)2BH2]+, which was isolated and crystallographically characterized as its [B(C6F5)4]− salt. Reaction of [PMAF-9BBN]+ with 2 equiv of N-methylimidazole leads to the boronium cation [(N-methylimidazole)2(BBN)]+...
Feeding and watering behavior of healthy and morbid steers in a commercial feedlot.

Our objective was to determine whether there were differences in feeding and water- ing behavior of newly received healthy and morbid feedlot steers. Two separate 32-d feeding trials were conducted in Wellton, Arizona, in July and November 1996. Radio frequency technology was used to record individual animal behaviors from 108 (average weight 139 kg) and 143 (average weight 160 kg) steers in each respective trial. Steers that were subsequently identified as morbid were present at the feed bunk in greater percentages than reported in previous studies. In Trial 1, healthy steers spent more ( P < .001) time at the feed bunk and had more ( P < .009) feeding bouts than morbid steers. In Trial 2, healthy steers did not spend more time at the feed bunk, but they had more ( P < .02) daily feeding bouts than morbid steers. There were no differences in daily time spent at the water trough by healthy or morbid steers in either trial. The greatest proportion of feeding and watering behavior occurred during the daylight hours in response to feed delivery. The pattern of time spent at the feed bunk throughout the 32-d feeding period was similar for healthy and subsequently morbid steers, but healthy steers had more feeding bouts per day.
Implementation and Evaluation of an Order Flow Imbalance Trading Algorithm

Building upon the success of their 2010 model, in 2014 Cont et al. published a follow-on paper titled The Price Impact of Order Book Events which found that that Order Flow Imbalance (OFI) derived from the limit order book model has a statistically significant correlation to contemporaneous price movement at very short time frames . The purpose of this work is to build and test a predictive model based on Cont’s descriptive work. More specifically, if change in OFI in time interval [t_(k-1),t_k] is significantly correlated with price change within the same timeframe, does this correlation similarly hold true on a forward looking basis if price change is advanced one period in the future, [t_k,t_(k 1)]?
No association of psoriasis with autoimmune thyroiditis

Background Common autoimmune diseases tend to coexist in the same patients. Few studies have examined the possible association between autoimmune thyroiditis and psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis (PsA), with inconsistent results. Objective To investigate the prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis in psoriatic patients with or without PsA, living in an iodine-sufficient area. Methods We studied prospectively, 114 psoriatic patients with disease duration of 5–38 years, 30 of them with PsA, and 286 age- and body mass index (BMI)-matched subjects without psoriasis or known thyroid disease or autoimmune disease. A detailed medical history was obtained from all participants and clinical examination and laboratory evaluation was performed. Psoriasis severity was assessed with Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI). Autoimmune thyroiditis was defined by the presence of positive autoantibodies to thyroid peroxidase and/or thyroglobulin. Results There was no difference in the prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis between psoriatic patients and controls (20.2% vs. 19.6%). The prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis in male and female psoriatic patients was similar (9.6% and 10.5% respectively), in contrast to the increased, as expected, prevalence in female vs. male controls (14.7% vs. 4.9%, P < 0.01). Detected cases with hypothyroidism due to autoimmune thyroiditis were similar in psoriatic patients and controls (7.9% and 7.0% respectively). Autoimmune thyroiditis in psoriatic patients was not related with age of psoriasis onset, psoriasis duration, PASI score, PsA and obesity. Conclusion These data support that psoriatic patients with or without PsA do not have an increased risk for autoimmune thyroiditis.
Abstract 1704: High mobility group A1 chromatin remodeling protein expands the intestinal stem cell compartment and Paneth cell niche through Wnt/β-catenin signaling and Sox9

The High Mobility Group A1 (HMGA1) gene is overexpressed in most poorly differentiated cancers and high levels portend adverse clinical outcomes, although the molecular mechanisms through which it functions are poorly understood. HMGA1 encodes the HMGA1a and HMGA1b chromatin remodeling proteins, which modulate gene expression by bending chromatin and orchestrating the assembly of transcription factor complexes to DNA. HMGA1 is highly expressed during embryogenesis, but silenced in adult, differentiated tissues. Postnatally, HMGA1 expression is maintained in adult stem cells, such as intestinal stem cells (ISCs); however, its role in this setting has been unknown. Here, we report that Hmga1 overexpression in ISCs of transgenic mice drives expansion in the ISC compartment leading to hyperproliferation, aberrant crypt formation, and polyposis. Surprisingly, Hmga1 transgenic mice also exhibit marked expansion in terminally differentiated Paneth cells, which comprise an epithelial cell niche for ISCs. To dissect the mechanisms mediating these phenotypes, we generated three-dimensional (3D) intestinal organoids with varied expression of Hmga1. Strikingly, silencing Hmga1 in wildtype crypt cells disrupts their ability to organize into functional 3D organoids with bud formation, while crypt cells expressing ectopic Hmga1 exhibit enhanced organoid formation with increased ISC number, proliferation, and bud development. Because Wnt/β-catenin signaling is central to ISC function, we determined whether Hmga1 modulates this pathway. β-catenin protein is increased in the crypts of the Hmga1 transgenic mice and organoids. Hmga1 amplifies Wnt/β-catenin signaling by inducing both genes that encode Wnt cell surface receptors and target genes downstream of Wnt/β-catenin. Hmga1 also directly up-regulates Sox9, which is required for terminal differentiation to Paneth cells. This is the first example of Hmga1 fostering terminal differentiation to establish a stem cell niche. In human intestinal epithelium, HMGA1 and SOX9 are highly correlated (P = 0.008), and both become up-regulated in carcinogenesis. These results reveal a novel role for Hmga1 in intestinal homeostasis by maintaining both the stem cell pool and epithelial niche compartment and suggest that deregulated Hmga1 perturbs this equilibrium during intestinal carcinogenesis. Citation Format: Lingling Xian, Tait Huso, Amy Belton, David Huso, Linda M. S. Resar. High mobility group A1 chromatin remodeling protein expands the intestinal stem cell compartment and Paneth cell niche through Wnt/β-catenin signaling and Sox9. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 1704.
The Role of Technological Change in United States Economic Growth

During the past twenty years, there has been a continuing interest among economists in the relationship between technological change and economic growth. After many decades of relative neglect, there began in the mid-1950s a series of investigations of various aspects of this relationship, the purpose being both to extend the range and power of economic analysis and to help guide public policy. In the present chapter, my purpose is to summarise briefly some of the major findings of this research and to relate these findings to some of the key questions concerning science and technology policy that have been prominent in the United States in the past ten or fifteen years.
The Relation Between Low-Level Lead Exposure and Oxidative Stress: a Review of the Epidemiological Evidence in Children and Non-Occupationally Exposed Adults

Experimental studies in animals and observational studies in occupationally exposed adults indicate that higher lead exposure results in higher biomarkers of oxidative stress. However, this evidence cannot be extended to the general population who typically experience lower levels of lead exposure. This systematic review evaluates the epidemiological evidence on the association between lead and oxidative stress in non-occupationally exposed general population, with a particular focus on the pediatric population. Studies were identified through a systematic search of Medline and Web of Science. Ultimately, evidence from 15 studies conducted in children and 22 studies in adults from the general population was reviewed. Overall, the published findings are inconsistent, and there are very few well-designed studies on the relation between lead exposure and oxidative stress in the general population. The strength of the current evidence is discussed in light of the methodological approaches employed, and recommendations are made for future research directions. These include designing prospective studies with repeat measurements of clinically relevant oxidative stress markers to answer the question of causality and sensitive windows and reanalyzing previously published data, but using multivariable statistical approaches and adjustment for relevant explanatory factors.
Three-phase inverter with output LC filter using predictive control for UPS applications

The use of an inverter with an output LC filter allows for generation of sinusoidal voltages with low harmonic distortion. However, the controller design becomes more difficult. This paper presents a new and simple control scheme using predictive control. The controller uses a model of the system to predict, on each sampling interval, the behavior of the output voltage for each possible switching state, then a cost function is used as a criterion for selecting the switching state that will be applied during the next sampling interval.
A MPPT Circuit With 25 $\mu\text{W}$ Power Consumption and 99.7% Tracking Efficiency for PV Systems

A Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) circuit for a 0.7-W photovoltaic (PV) system is proposed. The circuit employs a modified hill-climbing algorithm based on a 3-points comparison instead of the traditional 2-points comparison. The adopted algorithm simplifies the detection of the Maximum Power Point (MPP) and enables the implementation of a periodic sleep-mode to reduce the overall power consumption without compromising effective tracking of irradiance variations. Moreover, to achieve high MPP tracking efficiency, a low-power linear analog multiplier is implemented to accurately compute the instantaneous power of the PV source from its sensed voltage and current levels. This power-metering function is realized in the analog domain to eliminate the need for data converters and to minimize the MPPT circuit's power consumption. A complete design of the proposed circuit is implemented in 0.18-μm BiCMOS process in less than 1.55 mm 2 and consumes less than 25 μW with the digital core running at 500 kHz and a measured peak MPP tracking efficiency of 99.7%.
Nondestructive evaluation of semiconductor surfaces using the surface acoustic wave convolver

A surface acoustic wave (SAW) device is being developed for use in the non-destructive determination of the electronic properties of semiconductors. Some of the properties that can be determined by the technique are the bulk and surface conductivity, the location in the energy gap of traps, distribution of fast surface states, and interface states, majority carrier capture cross-section and storage times in the depletion layer. This characterization of the semiconductor could be performed at progressive stages of device fabrication thereby improving yield by identifying faulty processing steps. Some investigations have been conducted on silicon, ion-implanted silicon, gallium arsenide, indium arsenide, gallium phosphide and cadmium sulfide. The technique uses surface acoustic waves on a piezoelectric substrate. The electric field associated with the SAW interacts with free carriers of a semiconductor placed near the piezoelectric surface. The interaction generates detectable currents in the semiconductor and attenuates the SAW. Observing these effects while varying external parameters such as temperature, applied acoustic power, SAW frequency, semiconductor surface irradiation and bias voltage, the desired information is obtained. In this paper, this contactless technique is reviewed and some new results are presented in connection with the photoconductivity response time.
Thomas Aquinas on Moral Wrongdoing

Medieval thinkers were both puzzled and fascinated by the capacity of human beings to do what is morally wrong. In this book, Colleen McCluskey offers the first comprehensive examination of Thomas Aquinas' explanation for moral wrongdoing. Her discussion takes in Aquinas' theory of human nature and action, and his explanation of wrong action in terms of defects in human capacities including the intellect, the will, and the passions of the sensory appetite. She also looks at the notion of privation, which underlies Aquinas' account of wrongdoing, as well as his theory of the vices, which intersects with his basic account. The result is a thorough exploration of Aquinas' psychology which is both accessible and illuminating, and will be of interest to a wide range of readers in Aquinas studies, medieval philosophy, the history of theology, and the history of ideas.
Adolescents' technology and face-to-face time use predict objective sleep outcomes

Abstract Objectives The present study examined both within- and between-person associations between adolescents' time use (technology-based activities and face-to-face interactions with friends and family) and sleep behaviors. We also assessed whether age moderated associations between adolescents' time use with friends and family and sleep. Design Adolescents wore an actigraph monitor and completed brief evening surveys daily for 3 consecutive days. Participants Adolescents ( N =71; mean age =14.50 years old, SD=1.84; 43.7% female) were recruited from 3 public high schools in the Midwest. Measures We assessed 8 technology-based activities (eg, texting, working on a computer), as well as time spent engaged in face-to-face interactions with friends and family, via questions on adolescents' evening surveys. Actigraph monitors assessed 3 sleep behaviors: sleep latency, sleep hours, and sleep efficiency. Results Hierarchical linear models indicated that texting and working on the computer were associated with shorter sleep, whereas time spent talking on the phone predicted longer sleep. Time spent with friends predicted shorter sleep latencies, while family time predicted longer sleep latencies. Age moderated the association between time spent with friends and sleep efficiency, as well as between family time and sleep efficiency. Specifically, longer time spent interacting with friends was associated with higher sleep efficiency but only among younger adolescents. Furthermore, longer family time was associated with higher sleep efficiency but only for older adolescents. Conclusion Findings are discussed in terms of the importance of regulating adolescents' technology use and improving opportunities for face-to-face interactions with friends, particularly for younger adolescents.
A single stage AC/RF converter for wireless power transfer applications

A new single-stage AC/RF converter is proposed which directly converts a utility AC input to a regulated, high frequency (6.78MHz) AC output for wireless power transmission. The topology integrates a totem pole rectifier operating in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) and a phase-shift controlled full bridge inverter. Compared to traditional multi-stage approaches, the single-stage approach improves system power efficiency by reducing the number of cascaded conversion stages. In addition, the reduced power semiconductor component count will be a potential benefit for compact size and lower cost. A 100W laboratory prototype has been built to verify theoretical analysis. Experimental measurements show the capability of the converter to provide power factor correction (PFC) with high conversion efficiency and low total harmonic distortion (THD).
Late maxillary protraction techniques for cleft lip and palate

Maxillary protraction has been used in childhood to improve Class III malocclusion in children with cleft lip and palate; however, the correction at this age tends to be temporary and needs to be readdressed after growth is complete. In this article, we discuss methods to combine maxillary protraction with sutural loosening in young adolescents and with LeFort 1 osteotomies in older adolescents. Maxillary protraction depends solely on patient compliance, which is both an advantage and disadvantage. Elastic traction in place of a distractor is less precise and reliable than a fixed distractor. Despite these limitations, maxillary protraction has helped us to treat patients with Class III malocclusions who avoided the morbidity and long recovery periods associated with orthognathic surgery. Several of the current modifications of the protraction protocol are presented. Although it takes hard work, maxillary protraction is a viable alternative to orthognathic surgery if the patient is responsible and motivated.
Reviews of Geohydrology; Mechanics of Incremental Deformations; Saudi Arabia: Petroleum Industry; Iran: Petroleum Industry; Iraq: Petroleum Industry

Reviews of Geohydrology; Mechanics of Incremental Deformations; Saudi Arabia: Petroleum Industry; Iran: Petroleum Industry; and Iraq: Petroleum Industry.
Detection of high-grade small bowel obstruction on conventional radiography with convolutional neural networks

The purpose of this pilot study is to determine whether a deep convolutional neural network can be trained with limited image data to detect high-grade small bowel obstruction patterns on supine abdominal radiographs. Grayscale images from 3663 clinical supine abdominal radiographs were categorized into obstructive and non-obstructive categories independently by three abdominal radiologists, and the majority classification was used as ground truth; 74 images were found to be consistent with small bowel obstruction. Images were rescaled and randomized, with 2210 images constituting the training set (39 with small bowel obstruction) and 1453 images constituting the test set (35 with small bowel obstruction). Weight parameters for the final classification layer of the Inception v3 convolutional neural network, previously trained on the 2014 Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge dataset, were retrained on the training set. After training, the neural network achieved an AUC of 0.84 on the test set (95% CI 0.78–0.89). At the maximum Youden index (sensitivity + specificity−1), the sensitivity of the system for small bowel obstruction is 83.8%, with a specificity of 68.1%. The results demonstrate that transfer learning with convolutional neural networks, even with limited training data, may be used to train a detector for high-grade small bowel obstruction gas patterns on supine radiographs.
Teachers’ Declared Intentions to Shift Practice to Incorporate Second Language Acquisition (SLA) Theories

While the number of English Learners (ELs) in the United States is steadily growing in most states, teacher preparation for working with ELs is far from universal. It fact, it is contested terrain as to whether information about topics like Second Language Acquisition (SLA) are helpful generally, and if so, what theories teachers are willing to adopt. The purpose of this study was to learn whether teachers in an SLA theory course would declare intentions to change their notions about SLA and express them as desire to shift practice. We also wondered if there were differences in pre-service versus in-service and international versus domestic students. The results confirmed that the participants were willing to change their initial theories because of participating in a second language acquisition course that presented information about SLA theories at a Completely Different or Somewhat Different level by the end of the course.
Abstract 18181: Intravascular Coagulation During Prolonged Cardiac Arrest

Background: A potential barrier to the success of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) after prolonged cardiac arrest is the “no-reflow phenomenon”, and intravascular coagulation is ...
Libet and Freedom in a Mind-Haunted World

Saigle, Dubljevic, and Racine (2018) claim that Libet-style experiments are insufficient to challenge that agents have free will. They support this with evidence from experimental psychology that t...
Teaching and learning in the Arab World

Reading through Teaching and Learning in the Arab World is a very interesting journey in three ways. First, the book is very thorough in analysing current practices, challenges, reforms and approaches in teaching and learning in an ‘‘Arab World’’ – not the Arab World. Second, the book can be described as being a ‘‘caseby-case empirical analysis’’ of teaching and learning in the ‘‘Arab World’’ without any comparative analyses to enrich the content and the analysis. Third, the actual complexity – in a good way – of the Arab World’s culture and societies is not manifested in this analysis, which shows the book to be a mere combination of selected articles under many ‘‘unspecified’’ themes. To begin with, Teaching and Learning in the Arab World discusses many stimulating topics concerning different education levels, including secondary and higher education. Those topics investigate various aspects related to motivation, attitudes and pedagogies implemented in various educational institutions to somehow meet goals of teaching and learning in those specific institutions. The topics discussed in each chapter cannot be generalised to the whole population in the specific country studied, nor could we claim, based on small sample sizes used, that the issue studied is applicable to the whole country. Still, these case studies may plausibly be seen as emerging important analyses and contributions to teacher education, teacher training, leadership reforms and development of innovative approaches for successful teaching and learning in the region. For example, the topic in chapter 1, attitudes among Saudi university-level students towards learning English, sheds light on a specific aspect of teaching strategy. Based on a survey and interviews, students explain their attitudes towards how they learn and what they would like to see while learning English. Being an active learner is their choice of preference and their recommendation to their teachers. In a sense, the topic of
Semantics: A revolt against Frege

The most influential semanticist in the recent history of logic and of philosophy of language did not believe in semantics and consequently left the most important part of his semantical ideas unexpressed. In the last hundred years, most of philosophical logic and of philosophical analysis has been deeply influenced, often virtually dominated, by the ideas of Gottlob Frege (in most cases as propagated by Russell; cf. e.g. [85]). Yet Frege left many of his own semantical assumptions undefended, unless the success of his overall approach is supposed to be its defense.
Effects of Sublethal Exposure to Cadmium on Shelter-Seeking Behavior of Juvenile Orconectes rusticus (Girard) Crayfish

Sublethal behavioral effect of heavy metals on crayfishes may adversely effect their survival in the environment. They may experience increased predation due to changes in their ability to remain in or under shelter. The effect of sublethal cadmium exposure on the ability of juvenile Orconectes rusticus crayfish to remain in shelter was evaluated. Four different treatment groups were used: a control group not exposed to cadmium, and three experimental groups exposed to 1, 2 ,or 3 mg Cd/L for 7 days. Crayfish were placed, individually, into small glass aquaria containing 3 L of laboratory water, with continuous aeration. Each crayfish was provided with a dark, thigmotactic shelter. Cadmium was introduced into the aquaria on days 1 and 4 to establish and maintain the nominal concentration. On days 5 through 7, observations were taken on each crayfish five times per day, with a minimum of 30 minutes between observations. The locations of the animals were recorded as in cover or in the open area of an aquarium. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to examine the effects of sublethal exposure to cadmium on shelter use by the juveniles.
Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia-Induced Augmented Cardiorespiratory Outflow Mediated by Vasopressin-V1A Receptor Signaling in the Medulla

A co-morbidity of sleep-disordered breathing is hypertension associated with elevated sympathetic nerve activity, which may result fromchronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH). CIH evokes plasticity in cardiorespiratory regulating sites, including the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), which acts to sustain increased sympathetic nerve activity. Our working hypothesis is that vasopressin neurons mediate the sustained increase in blood pressure and altered breathing associated with CIH. In a series of neuroanatomical experiments, we determined if vasopressin-containing PVN neurons innervate rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), and altered cardiorespiratory responses induced by CIH conditioning (8h/day for 10 days) is mediated by vasopressin-V1A receptor signaling in the medulla. In the first set of experiments, cholera toxin β subunit was microinjected into the RVLM to delineate innervation of the PVN. Immunohistochemistry data showed vasopressin-containing PVN neurons were double-labeled with cholera toxin β subunit, indicating vasopressin projection to the RVLM. In the second set, sections of the medulla were immunolabeled for vasopressin V1A receptor, and its expression was significantly higher in the RVLM and in the neighboring rostral ventral respiratory column in CIH- than from RAconditioned rats. In a series of physiological experiments,we determined if blocking the vasopressin V1A receptor in the medulla would normalize blood pressure in CIHconditioned rats and also attenuate the evoked responses to PVN disinhibition.Blood pressure, heart rate, diaphragmatic and genioglossus muscle activity were recorded in anesthetized, ventilated and vagotomized rats. The PVN was disinhibited by microinjecting bicuculline before and after blocking vasopressin V1A receptors in the RVLM/rostral ventral respiratory column. In RA-conditioned rats, PVN disinhibition increased blood pressure, heart rate, minute diaphragmatic and genioglossus muscle activity, and these increases were attenuated after blocking the vasopressin V1A receptor. In CIH-conditioned rats, a significantly greater dose of blocker was required to blunt these physiological responses and it also normalized the baseline blood pressure. Our findings indicate that vasopressin is the neuropeptide released from PVN neurons that modulates cardiorespiratory output via the RVLMand rostral ventral respiratory column.
Clinical Significance of Tumor-Associated Antigens and Antitumor Antibodies in Human Malignant Melanoma

The concept that an immune response similar to that of infectious diseases is elicited in patients suffering from malignancy is well established. This concept was first developed during the early 1900s when it was observed that transplantable neoplasms in randomly bred laboratory mice could induce a strong immunity. On the basis of these observations, it was hypothesized that immune defense could play an important role in controlling the growth of cancer in man. This hypothesis was supported by the following findings: (1) spontaneous regression of established tumor (Everson and Cole, 1966); (2) delayed recurrence of rapidly progressive disease after successful treatment of the primary tumor (Lewis and Kiryabwire, 1968); (3) association of lymphocyte and other cellular infiltration into tumor with an improved prognosis (Black et al., 1956); (4) presence of tumor cells in lymphatics, peripheral blood, pleural cavity, and operative wounds of patients without subsequent development of metastases (Griffiths, et al., 1973; Roberts et al., 1967); and (5) inhibition of tumor autotransplants when mixed with autologous leukocytes or plasma in almost half the patients studied (Southam et al., 1966).
Metabolic Syndrome and Gout

The association between gout and the phenotype that we now recognize as metabolic syndrome has been recognized for thousands of years. With aging population, increasing prevalence of risk factors for metabolic syndrome, the number of people in the general population with metabolic syndrome and gout is large and is rising over time. This chapter summarizes contemporary literature on this topic as well as provides the latest data on the incidence and prevalence of metabolic syndrome in gout in the US. The potential pathophysiological links between metabolic syndrome and gout such as oxidative stress, and inflammation is discussed in the context of the epidemiologic data.