cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TRAINING OLDER ADULTS AS PEER COUNSELORS

A program of peer counselor training was conducted to evaluate the acquisition of counseling skills by older volunteers. Modeled on similar programs developed for younger paraprofessionals, the course emphasized the learning of three core therapeutic conditions: empathy, warmth, and genuineness; it also contained information on the aging process to reduce stereotypic thinking. The results indicated that the trained groups changed significantly compared to controls on two of the three core dimensions, empathy and warmth, and had scores on all three scales above the minimum necessary for effective counseling. These findings suggest the potential for older persons to provide supportive, peer‐counseling services.
Resolution of medullary nephrocalcinosis in children with metabolic bone disorders

Ultrasonographic resolution of nephrocalcinosis (NC) has been reported in children with furosemide-induced NC, but not in other entities. We report the cases of four children with metabolic bone disease, two with hypophosphatasia and two with X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets, in whom we observed resolution of renal calcifications. At the time of ultrasonographic resolution of NC, 3 of the patients were on anticalciuric diuretics, and all 4 had normal urinalysis, serum creatinine and electrolyte profiles, as well as estimated creatinine clearance. In 3 of the children, evidence of mild tubular dysfunction was found. It thus seems that in some children with bone and mineral disorders who develop NC, ultrasonographic resolution of the renal calcifications can be seen; however, mild tubular dysfunction may remain and require follow-up. Further studies are suggested to explore the possible role of anticalciuric diuretics in promoting the resolution of NC.
Intensified mouse killing in the spontaneously hypertensive rat

Abstract After one week in isolation spontaneously hypertensive male rats killed mice more frequently than did normal Wistar Controls, 70 vs 20%. Hypertensive killers had a somewhat lower blood pressure than did hypertensive non-killers. Retest after one hour demonstrated slower recognition time, decreased killing and increased kill time for normotensive killer rats. Mouse killing increased among hypertensive rats, and they became more proficient as evidenced by decreased kill time.
Carrier density dependence of hot-electron scattering rates in quasi-equilibrium electron-hole plasmas

Abstract The scattering rate of a 300 meV electron interacting with a quasi-equilibrium electron-hole plasma in GaAs is calculated as a function of the plasma density for both static (Debye-Huckel) and full dynamic (exact within the random phase approximation) screening. The total scattering rate, directly related to the imaginary part of the hot electron self energy, is shown to be independent of plasma density up to ∼ 1 × 10 17 cm −3 , for both static and dynamic screening. The “effective” scattering rate of the hot electron outside an energy window of width ∼20 meV is found to be essentially linear in density, with absolute magnitude in agreement with recent experiments, but only for the dynamically screened calculation.
The Conflict 0f Hermeneutical Traditions and Christian Theology

Etude des caracteristiques specifiques de l'hermeneutique chretienne et de l'hermeneutique confuceenne dans le cadre historique de l'emergence de la problematique de l'interpretation pour la theologie chretienne. Face a l'opacite et la multiplicite des significations d'un texte, l'A. met en evidence la necessite d'une preparation individuelle et spirituelle avant de determiner les affirmations du texte. Examinant la critique de l'hermeneutique moderne chez Habermas, l'A. confronte l'hermeneutique classique a l'ecole historique.
Humanizing Savanna Biogeography: Linking Human Practices with Ecological Patterns in a Frequently Burned Savanna of Southern Mali

The savanna biome is defined by the codominance of grasses and trees, the precise ratio of which is a function of numerous variables, both natural and anthropogenic. Fire is a critical determinant of the tree-to-grass ratio because it can suppress tree establishment and growth. Despite the fact that nearly all fires have human causes, most savanna fire ecology models are based solely on ecological variables and fail to integrate human land and fire use patterns. To understand how human burning practices, land cover patterns, and fire regimes are linked I combined the results of an image-based burn scar analysis and land cover maps generated from a Landsat database covering thirty years with interview and survey results. I documented the spatially explicit fire regime for an area of Sudan savanna in southern Mali and linked it to human practices and land cover patterns. The study concludes that burning creates a seasonal mosaic in which some patches regularly burn early and others late, whereas some areas ...
A methodology for water quantity and quality assessment for wetland development

A methodology is presented for water quantity and quality assessment for wetland development which enables planners to evaluate the results of restoring and managing a large wetland complex based on a set of criteria developed under multi-disciplinary guidelines. The methodology includes addressing temporal and spatial variability of climatic data for determination of wetland water requirements; determination of wetland evapotranspiration; determination of critical areas for wetland and agricultural development using GIS; modelling the water delivery ystem (quantity, quality, location, and timing) of a wetland complex using HEC-5 and WASP; and water management using the GAMS/MINOS optimization program. The methodology is applied through the use of a Decision Support System (DSS). The goal of the DSS is to provide tools for spatial and temporal simulation, evaluation and management of a wetland system. The user has access to a common analysis environment consisting of models and data within a Graphical User Interface (GUI). Simulation and optimization modules, combined with a graphical user interface, permit efficient and convenient study of various resource management scenarios.
Cervical spine injury management in the helmeted athlete

The relative incidence of catastrophic cervical spine injury in sports is low compared to other injuries. However, the potential catastrophic and life-altering consequences of spine injury cause understandable concern regarding the prehospital management and care of the cervical-spine-injured athlete. This is complicated when injured athletes participate in equipment-intensive sports, such as football, where helmets and facemasks are potential barriers to obtaining immediate access to the athlete's airway. Cervical spine injuries in these cases necessitate delicate and precise management, often involving the combined efforts of multiple health-care providers. The outcome of a catastrophic cervical spine injury is dependent on the efficiency of this management process and timeliness of transfer to a controlled environment for diagnosis and treatment.
Patterns and processes of oxygen isotope exchange in a fossil meteoric hydrothermal system, Cuillins Gabbro Complex, Isle of Skye, Scotland

Oxygen isotope compositions of whole rock specimens and mineral separates from the Cuillins Gabbro Complex, Isle of Skye, Scotland, are employed to determine the patterns and processes of18O depletion in the Outer Unlayered Gabbro (OUG) and associated dikes. Whole rockδ18O values range from +4.8 to −1.1‰ (SMOW) and dikeδ18O values range from +4.7 to −2.8‰ Mineral separates from three OUG samples yieldδ18O values from +5.3 to +4.8‰ for augite and +4.1 to +0.8‰ for plagioclase. An early, small-scale hydrothermal circulation system was initiated by the OUG prior to the large-scale hydrothermal convection established by the later Layered Cuillins Complex (LCC). Dikes were emplaced in the OUG after intrusion of the LCC and had only a minor effect on hydrothermal circulation in the OUG. There is evidence of enhanced fluid flow along dike/gabbro contacts. Isotopic compositions of augite separates demonstrate a normalδ18O value for the OUG magma with all18O depletion in the OUG due to subsolidus exchange processes including diffusion and surface reaction. The mineral separates yield a pattern of18O depletion consistent with a diffusion mechanism, the bulk of the exchange having occurred in the plagioclase. Secondary mineral formation played a subordinate role in the18O depletion of the OUG. The calculated water to rock mass ratio necessary to effect the observed18O depletion in the OUG is on the order of 0.2, although a much greater amount of water circulation probably occurred. The cooling duration required to explain the measured18O depletion in the OUG by diffusion is very short (140 years at 750° C, 2400 years at 550° C) compared to the duration necessary for pure conductive cooling (105 to 106 years). Rapid local cooling rates in the OUG due to meteoric water convection are consistent with the observed18O depletion in OUG samples.
Why a Grand Unified Theory Is Neither Feasible nor Desirable

Seeing a monolithic unified theory of ecology as neither feasible nor desirable, Loreau offers an alternative approach to bridging the fields of evolutionary biology, community ecology, and ecosystems.
An upstream AG determines whether a downstream AG is selected during catalytic step II of splicing.

Specific mechanisms must exist to ensure fidelity in selecting the AG dinucleotide that functions as the 3* splice site during the second transesterification step of splicing. Here we show that the optimal location for this AG is within a narrow distance (19 to 23 nucleotides [nt]) downstream from the branch point sequence (BPS). Contrary to previous expectations, AGs located less than 23 nt from the BPS are always recognized, even when a second AG located more optimally downstream is used in the transesterification reaction. Indeed, the AG closest to the BPS actually dictates the precise location of the AG that engages in the reaction. This mechanism, in which the AG is identified by a general localization step followed by a precise localization step, may be used to achieve fidelity while allowing flexibility in the location of 3* splice sites.
Software Extensibility Strategies for Health and Demographic Systems in Low-Income Countries

Software systems used by health research centers in low-income countries typically need to be maintained and upgraded by individuals who do not have formal Computer Science education. Without careful planning, these data management software systems can require years of technical assistance from highly trained specialists. This work proposes software design strategies to minimize the complexity of maintaining a Java based enterprise scale software application in low-income countries. In this paper we identify various extension mechanisms. The goal is to significantly reduce the complexity required for users to tailor the system to their own particular projects.
Neonate Galerucella calmariensis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Behavior on Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) Contributes to Reduced Predation

Galerucella calmariensis L. has been widely released in North America to control Lythrum salicaria L., an invasive Eurasian wetland perennial. Previous studies suggest that generalist predators such as Coleomegilla maculata (DeGeer) may affect establishment and spread of G. calmariensis. The objectives of this study were to determine the preferred feeding sites of neonate G. calmariensis, to quantify neonate survivorship on L. salicaria leaves and shoot tips, to assess the relationship between larval density and residence time in shoot tips, and to determine if larval density insuences survivorship of larvae on L. salicaria in the presence/absence of predators. Neonate G. calmariensis exhibited a signiÞcant propensity to ascend L. salicaria stems and conceal themselves inside shoot tips, where 77% were located after 1 h. Neonate survival in the presence of C. maculata was higher in shoot tips (70%) than on leaves (7.1%). At low densities (one to two larvae per shoot tip), G. calmariensis fed inside shoot tips for a prolonged period of time with only 25Ð30% exiting the shoot tip by 126 h. At higher densities, larvae left shoot tips more rapidly with 50% (seven larvae per shoot tip) and 80% (16 larvae per shoot tip) exiting by 126 h. The number of larvae that fed externally on foliage, i.e., were exposed to potential predation, similarly increased with increasing larval density. In the presence of adult C. maculata, G. calmariensis survival was inversely density dependent. At low larval densities, larvae remained concealed in shoot tips longer and were protected from predation. However, at high densities, larvae left shoot tips resulting in greater mortality by predators. This study indicates that density-dependent predation of G. calmariensis may occur as sheltered feeding sites within shoot tips become a limiting resource. This would occur under high G. calmariensis density and require the concurrent presence of effective predators. Further studies are necessary to determine if these conditions occur in nature and are of sufÞcient magnitude to alter G. calmariensis establish- ment or spread as a biological control agent of L. salicaria.
Idiographic Assessment of the Self in the Aged: A Case for the Use of the Q-Sort.

Literature bearing on the use of the Q-sort in gerontological research is discussed. It is argued that the measurement of self-concept and the design of outcome measures with elderly clients should be rooted in a perspective emphasizing 1) multiple, interactive determinants of life-span development; 2) increases in intraindividual variability/interindividual differences with age; 3) ecological validity; and 4) a growing concern for the practical utility and acceptability of nontraditional counseling and psychotherapy and the aged. Suggestions for the development and use of the Q-sort in evaluating intervention-oriented efforts from within such a perspective on the self in old age and on outcome research with elderly clients are offered.
Secretion and inactivation of myeloperoxidase by isolated neutrophils

Neutrophils prevent infection by ingesting and killing microorganisms but oxidants and proteases released by neutrophils damage host tissues. Our aim was to identify factors that regulate oxidant production by the enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO) following secretion of MPO into the medium. Cells stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) or opsonized zymosan particles secreted MPO and released superoxide free radicals (.O2-). Dismutation of .O2- produced hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and MPO catalyzed the oxidation of chloride ion by H2O2 to produce the toxic oxidant hypochlorous acid (HOCl). Adding the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) to increase the rate of conversion of .O2- to H2O2 had pH-dependent effects on HOCl production. From pH 6.0 to 7.4, SOD promoted HOCl production by up to 500% but SOD had no effect at pH 7.6 and inhibited by 40 +/- 10% at pH 7.8. In further experiments at pH 7.0, MPO activity in the cells decreased by 25 +/- 2 and 44 +/- 4% during 1-h incubations with PMA and zymosan. Only 1 +/- 0 and 3 +/- 1% of the total activity was found in the medium, indicating that most of the secreted MPO was inactivated. Loss of activity was not accompanied by proteolytic destruction of the MPO protein, which was measured with anti-MPO antibodies. SOD raised the amount of active MPO in the medium two- to sevenfold, but adding deferoxamine to chelate iron or adding ferric ion had no effect. The ionophore A23187 was as effective as zymosan as a stimulus for MPO secretion but .O2- production by ionophore-stimulated cells was less than 4% of that of PMA- or zymosan-stimulated cells and most of the secreted MPO was found active in the medium. When PMA-stimulated cells were incubated with purified MPO, the added MPO activity was lost from the medium. Binding or proteolysis did not account for loss of activity as indicated by recovery of added radioiodinated MPO from the medium. The visible absorption spectrum of MPO was lost, indicating destruction of the iron-containing prosthetic group. Loss of activity and loss of the MPO spectrum were blocked by SOD but not by deferoxamine or catalase. The results indicate that, in the physiological pH range, inactivation of MPO in the medium suppressed HOCl production. Inactivation required O2- but not HOCl, H2O2, or free iron. Inactivation of secreted MPO may limit MPO-mediated damage to host tissues by stimulated neutrophils.
MONOSOMIC ANALYSIS OF FATTY ACID COMPOSITION IN EMBRYO LIPIDS OF ZEA MAYS L

The effects of monosomy of specific chromosomes on the fatty acid composition of maize embryos were studied. A novel technique was developed to obtain fatty acid profiles of single embryos without reducing the viability of the sampled kernels. Monosomic 2 embryos had significantly more oleic acid and significantly less linoleic acid than diploid control embryos. Since the conversion of oleic acid to linoleic acid is a single-enzyme-mediated reaction, we suggest that a gene involved in linoleic acid biosynthesis is located on chromosome 2. Additional consistent variations were found in other monosomic types. This study demonstrates that monosomic analysis can be used to study gene dosage effects at the biochemical level.
Radioactive Wastes from Fusion Reactors

Calculation of the amount of tritium released from a hypothetical fusion reactor shows that it is 2 x 10 5 the amount released by generation of an equivalent amount of electricity by a fission reactor. Release of the tritium generated by a power economy, if the nuclear power were all fusion, would result in unacceptable worldwide dosages by the year 2000.
Series expansion method in three-dimensional tomography

A series expansion method in three-dimensional tomography is presented. While the function to be reconstructed is expanded in terms of spherical harmonics and orthogonal polynomials, the projection of the function is expanded in terms of Euler angles in the angular part and orthogonal polynomials in the radial part. The computer simulation of the reconstruction demonstrates the applicability of the method.
Light absorption properties of southeastern Bering Sea waters: Analysis, parameterization and implications for remote sensing

Abstract The absorption coefficients of phytoplankton (a PHY (λ)), non-algal particles (NAP) (a NAP (λ)) and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) (a CDOM (λ)) were investigated and parameterized in the southeastern Bering Sea during July 2008. The absorption coefficients were well structured with respect to hydrographic and biogeochemical characteristics of the shelf. The highest values of a PHY (443) were observed offshore and the lowest values of a PHY (443) were found in the coastal domain, a low productivity region associated with limited macronutrients. Values of a DG (λ) (a CDOM (λ) + a NAP (λ)) revealed an east–west gradient pattern with higher values in the coastal domain, and lower values in the outer domain. Lower chlorophyll specific a PHY (λ) (a* PHY (λ)) observed relative to middle and lower latitude waters indicated a change in pigment composition and/or package effect, which was consistent with phytoplankton community structure. a CDOM (λ) was the dominant light absorbing coefficient at all wavelengths examined except at 676 nm. Modeling of remote-sensing reflectance (R rs (λ)) and the diffuse attenuation coefficient (K d (λ)) from inherent optical properties revealed the strong influence of a CDOM (λ) on R rs (λ) and K d (λ). Good optical closure was achieved between modeled and radiometer measured R rs (λ) and K d (λ) with average percent difference of less than 25% and 19% respectively, except at red wavelengths. The a CDOM (λ) accounted for > 50% of K d (λ) which was vertically variable. Chlorophyll-a calculated by the NASA standard chlorophyll-a algorithm (OC4.v6) was overestimated due to higher a CDOM (λ) and underestimated due to lower a* PHY (λ) at low and high concentrations of chlorophyll-a, respectively.
Small axisymmetric contraction of grid turbulence

Anisotropic grid turbulence tend to equalize, but their ratio approaches the original pre-contraction value in the straight section behind the contraction. Experiments were repeated with three grids of different mesh sizes and gave similar results.
Changing Clusters of U.S. Industries: 1979 to 1986

This research utilizes factor analysis of County Business Patterns data for 1979 and 1986 to identify changes in the spatial structure of major industries in the United States and relates these changes to relevant theories of industrial location. The basic hypothesis of the research is that the 1981- 82 recession, coupled with technological changes and changes in government policy, led to rather remarkable changes in the spatial structure of many industries in the United States over a very short penod of time The research results confirmed these changes. In addition, many of the changes in locational relationships between industries are consistent with central place theory while others are consistent with profit cycle theory Both government action and technological developments caused the disintegration of some agglomerations and the emergence of others.
Partial Nephrectomy Versus Radical Nephrectomy in Patients With Small Renal Tumors—Is There a Difference in Mortality and Cardiovascular Outcomes?

Purpose: Compared with partial nephrectomy, radical nephrectomy increases the risk of chronic kidney disease, which is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular events and death. Given equivalent oncological efficacy in patients with small renal tumors, radical nephrectomy may result in overtreatment. We analyzed a population based cohort of patients to determine whether radical nephrectomy is associated with an increase in cardiovascular events and mortality compared with partial nephrectomy.Materials and Methods: Using Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results cancer registry data linked with Medicare claims we identified 2,991 patients older than 66 years who were treated with radical or partial nephrectomy for renal tumors 4 cm or less between 1995 and 2002. The primary end points of cardiovascular events and overall survival were assessed using Kaplan-Meier survival estimation, Cox proportional hazards regression and negative binomial regression.Results: A total of 2,547 patients (81%) underwent ...
EFFECTS OF ELECTRICAL CURRENTS ON THE ABSORPTION OF WATER BY EGGS OF NEREIS LIMBATA

In Vol. 33, No. 4, March 20, 1950, throughout the article entitled "Effects of electrical currents on the absorption of water by eggs of Nereis limbata," by Dr. Osterhout, (pages 379–388), read cathode in place of anode.
Increasing global crop harvest frequency: recent trends and future directions

The world’s agricultural systems face the challenge of meeting the rising demands from population growth, changing dietary preferences, and expanding biofuel use. Previous studies have put forward strategies for meeting this growing demand by increasing global crop production, either expanding the area under cultivation or intensifying the crop yields of our existing agricultural lands. However, another possible means for increasing global crop production has received less attention: increasing the frequency of global cropland harvested each year. Historically, many of the world’s croplands were left fallow, or had failed harvests, each year, foregoing opportunities for delivering crop production. Furthermore, many regions, particularly in the tropics, may be capable of multiple harvests per year, often more than are harvested today. Here we analyze a global compilation of agricultural statistics to show how the world’s harvested cropland has changed. Between 2000 and 2011, harvested land area grew roughly 4 times faster than total standing cropland area. Using a metric of cropland harvest frequency (CHF)—the ratio of land harvested each year to the total standing cropland—and its recent trends, we identify countries that harvest their croplands more frequently, and those that have the potential to increase their cropland harvest frequency. We suggest that a possible ‘harvest gap’ may exist in many countries that represents an opportunity to increase crop production on existing agricultural lands. However, increasing the harvest frequency of existing croplands could have significant environmental and social impacts, which need careful evaluation.
Molecular Controls of Arterial Morphogenesis

Formation of arterial vasculature, here termed arteriogenesis, is a central process in embryonic vascular development as well as in adult tissues. Although the process of capillary formation, angiogenesis, is relatively well understood, much remains to be learned about arteriogenesis. Recent discoveries point to the key role played by vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 in control of this process and to newly identified control circuits that dramatically influence its activity. The latter can present particularly attractive targets for a new class of therapeutic agents capable of activation of this signaling cascade in a ligand-independent manner, thereby promoting arteriogenesis in diseased tissues.
Effect of Magnesium Deficiency on Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Potassium During Dietary Potassium Restriction

SummaryThe influence of coexisting Mg deficiency on cardiac and skeletal muscle K depletion was investigated. Rats were subject to either a K deficiency or K plus Mg deficiency regimen. It is concluded that:1. K deficiency accompanied by coexisting Mg deficiency results in accelerated deficit of K in both cardiac and skeletal muscle when contrasted to K deficiency alone.2. In contrast to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle was relatively resistant to K loss during K and Mg depletion.The authors thank Miss Joan Rambush for assistance in the preparation of this manuscript.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON BODY SIZE AND FECUNDITY IN FEMALE DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER: EVIDENCE FOR ADAPTIVE PLASTICITY

The reaction norm linking rearing temperature and size in Drosophila melanogaster results in progressively larger flies as the temperature is lowered from 30?C to 18?C, but it has remained unclear whether this phenotypic plasticity is part of an adaptive response to temperature. We found that female D. melanogaster reared to adulthood at 18?C versus 25?C showed a 12% increase in dry weight. Measurements of the fecundity of these two types of fly showed that the size change had no effect on lifetime fecundity, regardless of the adult test temperature. Thus the phenotypic plasticity breaks the usual positive correlation between body size and fecundity. However, at a given temperature, early fecundity (defined as productivity for days 5 through 12 after eclosion at 25?C and days 7 through 17 at 18?C) was highest when the rearing and test temperatures were the same. The early fecundity advantage due to rearing at the test temperature was 25% at 18?C and 16% at 25?C, a result consistent with the overall phenotypic response to temperature being adaptive. This conclusion is further supported by the finding that the temperature treatments resulted in a trade-off between early fecundity and longevity, a trade-off that parallels the known genetic correlation. Another parallel is that both the temperature-induced and genetic effects are independent of total fecundity. By contrast, within the temperature treatments, the phenotypic correlation between early fecundity and longevity was positive, illustrating the danger of assuming that phenotypic and genetic correlations are similar, or even of the same sign.
Synergetic Effects of Ultraviolet and Microwave Radiation for Enhanced Activity of TiO2 Nanoparticles in Degrading Organic Dyes Using a Continuous-Flow Reactor

A novel continuous-flow reactor was developed to investigate the synergetic effects of ultraviolet (UV) and microwave (MW) radiation on TiO2 nanoparticles for the enhancement of photodegradation of Direct Red-81 (DR-81) and Bromothymol Blue (BTB) dyes. The efficiency of the combined UV and MW radiation was higher than the sum of the isolated and corresponding thermal effects and directly proportional to the MW power. The % photodegradation of DR-81 after 105 min irradiation at ambient conditions was 40%, 68%, 72%, and 100% using UV/MW100W, UV/MW300W, UV/MW500W, and UV/MW700W methods, respectively. The % photodegradation of BTB under the same conditions was 58%, 78%, 82%, and 88%, respectively. High dissolved oxygen concentration increased DR-81 photodegradation, whereas ambient air conditions were optimum for BTB. The extent of photomineralization of both dyes was dependent on MW power. Degradation products showed that both dyes were successfully oxidized through different intermediate species. The proper...
Autoxidation of Crystallized and Crude Turkey Meat Myoglobin

Abstract Crude and crystalline turkey meat myoglobins were studied with respect to autoxidation rate. The rate of oxidation of turkey meat myoglobin was faster than that previously reported on beef myoglobin. Crystalline turkey meat myoglobin exhibited a higher autoxidation rate than that found from crude turkey meat myoglobin. The results of this study indicate that myoglobin oxidation problems will be more pronounced in turkey meat than that previously observed in beef myoglobin.
Modeling of ablation-fed pulsed plasma thrusters

Design of the proper power system for an improved ablation-fed pulsed plasma microthruster (PPT) requires the ability to specify amplitudes, risetimes, waveforms and pulsetimes in relation to propellant properties and thrust chamber dimensions. Numerical modeling techniques, such as the MACH2 code, along with analytical modeling, are needed to provide guidance. Stationary operation in the limit of high magnetic Reynolds number may be characterized by a discharge thickness adjacent to the surface that scales inversely with the exhaust speed, resulting in a resistance that is approximately constant for fixed surface proportions and material. Heat transfer to the surface occurs in a thinner layer within this discharge, and provides a mass flow rate proportional to the electrical power. The mass ablated per shot then scales as the stored electrical energy, in agreement with experiments over a wide range of operations. Startup and shut-down transients, (e.g., flux vs thermal skin-depths), can significantly alter this simple behavior. A new ablation-physics routine has been added to the MACH2 code to examine the time-dependent operation of the PPT discharge. Comparisons of numerical results with data from the LES 6 PPT are encouraging, even with present, idealized models for Teflon plasma properties. d
Transition from Student to Teacher: Frameworks for Understanding Preservice Music Teacher Development:

Research on preservice music teacher development has the potential to inform music teacher preparation curricula in several significant ways and ultimately serve to enhance the profession at large....
Test Technics and Evaluation Requirements for Marine Gas Turbine Air Inlet Systems

This paper discusses the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division, Ship Systems Engineering Station (NSWCCD-SSES) test facilities and techniques to evaluate air inlet filtration systems and foreign object damage (FOD) screens, for marine gas turbines. The first section of this paper will detail the air inlet filtration test program. The second section will present the FOD screen test program. Both sections will include instrumentation, measurement techniques, data acquisition system and evaluation criteria to evaluate gas turbine inlet system.Copyright © 1996 by ASME
Spoofing – A Look at an Evolving Threat

As more and more businesses, educational institutions, and individuals rely on email for every day communications and greater numbers of spoofed email are being sent each and every month, we need to develop methods to deal with this threat. This paper gives a basic overview of spoofing and details some methods for protecting yourself against spoofing and phishing, and concludes with a number of recommendations.
Why reread? Evidence from garden-path and local coherence structures

Two eye-tracking experiments were conducted to compare the online reading and offline comprehension of main verb/reduced relative garden-path sentences and local coherence sentences. Rereading of early material in garden-path reduced relatives should be revisionary, aimed at reanalysing an earlier misparse; however, rereading of early material in a local coherence reduced relative need only be confirmatory, as the original parse of the earlier portion of these sentences is ultimately correct. Results of online and offline measures showed that local coherence structures elicited signals of reading disruption that arose earlier and lasted longer, and local coherence comprehension was also better than garden path comprehension. Few rereading measures in either sentence type were predicted by structural features of these sentences, nor was rereading related to comprehension accuracy, which was extremely low overall. Results are discussed with respect to selective reanalysis and good-enough processing.
Applying Grey Swing Model to Predict the Incidence Trend of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome in Shenyang

Objective To predict the incidence trend of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Shenyang by applying grey swing model,in order to provide a theoretical basis for developing scientific and reasonable strategies of prevention and control of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS).Methods Grey swing model GM(1,1,sinω)was established by using the incidence data of HFRS of Shenyang from 1984 to 2004.The sample was fit and forecasted and then the effect of the fitness and the forecast were evaluated.And then the inci-dence trend and next peak year of HFRS in Shenyang were predicted.Results The GM(1,1,sinω)forecast model was ■ω(1)((k+1) =-158.4104e-0.0444k+162.6622+ 11.7276sin2kπ/21+5.6982cos2kπ/21,in fitting precision test.The model had a better fitting precision(C=0.3912,P =0.9048).The MER of fitness of GM(1,1,sinω)model was 20.34% and the MER of forecast of it was 14.3%.The effect of the fitness and forecast of the model were satisfactory.The incidence rates of HFRS in 2008,2009 and 2010 were predicted as 3.89/100 000,2.65/100 000 and 1.39/100 000 respectively with the model.There would be a decrease in the tendency of the incidence rate of HFRS in the future;however,the next incidence peak year would be in 2025 with the incidence rate of 5.05/100 000.Conclusion The model fits well with the incidence tendency of HFRS.The predictive result has a certain reference value.The incidence trend of HFRS is declining as a whole in the future in Shenyang,but we cannot relax our vigilance,for it is estimated that the incidence rate of HFRS will rise in 2019 and get to the peak in 2025,suggesting that the relevant department should adjust and develop appropriate prevention and control measures according to the epidemic trend.
Teaching medicine to millennials.

This is the chorus from the Emory physician assistant (PA) class of 2010 rap video Know.1 This is a demonstration of Millennial, Generation Y, or Gen Net know how. Those born between 1980 and 2000 are the 20and 30-somethings currently sitting in PA classrooms. They are characterized as multitasking, digitally savvy, visual, and nonlinear. Millennials learn better by actively doing things and discovery in peer groups instead of listening to lectures,2 we are told. They love new technology and hyperlinked interactivity. They can find digital answers quickly, although not always using the best resources.2 Millennials are skilled with computers, cell phones, PDAs, smartphones, and social media. According to the Pew Research Center, 61% of millennials think sharing pictures and personal information online is a good thing, 41% have a cell phone only (no landline), 62% have a wireless Internet connection away from work or home, 75% have created a social networking profile, 62% use their cell phone to send text messages, 14% use Twitter, and 59% get their news from the Internet.3 Youtube, Yahoo, we surf all day.
Inflammatory Eicosanoids Increase Amyloid Precursor Protein Expression via Activation of Multiple Neuronal Receptors.

Senile plaques comprised of Aβ peptides are a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brain, as are activated glia that release inflammatory molecules, including eicosanoids. Previous studies have demonstrated that amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Aβ levels can be increased through activation of thromboxane A2-prostanoid (TP) receptors on neurons. We demonstrate that TP receptor regulation of APP expression depends on Gαq-signaling and conventional protein kinase C isoforms. Importantly, we discovered that Gαq-linked prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene D4 receptors also regulate APP expression. Prostaglandin E2 and thromboxane A2, as well as total APP levels, were found to be elevated in the brains of aged 5XFAD transgenic mice harboring Aβ plaques and activated glia, suggesting that increased APP expression resulted from eicosanoid binding to Gαq-linked neuronal receptors. Notably, inhibition of eicosanoid synthesis significantly lowered brain APP protein levels in aged 5XFAD mice. These results provide new insights into potential AD therapeutic strategies.
Bacterial Vaginosis: An Update

Bacterial vaginosis is the most common cause of vaginal discharge. Recent studies have confirmed its association with pelvic inflammatory disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Bacterial vaginosis is treated with oral metronidazole (given either as a single dose or a seven-day course) or clindamycin. Treatment with topical clindamycin or metronidazole is also effective in returning the vaginal flora to normal but may be less effective in preventing the increased incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Complications of uveitis: the northern California epidemiology of uveitis study.

Purpose: To describe the uveitis complications in a large, community-based cohort.Methods: Retrospective, community-based, cross-sectional cohort study analyzing complications and associations with...
Alzheimer's Disease Biomarkers and Future Decline in Cognitive Normal Older Adults.

BACKGROUND Identifying older adults at risk of cognitive decline represents a challenge as Alzheimer's disease (AD) modifying therapies move toward preclinical stages. OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between AD biomarkers and subsequent change in cognition in a cohort of cognitively intact older adults. METHODS 84 cognitively normal subjects (mean age 72.0 years, 59% women) were recruited through the Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and the Harvard Aging Brain Study and followed over 3 years. Measurements of amyloid-β 1-42 (Aβ42), total Tau (t-Tau), and Tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 (p-Tau181) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) at study entry were available in all cases. Baseline brain MRI, FDG-PET, and PiB-PET data were available in the majority of participants. Relationship between baseline AD biomarkers and longitudinal change in cognition was assessed using Cox proportional hazard regression and linear mixed models. RESULTS 14% participants increased their global Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) score from 0 to 0.5 during follow-up. A CDR score increase was associated with higher baseline CSF t-Tau and p-Tau181, higher global cortical PiB retention, and lower hippocampal volume. The combination of high CSF t-Tau and low Aβ42 or low hippocampal volume was more strongly related to cognitive outcome than each single biomarker. Higher CSF t-Tau was the only biomarker associated with subsequent decline in MMSE score. CONCLUSIONS Baseline CSF t-Tau and p-Tau181, in vivo amyloid load, and hippocampal volume were all independently associated with future decline in cognition. The discriminatory ability of these biomarkers to predict risk of cognitive decline, however, was only modest.
Photography and Cinematography

Art and technology form a symbiotic relationship in many media. The history of drawing and painting, for example, is closely tied to the development of new materials. But the relationship between the technological means and artistic ends is perhaps no closer than in photography, an inherently technical medium. Photography is also unique in that it much more directly captures the natural world than do painting or sculpture. Although we have seen that photographs demand some amount of manipulation and interpretation, their quasi-realistic nature took years for the viewing public to digest and accept. Moving pictures raised this ambiguity to new heights by introducing time as a variable in our understanding of the presentation.
Copy number variants in Ebstein anomaly.

Background Ebstein anomaly (EA) is a rare congenital defect characterized by apical displacement of the septal tricuspid leaflets and atrialization of the right ventricle. The etiology of EA is unclear; however, recurrence in families and the association of EA with genetic syndromes and copy number variants (CNVs) suggest a genetic component. Objective We performed a population-based study to search for recurrent and novel CNVs in a previously unreported set of EA cases. Methods We genotyped 60 EA cases identified from all live births (2,891,076) from selected California counties (1991–2010) using the Illumina HumanOmni2.5–8 array. We identified 38 candidate CNVs in 28 (46%) cases and prioritized and validated 11 CNVs based on the genes included. Results Five CNVs (41%) overlapped or were close to genes involved in early myocardial development, including NODAL, PDLIM5, SIX1, ASF1A and FGF12. We also replicated a previous association of EA with CNVs at 1p34.1 and AKAP12. Finally, we identified four CNVs overlapping or in close proximity to the transcription factors HES3, TRIM71, CUX1 and EIF4EBP2. Conclusions This study supports the relationship of genetic factors to EA and demonstrates that defects in cardiomyocytes and myocardium differentiation may play a role. Abnormal differentiation of cardiomyocytes and how genetic factors contribute should be examined for their association with EA.
Temporalis Fascia Transplantation for Sulcus Vocalis and Vocal Fold Scar: Long-Term Outcomes.

Objective:Sulcus vocalis and vocal fold scar involve derangement of the superficial lamina propria of the vocal fold, which results in significant dysphonia. Many options exist for treatment, most ...
Preservation of Cells of the Organ of Corti and Innervating Dendritic Processes Following Cochlear Implantation in the Human: An Immunohistochemical Study.

Hypothesis This study evaluates the degree of preservation of hair cells, supporting cells, and innervating dendritic processes after cochlear implantation in the human using immunohistochemical methods. Background Surgical insertion of a cochlear implant electrode induces various pathologic changes within the cochlea including insertional trauma, foreign body response, inflammation, fibrosis, and neo-osteogenesis. These changes may result in loss of residual acoustic hearing, adversely affecting the use of hybrid implants, and may result in loss of putative precursor cells, limiting the success of future regenerative protocols. Methods Twenty-eight celloidin-embedded temporal bones from 14 patients with bilateral severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss and unilateral cochlear implants were studied. Two sections including the modiolus or basal turn from each temporal bone were stained using antineurofilament, antimyosin-VIIa, and antitubulin antibodies in both the implanted and unimplanted ears. Results Inner and outer hair cells: Immunoreactivity was reduced throughout the implanted cochlea and in the unimplanted cochlea with the exception of the apical turn.Dendritic processes in the osseous spiral lamina: Immunoreactivity was significantly less along the electrode of the implanted cochlea than in the other segments.Inner and outer pillars, inner and outer spiral bundles, and Deiters' cells: Immunoreactivity was similar in the implanted and unimplanted cochleae. Conclusion Insertion of a cochlear implant electrode may significantly affect the inner and outer hair cells both along and apical to the electrode, and dendritic processes in the osseous spiral lamina along the electrode. There was less effect on pillar cells, Deiters' cells, and spiral bundles.
Integrating Philosophical and Psychological Approaches to Well-Being: The Role of Success in Personal Projects.

Interdisciplinary research on the relation of well-being to personality, virtue and life experience is impeded by lack of agreement about the nature of well-being. Psychologists tend to reduce well...
Effect of Binding Geometry on Charge Transfer in CdSe Nanocrystals Functionalized by N719 Dyes to Tune Energy Conversion Efficiency

Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) functionalized by metal–organic dyes show great promise in photocatalytic and photovoltaic applications. However, the charge transfer direction and rates—key processes governing the efficiency of energy conversion—are strongly affected by the QD–dye interactions, insights on which are challenging to obtain experimentally. We use density functional theory (DFT) and constrained DFT calculations to investigate a degree of sensitivity of the electronic level alignment and related QD–dye electronic couplings to binding conformations of N719 dye at the surface of the 1.5 nm CdSe QD. Our calculations reveal a lack of direct correlations between the strength of the QD–dye interaction in terms of their binding conformations and the donor–acceptor electronic couplings. While the QD–dye binding conformations are the most stable when the N719 dye is attached to the QD via two carboxylate groups, the strongest electronic coupling between the QD as an electron donor and the dye as an el...
A biological approach to assessing environmental risks of engineered microorganisms

Many environmental applications of biotechnology involve deliberate release of organisms into the environment, where they must survive and multiply to perform their functions. Examples of such applications include degradation of toxic chemicals and in-situ leaching of ores. It is natural, when developing a scheme for assessing environmental risks of these microorganisms, to take as a point of departure existing schemes for assessing environmental risks of toxic contaminants. The components of such risk assessments, characterized by the National Academy of Sciences [1] as “hazard identification,” “dose-response assessment,” “exposure assessment,” and “risk characterization”, derive from a systematic examination of the physical, chemical, and toxicological phenomena underlying the risk: the emission rate of the toxicant, its dispersion in air and water, the chemical transformations occurring during transport, and the relationship between the dose to the exposed organism (usually man) and the toxicological effect.
Known-Plaintext Attack Against a Permutation Based Video Encryption Algorithm

One of the approaches to deliver real-time video encryption is to apply permutations to the bytes within a frame of a fully encoded MPEG stream as presented in [2]. We demonstrate that this particular algorithm is vulnerable to a known-plaintext attack, and hence its use should be carefully considered. We also discuss modifications that can make the algorithm resistant to our attack.
Surface Plasmon — Surface Acoustic Wave Interactions on Thin Silver Films

The high surface fields associated with surface plasmons (SP’s) are responsible for contributing to the strong enhancement observed for a number of non-linear optical phenomena such as Raman scattering by chemical adsorbates and second harmonic generation. We have demonstrated experimentally [1] that such an enhancement can also be observed when SP’s are used as an intermediate agent for Brillouin scattering from thermal equilibrium surface acoustic waves (SAW’s) of thin (450 A) silver films.
Increasing Opportunities for Social Control by Children with Autism and Severe Handicaps: Effects on Student Behavior and Perceived Classroom Climate

The present study assessed the effects of an intervention package designed to (a) increase the quality and quantity of opportunities for students with autism and severe handicaps to exercise contro...