cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical Measurements of Interacting Lean Direct Injection Fuel Nozzles With Varying Spacing

Particle image velocimetry and OH planar laser induced fluorescence are used to examine the flow and flame structure resulting from two adjacent fuel/air nozzles. The distance between nozzles is varied from 1.1 to 2.72 nozzle diameters to change the degree of interaction between the nozzles. Non-reacting PIV shows a flowfield which is nearly symmetric between nozzles for all four spacings. For all but the widest spacing, there exist differences in the flow structures between the inner and outer sides of the nozzles. Less distance between the nozzles results in more rapid merging of the shear layers and higher axial velocities between the nozzles. At a spacing of 1.89 nozzle diameters, the shear layers toward the adjacent nozzle are intermittently pulled into the center of the combustor, resulting in a wider and lower velocity average flow between nozzles compared to the other cases. When a flame is added, the flowfields become much more asymmetric, both between nozzles and between the shear layers toward and away from the interacting nozzle. The outer shear layers, away from the other nozzle, are pushed to the domeplate by the expanding recirculation region. With a higher airflow, this behavior is negated. At the two further spacings, the shear layers toward the adjacent nozzle also become different between swirlers. The flow from the nozzle located on the right stays near the domeplate and joins the shear layer from the left nozzle near the nozzle lip and becomes a strong and penetrating jet at an angle to the axial coordinate. OH PLIF imaging shows that the flame fronts are generally located in the shear layer between the incoming reactants and the recirculating combustion products. This includes cases where the flow is highly asymmetric and stays close to the domeplate or penetrates deep into the combustor. So there is no evidence that the addition of an adjacent nozzle has an effect on the local flow/flame interaction. However, it is also clear that the presence of interacting swirling flows with combustion can lead to very dramatic changes to the global flow behavior relative to a single nozzle experiment.© 2015 ASME
A POSSIBLE CASE OF PARAPLEGIA CAUSED BY S. MANSONI.

(1) A Coloured male suffered from a severe paraplegia which may havei?½ been due to bilharzial disease in the spinal cord. (2) It would appear that bilharzial paraplegia has a fairly rapid onset.
Who Will Supervise the Supervisors? Liability for Failing to Train, Supervise, or Discipline Subordinates in a Post-Iqbal/Connick World

Prior to 2009, federal courts recognized that supervisors could be held accountable under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for their wrongdoing. Congress intended to safeguard constitutional and federal statutory rights by providing a cause of action against any person who, “under color of state law deprives or causes a person to be deprived” of federal rights. Two recent Supreme Court decisions have eroded this safeguard. In Ashcroft v. Iqbal, the Court held that supervisors could not be held liable for the constitutional wrongdoing of their subordinates, even if they know of and acquiesce in that wrongdoing. Two years later, Connick v. Thompson held that a District Attorney’s Office could never be held liable based on a single Brady violation, even where the District Attorney conceded that Brady training in his office was inadequate. This Article proposes an objective, deliberate indifference standard in all supervisory “failure to” cases and recommends a narrow interpretation of Connick, under which supervisors and government entities would be held liable for the constitutional wrongdoing of their subordinates where violations are a “highly predictable consequence” of their failure to train or supervise, even without evidence of a pattern of violations.
Intracellular correlates of spatial memory acquisition in hippocampal slices: long-term disinhibition of CA1 pyramidal cells.

Despite many advances in our understanding of synaptic models of memory such as long-term potentiation and depression, cellular mechanisms that correlate with and may underlie behavioral learning and memory have not yet been conclusively determined. We used multiple intracellular recordings to study learning-specific modifications of intrinsic membrane and synaptic responses of the CA1 pyramidal cells (PCs) in slices of the rat dorsal hippocampus prepared at different stages of the Morris water maze (WM) task acquisition. Schaffer collateral stimulation evoked complex postsynaptic potentials (PSP) consisting of the excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP and IPSP, respectively). After rats had learned the WM task, our major learning-specific findings included reduction of the mean peak amplitude of the IPSPs, delays in the mean peak latencies of the EPSPs and IPSPs, and correlation of the depolarizing-shifted IPSP reversal potentials and reduced IPSP-evoked membrane conductance. In addition, detailed isochronal analyses revealed that amplitudes of both early and late IPSP phases were reduced in a subset of the CA1 PCs after WM training was completed. These reduced IPSPs were significantly correlated with decreased IPSP conductance and with depolarizing-shifted IPSP reversal potentials. Input-output relations and initial rising slopes of the EPSP phase did not indicate learning-related facilitation as compared with the swim and naive controls. Another subset of WM-trained CA1 PCs had enhanced amplitudes of action potentials but no learning-specific synaptic changes. There were no WM training-specific modifications of other intrinsic membrane properties. These data suggest that long-term disinhibition in a subset of CA1 PCs may facilitate cell discharges that represent and record the spatial location of a hidden platform in a Morris WM.
Source waters for the highly productive Patagonian shelf in the southwestern Atlantic

Abstract Possible nutrient sources and delivery mechanisms for the highly productive Patagonian shelf in the southwest Atlantic are identified. Using a passive tracer adjoint sensitivity experiment, we identify three source waters: waters local to the Patagonian shelf, coastal waters near the Chilean coast and the subsurface waters in the southeast Pacific. We perform a series of forward simulations of a biogeochemical model to investigate the impact of nutrient perturbations in these source regions to productivity on the Patagonian shelf. Positive nitrate perturbations from local waters have an immediate impact elevating productivity. Iron perturbations local to the shelf, however, do not change productivity because the shelf region is limited by nitrate. Additional nutrient supply from the other source regions leads to increases in productivity. We find that positive nutrient perturbations in subsurface waters in the southeast Pacific result in the largest boost of productivity over the shelf. These source waters are rich in nutrients and upwelled from the depth where light levels are so low that they cannot be consumed. Finally, we identify wintertime intense vertical mixing as the key process which draws nutrients from below 300–500 m to the surface before being delivered to the shelf.
Pervasive Java

Highlights pervasive Java - a surge of wireless and mobile platform standardization activities led by Sun Microsystems. Driven by a fast-pace proliferation of portable devices and appliances with embedded computers, pervasive Java (also called wireless Java and mobile Java) attempts to bridge the gap between disparate devices and platforms, and profitable business and application development.
Determination of Fumonisins in Cereals Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

A method was developed for the determination of fumonisin B1( FB1) and fumonisin B2( FB2) in cereals by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry( HPLC-MS/ MS). The sample was extracted with methanol-water-acetic acid( 74 ∶ 25 ∶ 1),and cleaned up by strong anion exchange column( SAX). FB1and FB2were completely separated on a ZORBAX Extend-C18column( 150 mm × 2. 1 mm,1. 8 μm) with gradient elution by using 0. 1% acetic acid water solution-acetonitrile as mobile phase,and detected by positive ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry( ESI-MS) under select reaction monitoring( SRM) mode. The results showed that the linearities of FB1and FB2were in the concentration ranges of 2. 5-1 000 μg / L,5. 0-1 000 μg / L, respectively,with correlation coefficients of 0. 999 5 and 0. 999 7,respectively. The average recoveries of FB1and FB2from four kind of blank matries at three spiked levels of 0. 02,0. 50,2. 00 mg / kg were in the range of 67. 5%-90. 5% and 70. 5%-95. 3%,respectively,with relative standard deviations( RSDs,n = 5) of 1. 3%-11. 4% and 1. 5%-10. 6%,respectively. The limits of detection were 2. 00 μg / kg for FB1and 4. 00 μg / kg for FB2. This method was stable,reliable,and could be used for detection of FB1and FB2in cereals simultaneously.
Lipolytic responsiveness to epinephrine in nondiabetic and diabetic humans

To determine whether the sensitivity of adipose tissue lipolysis to catecholamines is increased in poorly controlled insulin-dependent diabetes, the lipolytic response to epinephrine was measured in seven nondiabetic volunteers and seven poorly controlled diabetic subjects with use of [1-(14)C]palmitate as a tracer. Subjects received sequential 1-h infusions of epinephrine, which produced epinephrine concentrations of approximately 1,000, approximately 1,750, approximately 3,500, and approximately 6,000 pmol/l. A pancreatic clamp was used to maintain constant plasma hormone levels. Concentration-response curves were constructed for each subject from the integrated lipolytic response during each epinephrine infusion. There was no difference in maximal lipolytic response (117 +/- 19 vs. 152 +/- 11 mumol.kg-1.h-1) or in maximally effective (3,171 +/- 267 vs. 3,357 +/- 349 pmol/l) or half-maximally effective (1,081 +/- 109 vs. 1,015 +/- 120 pmol/l) epinephrine concentrations between nondiabetic and diabetic subjects, respectively (all P = NS). In control subjects, maximum beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations were achieved at lower epinephrine concentrations than those required for a maximum lipolytic effect. Thus, under pancreatic clamp conditions, the lipolytic response to epinephrine in nondiabetic and diabetic subjects was similar.
Redeployment of a conserved gene regulatory network during Aedes aegypti development.

Abstract Changes in gene regulatory networks (GRNs) underlie the evolution of morphological novelty and developmental system drift. The fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster and the dengue and Zika vector mosquito Aedes aegypti have substantially similar nervous system morphology. Nevertheless, they show significant divergence in a set of genes co-expressed in the midline of the Drosophila central nervous system, including the master regulator single minded and downstream genes including short gastrulation, Star, and NetrinA . In contrast to Drosophila , we find that midline expression of these genes is either absent or severely diminished in A. aegypti . Instead, they are co-expressed in the lateral nervous system. This suggests that in A. aegypti this “midline GRN” has been redeployed to a new location while lost from its previous site of activity. In order to characterize the relevant GRNs, we employed the SCRMshaw method we previously developed to identify transcriptional cis -regulatory modules in both species. Analysis of these regulatory sequences in transgenic Drosophila suggests that the altered gene expression observed in A. aegypti is the result of trans -dependent redeployment of the GRN, potentially stemming from cis -mediated changes in the expression of sim and other as-yet unidentified regulators. Our results illustrate a novel “repeal, replace, and redeploy” mode of evolution in which a conserved GRN acquires a different function at a new site while its original function is co-opted by a different GRN. This represents a striking example of developmental system drift in which the dramatic shift in gene expression does not result in gross morphological changes, but in more subtle differences in development and function of the late embryonic nervous system.
Interannual and Seasonal Patterns of Estuarine Phytoplankton Diversity in Galveston Bay, Texas, USA

Few studies have undertaken multi-year measures of diversity changes in estuarine phytoplankton communities. In this communication, we show the utility of photopigment-based diversity measures to quantify changes in community composition over 10 years (1999–2009) in Galveston Bay, Texas. Over a 10-year period, there were no discernable long term trends in diversity. However, annual and seasonal diversity showed significant differences between years and higher diversity during summer and fall months. The processes driving these changes could not be determined using simple linear correlations with a variety of physical and chemical parameters. This result suggests that the regulation of phytoplankton community structure over broad spatiotemporal scales in Galveston Bay is likely due to the complex interaction of multiple (non-linear) factors at scales smaller than the ecosystem level. Understanding these complex interactions is a key to developing realistic estuarine health bioindicators and mechanistic ecosystem-level models for estuarine phytoplankton community-composition dynamics. The photopigment diversity index provides one useful approach for quantifying phytoplankton community composition over broad spatiotemporal scales and assessing the stability of estuarine ecosystems.
Sentimentalism in the Making of the French Revolution (1789–1815)

In 1780 Jeanne-Marie Phlipon, the young daughter of an engraver, married Jean-Marie Roland, a well-off inspector of manufactures. We have already seen that they lived their own courtship and marriage as if they were characters in a kind of sentimentalist novel. When the Revolution broke out nine years later, Jeanne-Marie was much more engaged and more resourceful than her husband in taking part in the new world of politics that opened up. (On her life, see May 1970.) She wrote articles for Jacques-Pierre Brissot's successful new paper, Le Patriote francais . She urged her husband into politics, taking a large role in shaping his views and determining his allies. On 15 January 1793, when Roland resigned as minister of interior, he read out before the Convention a forceful defense of his stewardship and a call for a full reorganization of the government. But the Convention, preoccupied with the trial of Louis XVI, ignored his recommendations. The manuscript of that speech, which has survived, was written in his wife's hand. The Rolands had by this time ranged themselves with the moderates, the so-called Girondins, who opposed the execution of the king. The king, however, was condemned to die shortly afterward, and mounted the scaffold on 21 January. In the subsequent months, disagreements between the Girondins and their chief rivals, the rising Jacobin faction, only worsened. Party rivalry spread to the provinces, breaking out in open violence in some cases. During these troubled months, the Rolands kept a low profile.
Prognosis of Infantile Spasms and L-G Syndrome

The occurrence, outcome, and prognostic factors of infantile spasms (IS) and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) were determined in children treated in the Department of Pediatrics, University of Oulu, Finland, from Jan 1976 to Dec 1993.
Does regional diversity recover after disturbance? A field experiment in constructed ponds

The effects of disturbance on local species diversity have been well documented, but less recognized is the possibility that disturbances can alter diversity at regional spatial scales. Since regional diversity can dictate which species are available for recolonization of degraded sites, the loss of diversity at regional scales may impede the recovery of biodiversity following a disturbance. To examine this we used a chemical disturbance of rotenone, a piscicide commonly used for fish removal in aquatic habitats, on small fishless freshwater ponds. We focused on the non-target effects of rotenone on aquatic invertebrates with the goal of assessing biodiversity loss and recovery at both local (within-pond) and regional (across ponds) spatial scales. We found that rotenone caused significant, large, but short-term losses of species at both local and regional spatial scales. Using a null model of random extinction, we determined that species were selectively removed from communities relative to what would be expected if species loss occurred randomly. Despite this selective loss of biodiversity, species diversity at both local and regional spatial scales recovered to reference levels one year after the addition of rotenone. The rapid recovery of local and regional diversity in this study was surprising considering the large loss of regional species diversity, however many aquatic invertebrates disperse readily or have resting stages that may persist through disturbances. We emphasize the importance of considering spatial scale when quantifying the impacts of a disturbance on an ecosystem, as well as considering how regional species loss can influence recovery from disturbance.
Long-run Equilibrium and Short-run Adjustment in U.S. Housing Markets

This paper examines the long-run equilibrium between real house prices and macroeconomic fundamentals in U.S. housing markets, as well as the short-run adjustment of real house prices back to the equilibrium. Pooled mean-group and mean-group estimation techniques developed by Pesaran and Smith (1995) and Pesaran et al. (1999) are applied to a panel of the 51 U.S. states over the period from 1976Q3 to 2012Q4. Our results suggest a common long-run relationship over the sample period between real house prices and their economic fundamental determinants in the 51 U.S. states. However, the speed of adjustment of real house prices varies vastly across states, with a half-life estimate of 22 quarters on average, and the deviations of real house prices from the equilibrium range from –30% to 46% across states over time.
Our best shot

Meredith Wadman9s meticulously researched and carefully crafted book, The Vaccine Race, is an enlightening telling of the development of vaccines in the mid-20th century. Drawing from firsthand interviews, personal correspondence, journal articles, and governmental archival documents, Wadman relates the work of the brilliant scientists who toiled for years to develop vaccines against diseases including polio, rubella, and rabies; the experiences of vulnerable individuals who were unwittingly enrolled in vaccine trials; and the suffering of families and individuals devastated by diseases that have since been nearly eradicated by vaccination.
The Transition to Air Breathing in Fishes: II. Effects of Hypoxia Acclimation on the Bimodal Gas Exchange of Ancistrus Chagresi (Loricariidae)

The armoured catfish, Ancistrus chagresi , is a facultative air breather and uses its stomach as an air-breathing organ (ABO). Comparisons of control fish and fish that had become acclimated to hypoxia and air breathing for 14–21 days were carried out to assess the effects of this treatment on bimodal (aerial and aquatic) gas exchange capacity. Hypoxia acclimation elicits physiological and biochemical changes that enable A. chagresi to increase O 2 utilization both by its gills in hypoxic water and by its ABO. Compared with control fish, hypoxia-acclimated Ancistrus have a higher blood--O 2 affinity and more haemoglobin (Hb) and can maintain a higher aquatic oxygen consumption rate (VO 2 ) in hypoxic (P w, O w, O2 , = 5–20 mmHg) water. They also have a 25% larger ABO volume, are able to hold each air breath longer, and can reduce ABO O 2 partial pressure to a lower level. In both groups, respiratory CO 2 -release occurs primarily through the gills. An air breath instantly causes tachycardia and a reduction in the frequency and amplitude of branchial ventilation. Their lower cardiac and gill ventilation rates in hypoxia and during air breathing suggest that hypoxia-acclimated fish are more adapted for hypoxia than are control fish. During the period an air breath is held in the ABO, hypoxia-acclimated fish exhibit more coordinated phase shifts in gill ventilation and cardiac rates. These may favour an initial phase of efficient aerial O 2 uptake from the ABO and transport through the body followed by a period of aquatic CO 2 release from the gills.
Patient Experiences of Trauma Resuscitation.

Importance Patient satisfaction is an increasingly common feature of quality measurement, and patient-centered care is a key aspect of high-quality clinical care. Incorporating patient preferences in an acute context, such as trauma resuscitation, presents distinct challenges; however, to our knowledge, patients’ experiences of trauma resuscitation have not been explored. Objectives To describe patient experiences of trauma resuscitation and to identify opportunities to improve patient experience without compromising speed or thoroughness. Design, Setting, and Participants This qualitative, descriptive study was conducted at an urban, academic, level I trauma center. Semistructured interviews and video observations were conducted from May to December 2015. Interview participants were adult English-speaking patients who had experienced trauma resuscitation and were clinically stable with no alteration in consciousness. We recruited interview participants and conducted video observations until thematic saturation was reached, resulting in 30 interviews and 20 observations. Video observation patients did not overlap with interview participants. The purposive sample included equal numbers of violently and nonviolently injured patients. Data were analyzed for thematic content from June 2015 to April 2016. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcomes reported are themes of patient experience. Results Of 30 interview participants, 25 were men (83.3%), and 21 were black (70.0%). Of 20 video observation patients, 16 were men (80.0%), and 17 were black (85.0%). Salient aspects of patient experience of trauma resuscitation included emotional responses, physical experience, nonclinical concerns, treatment and procedures, trauma team members’ interactions, communication, and comfort. Participants drew satisfaction from trauma team members’ demeanor, expertise, and efficiency and valued clear clinical communication, as well as words of reassurance. Dissatisfaction stemmed from the perceived absence of these attributes and from participants’ emotional or physical discomfort. Observation data added insight into the components of care that may have contributed to participants’ responses and those aspects of care that were not salient to participants. Conclusions and Relevance Although the urgency of trauma care limits explicit discussion and consideration of patient priorities, we found that patient concerns corresponded well with trauma team goals. Patients perceived trauma team members as competent, efficient, and caring. Focusing on patient communication could further improve patient-centeredness in this setting.
CloudConnect: Evaluating the use of precision medicine in treatment of Type 1 Diabetes

Mobile health applications have become increasingly important in long-term management of chronic illness and precision medicine. Mobile health applications allow patients to track and log data to manage chronic illness and/or improve their health outcomes over time. Information gathered with these applications will help doctors understand the patient's lifestyle habits outside of the clinic leading to more informed and reliable recommendations. However, many mobile healthcare applications have had significant difficulty encouraging user adoption and maintaining long-term user engagement. Barriers include: (i) the disruption caused by having to constantly log personal health data, (ii) the lack of features that incentivize user engagement, and (iii) unappealing or unfriendly user interface. This paper presents design requirements for CloudConnect, a cloud-based smartphone application for Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) that facilitates interactions between patients with diabetes and their local caregivers. CloudConnect collects, analyzes, and shares Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) data and gently prompts/cues users to confirm treatment related events (meals and bolus) based on trends in the CGM data. By simplifying the process of tracking blood sugar levels, insulin injections, the CloudConnect will contribute to enhanced patient engagement and reduced user fatigue.
Lifetime and Full-View Coverage Guarantees Through Distributed Algorithms in Camera Sensor Networks

When a vast number of camera sensors are randomly placed in a target field, how can we produce a sleep/activate schedule for camera sensors to maximize the lifetime of target coverage in the target field? This well-known problem is called Maximum Lifetime Coverage Problem (MLCP), which has been explored extensively in the literature. However, MLCP in full-view coverage camera sesnor networks are far more complicated since each target should be full-view covered by a group of camera sensors instead of a single sensor as in conventional scenarios. In this paper we address the full-view covered target problem, with the objective of maximizing the lifetime of a power constrained camera sensor network deployed for full-view coverage of targets with known location. We consider that a large number of camera sensors are placed randomly in close proximity of targets and each camera sensor sends the collected data to a base station. We define the camera sensor network lifetime as the time interval the targets are full-view covered by a camera sensor cover. Our contributions include: (1) an efficient data structure to represent a family of camera sensor cover, each of which full-view cover all targets with consideration of the lifetime of each camera sensor; (2) an energy efficient monitoring scheme where only the camera sensors from the current active set are responsible for monitoring all targets and for transmitting the collected data, while all other camera sensors are in a low-energy sleep mode; (3) formulating the maximizing camera sensor network lifetime problem into a packing linear programming problem, where a modified Garg-Konemann Algorithm to find the near optimal solution is applied.
New characterizations of Gallai’s i-triangulated graphs

Abstract The i-triangulated graphs, introduced by Tibor Gallai in the early 1960s, have a number of characterizations—one of the simplest is that every odd cycle of length 5 or more has noncrossing chords. A variety of new characterizations are proved, starting with a simple forbidden induced subgraph characterization and including the following two: (1) Every 2-connected induced subgraph H is bipartite or chordal or, for every induced even cycle C of H , the intersection of the neighborhoods in H of all the vertices of C induces a complete multipartite subgraph. (2) For every 2-connected induced subgraph H that is not bipartite, every cardinality-2 minimal vertex separator of H induces an edge.
Size-dependent variation in plant form

The study of organic form has a long and distinguished history going at least as far back as Aristotle's Historia Anima¯lium, wherein he identified five basic biological processes that define the forms of animals (metabolism, temperature regulation, information processing, embryo development, and inheritance). Unfortunately, all of Aristotle's writings about plant forms are lost. We know of them only indirectly from his student Theophrastus's companion books, collectively called Historia Plantarum, wherein plant forms are categorized into annual herbs, herbaceous perennials, shrubs, and trees. The study of plant forms did not truly begin until the romantic poet and naturalist Goethe proposed the concept of a hypothetical 'Plant Archetype', declared "Alles ist Blatt", and first coined the word morphologie, which inspired the French anatomist Cuvier (who established the field of comparative morphology), the English naturalist Darwin (who saw his theory of evolution reinforced by it), and the Scottish mathematician D'Arcy Thompson (who attempted to quantify it).
Global Warming: Correcting the Data

Temperature records compiled by the International Panel on Climate Change are biased by non-climatic factors that are largely socioeconomic in origin. The result is that as much as 50 percent of the land-surface warming that has been detected in recent decades may not be the product of global warming. However, those factors are not likely to have an effect on sea-surface temperature measurements, which apply to 70 percent of the surface. Consequently, the overall warming trend should be reduced by about 15 percent.
Systematic Use of Visual Analysis for Assessing Outcomes in Single Case Design Studies

Single case designs (SCDs) allow researchers to objectively evaluate the impact of an intervention by repeatedly measuring a dependent variable across baseline and intervention conditions. Rooted in baseline logic, SCDs evaluate change over time, with each participant serving as his or her own control during the course of a study. Formative and summative evaluation of data is critical to determining causal relations. Visual analysis involves evaluation of level, trend, variability, consistency, overlap, and immediacy of effects within (baseline and intervention) and between conditions (baseline to intervention). The purpose of this paper is to highlight the process for visually analysing data collected in the context of a SCD and to provide structures and procedures for evaluating the six data characteristics of interest. A checklist with dichotomous responses (i.e., yes/no) is presented to facilitate implementation and reporting of systematic visual analysis.
Dual-band omnidirectional/unidirectional patch antenna based on multiconductor transmission line theory

This paper proposes a new type of dual-band patch antenna that employs a metamaterial transmission line and two coupled microstrip lines. An equivalent circuit model is presented and analyzed by using multi-conductor transmission line theory. An open ended design is presented for which the radiation pattern of the antenna is omnidirectional/unidirectional in the first and the second frequency bands, respectively.
Posterolateral Diskectomies for Treatment of Pediatric Spinal Deformities.

STUDY DESIGN Retrospective. OBJECTIVE To investigate the indications, radiographic outcomes, and complications in children with spinal deformities treated with posterolateral diskectomy with posterior fusion (PLDF), and to compare them against those of patients treated with anteroposterior spinal fusion (APSF). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA A novel technique for treating large, rigid spinal deformities in children has been proposed, consisting of PLDF at the apex of the deformity using an all-posterior approach. METHODS We evaluated records of all patients 21 years or younger who underwent treatment for spinal deformity between 2010 and 2015 by one surgeon using PLDF (n = 56) or APSF (n = 21). RESULTS The indications for PLDF were large, rigid curves (37 patients); focal curves with severe rotation (10 patients); or large curves with open triradiate cartilage (nine patients). PLDF patients had a mean (± standard deviation) of 3 ± 1 diskectomies and 14 ± 3 posterior spinal levels fused. Compared with the APSF group, the PLDF group had significantly greater major curve correction (86% vs. 57%, P = 0.006), less blood transfused (mean, 2.5 ± 2.6 vs. 4.0 ± 3.3 units, P = 0.038), and a lower rate of staged surgery (1.8% vs. 86%, P < 0.001). There were no significant differences between the PLDF and APSF groups in T1-S1 length gained (mean, 6.2 ± 3.4 vs. 6.6 ± 8.8 cm, respectively; P = 0.77) or in the rate of major complications (P = 0.557). CONCLUSION PLDF is an effective alternative to APSF for treating children with severe spinal deformities. It is effective for treating large, rigid curves with severe rotation and may be useful for treating large curves in children with open triradiate cartilage. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4.
Neoliberalism, Technology, and the University: Max Weber’s Concept of Rationalization as a Critique of Online Classes in Higher Education

In this essay, we focus on Max Weber’s concept of rationalization to understand and make sense of the rise of bureaucratic, corporate governance and online learning in higher education. We reveal the distinct disconnect between human interaction and online platforms and how such disconnection is antithetical to higher learning. We also show how Weber’s analysis helps us recognize the uniquely crass commercialism embedded in the very rationalization that makes online learning in universities thinkable and actionable. Our use of online learning is only one illustration of Weber’s concept of rationalization, but it provides an important understanding of the nefarious effects rationalization has on human interaction. The nexus of marketization, technology, and higher education represents, on our view, a juggernaut against faculty autonomy, academic freedom, and humane learning and should be directly challenged. One difficulty this challenge faces is the degree to which online learning has become ubiquitous and taken-for-granted. It has, as Weber clarifies, been rationalized.
Optical Tomography Reconstruction to Recover Small Oriented Inclusions from Optically-Thick Diffusive Media

Malignant breast lesions manifest in a variety of shapes and configurations. Here we propose an algorithm utilizing anisotropic-tumor-prior guided diffuse optical tomography (DOT) reconstructions to recover an unknown tumor’s orientation and shape anisotropy.
Direct numerical simulation and analytical modeling of electrically induced multiphase flow

Abstract In this study deformation of a falling drop which is surrounded by another liquid is modeled analytically and numerically. The drop is influenced by an external electric field which is applied uniformly on the side walls of the domain. An open-source volume-of-fluid solver, Gerris with dynamic adaptive grid refinement has been used for numerically modeling the three-dimensional deformation of a falling droplet. Analytical solutions of drop's deformation are presented in detail and then the outcomes are compared with numerical results. The numerical results are presented for various values of density ratios and electrical conductivity and permittivity. The comparison of the results shows a great agreement between the analytical solutions and the direct numerical simulation (DNS) results.
An International Survey of Accounting Programs

Publisher Summary This chapter describes an international survey of accounting programs. The majority of U.S. Accounting programs have internships available for students, but not for faculty members. Students may participate in an auditing internship at 82% of accounting programs, financial or management accounting internships at 80% of schools, and tax internships at 74% of programs. Faculty at only 38% of responding U. S. Accounting programs have an opportunity for an auditing internship. In management accounting, only 28% of institutions indicated that faculty members may participate as an intern. It is argued that more cost accounting internship programs are needed, and that the reward structure for faculty members should encourage accounting professors to gain experience in industry. Few accounting internship programs are currently available for accounting faculty. Most U. S. Programs offer only Advanced Accounting I while foreign schools also teaches a second course in Advanced Accounting.
The Past, Present, and Future of the AVHRR Pathfinder SST Program

With origins dating back to 1990, the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Pathfinder Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Program has experienced a 20-year history of reprocessing space-based observations to create accurate, consistent, climate data records. Both scientific and programmatic aspects of this history are reviewed and summarized in this chapter, along with a review of the currently available Pathfinder SST data. In addition, a look forward to the next generation of Pathfinder currently under development is presented.
Regenerative Bladder Augmentation: A Review of the Initial Preclinical Studies with Porcine Small Intestinal Submucosa

The gastrointestinal tract has been the mainstay for bladder reconstruction in part due to the poor results with alloplastic materials.1 However, bowel is not the perfect substitute and is associated with infection, intestinal obstruction, mucus production, electrolyte abnormalities and carcinogenic conversion. Therefore, a substance that enlarges the bladder, does not violate the gastrointestinal tract, is non-immunogenic, and promotes bladder regeneration would be a useful alternative in genitourinary reconstruction.
Constructing a Bid Protest Process: Choices Every Procurement Challenge System Must Make

Many public procurement systems, within the United States and abroad, have established systems for allowing vendors to challenge the conduct of procurement processes. Providing an effective domestic review mechanism for vendors who believe that government procurement officials have not conducted an acquisition lawfully brings an important measure of transparency and accountability to public procurement systems. This brief article discusses the goals of these bid protest systems, and then presents key choices that must be made in crafting such a system. For example: Where in the government is the protest forum located? How broad is the forum's jurisdiction? Who has standing to protest? What are the time limits at the forum? What evidence does the forum receive? Is the procurement put "on hold" during the protest? How difficult is it for a protester to win? What power does the forum have to provide meaningful relief? The article does not describe an ideal bid protest system, but rather presents the decisions that need to be made when constructing a bid protest system.
Evolutionarily Stable Configurations: Functional Integration and the Evolution of Phenotypic Stability

Phenotypic evolution has been studied since Darwin established the fact of evolution. In contrast, molecular evolution has been a subject of study since the mid-1960s. Nevertheless, our understanding of the mechanisms of phenotypic evolution is far less developed than our knowledge of molecular evolution. This fact is often attributed to the greater “complexity” of phenotypic characters, although it is not always clear what complexity means. More specifically, there are two features of phenotypic evolution that make molecular and phenotypic evolution quite distinct problems. First, molecular evolution is a continuing process, often occurring over long periods of time at a nearly constant rate, even if there are variations in rate among lineages. In contrast, phenotypic evolution is perceived as a highly irregular process with long periods of stasis interrupted by short bursts of change (Gould and Eldredge, 1977; Kimura, 1983). Second, most phenotypic characters comprise many levels of organization from the molecular to the behavioral and the population level, and the rate of change is nonuniform across these levels of organization. Some attributes of the phenotype, such as color and size, vary widely and evolve rapidly whereas other aspects of the phenotype, such as mode of food acquisition, are remarkably stable. Furthermore, even the conservative elements of the phenotype are not immutable because they have evolved in ancestral lineages and may become variable in a descendant lineage. Molecular evolution, on the other hand, pertains to evolutionary change on only one level of organization.
Bisexuality: Challenging our Understanding of Human Sexuality and Sexual Orientation

While society has struggled to understand and accept the existence and normality of homosexuality, the struggle to understand and accept bisexuality has been even more difficult. Society, it seems, would rather accept the myth that sexual orientation can be divided into two distinct categories: heterosexual and homosexual. As Klein [22] has indicated, some of the fundamental myths of society regarding sexual orientation are: a person is either straight or gay; there is no such entity as bisexuality; the bisexual is really homosexual; and bisexuality is only a transitional stage; and the bisexual is simply mixed up and can’t make up his/her mind. Yet, even though Kinsey and his associates published their data over 30 years ago, these myths continue to be perpetuated. Kinsey, Pomeroy, and Martin [21] stated: The world is not divided into sheep and goats. Not at all things are black nor all things white. It is a fundamental of taxonomy that nature rarely deals with discrete categories and tries to force facts into separated pigeon holes. The living world is a continuum is each and every one of its aspects. The sooner we learn this concerning human sexual behavior the sooner we shall reach a sounder understanding of the realities of sex ([21], p. 639).
Memory, Memristors, and Atomristors

While the odds are that a universal non-volatile memory device is a mirage, there is significant global research on emerging memories such as RRAM regarding their potential as worthy candidates.
A pilot study exploring the relationship between wellness and physical fitness: an examination into autonomic health

Objective: To explore the relationship between physical fitness and wellness in order to determine if perceptions of wellness can be predicted by physical fitness level.Participants: Sixty-seven co...
Split-Crank Cadence Tracking for Switched Motorized FES-Cycling with Volitional Pedaling

A wide variation in muscle strength and asymmetry exists in people with movement disorders. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) can be used to induce muscle contractions to assist and a motor can be used to both assist and resist a person's volitional and/or FES-induced pedaling. On a traditional cycle with coupled pedals, people with neuromuscular asymmetries can primarily use their dominant (i.e., stronger) side to successfully pedal at a desired cadence, neglecting the side that would benefit most from rehabilitation. In this paper, a multi-level switched system is applied to a two-sided control objective to maintain a desired range of cadence using FES, an electric motor, and volitional pedaling. The nondominant leg tracks the cadence range while the dominant leg tracks the position (offset by 180 degrees) and cadence of the first leg. Assistive, uncontrolled, and resistive modes are developed based on cadence and position for the non-dominant and dominant legs, respectively. Lyapunov-based methods for switched systems are used to prove global exponential tracking to the desired cadence range for the combined FES-motor control system.
Progress Is Possible

This chapter summarizes the fundamentals of U.S. corporate law, including limited liability, corporate objectives, fiduciary duty, and shareholder information, voting, litigation, and exit rights. It also canvasses legal innovations (e.g., benefit corporations and sustainability disclosures) and explains their relevance to incorporating sustainability as part of broader corporate practice. This review reveals few legal barriers to U.S. corporations pursuing sustainability, although important practical factors can frustrate attempts to engage in such efforts. In the shareholder-oriented American corporate and business environment, the drive for pursuing such changes will need to come from asset owners and markets themselves.
Intubation Containment System for Improved Protection From Aerosolized Particles During Airway Management

Objectives: Worldwide efforts to protect front line providers performing endotracheal intubation during the COVID-19 pandemic have led to innovative devices. Authors evaluated the aerosol containment effectiveness of a novel intubation aerosol containment system (IACS) compared with a recently promoted intubation box and no protective barrier. Methods: In a simulation center at the authors’ university, the IACS was compared to no protective barrier and an intubation box. Aerosolization was simulated using a commercial fog machine and leakage of aerosolize mist was visually assessed. Results: The IACS appeared to contain the aerosolized mist, while the intubation box allowed for mist to contact the laryngoscopist and contaminate the clinical space through arm port holes and the open caudal end. Both devices protected the laryngoscopist better than no protective barrier. Discussion: The IACS with integrated sleeves and plastic drape appears to offer superior protection for the laryngoscopist and assistant providers from aerosolized particles.
Regional Melanoma Therapy: Positive Sentinel Lymph Node

Most cases of melanoma nodal metastasis are now diagnosed though sentinel lymph node biopsy. This is an earlier point in disease progression and carries a much more favorable prognosis than was the case in earlier eras when larger, clinically-apparent disease was more common. When sentinel lymph node metastases are discovered, patients are faced with a set of questions about the possible use of additional regional and systemic treatments. Recent and ongoing research continue to inform such decisions.
Environmental Implications of Regional Geology and Coal Mining in the Appalachians

The history of the Appalachian Mountains commenced with breakup of a supercontinent in the Late Precambrian era, followed by passive-margin development in the Cambrian through Middle Ordovician. Collision with island arcs in the Late Ordovician and Devonian was followed by collision with Africa at the end of the Paleozoic, resulting in building of the Appalachian Mountains. Sandstones vary in composition from feldspathic to lithic to quartzose, reflecting changes in source-area compositions during evolution of the Appalachian Orogenic Belt. Coal seams of Pennsylvanian and Permian age are interspersed within sandstones and finer-grained sedimentary rocks that respond to surface weathering dependent on their composition. Feldspathic and lithic sandstones are prone to weathering via dissolution and hydrolysis of feldspar and chlorite schist-mica, respectively, whereas quartzose sandstones are durable when exposed to surface weathering. Durable sandstones are favored for mined-land fill and water conveyance structures. Physical properties of mine soils derived from rock-type mixtures are more favorable for plants than soils from pure sandstones or shales; while pre-weathered oxidized strata produce lower mine-soil rock content and more acidic conditions. The abundance of pyrite vs. neutralizers like carbonates and feldspars is related to differences in rock depositional environments and influences mine-soil chemistry and water quality.
Conference report on the 2nd international online conference on crystals 10 – 20 november 2020

The worldwide SARS-CoV-2 pandemic resulted in the cancellation, postponement, or reconfiguration of hundreds of scientific meetings in 2020, not the least of which was the International Liquid Crys...
The Role of Empathy as a Path to Intimacy

The fear of absolute loneliness is the universal drive in all human beings. The opposite of loneliness is intimacy. Both are intense modes of human consciousness. Intimacy is secured through empathy, which is based on a mutual relationship of shared trust, respect and values, as well as a mutual sharing of feelings, meanings and affection. The dynamics of both intimacy and empathy – unlike sympathy and pity – must be mutual; whether it is expressed between two human beings, or between a person and the Lord through the power of prayer.
Jane Jacobs: Urban Visionary by Alice Sparberg Alexiou

Alice Sparberg Alexiou, Jane Jacobs: Urban Visionary (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2006).The coincidence of Jane Jacobs’ death in 2006 and the publication of Jane Jacobs: Urban Visi...