cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Moving beyond sharing vs. withholding to understand how scientists share data through large-scale, open access databases

In this poster, I argue that our knowledge of data sharing in science needs an approach that focuses on the sharing process. While there have been a number of studies on the prevalence of sharing and withholding behavior in science, few address the complexity of sharing behavior by looking at how scientists share data through open databases. A review of literature on communication and exchange in science, the nature and role of data and databases, and studies of data sharing and withholding suggests that we must move beyond simple conceptions of sharing vs. withholding to fully understand sharing behavior.
Carcinogenic lead chromate induces DNA double-strand breaks in human lung cells

Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a widespread environmental contaminant and a known human carcinogen, generally causing bronchial cancer. Recent studies have shown that the particulate forms of Cr(VI) are the potent carcinogens. Particulate Cr(VI) is known to induce a spectrum of DNA damage such as DNA single strand breaks, Cr-DNA adducts, DNA-protein crosslinks and chromosomal aberrations. However, particulate Cr(VI)-induced DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) have not been reported. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine if particulate Cr(VI)-induces DSBs in human bronchial cells. Using the single cell gel electrophoresis assay (comet assay), showed that lead chromate-induced concentration dependent increases in DSBs with 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 5 microg/cm2 lead chromate inducing a 20, 50, 67 and 109% relative increase in the tail integrated intensity ratio, respectively. Sodium chromate at concentrations of 1, 2.5 and 5 microM induced 38, 78 and 107% relative increase in the tail integrated intensity ratio, respectively. We also show that genotoxic concentrations of lead chromate activate the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein, which is thought to play a central role in the early stages of DSB detection and controls cellular responses to this damage. The H2A.X protein becomes rapidly phosphorylated on residue serine 139 in cells when DSBs are introduced into the DNA by ionizing radiation. By using immunofluorescence, we found that lead chromate-induced concentration-dependent increases in phosphorylated H2A.X (r-H2A.X) foci formation with 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5 and 10 microg/cm2 lead chromate inducing a relative increase in the number of cells with r-H2A.X foci formation of 43, 51, 115 and 129%, respectively.
Finding Water for Growth: New Sources, New Tools, New Challenges

Rapidly growing regions such as the western United States face difficult challenges in mobilizing new water supplies to meet new demands. Environmental concerns have curtailed the scope for large new surface storage projects, and widespread basin overdraft has limited ground water's potential as a source of expansion. Drawing on the California experience, this article explores modern water planning approaches, which focus on a portfolio of options including nontraditional sources (recycling, desalination, underground storage) and more efficient use of existing supplies (conservation and water marketing). It reviews the advantages and drawbacks of the elements of the portfolio, provides examples of innovative planning approaches, and assesses the role for supportive government policies.
Micropipette suction for measuring piconewton forces of adhesion and tether formation from neutrophil membranes

A new method for measuring piconewton-scale forces that employs micropipette suction is presented here. Spherical cells or beads are used directly as force transducers, and forces as small as 10–20 pN can be imposed. When the transducer is stationary in the pipette, the force is simply the product of the suction pressure and the cross-sectional area of the pipette minus a small correction for the narrow gap that exists between the transducer and the pipette wall. When the transducer is moving along the pipette, the force on it is corrected by a factor that is proportional to the ratio of its velocity relative to its drag-free velocity. With this technique, the minimum force required to form a membrane tether from neutrophils is determined (45 pN), and the length of the microvilli on the surface of neutrophils is inferred. The strength of this technique is in its simplicity and its ability to measure forces between cells without requiring a separate theory or a calibration against an external standard and without requiring the use of a solid surface.
Chlorzoxazone hydroxylation in microsomes and hepatocytes from cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase-null mice.

Previous studies have demonstrated that the NADH-dependent cytochrome b5 electron transfer pathway can support some cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in vitro in the absence of their normal redox partner, NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase. However, the ability of this pathway to support P450 activity in whole cells and in vivo remains unresolved. To address this question, liver microsomes and hepatocytes were prepared from hepatic cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase-null mice and chlorzoxazone hydroxylation, a reaction catalyzed primarily by cytochrome P450 2E1, was evaluated. As expected, NADPH-supported chlorzoxazone hydroxylation was absent in liver microsomes from oxidoreductase-null mice, whereas NADH-supported activity was about twofold higher than that found in normal (wild-type) liver microsomes. This greater activity in oxidoreductase-null microsomes could be attributed to the fourfold higher level of CYP2E1 and 1.4-fold higher level of cytochrome b5. Chlorzoxazone hydroxylation in hepatocytes from oxidoreductase-null mice was about 5% of that in hepatocytes from wild-type mice and matched the results obtained with wild-type microsomes, where activity obtained with NADH was about 5% of that obtained when both NADH and NADPH were included in the reaction mixture. These results argue that the cytochrome b5 electron transfer pathway can support a low but measurable level of CYP2E1 activity under physiological conditions. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 23:357–363, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20299
Accuracy in the diagnosis of short-segment Barrett's esophagus : the role of endoscopic experience

Abstract Background: The diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus is based on histologic demonstration of specialized intestinal metaplasia. Experience may be important in the endoscopic recognition of Barrett's esophagus, including in regard to appropriate procurement of biopsy specimens. The aim of this study was to assess factors that may influence accuracy in the diagnosis of short-segment Barrett's esophagus (SSB). Methods: Endoscopy reports pertaining to procedures performed over a 1-year period that included esophageal biopsies because of suspected intestinal metaplasia were reviewed. Barrett's epithelium involving less than 2 cm of the distal esophagus was considered SSB; greater than 2 cm was considered long-segment (LSB). Endoscopists were regarded as "more experienced" if they had completed training more than 5 years earlier and "less experienced" if the time elapsed since the completion of training was less than 5 years. Results: More and less experienced endoscopists both obtained esophageal biopsy specimens because of suspected Barrett's esophagus at the same rate (14%). Length of suspected Barrett's epithelium was not predicted by symptoms or demographic data. Endoscopically, patients with SSB had significantly fewer (64.2% vs. 90.8%) and smaller (2.9 ± 0.1 vs. 3.5 ± 0.2 cm) hiatal hernias compared with those with LSB ( p p p = 0.02, nominal significance from univariate hypothesis testing; correction for multiple testing of data removed significance at the p Conclusion: With greater experience, an endoscopist is more likely to diagnose SSB. This may be due to more accurate procurement of adequate tissue samples, which thereby results in a greater yield of histopathologic diagnoses. (Gastrointest Endosc 2001;54:605-8.)
A (Science-Based) Poor Kids' Manifesto

Heckman and 11 responders debate the ability of early interventions to improve the lot of individuals born into disadvantage.
EFFECTIVE BID PRICING FOR UNIT PRICE CONTRACTS

ABSTRACT The task of submitting a competitive bid for the production of a specific product or performance of a particular job is a requirement of firms in many different types of industries, such as construction, manufacturing, and government contracting. In this paper we provide a general model from which to derive a deterministic bid price on a unit price contract. The solution is derived in a capital budgeting context, first for a single bid item contract and then extended to the case of a multiple bid item contract. The specification of a completely general model allows us to examine the sensitivity of the solution to the firm's fixed and variable costs. The sensitivity of the bid price is shown to be independent of the level of cost, but highly dependent upon the delivery schedule of the contract. A form of the winner's curse dilemma is also examined. We show how the conditional distribution of project net present value (NPV), given a winning bid, is adversely affected, and provide a means to incorpo...
On the kinematics of continuous distribution of dislocations in plasticity

Abstract The theory of continuous distribution of dislocations is applied to the phenomenological plane plasticity. It is shown that Hencky's laws are equivalent to each other and that Geiringer's relations can be used to determine the patterns of dislocation distribution. The deformation curvature caused by the presence and motion of dislocations and by the lattice deformation is also discussed.
Anisotropy of magnetic field fluctuations in an average interplanetary magnetic cloud at 1 AU

[1] A subset of magnetic clouds (MCs) identified over 8.6 years of the WIND mission are examined for a pattern of anisotropic magnetic field fluctuations within their extent at 1 AU. This subset (N = 42) consists of MCs taken from a comprehensive survey of WIND Magnetic Field Investigation data. Root mean square deviations of the axial field (RMSA) and the perpendicular field (RMS⊥; i.e., that lying in the cross-sectional plane of the MC), rendered in a magnetic cloud coordinate system, are computed on three timescales, 8, 30, and 60 min, and a fluctuation anisotropy quantity [A(t) = 〈RMSA〉/〈RMS⊥〉 − 1] is calculated for each timescale. The 42 MCs are separated by relative closest approach (Y0/R0) into two distinct regions [|Y0/R0| < 0.33 (inner) and 0.33 < |Y0/R0| < 0.66 (middle)], where R0 is a model-estimated MC radius and Y0 is a model-estimated magnitude of the closest-approach vector, and superimposed within each region. We show a clear and distinct magnetic field fluctuation anisotropy profile within each region. Additionally, this profile closely resembles that of the pitch angle of the field implying that the field fluctuations tend to be predominately perpendicular to the field itself. Thus transverse fluctuations are most common in MCs in the range (1.4–10.4) × 10−4 Hz.
Some optical properties of poly‐1‐benzyl‐L‐histidine and poly‐L‐histidine

Optical rotatory dispersion and infrared studies made on solutions of poly-1-benzyl-L-histidine (PBLH) in the solvent system chloroform–dichloroacetic acid (CHCl3DCA) indicate that this polymer exists in three different forms depending upon the solvent composition. These forms are reversibly interconvertible. Form I (PBLH-I) exists in 100% CHCl3, form II (PBLH-II) in CHCl3 containing one residue equivalent of DCA (the histidyl-DCA salt) and form III (PBLH-III) in CHCl3 with a large excess of DCA. It is suggested that PBLH-I is an unionized random chain, PBLH-II is an ionized “left-handed” α-helix, and PBLH-III is an ionized random chain. Some optical rotatory dispersion and infrared measurements are reported for poly-L-histidine. A marked change in specific rotation of this polypeptide occurs in aqueous solution in the pH range 5–6.
Corticosterone-dependent alterations in utilization of catecholamines in discrete areas of rat brain

This study investigated the impact of chronic adrenalectomy (ADX), and subsequent corticosterone (CORT) replacement to ADX rats, on brain levels of norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) and their extent of depletion after alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (alpha-MpT) administration. Seven discrete hypothalamic areas, namely, the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), medial preoptic nucleus (POM), dorsomedial nucleus (DMN), ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), perifornical lateral hypothalamus (PLH), supraoptic nucleus (SON), and arcuate nucleus/median eminence (ARC-ME), were examined. The steady-state content of NE and DA in all areas remained essentially unaltered 7 days after ablation of the adrenal glands, as well as after subsequent CORT replacement therapy in ADX rats. However, ADX, which reduced circulating CORT levels to 0.3 microgram % as compared to greater than 3.0 micrograms % in sham rats, caused a significant increase in the depletion of NE following alpha-MpT treatment, in 4 out of the 7 brain sites examined (PVN, PLH, DMN and ARC-ME). In these brain sites, the NE turnover rate (K, pg/microgram protein/h) and rate constant (K, h-1) increased following ADX. The chronic subcutaneous CORT implant (200 mg), which raised circulating CORT levels of ADX rats to 11 micrograms %, prevented this enhancement of NE turnover in the PVN, PLH and ARC-ME, but not the DMN. Unlike NE, DA utilization in the 7 discrete hypothalamic areas of alpha-MpT-treated rats remained unaltered after ablation of the adrenal glands, as well as after the CORT replacement therapy in ADX rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Fluctuons—II. Electromagnetism

Abstract The fluctuon principle is used to formulate the electromagnetic interaction. Virtual and real photons are interpreted as chains of transient electron-positron pairs. Electromagnetic waves are interpreted as compression-expansion waves of vacuum density. The fine structure constant is interpreted in terms of the probability of an interaction between a transient electron-positron pair and a charged absorber. The model eliminates the problem of infinite self-energies.
Investigation into the mechanism of stimulation of macrophages by Quadrol.

AbstractEnhanced glucose utilization was observed in continuous cultures of macrophages in medium containing 4mM Quadrol, [N, N, N', N', Tetrakis(2-hydroxypropyl)ethylenediamine]. This enhancement was both time and concentration dependent. Radiolabeled 4mM Quadrol, after incubation with macrophages for 60 minutes, was shown to be associated with the cells at a level of 4 nmoles/106 cells. This association increased linearly with time, reaching a maximum at 60 minutes with no observable difference after 24 hours. Trypsin-EDTA treatment of these macrophages for 15 minutes reduced the amount of Quadrol associated with cells by about 50%, Quadrol, unlike Ca Ionophore A23187, did not induce influx of 45Ca into the cells within the incubation period of 60 minutes. Quadrol methacrylate and Poly(Quadrol methacrylate) stimulated macrophages to exhibit increased phagocytosis of polystyrene beads. This stimulation was comparable to that observed for Quadrol.
Increased collateralization of the cerebellothalamic pathway following neonatal hemicerebellectomy.

Abstract The postlesional reorganization of the cerebellothalamic cells was here studied using a multiple retrograde tracing technique. To this purpose, the cerebellothalamic cell population was investigated in 3 groups of adult rats: (a) cases hemicerebellectomized at birth; (b) cases hemicerebellectomized in adulthood; and (c) control unlesioned ones. In all of the groups the fluorescent tracers Diamidino Yellow and Fast Blue were injected bilaterally in the thalamus and the retrograde labeling obtained in the cerebellar nuclei was analyzed quantitatively. In the adult unlesioned rats the cerebellar cells projecting to the ipsilateral thalamus represented 3–4% of the cell population projecting to the contralateral thalamus. Furthermore, in agreement with previous results, it was demonstrated that the ipsilateral component was almost totally formed by axon collaterals of the main contralateral cerebellothalamic pathway. The organization of the bilateral cerebellothalamic pathway was unaffected by a hemicerebellectomy performed in adulthood. However, when the hemicerebellectomy had been performed at birth, the number of cerebellar cells that project to the ipsilateral thalamus was 3 times higher than in the controls. In these lesioned cases, as in the other ones, the ipsilateral projecting cell population was mainly represented by branched cerebellar cells which project bilaterally upon the thalamus. These results indicate that the bilaterality of the cerebellothalamic pathway is enhanced after an early hemicerebellectomy, and that this phenomenon is responsible for the reinnervation of the deafferented thalamus. Further, the present study shows that the increase in the bilaterality of the system is sustained by cerebellar cells which bifurcate bilaterally upon the thalamus, and therefore that the reinnervation of the deafferented thalamus is performed by axon collaterals of the contralateral spared cerebellothalamic pathway.
Trends with coverage and pH in Stark tuning rates for CO on Pt(1 1 1) electrodes

Abstract The general understanding of so-called electrochemical Stark tuning rates, that is, the potential dependence of vibrational frequency of CO adsorbed on Pt(1 1 1), has developed over the past thirty years in terms of two semiempirical models. The first is the Fermi level shift model used in non-self-consistent-field one-electron molecular orbital theory. This approach has provided qualitative understanding in terms of Fermi level-dependent variations in σ and π orbital bonding between CO and the electrode surface atoms. The second is the use of self-consistent-field theory with surface charging to create adjustable electric fields. Adsorbed CO then reacts to the field in a classical Stark effect with some small uncharacterized Fermi level shift superimposed. It is now possible, using two-dimensional density functional theory, including electrolyte polarization from surface charging, and the dielectric continuum to approximate solvation energy, to calculate the tuning rate in response to shifts in the Fermi level and electrode potential caused by changing the surface charge density. Here we apply this first principles method to calculate trends in the tuning rate for CO adsorbed on 1-fold Pt(1 1 1) sites with changes in CO(ads) coverage and with changes in electrolyte pH. The tuning rate is calculated to decrease as the coverage is increased and, for high coverage, to increase as the pH is increased. These trends are shown to be in qualitative agreement with the very little existing experimental data for these trends.
Retinopathy in juvenile dermatomyositis

1. Hughes WT, Feldman S, and Cox F: Infectious diseases in children with cancer, Pediatr Clin North Am 21:583, 1974. 2. Gold E: Serologic and virus-isolation studies on patients with varicella or herpes zoster infections, N Engl J Med 174:181, 1966. 3. Lennette EH, and Schmidt N J: Diagnostic procedures for viral and rickettsial infections, ed 4, New York, 1969, American Public Health Association, Inc., p 98. 4. Lennette EH, and Schmidt NJ: Diagnostic procedures for viral and rickettsial infections, ed 4, New York, 1969, American Public Health Association, Inc., p 740. 5. Lang D, and Noren B: Cytomegaloviremia following congenital infection, J PEDIATR 73:812, 1968.
Effects of Dorzolamide-Timolol and Brimonidine-Timolol on Retinal Vascular Autoregulation and Ocular Perfusion Pressure in Primary Open Angle Glaucoma

Abstract Purpose: To assess whether dorzolamide 2%–timolol 0.5% (D/T) and/or brimonidine 0.2%–timolol 0.5% (B/T) alters retinal vascular autoregulation (RVA) and seated ocular perfusion pressure (sOPP) in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) patients who demonstrate retinal vascular dysregulation (RVD) on timolol 0.5% alone. Methods: In this prospective, observer-masked, crossover study, 21 POAG patients with untreated intraocular pressure (IOP) >21 mmHg were treated for 6 weeks with timolol 0.5%. Subsequently, we measured inferior temporal retinal artery blood flow in the left eye with subjects seated and then while reclined for 30 min using the Canon Laser Blood Flowmeter. Subjects with a change in retinal blood flow in response to posture change outside of the range previously found in healthy subjects were designated as having RVD and randomized to either D/T or B/T for 6 weeks and re-tested. This was followed by treatment with the opposite medication. Results: Seven of the 21 subjects demonstrated RVD ...
Isotope and Pressure Dependence of Liquid−Liquid Equilibria in Polymer Solutions. 7. Solute and Solvent H/D Isotope Effects in Polystyrene−Propionitrile Solutions

Cloud and spinodal loci have been obtained as functions of pressure (P), temperature (T), polymer segment number (r), segment fraction (ψ), and H/D substitution on solute (zD) or solvent (yD) for polystyrene-h/propionitrile-h (PSh/PNh) solutions, polystyrene-h/propionitrile-2,2-d2 solutions (PSh/PNd), and polystyrene-d/propionitrile-h solutions (PSd/PNh). A light scattering technique was employed. An increase in pressure or an increase in the H/D ratio in the solvent (or decrease in the polymer H/D ratio) increases the region of miscibility. The solutions show upper and lower branches which may join at hypercritical points depending on the pressure, molecular weight, or solvent H/D ratio. A least-squares technique to fit experimental data to the continuous mean-field thermodynamic description of polymer−solvent demixing developed by Luszczyk, Rebelo, and Van Hook (Macromolecules 1995, 28, 745) is described and then illustrated by application to the PS/PN data.
Exact error probability for space-time block-coded MIMO systems over Rayleigh fading channels

Existing analysis on the error performance of space-time block codes has focused on deriving error-rate upper bounds for a general system or exact error probabilities for some special cases. The authors introduce a general method to calculate the exact error probability for orthogonal space-time block codes in multiple-input multiple-output systems which employ coherent and differentially coherent phase shift keying (PSK) modulation over flat Rayleigh fading channels. These results enable one to evaluate the performance of space-time block-coded systems with different coding rates and an arbitrary number of transmit and receive antennas.
Complexation between Copper(II) and Glycine in Aqueous Acid Solutions by Window Factor Analysis of Visible Spectra.

Window factor analysis (WFA), a self-modeling chemometric technique, is used to extract the concentration profiles of the complexes formed between Cu(II) and glycine (GlyH) during pH titration in the acid region. The visible absorption spectra of aqueous acid solutions, each containing 0.0020 M Cu(II) and 0.500 M glycine, are recorded at various pHs, ranging from 1 to 7. The concentration profiles and the spectral absorptivities of four copper species, Cu2+, CuGlyH2+, CuGly+, and CuGly2, are obtained. The spectral absorptivities of the complexes are in good agreement with those reported in the literature. The concentration profiles are used to determine the stepwise equilibrium constants of the three complexes. The reason why rank annihilation evolving factor analysis (RAEFA), a precursor technique, was not successful in resolving the spectral data is explained.
Production of [F-18]fluoroannexin for imaging apoptosis with PET.

Recombinant human-annexin-V was conjugated with 4-[F-18]fluorobenzoic acid (FBA) via its reaction with the N-hydroxysuccinimidyl ester (FBA-OSu) at pH 8.5. A series of reactions using varying amounts of annexin-V, unlabeled FBA-OSu, and time produced products with different conjugation levels. Products were characterized by mass spectrometry and a cell-binding assay to assess the effect of conjugation. In each case, the conjugated protein was a mixture of proteins with a range of conjugation. Annexin-V could be conjugated with an average of two FBA mole equivalents without decreasing its affinity for red blood cells (Kd 6−10 nM) with exposed phosphatidylserine. An average conjugation of 7.7 (range 3−13) diminished the binding 3-fold. Large-scale production and purification of [F-18]FBA-OSu from [F-18]fluoride was accomplished within 90 min and in 77% radiochemical yield (decay-corrected to the end of cyclotron bombardment). The conjugation reaction of annexin with [F-18]FBA-OSu was studied with respect to...
Intraoperative Autotransfusion During Emergency Thoracic and Elective Open-Heart Surgery

Abstract Massive intraoperative autotransfusion (average 7,200 ml.) was carried out in 5 patients with major thoracic trauma. All patients survived, but 3 required reoperation for postoperative bleeding associated with thrombocytopenia and low serum fibrinogen. Three patients underwent repair of complex congenital cardiac anomalies utilizing cardiopulmonary bypass. Excessive bleeding from cloth conduits, suture lines, and bronchial mediastinal collaterals precluded decannulation. Autotransfusion was begun as a preliminary to protamine administration; within 30 minutes autotransfusion was discontinued concurrent with hemostasis. All 3 patients survived. It is concluded that if the problems attendant upon autotransfusion are understood, the procedure can be a valuable, lifesaving adjunct in the management of major thoracic bleeding.
Immunocytochemistry of magnocellular neurons of supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of normal and Brattleboro rats with vasopressin anti-idiotype antibody

A vasopressin anti-idiotype antibody was generated by immunization with purified IgG of a primary vasopressin antiserum. The anti-idiotype antibody immunostained neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus of normal and Brattleboro rats. The distribution of immunostained perikarya in these hypothalamic nuclei together with the staining of fibers in median eminence and neural lobe was similar to that observed in normal rats with anti-vasopressin and suggests strongly that vasopressinergic neurons are being stained. Absorption studies with vasopressin and a vasopressin-binding receptor protein further indicate that a receptor associated with vasopressinergic neurons is recognized by the anti-idiotype antibody.
A molecular mechanism for gas hydrate nucleation from ice

Induction phenomena are explained that exist in the only two reproducible sets of kinetic data in the literature for gas hydrate formation from an agitated ice surface. The previously unexplained data are interpreted using recent crystal diffraction results. The induction explanation is validated through cyclopropane hydrate kinetic experiments. The induction reasoning forms the basis of an hypothesis for a molecular mechanism of hydrate formation from ice. The hypothesized mechanism is quantified and given physical interpretation. The hypothesis may have significant implications for inhibiting hydrate formation.
Mind-body Therapies for Menopausal Symptoms: A Systematic Review

Objective To systematically review the peer-reviewed literature regarding the effects of self-administered mind-body therapies on menopausal symptoms.
Ionic differences in ‘fast’ and ‘slow’ neuromuscular transmission in body wall muscles ofMusca domestica larvae

1. The reversal potential of the fast and slow excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) of longitudinal body wall muscles 6A and 7A ofMusca domestica larvae were studied in various saline solutions. 2. The reversal potentials of both fast and slow EPSPs are made more negative by decreasing the sodium ion concentration and made more positive by increasing the potassium ion concentration. The reversal potential of the slow EPSP becomes more negative with increasing bicarbonate ion concentration, whereas the reversal potential of the fast EPSP is unaffected by changes in bicarbonate ions. 3. If both axons are stimulated to give a composite response, the slight difference in the reversal potentials of the fast and slow EPSPs gives a biphasic wave form at membrane potentials near reversal. The size of this biphasic wave increases with increasing bicarbonate ion concentration. 4. Analysis of the haemolymph ofMusca larvae revealed a bicarbonate ion concentration of 10.32 mM (S.D.±1.3) and a pH of 7.1 (S.D.±0.05). 5. It is concluded that fast and slow responses use different ionic channels. It is tentatively suggested that bicarbonate ions affect the reversal potential of the slow EPSP by increasing the intracellular potassium concentration. The fast and slow EPSP may therefore utilise channels whose conductances are differentially sensitive to intracellular potassium concentration.
Hexoneogenesis in the human breast during lactation

Lactose is the major osmotic agent in milk. Therefore, lactose synthesis indirectly regulates milk volume. The aim of this study was to determine the source of glucose and galactose in lactose. Six healthy lactating women were studied twice, during a 24-h fast and during ingestion of a mixed macronutrient drink (Sustacal) using [U- 13 C]glucose and [2- 13 C]glycerol. Six additional lactating women were studied on one single occasion during ingestion of glucose labeled with [1- 13 C]glucose. Using the ratios of [ 13 C6] enrichments of glucose in lactose and plasma glucose and that of galactose in lactose and plasma glucose, we determined that 98 3% of glucose and 68 7% of galactose in lactose were derived from plasma glucose in the fed state, and 72 4 and 51 3%, respectively, after a 24-h fast. Virtually identical results (97 6 and 64 4%, respectively) were obtained during the glucose feeding study. On the basis of the [ 13 C1] enrichment of glucose and galactose in lactose (derived from [2- 13 C]glycerol), glycerol contributes to the production of galactose but not glucose within the breast. Thus, plasma glucose is an important source of lactose, but significant amounts of glucose and galactose in lactose are generated within the breast, a process denoted hexoneogenesis. In this process, glycerol is a precursor for milk galactose but not glucose. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87: 297–301, 2002)
Dancing cultures: globalization, tourism and identity in the anthropology of dance

Dancing Cultures is clearly written for anthropologists seeking an intellectual discussion of cultural components that are created, demonstrated, and evolved by dance through interactions of native...
The Arabidopsis endoplasmic reticulum retention receptor functions in yeast

Soluble proteins retained in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contain a carboxyl-terminal tetrapeptide sequence that functions presumably to recycle these proteins from a subsequent compartment. Biochemical and genetic evidence indicate that the ERD2 gene product is the receptor for these ER retention signals. Here we report the identification of a cDNA clone from Arabidopsis thaliana (aERD2) similar in sequence and size to members of the ERD2 gene family. Southern and Northern blot analyses indicate that Arabidopsis contains a single aERD2 gene which is expressed at different levels in various plant tissues. A functional assay demonstrates that the Arabidopsis homologue, unlike the mammalian protein, can complement the lethal phenotype of the erd2 deletion mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, indicating that this protein may have a similar function in plants. As the plant protein may have a binding specificity similar to the human Erd2 protein but can function in yeast, we suggest that the plant homologue is the functional link between yeast and animals.
Comparison of circulating T and B lymphocytes in discoid versus systemic lupus erythematosus.

Absolute numbers of T and B lymphocytes were determined in groups of patients with discoid and systemic lupus erythematosus (LE) and in normal subjects. Patients with discoid LE had normal numbers of T cells but significantly increased numbers of B cells when compared with both the normals (P<0.05) and the systemic LE patients (P<0.001). The systemic LE patients had significantly decreased numbers of T cells when compared with the discoid LE patients (P<0.05) and with normals (P<0.005). From these studies it is concluded that discoid LE patients differ from systemic LE patients by having (1) normal numbers of T lymphocytes and (2) increased numbers of B lymphocytes. The role of T-B-cell imbalance in determining the expression of this disease is discussed.
Abdominal aortic aneurysm growth: The association of aortic wall mechanics and geometry

In an effort to prevent rupture, patients with known AAA undergo periodic abdominal ultrasound or CT scan surveillance. When the aneurysm grows to a diameter of 5.0–5.5 cm or is shown to expand at a rate greater than 1 cm/yr, elective operative repair is undertaken. While this strategy certainly prevents a number of potentially catastrophic ruptures, AAA rupture can occur at sizes less than 5 cm. From a biomechanical standpoint, aneurysm rupture occurs when wall stress exceeds wall strength. By using non-invasive techniques, such as finite element analysis (FEA), wall stress can be estimated for patient specific AAA models, which can perhaps more carefully predict the rupture potential of a given aneurysm, regardless of size. FEA is a computational method that can be used to evaluate complicated structures such as aneurysms. To this end, it was reported earlier that AAA peak wall stress provides a better assessment of rupture risk than the commonly used maximum diameter criterion [1]. What has yet to be examined, however, is the relationship between wall stress and AAA geometry during aneurysm growth. Such finding has the potential for providing individualized predictions of AAA rupture potential during patient surveillance. The purpose of this study is to estimate peak wall stress for an AAA under surveillance and evaluate its potential correlation with geometric features characteristic of the aneurysm’s morphology.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Quantifying prognostic impact of prescription opioid use before kidney transplantation through linked registry and pharmaceutical claims data.

BackgroundLimited data are available on the outcome implications of prescription narcotic use before kidney transplantation.MethodsWe examined a novel database wherein national transplant registry identifiers for kidney transplant recipients were linked to records from a large U.S. pharmaceutical cl
Intraperitoneal injection of chloral hydrate causes intra-abdominal adhesions and unilateral testicular atrophy in golden Syrian hamsters

We investigated the reason for the high mortality we had observed in hypophysectomized-orchidectomized Golden Syrian hamsters that were anesthetized with intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of chloral hydrate (CH). Intact male Golden Syrian hamsters were injected intraperitoneally with 0.1cc/100g BW of a 35% solution of CH, a 35% solution of sodium chloride, or double-distilled water. Equal numbers of hamsters in each group were injected on the right or left side of the abdomen. Within 10 days, 35% of the CH-injected hamsters were dead or had to be euthanized. Autopsy revealed severe peritonitis and adynamic ileus. CH-injected hamsters that survived gained weight at a rate similar to that of the controls. All surviving hamsters were killed 18 days after the injections. Among the surviving CH-injected hamsters, 84.6% had intra-abdominal adhesions, 61.5% had unilateral testicular atrophy, and 53.8% had a yellowish necrotic mass in the epididymal fat pad (EFP). All the lesions occurred on the side that was injected. The atrophied testes had been rendered cryptorchid due to involvement with intra-abdominal adhesions. In the water-treated controls, there were no abnormalities; whereas, in the saline controls, 75% had a mass in the EFP. Histology of the EFP mass was similar in hamsters injected with CH or hypertonic saline and suggested a diagnosis of fat necrosis. The results suggest that the mortality, the intra-abdominal adhesions, and the unilateral cryptorchidism were caused by a single i.p. injection of CH, but the fat necrosis in the EFP was probably caused by high concentrations of salt. The results further suggest that high concentrations of CH should not be injected intraperitoneally for anesthesia in chronic studies, particularly of the male reproductive system.
Biofuels for Transportation

The topics of this special issue of Fuel Processing Technology range from production of synthetic fuels from bio-syngas to the challenges of oxidative stability of biodiesel to characterizing and controlling the emissions of biodiesel combustion
Blood Volume Assessment in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure

Symptoms of intravascular volume overload and increased cardiac filling pressures in the systemic and pulmonary venous circulations are among the most common complaints in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). The clinical utility of physical examination for estimation of intravascular volume status in patients with CHF is limited due to poor specificity and sensitivity of most signs of congestion. Direct measurement of blood volume with radioisotope techniques is FDA-approved and has been shown to be closely associated with invasive measurements of cardiac filling pressures in patients with CHF. Unrecognized volume overload is common in CHF patients and is associated with adverse clinical outcomes. Additional work is needed to determine the clinical utility of serial blood volume measurements in the management of patients with CHF.
A cross-sectional test of need hierarchy theory

Abstract Using Alderfer's ERG need hierarchy theory as the starting point, three need categories were developed. These were then compared to cluster and factor analytic results and accordingly modified. Three propositions which state the causal relationship between need satisfaction and importance were then examined. These were: (1) relationships within the same need category, (2) relationship between need categories in an upward direction, and (3) relationships between need categories in a downward direction. The analysis used cross-sectional data, while incorporating the level of need fulfillment as a moderator variable of the relationship between need satisfaction and importance. These data were similar to previously published results gathered in a variety of different organizations, suggesting that need fulfillment may be the basic psychological variable which accounts for the patchwork of results obtained in dissimilar organizations.
Compressive response of Kevlar-epoxy composites: experimental verification

The initial misalignment of Kevlar fibres in Kevlar-epoxy composites is quantitatively investigated. This misalignment has been found to be one of the most important factors for determining the compressive response of these composites. A theoretical model, which considers initial fibre misalignment and assumes that the compressive response of Kevlar-epoxy composites is dominated by kink band failure, is in good agreement with experimental results. In addition, photomicrographs of the failure surfaces suggest that kink band formation is the predominant failure mode in this composite system.
New stratigraphic records (Albian-Campanian) of Rhinobatos sp. (Chondrichthyes; Rajiformes) from the Cretaceous of Kansas

Abstract Guitarfish (Rhinobatidae) are a conservative group of extant rays with worldwide distribution and a fossil record that extends as far back as the Jurassic (Toarcian). Modern representatives of the family inhabit shallow tropical and sub-tropical waters, at depths less than 200 m, as well as some fresh water environments. Although complete specimens are known, the most abundant fossil remains are small, isolated teeth (less than 2 mm, measured mesiodistally). In North America, the earliest record of Rhinobatos sp. is from Lower Cretaceous (Lower Albian) of Texas. Rhinobatos sp. has been reported from Cretaceous rocks in other areas of the U.S. Western Interior including the Albian-Campanian of Texas, the Turonian and Santonian of Kansas, Cenomanian of Nebraska, Cenomanian and Turonian of New Mexico and South Dakota, and Coniacian of Saskatchewan, Canada. Recent discoveries of Rhinobatos incertus teeth from the Upper Albian to the Lower Campanian in the Cretaceous of Kansas document a reasonably co...
Comprehensive analysis of preeclampsia-associated DNA methylation in the placenta.

Background A small number of recent reports have suggested that altered placental DNA methylation may be associated with early onset preeclampsia. It is important that further studies be undertaken to confirm and develop these findings. We therefore undertook a systematic analysis of DNA methylation patterns in placental tissue from 24 women with preeclampsia and 24 with uncomplicated pregnancy outcome. Methods We analyzed the DNA methylation status of approximately 27,000 CpG sites in placental tissues in a massively parallel fashion using an oligonucleotide microarray. Follow up analysis of DNA methylation at specific CpG loci was performed using the Epityper MassArray approach and high-throughput bisulfite sequencing. Results Preeclampsia-specific DNA methylation changes were identified in placental tissue samples irrespective of gestational age of delivery. In addition, we identified a group of CpG sites within specific gene sequences that were only altered in early onset-preeclampsia (EOPET) although these DNA methylation changes did not correlate with altered mRNA transcription. We found evidence that fetal gender influences DNA methylation at autosomal loci but could find no clear association between DNA methylation and gestational age. Conclusion Preeclampsia is associated with altered placental DNA methylation. Fetal gender should be carefully considered during the design of future studies in which placental DNA is analyzed at the level of DNA methylation. Further large-scale analyses of preeclampsia-associated DNA methylation are necessary.
Superplastic response in Al-Mg sheet alloys

The ability to achieve large strains to failure coupled with extremely low flow stresses makes superplastic forming (SPF) an attractive option in the automotive industry for the manufacture of complex parts from aluminum (Al) sheet. However, a barrier to increased usage is the cost penalty associated with superplastic alloys, which are specially processed to have a small and stable grain size. In this article, high-temperature tensile tests are used to compare the superplastic performance of two different Al-Mg alloys that were specially processed for SPF with that of a conventionally processed Al-Mg alloy. The results of the tensile tests and optical microscopy are used to highlight the mechanisms that control deformation in each of these alloys under different test conditions. Failure in both types of materials was found to change from internal cavitation to external necking with increases in strain rate. The specially processed alloys experienced minimal grain growth or grain elongation during forming, and therefore it was assumed that deformation was controlled by grain boundary sliding. Contrary to this, the conventionally processed alloy experienced significant grain growth at the higher test temperatures, and hence it was concluded that deformation was at least partially controlled by some mechanism other than grain boundary sliding. The different deformation characteristics resulted in a different set of optimal forming conditions for the two types of materials. The SPF alloys displayed higher strains to failure at the slower strain rates and higher temperatures, while the conventionally processed alloy displayed higher strains to failure at the faster strain rates and lower temperatures.
Structural properties of L-B films by STM, NEXAFS and vibrational spectroscopy

Abstract Thin organic films are being used and proposed for a number of new applications by providing new properties not readily available with other materials. Up to now much of the work on these organic films has been with amorphous polymeric and organic ones, but as the thickness of the layers becomes smaller the need has arisen for more ordered and well-defined structures. Amorphous films are likely to have pinholes and defects while more ordered films could be more regular and defect free. This had led a renewed interest in Langmuir—Blodgett (L-B) monolayers and multilayers, and those made by the self-assembly technique. These films are highly anisotropic, highly ordered, densely packed, and they can be engineered by attaching functional groups for specific uses. The attachment to the substrate can be designed and controlled, the structure established, and the end group, which interacts with the outside world, made functionally appropriate. It is also anticipated that collective properties could make these and related films exhibit enhanced or different attributes. Many of these films, such as L-B layers, though ordered are very thin and quite fragile. Details of the their structure are, therefore, required for designing new ones and overcoming problems. New surface science techniques can address some of the structural characterizations and point the way to new directions. Some of these are scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), near-edge X-ray fine structure (NEXAFS), glancing angle in infrared spectroscopy, and waveguide Raman spectroscopy. Experiments have been done on a number of L-B films, giving the orientation of the chains and the head group. Phase transitions of melting and cross-linking of chains have also been observed. Since most of the work has been on the salts of fatty acids, we will concentrate on the structure of cadmium arachidate (CdA). More complicated compounds can lead to films with similar or only slightly modified structures, but obviously different and possibly more interesting properties. Nevertheless, much of our knowledge about CdA can be very applicable to these other films and we can see what measurements and techniques would be most revealing for films of greater complexity.
Phase and group velocity considerations for dynamic modulus measurement in anisotropic media

Abstract In anisotropic media, the direction of energy propagation does not necessarily coincide with the wave normal, i.e. the energy flux vector does not coincide with the wave normal. Since, experimentally, one measures group velocity not phase velocity, one must therefore be careful in interpreting ultrasonic wave speed measurements in anisotropic media. This is of particular importance in elastic property reconstruction where acoustic velocity measurements are used as the basis for determining anisotropic material properties. In this work, the consequences of energy flux deviation from the wave normal are considered for typical experimental geometries. Particular attention is devoted to developing appropriate relationships between the phase velocity and ultrasonic transit time measurements, as these relations are most useful for elastic property reconstruction. In all the cases considered, it is shown that the phase velocity can be directly calculated from appropriate time delay measurements.
A Multimodel Study of Parametric Uncertainty in Predictions of Climate Response to Rising Greenhouse Gas Concentrations

Abstract One tool for studying uncertainties in simulations of future climate is to consider ensembles of general circulation models where parameterizations have been sampled within their physical range of plausibility. This study is about simulations from two such ensembles: a subset of the climateprediction.net ensemble using the Met Office Hadley Centre Atmosphere Model, version 3.0 and the new “CAMcube” ensemble using the Community Atmosphere Model, version 3.5. The study determines that the distribution of climate sensitivity in the two ensembles is very different: the climateprediction.net ensemble subset range is 1.7–9.9 K, while the CAMcube ensemble range is 2.2–3.2 K. On a regional level, however, both ensembles show a similarly diverse range in their mean climatology. Model radiative flux changes suggest that the major difference between the ranges of climate sensitivity in the two ensembles lies in their clear-sky longwave responses. Large clear-sky feedbacks present only in the climatepredicti...