cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Innervation of rat molar teeth: II. A quantitative analysis of primary sensory neurons innervating a mandibular molar tooth.

This study was conducted to determine the source and number of primary sensory neurons (PSNs) innervating a mandibular molar tooth of a population of 15–18-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The pulpal tissue was exposed to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) pellets for 24 hours. Subsequently the animals were perfusion fixed and the following PSN structures were examined for the presence of HRP-labelled cells: trigeminal (TGs) and cervical dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) and mesencephalic nucleus (MN). Only the TGs contained labelled cells and they thus were the sole source of PSN pulpal innervation. The number of TG cells was highly variable, 49–407, but most of this variability was attributable to insufficient HRP filling of the pulp chamber or leakage of HRP into periapical tissue. Selection of TGs whose respective experimental teeth demonstrated that HRP filled and was restricted to the pulp chamber revealed a narrower range of TG cells providing pulpal innervation to the first molars, 142–288, with an average of 213. A detailed mapping of these cells indicated a somatotopic distribution within the mandibular territory of the TGs. It was concluded that these findings represent TG's contribution to the pulpal innervation of this specific population of rat first molar teeth. This suggests that from animal to animal the density of innervation may be quite variable and it is hypothesized that the sensitivity of the pulp would likewise vary. In addition, these findings may contribute to the explanation of why there is variability in the stimulus strength needed to elicit a pain response in the human dentition.
Polyploid measles virus with hexameric genome length

Particles of most virus species accurately package a single genome, but there are indications that the pleomorphic particles of parainfluenza viruses incorporate multiple genomes. We characterized a stable measles virus mutant that efficiently packages at least two genomes. The first genome is recombinant and codes for a defective attachment protein with an appended domain interfering with fusion-support function. The second has one adenosine insertion in a purine run that interrupts translation of the appended domain and restores function. In that genome, a one base deletion in a different purine run abolishes polymerase synthesis, but restores hexameric genome length, thus ensuring accurate RNA encapsidation, which is necessary for efficient replication. Thus, the two genomes are complementary. The infection kinetics of this mutant indicate that packaging of multiple genomes does not negatively affect growth. We also show that polyploid particles are produced in standard infections at no expense to infectivity. Our results illustrate how the particles of parainfluenza viruses efficiently accommodate cargoes of different volume, and suggest a mechanism by which segmented genomes may have evolved.
In-silico Leishmania Target Selectivity of Antiparasitic Terpenoids

Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs), like leishmaniasis, are major causes of mortality in resource-limited countries. The mortality associated with these diseases is largely due to fragile healthcare systems, lack of access to medicines, and resistance by the parasites to the few available drugs. Many antiparasitic plant-derived isoprenoids have been reported, and many of them have good in vitro activity against various forms of Leishmania spp. In this work, potential Leishmania biochemical targets of antiparasitic isoprenoids were studied in silico. Antiparasitic monoterpenoids selectively docked to L. infantum nicotinamidase, L. major uridine diphosphate-glucose pyrophosphorylase and methionyl t-RNA synthetase. The two protein targets selectively targeted by germacranolide sesquiterpenoids were L. major methionyl t-RNA synthetase and dihydroorotate dehydrogenase. Diterpenoids generally favored docking to L. mexicana glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Limonoids also showed some selectivity for L. mexicana glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and L. major dihydroorotate dehydrogenase while withanolides docked more selectively with L. major uridine diphosphate-glucose pyrophosphorylase. The selectivity of the different classes of antiparasitic compounds for the protein targets considered in this work can be explored in fragment- and/or structure-based drug design towards the development of leads for new antileishmanial drugs.
The prediction of perceived well-being

Regression analysis of data from a sample of Northwestern Wisconsin residents shows that a limited number of domain satisfactions accounts for a significant proportion of the variance in life satisfaction. Most life satisfaction is derived from domains which are personal, broader in scope, and central to the individual, and which gain ascendency in the social and psychological life space of the individual as a result of differences in sex, age and income. Satisfaction with health, family and even community override work satisfaction as the main source of men's life satisfaction, while satisfaction with family life easily overwhelms other domain satisfactions as predictors of the life satisfaction of women. Also, the effect of family satisfaction is much stronger for women than men, and during the socially and biologically most productive years of life than in maturity. The contribution of satisfaction with sparetime activities, family, work, etc. to the life satisfaction of the elderly is consistent with a theory of re-engagement in fewer but more meaningful roles. Income differences do not sharply discriminate among the predictors, except at the extremes. Overall, the study demonstrates the efficacy of domain satisfaction measures as predictors of life satisfaction.
A two‐site enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for wheat gliadins

A two site enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for wheat gliadins has been developed. Polyclonal antibodies from chicken eggs were used as the capture agent adsorbed to the surface of the microtitration plate. Murine monoclonal antibodies bound to captured gliadin were detected by addition of enzyme‐labelled, species‐specific antibodies. The assay was developed for the purposes of screening monoclonal antibodies specific for conformational epitopes on gliadins. The properties of a panel of 6 anti‐gliadin antibodies in the assay were assessed and compared to properties exhibited under conditions where conformational epitopes were less likely to be present. Three of the monoclonal antibodies appeared to be specific for conformational epitopes.
Applying Proteomics to the Diagnosis and Treatment of ALS and Related Diseases

Protein-based biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and other motor neuron diseases (MNDs) have many potential clinical utilities, including diagnostic, prognostic, and drug development indications. During the past decade a number of potential protein biomarkers have been proposed for MNDs. Further verification studies, followed by large validation and qualification studies, are required to advance these initial discoveries toward clinical use. Study of additional patient populations, including disease mimics, is required during the validation phase of biomarker development. Important regulatory issues are discussed that will affect the timing and strategy for biomarker assay development in ALS and other MNDs. The continued development of protein biomarkers for MNDs requires extensive collaboration between academic clinicians and scientists in conjunction with the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries.
Role of Naphthenic Acids in Emulsion Tightness for a Low Total Acid Number (TAN)/High Asphaltenes Oil : Characterization of the Interfacial Chemistry

The detailed composition of a low total acid number (TAN) crude oil that causes unusually severe water−oil emulsion problems along the production stream was studied by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy. Distinct fractions, such as asphaltenes, whole interfacial material, extracts from the interfacial material, etc., were prepared for characterization. The detailed compositional analysis of the interfacial material showed the predominance of asphaltenes together with high amounts of distinctive mono- and diprotic naphthenic acids and sulfur- and oxygen-containing aromatic molecules. In addition, the interface was found to be heterogeneous. A primary group of species that is strongly bonded to the water surface consists of fatty monoprotic acids, fatty, naphthenic, and aromatic diprotic acids, and some alkyl benzene sulfonates. A secondary part of interfacial material consists of various classical asphaltene-related components, such as aromatic sulfur−oxyg...
Branhamella catarrhalis: Phenotypic characteristics

Abstract purpose: This review provides a comprehensive description and discussion of recognized phenotypic characteristics of Branhamella catarrhalis . An emphasis is placed on attributes of this organism that are relevant to its recovery and identification in the clinical microbiology laboratory. In addition, characteristics useful in determining strain identity for use in epidemiologic investigations are addressed. Finally, factors are discussed that may account for the infection-causing potential of B. catarrhalis or at least are of potential consequence to investigations of the pathogenesis of Branhamella disease. conclusions: B. catarrhalis is readily isolated from human clinical specimens and can be easily identified using simple, rapid laboratory techniques. Restriction endonuclease analysis of chromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid has proven to be a useful tool in epidemiologic studies. Beta-lactamase isoelectric focusing is of limited value because of the small number of distinct patterns. The lipopolysaccharide and outer membrane proteins of B. catarrhalis have been characterized and found to be relatively non-varying among different strains. Circumstantial evidence exists in support of the hypothesis that the B. catarrhalis beta-lactamase is a virulence determinant.
Efficient recovery of infectious vesicular stomatitis virus entirely from cDNA clones

Abstract Infectious vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), the prototypic nonsegmented negative-strand RNA virus, was recovered from a full-length cDNA clone of the viral genome. Bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase expressed from a recombinant vaccinia virus was used to drive the synthesis of a genome-length positive-sense transcript of VSV from a cDNA clone in baby hamster kidney cells that were simultaneously expressing the VSV nucleocapsid protein, phosphoprotein, and polymerase from separate plasmids. Up to 10(5) infectious virus particles were obtained from transfection of 10(6) cells, as determined by plaque assays. This virus was amplified on passage, neutralized by VSV-specific antiserum, and shown to possess specific nucleotide sequence markers characteristic of the cDNA. This achievement renders the biology of VSV fully accessible to genetic manipulation of the viral genome. In contrast to the success with positive-sense RNA, attempts to recover infectious virus from negative-sense T7 transcripts were uniformly unsuccessful, because T7 RNA polymerase terminated transcription at or near the VSV intergenic junctions.
State–Business Relations and Economic Development in Africa and India, by Kunal Sen

From a practitioner point of view, State–Business Relations and Economic Development in Africa and India edited by Professor Kunal Sen is an immensely useful book. It presents a variety of case stu...
The Evolution of Trophic Transmission

Parasite increased trophic transmission (PITT) is one of the more fascinating tales of parasite evolution. The implications of this go beyond cocktail party anecdotes and science fiction plots as the phenomenon is pervasive and likely to be ecologically and evolutionarily important. Although the subject has already received substantial review, Kevin Lafferty here focuses on evolutionary aspects that have not been fully explored, specifically: (1) How strong should PITT be? (2) How might sexual selection and limb autotomy facilitate PITT? (3) How might infrapopulation regulation in final hosts be important in determining avoidance of infected prey? And (4) what happens when more than one species of parasite is in the same intermediate host?
Hypoglycemia enhances the expression of mRNA encoding β-amyloid precursor protein in rat primary cortical astroglial cells

Deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) is a characteristic feature of the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Since glucose metabolism and the consequential ATP production are depressed in the temporal and parietal regions of the cortex in patients with AD, we designed the present study to investigate the possible role of hypometabolism in the pathogenesis of AD. We incubated rat primary cortical astroglial cells for 2 h to 4 days in a media deprived of 95% of its glucose and assessed the expression and alternative splicing of the mRNA that encoding β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) using RT-PCR. Hypoglycemia caused a time-dependent increase in APP mRNA expression, which reaches a peak level of 173.2% of control expression (P<0.05) at 24 h of hypoglycemia. Noteworthy, hypoglycemia favors the alternative splicing that includes the exon 7 segment, which encodes a Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor domain. This study demonstrates that hypoglycemia increases APP mRNA expression in astroglial cells and processing of APP mRNA to a form that may encourage Aβ deposits in AD. These data suggest that the observed hypometabolism in AD may contribute to its deposition of Aβ in affected brain regions.
The God of War and the Vagabond Buddha

In Mandarin Chinese, there is a proverb on the subject of marriage, which goes, "Dragon with dragon, phoenix with phoenix." The Hokkien Chinese have their own wry version of this proverb, which goes, "Dragon with dragon, phoenix with phoenix, and the hunchback with the simpleton." "Not," they will add, "that we're as bad as that." The logic of this self-satire harmonizes with a larger logic, which characterizes Chinese religion: People at different levels of society will worship different gods, gods whose histories and personal tastes often have affinities with those of their worshippers. Thus there have been patron deities for scholars and magistrates, as well as for prostitutes, gamblers, and martial artists. The demise of the Qing Dynasty left Confucius, the patron deity of the scholar-literati, largely neglected, and the City God's civic functions are no longer linked to rites performed by a district magistrate. The gods of the demimonde, on the other hand, continue to command respect and to live in the imaginations of the urban poor. Many of these gods are still paid respect in the ritual observances of the Chinese "black" or "secret" societies, where they are invited to possess spirit mediums. In trance, these mediums are both folk healers for
Clinical accuracy in the diagnosis of small polyps using the flexible fiberoptic sigmoidoscope.

Seventy-eight patients referred to a specialist clinic for investigation of large-bowel symptoms were examined with the flexible fiberoptic sigmoidoscope. One hundred twenty polyps were treated, including 84 adenomatous and 32 hyperplastic polyps. Sixty-nine per cent of polyps were situated beyond 18 cm from the anal verge. Endoscopic diagnosis was correct in 82 per cent of cases. The size of the polyp assessed endoscopically strongly influenced the clinical diagnosis but proved unreliable as a means of making an accurate diagnosis. Results indicate that whenever possible all polyps of all sizes should be removed for microscopic examinations.
Rejection after bone marrow transplantation for aplastic anemia using an identical twin, followed by permanent success utilizing immuno suppression

1. Rudolph AM, Nadas AS, and Borges WH: Hematologic adjustment to cyanotic congenital heart disease, Pediatrics 11:454, 1953. 2. Kontras SB, Bodenbender JG, Craenen J, and Hosier DM: Hyperviscosity in congenital heart disease, J PEDIATR 76:214, 1970. 3. Rosenthal A, Nathan DG, Marty AT, Button LN, Miettinen OS, and Nadas AS: Acute hemodynamic effects of red cell volume reduction in polycythemia of cyanotic congenital heart disease, Circulation 42:297, 1970. 4. Ohshima: Hemorheology in hyperand hypoviscosity syndrome, Thromb Res 8(Suppl II):9, 1976. 5. Cotrill CM, and Kaplan S: Cerebral vascular accidents in cyanotic congenital heart disease, Am J Dis Child 125:484, 1973. 6. Phornphutkul C, Rosenthal A, Nadas AS, and Berenberg W: Cerebrovascular accidents in infants and children with cyanotic congenital heart disease, Am J Cardiol 32:329, 1973. 7. Linderkamp O, Mayr S, Sengespeik C, Klose H, and Betke K: Eisenmangel bei Vorliegen von cyanotischen Herzvitien: Eine Ursache ftir cerebrale Komplikationen, Mschr Kinderheilk 124:301, 197~. 8. Card RT, and Weintraub LR: Metabolic abnormalities in severe iron deficiency, Blood 37:725, 1971. 9. Levander OA, Morris VC, and Welsh SO: Decreased filterability of red blood cells from vitamin E-deficient lead-poisoned rats or from iron-deficient rats, XVII Congress International Society Hematology, Paris, July, 1978, abstracts, p 784. 10. Gross GP, and Hathaway WE: Fetal erythrocyte deformability, Pediatr Res 6"593, 1972. 11. Schmid-Sch6nbein H, and Wells RE: Rheological properties of human erythrocytes and their influence upon the "anomalous" viscosity of blood, Ergeb Physiol 63:146, 1971. 12. Macdougall LG, Judisch JM, and Mistry SB: Red cell metabolism in iron deficiency anemia. II. The relationship between red cell survival and alterations in red cell metabolims, J PEDIAI-R 76:660, 1970.
Effect of diazepam on rat spinal reflexes

Abstract Diazepam seems to have no direct effect on the excitability of spinal motor neurons in the rat. Depression of reflexes in animals with intact mesencephalic-spinal connections is consistent with depression of mid-brain excitatory motor pathways. Very high doses of diazepam (10–12 mg/kg) reverse these effects in intact animals, possibly by depression of inhibitory neurons. The solvent, propylene glycol, is not responsible for any of these effects.
Activation of the Cardiac Sarcolemmal ATP-sensitive Potassium Channel by A1 and A3 Receptor Agonists: Confirmation from knockout mice studies

Activation of the A1 adenosine receptor (AR) provides cardioprotection against ischemia/reperfusion injury most likely by facilitating opening of the cardiac sarcolemmal KATP (sarcKATP) channel. Recently, A3AR agonists have also been reported to protect the myocardium against ischemia/reperfusion injury. Though the functional coupling between the A1AR and sarcKATP is well documented, the coupling between the A3AR and the sarcKATP channel is unknown due to a lack of direct evidence. In the present study, we characterized the ability of the respective AR agonists to elicit opening of the sarcKATP channel. To activate A1 or A3AR, CPA (1μM) or CP-532,903 (1μM), respectively, were used. Whole-cell sarcKATP channel current, IKATP, was recorded from ventricular myocytes enzymatically isolated from hearts obtained from wild-type (WT) and A1 and A3AR gene knock-out (A1KO and A3KO, respectively) mice. In all studies, potential input from A2A and A2BARs was blocked by the extracellular application of ZM 241385 (100nM) and PBS 663 (100nM). In WT myocytes, CPA and CP-532,903 elicited IKATP with current densities of 2.6±0.7pA/pF (mean ± SEM, n=6) and 2.4±0.7pA/pF (n=7), respectively. To confirm the effects of the respective agonists, experiments were repeated in A1KO and A3KO myocytes. In the A1KO myocytes, CP-532,903, but not CPA, elicited IKATP with a current density of 2.2±0.4pA/pF (n=6). This confirmed that the activation of IKATP by CP-532,903 was via the A3AR. On the other hand, in the A3KO myocytes, CPA, but not CP-532,903, elicited IKATP with a current density of 2.3±0.7pA/pF (n=4). These results provide strong evidence of the functional coupling between A3AR and the sarcKATP channel. They further confirm the specificities of the A1AR and A3AR agonists to activate the sarcKATP channel via the A1 and A3AR, respectively.
Learning without case records: a mapping of the repertory grid technique onto knowledge acquisition from examples

: In building a knowledge-based system, it is sometimes possible to save time by applying some machine learning process to a set of historical cases. In some problem domains, however, such cases may not be available. In addition, the classes, attributes and attribute values that comprise the partial domain model in terms of which cases are expressed may also not be available explicitly. In these circumstances, the repertory grid technique offers a single process for both building a partial domain model and generating a training set of examples. Alternatively, examples can be elicited directly. This paper explores the relationship between knowledge acquisition from examples and the repertory grid technique, and discusses the shared need for machine learning. Fragments of business-strategy knowledge are used to illustrate the discussion.
Lattice valued relations and automata

Abstract A lattice-valued relation, lvr for short, from a set X to a set Y is a function from the Cartesian product of X and Y to a lattice. This concept is a generalization of other structures, notably tolerance spaces, nets and automata, separately investigated by the authors elsewhere. It is adequate to admit a natural definition of homogeneity and a classification of homogeneous lvr's by their isomorphism groups. The main result of the present paper is a proof of this classification. The application of this to automata, also interpretable as lvr's, is described, and an example given. We conclude with a brief discussion of the lvr theory of fuzzy and stochastic automata.
ACS-NSQIP criteria are associated with APACHE severity and outcomes in critically ill surgical patients.

Background Similarity between the ICU patient data acquired by the APACHE system and the patient outcomes data acquired by the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) suggests that variables in NSQIP data could be effective mortality predictors. We theorized that identifying ACS-NSQIP preoperative data points predictive of patient outcomes would assist in identifying potential complications earlier. Study Design Between 2006 and 2008 at the University of Maryland Medical Center, we identified 340 surgical ICU patients included in both databases as our study cohort. Median APACHE score calculation permitted division of study subjects into quartiles from which to examine length of stay, mortality variables, and ACS-NSQIP−recorded postoperative occurrences and preoperative risk factors. Outcomes were compared using each database's percentage of patients who had died. Results Mortality was positively correlated with APACHE score increases. Initially, the average ICU length of stay increased, then declined. Most common postoperative occurrences were ventilator dependence >48 hours, pneumonia, unplanned intubation, sepsis, and septic shock. It was also noted that preoperative variables, such as American Society of Anesthesiologists classification and serum albumin levels, had an association with a poorer prognosis. Conclusions APACHE score predictions are consistent with ACS-NSQIP−recorded postoperative outcomes. Higher APACHE scores correlated with increased incidence of postoperative outcomes and were associated with earlier mortality in the most extremely ill. Poorer states of health before surgery also correlated with poor outcomes postoperatively.
Membrane Protein Insertion: The Biology–Physics Nexus

### Introduction Membrane proteins are a greasy lot. Thrown into water without detergents, they form intractable aggregates, which minimize exposure of their nonpolar transmembrane surfaces to water. Aggregation would be their certain fate if membrane proteins were translated on the ribosome in the
Adaptive grid generation by minimizing residuals

We describe recent developments in the method of fluctuation splitting, in particular the minimization of residuals with respect to both the nodal values of the solution and also the nodal co-ordinates. For elliptic problems, including external (lifting) flows, obtaining good results requires that the residuals be evaluated to third order. Solutions to typical airfoil problems can then be obtained with very economical grids. For hyperbolic problems, only a second-order evaluation of the residual is needed. Shocks can be incorporated with arbitrarily high resolution by allowing elements to shrink to zero area, but to exclude the possibility of rarefaction shocks an adaptive quadrature must be employed
Homonuclear J refocusing in echo spectroscopy

Abstract A simple pulse scheme is given for obtaining echoes with both chemical shift and homonuclear scalar coupling refocused. The procedure is illustrated for some biologically important nuclei, namely 31 P in ATP and 1 H in lactate. The refocusing of the scalar coupling J is perfect for AX systems, but incomplete for multiply coupled spins. However, for the latter, a gain in in-phase intensity is still obtained at relatively long echo times ( J ). Theory, in terms of the operator formalism, and experiment are presented for AX n systems and are in good agreement. Strategies to remove spectral artifacts resulting from pulse angle deviations are given.
Salience of knowledge in a strategic theory of the firm

Sustained competitive advantage has become problematic because of turbulent environments. Thus, a strategist’s theory of the firm ought to focus on a theory of sustained competitive advantage. Clarifies the concept of turbulent environment faced by modern organizations. Argues that knowledge serves as an important source of sustained competitive advantage in turbulent environments. Viewing organizations as knowledge stocks poses questions of how to design organizations for knowledge management. Constitutional theories of the nation‐state are useful in this regard. Concludes with some preliminary thoughts on how the central concepts in constitutional theory can facilitate organizational design for knowledge management.
Determination of radiocarbon in marine sediment porewater dissolved organic carbon by thermal sulfate reduction

Fractional abundances of 14C and 13C in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in sediment porewaters may hold important clues about organic carbon cycling in sediments. Yet there is a dearth of isotopic signatures for porewater DOC because of the difficulty associated with oxidizing DOC in seawater. At present, marine DOC can be processed for analyses of 14C and 13C with high precision and minimal contamination by ultraviolet (UV) oxidation, but this method is resource intensive and could be difficult to implement. To resolve this, a thermal sulfate reduction (TSR) method, previously developed to determine 13C in seawater DOC (Fry et al. 1996), was modified and tested for 14C and 13C determination in porewater DOC. CO2 yields from six test materials ranged between 90% and 108%. δ13C signatures were reproducible within ± 0.4‰ and agreed with independently known values. The 14C and δ13C values of porewater DOC obtained by TSR and UV oxidation showed excellent agreement. Application of TSR to archived porewater DOC samples from a sediment incubation experiment revealed notable changes in isotopic values that were not readily discerned in the DOC concentration data alone. The total uncertainty in the 14C values after blank correction was ± 0.005 to 0.02 fraction modern (Fm) for sample sizes ranging between 143 and 560 µg C. For systems where precision on the order of ± 0.02 Fm is acceptable, TSR could be a viable alternative to UV oxidation for processing small, concentrated marine DOC samples.
The most primitive heart in the animal kingdom contains the atrial natriuretic peptide hormonal system.

Abstract 1. The newly described atrial natriuretic peptide hormonal system appears to play an important role in the endocrine control of sodium and water metabolism in human and vertebrate animals, but neither atrial natriuretic factor (ANF, C-terminal amino acids (a.a.) 99–126 a.a. prohormone) nor the rest of the ANF prohormone have ever been demonstrated in the heart of an invertebrate. 2. The present investigation was designed to determine whether the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestis, the first animal in the phylogenic tree with any form of heart, has either ANF and/or the 98 a.a. N-terminus of the ANF prohormone. 3. Both an ANF-like peptide (189 ± 32 ng/g of tissue) and the N-terminus of the ANF prohormone-like peptide (1985 ± 27 ng/g of tissue) were present in the earthworm heart at concentrations significantly higher (P 4. This newly-described hormonal system, thus, appears to be present in a much larger proportion of the animal kingdom than previously thought, including invertebrates as well as vertebrates.
Measurement of Mean Particle Sizes of Sprays from Diffractively Scattered Light

by the radiator area given by its overall dimensions multiplied by vT\ In face of these irregularities existing in a machined grooved surface, the error introduced by the first three assumptions will be small for all practical purposes. However, it might become significant at very small angles, i.e., smaller than 10°.' It should be kept in mind that the depth of the grooves should be kept small so that the walls remain isothermal. To make the grooves too small, however, introduces new difficulties. The roundness at the top becomes significant; therefore, the surfaces of the grooves, on the average, are out of flat. Here again, experiments have indicated that, if (r/d) < 5%, the relationships discussed hold well. In conclusion, it can be stated that the application of V-shaped grooves on a metallic surface will increase its thermal emissivity in a practicable manner. The assumptions made initially are justified for all practical purposes, considering the difficulties presented in the analysis when assumptions 1-3 are dropped. It is important to point out that a groove of less than 45° angle provides apparent emissivities two to four times greater than the surface emissivities. For base metals this is quite significant, since most of them exhibit total thermal emissivities of less than 0.2.
Integrated marketing communications

1. A History of Integrated Marketing Communications: Why Is It Important Now? 2. How Marketing Communications Works: Or At Least How We Think It Works 3. The Basics of Developing an Integrated Marketing Program: How to Get Started 4. Strategy Is Everything: Planning the Direction of the Communications Program 5. From Strategy to Creative Execution: Capturing the Imagination 6. Compensation: How Much for Doing What? 7. Measurement: What Did We Really Get from All the Time, Work, and Money We Invested? 8. How to Measure Consumer Responses: Establishing Effective Two-Way Communications 9. Barriers to Integration: Overcoming the Stumbling Blocks 10. Two Case Histories: Does Integrated Marketing Communications Really Work?
Thar She Blows! Middle Managers and the Microfoundations of the Attention Based View of the Firm

In this paper, we examine three episodes (two successful and one unsuccessful) of middle manager lead strategic innovation in a large high tech company in the Northeast. We use this research to bui...
Evaluation of a newly discovered water suppression pulse sequence for high-field in vivo 1H surface coil NMR spectroscopy.

The use of a water-suppressing spin-echo pulse sequence reported recently (V. Sklenar and A. Bax, J. Magn. Reson.74, 469 (1987); M. von Kienlin, M. DeCorps, J. P. Albrand, M. F. Foray, and P. Blondet, J. Magn. Reson.76, 169 (1987)) was evaluated for in vivo brain proton surface coil NMR spectroscopy. The studies were performed on cat brain using surface coils at 4.7 T. The sequence produced brain spectra with adequate water suppression, and a broader excitation profile than sequences which form spin echoes using 1331 pulses (P. J. Hore, J. Magn. Reson.54, 539 (1983); H. P. Hetherington, M. J. Avison, and R. G. Shulman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA82, 3115 (1985)). The phase artifacts were smaller than those produced in 1331 methods, but theoretical analysis showed they should not be completely absent. The effectiveness of lengthening the spin-echo delay in the new sequence for suppression of unwanted lipid resonances was demon-strated. The sequence was shown to be capable of detecting lactate formation and clearance in a global cerebral ischemia experiment. © 1989 Academic WSS, Inc.
Floor acquisition multiple access (FAMA) for packet-radio networks

A family of medium access control protocols for single-channel packet radio networks is specified and analyzed. These protocols are based on a new channel access discipline called floor acquisition multiple access (FAMA), which consists of both carrier sensing and a collision-avoidance dialogue between a source and the intended receiver of a packet. Control of the channel (the floor) is assigned to at most one station in the network at any given time, and this station is guaranteed to be able to transmit one or more data packets to different destinations with no collision with transmissions from other stations. The minimum length needed in control packets to acquire the floor is specified as a function of the channel propagation time. The medium access collision avoidance (MACA) protocol proposed by Karn and variants of CSMA based on collision avoidance are shown to be variants of FAMA protocols when control packets last long enough compared to the channel propagation delay. The throughput of FAMA protocols is analyzed and compared with the throughput of non-persistent CSMA. This analysis shows that using carrier sensing as an integral part of the floor acquisition strategy provides the benefits of MACA in the presence of hidden terminals, and can provide a throughput comparable to, or better than, that of non-persistent CSMA when no hidden terminals exist.
A Critical Function for the Actin Cytoskeleton in Targeted Exocytosis of Prefusion Vesicles during Myoblast Fusion

Myoblast fusion is an essential step during muscle differentiation. Previous studies in Drosophila have revealed a signaling pathway that relays the fusion signal from the plasma membrane to the actin cytoskeleton. However, the function for the actin cytoskeleton in myoblast fusion remains unclear. Here we describe the characterization of solitary (sltr), a component of the myoblast fusion signaling cascade. sltr encodes the Drosophila ortholog of the mammalian WASP-interacting protein. Sltr is recruited to sites of fusion by the fusion-competent cell-specific receptor Sns and acts as a positive regulator for actin polymerization at these sites. Electron microscopy analysis suggests that formation of F-actin-enriched foci at sites of fusion is involved in the proper targeting and coating of prefusion vesicles. These studies reveal a surprising cell-type specificity of Sltr-mediated actin polymerization in myoblast fusion, and demonstrate that targeted exocytosis of prefusion vesicles is a critical step prior to plasma membrane fusion.
Impedance properties of complementary multiterminal planar structures

Booker has shown that Babinet's principle, properly extended to electromagnetic fields, leads to a simple relation between the impedances of two planar complementary structures. A relation, which generalizes this result, is found between the impedance matrices of two complementary n -terminal structures. This relation is applied to the particular n -terminal structures having n -fold symmetry and to those that are also self-complementary. In the latter case the impedance matrix is real and entirely determined by the number of terminals. It is therefore independent of the exact shape of the elements composing the structure and of the frequency. By connecting in groups the terminals of such a structure various impedance levels, all frequency independent and real, may be achieved. Structures having their terminal pairs in different locations in the plane are also considered. A self-complementary two-port structure is found to be equivalent, from the impedance point of view, to a length of lossy transmission line having a characteristic impedance of 60\pi ohms.
The Role of Interocean Exchanges on Decadal Variations of the Meridional Heat Transport in the South Atlantic

AbstractThe interocean exchange of water from the South Atlantic with the Pacific and Indian Oceans is examined using the output from the ocean general circulation model for the Earth Simulator (OFES) during the period 1980–2006. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the role of the interocean exchanges in the variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) and its associated meridional heat transport (MHT) in the South Atlantic. The meridional heat transport from OFES shows a similar response to AMOC variations to that derived from observations: a 1 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) increase in the AMOC strength would cause a 0.054 ± 0.003 PW increase in MHT at approximately 34°S. The main feature in the AMOC and MHT across 34°S is their increasing trends during the period 1980–93. Separating the transports into boundary currents and ocean interior regions indicates that the increase in transport comes from the ocean interior region, suggesting that it is important to monitor the ...
Effect of NOx environments and stress on degradation of mechanical properties of Kevlar 49 and nylon 6

Mechanical and chemical mechanisms may act synergistically to degrade the mechanical properties of polymers. This synergism should be considered during design of components for sustained loads in hostile environments. If these polymers are to be used as load-bearing structural elements in automobile and industrial environments, they are likely to be simultaneously exposed to such environments and stress. These studies explore the deleterious effects of gaseous pollutants (e.g. NO x in air) and mechanical stress on polymers. This research included studies on nylon-6 and composites of nylon-6 yams embedded in a bis-A-phenolic resin with an amine curing agent, as well as single fibers and yams of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (DuPont Kevlar 49) as bare fibers and also embedded in an epoxy matrix. The protective effect of embedding fibers in the epoxy matrix was demonstrated. NO x concentrations were varied between 0 and 1.5%. The sustained loads during exposure were in the range of 50 to 80 percent of the ultimate stress short term load carrying capability of the fibers. Exposure times varied from several minutes to months. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR) is used in these studies to explore the kinetics of bond rupture and how they relate to the environmental and stress loading histories in nylon. Kevlar 49 degradation studies were conducted by measuring times required for sample failure in NO x concentrations at various stress levels. Preliminary studies on the single fibers indicate a stress-NO x synergism over the range of stresses (48 and 77% of ultimate) and 0.1 and 1.5% gas concentrations. Yarn samples exibited this synergism over a wide range of stresses (40 to 80% of ultimate). Bare yarn degradation was accelerated by NO x concentrations in air as low as 0.1%. We view these effects as having practical technological significance since these lower NO x concentrations approach the level of emissions from exhaust from older model automobiles
Spin-out multiplier: Implications for a new economic development metric-why do some firms create more spin-off enterprises than others?

Traditional economic development can be divided into three broad categories: (1) attracting new firms from outside of a region--also known as hunting and gathering; (2) development of existing firms—also known as growing your own; and (3) entrepreneurship—also known as building your own. Further, traditional economic development has focused overwhelmingly on the first strategy, because it often offers the quickest results, micro-economically and politically. However, despite the popularity of hunting and gathering—primarily in terms of quick importation of outside jobs—it does not lead to maximum wealth creation; and complete economic development should include both job and wealth creation. Finally, no matter which of the three vehicles in used, existing metrics do not further the true understanding of these efforts in making a sustainable economic system, particularly in the case of technology-based economic development. If the current economic development metric systems do not provide policy makers this information, then there is cause for concern.
Digit effects produced by prenatal exposure to antiepileptic drugs.

The hypothesis tested was that digit anomalies among individuals exposed in utero to antiepileptic drugs (AED) are best identified by a systematic search, including radiographs and dermatoglyphics, rather than relying only on visual inspection. A systematic search was made for five types of digit abnormalities in 46 AED-exposed individuals ages 5-29 years in comparison with controls: visible anomalies, size of fingernails, dermal ridge patterns, length of metacarpals and phalanges, and qualitative changes in the distal phalanges. Among the AED-exposed, nail size was not decreased. However, there was a 10.8% frequency of digit anomalies, a 12% frequency of three or more arch patterns, and significant shortening and qualitative changes in the distal phalanges, all of which are consistent with the fetal effects of AED. Among the 42 individuals who underwent all evaluations, 14.3% had two or more of these abnormalities, most of which would not be identified by clinical inspection. This frequency is much higher in these AED-exposed individuals than in the general population. Radiographs in 13 individuals over a period of several years showed that the changes in the phalanges and metacarpals persisted.
Insect radiosensitivity: dose curves and dose-fractionation studies of dominant lethal mutations in the mature sperm of 4 insect species.

Males of 4 species of insects: Musca domestica L. (housefly) (Diptera), Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas) ( milkweed bug) (Hemiptera), Anagasta kuhniella ( Zeller ) ( mealmouth ) (Lepidoptera) and Heliothis virescens (Fab.) (tobacco budworm ) (Lepidoptera) were irradiated as adults. Dose--response curves for the induction of dominant lethal mutations in the mature sperm were constructed. The curves were analyzed mathematically and compared with theoretical computer simulated curves requiring 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 'hits' for the induction of a dominant lethal mutation. The 4 species belonging to 3 different orders of insects showed a wide range in radiation sensitivity and vastly different dose--response curves. The house fly was the most sensitive and displayed a '1-hit' curve. The milkweed bug was intermediate in sensitivity and the curve exhibited '4-hit' kinetics. The mealmoth and tobacco budworm were most radioresistant and the response curves resembled 8-16--hit simulated curves. When the data were analyzed by several mathematical models we found that a logistic response curve gave reasonably good fit with vastly different parameters for the 4 species. Dose-fractionation experiments showed no reduction in the frequency of lethal mutations induced in any species when an acute dose was fractionated into 2 equal exposures separated by an 8-h period. Various reasons for large differences in radiosensitivity are discussed, e.g., (1) differences in repair mechanisms, (2) variation in oxygen concentration, (3) holokinetic versus monokinetic chromosomes and (4) intrinsic differences in mitotic cell cycles which affect the behavior of radiation-induced chromosome breaks.
What groupware functionality do users really use? Analysis of the usage of the BSCW system

The BSCW (Basic Support for Cooperative Work) Shared Workspace System is a Web based groupware system developed at GMD that is used by more than 100,000 users world-wide. This paper describes an analysis of the actual usage of the features provided by the system, based on a statistical evaluation of the logfile of the BSCW server http://bscw.gmd.de over a period of more than ten months.
Ethanol facilitates hepatitis C virus replication via up-regulation of GW182 and heat shock protein 90 in human hepatoma cells.

Alcohol use and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection synergize to cause liver damage and microRNA-122 (miR-122) appears to play a key role in this process. Argonaute 2 (Ago2), a key component of the RNA-induced silencing complex, has been shown to be important in modulating miR-122 function during HCV infection. However, GW182, a critical component of processing bodies (GW-bodies) that is recruited by Ago2 to target mRNA has not been assessed in HCV infection. To characterize the role of GW182 in the pathogenesis of HCV infection, we determined its transcription and protein expression in an HCV J6/JFH1 culture system. Here we show that transcript and protein levels of GW182 as well as HCV RNA and protein expression increased with alcohol exposure. Specific silencing of mRNA expression by short interference (si) RNA against GW182 significantly decreased HCV RNA and protein expression. Over-expression of GW182 significantly increased HCV RNA and protein expression in HCV J6/JFH1 infected Huh-7.5 cells. Furthermore, GW182 co-localized and co-immunoprecipitated with HSP90 which increased on alcohol exposure with and without HCV infection and enhanced HCV gene expression. The use of an HSP90 inhibitor or knockdown of HSP90 decreased GW182 and miR-122 expression and significantly reduced HCV replication. Overall, our results suggest that GW182 protein that is linked to miR-122 biogenesis and HSP90, which has been shown to stabilize the RNA-induced silencing complex, are novel host proteins that regulate HCV infection during alcohol abuse.
Control of Cardiac Repolarization by Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Signaling to Ion Channels

Upregulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling is a common alteration in human cancer, and numerous drugs that target this pathway have been developed for cancer treatment. However, recent studies have implicated inhibition of the PI3K signaling pathway as the cause of a drug-induced long-QT syndrome in which alterations in several ion currents contribute to arrhythmogenic drug activity. Surprisingly, some drugs that were thought to induce long-QT syndrome by direct block of the rapid delayed rectifier (IKr) also seem to inhibit PI3K signaling, an effect that may contribute to their arrhythmogenicity. The importance of PI3K in regulating cardiac repolarization is underscored by evidence that QT interval prolongation in diabetes mellitus also may result from changes in multiple currents because of decreased insulin activation of PI3K in the heart. How PI3K signaling regulates ion channels to control the cardiac action potential is poorly understood. Hence, this review summarizes what is known about the effect of PI3K and its downstream effectors, including Akt, on sodium, potassium, and calcium currents in cardiac myocytes. We also refer to some studies in noncardiac cells that provide insight into potential mechanisms of ion channel regulation by this signaling pathway in the heart. Drug development and safety could be improved with a better understanding of the mechanisms by which PI3K regulates cardiac ion channels and the extent to which PI3K inhibition contributes to arrhythmogenic susceptibility.
Environmental Conflicts and the SLAPP

Abstract A citizen has the right to challenge a firm's actions regarding development plans or violations of environmental laws. Firms have responded with the SLAPP—Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation. Fearing the loss of the Constitutional Right to Petition, several U.S. states have or are considering explicitly restricting the SLAPP. For a class of environmental conflict models with one-sided asymmetric information, our results suggest that restricting the SLAPP does not increase the efficiency of the dispute.