cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temperature control and magnet instrumentation in Alcator C-MOD

The construction of C-MOD is described briefly with an emphasis on thermal considerations. The temperature limits for the various components and the overall performance requirements for the temperature control system are discussed. The design of the temperature control system hardware and software is presented in some detail. Instrumentation for the poloidal and toroidal field coils is described. >
\Upsilon(1s)-->\gamma(\eta',\eta) decays

The decays of $\Upsilon(1s)\to\gamma(\eta',\eta)$ are studied by an approach which has successfully predicted the ratio $\frac{\Gamma(J/\psi\to\gamma\eta')}{\Gamma(J/\psi\to\gamma\eta)}$. Strong dependence on quark mass has been found in the decays $(J/\psi, \Upsilon(1s))\to\gamma(\eta',\eta)$. Very small decay rates of $\Upsilon(1s)\to\gamma(\eta',\eta)$ are predicted.
Simple perspectives on SN 1987A.

This conference has shown that the accumulated wealth of data on SN 1987A has enabled us to learn an unprecedented amount of physical information about a single supernova event and supernovae in general, as well as to confirm much of the heretofore established theory. While some difficult problems remain, I discuss some particularly simple and useful theoretical notions concerning the bolometric and γ -ray light curves which can be gleaned from our current body of knowledge, drawing primarily upon results of analytic work performed by W.D. Arnett and myself. Also, the work of Lamb, Melia and Loredo (1987) on neutrinos from the supernova is discussed briefly.
Economics Wins, Psychology Loses, and Society Pays

Economics is the social science that dominates public policy debate and formulation. Economic assumptions lay the foundation for policy initiatives and economic principles provide the framework for design of regulations that govern our society. We argue that other social sciences, and in particular psychology, have a great deal to offer, and that our failure to incorporate the lessons from other social sciences leads to inferior public policy. The chapter outlines five predominant myths, adapted from pervasive economic assumptions, which serve as guiding policy principles and destroy value in society. We elaborate on the consequences of our over-reliance on these myths, and demonstrate how psychological lessons and insights might inform policy decisions.
Amiodarone pulmonary toxicity: biochemical evidence for a cellular phospholipidosis in the bronchoalveolar lavage of human subjects.

Amiodarone pulmonary toxicity represents an example of a life-threatening adverse drug reaction. Our study examined 10 subjects with amiodarone pulmonary toxicity by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and determined that cells obtained by BAL demonstrated marked increases in various phospholipids compared to control subjects (n = 7). Bis monoacylglycerol phosphate and phosphatidylglycerol were significantly increased in both relative and absolute amounts (P less than .01). Several other phospholipids also were significantly increased in absolute amounts within the cell fraction. In contrast, the cell-free BAL fluid revealed only minor differences in phospholipid content. There was a strong direct correlation between concentration of amiodarone and its primary metabolite, desethylamiodarone in BAL cells (r = 0.98), and also a direct correlation between either the concentration of amiodarone or desethylamiodarone and the accumulation of phospholipids in the cells (r = 0.97, both determinations). This study indicates that findings from BAL in human subjects may provide specific and quantifiable evidence of pulmonary phospholipidosis, and suggests the concentration of the drug or its primary metabolite in BAL cells is a major determinant for the degree of phospholipid accumulation in the lung.
Genetic network properties of the human cortex based on regional thickness and surface area measures.

We examined network properties of genetic covariance between average cortical thickness (CT) and surface area (SA) within genetically-identified cortical parcellations that we previously derived from human cortical genetic maps using vertex-wise fuzzy clustering analysis with high spatial resolution. There were 24 hierarchical parcellations based on vertex-wise CT and 24 based on vertex-wise SA expansion/contraction; in both cases the 12 parcellations per hemisphere were largely symmetrical. We utilized three techniques—biometrical genetic modeling, cluster analysis, and graph theory—to examine genetic relationships and network properties within and between the 48 parcellation measures. Biometrical modeling indicated significant shared genetic covariance between size of several of the genetic parcellations. Cluster analysis suggested small distinct groupings of genetic covariance; networks highlighted several significant negative and positive genetic correlations between bilateral parcellations. Graph theoretical analysis suggested that small world, but not rich club, network properties may characterize the genetic relationships between these regional size measures. These findings suggest that cortical genetic parcellations exhibit short characteristic path lengths across a broad network of connections. This property may be protective against network failure. In contrast, previous research with structural data has observed strong rich club properties with tightly interconnected hub networks. Future studies of these genetic networks might provide powerful phenotypes for genetic studies of normal and pathological brain development, aging, and function.
The Roles of Membrane Rafts in CD32A-Mediated Phagocytosis

Membrane rafts are highly dynamic heterogeneous sterol- and sphingolipid-rich micro-domains on cell surfaces. They are generally believed to provide residency for cell surface molecules (e.g., adhesion and signaling molecules) and scaffolding to facilitate the functions of these molecules such as membrane trafficking, receptor transport, cell signaling, and endocytosis.The governing, or overall hypothesis, for this project is that membrane rafts provide residency for Fc[gamma]RIIA (CD32A) on K562 cells, and that by doing so they provide a platform from which Fc[gamma]RIIA initiate or carry out their functions, which include migration, signaling, phagocytic synapse formation, and internalization of IgG opsonized targets.Using immuno-fluorescent laser scanning confocal microscopy and reflection interference microscopy (RIM), we studied the spatial and temporal distributions of membrane rafts and surface receptors, signaling molecules, and cell organelles during the formation of phagocytic contact areas. K562 cells, which naturally express CD32A, a cell surface receptor for the Fc portion of Immuno-globulin G(IgG), was chosen as a model for neutrophils. An opsonized target was modeled using a glass supported lipid bilayer reconstituted with IgG. CD32A was found to cluster and co-localize with membrane rafts. Placing the K562 cells on the lipid bilayer triggered a process of contact area formation that includes binding between receptors and ligands, their recruitment to the contact area, a concurrent membrane raft movement to and concentration in the contact area, and transport of CD32A, IgG, and membrane rafts to the Golgi complex. Characterization of these processes was performed using agents known to disrupt detergent resistant membranes (DRMs), dissolve actin microfilaments, and inhibit myosin motor activity, which abolished the CD32A clusters and prevented the contact area formation. The relevance to phagocytosis of contact area formation between K562 cells and lipid bilayers was demonstrated using micro-beads coated with a lipid bilayer reconstituted with IgG as the opsonized target instead of the glass supported planar lipid bilayer. Disruption of membrane rafts, salvation of the actin cytoskeleton, and inhibition of myosin II activity were found to inhibit phagocytosis.These data suggest membrane rafts play several important roles in CD32A mediated phagocytosis including pre-clustering CD32A, transport of CD32A to the phagocytic cup, and transport of the opsonized target towards the Golgi complex. Here we have provided evidence that membrane rafts serve as platforms which are used to cluster CD32A and transport CD32A along the actin cytoskeleton to the site of phagocytic synapse formation thus allowing for the quick assembly of a phagocytic synapse.
A review of hormonal factors influencing the sexual and aggressive behavior of macaques.

The effects of gonadal hormones on the sexual and aggressive behavior of adult macaques are reviewed. Similarities among findings from field, colony, and laboratory studies strengthen the view that testosterone facilitates the sexual and aggressive behavior of males, while sexual and perhaps aggressive behavior by the female is mainly dependent on estradiol, which increases both the sexual motivation of the female and her attractiveness to males. Differences between results from different settings help to emphasize the role of environmental and social factors in modulating the effects of hormones. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The pro-angiogenic cytokine pleiotrophin potentiates cardiomyocyte apoptosis through inhibition of endogenous AKT/PKB activity.

Pleiotrophin is a development-regulated cytokine and growth factor that can promote angiogenesis, cell proliferation, or differentiation, and it has been reported to have neovasculogenic effects in damaged heart. Developmentally, it is prominently expressed in fetal and neonatal hearts, but it is minimally expressed in normal adult heart. Conversely, we show in a rat model of myocardial infarction and in human dilated cardiomyopathy that pleiotrophin is markedly up-regulated. To elucidate the effects of pleiotrophin on cardiac contractile cells, we employed primary cultures of rat neonatal and adult cardiomyocytes. We show that pleiotrophin is released from cardiomyocytes in vitro in response to hypoxia and that the addition of recombinant pleiotrophin promotes caspase-mediated genomic DNA fragmentation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Functionally, it potentiates the apoptotic response of neonatal cardiomyocytes to hypoxic stress and to ultraviolet irradiation and of adult cardiomyocytes to hypoxia-reoxygenation. Moreover, UV-induced apoptosis in neonatal cardiomyocytes can be partially inhibited by small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of endogenous pleiotrophin. Mechanistically, pleiotrophin antagonizes IGF-1 associated Ser-473 phosphorylation of AKT/PKB, and it concomitantly decreases both BAD and GSK3β phosphorylation. Adenoviral expression of constitutively active AKT and lithium chloride-mediated inhibition of GSK3β reduce the potentiated programmed cell death elicited by pleiotrophin. These latter data indicate that pleiotrophin potentiates cardiomyocyte cell death, at least partially, through inhibition of AKT signaling. In conclusion, we have uncovered a novel function for pleiotrophin on heart cells following injury. It fosters cardiomyocyte programmed cell death in response to pro-apoptotic stress, which may be critical to myocardial injury repair.
Interaction of mantle-derived magma with island crust? Trace element and oxygen isotope data from the Diego Hernandez Formation, Las Cañadas, Tenerife

Abstract The Quaternary Diego Hernandez Formation consists of interbedded phonolitic pyroclastics and basanite lavas and scoria beds. Most of the phonolites are mingled-magma units that contain a minor mafic component. The phonolites fall into two stratigraphically bounded groups, based on major and trace element abundances. Nb contents are especially distinctive, due to a varying role for titanite during petrogenesis. Nepheline syenite xenoliths, which are plentiful in some of the phonolitic ignimbrites, fall into the same two compositional groupings but are typically more strongly differentiated. Major and trace element variations during evolution of the phonolites can be modelled by fractional crystallization, by melting of syenite, or by some combination of the two such as AFC. Trace element variations among the basanites require the addition of a highly fractionated felsic component, either phonolitic magma or nepheline syenite. δ 18 O values of phonolites vary across twice the range of the basanites, inconsistent with an origin by pure fractional crystallization of a basanitic parent. We conclude that recycling of differentiated rocks within the Tenerife island edifice has played a significant role in Quaternary magmatism on Tenerife.
Minimum time pulse response based control of flexible structures

This paper presents the pulse response based control method for minimum time control of structures. An explicit model of a structure is not needed for this method, because the structure is represented in terms of its measured response to pulses in control inputs. Minimum time control problems are solved by finding the minimal number of time steps for which a control history exists that consists of a train of pulses, satisfies input bounds, and results in desired outputs at the end of the control task. There is no modal truncation in the pulse response representation of the response, because all modes contribute to the pulse response data. The precision with which the final state of the system can be specified using pulse response based control is limited only by the observability of the system with the given set of outputs. A special algorithm for solving the numerical optimization problem arising in pulse response based control is presented, and the effect of measurement noise on the accuracy of the final predicted outputs is investigated. A numerical example demonstrates the effectiveness of pulse response based control and the algorithm used to implement it. The pulse response based control method is applied to linear problems in this paper.
Solid breeder test blanket module design and analysis

This paper presents the design and analysis for the US ITER solid breeder blanket test articles. Objectives of solid breeder blanket testing during the first phase of the ITER operation focus on exploration of fusion break-in phenomena and configuration scoping. Specific emphasis is placed on first wall structural response, evaluation of neutronic parameters, assessment of thermomechanical behavior and characterization of tritium release. The tests will be conducted with three unit cell arrays/sub-modules. The development approach includes: (1) design the unit cell/sub-module for low temperature operations and (2) refer to a reactor blanket design and use engineering scaling to reproduce key parameters under ITER wall loading conditions, so that phenomena under investigation can be measured at a reactor-like level.
Sphincter Defects Are Not Associated With Long-Term Incontinence Following Ileal Pouch-Anal Anastomosis

Frequent loose stools test the integrity of sphincter function in patients undergoing ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. The authors hypothesized that women with anal sphincter defects were more likely to experience incontinence episodes than women with intact sphincter muscles following ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. From 1996 to 1998, 42 women with a mean age of 42 (range, 22–63) years were prospectively evaluated by anorectal manometry and endoanal ultrasound before pouch surgery. Forty women underwent a stapled ileal pouch-anal anastomosis and two underwent a handsewn anastomosis. All patients considered themselves continent of stool before the procedure. A postoperative survey including the Cleveland Clinic Florida scale, Fecal Incontinence Severity Index, and Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life scale was sent to study participants. Nineteen women with an obstetrical history had significant sphincter defects associated with significant lower mean resting pressure, mean squeeze pressure, and shorter anal canal length (3 vs. 3.7 cm, P = 0.0007). Thirty-five women (83 percent) responded resulting in a mean follow-up of 62 (range, 49-72) months. Fourteen responders (mean age, 46 years) had sphincter defects but no significant difference was found in Cleveland Clinic Florida scale, Fecal Incontinence Severity Index, or Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life scale scores when compared with those without defects. Although almost all women reported episodes of seepage, marked sphincter defects associated with low anal pressures and shorter anal canal length did not affect anal function following pouch surgery. This study supports the findings that continent women with significant sphincter defects on ultrasound evaluation may be considered for restorative proctocolectomy.
An improvement of color image segmentation through projective clustering

Image segmentation as the processing of partitioning a digital image into multiple segments has wide applications, such as image retrieval, medical inspection, and computer forensics. Clustering methods as one solution are applied on a single or multiple feature spaces of an image, such as color, intensity, or texture, in order to group similar pixels that share certain visual characteristics. Given a particular color image, not all features from a color space, such as RGB, HSV, or Lab, are equally effective in describing the visual characteristics of segments. In this paper, we propose a projective clustering algorithm HCPC (Hill-Climbing based Projective Clustering) which utilizes EPCH (an efficient projective clustering technique by histogram construction) as the main framework and hill-climbing algorithm for dense region detection, for color image segmentation, thereby finding interesting clusters (segments) within subspaces of a given feature space. A new feature space, named HSVrVgVb, is also explored which is derived from HSV (Hue, Saturation, and Value) color space. The experimental results show that compared with hill-climbing algorithm (for efficient color-based image segmentation), our proposed algorithm is more scalable when the dimensionality of feature space is high, and also generates comparable segmentation results.
Cervical deformity: Pre-operative evaluation and surgical treatment options

Abstract Cervical deformity is a major cause of cervical myelopathy and often leads to poor health-related quality-of-life outcomes. These deformities are complex in nature and require a thorough understanding of the radiographic parameters used to measure the degree of malalignment in order to develop an appropriate pre-operative plan. The magnitude and rigidity of the deformity often dictates whether an anterior, posterior, or combined approach is required to achieve the goals of surgery, which are to decompress the neural elements, as well as reestablish regional and global spinal alignment.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of a Synthetic Ion Channel

A molecular dynamics simulation has been performed on a synthetic membrane-spanning ion channel, consisting of four alpha-helical peptides, each of which is composed of the amino acids leucine (L) and serine (S), with the sequence Ac-(LSLLLSL)3-CONH2. This four-helix bundle has been shown experimentally to act as a proton-conducting channel in a membrane environment. In the present simulation, the channel was initially assembled as a parallel bundle in the octane portion of a phase-separated water/octane system, which provided a membrane-mimetic environment. An explicit reversible multiple-time-step integrator was used to generate a dynamical trajectory, a few nanoseconds in duration for this composite system on a parallel computer, under ambient conditions. After more than 1 ns, the four helices were found to adopt an associated dimer state with twofold symmetry, which evolved into a coiled-coil tetrameric structure with a left-handed twist. In the coiled-coil state, the polar serine side chains interact to form a layered structure with the core of the bundle filled with H2O. The dipoles of these H2O molecules tended to align opposite the net dipole of the peptide bundle. The calculated dipole relaxation function of the pore H2O molecules exhibits two reorientation times. One is approximately 3.2 ps, and the other is approximately 100 times longer. The diffusion coefficient of the pore H2O is about one-third of the bulk H2O value. The total dipole moment and the inertia tensor of the peptide bundle have been calculated and reveal slow (300 ps) collective oscillatory motions. Our results, which are based on a simple united atom force-field model, suggest that the function of this synthetic ion channel is likely inextricably coupled to its dynamical behavior.
Muscle and cartilage differentiation in small and large explants from the chick embryo limb bud.

Abstract Larger fragments of prospective chondrogenic or myogenic limb bud mesenchyme of the 4-day chick embryo differentiated primarily into cartilage in organ culture. Muscle sometimes was present in the peripheral areas adjacent to the larger central masses of cartilage. When the individual fragments of limb bud mesenchyme were cut into four smaller pieces and grown in organ culture, cartilage did not differentiate but muscle was present. Autoradiographic experiments with labeled thymidine and quantitative experiments with 3 H-adenosine revealed a marked stimulation of DNA and RNA synthesis in the smaller explants, compared to the larger masses of limb bud mesenchyme.
Affinity directed reactions of 3-trimethylaminomethyl catechol with the acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo californica.

Summary 3-Trimethylaminomethyl catechol (TMC) was synthesized and shown maximally to inactivate 50% of the α-bungarotoxin (B tx) binding to the acetylcholine receptor (AcChR) from Torpedo californica electroplax. Incubation of the receptor with unsubstituted catechol produced no toxin binding inactivation of the receptor. Further, co-incubation of the receptor with 1 mM hexamethonium and 30 mM TMC effectively blocked the affinity-directed inactivation of Btx binding produced by incubation with 30 mM TMC alone. This degree of protection was consistent with the relative binding constants for hexamethonium (4.8 × 10−6 M) and TMC (2.8 × 10−5 M) with the AcChR. The affinity directed inactivation is suggested to be due to the covalent reaction of one or more of the quinone intermediates formed during the spontaneous oxidation of TMC with the Btx binding sites of the AcChR.
A thermodynamic model for ionic polymer–metal composites and finite volume-finite element solution

Abstract The transient electromechanical response of an ionic polymer–metal composite (IPMC) is modeled within a thermodynamic framework using the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory coupled with electrostatically driven diffusion to account for the flow of the ionic fluid phase. A finite volume-finite element model to handle general electromechanical load conditions has been developed based on the new beam theory. The model has been shown to simulate various electromechanical responses of IPMC strips including initial overshoot followed by a back-relaxation, and anode and cathode side equilibrium configurations. Water–polymer interaction has been shown to be sufficient to capture these responses. The model can be used in both actuator and sensor applications of IPMC beams.
New evidence for the role of acetylcholine in conduction.

Ranvier nodes of single frog sciatic nerve fibers and desheathed bundles of frog tibialis nerve have been exposed to several compounds known to react with the acetylcholine system. The effects on electrical activity and on membrane properties have been studied. Eserine, a strong inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase, reversibly blocks conduction at Ranvier nodes in concentrations of 200–300 μg/ml within 30 sec; on intact frog sciatic nerve 20–30 min are required to obtain the same result with eserine at 3–5 mg/ml. 1.5 to 15 μg/ml eserine increases the spike amplitude and prolongs its descending phase. Lipid-soluble dimethyl aminoethyl acetate, when applied to Ranvier nodes at 1 mg/ml, increases spike height and prolongs the descending phase. When applied in combination with eserine (1.5 μg/ml) it blocks conduction reversibly. A lipid-soluble quaternary ammonium compound, pyridine-aldoxime dodeciodide blocks conduction of Ranvier nodes; at 10−6M the effect is reversible, while at 5·10−6 it becomes irreversible. At lower concentrations (10−7M pyridine-aldoxime dodeciodide increases the amplitude and duration of the spike. Pyridine-aldoxime dodeciodide and other lipid-soluble quaternary ammonium compounds, applied to desheathed frog tibialis nerve at concentrations which do not affect the resting potential, increase the permeability to sodium, that to potassium appears slightly decreased. The mechanism of the action of these compounds is discussed. The effects offer new evidence for the role of acetylcholine in the conduction of nerve impulses.
SPINR—A Wide-Field Ultraviolet Spectral Imaging System

We present the design, data analysis strategy, and flight results of a system for recording spectral images of astrophysical sources at ultraviolet wavelengths. The system, called the Spectrograph for Photometric Imaging with Numeric Reconstruction (SPINR), is a combination of a new optical design with novel observing and data processing strategies to record a full three-dimensional (two spatial and one spectral dimension) data cube. The SPINR technique allows the use of higher throughput spectrographs than conventional push-broom techniques and as a result delivers higher sensitivity.
Correlation of the inability to sustain growth in defined serum-free medium with the suppression of tumorigenicity in Wilms' nephroblastoma

We report the investigation of the growth properties of tumorigenic and reverted nontumorigenic Wilms' nephroblastoma cells when cultured in serum-free medium. Wilms' tumor, a pediatric nephroblastoma, has been associated with deletions encompassing the p13 band of chromosome 11 and an independent loss of heterozygosity at 11p15. Weissman et al. (Science 236:175-180, 1987) transferred a human der(11) chromosome into the G401.6TG.6 Wilms' tumor cell line via the microcell-mediated chromosome transfer technique. The resulting microcell hybrids were nontumorigenic when assayed in nude mice; however these cells retained all of the in vitro growth and morphological characteristics of the tumorigenic parental cells in 10% fetal calf serum (FCS). Segregation of the der(11) chromosome from the nontumorigenic microcell hybrid cells resulted in the reappearance of the tumorigenic phenotype in vivo. In vitro culture of these cell lines in serum-free medium supplemented with 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 10 ng/ml Na2O3Se resulted in sustained growth of both the tumorigenic parent and the tumorigenic segregant while the nontumorigenic microcell hybrids were unable to divide. The separate addition of either 10 ng/ml of epidermal growth factor (EGF) or 5 micrograms/ml of insulin did not alter this effect. However, the addition of 5 micrograms/ml of transferrin stimulated the nontumorigenic microcell hybrid cells to grow at a rate comparable to the tumorigenic cells. In addition, conditioned serum-free medium from the tumorigenic parental or tumorigenic segregant cell lines was able to stimulate the growth of the nontumorigenic microcell hybrid cells, whereas the reciprocal experiment had no effect on the growth of the tumorigenic cells. These data suggest that the inability of the microcell hybrid cells to grow in serum-free conditions is correlated with their genetic nontumorigenic phenotype and that a specific growth factor, transferrin, can bypass or alter this negative growth regulatory pathway(s) in vitro.
Stereocontrolled synthesis of substituted 2-alkoxytetrahydropyrans from meso-2,4-dimethylglutaric anhydride

Abstract Methods for efficient synthesis of A-ring fragments present in monensin and several of the nigericin group of ionophores and of α-multistriatin are described.
Injection of innocuous oils to create reactive barriers for bioremediation: Laboratory studies

In situ groundwater remediation may be achieved using stationary permeable barriers created by the injection of a substrate, such as innocuous vegetable oil, into the contaminated aquifer. The oil provides the electron donor stimulating microorganisms to degrade or sequester many contaminants. At present, little is known about the best procedures to use when injecting oil into an aquifer. In this investigation, laboratory column and sand tank studies were used as model systems to explore the effect of different injection parameters on the distribution of oil emulsions into water-saturated sand. The parameters investigated included injection pressures of 70, 1400 and 18,000 KPa; injection times of 15, 30, 60 or 120 s; and the influence of an emulsifier, polyoxyethylenesorbitan monooleate (Tween 80), upon the distribution of the injected oil. The longest injection patterns were achieved at 18,000 KPa. A pattern that was 46 ± 1.8 cm long was produced with an 18,000 KPa injection for 60 s. Increasing the injection time to 120 s increased the length of the pattern by only 6.5%. Tween 80 at concentrations of 0.05% increased the width of the injection patterns but did not increase the length of the pattern. A multi-ported injection probe might be used to create in situ permeable barriers approximately 1 m wide.
The Utility of Brief, On-Product Instructional Labels for a Fall Arrest Restraint Device

Fall arrest restraint devices for hunters are sometimes confusing to assemble due to the similarity of components; yet erroneous application can prove fatal. While assembly instructions are typically provided, they may not be available at the time of use. This study investigated the utility of adding brief, on-product instructional labels to a fall arrest restraint device. It was hypothesized that the addition of such labels would increase the rate of correct assembly over unlabeled restraints, and be about as effective as restraints provided with full instructions. Fifty-nine subjects were randomly assigned to one of three groups: (1) Restraint Only; (2) Restraint + Labels; (3) Restraint + Instructions. Labeled restraints produced more correct assemblies than unlabeled restraints; however, this finding was non-significant. While labels facilitated one aspect of assembly, they did not lead to improved overall assembly relative to restraints provided with instructions. Those receiving instructions performed significantly better than the other two groups. Many subjects receiving instructions were observed to rely largely on illustrations, rather than text. Results suggest that for products where assembly is non-intuitive, brief on-product identification labels may not be sufficient to guide proper assembly. Further, given that some consumers will not consult instructions or instructions may become separated from the product, manufacturers should strive toward intuitive designs. Language: en
‘The only place where an Arab can hit a Jew and get a medal for it’: boxing and masculine pride among Arab citizens of Israel

Hamze Yunes' life story from Israeli boxing star to Palestinian guerrilla is highly interesting as a case study that challenges the conventional linkage between Arab sport and politics in Israel. A...
Audiovisual integration in human superior temporal sulcus: Inverse effectiveness and the neural processing of speech and object recognition

The superior temporal sulcus (STS) is a region involved in audiovisual integration. In non-human primates, multisensory neurons in STS display inverse effectiveness. In two fMRI studies using multisensory tool and speech stimuli presented at parametrically varied levels of signal strength, we show that the pattern of neural activation in human STS is also inversely effective. Although multisensory tool-defined and speech-defined regions of interest were non-overlapping, the pattern of inverse effectiveness was the same for tools and speech across regions. The findings suggest that, even though there are sub-regions in STS that are speech-selective, the manner in which visual and auditory signals are integrated in multisensory STS is not specific to speech.
Gaussian quadrature for trigonometric polynomials: an example from observability

Gaussian quadrature rules are derived for spaces of sine functions with respect to very generalmeasures. The relationships with classical Tschebyscheff polynomials of the second kind are explored.
Constitutive Property Behavior of Type N and Type S Mortars

An extensive program of quasi-static mechanical property tests was conducted to characterize the mechanical behavior of type N and type S mortars under various stress and strain boundary conditions to decide which mortar to use in the construction of triple-brick and brick-over-block walls. The material characterization effort consisted of hydrostatic compression, unconfined compression, triaxial compression, direct pull, reduced triaxial extension, and uniaxial strain tests. The results from all of the quasi-static tests provided the mechanical properties required for determining which mortar to use in the construction of target walls for projectile perforation experiments as well as the constitutive model coefficients for numerical simulations of these experiments. This paper provides a summary of the mechanical property test results obtained for type N and type S mortars and the rational for using type S mortar in the construction of triple-brick and brick-over-block walls.
Syndepositional shallow-water precipitation of glauconitic minerals

Abstract Numerous studies have demonstrated that glauconitic minerals predominantly form in water depths of mid-shelf to upper slope in modern oceans. These areas tend to have slow sedimentation rates, another commonly cited requisite for glauconitic mineral precipitation. Cambro-Ordovician strata from the southwestern US are rich in glauconitic minerals. Stratigraphic, sedimentological, and petrographic constraints indicate that the glauconitic minerals are autochthonous. In marked contrast to the modern environments of deposition, these Cambro-Ordovician strata formed under very shallow-water to tidal-flat conditions. The trough cross-stratified deposits of the most glauconitic mineral-rich accumulations (glaucarenites) indicate a high energy environment and probably a normal to high rate of sedimentation. The presence of fibroradiated rims of glauconitic minerals on glauconitic mineral pellets, echinoderm fragments, and quartz grains demonstrates that the Cambro-Ordovician glauconitic minerals precipitated on or in close proximity to the sea floor and prior to calcite precipitation. Consequently, glauconitic minerals must have formed under markedly different conditions in the lower Paleozoic than they do today. Thus, the occurrence of glauconitic minerals in the rock record cannot be used a priori as an environmental indicator of either mid-shelf and deeper water and/or a slow rate of sedimentation.
Science, art, and artifacts: how important is quantification for the practicing physician interpreting myocardial perfusion studies?

Although considerable efforts have been directed toward improving imaging agents and imaging equipment, relatively little attention has been give to factors that optimize image interpretation. Stress myocardial perfusion images are often interpreted by visual inspection alone. This may introduce considerable inter- and intraobserver variability. Importantly, clinical usefulness of myocardial perfusion imaging may not be consistently reproduced in many laboratories using visual analysis. Relative myocardial distribution of imaging agents on either planar or single-photon emission computed tomographic images can be readily quantified and compared with normal data files by computer processing. Quantification of myocardial perfusion images provides a reproducible measure of the extent of perfusion abnormalities and defect reversibility. The extent of perfusion abnormalities has been shown to have prognostic significance. Computer quantification of myocardial perfusion images improves not only the overall diagnostic yield but also enhances reliability, accuracy, confidence, and reproducibility of interpretation.
The eye in advertising

The researcher studies two variables: pupil dilation and eye direction. The focus is on the effect of these factors on advertising in visual media.
Effects of Long Piers on Birds in Tidal Wetlands

Abstract As human development continues in coastal areas, shoreline properties adjacent to expansive tidal marsh habitat are increasingly used for access to coastal waterways via long piers (>30 m) over marsh habitat. These tidal wetlands provide breeding and foraging habitat for many marsh birds, which may be affected by the human disturbance associated with long piers. Our objectives were to determine the effect of long piers over vegetated tidal marshes on the relative abundance and species richness of marsh birds. We completed combined passive and callback surveys in tidal marsh habitat at 22 sites with long piers and 24 sites without long piers, May–July 2005–2006 in Worcester County, Maryland, USA. Pier sites had lower relative abundance and species richness of obligate marsh birds than nonpier sites. Pier sites had a greater relative abundance of gulls, terns, herons, and egrets than nonpier sites. Pier sites had fewer species of herons and egrets than at nonpier sites. The presence of long piers h...
Hibernation: An opioid-dependent state?

Abstract Hibernation reduces substantially the heart rate of hamsters as well as the respiratory rate, the body temperature and the arousal level. The heart rate is reversed dramatically by the injection of low doses of Naloxone and in some cases the hamster arouses prematurely from hibernation. The effect is not due to the pain of the injection because saline injections do not produce such changes. The effect requires a pre-existing state of hibernation because Naloxone has no cardioacceleratory or arousal effect in non-hibernating hamsters that have had their heart rate and body temperature decreased substantially during hypothermia. These results suggest that endogenous opioids may comtribute specifically to the state of hibernation. Moreover, a physiological role may exist for an anti-opioid system in the promotion of arousal from hibernation.
Outpatient screening for gastrointestinal lesions using guaiac-impregnated slides

A study of international cancer risk differences provided an opportunity to evaluate the Greegor test on an outpatient basis. 1,539 Japanese-American men performed the test, which identifies blood in feces through the use of guaiac-impregnated slides. Subjects having occult blood were asked to repeat the procedure on a meat-free, high-bulk diet. Four asymptomatic cancers were among 25 gastrointestinal lesions subsequently identified in individuals with positive, restricted-diet guaiac tests. In three of the four cancer cases, only weakly positive guaiac reactions were found.
Local Economic Development: What is Proposed, What is Done, and What Difference Does it Make?

This paper assesses the comparative policy insights gained from the articles in the symposium in terms of three dimensions: policies proposed, actions taken, and impacts scored. Local economic development interventions are classified in terms of a five-way categorization in terms of geographic breadth of action and reliance on complementary private action as a prerequisite to lasting impact. The nine symposium cases are then examined for their evidence on development efforts’ accountability to the public and lessons about efficient use of public funds. The paper concludes that the cases demonstrate that most development efforts have wasted public funds, offering at best the limited success resulting from efforts to beggar neighboring local economics with which competition for development continues.
Inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase A induces oxidative stress and inhibits tumor progression

As the result of genetic alterations and tumor hypoxia, many cancer cells avidly take up glucose and generate lactate through lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), which is encoded by a target gene of c-Myc and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1). Previous studies with reduction of LDHA expression indicate that LDHA is involved in tumor initiation, but its role in tumor maintenance and progression has not been established. Furthermore, how reduction of LDHA expression by interference or antisense RNA inhibits tumorigenesis is not well understood. Here, we report that reduction of LDHA by siRNA or its inhibition by a small-molecule inhibitor (FX11 [3-dihydroxy-6-methyl-7-(phenylmethyl)-4-propylnaphthalene-1-carboxylic acid]) reduced ATP levels and induced significant oxidative stress and cell death that could be partially reversed by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. Furthermore, we document that FX11 inhibited the progression of sizable human lymphoma and pancreatic cancer xenografts. When used in combination with the NAD+ synthesis inhibitor FK866, FX11 induced lymphoma regression. Hence, inhibition of LDHA with FX11 is an achievable and tolerable treatment for LDHA-dependent tumors. Our studies document a therapeutical approach to the Warburg effect and demonstrate that oxidative stress and metabolic phenotyping of cancers are critical aspects of cancer biology to consider for the therapeutical targeting of cancer energy metabolism.
SU-EE-A3-02: Retrospective Dose Reconstruction for Respiration-Gated VMAT

Purpose: The Varian Trilogy MX linac allows respiration‐gated volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT). The aim of this work is to develop a technique to reconstruct the actual dose delivered in gated‐VMAT treatment using on‐treatment 4D cone‐beam CT (CBCT) that supplies the most updated anatomy and dynamic log‐files which record the actual leaf positions, gantry angles, and cumulative monitor units (MUs) during the delivery. Method and Materials: 4D CBCT was acquired before the dose delivery and systematic log‐files were retrieved after the gated‐VMAT delivery. Actual delivery at a control point including MLC leaf positions, gantry angles and cumulative monitor units (MUs) were recorded in the log‐files and the information was extracted using an in‐house software. The extracted information was then embedded into the original DICOM‐radiotherapy (RT) plan file to replace the original control point parameters. The reconstituted DICOM‐RT file was imported into the treatment planning system (TPS) and dose was computed on the treatment phase of the 4D CBCT. A series of 4D phantom experiments was performed to show the feasibility and efficacy of this dose reconstruction technique. Results: A dose reconstruction procedure has been established for respiration‐gated VMAT. The studies indicate that 4D CBCT‐based VMAT dose reconstruction is achievable and provides a valuable tool for monitoring the dose actually delivered to the tumor target as well as the sensitive structures. In the ideal situation where the 4D phantom is set up identically in planning CT and on‐treatment CBCT, the reconstructed dose distributions on 4D CBCT show no significant difference (<3%) from the planned. It is also elucidated that the proposed method is capable of revealing the dosimetric changes in the presence of setup errors and irregular motion during the treatment. Conclusion: The proposed methodology affords an objective means for dosimetric evaluation of newly available respiration‐gated VMAT.
The integral Novikov conjectures for linear groups containing torsion elements

In this paper, we show that for any global field k, the generalized integral Novikov conjecture in both K- and L-theories holds for every finitely generated subgroup Γ of GL(n, k). This implies that the conjecture holds for every finitely generated subgroup of , where is the algebraic closure of . We also show that for every linear algebraic group Γ defined over k, every S-arithmetic subgroup satisfies this generalized integral Novikov conjecture. We note that the integral Novikov conjecture implies the stable Borel conjecture, in particular, the stable Borel conjecture holds for all the above torsion-free groups. Most of these subgroups are not discrete subgroups of Lie groups with finitely many connected components, and some of them are not finitely generated. When the field k is a function field such as , and the k-rank of Γ is positive, many of these S-arithmetic subgroups such as do not admit cofinite universal spaces for proper actions.
Predictive testing with the subrenal capsule assay

Summary Measurement of drug activity as an oncolytic effect, use of the control only to monitor the quality of tissue implanted, and the rapid clearance of necrotic tissue from the subcapsular site, as significant factors incorporated into the design of the assay, have permitted use of a simple tumor size parameter for evaluating drug activity. The simplicity and economy of such a parameter, the predictability and reproducibility of the 6-day assay observed thus far, and evidence that the assay does measure a biological property of the tumor apart from host response, have warranted the continued use of the 6-day time frame and the normal immunocompetent CDF 1 mouse as xenograft host. These studies have demonstrated the feasibility of using human tumor explants obtained from a variety of solid human malignancies in a straightforward, short term, in vivo predictive assay system. Preliminary correlations between in vivo (assay) tumor sensitivity and clinical response have given reasonable concurrence. This crucial point will require further study, with larger numbers of patients, under more rigid conditions. Final validation of this, and other, predictive assays will require a prospective, randomized study in large numbers of patients. Our present prospective study is being continued, therefore, with expansion to a multi-institutional design over a broader geographic area.
Autonomic nervous system function in chronic dizziness.

Objective:The goals of this study were to validate the clinical diagnosis of autonomic dizziness as a cause of chronic nonvertiginous dizziness that may be exacerbated by physical exertion or orthostatic challenges, estimate its prevalence in a tertiary referral population, and investigate the usefu
Determinants of Zambian Men’s Extra-Marital Sex: A Multi-level Analysis

Research interest in extra-marital sex has increased as scholars have become aware of its role in sustaining epidemics of STDs in sub-Saharan Africa and elsewhere. While most research has used the socioeconomic and demographic features of individuals as determinants of extra-marital sexual behavior, this study examined the role played by community characteristics. Using data from the 2003 Zambian Sexual Behavior Survey for a sample of 1,118 men aged 15–59 and multilevel logistic regression techniques, the study analyzed the effects of community social and demographic characteristics on involvement in extra-marital sex while controlling for the men’s individual-level characteristics. Men’s involvement in extra-marital sex was found to vary with the characteristics of communities. The chances of men’s involvement in extra-marital sex increased with community-level ethnic heterogeneity and urbanization, decreased in commercial centers, and in communities with a demographic surplus of males, health workers active in AIDS prevention, and access to the mass media. These results show that scholars trying to understand the motivations for extra-marital sex must pay attention to the characteristics of both individuals and communities.