cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Iceberg disconnect criteria for floating production systems

In designing a floating offshore production system to operate in a region with risk of impacts from icebergs, the effectiveness of management and avoidance of detected icebergs may be considered when determining design ice loads. Management can include deflection of encroaching icebergs through towing or use of water cannon. Avoidance would typically consist of disconnecting the floater and moving off site for cases when an iceberg cannot be managed, but could also include moving off site for periods with high numbers of icebergs. There may be grounds for remaining on site in certain cases (e.g., small icebergs in low sea states) if it can be clearly demonstrated that there are no serious risks. This paper discusses issues involved when determining guidelines for remaining on site, including relevant standards and limits states, trade-offs between ice strengthening and operational requirements, and considerations when presented with a threat by a specific iceberg and set of environmental conditions. A probabilistic approach is presented for establishing operational criteria for disconnection that will still ensure target reliabilities with respect to iceberg impact loads are achieved.
Classical Electrodynamics of Extended Bodies

We study the classical electrodynamics of extended bodies. Currently in the literature, no self-consistent dynamical theory of such bodies exists. Causally correct equations can be produced only in the point-charge limit; this has the unfortunate result of infinite self-energies, requiring some renormalization procedure, and perturbative methods to account for radiation. We review the history that has led to the understanding of this fact. We then investigate possible self-consistent, non-point-charge, classical electrodynamic theories. We do this by first removing point charges from the Lagrangian, and then including all quadratic, first-order derivative terms of the electromagnetic field tensor, while fully accounting for space-time curvature. This results in three new terms in the Lagrangian: a direct current-current interaction and two curvature-mediated (non-minimally coupled) short-range interactions, one of which changes sign under a parity transformation. These could be interpreted as non-electromagnetic short-range forces between small, stable objects. For the simplest possible theory (which does not include the curvature mediated terms), we find a stable spherical solution, which due to an integrable singularity at the solution's center, has quantized mass and charge. It has a small, central core of charge surrounded by a wave of alternating charged, spherical shells, where the amplitude of the charge density wave is inversely proportional to the radial coordinate. The curvature mediated interactions appear to preclude spherically, charged solutions in the more general theory, while maintaining the possibility of spinning solutions with quantized mass and charge.
Review of The Problem With Software: Why Smart Engineers Write Bad Code

As we become progressively more dependent on computers and the software they run, the threat of bugs in computer systems is more and more concerning. This book begins by describing attacks of different viruses in 1988 and 2014 that exploited similar programming errors. These vulnerabilities in the respective programs resulted from simple mistakes and their fixes seemed trivial. It is astounding to realize that in the intervening twenty five years no standard methodology was implemented to detect this sort of problem and that the programming community did not learn from their collective mistakes made in the recent past. Upon reflection, this seems to be the accepted norm in software engineering. As the author points out, "Software has few of the hallmarks of engineering where a body of knowledge is built up over time based on rigorous experimentation." This book is a quest to understand why that is so and to explore how we can begin to rectify this wrong.
Pediatric heart transplantation for a case with fulminant myocarditis aided by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

2岁9月龄患儿因“发热2 d、咳嗽、气促、腹痛1 d”入河南省儿童医院治疗，诊断为暴发性心肌炎。给予体外膜肺氧合（ECMO）辅助治疗，心功能未恢复，左心扩张明显，于ECMO运行第9天放置左心引流，仍反复心律失常，对症处理效差。于ECMO运行第15天经ECMO转运至外院行心脏移植手术。随访患儿发育同同龄儿，长期服用抗排异药物。.
Abstract 14985: Presence of Repolarization Gradients Reverses Post-infarct Ventricular Tachycardia Exit and Entrance Sites in Personalized Digital Hearts

Introduction: Post-infarct ventricular tachycardias (VT) arise due to structural remodeling (scarring). Physiological repolarization gradients (apicobasal and transmural) exist in the human heart, ...
Deep Siamese Neural Networks for Facial Expression Recognition in the Wild

This paper introduces an algorithm for Facial Expression Recognition (FER) using deep Siamese Neural Networks (SNNs) that preserve the local structure of images in the embedding similarity space. We designed the network to reveal the input pairs similarity by comparing features through a designed metric. Furthermore, we developed a novel image pairing (i.e., positive and negative pairs) strategy technique to train our Siamese model. Our Siamese model comprises of a verification framework and an identification framework to learn a joint embedding space. The verification path reduces the intra-class variations by minimizing the distance between the extracted features from the same class, while the identification path increases the inter-class variations by maximizing the distance between the features extracted from different classes. We apply transfer learning to only use the identification model for facial expression classification. We evaluated our algorithm using AffectNet, FER2013, and Compound Facial Expressions of Emotion (CFEE) datasets, where better results are achieved compared to other deep learning-based approaches.
Using Head, Heart and Hands to (De)construct Community Development in Tijuana, Mexico

Short-term international service-learning immersions can provide accessible ways for students to experience other countries and cultures, creating the possibility for development of the whole person in a global context. These programs often involve the physical labor of students, through building houses, serving food to migrants, and the like. As Peter-Hans Kolvenbach, S.J. has observed, such service can be valued by the recipient community and for the participating student, and can challenge the mind to change. But how can such programs increase their value proposition in support of the organization’s mission? In other words, how might we employ minds as well as hands and hearts in other ways that promote justice work? This article describes an immersion program, academic course, and community-based research effort forged over a 25-year relationship between Seattle University and Esperanza, a non-governmental organization that focuses on community development, micro finance, and affordable housing in Tijuana, Mexico. Using the Ignatian pedagogical paradigm, a constellation of stakeholders — faculty, staff, students, and community partners — reflect on the partnership and the enhancements to a long-standing collaborative effort. Lessons learned are offered. Ultimately, we conclude that long-term reciprocal benefits can be achieved while also inviting participants to deepen their aspirations for social change in a global context.
An Unexpected Affordance of Program Design for Dissertation Writing During COVID-19: The Embedded Dissertation

Purpose: This paper describes how an embedded dissertation program design feature supported two cohorts of EdD dissertators and helped them make consistent progress toward and eventually complete their dissertation milestones during the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, we detail the work, challenges, and results of EdD students’ efforts toward their milestones and offer perspectives on the same topics for EdD faculty who are teaching dissertation writing courses or supporting dissertators during the COVID-19 pandemic.Conceptual Argument: This paper argues that an existing program design feature, the embedded dissertation, provided unexpected affordances for EdD dissertators during the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, it acted as a scaffold for dissertators to make small but consistent steps forward on their dissertation milestones despite the significant challenges they faced both as practitioners and as students during the pandemic.Implications for Research: In sharing these experiences, we hope to: (a) offer a contribution to the literature on the intersection of program design and dissertation writing, (b) proffer a program design structure that was successful in moving dissertators forward during COVID-19, and (c) document the lived experiences of EdD dissertators and faculty in this unprecedented, historical moment.
Evolving Nexus Between Diplomacy and Comparative and International Education

Queries are raised about the linkages of universities to diplomacy and international affairs vis-a-vis the major functions of universities – teaching, scholarship and research, and public engagement. Are they quite distinct? Should they be related? This chapter explores such questions by: (1) articulating various concepts and dimensions of diplomacy and soft power; (2) examining select American and British university rankings and league tables; (3) portraying domestic and geopolitical matters via the explication of how various American and British government agencies and philanthropic foundations are affected by diplomacy and foreign policy via their missions and funding priorities for education; and (4) fusing diplomacy and international educational studies. In this exploration, it is posited how comparative and international education and “parent disciplines” are discussed in terms of the aforementioned four items. In essence, there are evolving nexuses among phenomena that influence the field.
Attending to encode: The role of consistency and intensity of attention in learning ability

Abstract The present study examined how variation in the amount of attention devoted to items (intensity) and the consistency with which attention is maintained on task (consistency) are related to each other and to overall learning abilities. In two experiments, participants completed measures of working memory (WM), long-term memory (LTM), motivation, and a paired associates (PA) cued recall task with thought probes embedded throughout the encoding phase of each word-pair list. In Experiment 2, pupil diameter was also simultaneously recorded during encoding of the PA task to provide an index of the intensity of attention. Results collectively suggested that the most successful learners were those who were both less susceptible to lapses of attention (high consistency) and had larger pupil dilation at encoding (high intensity). Critically, while attentional lapses and pupil dilation were negatively related to one another—both between and within subjects—each aspect of attention accounted for unique variance in associative learning even after accounting for WM, LTM, and motivation. Follow-up analyses further revealed that, while intensity and consistency were both related to motivation and (to a lesser extent) general LTM abilities, motivation was a greater determinant of the consistency of attention. Therefore, it appears that the intensity and consistency of attention are likely distinct, multifaceted constructs that are differentially influenced by a variety of factors and play an important role in learning.
Beliefs, mental health, healthy lifestyle behaviors and coping strategies of college faculty and staff during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Objective: To assess faculty and staff beliefs about returning to campus as well as their mental health and healthy lifestyle behaviors. Participants: Faculty and staff at a large Mid-west public land-grant university. Methods: A survey was emailed to a random sample of faculty and staff (N = 6,000 faculty; N = 6,000 staff). Results: Response rate was 35.6% for faculty (n = 2,138) and 37.8% (n = 2,226) for staff. Participants who were working from home (>60%) had less confidence about returning to campus safely than those who had been working on campus. Eighteen to 27% of faculty and 25%-31% of staff met the cutoff for clinical anxiety and the rates of depression were 4.4%-8.3% and 9.7%-10.0% respectively. Conclusion: Institutions of higher education must build wellness cultures and accelerate access to mental health services, which should be evidence-based and include a focus on promoting and maintaining overall wellness.
On Carleman estimates for hyperbolic equations

We prove a Carleman inequality for the second order hyperbolic equation in the cylinder Q with the norm of right- hand side taken in the space (W 1 2 (Q)) ∗ .
Existential fixed-point logic, universal quantifiers, and topoi

When one views (multi-sorted) existential fixed-point logic (EFPL) as a database query language, it is natural to extend it by allowing universal quantification over certain sorts. These would be the sorts for which one has the "closed-world" information that all entities of that sort in the real world are represented in the database. We investigate the circumstances under which this extension of EFPL retains various pleasant properties. We pay particular attention to the pleasant property of preservation by the inverse-image parts of geometric morphisms of topoi, because, as we show, this preservation property implies many of the other pleasant properties of EFPL.
A real time data acquisition and monitor system for integrated circuit visual inspection

The design and implementation of a system used for real-time acquisition and monitoring of data collected at an IC manufacturing process are described. How it is used for process improvement and control is discussed. The approach taken to solve this problem can be divided into three functional areas: acquisition, monitor, and integration. The data acquisition task utilizes a touch screen terminal which is used by each inspector to enter his inspection results. Icons represent each defect category and, when a unit is rejected, the inspector touches the icon and a counter is incremented. The data monitor is an expert system which accesses these data and displays them dynamically in a status board fashion, including statistics on each lot. It checks if any inspector has rejected or accepted too many die or if any defect rate for a reject category is too high. The data integration includes an INGRES-based relational database and many report generator programs. At the end of the lot inspection, all data and warning messages related to the lot are stored in the database for later analysis. >
Aspirin Inhibits In Vitro Maturation and In Vivo Immunostimulatory Function of Murine Myeloid Dendritic Cells

Aspirin is the most commonly used analgesic and antiinflammatory agent. In this study, at physiological concentrations, it profoundly inhibited CD40, CD80, CD86, and MHC class II expression on murine, GM-CSF + IL-4 stimulated, bone marrow-derived myeloid dendritic cells (DC). CD11c and MHC class I expression were unaffected. The inhibitory action was dose dependent and was evident at concentrations higher than those necessary to inhibit PG synthesis. Experiments with indomethacin revealed that the effects of aspirin on DC maturation were cyclooxygenase independent. Nuclear extracts of purified, aspirin-treated DC revealed a decreased NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity, whereas Ab supershift analysis indicated that aspirin targeted primarily NF-kappaB p50. Unexpectedly, aspirin promoted the generation of CD11c+ DC, due to apparent suppression of granulocyte development. The morphological and ultrastructural appearance of aspirin-treated cells was consistent with immaturity. Aspirin-treated DC were highly efficient at Ag capture, via both mannose receptor-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis. By contrast, they were poor stimulators of naive allogeneic T cell proliferation and induced lower levels of IL-2 in responding T cells. They also exhibited impaired IL-12 expression and did not produce IL-10 after LPS stimulation. Assessment of the in vivo function of aspirin-treated DC, pulsed with the hapten trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid, revealed an inability to induce normal cell-mediated contact hypersensitivity, despite the ability of the cells to migrate to T cell areas of draining lymphoid tissue. These data provide new insight into the immunopharmacology of aspirin and suggest a novel approach to the manipulation of DC for therapeutic application.
History of Cognitive Science and Computational Modeling

The various strands of computational modeling in cognitive science are simultaneously grounded in foundational work in the theory of computation and in recent developments in computational neuroscience and dynamical systems theory. All these approaches face important challenges, and to some degree they stand opposed in their treatment of role of computation in modeling. Keywords: computability; Turing machine; Turing test; artificial intelligence; physical symbol systems; neural networks; dynamical systems
Tumor bearer T cells suppress Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-potentiated antitumor responses: III. Identification of an auxiliary efferent suppressor-T-cell population☆☆☆

Abstract T cells (Ts-eff) induced in BALB/c mice by subcutaneous (sc) growth of syngeneic Meth A tumors can adoptively suppress the effector phase of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) in Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)-primed and unprimed recipients which have been sensitized with irradiated Meth A cells but they do not inhibit the augmented DTH response in recipients inoculated with cyclophosphamide (CY) 2 days prior to sensitization. By reconstituting CY-treated immunized recipients with selected spleen cell populations, it has been demonstrated that Ts-eff suppress DTH by interacting with a second or auxiliary suppressor cell population present in immune but not normal spleens. These auxiliary suppressor cells (Ts-aux) are Thy+, Lyt 11−2+ and I-J+, phenotypically similar to Ts-eff. Their activity is not influenced by B-cell depletion. Unlike Ts-eff, Ts-aux do not bear receptors specific for Meth A cells. Ts-aux and Tseff share similar sensitivity to irradiation and high dose (100 mg/kg) CY but unlike Ts-eff, Tsaux are cortisone sensitive, nondividing, nonadherent cells which are absent from the thymus. The phenotype and mechanism of action of Ts-aux resemble those of the auxiliary or Ts3 cells defined in models of contact sensitivity, DTH to simple haptens, and in vitro antibody responses.
Shared Governance in Higher Education: Structural and Cultural Responses to a Changing National Climate

This literature review and annotated bibliography examines various definitions and examples of shared governance involving faculty and administrators, and discusses barriers to greater collaboration in academic senates, departments, and strategic planning processes.
Complex-temperature properties of the two-dimensional Ising model for nonzero magnetic field

We study the complex-temperature phase diagram of the square-lattice Ising model for nonzero external magnetic field $H$, i.e. for $0 \le \mu \le \infty$, where $\mu=e^{-2\beta H}$. We also carry out a similar analysis for $-\infty \le \mu \le 0$. The results for the interval $-1 \le \mu \le 1$ provide a new way of continuously connecting the two known exact solutions of this model, viz., at $\mu=1$ (Onsager, Yang) and $\mu=-1$ (Lee and Yang). Our methods include calculations of complex-temperature zeros of the partition function and analysis of low-temperature series expansions. For real nonzero $H$, the inner branch of a lima\c{c}on bounding the FM phase breaks and forms two complex-conjugate arcs. We study the singularities and associated exponents of thermodynamic functions at the endpoints of these arcs. For $\mu < 0$, there are two line segments of singularities on the negative and positive $u$ axis, and we carry out a similar study of the behavior at the inner endpoints of these arcs, which constitute the nearest singularities to the origin in this case. Finally, we also determine the exact complex-temperature phase diagrams at $\mu=-1$ on the honeycomb and triangular lattices and discuss the relation between these and the corresponding zero-field phase diagrams.
Surface Film Softening in Ni-plated Iron Single Crystals

ABSTRACT A new softening phenomenon due to a thin surface film has been investigated in Ni-plated iron single crystals. The yield stress was reduced by as much as 60% and the uniform elongation was doubled at 77 K by the Ni film. The surface film softening is characterized by the appearance of serrations on the stress-strain curves and the formation of coarse surface markings (cracks in the Ni film) on the specimen surface. The softening is caused by the massive generation of edge dislocations near the cracks in the Ni film. The surface film softening is compared with the other softening phenomena of bcc metals. This study strongly supports the intrinsic mechanism for the low temperature strength of bcc metals.
Act Now: Accessory Dwelling Units Can Aid in Intergenerational Housing Crisis

This short article explores how accessory dwelling units, authorized through local planning and land use regulations, can assist in helping three generations to live in an affordable and nurturing manner.
Assessing Punitive Damages...

This essay reports and discusses the implications of an experimental study involving punitive damage awards. The study finds that in products liability cases, people's normative judgments (about outrageousness and appropriate punishment) are relatively uniform, at least when measured on a bounded numerical scale (0 to 6). With the unbounded dollar scale, however, outcomes become extremely erratic and unpredictable. Various reform proposals, designed to overcome erratic awards, are discussed, including damage caps, compensatory judgment "multipliers," and conversion formulas based on jury judgments on a bounded numerical scale. Implications are also discussed for many other issues of law and economic valuation, including compensatory damages in such areas as pain and suffering, libel, sexual harassment and other civil rights violations, contingent valuation, and intentional infliction of emtional distress.
Ethical issues in the research and practice of applied developmental psychology

Abstract Within the last decade, applied developmental psychology (ADP) has emerged as a new subspecialization within traditional graduate programs in developmental psychology. Current definitions of ADP range from a primarily research-oriented discipline to a superordinate discipline under which clinical, educational, and school psychology organize applications of the developmental data base. This work draws upon several common themes to arrive at a broad definition of ADP. We outline reasons for developmental psychology's entrance into the “decade of applied research,” the broad spectrum of activities currently characterizing ADP, and training programs proposed to prepare students for these activities. The extension of developmental psychology into applied areas requires attention to the ethical issues encountered across the full spectrum of ADP activities. We present a perspective of ethical issues whose framework is predominantly applied developmental psychology. Our approach focuses on ethical concerns associated with both knowledge generation and knowledge application. In so doing, we raise issues concerning the need for applied developmentalists to address questions concerning the impact of planned methods on development in normal and atypical populations, consultation to institutions and public policy makers, competencies required to conduct developmental education programs, and utilization of developmental assessment techniques.
Two-dimensional melting: electrons on helium

Measurements of the effective mass and mobility of a two-dimensional array of electrons supported by a liquid-helium surface in the vicinity of the melting point are reported. The holding-field dependence of an excess scattering peak near the melting point excludes an earlier interpretation of this peak. Interpretations of the temperature dependencies of the effective mass and mobility are suggested. The mobility and effective mass are measured as a function of holding field. The mobility in the liquid phase is less than one-electron theory predictions.
In vitro assessments of nanomaterial toxicity

Nanotechnology has grown from a scientific interest to a major industry with both commodity and specialty nanomaterial exposure to global populations and ecosystems. Sub-micron materials are currently used in a wide variety of consumer products and in clinical trials as drug delivery carriers and imaging agents. Due to the expected growth in this field and the increasing public exposure to nanomaterials, both from intentional administration and inadvertent contact, improved characterization and reliable toxicity screening tools are required for new and existing nanomaterials. This review discusses current methodologies used to assess nanomaterial physicochemicial properties and their in vitro effects. Current methods lack the desired sensitivity, reliability, correlation and sophistication to provide more than limited, often equivocal, pieces of the overall nanomaterial performance parameter space, particularly in realistic physiological or environmental models containing cells, proteins and solutes. Therefore, improved physicochemical nanomaterial assays are needed to provide accurate exposure risk assessments and genuine predictions of in vivo behavior and therapeutic value. Simpler model nanomaterial systems in buffer do not accurately duplicate this complexity or predict in vivo behavior. A diverse portfolio of complementary material characterization tools and bioassays are required to validate nanomaterial properties in physiology.
If I Am a Brain in a Vat, Then I Am Not a Brain in a Vat

A mental presentation... does not have any necessary connection with what it stands for... Magical theories of reference, in a word, are wrong. (Dell'Utri 1990, p. 83) In order to refer we have to partake in causal chains connecting our words with their reference, provided that our referential intentions are socially shared and the reference itself is knowable. (Dell'Utri 1990, p. 84) Brains in a vat (BIV) are connected to a computer which causes the brains to have sense-impressions-"images"--qualitatively indistinguishable from those had by normal embodied brains. According to Dell'Utri, Putnam, using the above premisses
Combined grasp and manipulation planning as a trajectory optimization problem

Many manipulation planning problems involve several related sub-problems, such as the selection of grasping points on an object, choice of hand posture, and determination of the arm's configuration and evolving trajectory. Traditionally, these planning sub-problems have been handled separately, potentially leading to sub-optimal, or even infeasible, combinations of the individually determined solutions. This paper formulates the combined problem of grasp contact selection, grasp force optimization, and manipulator arm/hand trajectory planning as a problem in optimal control. That is, the locally optimal trajectory for the manipulator, hand mechanism, and contact locations are determined during the pre-grasping, grasping, and subsequent object transport phase. Additionally, a barrier function approach allows for non-feasible grasps to be optimized, enlarging the region of convergence for the algorithm. A simulation of a simple planar object manipulation task is used to illustrate and validate the approach.
"Reverse-figure 3" sign in duodenal adenocarcinoma arising in a villous adenoma: radiographic demonstration.

The radiographic "reverse-figure 3" sign is a well-known indicator of pancreatic head enlargement. We present a case in which this characteristic sign was produced by an invasive adenocarcinoma of the duodenum that arose in a periampullary villous adenoma.
Taxadiene synthase structure and evolution of modular architecture in terpene biosynthesis

With more than 55,000 members identified so far in all forms of life, the family of terpene or terpenoid natural products represents the epitome of molecular biodiversity. A well-known and important member of this family is the polycyclic diterpenoid Taxol (paclitaxel), which promotes tubulin polymerization and shows remarkable efficacy in cancer chemotherapy. The first committed step of Taxol biosynthesis in the Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia) is the cyclization of the linear isoprenoid substrate geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) to form taxa-4(5),11(12)diene, which is catalysed by taxadiene synthase. The full-length form of this diterpene cyclase contains 862 residues, but a roughly 80-residue amino-terminal transit sequence is cleaved on maturation in plastids. We now report the X-ray crystal structure of a truncation variant lacking the transit sequence and an additional 27 residues at the N terminus, hereafter designated TXS. Specifically, we have determined structures of TXS complexed with 13-aza-13,14-dihydrocopalyl diphosphate (1.82 A resolution) and 2-fluorogeranylgeranyl diphosphate (2.25 A resolution). The TXS structure reveals a modular assembly of three α-helical domains. The carboxy-terminal catalytic domain is a class I terpenoid cyclase, which binds and activates substrate GGPP with a three-metal ion cluster. The N-terminal domain and a third 'insertion' domain together adopt the fold of a vestigial class II terpenoid cyclase. A class II cyclase activates the isoprenoid substrate by protonation instead of ionization, and the TXS structure reveals a definitive connection between the two distinct cyclase classes in the evolution of terpenoid biosynthesis.
Comparison of radiogrammetrical metacarpal indices in children and reference data from the First Zurich Longitudinal Study

Background A number of radiogrammetrical metacarpal indices are in use, some of which have been adapted for children.
Seasonal effects of dehydration in air on urea production in the frog Rana pipiens.

Abstract 1. 1. The concentrations of urea and ammonia in blood or serum and urine of frogs, Rana pipiens , were determined after 6–48 hr of mild dehydration in air. Increased concentrations of urea were observed in blood or serum of frogs dehydrated less than 12.5 hr in the spring-summer, but not in the fall-winter. 2. 2. Ammonia represented only 0.6–3.4 per cent of amino nitrogen excreted in the forms of ammonia and urea. Ammonia was not detected in serum during any season, but was present in blood that was hemolyzed. 3. 3. Administration of Pitressin did not alter the concentration of urea in serum of tap water treated frogs, except at high doses, where it was observed to cause a decrease in the concentration of urea in serum. 4. 4. The increase in serum urea levels was associated with an increase in urea production. The seasonal nature of this response is discussed.
DNA strand reassociation and polyribonucleotide binding in the African green monkey, Cercopithecus aethiops

Abstract About 20% of the nuclear DNA from tissues and cultured cells of the African green monkey, Cercopithecus aethiops, consists of a homogeneous fraction that is comparable to mouse satellite DNA in the rapidity and precision with which the denatured DNA reassociates. Although this DNA, designated C. aethiops component α, shares several of the properties of mammalian satellite DNA's, it bands in CsCl at the same density (1.699 g/ml.) as the non-reassociating bulk DNA. Component α DNA comprises up to 75% of the DNA from nucleolar preparations from cultured C. aethiops kidney cells (BSC-1 and CV-1). In addition, CV-1 and primary C. aethiops kidney explants contain a heavy satellite (ϱ = 1.711 g/ml.) representing 5 to 7% of the total nucleolar DNA, which was not detected in similar preparations from BSC-1 cells. In alkaline CsCl component α separates into two populations of complementary strands. Neither the duplex molecule nor the separated single strands interact with the homopolyribonucleotides, poly U and poly G, under conditions in which the denatured bulk DNA interacts with both and increases markedly in density. On the other hand, the light strands, which band at a density of 1.757 g/ml. in alkaline CsCl, interact with the copolymer, poly (U,G) as does the bulk DNA. The heavy strands (ϱ = 1.764 g/ml. in alkaline CsCl) do not interact. Alkali-denatured nuclear DNA of C. aethiops cells elutes as three peaks and nucleolar DNA as one peak from methylated albumin kieselguhr chromatography columns with linear salt and pH elution gradients. The elution order could be correlated with the amounts of component α DNA in each fraction as well as the restriction in the ability to bind the polyribonucleotides. The complementary strands of component α could not be separated by this method, however. In the presence of Ag+ or Hg2+, component a bands in Cs2SO4 at a density different from the bulk DNA, although both fractions show the same density in CsCl or in Cs2SO4 in the absence of heavy metals and presumably have the same (G + C) content.
Phosphorus Requirement of Six Strains of Caged Laying Hens

Abstract The phosphorus requirement of caged laying hens was studied utilizing 160 pullets of each of 6 strains. A practical type corn-soybean meal ration was utilized and four different phosphorus levels were obtained by adding various levels of defluorinated phosphate. The test rations contained .45%, .55%, .65%, and .75% total phosphorus. The average phytin phosphorus content of all rations was .21%. The hens received the diets for 347 days. The phosphorus level of the ration did not have an effect on hen weight, feed consumption, egg production, mortality, or bone ash. Strain had a significant effect on hen weight in this experiment, however, the three white egg strains laid more eggs than the three brown egg strains. The requirement of the laying hens was not over .45% total phosphorus in the ration under the conditions of this experiment.
The Long-Term Stability of WISC-R Scores in Mildly Retarded and Learning-Disabled Children.

This study addresses the need for systematic longitudinal research documenting the stability of WISC-R scores in special education populations. WISC-R scores of 100 learning-disabled and 60 mildly retarded children retested on three separate occasions at three-year intervals were examined. The stability of WISC-R scores was evaluated according to three different criteria: (a) the consistency of group means over time, (b) the frequency of significant changes in individual scores, and (c) correlations between administrations as an index of stability of subjects' relative positions in the group. Different results were obtained depending on the criterion considered. Examination of group means and correlation coefficients indicated that Full Scale IQ was fairly stable over a period of six years for both learning-disabled and mildly retarded samples. However, greater variability was noted when examining the frequency of changes in individual subject's scores. Verbal IQ and Performance IQ demonstrated somewhat more variability by all criteria examined. The implications of these results with regard to the importance assigned to IQ in special education classification decisions, the usefulness of retesting IQ in three-year reevaluations, and the efficacy of special education are discussed.
Chemical Precipitation of Lead from Lead Battery Recycling Plant Wastewater

The 1,3-benzenediamidoethanethiol dianion (BDET2-) binds soft heavy metals from aqueous stock solutions as highly stable metal−ligand compounds. In the present study, the potassium salt of this ligand was applied to field samples collected from an operating lead battery recycling site (LBRS) which generates wastewaters containing concentrations of lead from 2 to 300 ppm at an average pH of 1.5. Goals of this study were to reduce lead concentrations to below 0.5 ppm and produce stable Pb−BDET precipitates. It was found that more than 99.4% removal of lead from an average initial concentration of 3.61 ppm could be accomplished within 15 min using an equimolar dose of the BDETK2 ligand. Moreover, the precipitates remained stable during 30-day leaching tests.
Brain tissue and plasma assay of L-DOPA and alpha-methyldopa metabolites by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.

Using reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection with mobile phases composed of simple acids, we have developed an assay technique to measure multiple catecholamines and their catechol metabolites in plasma or brain tissue with sensitivity to the picomole level. Ion-pairing chromatography with nitric or trichloroacetic acid as the mobile phase permits separation and quantitation of norepinephrine, α-methylnorepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, α-methyldopamine, l-DOPA, α-methyldopa, carbidopa, and DOPAC. Alumina extraction selectively isolates catechols which are then separated on a reverse-phase column and measured by a commercially available electrochemical detector. This method has been applied to measurement of L-DOPA metabolites in patients with Parkinson's disease treated with L-DOPA and carbidopa and to measurement of catecholamines in rat hypothalamus in the course of studies on L-DOPA and α-methyldopa metabolism. Dihydroxybenzylamine is added as an internal standard and standard curves are linear over two orders of magnitude in concentration with coefficients of variation averaging 3.1%. Quantitation is routinely done to 20 pmol with absolute sensitivity possible to 0.5 pmol.
CHANGES IN BONE MINERAL DENSITY, GROWTH VELOCITY AND RENAL FUNCTION IN UREMIC PREPUBERTAL CHILDREN TREATED WITH GROWTH HORMONE

CHANGES IN BONE MINERAL DENSITY, GROWTH VELOCITY AND RENAL FUNCTION IN UREMIC PREPUBERTAL CHILDREN TREATED WITH GROWTH HORMONE
Expressing casual relationships in conceptual database schemas

Abstract Conceptual schema design is a crucial phase in the database design process. The quality of the final database (regardless of logical implementation model) is dependent largely upon the quality of the conceptual schema. Since conceptual schemas serve as formal representations of the requirements specification for a database, it is critical that a schema capture the requirements as completely and unambiguously as possible. Many studies have shown that semantic models, such as the Extended Entity–Relationship model, are better for conceptual database design than traditional models such as relational, hierarchical, and network models. This is primarily because of their ability to capture explicitly many “natural” cognitive relationship types that are likely to occur in requirements specifications, e.g., association, generalization/specialization, and aggregation. However, the relationships that can be specified in a semantic model represent only a subset of the relationships that are likely to be used by people in describing an application environment. Thus, using current semantic models for conceptual database design may result in abstractions of application environments in which some important information from the requirements is either not represented or is represented inappropriately.This paper seeks to help bridge the gap between requirements specifications and data modeling by hypothesizing the need for supporting additional cognitive relationship types in conceptual models. In the paper, we demonstrate the need for one such relationship type, causation. Specifically, we investigate the effects of the lack of constructs in semantic models for capturing causation on analysts' ability to express causal relationships mentioned in a requirements document.We found that subjects not familiar with data modeling expressed causal relationships better in their representations than did subjects who had some prior exposure to data modeling. This seems to indicate that the lack of constructs for capturing causation in semantic models hinders the ability of people trained in data modeling techniques to recognize and express causal relationships in conceptual schemas. The results also suggest the need to develop semantic models that provide constructs for capturing causation and other cognitive relationships.
RENAL AND PERIRENAL ABSCESSES IN PATIENTS WITH OTHERWISE ANATOMICALLY NORMAL URINARY TRACTS

ABSTRACT Purpose: We characterized evaluation, management and outcomes in a group of patients diagnosed with renal and perirenal abscesses who had otherwise anatomically normal urinary tracts. Materials and Methods: We reviewed our experience with renal/perirenal abscesses at University of Texas Medical Branch from 1991 to 2002. Treatment was determined by physician preference in each individual. Results: Of 70 patients with renal/perirenal abscesses 26 had otherwise anatomically normal urinary tracts, 24 (92%) had at least 1 possible contributory factor, such as diabetes mellitus, and only 38% had the correct diagnosis at initial presentation. The abscess was intranephric in 39% of cases, intranephric and perinephric in 19%, and perinephric only in 42%. Of the 26 patients 18 were treated with percutaneous drainage or aspiration of the abscess and 12 (66.7%) had positive cultures. Eight of the 12 patients (67%) with positive abscess cultures had the same organism in urine and/or blood. All 26 patients were treated with broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics. In most patients abscess size influenced additional treatments, such as percutaneous needle aspiration or catheter drainage. None of the patients required open surgical drainage, nephrectomy or nephrostomy tube placement. At a mean followup of 10 months all patients had complete radiographic resolution of the abscess without further complications except 1 who had pyelonephritis and another who was found to have a poorly perfused kidney. Conclusions: With accurate diagnosis and minimally invasive therapy patients with renal and/or perirenal abscesses and otherwise anatomically normal urinary tracts have excellent functional and anatomical outcomes.
Risk factors for teenage fatherhood

Fatherhood is the consequence of a series of decisions and interactions including those surrounding the initiation and maintenance of sexual activity the use of contraception and the continuation of a pregnancy to term. Fatherhood therefore results from a social process which began months or years earlier. Data from the Rochester Youth Development Study an ongoing panel study of urban youth were used to identify early risk factors for the likelihood of becoming a teen father. The Rochester study is an ongoing panel study investigating the development of delinquent behavior drug use and related behaviors among urban adolescents in Rochester New York. The prospective study has interviewed adolescents and the adults mainly responsible for their care in waves since 1988 beginning with a sample of 1000 public school 7th and 8th graders and their families. The sample was stratified to overrepresent youth at high risk for serious delinquency and drug use. Data on respondents are also collected from school police courts and social service agencies. Findings are based upon 615 young men of average age 21 years interviewed during 1995-96 in wave 11 of the study; 121 White 386 Black and 108 Hispanic. 7 men reported becoming fathers at age 15. From that age the rate of fatherhood increases steadily until 28.5% of respondents overall had become fathers before age 20. Teen fatherhood was found to be positively related to a variety of risk factors including low social class low educational performance early sexual activity and drug use. The probability of becoming a teen father increases exponentially as the number of risk factors increases.
Nanocrystals by high energy ball milling

It has been shown that nanometer-size grains can be induced in even brittl e intermetallic compounds by high energy ball milling. The large grain boundary area provided by these nanocrystallites can help provide, along with the disordering energy, the driving free energy for the crystalline-to-amorphous transformation. Examples were given for Nb3Sn (complete amorphization), Ni3Al (partial amorphization), and Ni3Si (no amorphization).
Structure and functional properties of human general transcription factor IIE.

The general transcription factor HE (TFIIE) is an essential component of the eukaryotic RNA poly-merase II initiation complex. We have isolated human complementary DNA clones for both the subunits of TFIIE. Using purified recombinant proteins we find that both subunits are essential to form a stable preinitiation complex and to reconstitute basal-level and Sp1-activated transcription in vitro. Analysis of their predicted amino-acid sequences reveals several intriguing structural motifs that could provide insight into the role of TFIIE in transcription initiation.
Histone acetylation during aging of human cells in culture.

Abstract An age-associated decrease in the rate of histone acetylation has been demonstrated in human diploid cells in culture. There was no change in the histone/DNA ratio with age. It is suggested that the reduction in histone acetylation occurring in old cell populations reflects an accumulation of cells in a stage of the cell cycle not compatible with histone acetylation.
Intra- and Inter-Individual Variability of Urinary Phthalate Metabolite Concentrations in Hmong Women of Reproductive Age

The reproducibility of urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations has not been well characterized in non-pregnant women of reproductive age. Our primary study objectives were to describe the distribution of urinary phthalate metabolites concentrations among a population of Hmong women of reproductive age, and to evaluate intra- and inter-individual variability of phthalate metabolite concentrations. Ten phthalate metabolites were measured in first-morning urine samples collected from 45 women and 20 of their spouses, who were members of the Fox River Environment and Diet Study cohort in Green Bay, Wisconsin. Repeated first-morning urine samples were collected and analyzed from 25 women, who provided up to three samples over approximately 1 month. Measurement variability was assessed using intraclass correlations (ICCs) and surrogate category analysis. Linear mixed models were used to evaluate the associations between participant characteristics and phthalate metabolite concentrations. Nine of the 10 phthalate metabolites were detected in >80% of all analyzed samples, of which seven were detected in all samples. As a measure of reliability, ICCs were strongest for monobenzyl phthalate (0.64) and weakest for the metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) (ranging from 0.13 to 0.22). Similarly, surrogate category analysis suggested that a single urine sample characterized an average 1-month exposure with reasonable accuracy across low, medium and high tertiles for all metabolites, except the DEHP metabolites. Geometric mean concentrations of monoethyl phthalate increased with age, but patterns by education, income, body mass index, environmental tobacco smoke or season were not observed when measures were adjusted for urinary dilution. Our results suggest that the participant characteristics assessed in this study have limited influence on inter-individual variability of phthalate metabolite concentrations. With regard to intra-individual variability, our results suggest that urinary concentrations of some phthalate metabolites are more reproducible over time and are less subjected to exposure misclassification than others (e.g., metabolites of DEHP).
Modified spin-wave study of random antiferromagnetic-ferromagnetic spin chains

We study the thermodynamics of a one-dimensional quantum spin-1/2 Heisenberg ferromagnetic system with random antiferromagnetic impurity bonds. In the dilute impurity limit, we generalize the modified spin-wave theory for random spin chains, where local chemical potentials for spin waves in ferromagnetic spin segments are introduced to ensure zero magnetization at finite temperature. This approach successfully describes the crossover from the behavior of a pure one-dimensional ferromagnet at high temperatures to a distinct Curie behavior due to randomness at low temperatures. We discuss the effects of impurity bond strength and concentration on the crossover and low-temperature behavior.