cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interscalene block using ultrasound guidance: impact of experience on resident performance

Background: We evaluated the weekly progress of anesthesiology residents performing an interscalene block with ultrasound guidance (UG) for block success rates and for the specific time intervals: (i) time to image the brachial plexus and (ii) time from insertion of the block needle until motor stimulation occurred. Our primary objective was to characterize the influence of experience over the course of the regional anesthesia rotation on the performance of a UG interscalene block by anesthesiology residents. Methods: Residents conducted an interscalene block with UG under the supervision of attending anesthesiologists experienced in this technique. Block efficacy, time intervals required to perform the block, and acute complications were recorded. We compared success rates over the course of the rotation, and analyzed process time data with respect to trainee level of experience, week of the trainee rotation, and patient body habitus. Results: Twenty-one trainees conducted 222 blocks over a consecutive 7-month period. Block success rate was 97.3%, and did not change significantly over the course of the 4-week rotation. Total block time and imaging time significantly decreased over the 4-week rotation, while the needle insertion-to-stimulation time did not change. Slower imaging time was predicted by obesity. Conclusion: The success rates for a UG interscalene block provided by supervised residents were initially high, and remained so throughout the 4-week rotation. Trainees required less time to image the nerves and to perform the block over the course of the rotation.
Prognostic significance of DNA cytometry of postirradiation cervicovaginal smears.

BACKGROUND Cytologic sampling is performed routinely after radiotherapy for cervical carcinoma. The prognostic significance of postirradiation dysplastic and atypical cells is uncertain because of difficulties in distinguishing preneoplastic and cancerous changes from benign radiation changes. DNA cytometry studies may provide a more objective method of identifying significant lesions. METHODS Postirradiation cervical carcinoma patients with cervical/vaginal smears containing atypical or dysplastic cells were identified prospectively. Papanicolaou smears were destained, restained with a Feulgen stain, and evaluated for DNA content using image cytometry. Pathologic and clinical records were monitored on each patient for evidence of recurrence or biopsy-proven dysplasia. RESULTS Of 46 patients, 14 had been diagnosed on cytology as having atypical squamous cells, 4 as having atypical/suspicious cells, 12 with low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL), 3 with high grade SIL, and 13 with ungraded SIL. DNA histograms were classified as follows: 14 diploid, 19 polyploid, and 13 aneuploid. Cytologic diagnosis and histogram type were correlated significantly and both correlated with clinical outcome. The probability of either postirradiation dysplasia or recurrence was as follows: SIL, 82%; suspicious, 100%; polyploid, 79%; and aneuploid, 92%. Patients with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance or diploidy most frequently had negative follow-up (57% each). All patients with both SIL and aneuploidy developed either dysplasia or recurrence. The stage of disease did not correlate with outcome or histogram pattern. CONCLUSIONS DNA analysis of postirradiation cytologic smears demonstrating atypia or dysplasia may provide useful ancillary information. The presence of aneuploidy usually signifies either recurrence or dysplasia. Polyploidy most frequently occurs in dysplastic processes, whereas diploid histograms usually denote a benign disease course. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 1998;84:11-6. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
LEXICON AND CONTEXT IN FEMINIZATION IN RUSSIAN

Many nouns in Russian identify people in terms of membership in groups, defined by activity, role, beliefs, attributes, or origins. Many of these nouns are derived with native Russian suffixes (учи-тель, добровол-ец, сторон-ник, гардероб-щик, прыг-ун); the occasional noun is unsuffixed (врач). Some nouns identifying group membership are borrowings, with or without an etymological suffix in the source language (диктор, корректор, педагог, президент). Most of these masculine nouns of the first declension can form corresponding feminine derivatives of the second declension by adding a suffix, either a modified or expanded form of the masculine suffix, for example -ник/-ница (сторон-ник/сторон-ница), -щик/-щица (гардероб-щик/ гардероб-щица), -ун/-унья (бегун/бегунья) or an additional suffix, -иха (врач/врач-иха), -ша (редактор/редактор-ша), -ка (солист/солист-ка). As is well-known, there is an asymmetry in the usage of these first-declension nouns and their second-declension correlates. The second-declension nouns can refer only to women, but the first-declension nouns can be used in reference to women as well as to men. As a consequence, a man can only be named with a masculine noun, but a woman can in principle be identified by either kind of noun: as врач or врачиха ,a sруководитель or руководительница ,a sписатель or писательница ,a sсторонник or сторонница. It is then natural to ask how, in referring to a woman, speakers make the choice between the correlative masculine and feminine nouns. The modest literature treating these correlative noun pairs has emphasized the social status of women in various occupations and the stylistic properties of the feminine noun. R. Rothstein (1973), observing that “the relative liberation of women in 1917 produced a need for new terminology to refer to women occupying certain jobs or professions”, analyzed the changes in language that came in the wake of this social upheaval by appealing to the markedness of gender: nouns of the masculine gender, unmarked with respect to the feminine, can be used broadly to refer to women. 1 Krysin (Крысин 1974, 277‐296) differentiated lexical items according to the stylistic value of the feminine derivative and constructed two tests that were submitted to approximately three thousand speakers for self-reporting. In one test, speakers were given a list
Numerical analysis of laminar flow in a double-walled annular heat pipe

The parabolic and elliptic representations of the governing equations of fluid motion for steady two-dimensional laminar flow in a double-walled annular heat pipe with various distributions of heating and cooling loads have been analyzed numerically. The results show that the flow reverses at very high condensation rates and that the parabolic representation provides a sufficiently accurate picture of the vapor pressure variations at both low and high evaporation and condensation rates. An approximate analytical method is also presented that can predict the pressure drop and velocity variation accurately along the double-walled annular heat pipe, as well as the location at which the flow reverses in the condenser zone.
Local cluster aggregation models of explosive percolation.

We introduce perhaps the simplest models of graph evolution with choice that demonstrate discontinuous percolation transitions and can be analyzed via mathematical evolution equations. These models are local, in the sense that at each step of the process one edge is selected from a small set of potential edges sharing common vertices and added to the graph. We show that the evolution can be accurately described by a system of differential equations and that such models exhibit the discontinuous emergence of the giant component. Yet they also obey scaling behaviors characteristic of continuous transitions, with scaling exponents that differ from the classic Erd\ifmmode \mbox{\H{o}}\else \H{o}\fi{}s-R\'enyi model.
lnvariant hyperplanes for linear dynamical systems

In certain problems associated with the control of linear dynamical systems, the concept of invariant hyperplanes in the system state space plays an important role [1]-[8]. This short paper gives conditions for the existence of invariant hyperplanes for linear dynamical systems and describes some geometric properties of these hyperplanes. In addition, some relationships between invariant hyperplanes and the concepts of controllability and observability are discussed.
Thermal Processing of Interstellar Dust Grains in the Primitive Solar Environment

The heating and vaporization of dust grains in the protosolar environment is modeled in order to assess the survivability of interstellar solids during the formation of the solar system. A multidimensional, discrete ordinate radiative transfer code is used to compute thermal transport in the collapsing protosolar cloud. The results are combined with estimates of heating at the shock where infalling material arrives at the surface of the solar nebula/accretion disk, and in the interior of the disk, to determine the distances at which various solid phases are vaporized. The thermal coupling between the envelope and the accretion disk (backheating) is treated self-consistently, so its effect on the disk's radial temperature profile is included. This treatment also permits evaluation of the effect of backheating on the observational inference of disk properties. Calculations are performed for various values of cloud collapse rate, rotation rate, and disk accretion rate. The latter factor is the main determinant of the total luminosity, and we consider both "low-luminosity" cases, in which disk accretion is inefficient, and high-luminosity" cases, in which disk accretion keeps pace with cloud collapse. We also examine situations in which a polar, optically thin cavity is swept clear by a protosolar wind. We conclude that refractory grains, such as silicates, can generally survive the envelope and accretion shock, and enter the nebula at or within 1 AU. Inside the nebula, their vaporization distances are controlled by the disk accretion rate and optical depth. In contrast, the vaporization distances of volatiles such as water ice are sensitive to envelope conditions, which control the thermal state of the outer, optically thin regions of the disk. The ice vaporization distance lies between about 2 and 30 AU, depending on the total source luminosity and characteristics of the collapsing cloud. Moderately volatile organics (methanol, formaldehyde, and polymerized formaldehyde) may survive as solids in the terrestrial planet region; they generally are not vaporized outside of several AU, which supports the idea that comets inherit this material from the parent molecular cloud.
Enuretic sleep : deep, disturbed or just wet?

Enuretic children sleep "deeply" in the sense that they are difficult to arouse from sleep, but not in the sense that their sleep is necessarily polysomnographically different from other children. The enuretic children's arousal difficulties may be due to a disturbance at the brainstem level and/or to frequent arousal stimuli from the bladder. It may be hypothesised that the sleep disturbance of enuretic children may lead not only to the wetting of the sheets but to disturbances of daytime psychological functioning as well.
Beyond nutrition: neuropeptide signaling and muscle mass maintenance in chronic kidney disease

Muscle wasting is a hallmark of uremic cachexia and has frequently been attributed to malnutrition that manifests as anorexia in chronic kidney disease. However, recent evidence indicates that proteolytic mechanisms are responsible for atrophy. Cheung and colleagues have reexamined the links between loss of lean body mass and nutrition. They demonstrate that neuropeptide signaling pathways, which regulate appetite and energy expenditure, also affect expression of key proteins involved in muscle mass maintenance.
Cytokines, macrophages, and leukocytes in brain ischemia.

Monocytes, TNF-α, and IL-1 in stroke initiation. We have been interested in the potential relationship between the localized Shwartzman phenomenon and acute stroke. This phenomenon was initially described in 1928 during efforts to develop a vaccine for typhoid fever.1 The essence of this phenomenon is that vessel segments exposed to interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α)2 become activated and "prepared" such that the occurrence of an additional "provocative" step causes local thrombosis or vessel damage with hemorrhage. the "provocative" step involves activation of the coagulation system or inflammation with activation of complement.3 If a mechanism similar to the Shwartzman phenomenon were to operate in the genesis of stroke, a vessel segment periodically exposed to effective levels of the cytokines TNF-α and IL-1 would be brought into a state in which its endothelium would be activated,4,5 and the vessel segment could be considered prepared and ready to be triggered for a period of hours. If, during this critical interval, the coagulation or complement system should become activated (the provocative stimulus), the prepared vessel segment could undergo thrombosis or a sequence of events leading to hemorrhage. Our first series of experiments addressed the issue of whether or not various risk factors for stroke effectively prepared the brainstem vasculature of rats for a localized Shwartzman reaction.6 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was injected intracisternally or intravenously into rats, with and without identifiable stroke risk factors, and the incidence of brainstem stroke was quantified. Rats with hypertension, hypertension plus genetic stroke proneness, advanced age, and streptozotocin-induced diabetes reacted with a significantly higher incidence of strokes than rats devoid of such stroke risk factors. For further analysis, we generated a working hypothesis that hypertension creates a state in which there is an increased probability for an interaction between monocytes or macrophages and …
Recursive monadic bindings

Monads have become a popular tool for dealing with computational effects in Haskell for two significant reasons: equational reasoning is retained even in the presence of effects; and program modularity is enhanced by hiding "plumbing" issues inside the monadic infrastructure. Unfortunately, not all the facilities provided by the underlying language are readily available for monadic computations. In particular, while recursive monadic computations can be defined directly using Haskell's built-in recursion capabilities, there is no natural way to express recursion over the values of monadic actions. Using examples, we illustrate why this is a problem, and we propose an extension to Haskell's donotation to remedy the situation. It turns out that the structure of monadic value-recursion depends on the structure of the underlying monad. We propose an axiomatization of the recursion operation and provide a catalogue of definitions that satisfy our criteria.
Use of articulated catheters in the treatment of biliary strictures

We have used a single articulated catheter to obviate the need for multiple catheters in patients with complex biliary strictures or strictures associated with small or immature tracts. Two- and three-arm articulated drains (8–14 Fr) made from segments of biliary catheters were placed in 16 patients. Nine were placed transhepatically, 6 transperitoneally through existing T-tube tracts, and 1 through a cystic duct fistula. Six malignant and 10 benign strictures were stented with various catheter configurations through a single tract. Fifteen patients had two catheter components with one articulation and 1 patient had three catheter components with two articulations. The average duration of catheter drainage was 7.0 ± 4.2 months. Routine catheter exchanges were performed; two spontaneous occlusions occurred. In patients where internal stenting may be difficult or undesirable, articulated catheters allow satisfactory external and internal drainage of complex benign and malignant strictures through a single tract, avoiding the need for multiple transhepatic catheters.
Designing a Problem-Based Learning Intermediate Composition Course

We used Problem-Based Learning (PBL) as a new pedagogy in an intermediate composition course. Our course design was based in constructivist pedagogical practices, which suggest that knowledge is co-created through social interactions. Although professors have much to offer students, students can also learn important lessons through interactions with their peers. PBL makes it easier to implement the social and collaborative aspects of writing. Students began with a traditional teacher-led essay and progressed to subsequent writing assignments representing a variety of genres produced while working in teams. All three problems required students to independently apply student learning outcomes by analysing the writing situation for the concepts of discourse community, genre, and rhetoric. Each assignment was assessed using a rubric aligned with the course student learning outcomes. Students also completed self-assessments after each assignment. PBL allowed students to apply what they were learning in the cla...
Rural participatory research in Alaska: The case of Tanakon village

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how participatory research methodologies may be utilized to investigate the planning of improved sanitation services in rural Alaska. The village selected for this case study had a strong tribal and municipal government, and was in the process of designing research to determine the feasibility of various options for upgraded sanitation service. Establishing contacts early in the project ensured that a network of support was in place prior to the field visit to the village. This was critical to the successful and timely completion of the field visit. Key features of the participatory research methods included gaining permission from Native authorities and Elders to visit and conduct research, participating in group interviews, community activities, and transect walks, developing seasonal and historic timelines, and conducting a secondary source review of city and agency documents and school district archives. The findings of this study confirm that flexible and personalized research approaches can reveal a body of local knowledge that exists regarding how best to address sanitation issues. Such information can be utilized in developing efficient, cost-effective ways of providing environmentally sound waste disposal in rural communities.
A sensitive, fluorometric method for the assay of microsomal hydroxylase; N-demethylation of p-chloro-N-methylaniline.

Abstract A fluorometric method for the assay of microsomal hydroxylase activity is described. N-Demethylation of p-chloro-N-methylaniline yields p-chloroaniline, which is coupled with fluorescamine, extracted with ethylacetate, and measured fluorometrically. This method can determine low levels of N-demethylase activity.
Stationary nonequilibrium properties of a quantum-mechanical lattice with self-consistent reservoirs

The self-consistent reservoir (SCR) model of lattice thermal conductivity is combined with the quantum Langevin equation formulation of Ford, Kac, and Mazur to obtain a quantum SCR model for lattice conductivity. Application is made to simple cubic monatomic lattices with harmonic nearest-neighbor interactions. A general expression for the thermal conductivity is obtained, and its high- and low-temperature limits examined.
Rate constants for hydrogen abstraction reactions of the sulfate radical, SO4−. Alkanes and ethers

Rate constants have been determined for the reactions of SO4− with a series of alkanes and ethers. The SO4− radical was produced by the laser-flash photolysis of persulfate, S2O82−. For methane, only an upper limit of 1 × 106 M−1 s−1 could be determined. For ethane, propane, and 2-methylpropane, rate constants of 0.44, 4.0, and 10.5 × 107 M−1 s−1 were found. For ethyl and n-propyl ether, rate constants of 1.3 × 108 and 2.2 × 108 M−1 s−1 were found and for 1,4-dioxane and tetrahydrofuran, rate constants of 7.2 × 107 and 2.8 × 108 were obtained. The reaction of SO4− with allyl alcohol was also studied and found to have a rate constant of 1.4 × 109 M−1 s−1.
Acute and subacute toxicity of several insecticides to chicks

Abstract The acute oral LD50's of 12 insecticides for male White Leghorn cockerels are presented, together with estimates of the dietary concentrations causing 50% inhibition of plasma cholinesterase at the end of 1 week of feeding.
Solid + liquid phase equilibria and solid-compound formation in hexafluorobenzene + cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or two π-bonds

Abstract Solid + liquid phase diagrams have been obtained from cooling and warming curves for the binary systems formed from hexafluorobenzene (C 6 F 6 ) + 1,5-cyclo-octadiene (C 6 H 12 ) and + cyclohexene (C 6 H 10 ). An incongruently melting 1-1 addition compound forms in C 6 F 6 + C 8 H 12 . For C 6 F 6 + C 6 H 10 there is no compound formation. Exploratory measurements show the presence of a solid addition compound in C 6 F 6 + 1,3 cyclohexadiene (C 6 H 8 ). The relative stability of the compounds that form is as expected if bonding results from charge transfer with the C 6 F 6 acting as an electron acceptor and the π-bonded component as an electron donor.
Stochastic Electron Acceleration During the Near-Infrared and X-Ray Flares in Sagittarius A*

Recent near-IR (NIR) and X-ray observations of Sagittarius A*'s spectrum have yielded several strong constraints on the transient energizing mechanism, justifying a reexamination of the stochastic acceleration model proposed previously for these events. We here demonstrate that the new results are fully consistent with the acceleration of electrons via the transit-time damping process. But more importantly, these new NIR and X-ray flares now can constrain the source size, the gas density, the magnetic field, and the wave energy density in the turbulent plasma. Future simultaneous multiwavelength observations with good spectral information will, in addition, allow us to study their temporal evolution, which will eventually lead to an accurate determination of the behavior of the plasma just minutes prior to its absorption by the black hole.
Masked and Unmasked Pure-Tone Thresholds of Infants and Adults

Detection thresholds for pure tones (1000 Hz and 4000 Hz) in noise and in quiet were estimated for infants at 6 months and 12 months of age and for adults. A visually reinforced head-turn procedure under control of a PDP-11/03 minicomputer was used. An adaptive protocol with a 5-dB step size was employed for the threshold estimates. Infant thresholds were poorer than adult thresholds in each condition. In noise, infant-adult differences were 8 dB (6-month-old infants) and 6 dB (12-month-old infants) at each frequency. In quiet, infant-adult differences were 14 dB (6-month-old infants) and 12 dB (12-month-old infants) at 1000 Hz but were only 7 dB (6-month-old infants) and 5 dB (12-month-old infants) at 4000 Hz. The masking data suggest that infants are at only a slight disadvantage in detecting a target in a background of noise and are consistent with a frequency selectivity mechanism that is proportional to that of adults. The detection-in-quiet data, with greater correspondence among the groups at 4000 ...
The spectrum of carbon arcs in air at high current densities

Although the spectrum of the ordinary carbon arc has been studied in great detail during the last 70 years, there seems to have been no similar study of the “High Current Density” arc which was introduced by Beck in 1914. Spectrophotometrical measurements have been made in connection with the development of this type of arc for searchlights, and photographs of the spectra obtained from the total radiation from the arc have been published. The only account, however, of the spectrum from individual parts of the arc appears in a short note by Bell and Bassett. They examined an image of the arc on a ground glass screen with a direct vision spectroscope and reported that in the arc stream 15 lines appeared when the current exceeded 100 amperes. They attributed 7 of these to helium and 2 to hydrogen.
Shock wave interaction with pulsed glow discharge and afterglow plasmas

Acoustic shock waves are launched by the spark-discharge of a high voltage capacitor in pulsed glow discharge and afterglow plasmas. The glow discharge section of the shock tube is switched on for a period of less than one second at a time, during which a shock wave is launched starting with a large delay between the plasma switch-on and the shock-launch. In the subsequent runs this delay is decremented in equal time intervals up to the plasma switch-on time. A photo acoustic deflection method sensitive to the density gradient of the shock wave is used to study the propagating shock structure and velocity in the igniting plasma. A similar set of measurements are also performed at the plasma switch-off, in which the delay time is incremented in equal time intervals from the plasma switch-off time until the afterglow plasma fully neutralizes itself into the room-temperature gas. Thus, complete time histories of the shock wave propagation in the igniting plasma, as well as in the afterglow plasma, are produced. In the igniting plasma, the changes in the shock-front velocity and dispersion are found to be a strong non-linear function of delay until a saturation point is reached. On the other hand, in the afterglow plasma the trend has been opposite and reversing towards the room temperature values. The observed shock wave properties in both igniting and afterglow plasmas correlate well with the inferred temperature changes in the two plasmas.
A Fujita‐type global existence—global non‐existence theorem for a system of reaction diffusion equations with differing diffusivities

In this paper we condiser non-negative solutions of the initial value problem in ℝN for the system where 0 ⩽ δ ⩽ 1 and pq > 0. We prove the following conditions. Suppose min(p,q)≥1 but pq1. (a) If δ = 0 then u=v=0 is the only non-negative global solution of the system. (b) If δ>0, non-negative non-globle solutions always exist for suitable initial values. (c) If 0<⩽1 and max(α, β) ≥ N/2, where qα = β + 1, pβ = α + 1, then the conclusion of (a) holds. (d) If N > 2, 0 0, where c depends only upon the initial data. (e) Suppose 0 > δ 1 and max (α, β) = 1,2 or N > 2 and max (p, q)⩽ N/(N-2), then global, non-trivial solutions exist which, after makinng the standard ‘hot spot’ change of variables, belong to the weighted Hilbert space H1 (K) where K(x) exp(¼∣x∣2). They decay like e[max(α,β)-(N/2)+e]t for every e > 0. These solutions are classical solutions for t > 0. (f) If max (α, β) < N/2, then threre are global non-tivial solutions which satisfy, in the hot spot variables where where 0 < e = e(u0, v0) < (N/2)−;max(α, β). Suppose min(p, q) ⩽ 1. (g) If pq ≥ 1, all non-negative solutions are global. Suppose min(p, q) < 1. (h) If pg > 1 and δ = 0, than all non-trivial non-negative maximal solutions are non-global. (i) If 0 1 and max(α,β)≥ N/2 all non-trivial non-negative maximal solutions are non-global. (j) If 0 1 and max(α,β) < N/2, there are both global and non-negative solutions. We also indicate some extensions of these results to moe general systems and to othere geometries.
Assessing the Role of Attachment to God, Meaning, and Religious Coping as Mediators in the Grief Experience

Research has examined the relationship of styles of attachment to others and meaning with grief and the stress-related growth process. Less has been written on styles of attachment to God and patterns of religious coping and how these constructs may impact adjustment in persons dealing with loss. This study examines the roles of attachment to God, meaning, and religious coping as mediators in the grief experience for a sample of 93 individuals who experienced a significant death in the prior year. Results suggest that a more secure style of attachment to God was directly and indirectly associated with lower depression and grief and increased stress-related growth for this sample. Meaning, defined as a sense of purpose and coherence, also emerged as an important construct in this process. Overall goodness-of-fit statistics were examined for competing models using structural equation modeling. Secure attachment to God, meaning, and positive religious coping were found to have significant direct and indirect...
Negotiating the passage from user demands to needs

Abstract Reference librarians as teachers continue to mediate between humanistic texts and their students. At large institutions and in other disciplines, Wisner's model is less applicable. But even here the sensitivity to patrons' information needs must take precedence over technology.
Modification of Platinum(II) Antitumor Complexes with Sulfur Ligands. 1. Synthesis, Structure, and Spectroscopic Properties of Cationic Complexes of the Types [PtCl(diamine)(L)]NO3 and [{PtCl(diamine)}2(L-L)](NO3)2 (L = Monofunctional Thiourea Derivative; L-L = Bifunctional Thiourea Derivative)

A new class of mono- and dinuclear platinum(II) complexes is described that derives from the cisplatin analogues [Pt(en)Cl2] and [Pt(dach)Cl2] (en = 1,2-ethanediamine, dach = racemic trans-1,2-cyclohexanediamine). The selective substitution of one chloro ligand in these species by 1,1,3,3-tetramethylthiourea (tmtu), which requires abstraction of chloride with silver salt in DMF, gives [PtCl(en)(tmtu)]NO3 (1) and [PtCl(dach)(tmtu)]NO3 (2). Similarly, reactions employing the novel bifunctional thiourea derivatives C2H4(NMeCSNMe2)2 (3) and C6H12(NMeCSNMe2)2 (4) yield the dinuclear complexes [{Pt(en)Cl}2(μ-3-S,S‘)](NO3)2 (5) and [{Pt(en)Cl}2(μ-4-S,S‘)](NO3)2·0.5EtOH (6), respectively. The compounds were characterized by 1H, 13C, and 195Pt NMR spectroscopy, elemental analyses, and IR data. 195Pt chemical shifts in the −2895 to −2929 ppm region confirm the mixed-donor [PtN2ClS] coordination for 1, 2, 5, and 6 and thiourea-S coordination in all cases. The single-crystal X-ray structures of 2−4 have been determin...
Cortisol and behavioral responses to separation in mother and infant guinea pigs.

In Experiment 1, lactating guinea pigs 3 days postpartum exhibited an elevation of plasma levels of cortisol when their litters were taken from the home cage and placed out of auditory range for 30 min. If pups were left within auditory range during the period of separation, or if the litter was disturbed but not removed, no increase in plasma cortisol levels was observed. In Experiment 2, 11/12- and 18/19-day-old guinea pig pups placed alone in a novel environment for 30 min displayed levels of plasma cortisol and vocalizations that were greater than those of pups tested in the same environment but with their mother. Pups tested with littermates but not with their mother exhibited plasma cortisol levels that were as great as those of pups tested alone. Pups tested with littermates vocalized much less than pups tested alone but more than pups tested with their mother. These results indicate that brief mother—infant separation can activate the pituitary—adrenal system in mother as well as infant guinea pigs and they provide further evidence for the existence of a reciprocal mother-infant attachment in this species.
Attenuation of the locomotor activating effects of D-amphetamine, cocaine, and scopolamine by potassium channel modulators

1. Locomotor activating effects of D-amphetamine, cocaine, and scopolamine were determined alone and after pretreatment with K-channel modulators in mice. 2. When administered alone, D-amphetamine (1.0- 30 mg/kg) and cocaine (3.0- 56 mg/kg) produced inverted U-shaped dose-effect curves characteristic of psychomotor stimulant drugs. 3. When administered alone, scopolamine (3.0-56 mg/kg) also produced dose-dependent increases in locomotor activity but these effects plateaued with similar increases in locomotor activity induced by 10-56 mg/kg of scopolamine. 4. Pretreatment with the K-channel blockers 4-aminopyridine (0.3-1.7 mg/kg), quinine (30-100 mg/kg) or apamin (0.3-1.0 mg/kg) attenuated the locomotor increases induced by d-amphetamine, cocaine, and scopolamine. 5. Like the K-channel blockers, pretreatment with the K-channel openers cromakalim (1.0-3.0 mg/kg) and pinacidil (3.0-10 mg/kg) also attenuated the locomotor increases induced by D-amphetamine and scopolamine but did not modify the locomotor activating effects of cocaine. 6. These results demonstrate that K-channel modulation modifies the effects of D-amphetamine, cocaine, and scopolamine. 7. The results also demonstrate that K-channel openers can differentially alter the behavioral effects of cocaine and D-amphetamine.
GEOGRAPHICAL CHANGES IN THE VEGETATION PATTERN OF RAISED BOGS IN THE BAY OF FUNDY REGION OF MAINE AND NEW BRUNSWICK

In eastern North America raised bogs occur roughly north and east of a line connecting stations with an average annual water deficiency (Thornthwaite 1948) based on a soil storage capacity of 10 cm (Figure 1). In the southern part of their range they are particularly abundant in an area near the Bay of Fundy which corresponds more or less with the Fundy Coast Section of the Acadian Forest Region (Rowe 1972) and the area mapped as spruce fir forest by Davis (1966).
Cholecystokinin-8 activates myenteric neurons in 21- and 35-day old but not 4- and 14-day old rats.

Abstract Cholecystokinin (CCK) activates the myenteric neurons of adult rats. The goal of this work is to determine the ontogeny of this activation by CCK-8 in the myenteric plexus of the duodenum (2 cm immediately following the pyloric sphincter aborally) and compare it with that of the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) – which occurs in 1-day old pups. Despite the existence of both of the CCK receptors, CCK1 and CCK2, in 4, 14, 21 and 35 day old rats, CCK-8 (0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 μg/kg, i.p.) increased Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-LI, a marker for neuronal activation) in the myenteric neurons of 21- and 35-day old rats but in the DVC of all age groups. As such, this belated activation of myenteric neurons by CCK-8 compared to the DVC may reflect a delayed role for these neurons in CCK-related functions.
The effect of success and failure on the recall of tasks.

(1949). The Effect of Success and Failure on the Recall of Tasks. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 79-87.
Dynamic damage evolution in brittle solids

Abstract For brittle solids containing preexisting microflaws, a two-dimensional model is developed to simulate dynamic damage evolution in uniaxial compression. Frictional, and rate-dependent and rate-independent plastic constitutive relations are considered to describe the deformation of preexisting microflaws. The inelastic deformation of microflaws is assumed to produce tensile microcracks in the matrix. These microcracks emanate from microflaws and grow in the direction of compression. Numerical calculations employing the dynamic damage evolution model are carried out to illustrate the resulting overall response of the solid. The propagation of a compressive stress pulse in a semi-infinite bar is studied to demonstrate the stress-pulse attenuation due to compression-induced microcracking, and frictional deformation and inelastic flow of preexisting flaws, including the rate effects.
Feature correlation for particle image velocimetry: an application of pattern recognition

Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) has been used successfully for measuring instantaneous two dimensional velocity fields. Analyzing PIV images involves matching particle images captured sequentially. In the usual practice, correlation (auto- or cross-correlation) is used to find the displacement (hence velocity) of the particles within a large number of small 'interrogation areas' in the field of view. An image correlation within an interrogation area is inherently sensitive to the rotation and distortion of the fluid flow within the area, and is also sensitive to the brightness of particles. It can only find the mean spatial offset of particles weighted by their brightness. Rotation, dilation and distortion of fluid flow within the interrogation region and intensity changes of particles introduced correlation errors or bias. As a consequence, the size of the interrogation area and the time interval between images must be kept small to avoid these problems. A feature-recognition method is proposed here for analyzing PIV images. It first extracts structural features of the particle pattern after their locations have been isolated from images. A preliminary process is to replace the particle images by the Cartesian coordinates of particle centers. In this way the brightness of particle images plays no further part, and the point positions are used to establish structural features: topological relations between each point and its neighbors. The interrogation area is defined by a limited number of neighboring points. The size and shape of each interrogation area varies with the distribution of neighbors. A fit to motion, rotation and distortion among the neighbors is then carried out in the space of topological relations of successive images. In this way changes of structural features define fluid spatial translation, rotation, and deformations within each interrogation region. Measurement of feature space in two successive images demands knowledge of the locations of corresponding points derived from individual particles in the two images. Classification of point correspondences, despite confusingly discordant displacements from one image to the next, can be made by taking advantage of physical limitations on the possible movement of particles between the two images. It is found that feature space search and correlation is a much more efficient procedure than correlation operations in the two dimensional image domain.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The free triple assumption

Many impossibility results, like Arrow's Theorem, can be strengthened by using a domain constraint that is substantially weaker than the usual domain condition.
Justice, Politics and Community: Expanding Access and Rationing Health Services in Oregon

In 1989 the Oregon Legislature voted not to wait any longer for national leaders to serve up a solution to the problem of the millions of Americans (450,000 in Oregon) who are uninsured for health care. Under the leadership of Senator John Kitzhaber, President of the Oregon Senate, the lawmakers put together a package of bills designed to bring every Oregonian the security of third party financing for needed health care. The Oregon Plan's key innovation is the idea that, from a societal perspective, some health services can be declared more important than others. From that central idea came the thought that the whole range of health services could be arrayed to reflect social priorities relevant to Medicaid budgeting and the design of new health insurance programs for “the uninsured.”
An Exploratory Study of Enhancing Text Clustering with Auto-Generated Semantic Tags

With the exponentially growing volume of digital documents and internet content, it becomes very challenging to locate right information when desired. We heavily rely on search engines but most existing search tools are key-word based and they often return search results with low precision and recall. The emerging semantic tagging technology provides an automatic way to generate semantic tags from text. It has drawn more and more interest from text mining research communities. It is critical to study how to utilize semantic tags to improve text mining including clustering, which helps users to enhance their experience of searching and browsing documents. Unfortunately, most previous works on text clustering merely based on content information. A few recent researches take user-generated tags into account, however user generated tags are often noisy, inconsistent, redundant and lack of semantic information and hierarchical structure. In this work, we propose a Semantic Text Mining (STeM) framework to generate semantic tags for given documents and then utilize the semantic tags to improve text clustering. Different from the previous works, we represent a document by a combination of domains and high quality noun phrases. We investigate the performance of our methods in two different datasets and the results are evaluated by normalized mutual information. Experiment results demonstrated that our proposed method substantially outperformed the traditional Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) term vector based clustering. We find that incorporating semantic information into document representation is critical to improve the performance of text clustering.
Civil Society and the Political Imagination in Africa

Civil Society and the Political Imagination in Africa. John L. Comaroff and Jean Comaroff. eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999. vii. 318 pp., photographs, index.
Parallel Computation of a Maximum-Likelihood Estimator of a Physical Map

Reconstructing a physical map of a chromosome from a genomic library presents a central computational problem in genetics. Physical map reconstruction in the presence of errors is a problem of high computational complexity that provides the motivation for parallel computing. Parallelization strategies for a maximum-likelihood estimation-based approach to physical map reconstruction are presented. The estimation procedure entails a gradient descent search for determining the optimal spacings between probes for a given probe ordering. The optimal probe ordering is determined using a stochastic optimization algorithm such as simulated annealing or microcanonical annealing. A two-level parallelization strategy is proposed wherein the gradient descent search is parallelized at the lower level and the stochastic optimization algorithm is simultaneously parallelized at the higher level. Implementation and experimental results on a distributed-memory multiprocessor cluster running the parallel virtual machine (PVM) environment are presented using simulated and real hybridization data.
The $\ell^2$-homology of even Coxeter groups

Given a Coxeter system (W,S), there is an associated CW-complex, Sigma, on which W acts properly and cocompactly. We prove that when the nerve L of (W,S) is a flag triangulation of the 3-sphere, then the reduced $\ell^2$-homology of Sigma vanishes in all but the middle dimension.
Genetic population structure of an anchialine shrimp, Metabetaeus lohena (Crustacea: Alpheidae), in the Hawaiian Islands

Anchialine habitats in the Hawaiian Islands, characterized as coastal bodies of land-locked salt or brackish water that fluctuate with the tides due to subterranean connections, are the only ecosystems of this type found within the United States. These habitats are currently subject to anthropogenic impacts that threaten their future existence. Previous research has shown strong genetic population structure of an endemic atyid shrimp, Halocaridina rubra, in these habitats. The native alpheid shrimp, Metabetaeus lohena, whose known range entirely overlaps that of H. rubra, has feeding and reproductive behaviors that are biologically distinct from H. rubra. Its historic scarcity and status as a candidate for the US Fish and Wildlife Department's Endangered Species List, make M. lohena an ideal species to compare against the known genetic structure of H. rubra. We investigated the population structure of this native anchialine shrimp to test the hypothesis that genetic popula- tion structure differs between the two shrimp species and that M. lohena is genetically unstructured across its range. A survey of 605 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene from 127 individuals collected at 7 sites spanning the islands of O'ahu, Maui and Hawaii revealed 43 haplotypes. The most common haplotype was represented in similar proportions from all sites sampled, accounting for 44% of the surveyed sequences. Analyses of molecular variation (AMOv A), pairwise F ST values, Bayesian estimates of migration (M), Mantel tests and Nested Clade Analyses (NCAs) all failed to reveal evidence of major barriers to gene flow among most populations separated by inter-island channels. This lack of genetic structure in M. lohena is found to be in stark contrast with the highly structured population of H. rubra, and may be attributed to oceanic dispersal strategies and/or a recent introduction to the Hawaiian Islands. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (1): 159-170. Epub 2010 March 01.
Spacing and shrub competition influence 20-year development of planted ponderosa pine

Growth and stand development of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) were monitored for 20 years after planting at five different square spacings (6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 ft) in the presence or absence of competing shrubs on the westside Sierra Nevada. Mean tree size was positively correlated and stand values negatively correlated with spacing in the absence of competing shrubs. Trees growing with competing shrubs attained 76% of the diameter, 80% of the height, and 58% of the cubic volume of trees free of shrub competition when all spacings were combined. This study suggests that the major effect of shrub competition in ponderosa pine plantations on good sites is to lengthen the rotation.
CRFS: A Lightweight User-Level Filesystem for Generic Checkpoint/Restart

Checkpoint/Restart (C/R) mechanisms have been widely adopted by many MPI libraries [1 -- 3] to achieve fault-tolerance. However, a major limitation of such mechanisms is the intensive IO bottleneck caused by the need to dump the snapshots of all processes into persistent storage. Several studies have been conducted to minimize this overhead [4, 5], but most of these proposed optimizations are performed inside specific MPI stack or check pointing library or applications, hence they are not portable enough to be applied to other MPI stacks and applications. In this paper, we propose a filesystem based approach to alleviate this checkpoint IO bottleneck. We propose a new filesystem, named Checkpoint-Restart File system (CRFS), which is a lightweight user-level filesystem based on FUSE (File system in User space). CRFS is designed with Checkpoint/Restart I/O traffic in mind to efficiently handle the concurrent write requests. Any software component using standard filesystem interfaces can transparently benefit from CRFS's capabilities. CRFS intercepts the checkpoint file write system calls and aggregates them into fewer bigger chunks which are asynchronously written to the underlying filesystem for more efficient IO. CRFS manages a ?exible internal IO thread pool to throttle concurrent IO to alleviate IO contention for better IO performance. CRFS can be mounted over any standard filesystem like ext3, NFS and Lustre. We have implemented CRFS and evaluated its performance using three popular C/R capable MPI stacks: MVAPICH2, MPICH2 and OpenMPI. Experimental results show significant performance gains for all three MPI stacks. CRFS achieves up to 5.5X speedup in checkpoint writing performance to Lustre filesystem. Similar level of improvements are also obtained with ext3 and NFS filesystems. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first such portable and light-weight filesystem designed for generic Checkpoint/Restart data.
Expanding your circle of influence.

IT IS MY HONOR and privilege to serve as your ASPAN President for 2003-2004. This great organization could not exist without each and every member. Every perianesthesia nurse delivering care each day, from preparation before surgery, through recovery from anesthesia, to discharge home, is critical to ASPAN’s circle of influence. You are the one influencing the safe delivery of expert care that guides the patient through the ordeal of surgery and assuring that the right things are being done at the right time to achieve the patient’s expected state of wellbeing. You are the reason ASPAN is the premiere Society representing perianesthesia nursing. You are ASPAN’s outreaching circle of influence, as well as the reason our Society is able to influence care delivery across our country.