cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aerosol retrievals from the multiyear multisatellite AVHRR pathfinder atmosphere (PATMOS) dataset for correcting remotely sensed sea surface temperatures

Abstract Eight-year (1990–98), two-satellite (NOAA-11 and -14), global daily ∼(110 km)2 gridded observations from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Pathfinder Atmosphere (PATMOS) dataset have been previously merged with the Pathfinder Matchup Database (PFMDB) and used to develop the Phase I aerosol correction for sea surface temperatures (SSTs) from AVHRR. In this study, this unique PATMOS–BUOY matchup dataset (N = 105 831) is used to derive and quality control an advanced set of aerosol parameters to be used in the Phase II algorithm: aerosol optical depths in channels 1 (λ1 = 0.63 μm) and 2 (λ2 = 0.83 μm), τ1 and τ2, and Angstrom exponent α = −ln(τ1/τ2)/ln(λ1/λ2). Inaccurate retrievals at low sun and outliers are removed from the data. PATMOS global, multiyear, multisatellite aerosol properties, derived from cloud-free portions of the (110 km)2 grid, resemble many features previously observed in the space–time-restricted, (8 km)2 resolution Aerosol Observation (AEROBS) operational ret...
Histone modification profiling reveals differential signatures associated with human embryonic stem cell self‐renewal and differentiation

In this study, we trace developmental stages using epigenome changes in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) treated with drugs modulating either self-renewal or differentiation. Based on microscopy, qPCR and flow cytometry, we classified the treatment outcome as inducing pluripotency (hESC, flurbiprofen and gatifloxacin), mesendoderm (sinomenine), differentiation (cyamarin, digoxin, digitoxin, selegeline and theanine) and lineage-commitment (RA). When we analyzed histone PTMs that imprinted these gene and protein expressions, the above classification was reassorted. Hyperacetylation at H3K4, 9, 14, 18, 56 and 122 as well as H4K5, 8, 12 and 16 emerged as the pluripotency signature of hESCs. Methylations especially of H3 at K9, K20, K27 and K36 characterized differentiation initiation as seen in no-drug control and fluribiprofen. Sinomenine-treated cells clustered close to "differentiation initiators", consistent with flow cytometry where it induced mesendoderm, along with cyamarin and possibly selegnine. Neurectoderm, induced by RA and theanine manifested methylations on H3 shifts to H3.3. By both flow cytometry and histone PTM clustering, it appears that cells treated with gatifloxacin, flurbiprofen, digitoxin and digoxin were not yet lineage-committed or mixed cell types. Taken together, our moderate-throughput histone PTM profiling approach highlighted subtle epigenetic signatures that permitted us to predict divergent lineage progression even in differentiating cells with similar phenotype and gene expression.
Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of a Flipped Format General Chemistry Course

Research has consistently shown that active problem-solving in a collaborative environment supports more effective learning than the traditional lecture approach. In this study, a flipped classroom format was implemented and evaluated in the chemistry majors’ sequence at Purdue University over a period of three years. What was formerly lecture material was presented online outside of class time using videos of PowerPoint lectures with a voice-over. In-class time was devoted to collaborative problem solving based on the Student Centered Active Learning Environment with Upside-Down Pedagogies (SCALE-UP) approach, which has been shown to increase student exam scores and passing rates. The purpose of this proof-of-principle study was to look at quantitative measures of student performance in the flipped versus the traditional lecture approach of this chemistry course. Three years of results using ACS standardized exams showed that students’ ACS general chemistry exam scores in the flipped class were significa...
A heuristic procedure for specifying parameters in neural network models for Shewhart X-bar control chart applications

This study develops a heuristic procedure for specifying parameters for a neural network configuration (learning rate, momentum, and the number of neurons in a single hidden layer) in Shewhart X-bar control chart applications. Also, this study examines the replicability of the neural network solution when the neural network is retrained several times with different initial weights. As an illustration of the appropriate use of the developed heuristic procedure, this study compares the performance of neural networks with that of Shewhart X-bar control charts. To determine neural network configurations in Shewhart X-bar control chart applications the performance of neural networks in discriminant analysis applications was investigated. Normally distributed populations with equal and unequal covariances were used in these simulation studies of configurations. The following heuristic procedure for specifying parameters was developed for determining the number of neurons in a single hidden layer, the learning rate, and the momentum: (1) Avoid too small a number of hidden neurons. (2) Selecting a number of hidden neurons falling near the total number of input and output layer neurons is an effective compromise. (3) If the pattern of the training data is clear, use the default values for a learning rate of 0.6 and a momentum of 0.9. (4) A learning rate of 0.01 and a momentum of 0.9 are recommended when the pattern of the training data is noisy. (5) A momentum of 0.9 is recommended to avoid the local minimum problems. Simulation data from normal populations with equal standard deviation were generated to compute the average run lengths (ARL) for neural network control charts. comparison of the ARLs showed that the neural networks are more sensitive to shifts in the mean as compared to the Shewhart X-bar control charts without supplementary runs rules but that neural networks perform less effectively than Shewhart X-bar control charts with supplementary runs rules for detection of small shifts. However, both types of charts tend to detect small shifts quickly relative to the Shewhart X-bar control charts without supplementary runs rules.
Trust in Government and the Boston Anti-Busing Movement:

ACK OF government legitimacy frequently has been identified as a cause of political instability and the emergence of social movements. Lipset (1959), for example, argues that a decline in legitimacy caused some West European governments to fall to fascist movements in the 1930s. Similarly, Gurr (1968) maintains that low levels of legitimacy were a principal cause of political instability in 110 colonies and countries. A strong causal relationship between legitimacy and stability is assumed in many explanations of political conflict in the United States. For instance, Parsons (1963) and Gamson (1968) argue that only a government that citizens trust can attain a society's collective goals and avert social disorder. These theorists would agree that people who do not trust their government are likely to become involved in a social movement. Existing research on this issue has taken two forms, cross-national comparisons and surveys of populations within the industrialized nations. Research using cross-national data does show a significant relationship between legitimacy and political stability (Gurr, 1968; Bwy, 1972). These studies, however, are forced to rely on measures of legitimacy that are both highly indirect and based on dubious assumptions. Bwy's (1972) measures of legitimacy, for example, include an index of the degree to which the governments in his study are democratic, on the assumption that democratic governments enjoy greater legitimacy. The available evidence, however, indicates that this premise is invalid. Authoritarian regimes may also engender widespread legitimacy (Moore, 1978: 399). In addition, political democracy is associated with a host of other factors, such as institutionalization of conflict management (Dahrendorf, 1966), so that any zero order relationship found between legitimacy and political violence is likely to be at least partially spurious. Gurr (1968) also relies on highly indirect measures of legitimacy, such as the origins (foreign vs. indigenous) of the national governments in his study. Giddens' point that "the history of societies shows again and again that structural arrangements are often at first implemented by force. . . , and coercive measures are [then] used to produce and reinforce a new legitimacy, [original emphasis]" ( 1968: 267) undercuts the usefulness of Gurr's measure of legitimacy. More direct measures of legitimacy have been used in surveys of populations within the U.S. and Western Europe. Several studies using survey data support the hypothesis that citizens who do not trust the government are more likely to support and participate in protest movements (Muller, 1972; Aberback and Walker, 1970; Paige, 1971; Muller and Jukam, 1977; Miller, 1974). Other studies indicate, however, that the correlations between legitimacy and protest either are extremely weak (Marsh, 1977) or disappear after additional variables are controlled (Citrin, 1974). Finally, work on the relationship between legitimacy and compliance with government policies has also produced inconsistent results. For example, Gatlin
Net heterolytic cleavage of B-H and B-B bonds across the N-Pd bond in a cationic (PNP)Pd fragment

The use of weakly coordinating anions BAr(F)(4) (where Ar(F) = 3,5-(CF(3))(2)C(6)H(3)) and CB(11)H(12) allows one to access clean reactions of the [(PNP)Pd](+) fragment (PNP = bis(2-(i)Pr(2)P4-Me-phenyl)amido) with the B-H bond in catecholborane (CatBH) and catecholdiboron (CatBBCat). In both cases, a net heterolytic cleavage of B-H or B-B takes place, with the nitrogen atom of PNP being a recipient of a boryl fragment. The resultant products [(PN(BCat)P)PdH](+) (2) and [(PN(BCat)P)PdBCat](+) (3) were isolated as either BAr(F)(4) or CB(11)H(12) salts and fully characterized. They are susceptible to hydrolysis, with the B-N bond hydrolyzing selectively and rapidly at RT to give [(PN(H)P)PdH](+) (1) and [(PN(H)P)PdBCat](+) (4). Notably, 4 and 2 are isomers, but they do not interconvert even under thermolysis at 90 °C. The Pd-B bond in 4 can be further hydrolyzed more slowly, to give 1. On the other hand, a Pd-B bond was formed from the Pd-H bond in 2 by reaction with excess CatBH (and evolution of H(2)), producing 3.
Maneuver Strategies for Multiplanet Missions

This paper compares a number of maneuver strategies for five multi-planet missions, including the single planet strategy of nulling the aim-plane and flight-time errors at the immediate target. Significant differences were found among the strategies in the amount of corrective propellant required and the residual miss at each target. In general, nulling or minimization of the residual miss at the next target was found to be superior to that at the immediate target, when error growth is not nulled early. The best strategy corrects aim-plane and flight-time errors at the next target.
PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY IN THE SAILFIN MOLLY, POECILIA LATIPINNA (PISCES: POECILIIDAE). I. FIELD EXPERIMENTS.

Sailfin mollies (Poecilia latipinna) display marked interdemic variation in body size. We employed "common-garden" experiments in field enclosures to explore the potential role of environmental factors in determining the interdemic phenotypic variation in growth rate, age at maturity, and size at maturity. The largest single, consistent source of variation for all traits was family identity within populations. Environmental effects acted predominantly through family x environment interactions. There was little evidence for any intrinsic variation among populations once family heterogeneity had been accounted for. In general, when statistically significant differences existed, fish raised in a saltwater pond grew faster than their broodmates raised in a freshwater pond. Both males and females tended to mature at a smaller size and later in the freshwater pond than in the saltwater pond. The effects of the environmental conditions differed among the three years in which we performed these studies. In only one year was there a substantial difference between fish raised under the two environmental conditions. These results indicate that direct environmental effects are not strong enough to account for the differences in body size among natural populations and that intrinsic differences among natural populations are due to different frequency distributions of genotypes that are present in all populations.
Recreational Sports Trends for the 21st Century: Results of a Delphi Study

Every recreational sport administrator has the challenge to plan, guide and lead his or her organizations into the future. Yet, the future is mostly unknown. This article provides insight into what...
Formation of Ultrarelativistic Electron Rings from a Laser-Wakefield Accelerator

Ultrarelativistic-energy electron ring structures have been observed from laser-wakefield acceleration experiments in the blowout regime. These electron rings had 170-280 MeV energies with 5%-25% energy spread and ∼10 pC of charge and were observed over a range of plasma densities and compositions. Three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations show that laser intensity enhancement in the wake leads to sheath splitting and the formation of a hollow toroidal pocket in the electron density around the wake behind the first wake period. If the laser propagates over a distance greater than the ideal dephasing length, some of the dephasing electrons in the second period can become trapped within the pocket and form an ultrarelativistic electron ring that propagates in free space over a meter-scale distance upon exiting the plasma. Such a structure acts as a relativistic potential well, which has applications for accelerating positively charged particles such as positrons.
Comparison of Blood Pressure Control Rates Among Recommended Drug Selection Strategies for Initial Therapy of Hypertension

BACKGROUND Several approaches to initiation of antihypertensive therapy have been suggested. These include thiazide diuretics (TDs) as the first drug in all patients, initial drug selection based on age and race criteria, or therapy selection based on measures of plasma renin activity (PRA). It is uncertain which of these strategies achieves the highest control rate with monotherapy in Stage-I hypertension. We sought to compare control rates among these strategies. METHODS We used data from the Pharmacogenomic Evaluation of Antihypertensive Responses study (PEAR) to estimate control rates for each strategy: (i) TD for all, (ii) age- and race-based strategy: Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) for all blacks and for whites ≥50 years and a renin-angiotensin system inhibitor (atenolol) for whites <50 years) or (iii) a PRA based strategy: HCTZ for suppressed PRA (<0.6ng/ml/h) and atenolol for non-suppressed PRA (≥0.6ng/ml/h) despite age or race. Hypertension was confirmed prior to treatment with HCTZ (148 blacks and 218 whites) or with atenolol (146 blacks and 221 whites). RESULTS In the overall sample, using clinic blood pressure (BP) response, the renin-based strategy was associated with the greatest control rate (48.9% vs. 40.8% with the age and race-based strategy (P = 0.0004) and 31.7% with the TD for all strategy (P < 0.0001)). The findings were similar using home or by 24-hour ambulatory BP responses and within each racial subgroup. CONCLUSIONS A strategy for selection of initial antihypertensive drug therapy based on PRA was associated with greater BP control rates compared to a thiazide-for-all or an age and race-based strategy.
Abstract 3215: GITRL-Fc can significantly reduce tumor growth by stimulating innate and adaptive immunity

Although the interaction between GITR (Glucocorticoid-Induced Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor) and GITRL (its ligand) is important for the development of immune responses, the cellular mechanisms underlying anti-tumor immunity including both innate and adaptive immunity is not fully understood. We generated a novel single-gene linkerless GITRL trimer fused to an immunoglobulin Fc domain (GITRL-Fc), and investigated its effect on controlling tumor growth and immune responses in preclinical tumor models. Treatment with GITRL-Fc significantly reduced tumor growth in several preclinical tumor models by inducing Th1 biased anti-tumor immunity and reducing Treg-mediated immune suppression. Immune cell depletion studies showed that anti-tumor immunity induced by GITRL-Fc depended on CD8+ T cells as well as NK cells. Furthermore, the combination of GITRL-Fc with PD-1 blockade significantly reduced the tumor growth in the Renca murine kidney adenocarcinoma tumor model. Taken together, these results suggest that GITRL-Fc can improve cancer treatment as a single agent or in combination therapy by enhancing innate and adaptive cellular immunity. Citation Format: Hyun-Bae Jie, Minu K. Srivastava, Erin Mayes, Rui Yun, Fumiko Axelrod, Jorge Monteon, Austin Gurney, Angie In-Kyung Park. GITRL-Fc can significantly reduce tumor growth by stimulating innate and adaptive immunity. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3215.
The Circuitry Underlying the Reinstatement of Cocaine Seeking: Modulation by Deep Brain Stimulation

Cocaine addiction in humans is characterized by persistent relapse vulnerability following detoxification. Relapse to drug taking can be precipitated by several factors: stress, re-exposure to drug-associated environmental cues, and re-exposure to the drug itself. Preclinical studies have focused on cocaine reinstatement, an animal model of relapse, to achieve a greater understanding of the underlying anatomical, neurobiological, and neurochemical bases of cocaine craving and relapse. Here, we review how changes in dopaminergic and glutamatergic transmission in mesocorticolimbic nuclei contribute to the reinstatement of cocaine seeking. This information can be used to elucidate which nuclei may prove effective therapeutic targets for deep brain stimulation (DBS) as a treatment for cocaine craving and relapse.
Software-based hardware-in-the-loop real-time simulation of distribution systems

A major step in the process of designing the controllers of a distribution systems is to test the performance of the controller devices. Testing the controllers with a traditional hardware-based real-time simulator is an effective approach for validation of the controllers. However, it is very costly. This paper introduces a software-based real-time simulator, which is a simple but useful tool for evaluating the controller hardware that will eventually implement the control algorithms in the field. In the proposed structure, the distribution system is simulated in PSCAD (an offline power system simulator) and the control algorithms are implemented in a physical controller hardware. An algorithm is proposed to enforce PSCAD to run in real-time under certain conditions. Therefore, the developed interfacing structure and real-time enforcement scheme provide a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) real-time simulation tool that can test the performance of controllers in a system. The proposed simulator is validated by several experimental case studies.
What does the crystallography of stones tell us about their formation

The mineral phase makes up most of the mass of a kidney stone. Minerals all come in the form of crystals that are regular arrangements of atoms or molecular groupings at the atomic scale, bounded macroscopically by well-defined crystal faces. Pathologic nephroliths are a polycrystalline aggregate of submicron crystals. Organic macromolecules clearly have an important role in either promoting or preventing aggregation and in altering the morphology of individual submicron crystals by influencing the surface energies of different faces. Crystals, similar in morphology to those grown in solution, are often found for calcium oxalate dihydrate, brushite, cystine and struvite. This is not the case for calcium oxalate monohydrate and hydroxyapatite, two of the most common constituents of stones.
Assessing resilience in students who are deaf or blind: Supplementing standardized achievement testing

ABSTRACTAlthough testing accommodations for standardized assessments are available for students with disabilities, interpretation remains challenging. The authors explored resilience to see if it could contribute to the interpretation of academic success for students who are deaf or hard of hearing or blind or have low vision. High school students (30 deaf, 11 blind) responded to the Resiliency Scales and a school-specific resilience survey. Student ratings were within 1 SD of those who were not deaf or blind; resilience was positively correlated with academic success (grade point average). Resilience information may contribute to the interpretation of academic success in students who are deaf or blind and may provide insight into potential interventions. This is the first time students who are deaf or blind have been assessed on a published measure of resilience. Results defy stereotypes and affirm that individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing or blind or have low vision have more in common with the h...
Green Processes for Lignin Conversion

Lignin is a complex heterogeneous aromatic polymer consisting of up to 30 % of plant material. Its aromatic structure suggests that it is a possible renewable source for aromatic chemicals. However, the natural complexity and high stability of lignin makes its depolymerization a highly challenging task. Many efforts have been directed toward a better understanding of the structure and composition of lignin in order to design more efficient and greener deconstruction paths. This chapter aims at providing an overview of key advances in the field of lignin depolymerization, with special emphasis on chemical catalysis, ionic liquids, and biocatalysis. The various technologies are discussed and critically evaluated in terms of potential for further industrial implementation. Research gaps that still need to be addressed and the most promising approaches are highlighted.
A fuzzy-logic based morse code entry system with a touch-pad interface for physically disabled persons

Touchpads, haptics and gestures are becoming popular user-interfaces in modern electronic gadgets. In this project, we propose to use a touch pad to construct a HAM radio interface. Low-power, short-range wireless communication interfaces which have become available with modern microcontrollers enable the construction of such systems which can allow users to exchange information within buildings. While Morse code was invented for telegraphy, its simplicity allows a person with physical disability to use it more effectively than a keyboard-based interface. Thus, such an interface can be useful in rehab centers, old-age homes and hospitals. Security systems are yet another domain where Morse code can be gainfully employed. Since the user must make use of touch, drag and release operations for Morse code signaling, it is difficult to prescribe any strict guidelines on the length of the drag or the time gap between two drags. Multiple users of the system will use the system at different speeds. We propose the use of Fuzzy logic with elements of machine learning to reduce the chances of misinterpreting the Morse code and adapting to different users. In order to demonstrate our project, we used the MSP430F5529 development kit from Texas Instruments which comes with a touch-pad, an LCD screen and an RF interface. The system reported in this paper is cost-effective, low-power, and meets the real-time speed requirements of the application.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Female Pelvic Floor Dysfunction: A Review of Dynamic MRI Defecography

The goal of this study is to review MRI defecography, interpretation, and reporting. The multifactorial etiology of pelvic floor dysfunction has led to a variety of treatments with varying degrees of success which are dependent on proper pretreatment diagnosis and characterization. The ability of MRI defecography to identify and characterize isolated or multiple coexistent abnormalities has led to its significantly increased utilization in the diagnosis and successful treatment of pelvic floor dysfunction. Female pelvic floor dysfunction constitutes a spectrum of pathologic conditions afflicting a large proportion of women throughout the world. Knowledge of important landmarks and measurements depicted during MRI defecography is paramount in detecting and determining the severity of these conditions which allows the referring physician to appropriately tailor specific treatment.
Examining the Relationship Among Self-Reported Assertiveness, Perceived Discrimination, and College Environment in a National Sample of Black Women Law Students

The purpose of our study was to examine college environment, defined as whether law students entered law school from a historically Black college or university or a traditionally White institution, as a moderator of the relationship between gender discrimination and assertiveness. Using a national sample of 402 incoming Black women law students and multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with covariates, the authors also tested whether college environment moderated the relationship between racial discrimination and assertiveness. CFA models with covariates were used to further investigate whether racial discrimination and gender discrimination interact to influence assertiveness. Results indicated that college environment did not moderate the relationship between gender discrimination and assertiveness. College environment also did not moderate the relationship between racial discrimination and assertiveness. Additional results revealed a significant interaction between racial and gender discrim...
Energy metabolism and respiratory gas exchange

‘Respiration’ in the energy budget classically includes both aerobic and anaerobic processes, but in the strict sense only the former is respiration, whereas the latter is fermentation. During environmental hypoxia and activity, anemones employ fermentative pathways of energy metabolism similar to those found in other euryoxic invertebrates. Both aerobic and anaerobic energy metabolism draw heavily on amino acid catabolism, probably owing to the protein-rich diet of sea anemones. Lacking O2-carrying respiratory pigments and capable of only limited convection of the ambient seawater, sea anemones seem particularly at the mercy of the Fick equations for diffusive O2 exchange. Their compensation for decreased O2 availability involves morphological, cytological, and compositional features that change parameters in Fick’s first equation to enhance delivery of O2 to respiring tissues. Morphological adaptations include the predominantly two-dimensional, laminar body plan, which minimizes diffusion distances and results in O2 consumption being more nearly directly proportional to body mass than in most Metazoa. In consequence of their variable-volume hydrostatic skeleton and distensible body wall, sea anemones also have a system of gas exchange utilizing variable surface-area and diffusion-distance. These parameters are altered behaviourally in response to changing O2 availability and demand. The slow nature of their muscular contractions is reflected in a more modest scope for activity in sea anemones than in other metazoans.
Pourbaix Diagrams for H2O Oxidation to Adsorbed OH on Pt(111) and Why They Differ from Those for Bulk Solids

Density functional calculations show that Pourbaix diagrams for reactions involving surface species are not the same as for bulk solids. This finding is based on calculations for the onset potentials over the pH range 0–14 for 15 water oxidation reactions forming OH(ads) + H+(aq) + e– on Pt(111). The deviations are results of the dependencies of Gibbs energies of adsorbed reactants on the electrode potential, causing their activities to change with potential instead of being fixed at unity, which is the case for Pourbaix diagrams of solids. In a sense, the redox couple changes as the electrode potential changes because at each potential the adsorbed reactants and products have new structures.
Public Health Success When Simple

Public Health has a long history which begins with the birth of civilizations and the gradual realization that common solutions to community and individual health problems are a vital goal. One traces the development of public health from early times through the Roman era and their concern for sanitation and clean water to provide for and protect their population. But the discussion touches on more contemporary problems at the middle and the end of the nineteenth century.
Alzheimer’s Dementia due to Suspected CTE from Subconcussive Head Impact

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) has been receiving increasing attention due to press coverage of professional football players. The devastating sequelae of CTE compel us to aim for early diagnosis and treatment. However, by current standards, CTE is challenging to diagnose. Clear clinical diagnostic criteria for CTE have not been established. Only recently, pathological diagnostic criteria have been recognized, but postmortem diagnosis is too late. Reliable biomarkers are not available. By imaging criteria, cavum septum pellucidum has been the only consistent identifiable MRI finding. Because of the imprecise nature of diagnosis based on clinical suspicion, physicians must become cognizant of the broad spectrum of presentations of CTE. With this awareness, appropriate workup can be initiated. CTE can present with early symptoms of emotional changes or late symptoms with memory decline and dementia. Here we present an unusual case of a patient with Alzheimer's disease secondary to suspected CTE that stems from subconcussive head impacts presenting with severe memory and MRI changes. Clinicians should be aware of this presentation and consider CTE in their differential diagnoses while undergoing workup of memory disorders.
Russian strategic culture, domestic politics and Cold War 2.0

The charges and countercharges between Russia and the West, the expanded military budgets and exercises, the denigration in both Russia and the US of past nuclear arms agreements, and Russia’s dire...
Anxiety in the Consumer Shell

This commentary examines Michael Roller’s metaphor of the machine to describe the social conditioning associated with 20th-century mass consumption. Roller’s machinic mass consumerism evokes familiar anxieties in its illumination of the ways consumer materiality shapes human experience. The hazard is that machinic mass consumerism risks understating the everyday creativity, retreat, silence, and imagination that negotiate and upset the machinery of mass consumer culture.
Respirable Dust Sampling and Measurement

Abstract Over the past sixty years, the principle and methods of measuring dust concentrations in mine air have drastically changed. The chapter provides a review of all such instruments. Instruments that counted the number of dust particles are now obsolete. All compliance instruments, such as the MRE dust sampler and US personal dust sampler, are fully described. Construction and performance of continuous dust monitors based on light-scattering properties are discussed. Their main drawback of an inability to distinguish between dust and water particles prevented them to become an instrument for compliance measurements. The development of a personal dust monitor (PDM) based on the change in the frequency of a filter element is fully described. Correlations between the various gravimetric samplers are presented. Finally, a case history of silica dust measurement is presented, which concludes that a minimum of five samples are needed to derive an average dust concentration that is within ±20% of the true mean with a 95% confidence limit.
Eye Tracking Reveals Abnormal Visual Preference for Geometric Images as an Early Biomarker of an Autism Spectrum Disorder Subtype Associated With Increased Symptom Severity

Abstract Background Clinically and biologically, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is heterogeneous. Unusual patterns of visual preference as indexed by eye tracking are hallmarks; however, whether they can be used to define an early biomarker of ASD as a whole or leveraged to define a subtype is unclear. To begin to examine this issue, large cohorts are required. Methods A sample of 334 toddlers from six distinct groups (115 toddlers with ASD, 20 toddlers with ASD features, 57 toddlers with developmental delay, 53 toddlers with other conditions [e.g., premature birth, prenatal drug exposure], 64 toddlers with typical development, and 25 unaffected toddlers with siblings with ASD) was studied. Toddlers watched a movie containing geometric and social images. Fixation duration and number of saccades within each area of interest and validation statistics for this independent sample were computed. Next, to maximize power, data from our previous study ( n = 110) were added for a total of 444 subjects. A subset of toddlers repeated the eye-tracking procedure. Results As in the original study, a subset of toddlers with ASD fixated on geometric images >69% of the time. Using this cutoff, sensitivity for ASD was 21%, specificity was 98%, and positive predictive value was 86%. Toddlers with ASD who strongly preferred geometric images had 1) worse cognitive, language, and social skills relative to toddlers with ASD who strongly preferred social images and 2) fewer saccades when viewing geometric images. Unaffected siblings of ASD probands did not show evidence of heightened preference for geometric images. Test-retest reliability was good. Examination of age effects suggested that this test may not be appropriate with children >4 years old. Conclusions Enhanced visual preference for geometric repetition may be an early developmental biomarker of an ASD subtype with more severe symptoms.
POST-TRAUMATIC EPILEPSY | Posttraumatic Epilepsy Caused by Fluid Percussion Injury

There are currently no treatments that can delay or prevent acquired epileptogenesis in patients at risk after insult to the central nervous system. In addition, despite the introduction of several novel antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in recent years, about one-third of all epilepsy patients still suffer from uncontrolled seizures. The lack of clinically relevant models of acquired epileptogenesis, that can be used to screen for better drugs and to optimize the design of clinical trials, has hampered progress. Recent efforts to fill this gap have resulted in a new generation of promising animal models in which the etiology of the epilepsy better mimics the human condition than the older models. These newer models, therefore, are likely to probe more clinically relevant pathophysiological mechanisms. In the case of posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE), a model that accurately reproduces in the rat the etiology of human contusive closed head injury, and the subsequent epileptic syndrome, has been developed: the fluid-percussion-injury-induced epilepsy model.
Proposed Theory of Semiactive Gains for Smart Dampers in MDOF Systems

AbstractThe use of smart dampers in civil engineering structures for vibration attenuation has proven to be promising in recent years. Nevertheless, evaluating the effectiveness of smart dampers in...
A Chemical Proteomic Probe for Detecting Dehydrogenases: Catechol Rhodanine

The inherent complexity of the proteome often demands that it be studied as manageable subsets, termed subproteomes. A subproteome can be defined in a number of ways, although a pragmatic approach is to define it based on common features in an active site that lead to binding of a common small molecule ligand (ex. a cofactor or a cross-reactive drug lead). The subproteome, so defined, can be purified using that common ligand tethered to a resin, with affinity chromatography. Affinity purification of a subproteome is described in the next chapter. That subproteome can then be analyzed using a common ligand probe, such as a fluorescent common ligand that can be used to stain members of the subproteome in a native gel. Here, we describe such a fluorescent probe, based on a catechol rhodanine acetic acid (CRAA) ligand that binds to dehydrogenases. The CRAA ligand is fluorescent and binds to dehydrogenases at pH > 7, and hence can be used effectively to stain dehydrogenases in native gels to identify what subset of proteins in a mixture are dehydrogenases. Furthermore, if one is designing inhibitors to target one or more of these dehydrogenases, the CRAA staining can be performed in a competitive assay format, with or without inhibitor, to assess the selectivity of the inhibitor for the targeted dehydrogenase. Finally, the CRAA probe is a privileged scaffold for dehydrogenases, and hence can easily be modified to increase affinity for a given dehydrogenase.
Pulsewidth dependence of the nonlinear refractive index of Air

We use the ultrafast response function of air to predict the pulsewidth dependence of $n_{2,eff}$ from measurements in the near and mid-infrared showing no dispersion. This allows predictions of the dependence of $n_{2,eff}$ on altitude.
Male-Mediated Maturation in Wild Geladas

The timing of female maturation in wild mammals is often constrained by ecological variables that relate to food acquisition. However, maturational timing in female mammals can also respond to social variables. Specifically, the arrival of novel males can accelerate maturation while the presence of related males can inhibit it. Despite studies on more than two dozen mammalian taxa in captivity, evidence for male-mediated maturation has not been systematically demonstrated in any wild population. Here, we report the first evidence of male-mediated maturation in a wild primate, the gelada (Theropithecus gelada). After the arrival of a new breeding male in the group (a male takeover), young females were three times more likely to mature. We then examined these takeover-associated maturations in more detail: some were earlier than expected (a presumptive "Vandenbergh effect," or male-accelerated maturation), some were at the expected age for the average female gelada, and some were later than expected (a presumptive "inbreeding avoidance delay," or father-induced reproductive suppression). An examination of fecal estrogens, which rise just before visible signs of maturation in this species, revealed that male takeovers induced a surge in estrogens for immature females of all ages-even females that did not mature. These are the first data to demonstrate that specific males are associated with the onset of maturation in a wild primate and to provide a possible mechanism for this change. These results suggest that all male-mediated maturation (whether accelerated, on-time, or delayed) may be governed by similar neuroendocrine processes.
Case Report and Literature Review: Post-Arthroscopy Pneumothorax with Anterior Decompression

Author(s): Cassone, Marc A.; Kish, Kristin L.; Nester, Jordan R.; Hoffman, Lisa M. | Abstract: Introduction: Emergency providers should recognize that pneumothorax is a rare but serious complication of shoulder arthroscopy that may require a unique approach to decompression.Case Report: We present a case of a 60-year-old female who presented to the emergency department with right-sided facial swelling, voice change, and shortness of breath three hours after an elective arthroscopic right rotator-cuff repair and was noted to have a right-sided pneumothorax. We also describe a potential novel approach to chest tube decompression that maintains shoulder adduction in patients with recently repaired rotator cuffs.Conclusion: Although most cases of post-arthroscopy pneumothoraces are reported in patients who received regional anesthesia or have underlying lung pathology, it can occur in lower-risk patients as was demonstrated in our case. We also suggest considering an alternative anterior approach between the midclavicular and anterior axillary lines for chest decompression in select patients when a traditional approach is less ideal due to the need to maintain shoulder immobilization postoperatively.
Ranked Choice Voting in Maine from the Perspective of Local Election Officials

In 2018, Maine became the first American state to use ranked choice voting in statewide and congressional elections. In a decentralized system of election administration local officials play an imp...
Correction: Disparities in absolute cardiovascular risk, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, and other risk factors by income within racial/ethnic groups among middle-aged and older US people.

This cross-sectional study determined income disparities in age-adjusted prevalence and trends of 10-year high absolute cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, chronic kidney disease (CKD), leisure-time physical activity (LTPA), and current tobacco smoking within racial/ethnic groups in the US. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2016 data of 40-79-year-old people were analyzed. Survey periods were grouped as 2001-2006, 2007-2012, and 2013-2016. Race/ethnicity was grouped as non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, and other races/ethnicities. Three equal-sized strata (low-, middle-, and high income) were made from the family income-to-poverty ratio. Of the 25,777 participants (mean age: 55.6 years, 48% males), a majority of the studied prevalence was higher in most survey years among non-Hispanic blacks compared to non-Hispanic whites. Most studied prevalence was also higher among low-income people than middle-/high-income people. Within racial/ethnic groups, the prevalence also differed by income for high CVD risk, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, CKD, LTPA, and tobacco smoking (P < 0.05) in most survey periods. After stratifying by race/ethnicity, the prevalence of many conditions remained disproportionately higher among low- and middle-income people, compared to those with high income during most survey periods in all racial/ethnic groups. These results reveal income in addition to race/ethnicity to be an important correlate of cardiovascular health and underscore the need to consider each when controlling for risk factors.
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy in African American cancer survivors: Risk factors and quality of life outcomes.

Background Epidemiological studies of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) have predominantly focused on non-Hispanic White patients, despite the observation that African Americans are more likely to experience CIPN. To address this health disparities gap, we sought to identify non-genetic risk factors and comorbidities associated with CIPN in African American cancer survivors using the Detroit Research on Cancer Survivors study. Methods Logistic regression was used to evaluate relationships between presence of self-reported CIPN and relevant clinical characteristics in 1045 chemotherapy-treated African American cancer survivors. Linear regression was used to evaluate risk factors for CIPN and quality of life outcomes that reflect physical, social, emotional, and functional domains of health. Results Patients with CIPN were more likely to report hypertension (OR = 1.28, 95% CI: 0.98-1.67, p = 0.07), hypercholesterolemia (OR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.001-1.73, p = 0.05), history of depression (OR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.18-2.25, p = 0.003), and diabetes (OR = 1.33, 95% CI: 0.98-1.82, p = 0.06) after adjustment for age at diagnosis, sex, and cancer site. BMI (OR = 1.02 kg/m2 , 95% CI: 1.006-1.04 kg/m2 , p = 0.008) was also positively associated with CIPN. In addition, CIPN status was significantly associated with quality of life (FACT-G total: β = -8.60, 95% CI: -10.88, -6.32) p Conclusion Risk factor profiles in African Americans are not entirely consistent with those previously reported for non-Hispanic White patients. Neglecting to understand the correlates of common chemotherapy-induced toxicities for this patient population may further contribute to the health disparities these individuals face in receiving adequate healthcare.
PREDATORS AND THE DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF BLENNIES ON OFFSHORE PETROLEUM PLATFORMS

Predation may be important in structuring fish assemblages but studies of the intensity of predation on marine fish assemblages are uncommon. Predator avoidance behavior was used to identify the predators of an assemblage of blennies found on offshore petroleum platforms in the northern Gulf of Mexico. The distribution of predators was then compared with the distribution of 3 species of blennies to see if predation intensity was related to the vertical zonation of blennies. Predator approaches and blenniid activity were compared in low and high sur- face current events. Results did not support a hypothesis of predation controlling the distribution and abundance of blennies. Also, predators were less abundant and blennies increased their activity when a surface current was pres- ent. 'Enemy free space' created by surface currents may help explain why predation is not important in structuring these blenniid assemblages.
Greg Weiner, American Burke: the Uncommon Liberalism of Daniel Patrick Moynihan

Moynihan is presented here as a social scientist who understood the limits of his discipline. He endorsed the redistributionist liberalism of the New Deal while rejecting the provision of social services by the federal government (as seen in the Great Society programs of the 1960s) because he regarded the science of administration adequate to the former but incapable of managing the latter. His critique of Great Society ambitions led him to an appreciation for the ‘older’ political science of the American founders, especially as seen in The Federalist.
Atlas of Cardiovascular Pathology for the Clinician

Last year I was approached by a clinician friend who asked me to recommend a good cardiac pathology book for his residents. I gave him a list of very good books, but still I was not sure that any of those were really appropriate for clinicians. With this new Atlas at hand, I now have no doubts of which book I would recommend if asked the same question again.
Effects of Corn Oil and Wheat Brans on Bile Acid Metabolism in Rats

High concentrations of colonic bile acids may promote tumor formation. Some studies have found that high levels of dietary fat increase fecal bile acid excretion, whereas others report no effect. Wheat bran appears to reduce fecal bile acid concentration. This study was conducted to determine the effect of different dietary fat levels and types of wheat bran on bile acid metabolism. Rats were fed diets containing either no fiber, 2% cholestyramine (CHO) or brans of hard red spring, soft white winter or durum wheat--at both a 5 or 20% fat level. Animals were fed for 7 wk, and feces were collected in the last week. Wheat bran (all types) significantly increased fecal mass approximately fourfold, and CHO significantly increased fecal mass twofold compared to the fiber-free diet. Increasing the fat level did not increase fecal bile acid excretion, nor did the addition of wheat bran. Addition of CHO, however, more than doubled it. CHO increased fecal bile acid concentration, all wheat brans decreased it and fat level had no effect. Bile acid pool size was increased slightly by fat level and cholestyramine feeding but not by wheat brans. These results indicate that fat level slightly alters bile acid metabolism but that wheat brans do not.