cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How interactions between microbial resource demands, soil organic matter stoichiometry, and substrate reactivity determine the direction and magnitude of soil respiratory responses to warming

Recent empirical and theoretical advances inform us about multiple drivers of soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition and microbial responses to warming. Absent from our conceptual framework of how soil respiration will respond to warming are adequate links between microbial resource demands, kinetic theory, and substrate stoichiometry. Here, we describe two important concepts either insufficiently explored in current investigations of SOM responses to temperature, or not yet addressed. First, we describe the complete range of responses for how warming may change microbial resource demands, physiology, community structure, and total biomass. Second, we describe how any relationship between SOM activation energy of decay and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stoichiometry can alter the relative availability of C and N as temperature changes. Changing availabilities of C and N liberated from their organic precursors can feedback to microbial resource demands, which in turn influence the aggregated respiratory response to temperature we observe. An unsuspecting biogeochemist focused primarily on temperature sensitivity of substrate decay thus cannot make accurate projections of heterotrophic CO2 losses from diverse organic matter reservoirs in a warming world. We establish the linkages between enzyme kinetics, SOM characteristics, and potential for microbial adaptation critical for making such projections. By examining how changing microbial needs interact with inherent SOM structure and composition, and thus reactivity, we demonstrate the means by which increasing temperature could result in increasing, unchanging, or even decreasing respiration rates observed in soils. We use this exercise to highlight ideas for future research that will develop our abilities to predict SOM feedbacks to climate.
Exploring the male-female discrepancy in death rates from bicycling injury: The decomposition method

The population-based death rate as an important indicator of health status has been widely used in injury research. Generally, the death rate from injury for males is about three times that for females. The importance of the various factors that contribute to this male-female discrepancy, however, has not been well understood. Using the innovative Decomposition Method, data from the Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey, the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System, and the National Center for Health Statistics were analyzed to explore the determinants of the male-female difference in death rates from bicycling injury. The results revealed that males have higher death rate from bicycling injury than females because they have a greater exposure rate and case fatality rate. When exposure measured by number of bicycle trips is taken into account, males are at slightly lower risk of injury than females. The relative contribution of case fatality, exposure, and risk to the 6.4-fold difference in death rates from bicycling injury between men and women is 53%, 51%, and -4%, respectively.
Experimental investigation of corium quenching at elevated pressure

Abstract This paper describes the results of experiments designed to quantify the cooling rate of corium by an overlying water pool. The experiments are intended to provide fundamental information on the ability of water to ingress into cracks and fissures that form in the debris during quench, thereby augmenting the otherwise conduction-limited heat transfer process. This information is being used to assess the effectiveness of a water pool in thermally stabilizing a molten-core/concrete interaction and cooling of ex-vessel core debris. The experiments involved corium inventories of 75 kg with a melt depth of 15 cm and diameter of 30 cm. The corium was composed of UO 2 /ZrO 2 /concrete to simulate mixtures of molten reactor core components and either siliceous or limestone/common sand (LCS) concrete. Initial melt temperatures were of the order of 2100 °C. The heat transfer rate from the corium was determined through measurements of the vapor production rate from the water pool. The melt was quenched at atmospheric pressure for the first two tests and at 4 bar for the two subsequent tests. Preliminary data analysis indicates that the overall heat transfer rate exceeded the conduction-limited rate for the three melts containing 8 wt.% concrete, but not for the fourth, which had 23 wt.% concrete. Also, the quench rate of the 8 wt.% concrete melts did not vary appreciably with pressure.
A continuum‐discrete hydromechanical analysis of granular deposit liquefaction

A coupled continuum-discrete hydromechanical model was employed to analyse the liquefaction of a saturated loose deposit of cohesionless particles when subjected to a dynamic base excitation. The pore fluid flow was idealized using averaged Navier–Stokes equations and the discrete element method was employed to model the solid phase particles. A well established semi-empirical relationship was utilized to quantify the fluid–particle interactions. The conducted simulations revealed a number of salient micro-mechanical mechanisms and response patterns associated with the deposit liquefaction. Space and time variation of porosity was a major factor which affected the coupled response of the solid and fluid phases. Pore fluid flow was within Darcy's regime. The predicted response exhibited macroscopic patterns consistent with experimental results and case histories of the liquefaction of granular soil deposits. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevention of GVHD by modulation of rat bone marrow with UV-B irradiation: II. Kinetics of migration of UV-B-irradiated bone marrow cells in naive and lethally irradiated rats☆

Abstract UV-B irradiation (700 J/m 2 ) of bone marrow (BM) cells prior to transplantation into lethally γ-irradiated (1050 rad) allogeneic rats prevents the development of GVHD and results in a stable mixed lymphohematopoietic chimerism. To better understand the underlying mechanisms of the development of stable radiation chimeras in this model, this study was designed to examine whether the dose (700 J/m 2 ) of UV-B irradiation used for the modulation of the BM inoculum would affect the homing pattern of radiolabeled BM cells compared to that of thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL) in the naive and lethally irradiated recipients. The results showed that intravenously administered, 111 Indium-oxine-labeled, unmodified TDL home specifically to the spleen, lymph nodes, and BM compartments with a subsequent recirculation of a large number of cells from the spleen to the lymph nodes. In contrast, radiolabeled, unmodified BM cells migrate specifically to the spleen, liver, and BM with the lymph nodes, thymus, and nonlymphoid organs containing very little amounts of radioactivity. The stable concentrations of radioactivity in the lymphoid and nonlymphoid compartments between 3 and 72 hr after injection suggest that BM cells, unlike TDL, do not recirculate. The migration pattern of BM cells in the naive recipient was not significantly different from that seen in lethally irradiated animals except for the higher concentration of radioactivity in the spleen and BM of irradiated animals compared to that seen in naive recipients. The similarity of tissue localization of BM cells in naive or in irradiated syngeneic recipients to that of allogeneic recipients suggests that the homing of BM cells is not MHC restricted. Our findings of similarity between tissue localization of UV-B-irradiated labeled BM cells and unmodified BM cells in naive and lethally irradiated recipients suggest that a dose of 700 J/m 2 of UV-B irradiation is not capable of impairing BM cell migration although it is sufficient to abolish the homing of TDL to the HEV-bearing organs. Thus, our results show that BM cells are less susceptible to cell damage by UV-B irradiation than lymphocytes thereby providing the rationale for ex vivo modulation (rather than elimination) of mature T-lymphocytes in the donor BM inoculum with UV-B irradiation. This relatively simple and effective approach to modulation of T-cells in donor BM inoculum may be potentially useful in preventing GVHD without endangering successful engraftment in larger animals and in man.
The Vitamin D requirement in health and disease

Abstract Advances in Vitamin D nutritional physiology since publication of the DRIs in 1997 are briefly summarized. Available data indicate that (1) Vitamin D's canonical function, optimizing intestinal calcium absorption, is fully expressed at serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentration of ∼80 nmol/L; (2) elevated parathyroid activity, typical of aging populations, is minimized at the same 25OHD value and (3) osteoporotic fractures are reduced when serum 25OHD is raised to near 80 nmol/L. Depending upon starting value, achieving 25OHD concentrations of 80 or higher may require a daily oral intake of 2200 IU (55 μg) or more in addition to prevailing cutaneous inputs. The tolerable upper intake level (TUIL), currently set at 2000 IU (50 μg)/day, is too low to permit optimization of Vitamin D status in the general population. Actual toxicity is not seen below serum 25OHD values of 250 nmol/L, a value that would be produced only at continuing oral intakes in excess of 10,000 IU (250 μg)/day.
Unsuspected Endobronchial Tumor Detected by PET/CT: A Patient With 3 Synchronous Squamous Cell Cancers

Abstract:We present the PET/CT images of a 64-year-old man who presented with an exophytic lesion on the right foot fourth interdigital web space. Punch biopsy revealed squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). A staging CT scan showed an epiglottic mass, which on subsequent biopsy revealed a second SCC. Whole
Trading capacity for performance in a disk array

A variety of performance-enhancing techniques, such as striping, mirroring, and rotational data replication, exist in the disk array literature. Given a fixed budget of disks, one must intelligently choose what combination of these techniques to employ. In this paper, we present a way of designing disk arrays that can flexibly and systematically reduce seek and rotational delay in a balanced manner. We give analytical models that can guide an array designer towards optimal configurations by considering both disk and workload characteristics. We have implemented a prototype disk array that incorporates the configuration models. In the process, we have also developed a robust disk head position prediction mechanism without any hardware support. The resulting prototype demonstrates the effectiveness of the configuration models.
Effect of the Vinca Alkaloids on RNA Synthesis in Human Cells in vitro

The Vinca alkaloids vinblastine sulfate and vincrystine sulfate, which are mitotic poisons, inhibit RNA synthesis in human (HEp-2) cells cultured in vitro. Analyses of RNA synthesis by cells treated with these drugs by acrylamide gel electrophoresis show that 28s rRNA and to a lesser extent 18s rRNA are preferentially inhibited. The synthesis of tRNA is affected much less than that of rRNA. The present experiments suggest that the drugs inhibit both the synthesis and processing of the nucleolar RNA precursors of rRNA. An explanation is also given for previous reports that these alkaloids preferentially inhibit the synthesis of tRNA in animal cells in vitro.
Practice differences between male and female oral and maxillofacial surgeons: Survey results and analysis

Abstract Purpose: This study describes the personal and practice characteristics of oral and maxillofacial surgeons, with an emphasis on gender differences. Potential explanations for differences found are offered. Materials and Methods: A 39-item questionnaire was designed to address areas of suspected differences between male and female oral and maxillofacial surgeons. It included items regarding training, certification, practice type and location, time spent working, practice composition, and personal characteristics. Identical questionnaires were sent to all of the 130 female oral and maxillofacial surgeons (OMSs) registered with AAOMS, as well as to 264 randomly sampled male OMSs. Results: Of the 192 responses received, 109 were from male surgeons, and 83 were from females, 56.8% versus 43.2% of the total. For men, the response rate was 41.3%, whereas the rate was 68.3% for the women; overall, 48.7% of the 394 oral surgeons responded. Profiles of the “average” male and female OMS showed similarities with regard to race, training, and reasons for choosing an OMS career. Age, marital status, number of children, physical characteristics, and use of time outside of work indicated some significant personal differences, as did practice characteristics, including income, number of years in practice, hours spent working, and number of patients seen. Clear gender-based trends were found regarding opinions of physical and mechanical disadvantages, with women more strongly denying such problems. A variety of both positive and negative viewpoints were elicited by the free comment section. Conclusions: Although male and female OMSs are similar with regard to most variables investigated, some significant differences do exist.
Advances in the pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer's disease.

The authors reviewed the literature on the agents proposed for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Different classes of drugs have been tested for this indication including psychostimulants, anitcoagulants, vasodilators, hyperbaric oxygen, hormones, nootropics, cholinomimetics, monoaminergics and neuropeptides without conclusive evidence of being beneficial for the treatment of this condition. Among the cholinomimetics recent research data seems to indicate that they might produce modest benefits in mild-to-moderate AD patients. Recently, other drugs have also been proposed including neurotrophic factors, phosphatidylserine, argistension converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, acetyl-l-carnitine, xanthine derivatives, anti-inflammatory agents, aluminum chelate agents, andd-cycloserine. Of these new strategies few hold promise of more substantial benefits for AD, with the possibility of altering the course of the disease, but these drugs await confirmatory trials.
Elimination of diastereomer interference to determine Telcagepant (MK-0974) in human plasma using on-line turbulent-flow technology and off-line solid-phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry

Abstract To eliminate the diastereomer interference on Telcagepant (MK-0974) determination during clinical study support, on-line high turbulent-flow liquid chromatography (HTLC) methods, HTLC-A and HTLC-B that covered dynamic range of 0.5–500 nM and 5–5000 nM, respectively, were developed. To meet the requirement of rapid assay transfer among multiple laboratories and analysts, a solid-phase extraction (SPE) assay was derived from the existing HTLC-B assay under the same dynamic range. The on-line HTLC assays were achieved through direct injection of plasma samples, extraction of analyte with a Cohesive C 18 column (50 mm × 0.5 mm, 50 μm), followed by HPLC separation on a FluoPhase RP column (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 5 μm) and MS/MS detection. The off-line SPE assay used Waters Oasis ® HLB μElution plate to extract the analytes from plasma matrix before injecting on a FluoPhase RP column (150 mm × 2.1 mm, 5 μm) for LC–MS/MS analysis. Under both on-line and off-line assay conditions, the diastereomer 1c was chromatographically separated from MK-0974. Cross-validation with the pooled samples demonstrated that both on-line and off-line assays provided comparable data with a difference of
Near-Optimal Management Strategies for Controlling Wild Oats in Spring Wheat

Near-optimal multiperiod decision rules for controlling wild oats in spring wheat in north central Montana are presented in this paper. Decision alternatives are fallow, use of a preemergent or postemergent herbicide, and crop without use of a herbicide. The near-optimal decision rules, which were obtained from a partially decomposed stochastic dynamic programming model, depend on density of wild oats seed in the plow layer, whether the land was previously cropped or fallow, soil moisture level, price of spring wheat, and post-planting density of wild oats. This paper presents near-optimal multiperiod decision rules for management of wild oats in spring wheat in north central Montana. Decision rules are obtained from a partially decomposed stochastic dynamic programming (DP) model. Decision alternatives considered are fallow, use of a preemergence herbicide, use of a postemergence herbicide, and crop without use of a herbicide. State variables in the model are (a) density of wild oats seed in the plow layer, (b) whether the land was previously cropped or fallow, (c) soil moisture level if a crop was grown the previous year, and (d) the price of spring wheat. For use of a postemergence herbicide, an additional state variable is the post-planting density of wild oats. Emphasis of the model is on wild oats management, but the model also embodies the notion of flex cropping of spring wheat in response to soil moisture, price, and wild oats infestations.' The model is similar to a deterministic DP model formulated by Fisher and Lee for wheat production in Australia in the sense that it accounts for wild oats population dynamics, but it is different in the sense that it accounts for stochastic elements and allows for use of a preemergent herbicide as a decision alternative. Organization of the paper is as follows: the next section gives a brief background on the extent of the wild oats problem and characterizes the management problem. This general discussion is followed by specification of a wild oats model, which is followed by presentation of a decomposed DP optimization model. Then statistical results for the model and near-optimal decision rules are presented. Finally, suggestions for future research are stated.
Analysis of High-Throughput Sequencing and Annotation Strategies for Phage Genomes

Background Bacterial viruses (phages) play a critical role in shaping microbial populations as they influence both host mortality and horizontal gene transfer. As such, they have a significant impact on local and global ecosystem function and human health. Despite their importance, little is known about the genomic diversity harbored in phages, as methods to capture complete phage genomes have been hampered by the lack of knowledge about the target genomes, and difficulties in generating sufficient quantities of genomic DNA for sequencing. Of the approximately 550 phage genomes currently available in the public domain, fewer than 5% are marine phage. Methodology/Principal Findings To advance the study of phage biology through comparative genomic approaches we used marine cyanophage as a model system. We compared DNA preparation methodologies (DNA extraction directly from either phage lysates or CsCl purified phage particles), and sequencing strategies that utilize either Sanger sequencing of a linker amplification shotgun library (LASL) or of a whole genome shotgun library (WGSL), or 454 pyrosequencing methods. We demonstrate that genomic DNA sample preparation directly from a phage lysate, combined with 454 pyrosequencing, is best suited for phage genome sequencing at scale, as this method is capable of capturing complete continuous genomes with high accuracy. In addition, we describe an automated annotation informatics pipeline that delivers high-quality annotation and yields few false positives and negatives in ORF calling. Conclusions/Significance These DNA preparation, sequencing and annotation strategies enable a high-throughput approach to the burgeoning field of phage genomics.
The selection of malignantly transformed rat liver cells using a hormonally defined medium

A hormonally defined medium consisting of a 1∶1 mixture of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium and nutrient mixture F12 supplemented with 50 μg/ml each of insulin and transferrin was found to grow late passage malignantly transformed cells of the RL-PR-C rat liver cell culture. The same medium formulation would not grow the early passage, normal, diploid counterpart of the RL-PR-C cell culture. When mixtures of the early and late passage cells were made, only the late passage cells would grow, thus providing a selection system for the late passage cells.
Nanotherapeutic Approach for Opiate Addiction Using DARPP-32 Gene Silencing in an Animal Model of Opiate Addiction

Opiates act on the dopaminergic system of the brain and perturb 32 kDa dopamine and adenosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate-regulated phosphoprotein (DARPP-32) function. The DARPP-32 mediated inhibition of protein phosphatase-1 (PP-1) and modulation of transcriptional factor CREB is critical to the changes in neuronal plasticity that result in behavioral responses during drug abuse. To investigate the role of DARPP-32 mediated signaling on withdrawal behavior in a rat model of opiate addiction, we used intracerebral administration of gold nanorods (GNR) complexed to DARPP-32 siRNA to silence DARPP-32 gene expression and measure its effects on the opiate withdrawal syndrome. We hypothesized that DARPP-32 siRNA will suppress the neurochemical changes underlying the withdrawal syndrome and therefore prevent conditioned place aversion by suppressing or removing the constellation of negative effects associated with withdrawal, during the conditioning procedure. Our results showed that opiate addicted animals treated with GNR-DARPP-32 siRNA nanoplex showed lack of condition place aversive behavior consequent to the downregulation of secondary effectors such as PP-1 and CREB which modify transcriptional gene regulation and consequently neuronal plasticity. Thus, nanotechnology based delivery systems could allow sustained knockdown of DARPP-32 gene expression which could be developed into a therapeutic intervention for treating drug addiction by altering reward and motivational systems and interfere with conditioned responses.
Innovation alignment and project network dynamics: An integrative model for change

Innovation research has predominantly focused on hierarchically organized firms competing within single markets. Recently, however, researchers have debated over whether the increasing use of proje...
Pathway to surface-induced phase transition of a confined fluid

We perform Glauber dynamics Monte Carlo simulations of a lattice gas confined between drying walls to model the dynamics that leads to the evaporation of water between extended hydrophobic surfaces. We find direct evidence that the long and short wavelength fluctuations are the important features involved in the evaporation process. These fluctuations correspond to capillary wave fluctuations in the emerging liquid-vapor interfaces and to the formation of vapor tubes that bridge across the interfaces.
Ebstein's anomaly: outcome of pregnancy.

Objectives. The outcome of pregnancy in Ebstein's anomaly was studied in 72 such patients (44 women, 28 men) who had had pregnancies or fathered children. Background. Patients with Ebstein's anomaly often reach childbearing age. Reports of the outcome of pregnancy in Ebstein's anomaly are available; however, the number of patients is small. Methods. The medical and surgical data bases at the Mayo Clinic were reviewed, and 145 patients (62 men, 83 women) of childbearing age with Ebstein's anomaly were located. All patients were contacted, and 72 patients (44 women, 28 men) with offspring were identified and reviewed in detail to assess the outcome of pregnancy. Results. Forty-four women had 111 pregnancies resulting in 85 live births (76%). Seventy-six deliveries (89%) were vaginal, and nine (11%) were by cesarean section. Twenty-three deliveries were premature. There were 19 spontaneously unsuccessful pregnancies, 7 therapeutic abortions and 2 early neonatal deaths. The mean birth weight of the infants born to cyanotic women was 2.53 kg, which was significantly lower than the mean birth weight of infants born to acyanotic women (3.14 kg [p < 0.001]). The overall incidence of congenital heart disease in the 158 offspring of parents with Ebstein's anomaly was 4% (6 of 158). The incidence of congenital heart disease was 6% (5 of 83) in the offspring of women with Ebstein's anomaly and 1% (1 of 75) in that of men. There was a 0.6% (1 of 158) incidence of familial Ebstein's anomaly. There were no serions pregnancy-related maternal complications, which included maternal death, stroke, congestive heart failure, arrhythmias or endocarditis. Conclusions. Pregnancy in women with Ebstein's anomaly is well tolerated. It is associated with an increased risk of prematurity, fetal loss and congenital heart disease in the offspring. In addition, a significantly lower birth weight is found in the offspring of cyanotic versus acyanotic women with Ebstein's anomaly. Paternal Ebstern's anomaly also seems to result in an increased risk of congenital heart disease in the offspring compared with the inddence in the general population.
Protein separation using membrane-encapsulated soluble ligand conjugates

A new approach for isolating and recovering biological macromolecules using membrane-encapsulated soluble ligand conjugates was investigated. Membrane-encapsulated solid adsorbents have been successfully developed and employed in our laboratory to isolate and purify proteins and enzymes directly from culture broths. This new concept also makes it possible to use soluble ligand conjugates instead of solid adsorbents inside membrane capsules. In this work, model membrane-encapsulated soluble and insoluble ligands comprising Blue Dextran and Blue Sepharose entrapped within calcium alginate membranes were studied to compare adsorption characteristics such as capacities and rates. Experimental results suggest that membrane-encapsulated soluble ligands may be expected to result in higher overall adsorption capacity compared to membrane-encapsulated solid adsorbents with comparable adsorption rates.
Group Status and Attributions to Discrimination: Are Low- or High-Status Group Members More Likely to Blame their Failure on Discrimination?

Research has shown that low-status group members tend to minimize discrimination as a reason for negative feedback relative to other causes. Three experiments examined whether this tendency is limited to low-status group members or extends to high-status group members. Participants made attributions for negative feedback on a test after receiving information about the probability that they had been discriminated against by an out-group member. Experiment 1 compared women and men, Experiment 2 compared Blacks and Whites, and Experiment 3 compared members of experimentally created low- and high-status groups. All experiments demonstrated that low-status group members were significantly less likely than high-status group members to blame their poor performance on discrimination and more likely to blame their failure on the type of test, the quality of their answers, and their ability and effort. This was especially apparent when the probability for discrimination was ambiguous.
An algorithm for solving the singularly perturbed H∞ algebraic Riccati equation

Abstract The algebraic Riccati equation of singularly perturbed H ∞ linear-quadratic optimal control problems is decoupled into two completely independent, reduced-order, pure-slow, and pure-fast H ∞ algebraic Riccati equations. Even though the algebraic Riccati equations obtained are nonsymmetric, they are efficiently solved in terms of Lyapunov iterations by using the Newton method. The presented algorithm can be used for H ∞ parallel filtering and regulation of systems displaying two-time scale dynamics.
Abstract LB-427: TAK1 (MAP3K7) inhibition promotes apoptosis in KRAS dependent colon cancers

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Colon cancers frequently harbor KRAS mutations, yet only a subset of KRAS-mutant colon cancer cell lines are dependent upon KRAS signaling for survival. In a screen for kinases that promote survival of KRAS-dependent colon cancer cells, we found that the TAK1 kinase (MAP3K7) is required for tumor cell viability. The induction of apoptosis by RNAi-mediated depletion or pharmacologic inhibition of TAK1 is linked to its suppression of hyperactivated Wnt signaling, evident in both endogenous and genetically reconstituted cells. In APC-mutant/KRAS-dependent cells, KRAS stimulates BMP-7 secretion and BMP signaling, leading to TAK1 activation and enhancement of Wnt-dependent transcription. An in vitro-derived “TAK1-dependency signature” is enriched in primary human colon cancers with mutations in both APC and KRAS, suggesting potential clinical utility in stratifying patient populations. Together, these findings identify TAK1 inhibition as a potential therapeutic strategy for a treatment-refractory subset of colon cancers exhibiting aberrant KRAS and Wnt pathway activation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-427. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-LB-427
Regulation of energy metabolism and intracellular energy transport in muscle

Abstract Energy production in contractile tissues is coupled to energy utilization, so that in the myocardium for example enough energy is available for the heart to function over a wide range of activity from sleep to exhaustive exercise. The coupling is precise and therefore the production of energy must be regulated precisely. It is proposed that the creatine-phosphoryl - creatine-mitochondrial - creatine-kinase system plays an essential role in such regulation and provides for energy shuttle from the mitochondria to the site of energy utilization.
Medical student interventional radiology symposium: the emory experience

Purpose Medical students traditionally receive little exposure to the field of interventional radiology (IR) during medical school. The aim of this symposium is to introduce medical students to interventional radiology and motivate students to seek out research and future career opportunities within the field. Materials and Methods All medical and physician assistant students from Emory and other Southeastern medical schools are invited to attend the Emory medical student interventional radiology symposium, which includes lectures and a simulation lab. IR faculty members will hold 20-minute lectures centered on diseases treated by interventional radiologists with pictorial and video examples of procedures used to treat the disease. The simulation lab will allow hands on exposure with ultrasound, catheters, and other IR devices. Students will be given a Likert scale survey before and after the symposium (Figure 1A,B), to determine if the symposium increased student’s understanding of IR and motivated them to learn more about a career in the field. ANOVA will be used for statistical analysis with statistical significance defined as a p value Results 45 medical students and 10 physician assistant students are scheduled to attend the symposium. So far, students have expressed interest in learning more about IR and research opportunities. The results from the Likert scale survey as well as specific comments from the students will be presented at the SIR meeting. Conclusion The Emory symposium successfully introduced interventional radiology to medical students and motivated many students to seek out further opportunities within the field. Our experience also suggests the symposium format is a valuable means of motivating medical students to consider a residency in radiology and a future career in interventional radiology. Lastly, this symposium provides a successful and easily reproducible model for other medical schools to implement, thus increasing the number of students interested in interventional radiology across the country.
Practical and effective strategies to promote scholarly activity by residents

The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) requires that internal medicine residents participate in scholarly activities, including conducting original research, or preparing case reports or literature reviews.1 Promoting residents’ scholarly activity is also a laudable goal of medical educators. However, achieving this goal can be challenging. Barriers include a lack of interest by residents and limited research infrastructure, as reported in a recent national survey of internal medicine program directors.2 Issues relating to faculty availability and expertise may also serve as impediments to successful resident research endeavors. In large programs, finding a sufficient number of research mentors may be difficult. In training programs with few research-intensive faculty members, opportunities for residents to participate in original research may be limited or absent. Due to these limitations, preparing case reports for poster presentation or publication remain an important way for residents to fulfill research requirements.
Ecological and economic benefits of cross-boundary coordination among private forest landowners

A significant challenge facing forestry today is managing private forests sustainably in the face of continued ownership fragmentation (i.e., parcelization). Cross-boundary coordination––where forest practices are coordinated across multiple properties––has been proposed as a mechanism by which landscape-level ecological and economic benefits may be accrued in privately-owned landscapes, but few tests of the concept exist. Using a case study approach, we quantify the extent to which ownership-centric forest management is constrained by economies of scale and misses opportunities to achieve ecological objectives in three landscapes in Wisconsin, USA. Methods are based on existing forest management plans and include spatial analysis of patch distributions and shapes, simulation of forest practices, and calculation of net present value over a 20-year horizon. Our results indicate substantial opportunity for cross-boundary coordination: between 62% and 88% of the managed properties within our study landscapes were adjacent to other properties with forest management plans. At a patch scale, coordination can result in ecological benefits that can be accrued into the future (e.g., maintenance of large patches and natural ecosystem boundaries). Because these landscapes are already highly parcelized, however, coordination offers little opportunity to impact the overall landscape-scale structure. Greater economies of scale can also be gained by coordinating forest practices, including increases in the size (16–99%) and volume of timber sales (16–94%), and a modest economic advantage (3–6%). As first steps, investment in data infrastructure and professional training are required to support cross-boundary multi-ownership forest management. More broadly is the need to shift from policies and practices that are largely ownership-centric to those that include and better incorporate landscape-centric perspectives.
Aminothiazolomorphinans with Mixed κ and μ Opioid Activity

A series of N-substituted and N'-substituted aminothiazole-derived morphinans (5) were synthesized for expanding the structure-activity relationships of aminothiazolo-morphinans. Although their affinities were somewhat lower than their prototype aminothiazolo-N-cyclopropylmorphinan (3), 3-aminothiazole derivatives of cyclorphan (1) containing a primary amino group displayed high affinity and selectivity at the κ and μ opioid receptors. [(35)S]GTPγS binding assays showed that the aminothiazolomorphinans were κ agonists with mixed agonist and antagonist activity at the μ opioid receptor. These novel N'-monosubstituted aminothiazole-derived morphinans may be valuable for the development of drug abuse medications.
Heisenberg exchange in heavy rare-earth alloys

It is shown that the highest-ordering temperatures of heavy rare earths and alloys among the heavy rare earths follow the Heisenberg spin dependence S (S + 1). The so-called anomalous behavior of alloys of heavy rare earths with Sc and Y is explained in terms of a combination of enhanced conduction-electron polarization and conduction-electron scattering by solute atoms.
Domain formation in a fluid mixed lipid bilayer modulated through binding of the C2 protein motif.

The role and mechanism of formation of lipid domains in a functional membrane have generally received limited attention. Our approach, based on the hypothesis that thermodynamic coupling between lipid-lipid and protein-lipid interactions can lead to domain formation, uses a combination of an experimental lipid bilayer model system and Monte Carlo computer simulations of a simple model of that system. The experimental system is a fluid bilayer composed of a binary mixture of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylserine (PS), containing 4% of a pyrene-labeled anionic phospholipid. Addition of the C2 protein motif (a structural domain found in proteins implicated in eukaryotic signal transduction and cellular trafficking processes) to the bilayer first increases and then decreases the excimer/monomer ratio of the pyrene fluorescence. We interpret this to mean that protein binding induces anionic lipid domain formation until the anionic lipid becomes saturated with protein. Monte Carlo simulations were performed on a lattice representing the lipid bilayer to which proteins were added. The important parameters are an unlike lipid-lipid interaction term and an experimentally derived preferential protein -lipid interaction term. The simulations support the experimental conclusion and indicate the existence of a maximum in PS domain size as a function of protein concentration. Thus, lipid-protein coupling is a possible mechanism for both lipid and protein clustering on a fluid bilayer. Such domains could be precursors of larger lipid-protein clusters ('rafts'), which could be important in various biological processes such as signal transduction at the level of the cell membrane.
CFD Determination of Pre-Chamber Flow Pertubation Inlet Boundary Conditions for Seal Rotordynamics Models

A new approach has been developed and utilized to determine the flow field perturbations (i.e. disturbances due to rotor whirl) upstream of a non-contacting seal. The results are proposed for use with bulk-flow perturbation and CFD-perturbation seal rotordynamic models, as well as with fully 3-D CFD models, to specify the approximate inlet boundary flow disturbance values at the computational domain inlet. The radially bulk-averaged disturbance quantities were evaluated in the upstream chamber from nearly 40 cases of geometry/operating conditions. The proposed upstream chamber boundary conditions are applicable for liquid as well as gas seals. For each of the measurement test cases considered, improved agreement with measurements was obtained when using the new boundary conditions, even though there was generally little room for improvement when not using the new boundary conditions. Based on the findings in this study it is recommended that the first-order correlations developed here be used to specify approximate boundary conditions at the domain inlet to be located in the upstream chamber.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
civil-religious hierarchies in central Chiapas: a critical perspective

Civil-religious hierarchies (cargo systems) have often formed the subject of anthropological research in Mesoamerica; indeed, it has been said that they play an essential role in structuring and organizing native communities. Using ethnohistorical evidence from highland Chiapas, however, we argue that such hierarchies emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in response to changes in the regional economy that placed new demands upon Indian laborers. [civil-religious hierarchies, cargo systems, Mesoamerica, economic development]
Statistical estimation of corner frequency and its application to seismic event-identification

Abstract A statistical method is proposed for estimation of the corner frequency. It is based on inference for a stochastic model whose short-term behavior resembles the established source time functions. Properties of the estimates are investigated and some numerical examples are presented. A discussion concerning earthquake–explosion discrimination and the way corner frequency can be related to the rate of zero-crossings is also included. The paper is concluded with some numerical examples.
The contributions of lexico-semantic and discourse information to the resolution of ambiguous categorical anaphors

The present studies employed event-related potentials (ERPs) to examine the time course for the integration of lexico-semantic and discourse information during the resolution of categorical anaphors. Scenarios were constructed to include three potential antecedents. Anaphors were semantically ambiguous in that two of the potential antecedents were exemplars of the anaphor. Final sentences resolved the anaphor with the correct (associatively related/contextually appropriate), incorrect (associatively related/contextually inappropriate), or control antecedent (associatively unrelated/contextually inappropriate). We examined the amplitude of the N400 component, which is thought to reflect the ease of semantic integration, at several points following the anaphor. The smallest N400 was evoked when the text referred back to a correct antecedent following an anaphor; an intermediate N400 was evoked by incorrect antecedents and the largest N400 was evoked by reinstating the control antecedent following an anaphor...
Energy conservation and the principle of equivalence

If the equivalence principle is violated, then observers performing local experiments can detect effects due to their position in an external gravitational environment (preferred-location effects) or can detect effects due to their velocity through some preferred frame (preferred-frame effects). We show that the principle of energy conservation implies a quantitative connection between such effects and structure-dependence of the gravitational acceleration of test bodies (violation of the Weak Equivalence Principle). We analyze this connection within a general theoretical framework that encompasses both non-gravitational local experiments and test bodies as well as gravitational experiments and test bodies, and we use it to discuss specific experimental tests of the equivalence principle, including non-gravitational tests such as gravitational redshift experiments, Eotvos experiments, the Hughes-Drever experiment, and the Turner-Hill experiment, and gravitational tests such as the lunar-laser-ranging “Eotvos” experiment, and measurements of anisotropies and variations in the gravitational constant. This framework is illustrated by analyses within two theoretical formalisms for studying gravitational theories: the PPN formalism, which deals with the motion of gravitating bodies within metric theories of gravity, and the THϵμ formalism that deals with the motion of charged particles within all metric theories and a broad class of non-metric theories of gravity.
The size-dependent elastic state of inclusions in non-local elastic solids

The elastic stress state of inclusions containing eigenstrains located in an infinite non-local media are discussed. Closed-form expressions are provided for the specific cases of spherical and cylindrical inclusions. The results indicate that non-locality reduces the stress jump across the inclusion interface when compared with the classical case (i.e. reduction in the so-called stress concentration). We also prove, using asymptotic analysis, the disappearance of stress singularities for polyhedral inclusions in non-local elastic solids. The obtained results are size dependent and asymptotically approach the classical size-independent solution for a ‘large’ inclusion size.
Gleason 6 Prostate Tumors Diagnosed in the PSA Era Do Not Demonstrate the Capacity for Metastatic Spread at the Time of Radical Prostatectomy

Objective To elucidate the probability that Gleason 6 tumors diagnosed in the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) era treated with radical prostatectomy (RP) develop metastasis. Methods Between October 2000 and June 2012, 1781 men underwent open RP by a single surgeon. Biochemical recurrence (BCR) was defined as a serum PSA value ≥0.2 ng/mL, or 2 progressively rising PSA values >0.14 ng/mL. Significant BCR (sBCR) was defined as a BCR with a PSA doubling time (PSADT) Results Eight hundred fifty-seven of men (48.1%) undergoing open RP had a pathologic diagnosis of Gleason 6. Twenty-three of 857 of these men (2.7%) developed BCR, 7 were designated as iBCR (mean PSADT 81 months, range 36 to 100), 16 were sBCR (mean PSADT 8 months, range 1.5-20 months). There was a 10-fold difference in PSADT between the sBCR and iBCR groups ( P Conclusion In our large cohort of men with pathological Gleason 6 disease undergoing open RP, sBCR were attributable exclusively to local disease recurrences. Our findings support the conclusion that Gleason 6 disease exhibits a very low capacity for metastatic spread.
Nonlinear properties of nanoscale antennas

Summary Nanoscale antennas are optical devices that can facilitate the localization and transfer of electromagnetic (EM) energy at the nanometer length scale. In this review, we discuss nanoscale antennas based on coupled metal nanoparticles that exhibit strong optical nonlinear behavior. These distinct properties are a consequence of the large EM field concentration at the localized plasmon resonance frequency, which can enhance the local strength of light-matter interactions. Specifically, we will highlight how optical nanoantennas can boost nonlinear processes, resonant energy transfer between surface plasmons and excitons, and lasing action in the presence of gain materials.
Change Orders and Lessons Learned: Knowledge from Statistical Analyses of Engineering Change Orders on Kentucky Highway Projects

AbstractAlthough change orders occur on many construction projects, data examined in this paper suggest that many change orders can be avoided on roadway construction projects through improved project planning and scoping. Statistical analyses of change orders on 610 Kentucky roadway construction projects from 2005–2008 examined how the causes of change orders varied between construction versus maintenance projects, different road types (e.g., state highways, interstate, and county roads), and construction type (e.g., earth work, structures, and road surfacing). The research examined the risk posed by engineering change orders by measuring the frequency and average percentage change in project costs for different types of change orders. Although the relative impacts did vary by analyses, the leading causes of change orders within the state consistently included contract omissions, owner-induced enhancements, and contract item overrun. The paper’s primary contribution to the overall body of knowledge is th...
Metabolomic Analysis of Pressure-overloaded and Infarcted Mouse Hearts

Background—Cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure are associated with metabolic dysregulation and a state of chronic energy deficiency. Although several disparate changes in individual metabolic pathways have been described, there has been no global assessment of metabolomic changes in hypertrophic and failing hearts in vivo. Hence, we investigated the impact of pressure overload and infarction on myocardial metabolism. Methods and Results—Male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to transverse aortic constriction or permanent coronary occlusion (myocardial infarction [MI]). A combination of LC/MS/MS and GC/MS techniques was used to measure 288 metabolites in these hearts. Both transverse aortic constriction and MI were associated with profound changes in myocardial metabolism affecting up to 40% of all metabolites measured. Prominent changes in branched-chain amino acids were observed after 1 week of transverse aortic constriction and 5 days after MI. Changes in branched-chain amino acids after MI were associated...