cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bile canalicular secretion - tales from Vienna and Yale.

The isolated rat hepatocyte couplet was developed to facilitate studies of canalicular bile formation in a primary bile secretory unit in culture. This preparation enabled the first determination of electrical driving forces across the canalicular membrane in an intact hepatocyte. The basic electrical properties of the hepatocyte were able to be described using this model which also facilitated functional studies of canalicular bile formation using video and confocal imaging techniques. More recently isolated hepatocytes in collagen sandwich cultures have been adapted for the studies of bile formation in polarized hepatocytes requiring longer term experiments where proteins involved in the bile secretory process can be specifically knocked down using adenoviral siRNA techniques. This presentation reviews the historical development of the hepatocyte couplet preparations and the seminal contributions of Jurg Graf to this field.
Phase I study of the anti-HGF monoclonal antibody (mAb), ficlatuzumab, and cetuximab in cetuximab-resistant, recurrent/metastatic (R/M) head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

6038Background: Cetuximab, an anti-EGFR mAb, is approved for R/M HNSCC but only a minority benefits. Activation of cMet, the receptor for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), overcomes EGFR inhibition i...
Predator-prey interactions in the Southern California Bight

The Southern California Bight (SCB) is an important foraging area for a variety of cetacean species, including blue whales and beaked whales. However, the interactions of these species with their prey (krill and deep-water squid, respectively) can be very difficult to observe. Moorings combining passive and active acoustics were deployed at two locations in the SCB in two consecutive fall and winter seasons. A High-frequency Acoustic Recording Package sampling at 200 kHz recorded the full range of baleen and beaked whale signals. The active acoustic system on each mooring included two Simrad Wide Band Acoustic Transceivers (WBAT). A bottom-mounted WBAT had an upward looking 70 kHz transducer and the one at 300 m depth had upward looking 70 kHz and 200 kHz transducers. Over the course of four months, blue whale songs and social calls were recorded on both moorings. Beaked whale echolocation clicks were commonly detected on the mooring deployed offshore, with only rare beaked whale encounters on the coastal mooring. Backscatter data indicated overlap in the presence of cetacean predators and their prey. Scattering layer dynamics were dominated by regular diel migration, with differences in scatterer abundance between mooring sites, as well as on 2–5 day time scales.The Southern California Bight (SCB) is an important foraging area for a variety of cetacean species, including blue whales and beaked whales. However, the interactions of these species with their prey (krill and deep-water squid, respectively) can be very difficult to observe. Moorings combining passive and active acoustics were deployed at two locations in the SCB in two consecutive fall and winter seasons. A High-frequency Acoustic Recording Package sampling at 200 kHz recorded the full range of baleen and beaked whale signals. The active acoustic system on each mooring included two Simrad Wide Band Acoustic Transceivers (WBAT). A bottom-mounted WBAT had an upward looking 70 kHz transducer and the one at 300 m depth had upward looking 70 kHz and 200 kHz transducers. Over the course of four months, blue whale songs and social calls were recorded on both moorings. Beaked whale echolocation clicks were commonly detected on the mooring deployed offshore, with only rare beaked whale encounters on the coastal...
Urinary metals and metal mixtures in Bangladesh: Exploring environmental sources in the Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS).

INTRODUCTION Environmental exposure to toxic metals and metalloids is pervasive and occurs from multiple sources. The Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) is an ongoing prospective study predominantly focused on understanding health effects associated with arsenic exposure from drinking water. The goal of this project was to measure a suite of elements in urine to better understand potential exposure patterns and to identify common environmental sources of exposure among this semi-rural Bangladeshi population. METHODS In a random sample of 199 adult HEALS participants (50% female), the concentrations of 15 urinary elements (As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cs, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, Tl, W, Zn) were assessed by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) to assess commonalities with sociodemographic characteristics and potential sources of exposure. We used principal component analysis (PCA) with varimax normalized rotations, and hierarchical cluster analysis (CA), using Ward's method with Euclidean distances, to evaluate these relationships. RESULTS PCA and CA showed similar patterns, suggesting 6 principal components (PC) and 5 clusters: 1)PC: Sr-Ni-Cs/ CA: Sr-Ni-Co; 2) Pb-Tl/Pb-Tl-Se-Cs; 3) As-Mo-W/As-Mo-W; 4) Ba-Mn/Ba-Mn; 5) Cu-Zn/Cu-Zn-Cd; and 6) Cd. There was a strong significant association between the As-Mo-W PC/cluster and water arsenic levels (p < 0.001) and between the Cd PC and betel nut use (p = 0.003). The Sr-Ni-Cs PC was not related to any of the socio-demographic characteristics investigated, including smoking status and occupation. The first PC, Sr-Ni-Cs, explained 21% of the variability; the third PC, As-Mo-W, explained 12.5% of the variability; and the sixth PC, Cd, explained 10% of the variability. Day laborers appeared to have the highest exposure. CONCLUSIONS Groundwater and betel nut use are likely important sources of metal and metalloid exposure in this population. These findings will guide future exposure assessment research in Bangladesh and future epidemiologic research investigating the degree to which metal mixtures play a role in disease development.
Modeling a thermoplate conical heat exchanger in a point focus solar thermal collector

Abstract A three-dimensional ANSYS-FLUENT Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model of the central receiver in a compact hybrid solar-thermal collector is presented. The small scale cavity receiver is conical in shape, laser welded from Inconel 625 with a 38 mm entrance aperture, and uses pressurized water as the Heat Transfer Fluid (HTF) within a thermoplate serpentine flowpath. The coupled thermofluidic CFD model examines a simplified unrolled version of this dimpleplate heat exchanger, representing the laminar flow within 10 × 1 mm expanded flowpath serpentine channels complete with intrachannel spot welds and non-uniform concentrated solar irradiance heating. The computational model is validated against experimental results with the receiver at the focus of a 2.7 m 2 parabolic dish, two-axis tracking rooftop solar collector. For steady state conditions with the outlet HTF reaching temperatures in excess of 200 ° C, the HTF temperature rise predicted by the computational model is in agreement with the experimental data. In order to accurately capture the heat losses from the heat exchanger to its surrounding, we present an additional three-dimensional CFD model including the heat exchanger and surrounding thermal insulation. Contours of temperature and velocity at the midplane of the dimpleplate receiver heat exchanger are presented.
Abstract 105: Tuning EC-Coupling: β -Adrenergic Receptor Activation Stimulates Dynamic Augmentation of Ca V 1.2 Channel Sarcolemmal Abundance and Cooperativity

Voltage-gated L-type CaV1.2 channels play an essential role in cardiac excitation-contraction coupling. These channels decorate the z-lines of ventricular myocytes where they form discrete clusters...
Shade Avoidance Cues Reduce Beta vulgaris Growth

Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted from 2013 to 2015 at the University of Wyoming to evaluate the response of Beta vulgaris (L.) to reflected-light quality. Large-pail field studies included a factorial arrangement of three varieties of B. vulgaris (sugar beet, table beet, and Swiss chard) and reflected-light treatments (using either colored plastic mulch, grass, or bare-soil controls). Greenhouse studies included sugar beet as influenced by either grass or soil surroundings. In all studies, grass was grown in separate containers from B. vulgaris, so there was no root interaction. Grass was clipped regularly to prevent shading and competition for sunlight. Reflected light fromdifferent-colored plasticmulches (red, blue, green, black, clear) did not affect B. vulgaris growth. However, reflected light from the grass reduced the number of leaves in all B. vulgaris varieties such that there were 10 to 14 fewer leaves in B. vulgaris surrounded by grass compared with the soil treatment at 90 d after planting in the field study. Shade avoidance cues from surrounding grass reduced B. vulgaris total leaf area by 49% to 66%, leaf biomass by 21% to 30%, and root biomass by 70% to 72%. Similar results were observed in greenhouse experiments, where the grass treatment reduced sugar beet leaf biomass by 48% to 57% and root biomass by 35% to 64%. Shade avoidance cues have the potential to significantly reduce B. vulgaris yield, even in the absence of direct resource competition from weeds.
Investigation of speckle imagery spectral estimation challenges for modulation transfer function measurements

Efforts to extend speckle-based focal plane array modulation transfer function measurements beyond the detector Nyquist frequency have unearthed challenging spectral estimation issues. In an attempt to better understand the task of speckle imagery spectral estimation, we explore the nuances of various estimation techniques, making comparisons using both real speckle imagery and simulated data. Parameters and features of the techniques investigated include number of image realizations, the size of image realizations, and applications of windows to speckle imagery spectral estimation. Real-world testing considerations such as laser stability and the challenge of collecting significant numbers of independent image realizations are addressed in the analysis. Results from this research show the advantage increasing the number of realizations has on estimation variance, the robustness of smaller realization segments when battling speckle field imagery spatial nonuniformities, the benefits of windowing image segments with regard to power spectral density estimation accuracy, and the impact that the increasing aperture area has on system signal-to-noise ratio.
The Charlie Hebdo Affair and the Right to Take Offense: Religious Sensibilities Versus Freedom of Expression in India

India’s journalistic field is ensconced in a complex, politico-cultural, religious, and communitarian environment that has given rise to a geography of freedom of expression that recognizes the right to take offense at perceived objectionable media content and seek legal redress against that content. This chapter describes and explains the tensions between the journalistic and religious fields of India using, as a case study, disputes and controversies spawned by the 2006 Jyllands-Posten Mohammed cartoons controversy and the 2015 Charlie Hebdo terrorist attack. Specifically, it looks at the tension between the human right/rite of freedom of expression and the human right/rite of freedom of religion. This tension is complicated because, in India, the human right/rite of freedom of religion comes with a collateral religious rite of freedom from blasphemy. After tracing the legal contours of freedom of expression and the legally recognized entitlement of respect for religion, as well as the right to take offense, we explore the censorious religious and legal actions taken against the Urdu-language daily Avadhnama and its editor, Shireen Dalvi, for republishing the “Weeping Mohamed” Charlie Hebdo Mohamed cartoon to illustrate an editorial critique of Charlie Hebdo’s Mohammed cartoons.
The effect of multilayer dielectrics on electrical characteristics of thin film capacitors for high energy density application

Hydrogenated diamond-like carbon and aluminum oxide thin films were used in combination to fabricate capacitors in order to investigate the effect of multiple dielectrics on dielectric constant, breakdown strength, and energy density. It was found that capacitors made by combining the two materials exhibited significantly higher breakdown strength and energy density than capacitors made with either dielectric material alone. In addition, the model for calculating the combined dielectric constant for multiple dielectrics was validated. The highest energy density (U e = 5.2 J/cm3) capacitor made for this investigation had a breakdown strength of 5.3 MV/cm and an effective dielectric constant of 5.3.
Dysregulated BMP signaling through ACVR1 impairs digit joint development in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP).

Abstract The development of joints in the mammalian skeleton depends on the precise regulation of multiple interacting signaling pathways including the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway, a key regulator of joint development, digit patterning, skeletal growth, and chondrogenesis. Mutations in the BMP receptor ACVR1 cause the rare genetic disease fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) in which extensive and progressive extra-skeletal bone forms in soft connective tissues after birth. These mutations, which enhance BMP-pSmad1/5 pathway activity to induce ectopic bone, also affect skeletal development. FOP can be diagnosed at birth by symmetric, characteristic malformations of the great toes (first digits) that are associated with decreased joint mobility, shortened digit length, and absent, fused, and/or malformed phalanges. To elucidate the role of ACVR1-mediated BMP signaling in digit skeletal development, we used an Acvr1R206H/+;Prrx1-Cre knock-in mouse model that mimics the first digit phenotype of human FOP. We have determined that the effects of increased Acvr1-mediated signaling by the Acvr1R206H mutation are not limited to the first digit but alter BMP signaling, Gdf5+ joint progenitor cell localization, and joint development in a manner that differently affects individual digits during embryogenesis. The Acvr1R206H mutation leads to delayed and disrupted joint specification and cleavage in the digits and alters the development of cartilage and endochondral ossification at sites of joint morphogenesis. These findings demonstrate an important role for ACVR1-mediated BMP signaling in the regulation of joint and skeletal formation, show a direct link between failure to restrict BMP signaling in the digit joint interzone and failure of joint cleavage at the presumptive interzone, and implicate impaired, digit-specific joint development as the proximal cause of digit malformation in FOP.
Specific Heat of Cu ( N H 3 ) 4 ( N O 3 ) 2

The specific heat of Cu${(\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{H}}_{3})}_{4}$${(\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{O}}_{3})}_{2}$ has been studied over the temperature range 1.2-16\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The results show a broad maximum similar to that reported in other substances that magnetically order in linear chains. By comparing with the calculations of Bonner and Fisher, it is determined that the substance forms antiferromagnetic linear chains with a nearest-neighbor Heisenberg interaction constant of $\frac{J}{k}=(3.70\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04)\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K.
A low-cost, long-term underwater camera trap network coupled with deep residual learning image analysis

AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWO_LIUnderstanding long-term trends in marine ecosystems requires accurate and repeatable counts of fishes and other aquatic organisms on spatial and temporal scales that are difficult or impossible to achieve with diver-based surveys. Long-term, spatially distributed cameras, like those used in terrestrial camera trapping, have not been successfully applied in marine systems due to limitations of the aquatic environment. C_LIO_LIHere, we develop methodology for a system of low-cost, long-term camera traps (Dispersed Environment Aquatic Cameras), deployable over large spatial scales in remote marine environments. We use machine learning to classify the large volume of images collected by the cameras. We present a case study of these combined techniques use by addressing fish movement and feeding behavior related to grazing halos, a well-documented benthic pattern in shallow tropical reefscapes. C_LIO_LICameras proved able to function continuously underwater at deployed depths (up to 7 m, with later versions deployed to 40 m) with no maintenance or monitoring for over five months, and collected time-lapse images during daylight hours for a total of over 100,000 images. Our ResNet-50-based deep learning model achieved 92.5% overall accuracy in sorting images with and without fish, and diver surveys revealed that the camera images accurately represented local fish communities. C_LIO_LIThe cameras and machine learning classification represent the first successful method for broad-scale underwater camera trap deployment, and our case study demonstrates the cameras potential for addressing questions of marine animal behavior, distributions, and large-scale spatial patterns. C_LI
A fully integrated undergraduate introductory biology and chemistry course with a community-based focus I: Vision, design, implementation, and development

We describe a first-semester, integrated, introductory biology and chemistry course for undergraduates at Wellesley College in Wellesley, MA, USA. Our vision was to create a supportive learning community in which students could comfortably make connections between scientific disciplines as they learned necessary content for subsequent courses, further developed problem solving, communication, and laboratory skills, and meaningfully connected with other students and with faculty during their first semester in college. Through highlighting five guiding principles that are central to the course, we describe the integrated course structure and content as well as our efforts to build community, provide support, and engage students in building skills crucial to scientists. We also highlight features of this course and institutional policies that facilitated its logistical and collaborative implementation that can be adapted to fit the needs, goals, and constraints of a diverse range of institutions. A companion article describes an assessment of our course in achieving academic and community building goals.
Flaw Detection and Localization in Curing Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites Using Infrared Thermography and Kalman Filtering: A Simulation Study

This article describes a novel method for detecting flaws in curing FRP composite materials while they are being manufactured. Such a method can improve the efficiency of the manufacturing process by minimizing, or potentially eliminating, the need for post-manufacturing inspection. The method utilizes a Kalman filter, a heat conduction model, and surface temperature measurements from infrared thermography to identify likely locations of flaw and/or curing anomalies. Specifically, a methodology that compares a metric of the time-history of Kalman filter corrections at different spatial locations to identify anomalous curing behavior was developed. Several numerical studies were performed using a previously-validated model to determine the proficiency of the technique. Results of the verification studies indicated that the proposed method was effective at identifying resin-rich regions without any modification to the detection criteria, while identifying resin-deficient regions required a more lenient detection criterion. In the case of multiple flaws, the proposed method was always able to identify the flaw closer to the surface, regardless of flaw significance, while the deeper flaw was only identified when the flaw was more significant than the near-surface flaw. The proposed method demonstrates promise for passive IR thermography-based flaw detection performed during the manufacturing of FRP composites and can serve to both improve the efficiency of the manufacturing process and the quality of FRP composite parts. Further experimental studies are required for validation of the technique before it can be applied for industrial application.
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for patients with blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN).

Blastic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Neoplasm (BPDCN) is an aggressive hematological malignancy; however, some patients achieve durable remission with allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT). We report on all 17 patients with BPDCN who underwent allo-HCT at our center between 2000 and 2020. The median age was 39 (18–67) years. All (n = 16, 94%), except one patient, had systemic disease involving bone marrow and/or other organs. Ten patients (59%) were in first complete remission (CR1) at allo-HCT. The donor source was matched related or unrelated in ten (59%) and alternate donor in seven (41%) patients. Five (31%) patients developed acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), all grade I-II. The cumulative incidence (CI) of chronic GVHD at five-year was 34%. The CI of non-relapse mortality at one-year was 29%. Progression-free survival (PFS) rates at two-year and five-year were 49% (95% CI = 22–71%) and 39% (95% CI = 14–64%), respectively. The two-year and five-year overall survival (OS) rates were 65% (95% CI = 38–82%) and 40% (95% CI = 12–68%), respectively. The five-year rate for both PFS and OS was 80% in CR1 patients versus 0% in patients not in CR1. In conclusion, allo-HCT provides long-lasting remissions in BPDCN patients, particularly when performed in CR1.
Coherent control and nonlinear interactions of semiconductor cavity polaritons

We demonstrate coherent control of the cavity-polaritons of a quantum-well semiconductor microcavity in a two-color scheme. Evidence for a coherent two-photon biexciton transition and excitation induced dephasing as the dominant nonlinear optical process is given.
Social Development in Africa: The Case of Family Planning

RESUMELe modele interventionniste en matiere de developpement, selon lequel les problemes des pays du Tiers-Monde et leurs solutions sont definis par les organismes exterieurs d'aide, habituellement a l'avantage d'une minorite plus instruite et plus « moderne », ce modele est d'application generale dans les programmes de planning familial. Cependant les femmes rurales d'Afrique sont dans une structure sociale qui ne leur offre pas de choix de planning familial; des lors, il est probablement vain de vouloir s'appuyer sur des motivations liees au niveau d'instruction et de promouvoir directement des cliniques de planning familial. Dans leur cas, une approche par systeme integrant ce planning dans un cadre general de developpement est sans doute plus realiste. De ce point de vue, il est admis que la capacite d'introduire le planning familial tout comme d'autres innovations est fonction du degre de differentiation du systeme ou de sa capacite d'absorber de nouvelles idees a l'interieur de ses structures actue...
Next generation sequencing and whole genome selection in aquaculture.

Preface vii List of Contributors ix Chapter 1. Genomic Variations and Marker Technologies for Genome-based Selection 3 Zhanjiang (John) Liu Chapter 2. Copy Number Variations 21 Jianguo Lu and Zhanjiang (John) Liu Chapter 3. Next Generation DNA Sequencing Technologies and Applications 35 Qingshu Meng and Jun Yu Chapter 4. Library Construction for Next Generation Sequencing 57 Huseyin Kucuktas and Zhanjiang (John) Liu Chapter 5. SNP Discovery through De Novo Deep Sequencing Using the Next Generation of DNA Sequencers 69 Geoffrey C. Waldbieser Chapter 6. SNP Discovery through EST Data Mining 91 Shaolin Wang and Zhanjiang (John) Liu Chapter 7. SNP Quality Assessment 109 Shaolin Wang, Hong Liu, and Zhanjiang (John) Liu Chapter 8. SNP Genotyping Platforms 123 Eric Peatman Chapter 9. SNP Analysis with Duplicated Fish Genomes: Differentiation of SNPs, Paralogous Sequence Variants, and Multisite Variants 133 Cecilia Castano Sanchez, Yniv Palti, and Caird Rexroad Chapter 10. Genomic Selection for Aquaculture: Principles and Procedures 151 Anna K. Sonesson Chapter 11. Genomic Selection in Aquaculture: Methods and Practical Considerations 165 Ashok Ragavendran and William M. Muir Chapter 12. Comparison of Index Selection, BLUP, MAS, and Whole Genome Selection 185 Zhenmin Bao Index 219 Color plates appear between pages 108 and 109.
Modeling side participants and bystanders: the importance of being a laugh track

Research in virtual agents has largely ignored the role and behavior of side participants and especially bystanders. Our view is that the behavior of these other participants is critical in multi-party interactions, especially in interactive drama. In this paper, we provide an analysis of nonverbal behaviors associated with these roles. We first review studies of interpersonal relationships and nonverbal behavior. From this review, we construct an analysis framework based on characters' interpersonal relationships, conversational roles, and communicative acts. We then assess this framework by analyzing improv sessions of an old west scenario involving 4 characters. Informed by this analysis, we implemented a general model for participant and bystander behavior.
Integrating Life Skills into Relationship and Marriage Education: The Essential Life Skills for Military Families Program

Military personnel and families experience significant challenges and need skills that will prepare them for extended periods of separation and other military demands. Relationship and marriage education programs are often helpful. However, there is a need for life skills programs that also teach military members to manage finances and legal matters, garner social support, and access community resources that are not often accessible to personnel and families in the National Guard and Military Reserves. Essential Life Skills for Military Families was developed to integrate relationship and life skills into a short-term course that has been offered to National Guard and Military Reserve members and families. This article describes the theoretical basis for the program, the program evaluation, and qualitative findings from participants, and identifies strategies for overcoming challenges to offering this kind of relationship skills program.
Effect of a non-uniform alternating electric field on the thermal boundary layer near a heated vertical plate

A thermal boundary layer is established by heating a vertical plate in a dielectric liquid. An alternating voltage is applied between the heated plate and another plate which is not parallel to the heated plate. This voltage produces a non-uni- form electric field which in turn produces electrical forces acting on the gradients in dielectric permittivity which result from the temperature gradients. These electrical forces alter the boundary layer. In this paper approximate equations are developed which allow one to calculate the boundary-layer,thickness, velocity, and Nusselt numbers for the boundary layer in the presence of the non-uniform electric field. Numerical calculations show that the heat-transfer coefficient can be either increased or decreased by the non-uniform field, depending on whether the field is strongest at the top or bottom of the plates and also on the field strength. Experiments were performed which demonstrate the change in heat transfer caused by the non-uniform field.
Estimating Public Library Efficiency Using Stochastic Frontiers

This article uses public libraries to analyze public sector cost-efficiency. The growth of large bookstores and the Internet in recent years may have motivated libraries to behave in a more cost-efficient manner. Alternatively, monitoring of libraries may have decreased as patrons shift away from library use, increasing inefficiency. Using a stochastic cost frontier, the level of cost-inefficiency is estimated and analyzed. The results suggest that competition, regardless of the source, does not have a large effect on cost-efficiency. Local government spending decreases inefficiency in smaller libraries, consistent with the monitoring role governments can have on public spending.
The Relationship of Inverse Voice and Head-Marking in Arizona Tewa and Other Tanoan Languages

The term 'inverse' has traditionally referred to voice systems characterized by alternations of verbal voice marking, alternations that depend on the relative ontologicai salience of the two core arguments of a transitive animate verb, the logical subject and logical object. In typical inverse languages, speech-act participant (SAP) arguments (1,2 person) ontologically outrank non-SAP arguments (3d person), a fact that is grammatically encoded by 1:3 and 2:3 predications assigning one verbal voice ('direct') while 3:1 and 3:2 predications assign the other voice ('inverse'). 3:3 predications are potentially ambiguous, a problem addressed in some inverse systems by 3d person arguments with relatively low ontologicai salience being assigned a special case, the obviative (4th person).The present work addresses the question whether inverseness may be evinced through formal means other than alternations in verbal voice marking. It is argued that this occurs in a Tanoan (Kiowa-Tanoan) language, Arizona Tewa (AT). In AT transitive animate predications, an opposition in paradigms of person-marking verbal prefixes occurs such that one pronominal paradigm is assigned in case of a direct predication (logical subject ontologically outranks logical object), while the other paradigm is assigned in case of an inverse predication (logical object ontologically outranks logical subject). In effect, then, AT has separate direct and inverse pronominal paradigms; these encode the voice alternations, rather than oppositions of verbal voice marking per se. It is argued that an inverse analysis is both appropriate for AT and, in addition, applicable to at least some other Tanoan languages, such as Picuris and Southern Tiwa.
Geometric precipices in string cosmology

We consider the effects of graviton multiplet fields on transitions between string gas phases. Focusing on the dilaton field, we show that it may obstruct transitions between different thermodynamic phases of the string gas, because the sign of its dimensionally reduced, $T$-duality invariant, part is conserved when the energy density of the Universe is positive. Thus, many interesting solutions for which this sign is positive end up in a future curvature singularity. Because of this, some of the thermodynamic phases of the usual gravitating string gases behave like superselection sectors. For example, a past-regular Hagedorn phase and an expanding Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) phase dominated by string momentum modes cannot be smoothly connected in the framework of string cosmology with positive sources. The singularity separates them like a geometric precipice in the moduli space, preventing the dynamics of the theory from bridging across. Sources which simultaneously violate the positivity of energy and null energy condition (NEC) could modify these conclusions. We provide a quantitative measure of positivity of energy and NEC violations that would be necessary for such transitions. These effects must dominate the Universe at the moment of transition, altering the standard gas pictures. At present, it is not known how to construct such sources from first principles in string theory.
Aspiration and imprint cytopathology of salivary duct carcinoma

BACKGROUND Salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) is a highly malignant primary epithelial neoplasm of the salivary glands. The histology of this lesion resembles that of cribriform and comedo-type intraductal carcinoma of the breast, yet the cytopathology of salivary duct carcinoma has been described in only a few instances in the past. METHODS The authors report two cases of SDC diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration biopsy and one case imprinted after resection. The cytologic features that may permit diagnosis of this entity are described. RESULTS Cytologic features include variably cellular smears containing loose clusters of cribriform and glandlike aggregates; monomorphic polygonal cells with round-to-oval nuclei; abundant, finely granular cytoplasm; indistinct nucleoli; and variable necrosis. CONCLUSIONS The cytologic findings for SDC are relatively unique and may allow for its specific diagnosis on aspiration cytopathology. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 1997; 81:281-6. © 1997 American Cancer Society.
Role of the host stroma in cancer and its therapeutic significance

Current cancer research focuses mainly upon the cancer cells in malignant tumours and is providing a growing database about aberrations in their genetic composition. However, tumours also contain non-cancerous host tissue, referred to as the stroma, which plays an active and indispensable role in tumour growth and influences the virulence of the neoplasm towards the host. Many cell types inhabit the stroma, amidst apparently inert fibrous and viscous matrix material, composed of complex polysaccharides, proteins and other molecules. Actually, all of these elements are in constant turnover, causing unpredictable evolution in the properties of the community. This article provides pathologic observations and data on reciprocal interactions between these stromal and neoplastic components of tumours and how they change during the course of the disease. Malignant progression depends upon dauntingly intricate communications between different specialised lineages within the cellular society, which enable rapid adaptation to changing circumstances. Opportunistic misuse of such communication networks enables tumour cells to recruit and incorporate adjacent normal stroma into their midst, so that they may grow, infiltrate and parasitise the host. The absolute dependency of primary tumours and metastases on their diverse stromal components for survival and their insatiable need to continuously recruit more stroma to support expansion, renders them vulnerable to strategies capable of disrupting the cellular interactions involved. This dependency is of critical importance for cancer therapy research, and proposed methods for turning this parasitic behaviour of tumours against themselves are suggested below.
Fast ℓ 1 -minimization algorithms and an application in robust face recognition: A review

We provide a comprehensive review of five representative l 1 -minimization methods, i.e., gradient projection, homotopy, iterative shrinkage-thresholding, proximal gradient, and augmented Lagrange multiplier. The repository is intended to fill in a gap in the existing literature to systematically benchmark the performance of these algorithms using a consistent experimental setting. The experiment will be focused on the application of face recognition, where a sparse representation framework has recently been developed to recover human identities from facial images that may be affected by illumination change, occlusion, and facial disguise. The paper also provides useful guidelines to practitioners working in similar fields.
Fibrosis Progression in African Americans and Caucasian Americans With Chronic Hepatitis C

Background & Aims Prior studies suggest the rate of liver fibrosis progression is slower in African Americans (AAs) than Caucasian Americans (CAs) with chronic HCV infection. Methods With a multi-state Markov model, fibrosis progression was evaluated in a well-characterized cohort of 143 AA and 157 CA adults with untreated chronic HCV genotype 1 infection. In subjects with a history of injection drug use, duration of infection was imputed from a fitted risk model rather than assumed to be the reported first year of use. Results The distribution of Ishak fibrosis stages was 0 (8.7%), 1/2 (55.7%), 3/4 (29.3%), and 5/6 (6.3%) and was similar in AAs and CAs ( P = .22). After adjusting for biopsy adequacy, AAs had a 10% lower rate of fibrosis progression than did CAs, but the difference was not statistically significant (hazard ratio, 0.90; 95% confidence interval, 0.72–1.12). The overall 20-year estimates of probabilities of progression from stage 0 to stages 1/2, 3/4, and 5/6 were 59.3%, 28.8%, and 4.7%, respectively. The estimated median time from no fibrosis to cirrhosis was 79 years for the entire cohort and 74 and 83 years for CAs and AAs, respectively. In 3-variable models including race and biopsy adequacy, the factors significantly associated with fibrosis progression were age when infected, steatosis, ALT level, and necroinflammatory score. Conclusions The rates of fibrosis progression were slow and did not appear to differ substantially between AAs and CAs.
Editorial control over linked data

Linked Data promises to facilitate the collaborative production and use of structured information about historical people, places, organizations, events, and ideas. But few processes have been established to assess and improve the quality of Linked Data. Documentary editors can potentially contribute to this effort by assessing Linked Data quality, publishing “gold standard” datasets that meet their high standards, and connecting assertions to bibliographic descriptions of evidential resources. The Editors' Notes project is exploring these possibilities by integrating tools for harvesting and editing Linked Data into the research processes of documentary editing projects.
Global Emissions of Nitrogen and Sulfur Oxides in Fossil Fuel Combustion 1970–1986

Statistical models previously introduced by the authors for estimating emission rates from rates of fuel combustion have been utilized to obtain emissions of nitrogen and sulfur gases in fossil fuel combustion for every country in the world for every year from 1970 to 1986. Changes in the global emission rates of these gases are presented together with the trends over individual continents. Global emissions of NOx increased by nearly a third in this period, i.e., from 18 Mt N/year in 1970 to 24 Mt N/year in 1986. Emissions of SOx increased by approximately 18 percent, from 57 Mt S/year in 1970 to 67 Mt S/year in 1986. The geographical distribution of NOx and SOx emissions for 1986 are presented on a latitude-longitude grid suitable for use in three-dimensional simulations of atmospheric chemistry in general circulation models.
Tip-apex distance of intramedullary devices as a predictor of cut-out failure in the treatment of peritrochanteric elderly hip fractures

A tip-apex distance (TAD) of greater than 25 mm has been shown to be an accurate predictor of lag screw cut-out when sliding hip screws (SHS) are used to treat peritrochanteric (PT) hip fractures. The purpose of this study was to determine which factors, including TAD, correlated with successful clinical outcomes of PT hip fractures surgically treated with intramedullary (IM) devices. A total of 192 patients were included in this retrospective study. The TAD values of this cohort were radiographically analysed at a mean follow-up of 13 months. This was correlated with limited functional status and the rate of revision for implant failure or inability to achieve fracture union. Only 82 patients had adequate follow-up to fracture union or definitive failure. There were 46 intertrochanteric (IT) hip fractures and 36 subtrochanteric (ST) fractures. Overall, seven patients (8.5%) went on to experience lag screw cut-out. The average TAD of the patients who did not cut-out was 18 mm, compared to 38 mm for those who did (p = 0.012). All patients who cut-out had IT fractures (p = 0.017). The percentage of cut-outs correlated directly to both the severity of IT fractures and the TAD. Using a cutoff of 25 mm there was a statistically significant difference in the incidence of lag screw cut-out (p < 0.001). As in sliding hip screws, surgeons should strive for a TAD less than 25 mm when using IM devices in the treatment of PT hip fractures to help avoid lag screw cut-out.
Hail to Thee, Our Alma Mater: Alumni Role Identity and the Relationship to Institutional Support Behaviors

With the decline in state and federal support for higher education continuing to plague colleges and universities across the U.S., many institutions are looking to increase the levels of support annually received from alumni and other constituencies. Research on alumni relations in American colleges and universities has historically focused on different factors related to charitable giving. Although this study has resulted in some valuable information for institutions to use for alumni involvement purposes, most of the research has not been able to produce a meaningful look into how alumni identify with their college or university after graduation. The purpose of this study is to assess how college and university alumni view their role with these institutions after graduation and how that perception relates to behaviors of support. An online survey was constructed to assess three dimensions of alumni role identity based upon previous research on the identification process of blood donation. This study took place through the alumni association at a large, public research university in the Midwest and found that those who displayed increased alumni role identity were more likely to support the university through joining the alumni association, attending university sponsored events and charitable giving. This study breaks ground for a new method of measuring the role of alumni within colleges and universities in efforts to increase support and ease the financial pressures of today’s institutions.
An Elementary School Violence Prevention Program

This article details the implementation and empirical evaluation of an elementary school violence program. The problem of school violence and the significance and focus of the study are discussed. The general research question in this study was to examine the potential for a computer-mediated anger management program to enhance or improve the conflict resolution skills of youth with aggressive behavior problems in an elementary school setting. This study employed an 8-week computer-mediated anger management program, called SMART Talk (Students Managing Anger Resolution Together), for teaching conflict resolutions skills. This program was derived from a meta-analysis (Scheckner et al., 2002) due to its large effect size, statistical significance, and computer-mediated execution in order to verify past results with a more specifically defined population of at-risk (i.e., aggressive) students. Overall, the results suggest that participants in the intervention group significantly reported more intentions to use nonviolent strategies in a future conflict than students in the control group. Further research is recommended in order to assess the replicability of this study to other populations. Recommendations include longer intervention duration, larger sample size, multiple school settings, and multi-systemic implementation (i.e., teacher and parent workshops) as well as longitudinal studies.
A language for designer controlled behavioral synthesis

Abstract This paper describes an input language which gives the designer control over the behavioral synthesis process. Control is achieved by allowing the designer to partially specify the structural design into which the description is going to be compiled, or by binding desired variables and operators to particular components or connections, and binding desired operations to particular states of the final design. The language employs a mixed graphic/textual user interface to enhance user interactivity. Its design model is comprehensive: it permits specification of synchronous and asynchronous behavior, and allows specification of general timing constraints. A flexible type construct permits the user to define operators and components to be used in the description. Finally, it simplifies compilation by using a small set of constructs for specifying timing and asynchronous behavior. These constructs can easily be mapped into VHDL, thus making it a suitable front-end for a VHDL-based design environment. The current implementation of the compiler for the language runs on SUN workstations and is written in C and X-11. At the back-end, the compiler feeds into a synthesis system which provides a path for the synthesis of layouts.
A Bound on the Ratio between the Packing and Covering Densities of a Convex Body

It is shown that if K is a compact convex set which is centrally symmetric and has a nonempty interior, then the density of the tightest lattice packing with copies of K in Euclidean 3-space divided by the density of the thinnest lattice covering of Euclidean 3-space with copies of K is greater than or equal to 1/4. It is likely this bound can be improved, though not beyond approximately 1/2.
Effect of nitrogen content and additional straw on changes in chemical composition, volatile losses, and ammonia emissions from dairy manure during long-term storage

Twelve 200-L barrels were used to determine the effects of N content and straw addition on changes in chemical composition and volatile losses measured by mass balance of dairy manure during a 136-d storage period. In addition, on d 0, 3, 6, 12, 28, 56, and 136, rate of NH₃-N emission was measured, and core samples were collected to characterize fermentation pattern. High N (3.06% N, HN) and low N (2.75% N, LN) manures were obtained from cows fed diets with 17.2 and 15.2% crude protein (dry matter basis), respectively. On d 0, manure scraped from a freestall barn floor was diluted with water to 10% dry matter and loaded in barrels with (+S) or without (-S) mixing 22g of chopped wheat straw per kilogram of undiluted manure. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block with a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments and 3 replications. We observed no interaction between treatments for the reported measurements, but several day-of-storage by treatment interactions were found. Throughout storage, total NH₃-N (TAN, NH₃-N + NH₄⁺-N; 71.9 vs. 104.3 mg/dL), pH (6.40 vs. 6.74), and total volatile fatty acids (TVFA, starting on d 12) were lower for LN relative to HN manure. In the presence of straw, crust formation occurred between d 12 and 28, and pH became lower and TVFA became higher starting on d 56, compared with no straw. Treatments did not influence loss of organic matter, organic N, organic C, or N, which averaged 31, 29, 26, and 20%, respectively. However, neutral detergent fiber loss was 44% higher for +S relative to -S manure. Consistent reductions in the C:N ratio indicated proportionally higher volatile C loss than volatile N loss during storage. Overall rate of NH₃-N emission was 36% lower for LN than for HN manure. In the presence of straw, rate of NH₃-N emission did not differ until after crust formation, but was 67% lower on d 56 and 95% lower on d 136, when it was barely detectable, compared with manure with no straw. Manure pH was highly correlated with TVFA:TAN ratio (r=-0.78), and rate of NH₃-N emission was correlated with pH, TVFA:TAN, TVFA, and TAN (r=0.47, -0.44, -0.23, and 0.28, respectively). In this trial, both microbial fermentation and crust formation influenced NH₃-N emission rate and other measured responses, highlighting the importance of long-term sampling to evaluate treatment effects in manure storage studies.
Role of rap1B and p21ras GTPase-activating protein in the regulation of phospholipase C-gamma 1 in human platelets.

Abstract Thrombin activates phospholipase C in human platelets, but the specific isoenzymes activated and the signal pathway used are unknown. Using specific antibodies, we found that phospholipase C-gamma 1 and the p21ras GTPase-activating protein, rasGAP, are present in human platelets. Furthermore, phospholipase C-gamma 1 was detectable, based on enzyme activity and Western blot analysis, in immunoprecipitates of rasGAP, suggesting that these two proteins form tight complexes. The pool of phospholipase C-gamma 1 associated with rasGAP was phosphorylated but not through tyrosine phosphorylation. Although thrombin stimulation had no effect on the level of phosphorylation of phospholipase C-gamma 1 and only slightly increased the tyrosine phosphorylation of rasGAP, the agonist induced the association of rasGAP with rap1B, as indicated by the appearance of rap1B on a Western blot of rasGAP immunoprecipitates. Our results suggest the formation of a signaling complex involving rasGAP, phospholipase C-gamma 1, and rap1B that might be important in the cascade leading to platelet activation.