cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Percutaneously placed biliary stents in the management of malignant biliary obstruction

The malagement of malignant obstruction of the biliary tree is difficult and often unsuccessful. Advances in the technique of percutaneous transhepatic catheterization have made possible the nonoperativeiinternal drainage of obstructed lesions. We report successful decompression of ten patients with unresectable biliary neoplasms using percutaneously placed internal biliary stents.
Suppressed Perception of Head-Referenced Image Motion during Head Movement

A previous investigation in our laboratory showed that virtual environment users rely on image velocity errors rather than image displacement errors to sense head-tracking latency. In that study, the effect of image displacement error may have been suppressed because its peak amplitudes were associated with higher head velocity, which is thought to suppress visual motion sensitivity. To determine whether diminished motion sensitivity could play a role in user discrimination of latency, we investigated whether subjective perception of image motion comparable to that caused by latency is impaired by concurrent horizontal or vertical head movement. Eight participants monocularly viewed a checkerboard pattern in a head-mounted display that was oscillated from side-to-side with half peak-to-peak amplitudes from 0° to 5.64°. Perceptual sensitivity to image motion amplitude was reduced by almost half, during 30° repetitive horizontal head movements at 0.4 Hz. Accordingly, the reduced sensitivity to motion during...
Ambient air measurements of petroleum refinery emissions

An ambient air monitoring program to characterize airborne emissions from the Exxon petroleum refinery at Benicia, California was conducted during September 8–22, 1975. Ground level sampling facilities and an instrumented aircraft provided an integrated, three-dimensional monitoring network. Measurements made during the study included ozone, oxides of nitrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, individual C2-C6 hydrocarbons, halocarbons, condensation nuclei, visual distance and various meteorological parameters. The study focused on three major areas: (1) the characterization of gaseous components within the refinery effluent, especially non-methane hydrocarbons and ozone, (2) natural sunlight bag irradiation experiments to determine the ozone forming potential of refinery emissions, and (3) an investigation of changes in plume chemistry as refinery emissions were transported downwind.
Conquest of the ventricular septal defect—A period of uncertainty

Abstract There have been many reports that spontaneous closure of a ventricular septal defect is common and may occur in as many as 50 percent of cases. In view of this evidence, 197 pediatric cardiologists were polled on their current thoughts on the management of this lesion. The majority believe that operative intervention is not indicated if the left to right shunt is small, with a ratio of pulmonic to systemic flow of 1.5:1 or less, and if the child is asymptomatic and without pulmonary hypertension. A shunt with a ratio of 2:1 or greater at the age of 4 to 5 years seems to be a clear indication for operative closure of the defect.
The DECISIONS study: synopsis of evidence for shared decision-making and quality patient-provider communication.

The second column on Evidence-Based Behavioral Medicine (EBBM) has two goals. First, we describe the importance of patient–provider communication and shared decision-making as integral components in EBBM. Second, we provide a synopsis of the DECISIONS study’s findings on patient knowledge and prevalence of decision-making in order to illustrate the role that patient involvement in health care decisions plays in quality health care.
Faustian bargains for minorities within group-based hierarchies

A dual-audience signaling problem framework provides a deeper understanding of the perpetuation of group-based inequality. We describe a model of underachievement among minority youth that posits a necessary trade-off between academic success and peer social support that creates a dilemma not typically encountered by nonminorities. Preliminary evidence consistent with the approach is discussed. Such strategic agent perspectives complement the psychological approach put forth by Dixon et al., but with minimal ancillary assumptions.
Bupivacaine use after knee arthroscopy: pharmacokinetics and pain control study.

Abstract Bupivacaine (Marcaine) pharmacokinetics were determined in 11 patients receiving the drug intraarticularly after arthroscopic procedures performed on the knee with patients under general anesthesia. Forty milliliters of 0.25% bupivacaine (100 mg) were given as a bolus into the intraarticular space of the knee of each patient. The thigh tourniquet was released 2–3 min after injection and blood samples were obtained 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 60, 120, 180, 250, and 300 min after tourniquet release. Pharmacokinetic parameters obtained were (mean ± SD): V d ,β 206 ± 88 L; Cl e 0.816 ± 0.378L/min; t 1/2 β 189 ± 84 min; k a 9.92 ± 6.79 × 10/min; Cp max 0.48 ± 0.20μg/ml; and t max 43.4 ± 23.1 min. Correlations between higher peak plasma concentrations and longer tourniquet times (p = 0.02) and shorter intervals from injection to tourniquet deflation (p = 0.03) were found using multiple linear regression. Our results indicate that injections of 100 mg of bupivacaine intraarticularly after knee arthroscopy will produce peak blood levels within the 1st h after surgery and that these levels will be well below those noted to produce toxic reactions. Peak levels can be minimized with shorter tourniquet inflation times and with longer injection to tourniquet release intervals. Ninety healthy adult outpatient knee arthroscopy patients also were studied to evaluate the effectiveness of bupivacaine in relieving postoperative knee discomfort when injected immediately postoperatively. The subjects were randomized into four groups: (a) intraarticular injection of saline, (b) intraarticular injection of bupivacaine, (c) subcutaneous injection of bupivacaine at the portal sites, and (d) both intraarticular and subcutaneous injection of bupivacaine. A visual pain scale was used to evaluate knee pain 1 and 2 h postoperatively. Analgesic use in the recovery room, the outpatient area, and the first evening at home were recorded. Analysis of the data revealed that intraarticular injection of bupivacaine resulted in significantly lower pain scale scores and analgesic use than in the saline control group. Subcutaneous bupivacaine injected at the portal sites did not appear to be effective in reducing postoperative knee pain.
Plasticity of Fat Cell Number

Rats fed ad libitum (group 1) had little change in fat cell number in epididymal depots from 6 to 27 months of age, but a marked increase in fat cell number in perirenal depots between 6 and 18 months. Food restriction of rats to 60% of group 1 from 6 weeks of age on (group 2) reduced fat cell number in both depots throughout life and prevented an increase between 6 and 18 months in perirenal depots. Food restriction of rats to 60% of group 1 from 6 weeks to 6 months of age and then feeding ad libitum (group 3) markedly reduced fat cell number in both depots at 12 months compared to group 1. However, by 18 months of age, group 3 rats had the same fat cell number as group 1 rats in both depots. Food restriction of rats to 60% of the intake of group 1 started at 6 months of age (group 4) had no effect on fat cell number in epididymal depots but prevented an increase between 6 and 18 months in perirenal fat cell number. Group 5 rats fed ad libitum but restricted in protein (same caloric intake as group 1 rats) had epididymal and perirenal depots with the same characteristics as those of group 1. These findings and others in the literature show that modifying fat cell number is a widely used means of modifying fat mass during both early and adult life.
Interaction of gallium nitrate with other inhibitors of ribonucleotide reductase: effects on the proliferation of human leukemic cells

Ribonucleotide reductase, a key enzyme in deoxyribonucleotide synthesis, is an important target for cancer chemotherapy. Drugs that inhibit its individual components may act synergistically to block DNA synthesis. Prior work has established that gallium inhibits the R2 subunit of ribonucleotide reductase. We show that gallium acts synergistically with the ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors gemcitabine and hydroxyurea to inhibit the proliferation of CCRF-CEM cells. In contrast, combinations of gallium with the ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors amidox, didox, or trimidox produced antagonistic effects on cell growth. Spectroscopy analysis revealed that as a result of their metal-binding properties, amidox, didox and trimidox formed complexes with gallium, thus negating potential synergistic actions. Our results have important implications in the design of clinical trials using these ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors in combination.
Mitochondrial Porin Por1 and Its Homolog Por2 Contribute to the Positive Control of Snf1 Protein Kinase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

ABSTRACT Saccharomyces cerevisiae Snf1 is a member of the conserved Snf1/AMP-activated protein kinase (Snf1/AMPK) family involved in regulating responses to energy limitation, which is detected by mechanisms that include sensing adenine nucleotides. Mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) proteins, also known as mitochondrial porins, are conserved in eukaryotes from yeast to humans and play key roles in mediating mitochondrial outer membrane permeability to small metabolites, including ATP, ADP, and AMP. We previously recovered the yeast mitochondrial porin Por1 (yVDAC1) from a two-hybrid screen for Snf1-interacting proteins. Here, we present evidence that Snf1 interacts with Por1 and its homolog Por2 (yVDAC2). Cells lacking Por1 and Por2, but not respiratory-deficient rho0 cells lacking the mitochondrial genome, exhibit reduced Snf1 activation loop phosphorylation in response to glucose limitation. Thus, Por1 and Por2 contribute to the positive control of Snf1 protein kinase. Physical proximity to the VDAC proteins and mitochondrial surface could facilitate Snf19s ability to sense energy limitation.
Antinutritive and toxic components of plant defense against insects

Chemical defense of the tomato plant against noctuid larvae is argued to result from suites of interactive chemical traits that simultaneously impair the acquisition of nutrients and toxify the insect. Defense results from tomatine, catecholic phenolics and phenol oxidases, proteinase inhibitors, and lipoxygenase. The catalytic role of plant oxidative enzymes in activating a variety of defense mechanisms is discussed. It is argued that the terms “digestibility reducer,” “toxin,” and “nutrient” signify ecological outcomes, not properties of molecules. Current views on the roles and the modes of activity of plant natural products against herbivorous insects are challenged. It is proposed that chemical context and mixture are critical determinants of biological activity, and that viewing natural products as isolated defensive factors is often misleading. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Landau Growth for Students Part I Initial Valuie Problem

This paper is internded to demonstrate to students that electron Landau growth of plasma waves is an easily understood and computed phenomenon. This derivation does not use the usual Fourier-Laplace transform technique with the inversion and final result being obtained by contour integration and residue theory. Instead, a simple treatment, following the original work of Vlasov, is used. Landau's original solution is recovered both for growth and decay, but only the growing part rigorously satisfies the initial assumptions.
Test‐Retest Reliability of the End‐User Computing Satisfaction Instrument

The development of reliable and valid measures of user-information satisfaction is becoming increasingly important to both practitioners and researchers. Measures of reliability include internal consistency and stability. Recent research has raised concerns about the stability of user information satisfaction measures. Using the test-retest correlation method, this article assesses short- and long-range stability of a 12-item scale for measuring end-user computing satisfaction. It examines the stability of individual items and subscales as well as the 12-item instrument. The results suggest that the instrument is internally consistent and stable.
Cognitive Representations of AIDS: A Phenomenological Study

Cognitive representations of illness determine behavior. How persons living with AIDS image their disease might be key to understanding medication adherence and other health behaviors. The authors' purpose was to describe AIDS patients' cognitive representations of their illness. A purposive sample of 58 men and women with AIDS were interviewed. Using Colaizzi's (1978) phenomenological method, rigor was established through application of verification, validation, and validity. From 175 significant statements, 11 themes emerged. Cognitive representations included imaging AIDS as death, bodily destruction, and just a disease. Coping focused on wiping AIDS out of the mind, hoping for the right drug, and caring for oneself. Inquiring about a patient's image of AIDS might help nurses assess coping processes and enhance nurse-patient relationships.
The Freon Test A New Sensitive Technic for the Detection of Small Cardiac Shunts

A new, sensitive, qualitative technic is described for detecting small left-to-right and right-to-left circulatory shunts. Advantages over other sensitive shunt detection devices are: (1) the use of a readily available, nonradioactive, nonexplosive, nontoxic gas, namely Freon 22; (2) the ability to sample through standard cardiac catheters as small as 5F; (3) an immediate answer due to recording of the gas concentration in blood; and (4) extremely high sensitivity allowing the detection of the smallest left-to-right and right-to-left shunts.
Neurocognitive ageing of storage and executive processes

Converging behavioural and neuropsychological evidence indicates that age-related changes in working memory contribute substantially to cognitive decline in older adults. Important questions remain about the relationship between working memory storage and executive components and how they are affected by the normal ageing process. In several studies using positron emission tomography (PET), we find age differences in the patterns of frontal activation during working memory tasks. We find that separable age differences can be linked to different cognitive operations underlying short-term information storage, and interference resolution. Some operations are associated with age-related increases in activation, with older adults displaying bilateral activations and recruiting prefrontal areas more than younger adults. Other operations are associated with age-related decreases in activation. We consider the implications of these results for understanding the working memory system and potential compensatory pro...
Adaptive quality binning for analog circuits

Manufactured devices have a diverse performance/quality profile due to process variations. Devices with superior performance and quality are of higher value while the rest can be sold for a lower price. Separating manufactured devices according to their performance is defined as quality/performance binning and is a very effective way of lowering average device cost. In this manner, devices that have below average quality are not wasted and therefore device cost is reduced. Quality binned devices share the same design and typically go through the same manufacturing process and even the same test process. After the testing step, they are binned according to different sets of performance criteria, typically according to the customer specifications. The bin a device falls depends on the process and typically does not match the amount requested by the customers because of uncertainty (variation) of the process. In this work, we present a multi-bin quality-oriented adaptive test method that efficiently classifies the devices according to the desired quality criteria and minimizes the overall test time.
Leading the way: canine models of genomics and disease

In recent years Canis familiaris, the domestic dog, has drawn considerable attention as a system in which to investigate the genetics of disease susceptibility, morphology and behavior. Because dogs show remarkable intrabreed homogeneity, coupled with striking interbreed heterogeneity, the dog offers unique opportunities to understand the genetic underpinnings of natural variation in mammals, a portion of which is disease susceptibility. In this review, we highlight the unique features of the dog, such as population diversity and breed structure, that make it particularly amenable to genetic studies. We highlight recent advances in understanding the architecture of the dog genome, which propel the system to the forefront of consideration when selecting a system for disease gene studies. The most notable benefit of using the dog for genetic studies is that dogs get many of the same diseases as humans, with a similar frequency, and the same genetic factors are often involved. We discuss two approaches for localizing disease genes in the dog and provide examples of ongoing studies.
Variable-taper CMOS buffers

A variable-taper (VT) approach to buffer design in which the taper from one inverter stage to the next is a function of the position of the inverter within the buffer chain is proposed. Though the minimum delay obtained by using a VT buffer is about 15% more than the minimum delay obtained from conventional fixed-taper (FT) buffers, a small modification to the initial stages of the VT buffer reduces this difference to less than 2%. For similar delays, a VT buffer usually takes less area and consumes less power than an FT buffer. >
Sample size considerations in the design of cluster randomized trials of combination HIV prevention

Background Cluster randomized trials have been utilized to evaluate the effectiveness of HIV prevention strategies on reducing incidence. Design of such studies must take into account possible correlation of outcomes within randomized units. Purpose To discuss power and sample size considerations for cluster randomized trials of combination HIV prevention, using an HIV prevention study in Botswana as an illustration. Methods We introduce a new agent-based model to simulate the community-level impact of a combination prevention strategy and investigate how correlation structure within a community affects the coefficient of variation - an essential parameter in designing a cluster randomized trial. Results We construct collections of sexual networks and then propagate HIV on them to simulate the disease epidemic. Increasing level of sexual mixing between intervention and standard-of-care (SOC) communities reduces the difference in cumulative incidence in the two sets of communities. Fifteen clusters per arm and 500 incidence cohort members per community provide 95% power to detect the projected difference in cumulative HIV incidence between SOC and intervention communities (3.93% and 2.34%) at the end of the third study year, using a coefficient of variation 0.25. Although available formulas for calculating sample size for cluster randomized trials can be derived by assuming an exchangeable correlation structure within clusters, we show that deviations from this assumption do not generally affect the validity of such formulas. Limitations We construct sexual networks based on data from Likoma Island, Malawi, and base disease progression on longitudinal estimates from an incidence cohort in Botswana and in Durban as well as a household survey in Mochudi, Botswana. Network data from Botswana and larger sample sizes to estimate rates of disease progression would be useful in assessing the robustness of our model results. Conclusion Epidemic modeling plays a critical role in planning and evaluating interventions for prevention. Simulation studies allow us to take into consideration available information on sexual network characteristics, such as mixing within and between communities as well as coverage levels for different prevention modalities in the combination prevention package.
Agonistic behaviour in male and female field crickets, Gryllus bimaculatus, and how behavioural context influences its expression

Previous interactions with conspecifics influenced the pattern, frequency and intensity of agonistic behaviour in the field cricket Gryllus bimaculatus. Tactile contact appeared to be the most important sensory cue responsible for the observed shifts in behaviour. Contact with other adult males promoted the production of aggressive song both during and after fights between males. However, individually housed males and males with restricted contact with conspecifics (once per day for 5 days) produced their aggressive song only at the end of an agonistic encounter. These two patterns of agonistic behaviour may reflect alternate fighting strategies. Prior experience influences whether sensory cues from a conspecific will initate agonistic behaviour. After males lost a fight, they displayed no further agonistic behaviour for 10 min but then gradually recovered their agonistic behaviour within an hour. This may be an important mechanism in preventing losing males from re-engaging a more powerful rival. Females were much less likely than males to attack conspecifics when food was plentiful. When food was scarce, females fought more often, and more successfully, than males for the contested resource.
Cephalosporin-Induced Leukopenia Following Rechallenge with Cefoxitin

ObjectiveTo describe a case of cefazolin-induced leukopenia in a critically ill patient who developed this adverse reaction upon rechallenge with cefoxitin.Case Summary:A 22-year-old male was admitted after a motor vehicle crash. β-Lactam therapy was initiated with vancomycin, cefepime, and metronidazole and, upon identification of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia 4 days later, therapy was narrowed to cefazolin 1 g every 12 hours. The dose was adjusted to 1 g every 12 hours during continuous venovenous hemodialysis. Imipenem was given for 2 days, resulting in a total of 18 days of β-lactam treatment, at which time he developed significant leukopenia (white blood celt [WBC] count 0.9 × 103/μL). Antimicrobial treatment was changed to tigecycline and continued for suspected pleural space infection. The patient's WBC count recovered within 4 days after the change in therapy. He was taken to surgery 8 days after cefazolin was discontinued and received perioperative prophylaxis with cefoxi...
A Tale of Two Community Initiatives for Promoting Aging in Place: Similarities and Differences in the National Implementation of NORC Programs and Villages

Purpose Villages and Naturally Occurring Retirement Community (NORC) Supportive Service Programs (NORC programs) are among the most prominent community-based models for promoting aging in place. To advance systematic understanding of their development, this study examined how these models have been implemented nationally and the models' similarities and differences. Design and methods A survey of program leaders representing 69 Villages and 62 NORC programs was conducted from January to June of 2012. Bivariate analyses compared measures of the initiatives' services/activities, beneficiaries, service delivery processes, and funding sources. Results Village members were reportedly more likely than NORC program participants to be younger, to be less functionally impaired, to be more economically secure, and to reside in higher socioeconomic communities. Reflecting these differences in populations served, NORC programs reported offering more traditional health and social services, had more paid staff, and relied more on government funding than Villages. Implications Findings indicate that Villages and NORC programs both aim to promote aging in place by offering a diverse range of supports and services to older adults within a locally defined geographic area. Nevertheless, key differences were found in the means through which they seek to achieve these aims, as well as the populations likely to benefit from their efforts. These differences raise questions regarding the models' inclusivity, sustainability, expansion, and effectiveness and have implications for community aging in place initiatives more broadly.
Classification of osteoporosis in the elderly is dependent on site-specific analysis.

Vertebral osteoporosis accounts for over 500,000 spinal fractures annually, the majority of which occur in older women. Despite these statistics, data regarding the rate of spinal bone loss in this population are conflicting. Moreover, the site of skeletal evaluation may significantly alter classification of osteoporosis in this age group. To examine trabecular-rich spinal bone loss with a measurement less affected by age-related artifacts that the AP spine, we measured lateral lumbar spine bone density (BMD) using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in 120 healthy, ambulatory, community-dwelling women 65 years of age and older (mean 70±5 years, range 65–88). We also examined cortical-rich sites in the forearm and total body along with AP spine and femoral BMD to assess the impact of site specificity using the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of osteoporosis. Significant losses in BMD were observed at the lateral spine (−1.1%/year,P<0.01), forearm (−0.77%/year,P≤0.01), total hip (−0.75%/year,P≤0.01), femoral neck (−0.70%/year,P≤0.05), and trochanter (−0.78%/year,P≤0.01), but not the AP spine. Using the WHO criteria, lateral spine BMD determinations classified 66% of women with osteoporosis in contrast to 29% using the AP projection. Osteoporosis was diagnosed in 55% of women using measurements of the femoral neck, 43% using the total radius, and 19% using the total body. We conclude that elderly women lose bone at trabecular-and cortical-rich sites (lateral spine and total radius, respectively) in addition to sustaining significant age-related bone loss at mixed cortical/trabecular sites such as the hip. Classification of osteoporosis in this age group more than doubles using lateral versus AP spinal projections, supporting the necessity of developing more uniform agreement on site-specific analyses.
Ray Tracing for Atmospheric Acoustic Waves Using a Hybrid Computer

A description of a three dimensional ray-tracing program for atmospheric acoustic waves is presented. The method uses Haselgrove's equations implemented on a hybrid computer. The program is able to obtain ray-paths for these waves in complex atmospheric models which are both anisotropic and nonhomogeneous. The approach has the advantages of simplicity, low cost, an accuracy more than sufficient for available atmospheric models and an interactive capability whereby results are available at once and may thus be used to select parameters for succeeding runs. Sample results are also given.
Risk Factors for Progression of Common Carotid Atherosclerosis: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, 1987–1998

Intima-media thickness of the common carotid arteries is a marker of atherosclerosis and has been shown to be associated with prevalent and incident coronary heart disease and with coronary heart disease risk factors. The authors examined the association of baseline risk factors or change in risk factors with change in intima-media thickness over follow-up (1987-1998) in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) population-based cohort (baseline: age 45-64 years, n = 15,792). Subjects were members of households sampled in four areas of the United States. Either not adjusting for baseline intima-media thickness or doing so with correction for its measurement error resulted in statistically significant associations of change in intima-media thickness with baseline diabetes, current smoking, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, pulse pressure, white blood cell count, and fibrinogen. The associations were of a similar order of magnitude as anticipated from the authors' cross-sectional findings. Statistically significant associations were found between change in intima-media thickness and change in low density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides and with onset of diabetes and hypertension. In summary, established risk factors for coronary heart disease are associated with the rate of change of subclinical atherosclerosis.
Antithrombin therapy for elective percutaneous coronary intervention: which agent to use? Does it matter?

The notion that antithrombin therapy is needed in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) evolved empirically from the understanding of the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis ([1,2][1]) and the mechanisms involved in PCI, particularly with respect to arterial wall dissection and
Vegetation Cover Change in Yellowstone National Park Detected Using Landsat Satellite Image Analysis

Results from Landsat satellite image analysis since 1987 in all unburned areas (since the 1880s) of Yellowstone National Park (YNP) showed that consistent decreases in the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) have been strongly dependent on periodic variations in peak annual snow water equivalents (SWE).
Fractures due to gunshot wounds: do retained bullet fragments affect union?

BACKGROUND: Many types of projectiles, including modern hollow point bullets, fragment into smaller pieces upon impact, particularly when striking bone. This study was performed to examine the effect on time to union with retained bullet material near a fracture site in cases of gunshot injury. METHODS: All gunshot injuries operatively treated with internal fixation at a Level 1 Trauma Center between March 2008 and August 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. Retained bullet load near the fracture site was calculated based on percentage of material retained compared to the cortical diameter of the involved bone. Analyses were performed to assess the effect of the lead-cortical ratio and amount of comminution on time to fracture union. RESULTS: Thirty-two patients (34 fractures) met the inclusion criteria, with an equal number of comminuted (17) and non-comminuted fractures (17). Seventeen of 34 fractures (50%) united within 4 months, 16/34 (47%) developed a delayed union, and 1/34 (3%) developed a nonunion requiring revision surgery. Sixteen of 17 fractures (94%) that united by 4 months had a cumulative amount of bullet fragmentation retained near the fracture site of less than 20% of the cortical diameter. Nine out of 10 fractures (90%) with retained fragments near the fracture site was equal to or exceeding 20% of the cortical diameter had delayed or nonunion. Fracture comminution had no effect on time to union. CONCLUSIONS: The quantity of retained bullet material near the fracture site was more predictive of the rate of fracture union than was comminution. Fractures with bullet fragmentation equal to or exceeding 20% of the cortical width demonstrated a significantly higher rate of delayed union/nonunion compared to those fractures with less retained bullet material, which may indicate a local cytotoxic effect from lead on bone healing. These findings may influence decisions on timing of secondary surgeries. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III. Language: en
Subcritical water reactions of lignin-related model compounds with nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide gases

Experiments using subcritical H2O (365 °C) and various industrial gases (500 psi cold pressure of N2, H2, CO, or CO2) have been considered previously for the conversion of Organosolv lignin (representative of lignin-derived compounds generated from the production of bioethanol from woody biomass sources) into value-added products. The findings indicated that subcritical H2O can be used to depolymerize lignin into GC amenable compounds with or without added gas pressures, though adding gas further modified the types of products generated. However, the roles of the combined effect of subcritical H2O and the gases were not confirmed, as the reaction chemistry for lignin depolymerization at these conditions is not intuitive. Thus, experiments with subcritical H2O, the aforementioned industrial gases and lignin-related model compounds (i.e., aromatic aldehydes represented by vanillin and syringaldehyde, aromatic ketones represented by acetovanillone and acetosyringone, and aromatic ethers represented by dibenz...
Effect of Golchicine on Human Tumors

The action of colchicine upon division of normal and malignant cells has been studied by several investigators. Dustin1 described a remarkable increase in the number of mitoses in malignant growths in animals following the injection of colchicine. Ludford2 found that colchicine applied to cultures of normal and malignant cells of animals brought about an arrest of mitosis for several hours, and that prolonged application destroyed the cells held up in division while the resting cells still survived, and that a single injection in animals produced an arrest of mitosis for several hours. The mitoses were arrested in the metaphase, which Ludford believes is due to the failure of the mitotic spindle to form and function in the normal manner. He also found that the largest accumulation of arrested mitoses occurred in tissue in which cell division is normally of frequent occurrence. This phenomenon has been utilized by others3, 4 as an index of the rate of cell growth. It, therefore, seemed that the method migh...
Adaptive Spacecraft Control: Stability, Performance, and Robustness

This paper designs a low-frequency learning adaptive control architecture for a flexible spacecraft. The proposed architecture involves a new and novel controller structure involving a modification term in the update law. In particular, this modification term filters out the high-frequency content contained in the update law while preserving stability of the system error dynamics. This key feature of our design allows for robust, fast adaptation in the face of high-gain learning rates. A numerical illustrative study is provided for a flexible spacecraft to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed design.
Stability of high-energy phosphates in right ventricle: myocardial energetics during right coronary hypotension

This study was conducted to determine if mechanisms that reduce right coronary (RC) blood flow (RCBF) and right ventricular (RV) oxygen consumption (MVO2) during moderate RC hypotension preserve RV high-energy phosphates. RC arteries of anesthetized dogs were cannulated and perfused with arterial blood supplied by a pressurized extracorporeal circuit. RC perfusion pressure (RCPP) was either kept constant at 100 mmHg or reduced to 60 or 30 mmHg for 20 min followed by a freeze-clamp biopsy of RV. Left ventricular (LV) biopsy was also performed to compare energy metabolism between RV and LV.RCBF and MVO2 significantly decreased when RCPP was reduced to 60 mmHg, but RV segment shortening (%SS) was unchanged; ATP, creating phosphate (CrP) and phosphorylation state of CrP ([CrP]/[Cr][Pi]) did not differ from control values. RV %SS, CrP, and phosphorylation state fell markedly at 30 mmHg RCPP. At 100 mmHg RCPP, CrP phosphorylation state in RV was only 35% of that in LV. These results indicate that RV increases its energetic efficiency without significant changes in high-energy phosphates or CrP phosphorylation state during moderate RC hypotension. Furthermore, the RV myocardium maintains a much lower energy level than LV myocardium, commensurate with its lower energy requirements.
Burn-Related Child and Adult Abuse

Anyone who manages burn patients must be aware that some patients may have been burned intentionally. One must consider whether the “story” matches the burn pattern. Intentional burns have recognizable patterns and the perpetrators have typical traits. When suspicion arises all caregivers are obligated to report their concerns to the authorities. This chapter provides information on how to recognize burn-related child and adult abuse.
Barrier Modification of Metal-contact on Silicon by Sub-2 nm Platinum Nanoparticles and Thin Dielectrics

We report metal/p-Si contact barrier modification through the introduction of either “isolated” or “nonisolated” tilted-target-sputtered sub-2 nm platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) in combination with either a 0.98 nm Atomic Layer Deposited Al2O3 or a 1.6 nm chemically grown SiO2 dielectric layer, or both. Here, we study the role of these Pt NP’s size dependent properties, i.e., the Pt NP-metal surface dipole, the Coulomb blockade and quantum confinement effect in determining the degree of Fermi level depinning observed at the studied metal/p-Si interfaces. By varying only the embedded Pt NP size and its areal density, the nature of the contact can also be modulated to be either Schottky or Ohmic upon utilizing the same gate metal. 0.74 nm Pt NPs with an areal density of 1.1 × 1013 cm−2 show ~382 times higher current densities compared to the control sample embedded with similarly sized Pt NPs with ~1.6 times lower areal densities. We further demonstrate that both Schottky (Ti/p-Si) and poor Ohmic (Au/p-Si) contact can be modulated into a good Ohmic contact with current density of 18.7 ± 0.6 A/cm2 and 10.4 ± 0.4 A/cm2, respectively, showing ~18 and ~30 times improvement. A perfect forward/reverse current ratio of 1.041 is achieved for these low doped p-Si samples.
A kinetic model and endpoints method for volatiles formation in stored fresh fish

Abstract Based on experimental data reported by Koutsoumanis and Nychas (2000), the rise in the trimethylamine (TMA) and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN) concentrations during fish fillets isothermal storage is described by a power-law model. This model has a fixed exponent (m ~ 2), and a temperature-dependent coefficient that follows the two-parameters exponential model, a substitute for the Arrhenius equation. The model's two adjustable parameters were calculated by the endpoints method, i.e., from a pair of final concentrations determined at the end of storage at two temperatures, with an interactive program posted as freeware on the Internet. Their values were then used to reconstruct the entire formation curves at the two temperatures and predict the curves at two other temperatures that were not used in their calculation. A dynamic version of the model was also developed, based on the assumption that the momentary volatiles formation rate is the rate at the momentary temperature at the time which corresponds to their momentary concentration. It was tested for consistency and used to simulate volatiles formation patterns under rising and fluctuating temperatures.
The Motherless Not-Mother

Palko offers a comparative reading of Clairr O’Connor’s Belonging and Jamaica Kincaid’s The Autobiography of My Mother to explore the consequences of maternal abandonment, specifically an insurmountable refusal on the daughter’s part to become a mother herself. The characters in O’Connor’s and Kincaid’s novels reject maternity on a visceral level, seeking medicinal abortions, O’Connor’s protagonist in a New York clinic, Kincaid’s with a traditional midwife. Their rejection of maternity, subsequent reflections on their actions, and ultimate affirmation of their decision all work to delineate an emotional vacuum in the abandoned daughter, reflecting Nancy Chodorow’s assertion that women are taught to mother by their own mothers. The novels explore the social consequences of disrupting this “reproduction of mothering” and figure the impact on the daughter herself.
TOWARD A DEFINITION OF “ENGLISH”

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the proper focus of the discipline called English and the kinds of concepts that relate to studies in that field. The study of language broadly conceived and with examples from and application to the English language is the proper content of the discipline called English. The other two legs of the so-called tripod—literature and composition—are extensions of language study. The chapter presents the intellectual framework for the language focus of the discipline of English. Linguistic behavior is a part of audible, symbolic behavior manifesting the structured system of language. This structured system of language has certain basic, distinctive characteristics: (1) the system appears in the learned vocal behavior of human beings; (2) it is a code, generating symbols which carry meaning; and (3) the code permits communication. The chapter presents some of the concepts for study in a language-focused view of English and some of the sources from which these concepts are derived.
Butterfield’s Critique of Acton

The Whig Interpretation is an elusive work. Although the prose is intense, Butterfield named few whig or tory historians.1 E. H. Carr complained that he did not ‘name a single Whig except Fox, who was no historian, or a single historian save Acton, who was no Whig’.2 In the Preface Butterfield indicated that the subject was the whig interpretation in ‘the accepted meaning of the phrase’; a statement which drew from Carl C. Becker the confession that he ‘did not recall ever having heard the phrase before’. Butterfield, however, had added: ‘At least it [the whig interpretation] covers all that is ordinarily understood by the words, though possibly it gives them also an extended sense’. Becker correctly concluded that this extension raised problems, as Acton, a devout Roman Catholic, could hardly be regarded as a typical whig.3 In fact, Butterfield’s general critique of the whig method functioned as the basis for a specific critique of Acton’s view of the place of moral judgements in historiography. This dominates the final chapter of the book. Years later Butterfield informed P. B. M. Blaas that he wrote the book chiefly because I thought I had found the formula for the essential fallacy in historical writing — a fallacy which … helped to explain the Whig and Protestant view of history, and particularly the whiggish historical prejudices of even those people who were Tories in regard to the events of their own day. I… chiefly had Acton in mind … for, though I… admire him, I also find myself at tension with him, particularly on the question of moral judgements.4
Subband gradient flow acoustic source separation for moderate reverberation environment

We present a subband source separation algorithm for miniature microphone arrays with dimensions smaller than the wavelength. By relating temporal and spatial gradients of the observed microphone signals in an anechoic environment, gradient flow converts the mixture of delayed sources to linear instantaneous mixture of the time-differentiated source signals, that can be then localized and separated using static linear independent component analysis algorithms. For source separation in multi-path environment, we propose subband decomposition of the spatial gradients estimated over an array of 4 microphones. The static ICA algorithms are applied in each frequency band and the localization results obtained from the ICA applied on the unfiltered spatial gradients resolve the scaling and permutation indeterminacy. The simulations with the room acoustic model and experimental results with conference room recordings demonstrate over 12dB separation in moderate reverberation environment.
Science and technology challenges toward business on demand

Summary form only given. Facing fierce competition and ever more demanding customers, businesses including government entities need to transform to ones which are more responsive, more real time, and more dynamic. Business transformation not only is a challenging task to business owners, but also provides fertile opportunities for new sciences and technologies to play key enabling roles. The presentation examines the driving forces of such business transformation and the corresponding challenges posed on technologies and sciences. These challenges range all the way from top level business analytics for how to restructure businesses, to bridging business initiatives to execution and deployment, to dynamic utilization of information and resources, and all the way down to dynamic composition of solutions. The speaker also attempts to show examples of how such challenges may be met
Exploring the online underground marketplaces through topic-based social network and clustering

Cyber fraud causes significant losses to the economy and has become a lucrative form of illicit business by leveraging the Internet as a communication channel. Criminals in the cyber fraud underground economy use online underground marketplaces and other forms of social media to exchange information and trade stolen information. Analyzing these underground marketplaces is challenging due to the variability of both members and marketplaces. To understand more about the underground economy and the actors in it, we propose a topic-based social network analysis and clustering approach to identify the key members and their roles in the cyber fraud value chain. An experiment is conducted using data from several online underground marketplaces in China. Results suggest that the proposed method can aid in identifying key members in terms of roles, influence levels, and their social relationships.
Domain Interaction Studies of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Tegument Protein UL16 Reveal Its Interaction with Mitochondria.

ABSTRACT The UL16 tegument protein of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is conserved among all herpesviruses and plays many roles during replication. This protein has an N-terminal domain (NTD) that has been shown to bind to several viral proteins, including UL11, VP22, and glycoprotein E, and these interactions are negatively regulated by a C-terminal domain (CTD). Thus, in pairwise transfections, UL16 binding is enabled only when the CTD is absent or altered. Based on these results, we hypothesized that direct interactions occur between the NTD and the CTD. Here we report that the separated and coexpressed functional domains of UL16 are mutually responsive to each other in transfected cells and form complexes that are stable enough to be captured in coimmunoprecipitation assays. Moreover, we found that the CTD can associate with itself. To our surprise, the CTD was also found to contain a novel and intrinsic ability to localize to specific spots on mitochondria in transfected cells. Subsequent analyses of HSV-infected cells by immunogold electron microscopy and live-cell confocal imaging revealed a population of UL16 that does not merely accumulate on mitochondria but in fact makes dynamic contacts with these organelles in a time-dependent manner. These findings suggest that the domain interactions of UL16 serve to regulate not just the interaction of this tegument protein with its viral binding partners but also its interactions with mitochondria. The purpose of this novel interaction remains to be determined. IMPORTANCE The HSV-1-encoded tegument protein UL16 is involved in multiple events of the virus replication cycle, ranging from virus assembly to cell-cell spread of the virus, and hence it can serve as an important drug target. Unfortunately, a lack of both structural and functional information limits our understanding of this protein. The discovery of domain interactions within UL16 and the novel ability of UL16 to interact with mitochondria in HSV-infected cells lays a foundational framework for future investigations aimed at deciphering the structure and function of not just UL16 of HSV-1 but also its homologs in other herpesviruses.