cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epidemiologic aspects of Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease in rochester, minnesota (1935–1967), with special reference to temporal trends

Abstract To evaluate the trends relative to incidence of Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease from 1935 through 1967, records of all diagnosed cases occurring in residents of Rochester, Minnesota, were identified through the facilities of the Rochester-Olmsted County epidemiologic program. During those 33 yr, 246 cases of Hashimoto's thyroiditis and 256 cases of Graves' disease were diagnosed in the subject population. The average annual incidence rates per 100,000 for Hashimoto's thyroiditis for females increased from 6.5 (1935–1944) to 21.4 (1945–1954) to 67.0 (1955–1964) to 69.0 (1965–1967). There was no indication that the incidence of Graves' disease changed in any significant or consistent pattern during the 33 yr. The average annual rate for females was 36.8/100,000/yr for all age groups; the rate was highest among women 20–39 yr old.
495 MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY OF INFANTS ≥ 2500 GMS IN A RE-FERRAL NICU

Little epidemiologic attention has been given to infants ⩾ 2500 gms. admitted to NICU's. To determine their morbidity and mortality, we reviewed all admissions for 17 months and they represented 44% (236/545) of the admissions and 37% of all deaths. The diagnoses were: Pulmonary disease (PD) other than meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) (32%) ; asphyxia (As) (22%) ; congenital anomalies & heart disease (CA/CHD) (21%) ; surgical (11%) ; sepsis (5%) ; others (9%) . MAS occurred in 44% (22/50) of As infants. Mortality rate was 17% (40/236). Of the deaths, 70% were due to CA/CHD, 23% to As and 7% to sepsis. Of the 9 As deaths, all were > 42 wks. and 8 had MAS. Of 21 cases with persistent fetal circulation (PFC), 17 had As, 16 were > 42 wks and 7 (33%) died. In infants with PFC, As and MAS who were > 42 wks, mortality was 55%. Thirty four infants (14%) were > 42 wks, 9 (27%) died. Sixty seven (28%) were ⩽ 37 wks, only 3 died (4%) & they had CA/CHD. PD other than MAS occurred in 54/67 (80%). None of the ≤37 wks. who had PD and were born by elective c-section or induction had prenatal lung maturity studies. Morbidity and mortality remains high in this group of infants. Prevention of postmaturity and better intrapartum management should significantly decrease the number of deaths. Accurate assessment of lung maturity and gestational age, in order to avoid iatrogenic prematurity, will decrease the number of infants ⩾ 2500 gms requiring neonatal intensive care.
Investigation of liquid–liquid drop coalescence using tomographic PIV

High-speed tomographic PIV was used to investigate the coalescence of drops placed on a liquid/liquid interface; the coalescence of a single drop and of a drop in the presence of an adjacent drop (side-by-side drops) was investigated. The viscosity ratio between the drop and surrounding fluids was 0.14, the Ohnesorge number (Oh = μd/(ρdσD)1/2) was 0.011, and Bond numbers (Bo = (ρd − ρs)gD2/σ) were 3.1–7.5. Evolving volumetric velocity fields of the full coalescence process allowed for quantification of the velocity scales occurring over different time scales. For both single and side-by-side drops, the coalescence initiates with an off-axis film rupture and film retraction speeds an order of magnitude larger than the collapse speed of the drop fluid. This is followed by the formation and propagation of an outward surface wave along the coalescing interface with wavelength of approximately 2D. For side-by-side drops, the collapse of the first drop is asymmetric due to the presence of the second drop and associated interface deformation. Overall, tomographic PIV provides insight into the flow physics and inherent three-dimensionalities in the coalescence process that would not be achievable with flow visualization or planar PIV only.
Human fetal gγ- and Aγ-globin genes: Complete nucleotide sequences suggest that DNA can be exchanged between these duplicated genes

Abstract We present the nucleotide sequences of the G γ - and A γ -globin genes from one chromosome (A) and of most of the A γ gene from the other chromosome (B) of the same individual. All three genes have a small, highly conserved intervening sequence (IVS1) of 122 bp located between codons 30 and 31 and a large intervening sequence (IVS2) of variable length (866–904 bp) between codons 104 and 105. A stretch of simple sequence DNA occurs in IVS2 which appears to be a hot spot for recombination. On the 5′ side of this simple sequence, the allelic A γ genes differ considerably in IVS2 whereas the nonallelic G γ - and A γ genes from chromosome A differ only slightly. Yet on the 3′ side of the simple sequence, the allelic genes differ only slightly whereas the nonallelic genes differ considerably. We hypothesize that the 5′ two thirds of the A γ gene on chromosome A has been "converted" by an intergenic exchange to become more like the G γ gene on its own chromosome A than it is like the allelic A γ gene on the other chromosome B. Our sequence data suggest that intergenic conversions occur in the germ line. The DNA sequence differences between two chromosomes from a single individual strongly suggest that DNA sequence polymorphisms for localized deletions, additions and base substitutions are very common in human populations.
Puffing and Histone Acetylation in Polytene Chromosomes

Fixation with picric acid or formaldehyde retains incorporated [ 3 H ] acetate which is lost after fixation with ethanol and acetic acid. Unlike [ 3 H ] uridine, [ 3 H ] acetate is diffusely incorporated into polytene chromosomes, and not preferentially into existing or newly induced puffs. It is suggested that puff formation does not include an acetylation of histones.
Discussion of “Statistical Engineering and Variation Reduction”

This discussion first reinforces some important points made by the authors and then offers some ideas as to how this work on statistical engineering might be taken to the next level.
Multifunctional Tumor-Targeted Polymer-Peptide-Drug Delivery System for Treatment of Primary and Metastatic Cancers

Purpose In order to improve drug delivery to drug-resistant ovarian tumors, we constructed a multifunctional polymer-peptide-drug conjugate (PPDC) system for effective treatment of primary and metastatic ovarian cancers.
Distribution and chemical coding of orphanin FQ/nociceptin‐immunoreactive neurons in the myenteric plexus of guinea pig intestines and sphincter of Oddi

Longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus preparations of guinea pig intestines and sphincter of Oddi (SO) were immunostained for orphanin FQ/nociceptin. Orphanin FQ-immunoreactive (OFQ-IR) neurons and nerve fibers were relatively abundant in the SO, duodenum, ileum, cecum, and distal colon, with fewer neurons and nerve fibers observed in the proximal colon. Double staining with antibodies directed against the neuron-specific RNA binding protein Hu revealed that while the numbers of OFQ-IR neurons per ganglion decreased along the gut tube, similar proportions (7-9%) of neurons in these regions were OFQ-IR, whereas <1% of the neurons in the proximal colon were OFQ positive. In the ileum, where 8% of the myenteric neurons were OFQ-IR, all OFQ-IR neurons expressed choline acetyltransferase. In addition, multiple-label immunohistochemistry demonstrated that 58% of the OFQ-IR neurons were calretinin-IR, 52% were substance P-IR, and 28% were enkephalin-IR. Nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity was observed in about 5% of OFQ-IR neurons, or 0.4% of the total population, and a similar proportion of the OFQ-IR neurons was positive for vasoactive intestinal peptide. No OFQ-IR neurons were immunoreactive for calbindin, somatostatin, or serotonin. These results, combined with previous studies of chemical coding and projection patterns in the guinea pig myenteric plexus, indicate that OFQ-IR is expressed preferentially in excitatory motor neurons projecting to the longitudinal and circular muscle layers, as well as a small subgroup of descending interneurons. Because OFQ is expressed by excitatory motor neurons, and because this peptide inhibits excitatory neurotransmission in the guinea pig ileum, it is likely that OFQ acts through a feedback autoinhibitory mechanism.
Risk factors for gastrointestinal complications in aspirin users: review of clinical and experimental data

This paper reviews recent clinical evidence that suggests that aspirin prophylaxis against cardiac and cerebral vascular ischemia is associated with significant gastrointestinal complications. The clinical and experimental evidence to confirm the role of risk factors of concomitant use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), tobacco cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption are discussed. The limitations of long-term acid suppression treatment for the prevention of these complications are considered. Future experimental studies to guide the clinical approach to develop novel and potentially cost-effective management strategies are discussed.
Demonstration by radioligand-binding assay of the structural similarity of a partially synthetic growth hormone recombinant molecule to its natural analog and to native human growth hormone.

Abstract The recombinant resulting from the noncovalent interaction of a natural amino-terminal fragment of reduced and carbamoylmethylated human GH (residues 1–134) with a synthetic carboxyl-terminal fragment of reduced and carbamoylmethylated human GH (residues 141–191) reacts in seven immunoassay systems and two receptor assay systems in a similar manner and with comparable potency to its naturally occurring analog, but with less avidity overall than does the native hormone. This similarity of reactivity is strong evidence for similarity of conformation among these molecules. The demonstration that a synthetic fragment can restore radioligand-binding properties to a proteolytic fragment of human GH implies that partially synthetic variant GH molecules have biological activity.
Recombinant High-Density Lipoprotein Formulations

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) has emerged as a biomarker of residual cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in high-risk patients treated with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)-lowering therapies inclusive of inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase. The evidence for increasing low levels of HDL-C is sparse, and the available data are confounded by metabolic interactions between elevated very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and LDL particle concentrations. Despite these limitations, there has been widespread interest in novel strategies that target HDL. One such path has been the development of recombinant HDL formulations that mimic the pre-beta fraction of native HDL, which is the main HDL subclass that mediates cholesterol efflux from lipid-laden macrophages. Various recombinant HDL formulations (apolipoprotein A-1 [apoA-1]-bound phospholipid disks or delipidated HDL particles, mutant apoA-1 proteins, and apoA-1 mimetic peptides) have been investigated in animal studies and some human trials. However, these HDL-modifying therapies require evaluation in clinical trials of atherosclerosis and CVD events. This review presents our current knowledge on novel recombinant therapies, and their future prospects to mitigate atherosclerotic CVD events.
Automated sample preparation method for suspension arrays using renewable surface separations with multiplexed flow cytometry fluorescence detection

In this paper, we describe a new method of automated sample preparation for multiplexed biological analysis systems that use flow cytometry fluorescence detection. In this approach, color-encoded microspheres derivatized to capture particular biomolecules are temporarily trapped in a renewable surface separation column to enable perfusion with sample and reagents prior to delivery to the detector. This method provides for separation of the biomolecules of interest from other sample matrix components as well as from labeling solutions. After sample preparation, the beads can be released from the renewable surface column and delivered to a flow cytometer for direct on-bead analysis one bead at a time. Using mixtures of color-encoded beads derivatized for various analytes yields suspension arrays for multiplexed analysis. Development of this approach required a new technique for automated capture and release of the color-encoded microspheres within a fluidic system. We developed a method for forming a renewable filter and demonstrate its use for capturing microspheres that are too small to be easily captured in previous flow cells for renewable separation columns. The renewable filter is created by first trapping larger beads in the flow cell, and then smaller beads are captured either within or on top of the bed of larger beads. Both the selective microspheres and filter bed are automatically emplaced and discarded for each sample. A renewable filter created with 19.9 μm beads was used to trap 5.6 μm optically encoded beads with trapping efficiencies of 99%. The larger beads forming the renewable filter did not interfere with the detection of color-encoded 5.6 μm beads by the flow cytometer fluorescence detector. The use of this method was demonstrated with model reactions for a variety of bioanalytical assay types including a one-step capture of a biotinylated label on Lumavidin beads, a two-step sandwich immunoassay, and a one-step DNA binding assay. A preliminary demonstration of multiplexed detection of two analytes using color-encoded beads was also demonstrated. The renewable filter for creating separation columns containing optically encoded beads provides a general platform for coupling renewable surface methods for sample preparation and analyte labeling with flow cytometry detectors for suspension array multiplexed analyses.
Predictors of Stroke Complicating Carotid Artery Stenting

Background—The evolving technique of carotid stenting is being evaluated as an alternative to endarterectomy. Identification of the factors that predispose a patient to neurological complications would facilitate further refinement of the technique and optimize patient selection. Methods and Results—We analyzed the impact of various clinical, morphological, and procedural determinants on the development of procedural strokes in 231 patients who underwent elective (primary) stenting of 271 extracranial carotid arteries. The mean age of the patients was 68.7±10 years, 165 (71%) were males, and 139 (60%) had symptoms attributed to the lesion treated. This series represented a high-risk subset with 164 patients (71%) having significant coronary artery disease, 91 (39%) having bilateral disease, and 28 (12%) having contralateral carotid occlusion. Of the treated vessels, 59 (22%) had prior carotid endarterectomy, 66 (24%) had ulcerated plaques, and 87 (32%) had calcified lesions. Only 37 treated vessels (14%) ...
Absorption Spectra of Some Liquids in the VUV

Absorption spectra and oscillator strengths have been determined for the liquids, benzene, toluene, hexafluorobenzene, tetramethylsilane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane over a spectral range from 120 to 300 nm and compared with gas phase spectra. The effect of condensation manifests itself most obviously for transitions assigned to upper states of relatively large spatial extent or for transitions with a high spectral density of oscillator strength. Compensating effects, however, appear to mitigate the effect of condensation for both hexafluorbenzene and tetramethylsilane.
Applications and limitations of the new magnetic recording model

The simple magnetic recording model which describes the basic phenomena in terms of the growth and decay of a cylindrical magnetization volume from one side of the tape coating is reviewed. The relevance of practical tape hysteresis loops is considered and a model hysteresis loop developed and applied to the description of the recording process. Areas of applicability for the recording model are described including distortion in ac-bias recording.
Semipermeable membrane devices containing model lipid: A new approach to monitoring the bioavaiiability of lipophilic contaminants and estimating their bioconcentration potential

Abstract Low density “layflat” polyethylene tubing containing thin films of model lipid may simulate the bioconcentration of nonpolar organic contaminants by aquatic organisms. These semipermeable polymeric membrane devices (SPMDs) are shown to hold considerable promise as time-integrated concentrators of nonpolar organics in aquatic environments, and as a method for estimating bioavailability and potential bioconcentration factors for contaminants in organisms. The devices may also help define the relative role of equilibrium partitioning in the bioaccumulation of organic contaminants. The use of purified lipid extracts from aquatic organisms or specific lipids, such as triolein, in SPMDs is made more practical by a complementary analytical development showing the utility of polyethylene film as a membrane for dialyzing nonpolar organic compounds from coextracted lipids. Data are presented on the uptake kinetics and steady state distribution coefficients of aqueous residues of fenvalerate, mirex, 2,2′,5,5′-, and 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyls when lipids are used in SPMDs. The feasibility of the SPMD approach for in situ monitoring of environmental contaminants is demonstrated by exposing SPMDs to AsanaR (an isomer of fenvalerate) in a littoral enclosure of a small pond.
Physics of microporosity formation in casting alloys - sensitivity analysis for Al-Si alloys

The problem of microporosity (microshrinkage) formation in casting alloys continues to be of interest in spite of the many computational models proposed. This is because of the complexity of the problem that involves many material and process variables intertwined in complex physics. This paper introduces two models for the growth of a gas pore in the mushy zone of a solidifying alloy. While the models ignore important contributors to the problem, such as fluid transport and stress, they capture the physics that connects the main variables of the process: initial gas content, temperature/fraction solid, cooling rate, temperature gradient, applied pressure and melt purity (pore nucleation). The models have been used to conduct a sensitivity analysis of the process for the particular case of Al–Si alloys.
A Generalized Form for Impact Velocities Used to Determine Graupel Accretional Densities.

Abstract A simple parameterization is presented which allows calculation of surface averaged radial impact velocities for droplets colliding with spheres as a function of the Reynolds and Stokes numbers. These impact velocities are averaged over the collector particle surface, assuming that the incoming droplets are uniformly distributed in space. The results extend the experimental graupel density measurements of Pflaum and Pruppacher to a wide range of graupel masses, sizes, and fallspeeds.
Desktop aksi: virtual workspace concept integrating personal social communication and task management

A virtual workspace assists users to organize information on the desktop better. With such an intention, a virtual workspace concept named Desktop Aksi is proposed which accommodates three important aspects of desktop management i.e., finding and reminding, task-switching and spatial proximity to personal social communication. On realization of this workspace, users will be able to bring meaning and context to their task at hand. With the help of focus+context technique based on Hyperbolic Geometry users can navigate the information space.
The stability of particle motion near a wall in Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids

Abstract The effect of a container of dimension l on the motion of a particle immersed in a non-Newtonian fluid was derived in [1] as a correction of O(l−1) to the terminal velocity in an unbounded region. For particles located at a center of symmetry of the container the error in the correction was shown to be O(l−3). In this paper the terms of O(l−2) which arise in unsymmetrical configurations are investigated. It is shown that in general these terms determine the stability of trajectories predicted on the basis of the correction of O(l−1). For Newtonian fluids stability is determined by the particle geometry, and is enhanced by a high degree of symmetry. However, for non-Newtonian fluids even spheres exhibit instabilities where none exist on the basis of the Newtonian theory.
Effects of chronic ethanol administration on O2 consumption in whole body and perfused liver of the rat.

The effects of chronic ethanol consumption on thyroid hormone levels and the rates of whole animal and perfused liver oxygen consumption were determined to test the hypothesis that alcoholic liver damage is a result of thyroid mediated liver hypermetabolism (L. Videla, J. Bernstein, and Y. Israel: Biochem. J, 134: 507–514, 1973). Whole animal minimal oxygen consumption, a sensitive indicator of the effects of thyroid hormone (W. D. Denckla: J. Clin. Invest, 53:572–581, 1974) was unchanged in rats maintained 3 wk on a liquid diet containing 34% of the calories as ethanol (2.49 ± 0.06 ml of O2/min/1O0 g of fat-free body weight) when compared to animals fed an equicaloric sucrose containing liquid diet (2.61 ± 0.20 ml of 02/min/100 g of fat-free body weight) or Purina chow (2.50 ± 0.12 ml of O2/min/100 g of fat-free body weight). Ethanol treatment lowered serum thyroxine (5.09 ± 0.20 pg/100 ml) compared to sucrose-fed control rats (7.66 ± 0.40 pg/100 ml), while serum triiodothyronine was unaffected (59.3 ± 4.0 compared to 66.9 ± 3.1 ng/100 ml for controls). Measurement of O2 consumption in the isolated perfused rat liver showed no significant difference after chronic treatment with the ethanol diet compared to either the sucrose or chow control diets. Infusion of 10-7 M norepinephrine into the perfusion medium resulted in an approximately 22% increase in O2 consumption in ethanol-fed animal and sucrose controls, while a 31 % increase was observed for sucrose-treated animals given 10 μg of T3/kg of body weight/day for 3 wk. These data indicate that T3 potentiates the ability of norepinephrine to increase O2 consumption. The data presented give no support to the concept that chronic ethanol ingestion results in hyperthyroidism or liver hypermetabolism and, consequently, the rationale for treatment of alcoholic hepatitis with the antithyroid drug, propylthiouracil, is incorrect (H. Orrego, H. Ka-lant, Y. Israel, et al.: Gastroenterology, 76:105–115, 1979).
Vancomycin-associated linear IgA bullous dermatosis mimicking toxic epidermal necrolysis ☆ ☆☆ ★

Abstract Vancomycin is the most frequent trigger of drug-induced linear IgA bullous dermatosis. We describe a fulminant case of linear IgA bullous dermatosis in a 74-year-old man who experienced skin sloughing of 90% of his body surface after receiving vancomycin. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;48:S56-7.)
SRC: soft error detection and recovery for high performance linpack

In high-performance systems, the probability of failure is higher for larger systems. Errors in calculations may occur that cannot be detected by any other means. To address this problem, we create a checksum-based approach that detects and recovers from calculation errors. We apply this approach to the LU factorization algorithm used by High Performance Linpack. Our approach has low overhead. In contrast to existing approaches that require repeated calculation, it repeats only a fraction of the calculation during recovery. The frequency of checking can be adjusted for the error rate, resulting in a flexible method of fault tolerance.
Circular dichroism and laser Raman spectroscopic analysis of the secondary structure of Cerebratulus lacteus toxin B-IV

The secondary structure ofCerebratulus lacteus toxin B-IV, a neurotoxic polypeptide containing 55 amino acid residues and four disulfide bonds, was experimentally estimated by computer analyses of toxin circular dichroism (CD) and laser Raman spectra. The CD spectrum of the toxin displayed typical α-helical peaks at 191, 208, and 222 nm. At neutralpH, the α-helix estimates from CD varied between 49 and 55%, when nonrepresentative spectrum analytical methods were used. Analysis of the laser Raman spectrum obtained at a much higher toxin concentration yielded a 78% α-helix estimate. Both CD and Raman spectroscopic methods failed to detect any β-sheet structure. The spectroscopic analyses revealed significantly more α-helix and less β-sheet for toxin B-IV than was predicted from its sequence. To account for the difference between the 49–55% helix estimate from CD spectra and the 78% helix estimate from the Raman spectrum, we postulate that some terminal residues are unfolded at the low toxin concentrations used for CD measurements but form helix at the high toxin concentration used for Raman measurements. Our CD observations showing thatCerebatulus toxin B-IV helix content increases about 15% in trifluoroethanol or at highpH are consistent with this interpretation.
Physics of JLAB FEL injector [Jefferson Laboratory]

Jefferson Laboratory is currently commissioning a high-power kW-level cw IR FEL which recently demonstrated impressive high-power capability with the linac operating in a nonrecirculating mode. The injector, which provides a 10 MeV electron beam with high bunch charge (60-135 pC) to the linac, consists of a 350 kV dc photocathode gun and two 5-cell superconducting RF cavities, along with a buncher cavity. Due to the nonrelativistic nature of the electron beam at 350 keV there is some interesting physics involved in the /spl beta/=1 SRF cavities during acceleration. This is discussed, as is the usual space-charge-originated emittance degradation at various injector components.
Identification of residual ischemia, infarction, and microvascular impairment in revascularized myocardial infarction using 64-slice MDCT.

This study aimed to assess the potential of 64-slice MDCT in characterizing revascularized infarcted myocardium at the cellular and microvascular levels. Pigs (n=7) underwent 2 h left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion/reperfusion. In acute (2-4 h) and subacute (1 week) infarction, first-pass perfusion (FPP) (1 ml/kg of 300 mg/ml Omnipaque) was performed using a cine (rotation time 60 s/bpm) non-ECG gated sequence (mAS/kV=100/120). Delayed contrast enhanced images (DE) (mAS/kV=650/120) were acquired every 2 min for 10 min to determine the kinetics of Omnipaque and to define infarcted myocardium and microvascular impairment (representing microvascular obstruction and/or no- or low-reflow phenomenon). Maximum upslope, maximum attenuation and time to the peak were measured from FPP plots. 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium-chloride (TTC) was used to define true infarction in the excised hearts. Hyperenhanced myocardium on DE was measured and compared with TTC. The contrast media caused minor beam hardening and X-ray scatter on FPP. The above-mentioned perfusion parameters significantly differed between remote and acute infarction. Infarcted myocardium showed two patterns of enhancement on DE, hyperenhanced rim representing the perfused infarction and hypoenhanced core representing a microvascular impaired region, with significantly different attenuation. The extent of infarction on DE-MDCT decreased over the course of 1 week and did not differ from TTC. Post-processed FPP semi-quantitative images showed a decline in myocardial blood volume and flow in acute revascularized infarction. In conclusion, modern MDCT has the potential to identify residual ischemia on FPP and microvascular impairment and infarction on DE images. (Less)
The significance of prevertebral soft tissue swelling in extension teardrop fracture of the cervical spine

The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship of prevertebral soft tissue (PVST) swelling and cervical spinal cord injury in extension teardrop fracture (ETF). Cervical spine radiographs and the clinical courses of 36 adult patients who sustained extension teardrop fracture(s) were reviewed retrospectively. Radiographic and neurologic findings were correlated. Thirty-two of 36 patients (89%) showed no evidence of cervical spinal cord injury throughout their clinical course, whereas 4 of 36 patients (11%) had a cervical myelopathy. In 30 patients with ETF and in whom the PVST shadow could be assessed, 7 (23%) had minimal or no PVST swelling, 18 (60%) had focal swelling, and 5 (17%) had diffuse/marked PVST swelling. Of the patients with ETF and no, minimal, or focal PVST swelling, none had cervical myelopathy. Four of 5 patients (80%) with ETF and diffuse/marked PVST and/or prior endotracheal intubation had cervical myelopathy. We conclude that diffuse/marked PVST swelling, or prior endotracheal intubation, was significantly associated with cervical spinal cord injury (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant correlation between minimal or focal PVST swelling and spinal cord injury.
The endogenous scholar: porous boundaries and travelling ideas in development

The title of this symposium begs many questions: what is development? What is ‘critical? What constitutes policy and its implementation? And, finally, what is the justification for the implied sepa...
Utilizing logical relationships in genomic data to decipher cellular processes

The wealth of available genomic data has spawned a corresponding interest in computational methods that can impart biological meaning and context to these experiments. Traditional computational methods have drawn relationships between pairs of proteins or genes based on notions of equality or similarity between their patterns of occurrence or behavior. For example, two genes displaying similar variation in expression, over a number of experiments, may be predicted to be functionally related. We have introduced a natural extension of these approaches, instead identifying logical relationships involving triplets of proteins. Triplets provide for various discrete kinds of logic relationships, leading to detailed inferences about biological associations. For instance, a protein C might be encoded within an organism if, and only if, two other proteins A and B are also both encoded within the organism, thus suggesting that gene C is functionally related to genes A and B. The method has been applied fruitfully to both phylogenetic and microarray expression data, and has been used to associate logical combinations of protein activity with disease state phenotypes, revealing previously unknown ternary relationships among proteins, and illustrating the inherent complexities that arise in biological data.
The importance of the hypothalamic lateral retrochiasmatic area in the control of adrenocorticotropin and thyrotropin secretion.

Anterolateral hypothalamic deafferentation was made in rats to explore the importance of the neural pathways through the lateral retrochiasmatic area (RCAL) in the regulation of ACTH and TSH secretion. In rats with complete bilateral RCAL transection, pituitary-adrenal function was altered in the following respects compared to sham-operated controls. 1) Basal plasma ACTH, corticosterone (B), and adrenal weight were depressed. 2) Plasma ACTH and B elevation in response to 3- min ether inhalation were markedly decreased or abolished. 3) Insulin-induced hypoglycemia produced no or little plasma B elevation. 4) Lysine-vasopressin was significantly less effective in inducing pituitary-adrenal activation. Reductions in plasma ACTH and B concentrations and adrenal weight were correlated with the completeness of the RCAL transection. The plasma TSH concentration was lower in the deafferented rats than in the controls regardless of the completeness of the cut at the RCAL, indicating that the neural pathways traver...
Physical activity in the treatment of the adulthood overweight and obesity: current evidence and research issues

WING, R. R. Physical activity in the treatment of the adulthood overweight and obesity: current evidence and research issues. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 31, No. 11, Suppl., pp. S547–S552, 1999.PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to review the evidence on the role of physical activity in the treat
CHAINS OF ALTERNATING SULFUR AND π‐BONDED ATOMS IN EIGHT SMALL PROTEINS

This paper demonstrates the existence of regions in eight small globular proteins in which the side chains of sulfur-containing amino acids (cysteine and methionine) alternate in space with side chains of aromatic amino acids (histidine, phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine). The proteins are: rubredoxin, high potential iron protein, cytochrome c, flavodoxin, deoxyhemoglobin, trypsin inhibitor, ribonuclease-S, and lysozyme. The sulfur-pi-bonded 'chains' involve a minimum of five and a maximum of 10 amino acids, and contain the most polarizable atoms within proteins. S-pi-chains give extra stability to the folding of proteins; they may also afford paths for the step-wise movement of electrons.
Marek's disease virus-induced transient paralysis in chickens. 1. Time course association between clinical signs and histological brain lesions

Association between Marek's disease virus (MDV)-induced clinical signs of transient paralysis (TP) and brain. histological lesions (vasogenic oedema and perivascular mononuclear cell cuffs) were evaluated in TP-susceptible line G-B2 chickens in a time sequence study. The most consistent histological lesions were seen in the cerebellum. Leakage of albumin and vacuolation were parallel in development with clinical signs, but preceded the clinical signs by 6 to 12 h. During resolution of signs, a parallel decline in vacuolation, but not in extra-vascular albumin content was observed. The extravascular albumin shifted from an extracellular to intracellular location. No association was seen between the IgG leakage and vasogenic oedema or clinical signs. Perivascular mononuclear cell cuffing was statistically associated with clinical signs, but evaluation of plotted data indicated the slope for the cuffs was less than the slope for corresponding clinical signs. In addition, cuffing began 2 days prior to clinical signs. Thus, perivascular mononuclear cell cuffing was not causally associated with the TP syndrome.
A nonenzymic model for the coenzyme B12-dependent isomerization of methylmalonyl-SCoA to suiccinyl-SCoA

Abstract Dimethyl bromomethylmalonate (IV) reacts with vitamin B12s in aqueous solution yielding a relatively unstable carbon-cobalt bonded adduct V, which shows visible spectra in good accord with expectation. The adduct V was allowed to decompose in water, in the dark, at room temperature and at physiological pH. Three products: succinic acid (VI), methylmalonic acid (VIII) and malonic acid (VII) were formed in 3, 18, and 13% yields respectively. Isolation of the succinic acid rearrangement product provides support for the intermediacy of the carbon-cobalt bond in the coenzyme B12 dependent enzymic carbon-skeleton rearrangement of methylmalonyl-SCoA to succinyl-SCoA.
Power Doppler imaging in preoperative planning and postoperative monitoring of muscle flaps

PURPOSE We assessed the utility of power Doppler imaging (PDI) in preoperative planning and postoperative evaluation of microvascular tissue transfers. METHODS Twenty-five PDI studies were performed on 23 patients using a 5-10-MHz linear-array transducer. Thirteen patients were assessed preoperatively for patency of the desired donor vessel; 8 of them had surgical scars overlying the desired vascular territory. Twelve patients (including 2 from the first group) were evaluated postoperatively for patency of the vascular anastomoses and adequacy of the blood supply to the transferred tissue. RESULTS Twelve of the 13 patients assessed preoperatively had successful flap transfers. Four of the 8 patients with scars over the desired vascular territories had absent or aberrant arteries, necessitating a change in the operative plan. None of these patients had operative complications. Eight of the 12 patients scanned postoperatively had patent anastomoses. In 2 of these patients, impending surgery was averted when the adequacy of the tissue blood supply was established with PDI. In 4 patients, PDI showed arterial or venous compromise, which was confirmed at surgery. CONCLUSIONS PDI is a useful technique in microsurgical tissue transfer for assessing the patency of desired donor vessels preoperatively and for postoperative evaluation of blood supply.
Fungal infections of the bones and joints.

Osteoarticular complications may occur with a variety of invasive fungal infections, and seem to be increasing with growing use of prosthetic joints and as the immunosuppressed patient population increases. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, presentation, and management strategies differ somewhat among the different fungal species. This review focuses on recent developments in diagnostic and management approaches for patients with osteoarticular mycoses, and outlines specific treatment strategies for the different species.
“Backward” production of protons, deuterons, tritons, 3He, 4He and pions in the interaction of 400 GeV protons with nuclei

Abstract Results of measurements of inclusive cross sections, p (400 GeV ) + ( 6 Li , Ta ) → ( p , d , t , 3 He , 4 He , π ± ) + X at 90° and 160° (lab) for detected particles in the momentum range 0.1 to 1.4 Gev/c are reported. The A dependence of these cross sections is also presented for 6Li, Be, C, Al, Cu, and Ta, at a momentum of 0.7 GeV/c. This cross section dependence increases faster than A, at different rates for observed π+, p, d, and t, and considerably more steeply than such cross sections at low incident energies (near 1 GeV).
Improved unbiased estimators in adaptive cluster sampling

Summary. The usual design-unbiased estimators in adaptive cluster sampling are easy to compute but are not functions of the minimal sufficient statistic and hence can be improved. Improved unbiased estimators obtained by conditioning on sufficient statistics—not necessarily minimal—are described. First, estimators that are as easy to compute as the usual design-unbiased estimators are given. Estimators obtained by conditioning on the minimal sufficient statistic which are more difficult to compute are also discussed. Estimators are compared in examples.
Resistivity and oxidation of tungsten silicide thin films

Abstract The resistivity and oxidation properties of sputtered tungsten silicide films were examined for nominally stoichiometric films and for films containing excess silicon. The films containing excess silicon had a lower resistivity and a larger grain size after annealing and better oxidation characteristics than did the nominally stoichiometric films.
Musings at the beginning of the hyper-CT era

In the past decade, with the introduction and acceptance of helical and multidetector computed tomography (CT), CT has gained ascendancy as the preeminent imaging examination for most abdominal conditions. However, attention must now be directed toward the implications of dose consequent to CT studies. Multidetector CT has resulted in thinner and more slices per region of interest, more extensive studies as adjacent body regions can be assessed in one breath-hold, and more pediatric examinations. Dose per slice is greater with multidetector CT than with single-slice CT, and the number of examinations nationally has risen dramatically. These factors contribute to the radiation burden given to patients and the enhancement of risks for morbidity and mortality later in life.
Noncritical interface near a critical end point II

Abstract The tension of the interface between a noncritical phase α and a near-critical phase βγ, or between α and the individual β and γ phases into which βγ separates, is discussed. A thermodynamic description of a critical end point is given, earlier theoretical results on the interfacial tensions are reviewed, and the earlier theory is generalized and extended and some of its restrictions are relaxed. The theory is then reformulated, and made to incorporate nonclassical critical-point exponents. The critical isotherm of interfacial tension σα,βγ as a function of composition has a horizontal tangent at the critical point, where it is found to be of degree μ β ≈ 3.9 , with μ and β the conventional critical surface-tension and coexistence-curve exponents. The tensions σαβ and σαγ when T Tc, as functions of θ ∼ T T c − 1 , all have |θ|γ and |θ|μ as their leading singularities, with γ the conventional critical susceptibility exponent. Numerical results are presented for the realistic case γ ≈ μ. It is remarked that the liquid-vapor interface in 4He at its λ-point is also a noncritical interface at a critical end point.
Expression of IL-18 by SIV Does Not Modify the Outcome of the Antiviral Immune Response

Interleukin 18 (IL-18) is a proinflammatory cytokine expressed by several cell types, including activated dendritic cells and macrophages, that acts in synergy with IL-12 as an important amplifying factor for IFN-gamma production and Th1 development. To study the immunological and virological effects of IL-18 expression in the context of a lentiviral infection, we inoculated rhesus macaques with a high dose of replication-competent simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) vectors carrying the rhesus IL-18 gene in the sense (SIV(IL-18)) or antisense (SIV(FIGI)) orientation. Both vectors behaved as attenuated viruses, resulting in low viral loads, induction of low and transient levels of inflammatory cytokines, no CD4(+) T cell depletion, and mild activation of T lymphocytes. Although IL-18-expressing virus could be isolated from some SIV(IL18)-infected macaques for 12 weeks postinfection, the anti-SIV humoral and cellular immune responses of macaques inoculated with SIV(IL18) and SIV(FIGI) were similar to each other, with the exception of an early IFN-gamma response in animals infected with SIV(IL18). In summary, expression of IL-18 during the acute phase of SIV infection does not increase viral replication or influence the outcome of the antiviral immune response.
Cross-Class Inhibition of the Cysteine Proteinases Cathepsins K, L, and S by the Serpin Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen 1: A Kinetic Analysis†

The human squamous cell carcinoma antigens (SCCA) 1 and 2 are tandemly arrayed genes that encode two high-molecular-weight serine proteinase inhibitors (serpins). Although these proteins are 92% identical, differences in their reactive site loops suggest that they inhibit different types of proteinases. Our previous studies show that SCCA2 inhibits chymotrypsin-like serine proteinases [Schick et al. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 1849-1855]. We now show that, unlike SCCA2, SCCA1 lacks inhibitory activity against any of the more common types of serine proteinases but is a potent cross-class inhibitor of the archetypal lysosomal cysteine proteinases cathepsins K, L, and S. Kinetic analysis revealed that SCCA1 interacted with cathepsins K, L, and S at 1:1 stoichiometry and with second-order rate constants >/= 1 x 10(5) M-1 s-1. These rate constants were comparable to those obtained with the prototypical physiological cysteine proteinase inhibitor, cystatin C. Also relative to cystatin C, SCCA1 was a more potent inhibitor of cathepsin K-mediated elastolytic activity by forming longer lived inhibitor-proteinase complexes. The t1/2 of SCCA1-cathepsin S complexes was >1155 min, whereas that of cystatin C-cathepsin complexes was 55 min. Cleavage between the Gly and Ser residues of the reactive site loop and detection of a stable SCCA1-cathepsin S complex by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis suggested that the serpin interacted with the cysteine proteinase in a manner similar to that observed for typical serpin-serine proteinase interactions. These data suggest that, contingent upon their reactive site loop sequences, mammalian serpins, in general, utilize their dynamic tertiary structure to trap proteinases from more than one mechanistic class and that SCCA1, in particular, may be involved in a novel inhibitory pathway aimed at regulating a powerful array of lysosomal cysteine proteinases.
Examination performance in lecture-discussion and personalized instruction courses.

Students enrolled in a Psychology of Learning course were assigned to either a lecture section, one of two similar personalized instruction sections, or a fourth section that rotated across all three teaching procedures. All students took identical midterms and a final examination. After correcting test performance for differences in the cumulative grade point average of students in the four sections, examination performance of students in the personalized sections was found to be superior to that of students in the lecture section. An analysis of class section examination performance by item type revealed that students in the lecture section scored lower on all item types, but the greatest differences occurred on items that required written responses (essay and fill-in items) rather than recognition responses (multiple choice items). A gross analysis of student performance in the class rotated across the instructional procedures suggests that personalized instruction had its greatest impact on students with “average” to “poor” academic records.
Alterations in hepatocytes of mice fed a gallstone-inducing diet: occurrence of nuclear and cytoplasmic lipids

Mice fed a high cholesterol-cholic acid (lithogenic) diet for one year develop fatty livers in addition to gallstones. Light and electron micrographs demonstrate large amounts of lipids in liver parenchymal cells, often to the exclusion of most other cytoplasmic organelles. In addition, some hepatocytes exhibit nuclear lipid pseudo- and true inclusions. Other prominent features of hepatocytes after lithogenic diet include segregation of nucleolar granular and fibrillar material. Accumulation of considerable collagen in extracellular spaces is also noted. Observations suggest changes induced by the cholesterol diet are comparable to cytologic alterations seen in spontaneous and drug induced hepatic tumors, as well as to more general "fatty metamorphosis" of the liver.
Analysis of CLA derivatives by GC/MS

Les spectres de masse en ionisation par impact d'electrons des esters methyliques de l'acide linoleique conjugue (CLA) sont indifferenciables. Les derives 4-methyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5 dione (MTAD) et 2-alcenyl-4,4-dimethyloxazoline (DMOX) sont utilises pour identifier les isomeres de position de CLA. Le derive DMOX est prefere car il reagit avec les acides carboxyliques libres ou les groupes fonctionnels esters methyliques au lieu des dienes conjugues pour donner des spectres de masse tres riches en informations. Le derive DMOX permet une identification par GC/MS de la plupart des acides gras co-extraits avec le CLA.
The Mesopotamian Background of the Enochic Giants and Evil Spirits

AbstractIn the myth of the fallen Watchers (1 En. 6–11) the giants, illegitimate offspring of the fallen angels, are depicted as exceedingly violent beings that consume the labour of all the sons of men. They also kill men, devour them, and drink blood. Finally, they sin against all the animals of the earth. The violent behaviour of the giants in 1 En. 7:2–5 continues in 1 En. 15:11 where the spirits of the giants attack humanity, thus it appears that the spirits behave in a manner similar to that of the giants. The present article argues that the description of the giants in 1 En. 7:2–5 and their spirits in 15:11 is modeled after the violent behaviour of the demons found in the Mesopotamian bilingual series Utukkū Lemnūtu. The giants, therefore, are not to be identified with the Mesopotamian warrior-kings, but their behaviour rather indicates that they actually are violent and evil demons.
The Demise of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration: A Case Study in Symbolic Action

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration, supposedly designed to protect U.S. workers on the job, was seen by many as no more than a symbolic gesture to labor when it was created in 1971. Yet it has become a major target of deregulation by the Reagan administration. This paper attempts to explain why. I suggest that while OSHA had little immediate, impact on working conditions, it did provide a vehicle for incremental gains by labor, both material and ideological. I trace the advances made by labor under OSHA and argue that attacks on the agency by the Reagan administration are an attempt to revoke those gains and erase the concessionary message of the 1970s.