cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A highly-efficient BiCMOS cascode Class-E power amplifier using both envelope-tracking and transistor resizing for LTE-like applications

This paper presents the design of a SiGe differential cascode power amplifier (PA) to perform the envelope-tracking (ET) along with transistor resizing for efficiency enhancement for the 16QAM LTE. A new parallel-circuit class-E PA model is developed to analyze and design the cascode PA. The analytic results are compared with SPICE simulation and measurement data to provide circuit design insights. Measurement shows the ET-based PA system reaches an overall power-added-efficiency (PAE) of 38% at its 1 dB compression point (P 1dB ) of 22 dBm for its high power mode. Additionally, at the low power mode, some of the transistor cells can be disabled by the integrated MOSFET switches, and the overall PAE is improved by 4–5% at ≥4 dB back-off from its P 1dB . This ET-based cascode PA satisfies the LTE 16QAM linearity specs without needing predistortions.
Effects of transition metal substitution (M = Ti, Zr, Hf) on the magnetic properties of Pr2(Co16Cu1)(17-x)/17Mx

Abstract Effects of a small amount of Ti, Zr and Hf on the magnetocrystalline anisotropy of Cu-doped Pr2Co17 has been studied on the Pr2(Co16Cu1)(17-x)/17Mx system to obtain a better understanding of the magnetic hardness of the commercially av ailable “2:17-type” permanent magnets. All the compounds studied occurred in the rhombohedral structure. The c/a ratio was found to increase when M = Ti and decrease when M = Zr or Hf as the M atoms replace Co or Cu atoms. Distinct evidences of spin reorientation were observed in the M-doped compounds from magnetic and X-ray diffraction studies. The results are discussed in the terms of a switch of magnetocrystalline anisotropy of the Co sublattice from planar to uniaxial due to the M substitution.
“Splicing up” drug discovery. Cell-Based Expression and Screening of Genetically-Encoded Libraries of Backbone Cyclized Polypeptides

The present paper reviews the use of protein splicing for the biosynthesis of backbone cyclic polypeptides. This general method allows the in vivo and in vitro biosynthesis of cyclic polypeptides using recombinant DNA expression techniques. Biosynthetic access to backbone cyclic peptides opens the possibility to generate cell-based combinatorial libraries that can be screened inside living cells for their ability to attenuate or inhibit cellular processes thus providing a new way for finding therapeutic agents.
Theoretical and methodological considerations for the study of imagery in animals

Abstract Transformation of a moving stimulus is an operational definition of imagery that is useful in animal research. This definition was developed from structural, functional, and interactive theories of imagery in humans. The historical roots of the definition are traced to behavioristic methodologies within cognitive psychology. An imagery procedure for animals was developed that tests this definition with extrapolated movement. Pigeons were reinforced for discriminating between a rectangle that rotated at constant velocity from a rectangle whose final location violated constant velocity. Imagery trials included a short-term memory component in which the task of the pigeon was to discriminate between extrapolated trajectories of rotation while the rectangle was absent. The evidence supports similarities between human and animal representations of movement. A visible transformation employed as a sample stimulus and followed by a retention interval provides a powerful procedure for measuring the interaction between perception and memory. An advantage of this paradigm is that it could be employed to investigate imagery at the neural level or to obtain comparative behavioral data from different species.
Pupae of Rhyacionia frustrana, R. rigidana, and R. subtropica (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae).

Characters and key for the pupal separation of Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock), R. rigidana (Fernald), and R. subtropica Miller are presented.
Measurement and Research on Attenuation Characteristics of Low Voltage Power Line Communication Channel

Signal transmission attenuation characteristics of low voltage power distribution network is an important factor must be considered by the power line communication system design. The effects of power line network on the power line communication channel attenuation are studied, including cable cross-sectional area, length and T network structure. With the experimental and simulation results, the relationship between low voltage power line cable length, the network structure and the power line communication channel attenuation is analyzed.
Appalachian Women: A Study of Resiliency Assets and Cultural Values

ABSTRACT There is scant literature addressing Appalachian women, their resiliency, and their cultural values. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore what constitutes resiliency for Appalachian women. The following research questions were explored: (a) Are Appalachian values reflected in Appalachian women's perceived resiliency during their school-age years, ages 5–18; and (b) if so, which Appalachian values emerged in these women's external and internal developmental assets? Ten Appalachian women were interviewed and asked to reflect on developmental assets during their school-age years. The study results indicated a relationship between developmental resiliency assets during youth as they corresponded with nine Appalachian values. The results indicate that Appalachian women's cultural values foster their strengths and resilience. This study supports the significance of practitioners acknowledging the importance of cultural values in counseling strategy. Implications and suggestions for...
Circulating activated endothelial cells in systemic lupus erythematosus: further evidence for diffuse vasculopathy.

Objective In flares of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), endothelial cells (EC; activated by immune stimuli) are potential participants in the inflammatory processes that contribute to tissue damage. Accordingly, elevated levels of circulating endothelial cells (CEC) may be a marker for vascular injury. This study was undertaken to examine the possibility that stimulated EC are found in the circulation in patients with active SLE. Methods The study cohort included 38 patients with SLE and 16 healthy controls. Immunostaining was performed on mononuclear isolates, using mouse P1H12 (endothelial-specific antibody) and rabbit anti-nitrotyrosine (a “footprint” of a reactive form of nitric oxide [peroxynitrite]). Results Levels of CEC were significantly higher in patients with active SLE compared with those in healthy controls (mean ± SEM 32 ± 7/ml versus 5 ± 2/ml; P = 0.0028) and were correlated positively with plasma C3a in these patients (r = 0.81, P = 0.0008). Furthermore, CEC from these patients expressed an activated phenotype, as indicated by staining for nitrotyrosine. Conclusion Elevated levels of CEC observed in patients with active SLE may represent a marker of endothelial injury. The activated phenotype of these cells suggests that they may be capable of further potentiating vascular injury by the production of inflammatory and prothrombotic mediators and engaging in heterotypic aggregation with neutrophils or platelets.
Assessment of Geometry and In-Flow Effects on Contra-Rotating Open Rotor Broadband Noise Predictions

Application of previously formulated semi-analytical models for the prediction of broadband noise due to turbulent rotor wake interactions and rotor blade trailing edges is performed on the historical baseline F31/A31 contra-rotating open rotor configuration. Simplified two-dimensional blade element analysis is performed on cambered NACA 4-digit airfoil profiles, which are meant to serve as substitutes for the actual rotor blade sectional geometries. Rotor in-flow effects such as induced axial and tangential velocities are incorporated into the noise prediction models based on supporting computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results and simplified in-flow velocity models. Emphasis is placed on the development of simplified rotor in-flow models for the purpose of performing accurate noise predictions independent of CFD information. The broadband predictions are found to compare favorably with experimental acoustic results.
Optimal control of linear stochastic systems described by functional differential equations

The optimal control is determined for a class of systems by assuming the configuration of the feedback loop. The feedback loop consists of an unbiased estimator and controller. The gain matrices of the estimator and the controller are so determined that the mean-squared estimation error and the average value of a quadratic cost functional, respectively, are minimized. This is accomplished by the application of the matrix maximum principle to a distributed parameter system. The results indicate that the optimal estimation and the optimal control can be computed independently (separation principle).
Direct measurement of the reactivity of NH and OH on a silicon nitride surface

In order to understand and successfully model the plasma processing used in device fabrication, it is important to determine the role played by plasma-generated radicals. The authors have used the IRIS technique (Imaging of Radicals Interacting Surfaces) to obtain the reactivity of NH (X{sup 3}S{sup {minus}}) and OH (X{sup 2}P) at a silicon nitride film surface while the film is exposed to a plasma-type environment. The reactivity of NH was found to be zero both during exposure of the surface to an NH{sub 3} plasma and during active deposition of silicon nitride from a SiH{sub 4}/NH{sub 3} plasma. No NH surface reaction was detectable for any rotational states of NH and over a surface temperature range of 300--700 K. OH radicals generated in an H{sub 2}O plasma were found to have a reactivity of 0.57 on a room temperature oxidized silicon nitride surface. The OH reactivity falls to zero as the temperature of the substrate is raised.
A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of subcutaneous administration of GM-CSF as a vaccine adjuvant: effect on cellular and humoral immune responses.

Thirty healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to receive either a single subcutaneous injection of GM-CSF or placebo at the time of vaccination with tetanus and diptheria toxoid (Td), influenza and hepatitis A vaccines. Humoral response was measured by weekly serum samples assayed for antibodies to tetanus toxoid (TT), influenza and hepatitis A; while cellular response to TT was determined by measuring IL-2 expression in T-cells following in vitro exposure to TT antigen using a flow cytometric assay. It was hypothesized that (1) GM-CSF would augment immune response and (2) that the frequencies of TT responsive T-cells in the blood would predict humoral responses. The administration of subcutaneous GM-CSF as an adjuvant at the time of vaccination did not augment the antibody responses to influenza or hepatitis A in normal volunteers when compared to placebo. Subjects who received GM-CSF had statistically significant lower increases in anti-tetanus antibodies than placebo recipients. Immunization with TT resulted in an increase in the frequency of antigen responsive T-cells in the blood over time. The frequencies of TT responsive T-cells in baseline blood samples were correlated with baseline anti-tetanus antibody titers, but humoral and cellular responses were not correlated following vaccination. Recipients of GM-CSF did not develop significantly higher numbers of TT responsive T-cells after vaccination compared to recipients who received placebo.
The relation of poly(A) length to specific infectivity of viral RNA: a comparison of different types of foot-and-mouth disease virus.

Abstract The specific infectivities (PFU/μg) of oligo(dT)-cellulose bound and unbound fractions of viral RNAs (vRNA) isolated from representative strains of types O and C foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) were determined and compared to previously reported results using vRNA from type A FMDV. The results show little or no difference in the specific infectivities of bound and unbound fractions from types A or O. In contrast, however, the bound fractions of vRNA from type C FMDV had specific infectivities from 5- to 16-fold greater than the unbound fractions from this type, a result similar to that found with vRNAs from polio, EMC, and Sindbis virus. The data suggest that a long length of 3′ terminal poly(A) is not essential for infectivity of viral RNA from all positive stranded viruses.
Robust multi-source network tomography using selective probes

Knowledge of a network's topology and internal characteristics such as delay times or losses is crucial to maintain seamless operation of network services. Network tomography is a useful approach to infer such knowledge from end-to-end measurements between nodes at the periphery of the network, as it does not require cooperation of routers and other internal nodes. Most current tomography algorithms are single-source methods, which use multicast probes or synchronized unicast packet trains to measure covariances between destinations from a single vantage point and recover a tree topology from these measurements. Multi-source tomography, on the other hand, uses pairwise hop counts or latencies and consequently overcomes the difficulties associated with obtaining measurements for single-source methods. However, topology recovery is complicated by the fact that the paths along which measurements are taken do not form a tree in the network. Motivated by recent work suggesting that these measurements can be well-approximated by tree metrics, we present two algorithms that use selective pairwise distance measurements between peripheral nodes to construct a tree whose end-to-end distances approximate those in the network. Our first algorithm accommodates measurements perturbed by additive noise, while our second considers a novel noise model that captures missing measurements and the network's deviations from a tree topology. Both algorithms provably use O (p polylog p) pairwise measurements to construct a tree approximation on p end hosts. We present extensive simulated and real-world experiments to evaluate both of our algorithms.
Optimal Detection of Regional Trends Using Global Data

Abstract A complete accounting of model uncertainty in the optimal detection of climate signals requires normalization of the signals produced by climate models; however, there is not yet a well-defined rule for the normalization. This study seeks to discover such a rule. The authors find that, to arrive at the equations of optimal detection from a general application of Bayesian statistics to the problem of climate change, it is necessary to assume that 1) the prior probability density function (PDF) for climate change is separable into independent PDFs for sensitivity and the signals’ spatiotemporal patterns; 2) postfit residuals are due to internal variability and are normally distributed; 3) the prior PDF for sensitivity is uninformative; and 4) a continuum of climate models used to estimate model uncertainty gives a normally distributed PDF for the spatiotemporal patterns for the climate signals. This study also finds that the rule for normalization of the signals’ patterns is a simple division of mo...
Modeling of wastewater and sludge management systems

Abstract The Optimal Sludge Management Program (OSMP) is a computer program used to optimize the design and to simulate the steady-state operation of wastewater and sludge management systems. In its development, fundamental and rational process models were used, resorting to empiricism only when no rational models were available. Wastewater and sludge treatment processes were linked so that the impacts of recycle streams on processes were incorporated. For the optimization procedure, a sequential unconstrained minimization technique was used in which an interior penalty function was minimized by the Davidon-Fletcher-Powell method. Optimization and simulation examples showing the use of OSMP are included in the paper.
Java type inference is broken: can we fix it?

Java 5, the most recent major update to the Java Programming Language, introduced a number of sophisticated features, including a major extension to the type system. While the technical details of these new features are complex, much of this complexity is hidden from the typical Java developer by an ambitious type inference mechanism. Unfortunately, the extensions to the Java 5 type system were so novel that their technical details had not yet been thoroughly investigated in the research literature. As a result, the Java 5 compiler includes a pragmatic but flawed type inference algorithm that is, by design, neither sound nor locally complete. The language specification points out that neither of these failures is catastrophic: the correctness of potentially-unsound results must be verified during type checking; and incompleteness can usually be worked around by manually providing the method type parameter bindings for a given call site. This paper dissects the type inference algorithm of Java 5 and proposes a signficant revision that is sound and able to calculate correct results where the Java 5 algorithm fails. The new algorithm is locally complete with the exception of a difficult corner case. Moreover, the new algorithm demonstrates that several arbitrary restrictions in the Java type system---most notably the ban on lower-bounded type parameter declarations and the limited expressibility of intersection types---are unnecessary. We hope that this work will spur the evolution of a more coherent, more comprehensive generic type system for Java.
Deformation Heterogeneity in Cellular Al Alloys

Cell ellipticity and non-planar membranes are thought to be dominant degradation factors of cellular metals. The mechanisms operating at the cell/ membrane level in both closed and open cell Al alloys have been established by following the evolution of deformation with cell-level resolution using digital image correlation analysis.
Arginine butyrate increases the cytotoxicity of DAB389IL-2 in leukemia and lymphoma cells by upregulation of IL-2Rβ gene

DAB(389)IL-2 (ONTAK) is a fusion protein consisting of the ADP-ribosyltransferase and membrane translocating domains of native diphtheria toxin and the full-length sequence for interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene. In vitro data demonstrates that DAB(389)IL-2 is cytotoxic to cells expressing the high affinity IL-2 receptor (IL-2R). In Phases I and II clinical trials of patients whose tumor cells express a component of the IL-2R, the response rates were 18% for B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and 30% for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). In this study, we examined the effects of arginine butyrate on IL-2R expression and susceptibility of leukemia cells to intoxication by DAB(389)IL-2. We demonstrate that the p75 subunit of the IL-2R (IL-2Rbeta) is upregulated in the presence of low concentrations of arginine butyrate (0.06mM) which had no direct growth inhibitory effect on the cells. To explore mechanisms of this upregulation, we examined the effect of 0.06mM arginine butyrate on relevant transcriptional elements and on histone deacetylase and found activation of cAMP response element (CRE) but not NFAT or NFKB, as well as inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC). Our results suggest that the effects of physiologically achievable concentrations of butyrate on IL-2R expression could be exploited to enhance the susceptibility of intermediate and low-affinity IL-2R expressing leukemia cells to DAB(389)IL-2.
Effect of transition zone on elastic moduli of concrete materials

Abstract This paper proposes a composite model for evaluation of the elastic moduli of concrete materials. Concrete or mortar is assumed to have three phases, namely: aggregate, matrix and transition zone. Analytical solutions for effective elastic moduli of the proposed composite model are presented. The effect of the elastic moduli and volume fraction of the transition zone on overall elastic moduli of concrete or mortar is investigated. A procedure is also suggested to determine the elastic moduli of the transition zone knowing the overall elastic moduli of concrete or mortar.
The good, the bad, and the ugly: 30 years of US airline deregulation

Abstract The US airline industry was deregulated in 1978 and has undergone significant changes in industry structure, profitability, employment, passenger volume, and patterns of service and fares, among other characteristics. This paper sets out to make three contributions to the literature as related to the story of airline deregulation. First, discussion of economic theory will provide the context for an updated overview of the positive, negative, and really negative results of US airline deregulation, summarized in the form of “the good”, “the bad”, and “the ugly”. Second, this paper provides a periodization of the 30-year history of US airline deregulation that is important in understanding the cycles of change as reflected in the industry’s financial performance and other relevant data. Third, this paper contributes to the renewed debate about the efficacy of deregulation and liberalization policies, particularly at a time when the global financial crisis has cast a harsh spotlight on the (un)desirability of these policies. Some of the good results during the 30 years of airline deregulation, from the industry and consumer perspective, include higher passenger volumes, more service to the most popular destinations, and lower fares on average. Bad results include financial and employment instability, diminution in the quality of airline service overall, and fewer flights and higher fares to smaller places. The recent 2000–2005 period has been particularly ugly, as the airline industry has lost over $30 billion, and several high-profile carriers, such as United, Delta, Northwest, and US Airways, were forced into bankruptcy.
Minority Influence: Effects of Size, Conversion, and Sex.

Summary Moscovici and others argue that minorities can influence majorities by consistently and resolutely maintaining a divergent position, thereby arousing conflict and uncertainty among the majority members. The present study compared the relative effectiveness of minorities of sizes one and two, as well as minorities of one which gain a convert. In addition, the relative effectiveness of male and female minorities was investigated. College students (N = 200) deliberated upon two civil cases in order to determine the size of compensation awards. Confederates argued for divergent positions. A minority of one was found to be less effective than either a minority of two or a minority of one who gained a convert (with the latter two not differing). Evaluations of minorities differed as a function of both size and sex.
Retrograde Amnesia Produced by Intraperitoneal Injection of Physostigmine

Intraperitoneal injection of physostigmine in rats produced a retrograde amnesia of a trained task of escaping shock. This amnesic effect was a U-shaped function of the length of the interval between initial training and injection. In all cases, retraining Occurred 30 minutes after injection. A substantial effect was produced by physostigmine if its application was made 30 minutes after training; there was no effect if application and tests were made 1, 2, or 3 days after the original training. When the substance was injected and the rats were retrained 5, 7, or 14 days after the original training, a substantial effect again appeared. These results are similar to those reported in experiments in which another anticholinesterase, diisopropyl fluorophosphate, was applied intracerebrally. The data demonstrate a similar pattern of change of the amnesia with time, and they substantiate the view that neither the place of application nor the brain lesions caused the reported amnesia.
Thalamic sensitization transforms localized pain into widespread allodynia.

Objective Focal somatic pain can evolve into widespread hypersensitivity to non-painful and painful skin stimuli (allodynia and hyperalgesia, respectively). We hypothesized that transformation of headache into whole-body allodynia/hyperalgesia during a migraine attack is mediated by sensitization of thalamic neurons that process converging sensory impulses from the cranial meninges and extracephalic skin.
An examination of fuel consumption trends in construction projects

Abstract Recent estimates of fuel consumption in construction projects are highly variable. Lack of standards for reporting at both the equipment and project levels make it difficult to quantify the magnitude of fuel consumption and the associated opportunities for efficiency improvements in construction projects. In this study, we examined clusters of Environmental Impact Reports for seemingly similar construction projects in California. We observed that construction projects are not characterized consistently by task or equipment. We found wide variations in estimates for fuel use in terms of tasks, equipment, and overall projects, which may be attributed in part to inconsistencies in methodology and parameter ranges. Our analysis suggests that standardizing fuel consumption reporting and estimation methodologies for construction projects would enable quantification of opportunities for efficiency improvements at both the equipment and project levels. With increasing emphasis on reducing fossil fuel consumption, it will be important to quantify opportunities to increase fuel efficiency, including across the construction sector.
Design of self correcting radiation hardened digital circuits using decoupled ground bus

With shrinking device sizes, modern digital circuits are becoming increasingly susceptible to transient errors due to charged particle strikes on the sensitive nodes of the circuit. In this paper we present a simple technique to implement self correcting, radiation hardened digital circuits through the use of a decoupled ground bus. The technique relies on using the error signal as a design variable in the logic being realized and employs a state machine based design approach for combinational logic design. Simulation results show that the proposed technique is reliable over all corners and robust against random process and mismatch variations. Our technique results in average 29.43% delay, 13.8% power and negligible area overhead than non hardened static and domino designs.
Phosphotyrosine-binding domains in signal transduction

Protein phosphorylation provides molecular control of complex physiological events within cells. In many cases, phosphorylation on specific amino acids directly controls the assembly of multi-protein complexes by recruiting phospho-specific binding modules. Here, the function, structure, and cell biology of phosphotyrosine-binding domains is discussed.
Effects of spatial extent on landscape structure and sediment metal concentration relationships in small estuarine systems of the United States' Mid-Atlantic Coast

Prior studies exploring the quantitative relationship between landscape structure metrics and the ecological condition of receiving waters have used a variety of sampling units (e.g., a watershed, or a buffer around a sampling station) at a variety of spatial scales to generate landscape metrics resulting in little consensus on which scales best describe land-water relationships. Additionally, the majority of these studies have focused on freshwater systems and it is not clear whether results are transferable to estuarine and marine systems. We examined how sampling unit scale controls the relationship between landscape structure and sediment metal concentrations in small estuarine systems in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. We varied the spatial extent of the contributing watersheds used to calculate landscape structure and assessed linear relationships between estuarine sediment metal concentrations and the total area of developed and agricultural lands at each scale. Area of developed lands was consistently related to sediment metals while total agricultural land was not. Developed land had strongest associations with lead and copper; weakest with arsenic and chromium; and moderate associations with cadmium, mercury, and zinc. Local (i.e., less than 15−20 km from a sampling station) land uses have a greater impact than more distant land uses on the amount of toxic metals reaching estuarine sediments.
Silver masters for high-quality electrostatic printing

Du Pont has developed new silver electrostatic master technology suitable for making multiple copies of high quality prints. A digital laser image is captured by a multilayered silver halide film and diffusion transfer chemistry is used to form a unique conducting silver image in a polymeric insulating layer. For prints the silver master is corona charged; where there is a silver image, charge is bled off to an underlying ground plane and where there is no silver, charge is retained by the insulator. The charged master is then developed with high resolution liquid toners and the toner image transferred to paper. The charging, toning, and transfer steps are repeated for multiple copies. Quality is maintained at printing rates exceeding 8 inches per second. The silver master looks like a normal photographic film and is processed like one but has dual functionality; it can be used as an electrostatic printing master and as a normal photographic film, i.e., as a graphic arts intermediate. The master will be described in more detail and examples shown.
Non-random inactivation of large common fragile site genes in different cancers

The common fragile sites are regions of profound genomic instability found in all individuals. The full size of each region of instability ranges from under one megabase (Mb) to greater than 10 Mbs. A
The accuracy of real estate indices: Repeat sale estimators

Simulation techniques allow us to examine the behavior and accuracy of several repeat sales regression estimators used to construct real estate return indices. We show that the generalized least squares (GLS) method is the maximum likelihood estimator, and we show how estimation accuracy can be significantly improved through a Baysian approach. In addition, we introduce a biased estimation procedure based upon the James and Stein method to address the problems of multicollinearity common to the procedure.
Influence of methamphetamine and neuroleptic drugs on tyrosine hydroxylase activity.

Abstract After rats had been treated with drugs for 36 hr, striatal and adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activities were determined by the coupled decarboxylase method. Treatment with methamphetamine 10 mg/kg, s.c., depressed striatal TH activity but elevated adrenal enzyme activity. Neither chlopromazine nor haloperidol affected TH activity in the striatum; however, when either of these neuroleptic drugs was administered concurrently with methamphetamine, the depression of striatal enzyme activity produced by methamphetamine was prevented. Adrenal enzyme activity was increased by chlorpromazine 15 mg/kg, i.p.; when this dose was administered concurrently with methamphetamine, the enzyme activity was greater than that produced by either drug alone. In contrast to chlorpromazine, haloperidol 5 mg/kg, i.p., had no effect on adrenal TH activity and seemed to impair the elevation produced by methamphetamine.
Facile electron transfer during formation of cluster X and kinetic competence of X for tyrosyl radical production in protein R2 of ribonucleotide reductase from mouse.

The kinetics and mechanism of formation of the tyrosyl radical and μ-(oxo)diiron(III) cluster in the R2 subunit of ribonucleotide reductase from mouse have been examined by stopped-flow absorption and freeze-quench electron paramagnetic resonance and Mossbauer spectroscopies. The reaction comprises (1) acquisition of Fe(II) ions by the R2 apo protein, (2) activation of dioxygen at the resulting carboxylate-bridged diiron(II) cluster to form oxidized intermediate diiron species, and (3) univalent oxidation of Y177 by one of these intermediates to form the stable radical, with concomitant or subsequent formation of the adjacent μ-(oxo)diiron(III) cluster. The data establish that an oxidized diiron intermediate spectroscopically similar to the well-characterized, formally Fe(III)Fe(IV) cluster X from the reaction of the Escherichia coli R2 protein precedes the Y177 radical in the reaction sequence and is probably the Y177 oxidant. As formation of the X intermediate (1) requires transfer of an “extra” reducin...
Parathyroid hormone (1-34) regulates integrin expression in vivo in rat osteoblasts.

Intermittent administration of parathyroid hormone (PTH) activates new sites of bone formation by stimulating osteoblast differentiation and function resulting in an increase in bone mass. Because integrins have been shown to play a crucial role in osteoblast differentiation and bone formation, in the present study, we evaluated whether human PTH (1-34) upon administration to rats, influenced integrin expression in osteoblastic cells isolated from the metaphysis and the diaphysis of rat long bones. Initial immunohistochemical evaluation of bone sections demonstrated that the osteoblasts expressed at least alphav, alpha2, alpha3, and alpha5beta1 integrins. Immunocolocalization studies for integrins and vinculin established that alphav, alpha2, and alpha5beta1, but not alpha3 integrins were present in the focal adhesion sites of osteoblasts attached to FN coated surfaces. Osteoprogenitor cells isolated from metaphyseal (but not diaphyseal) marrow of rats injected with intermittent PTH (1-34) exhibited greater alphav and reduced alpha2 levels, with no apparent changes in alpha3, and alpha5beta1 integrin levels, as assessed by immunohistochemistry, Northern, and Western blot analyses. However, these changes were not observed on the same cells treated with PTH in vitro. These observations suggest that integrin modulation by PTH is likely to be indirect and that selective phenotypic expression of integrin subtypes is part of the cascade of events that lead to PTH (1-34) mediated osteoblast differentiation.
Immune Complexes and Carcinoembryonic Antigen Levels in Metastatic Choroidal Tumors

We studied 11 patients with metastatic choroidal tumors and one patient with a metastatic choroidal melanoma by using the Raji cell radioimmunoassay to detect immune complexes, and the carcinoembryonic assay. Ten (91%) patients with choroidal metastases had an increase of either immune complex levels or carcinoembryonic antigen results.
Biodegradation of phenolic compounds by sulfate-reducing bacteria from contaminated sediments

The biodegradation of phenolic compounds under sulfate-reducing conditions was studied in sediments from northern Indiana. Phenol, p-cresol and 4-chlorophenol were selected as test substrates and added to sediment suspensions from four sites at an initial concentration of 10 mg/liter. Degradative abilities of the sediment microorganisms from the four sites could be related to previous exposure to phenolic pollution. Time to onset of biodegradation of p-cresol and phenol in sediment suspensions from a nonindustrialized site was approximately 70 and 100 days, respectively, in unacclimated cultures. In sediment slurries from three sites with a history of wastewater discharges containing phenolics, time to onset of biodegradation was 50–70 days for p-cresol and 50–70 days for phenol in unacclimated cultures. In acclimated cultures from all four sites, the length of the lag phase was reduced to 14–35 days for p-cresol and 25–60 days for phenol. Length of the biodegradative phase varied from 25 to 40 days for phenol and 10 to 50 days for p-cresol and was not markedly affected by acclimation. Substrate mineralization by sulfate-reducing bacteria was confirmed with radiotracer techniques using an acclimated sediment culture from one site. Addition of molybdate, a specific inhibitor of sulfate reduction, and bacterial cell inactivation inhibited sulfate reduction and substrate utilization. None of the sites exhibited the ability to degrade 4-chlorophenol, nor were acclimated phenol and p-cresol degrading cultures from a particular site able to cometabolize 4-chlorophenol.
Reducing the expenses of geo-distributed data centers with portable containerized modules

Abstract In order to maximize their profits, big IT companies need to reduce the operating expenses (OpEx) and capital expenses (CapEx) of their geo-distributed data centers. To reduce OpEx, recent studies have proposed algorithms that dynamically dispatch workload among different data center sites, to exploit the variability in local electricity price and green energy availability. However, the amount of OpEx savings achieved by workload dispatching is often limited by the local computing capacity. To reduce CapEx, data centers try to minimize the needed increases in size based on estimated workload growth. However, workload overestimation would result in a high CapEx, while underestimation would hurt business increases. In this paper, we propose ExContainer, a novel strategy that leverages portable containerized modules to minimize both OpEx and CapEx for geo-distributed data centers. With ExContainer, containers are allocated monthly to different sites and workload is dispatched hourly, to minimize total OpEx. To cut CapEx, ExContainer finds the best trade-off between the degree of capacity expansion and the number of needed new containers to handle the workload peak. We evaluate ExContainer with real-world traces. Our experimental results show that compared to state-of-the-art solutions, ExContainer allows significant reduction in both OpEx and CapEx.
Singular integral equations — The convergence of the Nyström interpolant of the Gauss-Chebyshev method

Nystrom's interpolation formula is applied to the numerical solution of singular integral equations. For the Gauss-Chebyshev method, it is shown that this approximation converges uniformly, provided that the kernel and the input functions possess a continuous derivative. Moreover, the error of the Nystrom interpolant is bounded from above by the Gaussian quadrature errors and thus convergence is fast, especially for smooth functions. ForC∞ input functions, a sharp upper bound for the error is obtained. Finally numerical examples are considered. It is found that the actual computational error agrees well with the theoretical derived bounds.
The Discussion Section: Your Closing Argument

In the judicial system in many countries, a jury decides the final outcome in a court case. The proceedings begin with a lawyer providing an opening statement telling the jury what he or she plans to present. Through a variety of chosen tactics and methods, the lawyer then presents the various pieces of evidence, all of which lead up to the closing argument. A poor closing argument can hurt even the best case. A great closing argument can convince the jury that the evidence is sound and the lawyer's interpretation of it has merit. In the original Law & Order TV show, which incorporated both the investigation of a crime and the courtroom proceedings, the closing arguments were often the most compelling and defining moments in the show. The Discussion section in a scientific paper and the closing argument in a courtroom have similarities. For many readers, the most important information is not what your results show but what your results mean. The purpose of the Discussion section is to explain what your results mean and what contribution your paper makes to the field of study. The Discussion section is your closing argument. Numerous scientists have told me that when reading a paper they first look at the Abstract to get an overview of the topic and the purported findings. If the topic appears to be of interest, they then skip to the Discussion section. If the Discussion is neither stimulating nor convincing about the meaning and importance of the findings, it does not really matter how the experiments were performed or what results were reported. A poor Discussion detracts from a scientific paper. A good Discussion adds a strong finish to a scientific paper. It brings meaning to your study. My goal with this article is to help you …
Atomic Force Microscopy Investigation of Isolated Virions of Murine Leukemia Virus

Virions of mouse leukemia virus spread on glass substrates were visualized by atomic force microscopy. The size distribution mode was 145 nm, significantly larger than that for human immunodeficiency virus particles. The distribution of particle sizes is broad, indicating that no two particles are likely identical in content or surface features. Virions possess knoblike protrusions, which may represent vestiges of budding from cell membranes. Particles which split open allowed imaging of intact cores with diameters of 65 nm. They also permitted estimation of viral shell thickness (35 to 40 nm) and showed the presence of a distinct trough between the shell and the core surface.
Solution-processed core–shell nanowires for efficient photovoltaic cells

Nanowire-based solar cells offer open-circuit voltages and fill factors that are superior to those available from planar solar cells made of the same materials.
Curricular resources from the ACM two-year college education committee

This poster presentation showcases curricular resources available from the Two-Year College Education Committee (TYCEC), a standing committee of the ACM Education Board since 1991. The primary charge of the Committee is to provide curriculum recommendations in all areas of computing for institutions that grant associate degrees. To this end, the TYCEC has published curriculum guidelines in each of the computing sub-disciplines: Information Technology, Computer Science, Information Systems, Computer Engineering and Software Engineering. With financial assistance from ACM and the National Science Foundation, the Committee has also conducted several workshops that targeted specific groups of two-year college faculty.
Imaging of Nervous System Involvement in Hematologic Malignancies: What Radiologists Need to Know

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of the imaging features of neurologic involvement in hematologic malignancies. CONCLUSION. Neurologic involvement can be seen in lymphoma, leukemia, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD), plasma cell neoplasms, and histiocytic and dendritic neoplasms. Imaging, MRI in particular, plays an important role in the workup of these patients. Familiarity with the imaging features of nervous system involvement in hematologic malignancies can help radiologists suggest the diagnosis and guide management.
Survival in Patients With Severe Ischemic Cardiomyopathy Undergoing Revascularization Versus Medical Therapy Association With End-Systolic Volume and Viability

Background—The value of assessment of viability as a predictor of surgical revascularization benefit in ischemic cardiomyopathy has recently been questioned in a large trial. We sought to determine whether the contribution of viability as myocardial scar burden (SB) to predict revascularization outcomes could be modulated by end-systolic volume index (ESVi). Methods and Results—Delayed hyperenhancement–MRI was obtained in 450 patients with ≥70% stenosis in ≥1 epicardial coronary artery (75% men; median age, 62.8±10.7 years; mean left ventricular ejection fraction, 23±9%; mean ESVi, 115±50 mL) from 2002 to 2006. SB was quantified as scar percentage (infarcted mass/total left ventricular mass). Subsequent surgical revascularization was performed in 245 (54%) patients and subsequent percutaneous coronary interventions were performed in 28 (6%) patients. A propensity score was developed for revascularization. Cox proportional hazards models of all-cause mortality were used for risk adjustment. Over a mean fol...
Bioelectrical impedance analysis for the prediction of fat-free mass in buffalo calf

The objective of this study has been to develop a prediction equation of fat-free mass (FFM) from buffalo calves. Twenty buffaloes were fed ad libitum access at unifeed , with vitamin–mineral integration, for 14 months. Seven days before slaughtering, the animals were weighed and bioelectrical impedance measurements were collected. The data were analyzed by multiple linear regressions to evaluate the relationship between FFM and various predictor variables. Stepwise regression was used to eliminate variables that did not influence variation in the model. The value of resistance collected showed a decrease when the electrical frequency increases, while the values of reactance (Xc) increase. When using live weight (LW) and reactance at 500 and at 1000 kHz as independent variables, we obtained the best R 2 Adj (0.967) and Durbin Watson statistic (2.596) that explain the prediction model (FFM = − 30.59 + 0.993LW + 0.150Xc 500 − 0.123Xc 1000 + 9.11). These results indicate that the use of bioelectrical impedance analysis has excellent potential as a rapid method, with minimal perturbation for the animal, to predict FFM in buffalo.
Wraparound Team Composition, Youth Self-determination, and Youth Satisfaction in Transition Services.

Wraparound, a team-based planning process for youth and families, has been widely adopted in school-based services for older adolescents and emerging adults with serious mental health conditions transitioning to adulthood. Reservations have been voiced, however, regarding possible drawbacks of teams for these youth, including concerns about difficulties with involving supportive adults, and whether youth might perceive team-based planning as a threat to their developing autonomy. To date, however, no studies have examined the feasibility of involving supports in teams and relationships between team composition and youth’s service experiences. The present study examined the relationships between team composition and youth’s perceptions of selfdetermination and service satisfaction among 36 youths in seven school-based programs using a specialized form of wraparound for transition services. Findings showed that meeting participation by caregivers and professionals from both inside and outside of schools was common and that regular participation by combinations of these types of adults was related to youth selfdetermination and satisfaction.
Experimental observation of correlated magnetic reconnection and Alfvenic ion jets

Correlations between magnetic reconnection and energetic ion flow events have been measured with merging force free spheromaks at the Swarthmore Spheromak Experiment. The reconnection layer is measured with a linear probe array and ion flow is directly measured with a retarding grid energy analyzer. Flow has been measured both in the plane of the reconnection layer and out of the plane. The most energetic events occur in the reconnection plane immediately after formation as the spheromaks dynamically merge. The outflow velocity is nearly Alfv\'enic. As the spheromaks form equilibria and decay, the flow is substantially reduced.
High resolution two-dimensional electrophoretic mapping of immunoglobulin light chains

Abstract Staphylococcus protein A immunoadsorbents were used to purify immunoglobulins from the sera of adult inbred (BALB/c) or outbred (Peromyscus leucopus) mice which had been raised under similar conditions. High resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoretic patterns of light-chains from individual BABL/c mice showed that 70–80% of the 100 spots observed occur in patterns from all animals. The light-chain patterns from outbred P. leucopus showed only 30% commonality with many more total spots. Possible implications of these results and the advantages of the 2-D technique for monitoring antibody repertoires are discussed.