cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification and impact of hyperparasitoids and predators affecting Cyzenis albicans (Tachinidae), a recently introduced biological control agent of winter moth (Operophtera brumata L.) in the northeastern U.S.A.

Abstract The success or failure of an introduced biological control agent may depend on its rate of mortality from disease, predation, and hyperparasitism. Cyzenis albicans Fallen (Diptera: Tachinidae) was introduced to the northeastern U.S. as a biocontrol agent of the invasive species winter moth, Operophtera brumata L. (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). This study aimed to determine the rates of mortality from predation by generalist ground predators and hyperparasitism of C. albicans puparia, identify any hyperparasitoids, and assess the impact of predation and hyperparasitism on the potential success of C. albicans in controlling the winter moth. Mortality of C. albicans puparia was primarily due to predation, but there was also hyperparasitism. Predation and parasitism of C. albicans puparia were consistently high across the six study sites and two years of study, but somewhat lower than was reported from British Columbia, where successful establishment of C. albicans in the 1970s was followed by a decrease in winter moth densities. In this study, three genera of ichneumonid hyperparasitoids were detected and identified using a combination of morphological and molecular approaches: Phygadeuon (1 species), Pimpla (2 species), and Gelis (2 species), all of which contain species with broad host ranges and were likely acting as facultative hyperparsitoids. We conclude that while total mortality of C. albicans puparia is high, it is unlikely to have a significant effect on biological control of winter moth in this system, although it may explain why C. albicans has been slow to establish in this region. Our study emphasizes the importance of assessing the mortality of introduced biological control agents caused by native predators and hyperparasitoids.
Evaluating ballot initiative support for legalised marijuana: The case of Washington.

Abstract Background In 2012, Washington and Colorado became the first U.S. states to legalise recreational marijuana. By 2016, eight states and the District of Columbia had legalised recreational marijuana, with more expected to consider it in 2018. Despite this trend, little academic research explains what drives ballot-initiative vote choice on marijuana legalisation. Methods This paper uses a pre-election random sample voter survey to examine the individual characteristics that correlated with Washington voters’ support for legal recreational marijuana. Results We find that voting on marijuana ballot initiatives largely reflects public opinion about marijuana and is particularly shaped voters’ political ideology, party affiliation, religious affiliation and practice, and education. Notably, we find that those reporting experiences (i.e., someone they know) with the criminal justice system are more supportive of legalisation than those who do not. Conclusion We conclude that marijuana legalisation voting behavior generally aligns with public opinion on the issue. However, one key aspect of Washington’s legalisation campaign–the criminal injustices of marijuana illegality–helped shape Washington state voting behavior. Further research is needed to examine if, when, and in what contexts criminal justice campaign themes are likely to strengthen or undermine future states’ marijuana legalisation efforts.
Influence of variable processing conditions on the quasi-static and dynamic behaviors of resistance spot welded aluminum 6061-T6 sheets

Abstract The mechanical properties of the weld regions of a 6061-T6 resistance spot welded lap joint are determined. The change in mechanical properties resulting from RSW are linked to the changes observed in the microstructure. Processing currents and strain rates are varied to probe the effects of processing temperature at strain rates from 10−3 to 103 s−1. Results show that material strength decreases within the heat affected zone (HAZ) and fusion zone due to precipitate dispersion. Further, decreased ductility results at quasi-static strain rates from accelerated crack growth arising near voids formed during weld formation, but the short time scale at higher strain rates limits the ability for crack growth from these voids allowing the material to exhibit higher ductility. Overall, significant changes in the mechanical behavior across the weld resulting from a change in microstructure congruent with precipitate dispersion are apparent for all processing conditions.
Rates of TP53 Mutation are Significantly Elevated in African American Patients with Gastric Cancer

Gastric adenocarcinoma is a heterogenous disease that results from complex interactions between environmental and genetic factors, which may contribute to the disparate outcomes observed between different patient populations. This study aimed to determine whether genomic differences exist in a diverse population of patients by evaluating tumor mutational profiles stratified by race. All patients with gastric adenocarcinoma between 2012 and 2016 who underwent targeted next-generation sequencing of cancer genes by the Memorial Sloan Kettering-Integrated Mutation Profiling of Actionable Cancer Targets platform were identified. Patient race was categorized as Asian, African American, Hispanic, or Caucasian. Fisher’s exact test was used to examine differences in mutation rates between racial designations for the most common mutations identified. The p values in this study were adjusted using the false discovery rate method. The study investigated 595 mutations in 119 patients. The DNA alterations identified included missense mutations (66%), frame-shift deletions (13%), and nonsense mutations (9%). Silent mutations were excluded. The most frequently mutated genes were ARID1A, CDH1, ERBB3, KRAS, PIK3CA, and TP53. Of these, TP53 was the most frequently mutated gene, affecting 50% of patients. The proportion of patients with TP53 mutations differed significantly between races (p = 0.012). The findings showed TP53 mutations for 89% (16/18) of the African American patients, 56% (10/18) of the Asian patients, 43% (9/21) of the Hispanic patients, and 40% (25/62) of the Caucasian patients. Significantly higher rates of TP53 mutations were identified among the African American patients with gastric adenocarcinoma. This is the first study to evaluate tumor genomic differences in a diverse population of patients with gastric adenocarcinoma.
Unbalanced Random Effects Designs—Examples

This chapter provides several examples of generalizability analyses that involve estimating random effects variance components for unbalanced designs. Largely, these examples are applications of the theoretical results discussed in Chapter 7. Some additional topics related to unbalanced de signs are introduced as well.
Genetic Control of Schistosomiasis: A Technique Based on the Genetic Manipulation of Intermediate Host Snail Populations

In this contribution I support the contention (Woodruff, 1978) that it may be possible to reduce the size of human-infecting schistosome populations by the genetic manipulation of their intermediate host snails. The proposed technique is based on the finding that snail-schistosome compatibility is variable and that some of this variation is under relatively simple genetic regulation. If the proportion of intermediate host snails that are resistant to infection by the local larval schistosome can be increased, then the rate at which the parasite is transmitted to the final host will decrease. Such genetically resistant snails can be isolated by artificial selection procedures, mass-reared, and their descendants returned to the population from which they were isolated. If sufficient numbers of resistant snails are released, the resultant genetic perturbation will be too great for the local schistosome population to adjust coevolutionarily. Under certain local ecological circumstances it may be possible to break the transmission cycle within a few years.
The effect of proposed improvements to the Army Weight Control Program on female soldiers.

ABSTRACT Objective: To comply with Army Regulation 600-9, The Army Weight Control Program (AWCP), soldiers must meet age-adjusted body fat standards, regardless of whether they meet or exceed weight-for-height allowances. Recent revisions to Department of Defense (DoD) policies require changes to the AWCP. Specifically, we assessed the effects of increasing weight-for-height allowances and adoption of the DoD body fat equation on compliance with the AWCP in women. Methods: Weight, height, circumferences (neck, forearm, wrist, waist, and hip) to measure body fat, and Army Physical Fitness Test results were obtained from 909 female soldiers (mean (SD) age, 26.2 (6.5) years; body mass index, 24.6 (3.3) kg/m2; body fat, 29.7% (5.0)). Results: Increasing the screening weight-forheight allowances resulted in a 20% reduction in those requiring a body fat measurement (from 55% [n = 498] to 35% [n = 319]). Adopting the DoD body fat equation did not change the proportion of overfat women, i.e., noncompliant with th...
Iterated convergence on Banach space valued functions of abstract g -fractional calculus

The novelty of this paper is the design of suitable iterative methods for generating a sequence approximating solutions of equations on Banach spaces. Applications of the semi-local convergence are suggested including Banach space valued functions of fractional calculus, where all integrals are of Bochner-type.
Alcohol potentiates RSV-mediated injury to ciliated airway epithelium

Abstract Alcohol impairs resolution of respiratory viral infections. Numerous immune response pathways are altered in response to alcohol misuse, including alcohol-induced ciliary dysfunction in the lung. We hypothesized that mucociliary clearance-mediated innate immunity to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) would be compromised by alcohol exposure. Cilia were assayed using Sisson-Ammons Video Analysis by quantitating the average number of motile points in multiple whole field measurements of mouse tracheal epithelial cells grown on an air-liquid interface. Pretreatment with ethanol alone (100 mM for 24 hours) had no effect on the number of motile cilia. A single dose (TCID50 1 × 105) of RSV resulted in a significant (p
Complications after proctocolectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis in pediatric patients: A systematic review.

Abstract Background/purpose Colectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) is the standard of care for patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and refractory ulcerative colitis (UC). The rates of postoperative complications are not well established in children. The objective of this systematic review is to establish benchmark data for morbidity after pediatric IPAA. Methods PubMed, Embase, and The Cochrane Library were searched for studies of colectomy with IPAA in patients ≤ 21 years old. UC studies were limited to the anti-tumor necrosis factor-α agents era (1998–present). All postoperative complications were extracted. Results Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria (763 patients). Compared to patients with FAP, UC patients had a higher prevalence of pouch loss (10.6% vs. 1.5%). Other major complications such as anastomotic leak, abscess, and fistula were uncommon (mean prevalence 4.9%, 4.2%, and 5.0%, respectively, for patients with UC; 8.7%, 4.2%, and 4.3% for FAP). The most frequent complication was pouchitis (36.4% of UC patients). Conclusions Devastating complications from colectomy and IPAA are rare, but patients with UC have poorer outcomes than those with FAP. Much of the morbidity may therefore stem from patient or disease factors. Multicenter, prospective studies are needed to identify modifiable risks in patients with UC undergoing IPAA. Level of evidence Prognostic, level II.
Mirabilis expansa Growth, Yield, and Quality Traits: First US Field Trials for an Ancient, Endangered, Andean Crop

Crop introductions have historical importance. Ancient, endangered, Andean root and forage crop Mirabilis expansa (Ruiz and Pav.) Standl. (Nyctaginaceae), has high quality starch and protein, is drought resistant, and exhibits high morphological variation on individuals. Leaves are used for animal forage, roots for human food. Processing of the calcium oxalate could make M. expansa a significant modern crop. Cultivated varieties 'L' and 'Tâ€™ were grown in constructed, lysimeter sand plots in southern Illinois 2008â€”2009. There was sufficient survival and growth data for var. â€˜Lâ€™ for testing with Repeated Measures ANOVAs. Tables of mean averages of harvest data are included for each variety. Var. â€˜Lâ€™ plots had three levels of soil amendments plus all-sand as the control. Plant height, longest and typical axial shoot length, emerging axial and lateral shoot numbers, lamina length with and without petiole included, lamina width, and estimated herbivory, all had significance at P<0.05, for tracking growth in at least some soil amendments. The 3% (w/w) steer manure amendment was optimal for growth. M. expansa cultivars were therefore shown as adapted to the southern Illinois climate in the modified plots. M. expansa is unlikely to become invasive or a major crop where standing water persists in the root zone.
Diálogos possíveis: entrevista com Natalia Borges Polesso

Entrevista com Natalia Borges Polesso, ganhadora do Premio Jabuti em 2016 com o livro de contos Amora .
Adrift in the System

I had the opportunity to see a 17-year-old male who had been referred to the pediatric cardiology clinic after his foster care intake exam resulted with an abnormal EKG. He came to the appointment with a group home staff member who knew none of his past medical history, allergies, or current prescribed medications. He was new to our health system and his electronic medical records were outdated and sparse. The answer to every question I asked this young man to ascertain his cardiovascular risk was “I don’t know.” He had no family history to share and none of his birth history or even surgical history was known to him.
Identifying Alternate Resources and Adjusting Expectations for Senior Design Projects During the COVID-19 Pandemic of 2020

In March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic required capstone design course instructors to transition to online learning. Student project teams were denied access to resources needed to construct and test prototypes scheduled to be delivered to project sponsors and clients at the end of the semester. Face-to-face collaboration was replaced with virtual team meetings. At Marquette University, efforts to identify (1) barriers to completing projects, (2) potential alternate prototyping resources, (3) adjustments to expectations of teams, and (4) changes to course deliverable requirements were completed. The results of these activities, the thought process used to guide students through the search for alternate resources, and final outcomes of student projects along with a discussion of what was learned from this experience are presented.
Flattening the curve in jails and prisons: Factors underlying support for COVID-19 mitigation policies

Jails and prisons have become hotbeds of COVID-19 outbreaks Various policies, such as improving access to medical care for inmates, providing soap and hand sanitizer to improve hygiene, and releasing some inmates to facilitate social distancing, have been proposed as ways to mitigate the spread of the virus in these facilities Across 2 studies, we examined the factors underlying support for policies aimed at reducing the spread of COVID-19 in jails (n = 132) and prisons (n = 125) and yielded 3 key findings Factors found in prior research to be associated with desire for punitive responses-namely, negative attitudes toward offenders and, to a lesser extent, lack of trust in the criminal justice system-were found to underlie lack of support for all types of COVID-19 mitigation policies Concern related to COVID-19-namely, perceptions of personal risk of contracting the virus-was related to increased support for policies to curb the spread of the virus among inmates Social media consumption and reliance on social media for news regarding COVID-19 demonstrated inconsistent relationships with support for policies These findings suggest that factors related to support for harsh treatment of offenders and concerns related to the present situation both contribute to support for criminal justice policy during a crisis situation like a pandemic The recommended policies offer hope for reducing the negative impact of COVID-19 among justice-involved people We offer suggestions on tailoring messaging to improve public support for these policies (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)
A constellation of SmallSats with synthetic tracking cameras to search for 90% of potentially hazardous near-Earth objects

We present a new space mission concept that is capable of finding, detecting, and tracking 90% of near-Earth objects (NEO) with H magnitude of H ≤ 22 (i.e., ~140 m in size) that are potentially hazardous to the Earth. The new mission concept relies on two emerging technologies: the technique of synthetic tracking and the new generation of small and capable interplanetary spacecraft. Synthetic tracking is a technique that de-streaks asteroid images by taking multiple fast exposures. With synthetic tracking, an 800 s observation with a 10 cm telescope in space can detect a moving object with apparent magnitude of 20.5 without losing sensitivity from streaking. We refer to NEOs with a minimum orbit intersection distance of ≤ 22 mag in ~3.8 yr of observing time. A more advanced constellation of nine 20 cm telescopes could detect 90% of H = 24.2 mag (i.e., ~ 50 m in size) EGs in less than 5 yr.
Romanticism, Anarchism, and Critical Theory

It is striking that Critical Theory is not more engaged with German anarchist writings, given the importance of the anarchists to the revolutions that took place at the outset of the Weimar era. Fred Rush explores the overlooked conceptual connections between early German Romanticism, early Critical Theory, and German anarchism. Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer, and Herbert Marcuse were provided a conduit to Romanticism through the work of Walter Benjamin, who was especially important to Adorno’s development. Rush argues both that there is a great deal of conceptual commonality between Benjamin and the anarchist Gustav Landauer and that a great deal of the overlap stems from their critical appropriation of German Romanticism. Particularly striking are similarities in their accounts of temporality, historicity, and political revolution. Pairing Benjamin and Landauer highlights the conceptual resources that anarchism makes available to Critical Theory by way of Romanticism.
Dietary habits and exercise patterns among high school students in Mississippi

The period of adolescence (between ages 10 to 19) is characterized by a critical period of development and establishment of eating behaviors and preferences. Obesity and unhealthy eating remain important public health challenges among adolescents in Mississippi. This study seeks to uncover the major patterns of dietary habits in relation to physical activity of students using Association Rules Mining (ARM). This is a cross-sectional, non-experimental study conducted at the Cleveland High School, located in Cleveland, Mississippi. Cluster analysis and Association Rules Mining (ARM) were used to identify dietary habits and physical activity behaviors that may be associated with being overweight. Findings from cluster analysis and association rules mining (ARM) reveal that students have a combination of healthy and unhealthy food profiles, but students assigned to the second cluster tend to exercise more than others. It is imperative to broaden the implementation of and investment in effective health promotion to make students aware of the health implications associated with food consumption and eating patterns. Limiting exposure to fast food and sweetened, carbonated beverages could, therefore, have a large public health impact, especially among students who are overweight.
Vocal Fold Nodules

Vocal fold nodules are the most common organic laryngeal pathology seen in professional voice users and voice patients overall, identified in 15% of patients presenting with dysphonia. They are defined as bilateral phonotraumatic lesions that respond to voice therapy. This chapter reviews the evidence basis for the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of vocal fold nodules.
Influence of clinical experience on accuracy and safety of obliquus capitus inferior dry needling in unembalmed cadavers.

Background: Suboccipital myofascial trigger points are common in tension-type headaches.Objectives: Compare the influence of clinical experience on the accuracy and safety of dry needle placement on the C2 laminar arch using a cranial-medial and caudal-medial technique to target obliquus capitus inferior in unembalmed cadavers.Methods: Three physical therapists inserted three 50 mm dry needles, per technique, individually toward the C2 laminar arch targeting the obliquus capitus inferior. Ultrasound video of each trial was recorded, and an investigator trained in ultrasound interpretation and blinded to experience level recorded needling accuracy.Results: The novice, experienced and expert clinicians were accurate on 73.8%, 59.5% and 71.4% of caudal-medial trials, and 14.3%, 16.7% and 66.7% of cranial-medial trials, respectively, with each clinician striking the spinal cord at least once. The expert clinician was 10 times more likely to accurately reach the C2 laminar arch using the cranial-medial direction than the experienced and novice clinicians.Conclusion: Increased clinical experience improved accuracy reaching the C2 laminar arch, with all investigators being more accurate with the caudal-medial technique. Greater experience did not eliminate risk as all investigators recorded at least one incident of striking the spinal cord. Fewer spinal cord strikes occurred with the cranial-medial than the caudal-medial technique.
Speaking Christian: a retrospective journey in practical theology

Practical theology is developed through overlapping conversations or ‘speaking Christian’ in contexts as various as ministry in urban and rururban settings, mental health, counselling, as a college...
Visual Sensor with Resolution Enhancement by Mechanical Vibrations

The resolution limit of visual sensors due to finite pixel spacing can be overcome by applying continuous low-amplitude vibrations to the image—or taking advantage of existing vibrations in the environment. Thereby, spatial intensity gradients turn into temporal intensity fluctuations which can be detected and processed by every pixel independently from the others. This approach enhances resolution and virtually eliminates fixed-pattern noise. A visual sensing microsystem taking advantage of this principle is described. It incorporates a custom analog integrated circuit implementing an array of 32 by 32 pixels with local temporal signal processing. Another key component is a resonant mechanical device producing low-amplitude image scanning movements powered by environmental vibrations.
The expropriation of dual language bilingual education: deconstructing neoliberalism, whitestreaming, and English-hegemony

A growing body of research has demonstrated that neoliberal discourses have negatively impacted dual language bilingual education (DLBE) for students designated as English learners. This study uses...
Reducing Unnecessary Laboratory Utilization in the Medical ICU: A Fellow-Driven Quality Improvement Initiative

OBJECTIVES Overutilization of laboratory services is now recognized as harmful to patients and wasteful. In fact, the American Board of Internal Medicine's Choosing Wisely campaign recommends against ordering routine testing that does not answer a clinical question. Per peer benchmarking, our institution as a whole occupied an extreme outlier position at the 100th percentile for laboratory utilization. We sought to address this problem starting in our medical ICUs with a quality improvement project. DESIGN Quality improvement project using the design, measure, analyze, improve, and control process. The primary endpoint was a sustained reduction in laboratory utilization. Counterbalance metrics were also followed, and these included mortality, renal replacement therapy initiation rates, stat laboratory orders, and central catheter-associated blood stream infections. SETTING The medical ICU at the Ohio State University Medical Center. PATIENTS All patients admitted to the medical ICU from March 2019 to March 2020. INTERVENTIONS Root causes were identified and addressed with the implementation of a wide range of interventions involving a multidisciplinary team led by trainee physicians. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS There was a sustained 20% reduction in the number of tests performed per patient day, with no change in the counterbalance metrics. CONCLUSIONS Trainees can affect positive change in the culture and processes at their institutions to safely reduce laboratory utilization.
Does Being Human Cause Human Errors? Consideration of Human-Centred Design in Ship Bridge Design

75%–96% shipping accidents involved human-error in 2018 [1]. One of the most critical reasons was poor design of controls and lack of proper procedures [2]. It is unclear if ship-bridge design entirely considers user experience (UX). The crews are working in an increasingly time/resource pressured industry. Especially when hazardous scenarios occur, the increased amount of information being processed and decreased available time for decision-making together make it error-prone, adding an extra complexity to UX. Investigating the extent to which design influences human-error and distracts people from task’s reality, this paper evaluates the overlooked aspects of ship-bridge design to understand if it distorts user’s reality in hazardous situations and increases high cognitive loads with complex interfaces. Considering human-centred marine design (HCMD) that deals with end-user, addresses issues by adopting human factors/ergonomics (HF/E) introduced in industrial design, and applying product semantics/semiotics to the bridge design, reducing high cognitive loads with ergonomic interfaces.
Optoelectronic Readout of STT-RAM Based on Plasmon Drag Effect

An opto-electronic readout of the memory state in spin transfer torque random access memory (STT-RAM) cells is proposed. A single optical beam illuminating an array of STT-RAM cells creates electrical potential along each STT-RAM cell due to optical rectification that can be further enhanced through plasmon drag effect (PLDE). Then, the photo-induced voltage is assumed to be measured by conventional electronics. Here, a theoretical modeling is performed, where the results provide an estimate of the photo-induced voltage in each memory cell and its variation with respect to the changes in state of the memory cell (parallel vs anti-parallel). Our study shows that the plasmonic enhancement facilitates ${\sim }$ 20 times enhancement in the voltage change due to state change of the each memory cell, compared to the case of out-of-resonance excitation. This enhancement potentially improves the memory readout rate if a proper supporting electronic circuit is available.
IMPLEMENTING SOCIAL EQUITY IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR: HOW COMMUNITY COLLEGES ACHIEVE THE DREAM

IMPLEMENTING SOCIAL EQUITY IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR: HOW COMMUNITY COLLEGES ACHIEVE THE DREAM By Kasey J. Martin, Ph.D. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2014 Major Director: Susan T. Gooden, Ph.D., Professor L. Douglas Wilder School of Government and Public Affairs Equity is an American ideal, one that is considered the cornerstone to good governance (Gooden, 2011). Achieving equity requires the eradication of racial disparities in opportunities and outcomes, particularly in education. Creating equitable educational experiences at community colleges is the focus of this research. The purpose of study is to examine the issue of social equity within community colleges in an effort to understand: (1) their efforts to promote student success through equity; (2) their commitment to social equity; and (3) the institutional change that is necessary to create an institutional culture that values social equity and is accountable for equitable student outcomes. Social equity is intrinsic for the promotion of student success within community colleges. The primary findings of this study are the: • Leadership at the president and senior administrator level is necessary for the conceptualization and communication of an institutional vision of equity. • Once leadership direction and commitment has been established, broad engagement across the institution is necessary for implementation of institutional changes needed to achieve equity. • Improving student success was defined as the means for achieving equity by Round 1 Achieving the Dream colleges. • It is vitally important to have the institutional research capacity that allows for analysis of student progression data, examination of achievement gaps through the disaggregation of student outcome data, evaluation of efforts implemented to improve equitable student outcomes and the overall culture of data informed decision making. • Round 1 Achieving the Dream colleges are more comfortable with the “lift all boats” approach to student success versus a targeted approach based on data disaggregation and achievement gaps. To implement equity, it is important for community colleges to respond to outcome disparities on an institutional level by committing to the goal of equity. This study shows that recognizing inequity is the first step toward achieving equity. The pursuit of social equity within our public institutions and those that they serve is imperative to a nation that values democratic ideal of equality. CHAPTER
Theory of Diffusion

Publisher Summary In chemical engineering, diffusion is responsible for mass transfer. Three different patterns of diffusion are responsible in this process: ordinary diffusion, thermal diffusion, and pressure diffusion. Theory of diffusion primarily focuses on the mass-flux vector and its relation to concentration gradients and diffusion coefficients. These diffusion coefficients have to be calculated or estimated to make calculations of practical interest. There are numerous ways of expressing concentration in diffusion problems, the most important for the purposes being mass density, molar density, mass fraction, and mole fraction. It is necessary to know values, for chemical engineering calculations, of the coefficients of diffusion and thermal diffusion for a wide range of chemical systems. The theory that forms the basis for discussions of the transport phenomena in dense gases is Enskog's kinetic theory for a pure gas made up of rigid spheres. Enskog's kinetic theory for dense gases takes into account the fact that the diameter of the molecules is not small with respect to the mean free path. This chapter discusses theories and experiments of diffusion and measuring different diffusion coefficients. Solutions of the diffusion equations of interest in chemical engineering are illustrated.
Management of gestational diabetes mellitus.

Gestational diabetes mellitus is a common but controversial disorder. While no large randomized controlled trials show that screening for and treating gestational diabetes affect perinatal outcomes, multiple studies have documented an increase in adverse pregnancy outcomes in patients with the disorder. Data on perinatal mortality, however, are inconsistent. In some prospective studies, treatment of gestational diabetes has resulted in a decrease in shoulder dystocia (a frequently discussed perinatal outcome), but cesarean delivery has not been shown to reduce perinatal morbidity. Patients diagnosed with gestational diabetes should monitor their blood glucose levels, exercise, and undergo nutrition counseling for the purpose of maintaining normoglycemia. The commonly accepted treatment goal is to maintain a fasting capillary blood glucose level of less than 95 to 105 mg per dL (5.3 to 5.8 mmol per L); the ambiguity (i.e., the range) is due to imperfect data. The postprandial treatment goal should be a capillary blood glucose level of less than 140 mg per dL (7.8 mmol per L) at one hour and less than 120 mg per dL (6.7 mmol per L) at two hours. Patients not meeting these goals with dietary changes alone should begin insulin therapy. In patients with well-controlled diabetes, there is no need to pursue delivery before 40 weeks of gestation. In patients who require insulin or have other comorbid conditions, it is appropriate to begin antenatal screening with nonstress tests and an amniotic fluid index at 32 weeks of gestation. (Am Fam Physician 2003;68:1767-72,1775-6. Copyright© 2003 American Academy of Family Physicians.)
Reply to `Comment on `Spinning cosmic strings and quantization of energy''

Quantum mechanics of a test particle interacting with a spinning string (torsion vortex) is the quantum mechanics of the celebrated Aharonov-Bohm effect. The angular momentum per unit length $J$ characterizing the spinning string corresponds to the magnetic flux $\Phi$ of the Aharonov-Bom fluxon and the gravitational mass-energy $E$ of an incoming particle corresponds to the electric charge $q$. The characteristic periodicity of the gravitational Aharonov-Bohm scattering cross-section in the product of $GEJ$ has suggested a new quantization of mass-energy relation. We encounter a new physical situation where the gravitational mass-energy is quantized and the quantization condition contains both the Newton constant $G$ and the Planck constant $h$.
Rethinking Design Process: Using 3D Digital Models as an Interface in Collaborative Session

Th is paper describes a pilot study for an alternative design process by integrating a designer-user collaborative session with digital models. Th e collaborative session took place in a 3D AutoCAD class for a real world project. Th e 3D models served as an interface for designer-user collaboration during the design process. Students not only learned how to use 3D AutoCAD, but also experienced a collaborative session by designing a conference room. Th is paper also compares traditional space planning process and alternative space planning process, as well as student work and feedback from the collaborative session. Recommendations were made for future course improvements when a real world project is used in the curriculum. Th is paper also discusses changes in design process and the role of designers based on the collaborative session feedback.
Robust adaptive control for discrete time systems via parameter bounding

Bounded-error estimation is used to track time-varying parameters for adaptive control of linear plants in the presence of bounded disturbance. The proposed adaptive system is stable and inherently robust against the disturbance. The stability is guaranteed through the tuning of the controller inside a finite set of locally robust controllers with a stabilizing region that contains the membership set of the true parameters.
A dynamic element matching approach to ADC testing

A dynamic element matching approach to ADC testing is presented. With this technique a highly nonideal DAC is used to generate an excitation for the DUT. Dynamic element matching is used to create a statically precise excitation from imprecise components. Simulation results show this approach can be used to accurately measure the performance of an ADC. This technique offers potential for use in both production test and BIST environments.
Sowing seeds for learning: A case study of a school garden in Pocahontas, Iowa

This thesis is a study of a school garden in Pocahontas, Iowa, examining three research questions: How was the school garden set up? Why was it set up in that manner? And what are the benefits that stemmed from the garden? Because the school district was short on resources, the community played a significant role in the success of the garden, highlighting the role that planning literature on collaboration theory can play in such a process. I utilized participant observation, stakeholder interviews, and student surveys to collect data for analysis and conclusions. The findings emphasized the importance of open communication, the importance of a knowledge and understanding of relationships with a community and organizations, and factors that contribute to the sustainability of a garden program such as ease of curriculum integration and having one person in charge of the garden going into the future. This study also has implications for relationships between planning and school gardens; because school gardens often rely on multiple stakeholders for sustainability, planners schooled in collaboration are uniquely suited to organize and develop such programs.
THE IMAGINATION GOES VISITING

Owing to her focus on the gendered norms of propriety, Jane Austen tends to be identi�ed as a novelist of convention rather than of modernity. In this essay, however, I argue for a more �uid reading of Austen9s gender politics as well as the modernity of her work, by examining the understanding of judgment that she articulates in her �rst published novel, Sense and Sensibility (1811). I place this novel in the context of an extensive discourse of critical judgment, which �ows from the Enlightenment to such theorists of the public sphere in the twentieth century as Hannah Arendt and Seyla Benhabib. In keeping with this tradition, Austen identi�es judgment to be profoundly intersubjective and, as such, compatible with those social norms that cultivate mutual recognition and dialogue. Unlike political theorists like Arendt, however, who restrict the use of judgment to the public sphere, Austen identi�es the domestic sphere to be a crucial venue for exercising this faculty. In Sense and Sensibility the domestic sphere becomes an important part of "the social," understood by Austen as the venue of intersubjective relations in addition to norms and conventions. Her reinscription, in particular, of the drawing room as a conversational space in which intersubjective agreement can be generated opens up a reading of her work as friendly to a central insight of feminist public-sphere theory-the idea that the dualism of public and private spheres withholds value from participation in public spaces that are not recognizably political spaces but that bear on the achievement of progressive political goals.
Sirtuins, the anti-ageing molecules, regulate anti-oxidant capacity via FoxO3 activity in monocytic cell line

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is characterized by high levels of oxidative stress due to reduced anti-oxidative stress capacity, leading to an increase of endogenous oxidative stress. Sirtuins, type III histone deacetylases,and FoxO3 are reported to participate of the oxidative stress defence and also the levels of SIRT1 and 6 are reduced in COPD samples (Nakamaru Y, FASEB J, 2009). Aims: To evaluate the effects of sirtuin inhibition and oxidative stress on the expression of several FoxO3-responsive genes, such as catalase, superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and thioredoxin (TXN) and also on FoxO3 binding activity. Methods: THP-1 monocytic cells were treated with a sirtuin inhibitor (sirtinol) and hydrogen peroxide (H202) as oxidative stress reagent. SIRT1, 2 and 6 were knocked down using RNA interference. The mRNA levels of catalase, MnSOD and TXN were measured by RT-PCR and normalized against GNB2L1. FoxO3 binding capacity was measured by ELISA. Results: FoxO3 nuclear localization was not affected by H202 or sirtinol, but the activity binding was increased with oxidative stress. This activation was abrogated with a pretreatment of sirtinol. H202 increased mRNA levels of MnSOD (25%) and TNX (70%), and again sirtinol pretreatment led to the abrogation of this activation. SIRT1, 2 and 6 were knocked down by 50% at protein level. TXN activation by H202 was blocked in every sirtuin knock down. Discussion: Defect of sirtuin expression may cause a reduction of the anti-oxidative stress capacity by regulating mRNA levels of TXN through FoxO3 in COPD. These results highlight the important role of sirtuins and its possible use as therapeutic target for treating COPD.
Galaxy Formation in Galaxy Clusters: A Phenomenological Approach

Clusters of galaxies provide a homogeneous environment for studying galaxy formation and evolution at high redshift. Galaxy mergers in distant clusters trigger starbursts. The resulting spectrophotometric evolution allows galaxy merger rates to be estimated and the spread in blue colors to be explained.
Effect of p-chlorophenoxyisobutyrate on the antilipolytic action of insulin and insulin binding in isolated adipocytes.

The present study was undertaken to investigate the potentiation by p-chlorophenoxyisobutyrate (CPIB) of the antilipolytic effect of insulin in isolated adipocytes from rats fed a (1) sucrose diet, (2) glycerol-lard diet, or (S) chow diet. CPIB supplementation in the diet consistently resulted in decreased serum triglyceride levels in rats from the three dietary groups. The catecholamine-stimulatedglycerol release was significantly depressed to a greater extent by insulin when the fat cells were obtained from rats given CPIB com- pared to those without drug treatment. The enhanced insulin sensitivity was, however, not accompanied by any changes in insulin binding to adipocytes. These two observations were found in cell preparations from rats fed any one of the diets, although differences among dietary groups could be detected. In an in vitro experiment, epinephrine-stimulated glycerol release was progressively inhibited by increasing concentrations of CPIB in the incubation medium. However, the antilipolytic response to an optimal concentration of insulin (100 pU/ml) was augmented in the presence of CPIB. Thus it seems that CPIB can potentiate the action of insulin in inhibiting mobilization of free fatty acid from the adipose tissue, and the coordinated effect of both antilipolytic agents is important in lowering serum triglyceride concentration. The mechanism by which CPIB facilitates the effect of insulin is discussed. Supplementary key word lipolysis
The effect of plastic deformation on the diffusion of hydrogen in nickel

Abstract The diffusion of hydrogen in elastically and plastically strained nickel has been measured by a permeability experiment with the result that no significant change of the diffusion coefficient was observed for deformations up to 10 per cent. These results are in agreement with a recent theoretical analysis of interstitial diffusion in strained systems based upon considerations of interatomic forces and strain gradients. The diffusion coefficient calculated for hydrogen through unstrained nickel can be represented by the equation: D = 0.0095 exp (− 10,300 RT ) cm 2 /sec in the temperature interval 430°–850°C.
Transcriptional profiling of stage specific gene expression in the parasitic ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis.

The parasitic ciliate, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich), is among the most important protozoan pathogens of freshwater fish. Ichthyophthirius cannot be grown in cell culture, and the development of effective prophylactic and therapeutic treatments has been hampered by a lack of information regarding genes involved in virulence, differentiation and growth. To help address this issue, we have generated EST libraries from the two major stages of the parasite life cycle that infect and develop within host tissues. A total of 25,084 ESTs were generated from non-normalized libraries prepared from polyA+ RNA of infective theronts and host-associated trophonts, respectively. Cluster analysis identified 5311 unique transcripts (UniScripts), of which 2091 were contigs and 3220 singletons. Extrapolation of the data based on rates of EST discovery suggests that more than half the expected protein-coding genes of I. multifiliis are represented in this data. BLASTX comparisons against GenBank nr, UniProtKB (SwissProt and TrEMBL), as well as Tetrahymena thermophila, Plasmodium falciparum, and Paramecium tetraurelia protein databases produced 3694 significant (E-value ≤1e−10) hits, of which 1178 were annotated using gene ontology (GO) analysis. A high proportion of UniScripts (63%) showed similarity to other ciliate proteins. When combined with expression profiling data, GO ontology analysis of Biological Process, Cellular Component, and Molecular Function revealed interesting differences in gene families expressed in the two stages. Indeed, the most abundant transcripts were highly stage-specific and coincided with the metabolic activities associated with each stage. This work provides an effective genomics resource to further our understanding of Ichthyophthirius biology, and lays the groundwork for the identification of potential drug targets and vaccines candidates for the control of this devastating fish pathogen.
Polar mesospheric cloud mass and the ice budget: 1. Quantitative interpretation of mid-UV cloud brightness observations

[1] We investigate the retrieval of column ice mass from mid-UV solar scattering polar mesospheric cloud (PMC) observations to help constrain estimates of the ice budget of the polar summer mesosphere. First, we show that the backscattered brightness from PMC particles is roughly proportional to the mass of the ice particles. Second, we quantify the sensitivity of the retrieved PMC column ice mass to the particle size distribution for a viewing geometry typical for a subset of Solar Backscattered UltraViolet (SBUV) satellite data taken at 70 ± 2.5°N. Considering a wide range of Gaussian size distributions using spherical particles with peak radii between 15 nm and 100 nm and widths between 10 nm and 20 nm, we find that we can constrain the inferred ice column mass to ±43% for 95% of the distributions in this range. For this scenario we also show that spheroids with axis ratios of 0.5, 2.0 and 5.0 generally decrease the sensitivity of the inferred ice column mass to the size distribution. Third, we quantify the sensitivity of the retrieved PMC column ice mass for a viewing geometry typical for a subset of Student Nitric Oxide Explorer (SNOE) satellite data. Using the same wide range of size distributions, we show that the inferred ice column mass can be constrained to ±33% for 95% of the distributions in this range. The results of this paper are used by two companion papers to investigate the polar mesospheric ice budget.
Protein topology recognition from secondary structure sequences: application of the hidden Markov models to the alpha class proteins.

The three-dimensional fold of a protein is described by the organization of its secondary structure elements in 3D space, i.e. its "topology". We find that the protein topology can be recognized from the ID sequence of secondary structure states of the residues alone. Automated recognition is facilitated by use of hidden Markov models (HMMs) to represent topology families of proteins. Such models can be trained on the experimentally observed secondary structure sequences of family members using well established algorithms. Here, we model various topology groups in the alpha class of proteins and identify, from a large database, those proteins having the topology described by each model. The correct topology family for protein secondary structure sequences could be recognized 12 out of 14 times. When the observed secondary structure sequences are replaced with predicted sequences recognition is still achievable 8 out of 14 times. The success rate for observed sequences indicates that our approach will become increasingly useful as the accuracy of secondary prediction algorithms is improved. Our study indicates that the HMMs are useful for protein topology recognition even when no detectable primary amino acid sequence similarity is present. To illustrate the potential utility of our method, protein topology recognition is attempted on leptin, the obese gene product, and the human interleukin-6 sequence, for which fold predictions have been previously published.