cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Age-related differences in secondary neuroinflammation and amyloid-β deposition in a rat sepsis model

1802 Objectives For unknown reasons, cortical binding of amyloid-beta (Aβ) PET agents can be seen in many patients without Alzeimer9s disease. Aβ may both prevent inflammation-induced oxidative injury in the brain and potentiate a cerebral inflammatory cycle. Systemic inflammatory conditions may result in neuroinflammation. Sepsis may cause short and long term cognitive deficit, but it is unknown whether this results in increased Aβ plaque deposition in the brain or whether age-specific vulnerabilities may exist. The objective was to determine whether young and old rats differ in sepsis-induced neuroinflammation and Aβ plaque deposition. Methods Young (2-4 month) and aged (17-20 month) male Sprague Dawley rats were injected IP with 10 mg/kg E.Coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Control and LPS-induced serum and brain levels of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β were measured by ELISA at 1 d, 3 d, and 7-9 d post LPS administration. Soluble Aβ was compared by Western Blot analysis of brain homogenates. Aβ plaque burden in the brain was compared by immunostaining of brain sections. Results In response to experimental sepsis, young rats (but not old) show a transient early increase in serum IL1-β. There was an increase in IL-1β in the brain of young (8-fold) and old (5.2-fold) rats at 1d post LPS, which co-localized with activated microglia, thereafter clearing. Minimal increases in TNFα and IL6 occurred in the brain following LPS. There was a 2-fold increase in soluble Aβ in brains of all rats 1d after LPS, thereafter progressively clearing. The old control rats showed a 2-fold greater Aβ plaque content in the brain than young controls. Sepsis resulted in a > 3-fold Aβ plaque increase in young rats (exceeding old rat control levels), and a 2-fold increase in old rats, which did not clear with time. Conclusions Inflammatory stimuli, such as sepsis causes secondary neuroinflammation and Aβ plaque deposition in the brain. Young rats show a heightened sensitivity to this process than do old rats. The neurocognitive and long term consequences of this process are still unknown.
Coating of Oral Beclomethasone Dipropionate Capsules With Cellulose Acetate Phthalate Enhances Delivery of Topically Active Antfinflammatory Drug to the Terminal Ileum

Abstract Selective delivery of orally administered topically active anti inflammatory drugs to the terminal ileum and ascending colon could be potentially useful for patients with inflammatory bowel disease involving these sites. Because topical beclomethasone dipro=pionate (BDP) enemas have been used successfully in the treatment of distal idiopathic colitis, oral formulations of this drug were studied. Entericcoated or uncoated capsules containing BDP were administered in a single-dose protocol on separate days to 6 healthy volunteers with postcolectomy ileostomies. Ileostomy effluent was collected for a minimum of 8 h and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography for BDP, its pharmacologically active derivative beclomethasone monopropionate (BMP), and inactive beclomethasone alcohol. Cellulose acetate phthalate coating of oral BDP capsules significantly increased the mean percentage recovery of BDP + BMP in ilea] effluent (43.0% ± 24.1%) compared to uncoated BDP capsules (13.5% ± 8.5%, p
Vibrant Matter The Intra-Active Role of Objects in the Construction of Young Children’s Literacies

Drawing from the theories of feminist new materialism, this article looks closely at the ways children and things, particularly fabric remnants, work together to coconstruct stories. The data prese...
Empirical Analysis of Quality Regulation for Telecommunications Industry

As the public utilities,telecommunications industry has undergone a process of relaxation of economic regulation,competition regulation and privatization in the pasted decades,its core is to improve the regulation effects,but service quality problems,such as the universal service,high quality service and public service responsibilities,are not paid attention to by the regulatory organizations and society.With the incentive regulation gradually replacing returns regulation,which allow the regulated companies to reduce costs while they are continually decreasing the cost of service quality.In this paper,through Granger causality test and impulse response function,quality of service regulation is introduced into the model to discuss the effect of changes in its regulations,to further reveal the relation between service quality regulation and the telecommunications industry development.
The Conclusion as the Contemporary Ascetic of Knowledge Production

Worn by years of anonymous reviews instructing authors to produce solutions, plans, or policies, I considered concluding this collection of essays with a recommendation for a critical ascetic; practices such as public intellectuality, parrēsia, or immanent critique all lend themselves easily to such an analysis. However, I hesitate to recommend a concrete “alterative ascetic” because, as Adorno observed, this potentially forecloses space for thought.1 Further, I do not think that critical theory is lacking a basis for practice, even if such practice often is a struggle in the contemporary institutional environment discussed in this book. I am not arguing that critical theory needs a new basis for action; I am convinced not only that critical theorists are producing excellent work, but also that the contemporary debates over critical theory remain sufficiently unorthodox.2 I am also not arguing against publishing, universities, museums, or collectives; there are excellent editors who take risks on critical authors, universities that support critical intellectuals, museums that support critical artists, and collectives that facilitate critical dialogue. Most importantly, I am not indiscriminately critical of those who, even in their attempts to effect change, find themselves constrained by the ascetics of knowledge production. This is a bind that every author cited in this book — including me — has likely found himself or herself in at one point or another.
The Reciprocal Impact of Brand Leveraging: Feedback Effects from Brand Extension Evaluation to Brand Evalution

While the benefits that brand leveraging brings to the brand extensionmarket have been widely discussed and documented, the reciprocal impact ofthis action on brand evaluation has received less attention and is thesubject of greater speculation. Empirical studies have failed to uncover areciprocal effect from extension evaluation to brand evaluation. As aresult, a consensus view has emerged suggesting that established brand namesare sufficiently strong so as to make them resilient or even immune toextension-induced attitude change. Our results challenge this view in thatwe find that: i) the reciprocal effect of brand extension evaluations onbrand evaluations exists, ii) the phenomenon occurs in the presence ofdiffering attribute cues about the extension (i.e., descriptions of brandrelated or distinctive product attributes) and for consumers with differinglevels of need for cognition.
The Human Resource Business Process Outsourcing Industry: The BP-Exult Partnership

The Human Resource Business Process Outsourcing industry (HR-BPO) represented $21.7 billion in revenue in 2000 and over 8% of total HR spending that year, an even larger proportion among large firms, and growing rapidly. Proponents argue that outsourcing will re-energizing HR: in-house, strategic functions will be staffed by highly effective contributors, and outsourced, transactional HR processes will be managed by firms for whom they are truly the core business. Others doubt that the strategic aspects of HR can be separated so cleanly from the operating aspects and are therefore more skeptical of the outsourcing trend. This paper first synthesizes the theoretical literature on make-buy to identify the contractual, technical, and strategic factors involved. I then describe the structure of the HR-BPO industry. Against this backdrop, I discuss one of the more visible recent HR-BPO deals, the agreement between BP-Amoco and the Exult.
Benzodiazepine-Induced Congenital Malformations

The potential teratogenic properties of benzodiazepine (BZD) intake during early pregnancy were investigated at the Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology and Genetics at Goteborg University, Sweden.
Religious Differences in Reported Attitudes and Behavior

Secondary analysis of responses to 40 questions from seven U.S. national surveys conducted between 1953 and 1961 found larger Christian-Jewish than Protestant-Catholic differences not only on religious questions but also on many other attitudes and behaviors. Catholics had the highest rates of religious participation, were least opposed to out-marriage, and scored highest on "authoritarianism." Jews were the most secular, politically most liberal, ethnically most tolerant, and reported the smallest percentage "very happy." Protestants were least tolerant and politically most conservative. Controls for region and community size were used to determine the extent to which the differences could be attributed to religion as such.
Internal Coloniality: Cultural Regions and the Politics of Nationalism

Use of the term “cultural region” needs to be clarified. A cultural region is a geographic area within which a group of specific cultural traits are concentrated. Cultural regions occur in multinational states, such as the USA, and nation-states alike. In some cases, cultural regions represent separate nations within states (not subcultures of one homogeneous nation-state). For example, Scotland is a nation within the state of Great Britain. They are not British, but Scottish, a separate cultural region and nation (but not a state).
Phase analysis of Rayleigh waves from the Shagan River test site in the USSR

Abstract A study was made to determine if significant phase differences exist between Rayleigh waves which have traveled almost identical paths from the USSR Shagan River test site. Surface waves from five explosions recorded at six SRO/ASRO digital stations were used in the analysis. The explosion of 4 August 1979 was selected as a reference, and at each site the phase spectra of the Rayleigh waves from the other five events were compared to that of the reference. The technique of phase-matched filtering was used to analyze the signals. This technique reduces the effects of multipathing and removes phase differences due to dispersion along slightly different travel paths. Each epicenter had been relocated by using calibration data from the cratering shot of 15 January 1965, and remaining errors in location and origin time are considered to be extremely small. Seismograms were analyzed for surface waves recorded at: Matsushiro, Japan (MAJO); Shillong, India (SHIO); Kabul, Afghanistan (KAAO); Ankara, Turkey (ANTO); Grafenburg, West Germany (GRFO); and Albuquerque, New Mexico (ANMO). Results of the study indicate that Rayleigh waves from some Shagan River explosions have undergone large phase shifts relative to Rayleigh waves which have traveled almost identical paths from other Shagan River explosions. In some cases, the phase shifts can be interpreted as complete phase reversals with associated time delay. In particular, as compared to the explosion of 4 August 1979, Rayleigh waves from the explosion of 7 July 1979 are reversed in polarity at KAAO and ANTO and are reversed in polarity and delayed at GRFO, SHIO, and MAJO.
Best (but oft-forgotten) practices: mediation analysis

This contribution in the "Best (but Oft-Forgotten) Practices" series considers mediation analysis. A mediator (sometimes referred to as an intermediate variable, surrogate endpoint, or intermediate endpoint) is a third variable that explains how or why ≥2 other variables relate in a putative causal pathway. The current article discusses mediation analysis with the ultimate intention of helping nutrition researchers to clarify the rationale for examining mediation, avoid common pitfalls when using the model, and conduct well-informed analyses that can contribute to improving causal inference in evaluations of underlying mechanisms of effects on nutrition-related behavioral and health outcomes. We give specific attention to underevaluated limitations inherent in common approaches to mediation. In addition, we discuss how to conduct a power analysis for mediation models and offer an applied example to demonstrate mediation analysis. Finally, we provide an example write-up of mediation analysis results as a model for applied researchers.
God’s Purpose for the Universe and the Problem of Animal Suffering

Proponents of the problem of animal suffering state that the great amount of animal death and suffering found in Earth’s natural history provides evidence against the truth of theism. In particular, philosophers such as Paul Draper have argued that regardless of the antecedent probability of theism and naturalism, animal suffering provides positive evidence for the truth of naturalism over theism. While theists have attempted to provide answers to the problem of animal suffering, almost none have argued that animal suffering and death can be seen as positive evidence for theism. This essay will discuss several arguments from the writings of Thomas Aquinas that can be used to show that animal suffering and death are to be expected in theistic universes. In the first section, I discuss evidential arguments for naturalism from animal suffering. Next, I provide an overview of Aquinas’ arguments, particularly in Book II of the Summa Contra Gentiles. After this, I discuss the implications these arguments have for theistic universes. Finally, I conclude that these arguments refute evidential arguments for naturalism from animal suffering and also provide evidence that favors theism.
Ultrafast Peptide Label-Free Quantification with FlashLFQ.

The rapid and accurate quantification of peptides is a critical element of modern proteomics that has become increasingly challenging as proteomic data sets grow in size and complexity. We present here FlashLFQ, a computer program for high-speed label-free quantification of peptides following a search of bottom-up mass spectrometry data. FlashLFQ is approximately an order of magnitude faster than established label-free quantification methods. The increased speed makes it practical to base quantification upon all of the charge states for a given peptide rather than solely upon the charge state that was selected for MS2 fragmentation. This increases the number of quantified peptides, improves replicate-to-replicate reproducibility, and increases quantitative accuracy. We integrated FlashLFQ into the graphical user interface of the MetaMorpheus search software, allowing it to work together with the global post-translational modification discovery (G-PTM-D) engine to accurately quantify modified peptides. Fla...
Cigarette smoke exposure augments the ability ofStaphylococcus aureus to evade host innate immune responses. (INM3P.407)

The nose is the most common reservoir for Staphylococcus aureus, which is present 30-40% of normal adults. Its presence in the nasopharynx varies with age, but greater in children than adults. The oxidant chemicals in cigarette smoke (CS) induce S. aureus biofilm formation by suppressing agr (accessory gene regulator) regulon. In addition to quorum sensing, agr regulon regulates virulence gene expression of S. aureus . Therefore, we hypothesized that CS exposure augments virulence of S. aureus by evading host immunity. Using RNAseq, S. aureus transcriptome analysis revealed upregulation of gene expression which includes the induction of effectors involved in the nasal colonization ( clfB ), survival inside macrophages ( spa ) and the escape from neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs; nuc ). In accordance with the RNAseq data, CS-exposed S. aureus exhibited significantly reduced phagocytosis, improved intracellular survival, increased evasion NET-mediated killing in the in vitro assays using human and murine macrophages and neutrophils. Importantly, the mouse model of acute pneumonia by intranasal inoculation resulted in significantly increased pulmonary bacterial burden in mice infected with CS-exposed S. aureus as compared to those infected with control bacteria. These results, which are clinically relevant, support a novel paradigm that the normal microflora becomes hypervirulent following exposure to environmental stressors such as CS, leading to devastating infections in humans.
A Parametric Evaluation of the Equal Energy Hypothesis

A current issue of debate is whether the effects of impulse/impact noise are the same as the effects of continuous noise. Passchier-Vermeer [1] reviewed several demographic studies and reported that for equal amounts of sound energy, exposure to noises that had impulsive components produced larger amounts of hearing loss than the exposure to continuous noise. A series of laboratory studies, using an animal model of hearing loss, have shown that exposure to impulse noise of 140 dB or greater produces lesion in the cochlea that are probably mechanical in nature [2,3] and the pattern of recovery of auditory sensitivity following the exposure is often complicated; i. e., there is an initial period of recovery of sensitivity, then a reversal to higher levels of loss at 6 to 12 hours post-exposure, then a more gradual return to either a permanent hearing loss or to pre-exposure levels of auditory sensitivity [4,5].
The Gaussian limit for high-dimensional spherical means

Abstract We show that the limit of integrals along slices of a high dimensional sphere is a Gaussian integral on a corresponding finite-codimension affine subspace in infinite dimensions.
Novel Homogeneous X-Ray Contrast Polymer Salt Composites

Present X-ray contrast plastics are generally heterogeneous materials. This paper describes composites in which radiopacifying additives such as barium bromide dihydrate and bismuth bromide are solubilized in acrylic resins at the molecular level.
Neurofibromatosis: The role of guanosine triphosphatase activating proteins in sensory neuron function

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a common autosomal dominant disease characterized by formation of multiple benign and malignant tumors. People with this disorder also experience chronic pain, which can be disabling. Neurofibromin, the protein product of the Nf1 gene, is a guanosine triphosphatase activating protein (GAP) for p21Ras (Ras). Loss of Nf1 results in an increase in activity of the Ras transduction cascade. Because of the growing evidence suggesting involvement of downstream components of the Ras transduction cascade in the sensitization of nociceptive sensory neurons, we examined the stimulus-evoked release of the neuropeptides, substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), from primary sensory neurons of mice with a mutation of the Nf1 gene (Nf1+/-). Measuring the levels of SP and CGRP by radioimmunoassay, we demonstrated that capsaicin-stimulated release of neuropeptides is 3-5 folds higher in spinal cord slices from Nf1+/- mice than that from wildtype mouse tissue. In addition, the potassium- and capsaicin-stimulated release of CGRP from the culture of sensory neurons isolated from Nf1+/- mice was more than double that from the culture of wildtype neurons. Using patch-clamp electrophysiological techniques, we also examined the excitability of capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurons. It was found that the number of action potentials generated by the neurons from Nf1+/- mice, responding to a ramp of depolarizing current, was more than three times of that generated by wildtype neurons. Consistent with that observation, neurons from Nf1+/- mice had lower firing thresholds, lower rheobase currents and shorter firing latencies compared with wildtype neurons. These data clearly demonstrate that GAPs, such as neurofibromin, can alter the excitability of nociceptive sensory neurons. The augmented response of sensory neurons with altered Ras signaling may explain the abnormal pain sensations experienced by people with NF1 and suggests an important role of GAPs in the mechanism of sensory neuron sensitization.
EGJ Dysfunction and GERD

Theories of the mechanism of gastroesophageal junction competence have seesawed between strictly anatomic explanations, focusing on type-I hiatus hernia, and physiologic explanations focusing on the vigor of LES contraction while ignoring the significance of anatomic factors. As detailed above, current thinking recognizes contributions from both sphincteric components. Furthermore, there is an increasing understanding of mechanical elements of the antireflux barrier, inclusive of, but nor restricted to hiatus hernia and the intrinsic LES. Thus, our view of GERD pathogenesis as it pertains to EGJ competence is now focusing on quantifying the mechanical properties of this complex anatomical zone. Future research will likely focus on methods to measure EGJ compliance and elasticity, as these are the mechanical parameters that influence gastroesophageal reflux.
Testing the symbolic properties of alcohol prohibition in Hermann, MO

Gusfield (1963) describes constitutional prohibition as symbolically representing status and not concerned with social control. The importance of this perspective for the prohibition of alcohol rests in the rural, Protestant, native segments of the United States symbolically demonstrating their values publicly through law over that of the urban, Catholic, immigrants. This case study tests the symbolic properties of constitutional prohibition through an analysis of the small German-American, rural, winemaking community of Hermann, MO. I analyze Hermann’s major English newspaper, the Advertiser-Courier, during two time periods: 1908 to 1911 and 1918 to 1921 to understand the changes in legislative reform and the importance of the social environment for each time period. In order to demonstrate the limitations of a strictly symbolic understanding of constitutional prohibition through Gusfield’s (1963) status politics paradigm, I utilize the theoretical tools of structural foundations and triggering events (Galliher (1980) 2012) to assess the social origins of prohibition legislation in Missouri. This perspective further demonstrates the instrumental aspects of social control involved during the passage of this law.
Exploring Social Belonging and Meaning in Religious Groups

Participation in religious groups may help religious individuals experience higher levels of belonging and meaning. The current study explored how the makeup of religious groups as either ideologic...
Behavioral persistence is associated with poorer olfactory discrimination learning in domestic dogs.

Abstract Domestic dogs are trained for a wide variety of jobs; however, half of dogs that enter working dog training organizations never become certified. The aim of this study was to identify whether a basic measure of behavioral persistence was associated with sixteen dogs’ performance on an odor discrimination learning task. Further, we evaluated whether dogs that adopted more of a win-stay or win-shift strategy during discrimination learning was associated with greater persistence. Lastly, we tested if measures of a standardized canine behavior questionnaire (the CBARQ) predicted discrimination learning. We found greater persistence during extinction was associated with poorer discrimination learning. Further, dogs that employed more of a win-stay strategy (compared to win-shift) during the discrimination learning phase showed greater persistence in the persistence task and poorer performance on the odor discrimination task. Lastly, the CBARQ measure of trainability showed a trend association with odor discrimination performance, but no other behavioral characteristics were related. Overall, high levels of behavioral persistence is detrimental to olfactory discrimination learning.
An Input-Adaptive Algorithm for High Performance Sparse Fast Fourier Transform

Many applications invoke the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) on sparse inputs, with most of their Fourier coefficients being very small or equal to zero. Compared with the “dense” FFT algorithms, the input sparsity makes it easier to parallelize the sparse counterparts. In general, sparse FFT algorithms filter input into different frequency bins, and then process the bins separately. Clearly, the performance is largely determined by the efficiency and the effectiveness of those filters. However, sparse FFT algorithms are input-oblivious with regard to filter selection, i.e., input characters are not considered in the design and tuning of their sparse filters, which leads to sub-optimal binning and consequently hurts performance. This paper proposes an input-adaptive sparse FFT algorithm that takes advantage of the similarity between input samples to automatically design and customize sparse filters that lead to better parallelism and performance. More specifically, given a sparse signal that has only \(k\) non-zero Fourier coefficients similar to another known spectral representation, our algorithm utilizes sparse approximation to estimate the DFT output in the runtime sub-linear to the input size. Moreover, our work automatically adapts to different input characteristics by integrating and tuning several adaptive filters to efficiently package the non-zero Fourier coefficients into a small number of bins which can then be estimated accurately. Therefore, the input-tuned filtering gets rid of recursive coefficient estimation and improves parallelism and performance. We evaluate our input-adaptive sparse FFT implementation in sequential case on Intel i7 CPU and in parallel versions on three NVIDIA GPUs, i.e., NVIDIA GeForce GTX480, Tesla C2070 and Tesla C2075. In particular, our performance is compared to that of the SSE-enabled FFTW and to the results of a highly-influential recently proposed sparse Fourier algorithm. In summary, our algorithm is faster than FFT both in theory and implementation. Furthermore, the range of sparsity \(k\) that our approach can outperform dense FFT is larger than that of other sparse Fourier algorithms.
An unexpected complication during cardiac catheterization: blood clot cast of the tracheobronchial tree: first case during cardiac catheterization.

A 64-year-old woman with a history of coronary artery disease was admitted to the hospital after sudden onset of crushing chest pain. Electrocardiogram showed marked ST-segment elevation in inferior leads. Intravenous heparin and eptifibatide were started, and cardiac catheterization was performed
Control and Real-Time Validation for Convertible Static Transmission Controller Enabled Dual Active Power Filters and PV Integration

This paper proposes a versatile convertible static transmission controller, in shunt-shunt mode, with dual active filters and photovoltaic (PV) power integration. The combined system aims to back up and control the power of a transmission transformer, as well as, improve the transmitted power quality to meet the grid standards and codes, especially the recently revised IEEE 1547 standards. The filters are also designed to eliminate the current and voltage harmonics due to the fluctuation in the injected PV power and the use of the switching power converters. A new reference generation technique is proposed to inject the solar power into the grid and compensate the system reactive power and harmonics. Moreover, the varying nature of PV power, due to the intermittent solar radiation and temperature, is accounted with the online computation of the dc voltage and power references with the help of the system rectifier. A simulation study adopted by real-time digital simulator is used to validate the proposed system for the integration of an actual solar PV under normal and faulted conditions.
Effects of polyaminocarboxylate metal chelators on iron-thiolate induced oxidation of methionine- and histidine-containing peptides.

Purpose. Site-specific protein oxidation induced by prooxidant/metal/ oxygen has been recognized as one of the major degradation pathways of protein pharmaceuticals. Polyaminocarboxylate (PAC) metal chelators are commonly employed to prevent metal-catalyzed oxidation, for they sequester metals. However, studies have indicated that iron chelates may still be catalytically active due to their specific coordination geometry. The purpose of this study was to investigate how PAC chelators affect prooxidant/metal/oxygen-catalyzed oxidation of peptides containing histidine (His) and methionine (Met).
Temperature-Dependent Demagnetization of Nd-Fe-B Magnets for Electrified Vehicles

This paper experimentally investigates temperature-dependent demagnetization of Nd-Fe-B magnets used in high power density permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) for electric vehicles. BH curves simulated using first-order, second-order and optimal temperature coefficients were compared with measured BH curves. A temperature control system was built to control the magnet temperature. Two N48H magnet samples were demagnetized by a demagnetization test fixture under various combinations of temperature and demagnetization field intensity. Simulation results of temperature-dependent demagnetization using the optimal temperature coefficient were compared with experimental test results. The insight gained in this work will help guide the electromagnetic design of PMSMs with enhanced anti-demagnetization capability at high temperatures.
Completion of the Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Series Among Adolescent Users and Nonusers of School-Based Health Centers:

Objectives:Uptake and completion of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine series among adolescents are suboptimal in the United States. We examined immunization registry data to determine completi...
Optically-Interconnected Data Center Architectures, Systems, and Enabling Technologies

This Tutorial discusses new directions in optically-interconnected data centers driven by the needs for enhancing energy-efficiency, high-throughput, scalability, and manageability. The tutorial will be in three parts. In the architecture section, we will address the controllability and manageability issues of disaggregated systems in light of software-defined control planes, and the need for cross-layer solutions to address application-aware adaptation of physical layers. In particular, we will address the benefits and challenges of photonic layer reconfiguration and switching. The systems section investigates co-optimization of optical and electrical interconnections to facilitate scalability and energy-efficiency. In the enabling technology section, we will study transmitters, receivers, switches, and wavelength routers utilizing silicon photonics with closely integrated electronics, 2.5D and 3D heterogeneous integration, co-packaging, and electronic-photonic-co-design issues. Newly enabled data systems exploiting modular integration of energy-efficient 3D-electronic-photonic-ICs (3D EPICs) and their interconnections through reconfigurable Arrayed-Waveguide-Grating-Routers (AWGRs) will also be discussed.
Combined Molecular and Phenotypic Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Is Beneficial in Detection of ESBL and AmpC Beta-Lactamase Producing Isolates of Enterobacteriaceae in Pediatric Patients with Bloodstream Infections.

Objectives: The aim was to assess the potential advantage of combined genotypic testing with phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) to detect AmpC β-lactamases (AmpC) and extended-sp...
Determination of g/sub J/(/sup 1/H,1/sup 2/S/sub 1/2/)/g/sub s/(e): Test of mass-independent corrections

A determination of the ratio of $g$ factors of the electron bound in the hydrogen atom to that of the free electron has been made. For the first time mass-independent terms in the theory are confirmed through the ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{3}$ radiative correction. Our result is $\frac{{g}_{J}(^{1}H, 1^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}})}{{g}_{s}(e)}=1\ensuremath{-}17.709(13)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$.
A life course perspective on the start of Black middle-class women’s recreational running careers

This study is informed by two questions: How can studying the biographies of Black middle-class women illustrate how early life experiences shape adulthood health and leisure choices? More specific...
Canine tumor mutation rate is positively correlated with TP53 mutation across cancer types and breeds

Spontaneous canine cancers are a valuable but relatively understudied and underutilized model in cancer research. To enhance their usage, we reanalyzed whole exome sequencing data published for 601 dogs with mammary cancer, osteosarcoma, oral melanoma, lymphoma, glioma or hemangiosarcoma from over 35 breeds, after rigorous quality control, including breed validation. Each cancer type harbors distinct molecular features, with major pathway alterations matching its human counterpart (e.g., PI3K for mammary cancer and p53 for osteosarcoma). On average, mammary cancer and glioma have lower mutation rates (median <0.5 mutation per Mb), whereas oral melanoma, osteosarcoma and hemangiosarcoma have higher mutation rates (median [≥]1 mutation per Mb). Across cancer types and across breeds, the mutation rate is strongly associated with TP53 mutation, but not with PIK3CA mutation. The mutation rate is also associated with a mutation signature enriched in osteosarcoma of Golden Retrievers, independent of TP53 mutation. Finally, compared to other breeds examined, DNA repair genes appear to be less conserved in Golden Retriever which is predisposed to numerous cancers.
Culture, Socialization, and Firearms Violence in the United States

Firearm violence persists in the United States despite innumerable social, political, and economic changes throughout the 20th and early 21st centuries. Collaborative Event Ethnography was used at seven gun shows in three regions of the United States to explore childhood socialization into firearm culture via intergenerational communication of values and views regarding violence, safety, and the use of firearms. Children were observed at all gun shows engaged in activities ranging from standard play to potentially dangerous activity in an environment characterized by bias and controversy. The findings support social learning theory and provide some insight into the role of culture in the development of firearm-related views and elucidate one possible explanation for the etiology of firearm violence committed by some white males.
Geoeconomics, easy money, and political opportunism: the Perils under China and Japan’s high-Speed rail competition

China and Japan have engaged in fierce competition over infrastructure lending in East Asia, particularly since the 2010s. Under the intense focus on the geopolitical roots of this competition, the...
Stop the rot. Enzyme inactivation at brain harvest prevents artifacts: A guide for preservation of the in vivo concentrations of brain constituents.

Post-mortem metabolism is widely recognized to cause rapid and prolonged changes in the concentrations of multiple classes of compounds in brain, that is, they are labile. Post-mortem changes from levels in living brain include components of pathways of metabolism of glucose and energy compounds, amino acids, lipids, signaling molecules, neuropeptides, phosphoproteins, and proteins. Methods that stop enzyme activity at brain harvest were developed almost 50 years ago and have been extensively used in studies of brain functions and diseases. Unfortunately, these methods are not commonly used to harvest brain tissue for mass spectrometry-based metabolomic studies or for imaging mass spectrometry studies (IMS, also called mass spectrometry imaging, MSI, or matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-MSI, MALDI-MSI). Instead these studies commonly kill animals, decapitate, dissect out brain and regions of interest if needed, then 'snap' freeze the tissue to stop enzymatic activity after harvest, with post-mortem intervals typically ranging from ~0.5 to 3 min. To increase awareness of the importance of stopping metabolism at harvest and preventing the unnecessary complications of not doing so, this commentary provides examples of labile metabolites and the magnitudes of their post-mortem changes in concentrations during brain harvest. Brain harvest methods that stop metabolism at harvest eliminate post-mortem enzymatic activities and can improve characterization of normal and diseased brain. In addition, metabolomic studies would be improved by reporting absolute units of concentration along with normalized peak areas or fold changes. Then reported values can be evaluated and compared with the extensive neurochemical literature to help prevent reporting of artifactual data.
Development of high-speed quantum dots/graphene infrared detectors for uncooled infrared imaging

Colloidal semiconductor quantum dots/graphene van der Waals (vdW) heterojunctions take advantages of the enhanced light-matter interaction and spectral tenability of quantum dots (QDs) and superior charge mobility in graphene, providing a promising alternative for uncooled infrared photodetectors with a gain or external quantum efficiency up to 1010. In these QD/graphene vdW heterostructures, the QD/graphene interface plays a critical role in controlling the optoelectronic process including exciton dissociation, charge injection and transport. Specifically, charge traps at the vdW interface can increase the noise, reduce the responsivity and response speed. This paper highlight our recent progress in engineering the vdW heterojunction interface towards more efficient charge transfer for higher photoresponsivity, D* and response speed. These results illustrate that the importance in vdW heterojunction interface engineering in QD/graphene photodetectors which may provide a promising pathway for low-cost, printable and flexible infrared detectors and imaging systems.
Dynamic Resource Capabilities: Managing Workforce Knowledge with a Technology Upgrade

A model is introduced that integrates workforce knowledge management with the technology upgrade decision to provide a holistic view of how to manage dynamic knowledge-based resource capabilities. The levels of workforce knowledge and technology capability are measured in relation to their ability to generate net revenue. Due to changes in consumer preferences and competition, the ability of workforce knowledge and technology capability to drive net revenue depreciates over time. The manager pursues several strategies to reduce or reverse the effects of depreciation. The manager may invest in a technology upgrade. However, while adding to technology capability, an upgrade makes a portion of workforce knowledge obsolete reflecting skills that are no longer useful. The manager invests in preparatory training (learning-before-doing) prior to the upgrade to reduce obsolescence. The manager invests in general training to directly increase the workforce knowledge over time. Thus while preparatory training is narrowly focused on preparing for a technology upgrade, general training responds to depreciation by enhancing the ability of the workforce to improve existing or create new products. We find that the rates of preparatory and general training follow entirely different paths over time. Conditions are given where a manager uses one training strategy as a substitute for or complement to the other. We show that training strategies are not only impacted by learning phenomena such as the rate of forgetting, but also by the rates of technology depreciation and advancement. Conversely, we show how workforce learning phenomena impact the technology upgrade decision.
Automated microscope-independent fluorescence-guided micropipette

Glass micropipette electrodes are commonly used to provide high resolution recordings of neurons. Although it is the gold standard for single cell recordings, it is highly dependent on the skill of the electrophysiologist. Here, we demonstrate a method of guiding micropipette electrodes to neurons by collecting fluorescence at the aperture, using an intra-electrode tapered optical fiber. The use of a tapered fiber for excitation and collection of fluorescence at the micropipette tip couples the feedback mechanism directly to the distance between the target and electrode. In this study, intra-electrode tapered optical fibers provide a targeted robotic approach to labeled neurons that is independent of microscopy.
Understanding the Dysfunctionality of Dysfunctional Career Decision-Making Beliefs: Ambiguity Aversion as a General Mechanism:

Although dysfunctional career decision-making beliefs represent an important assessment and intervention area in career counseling, the empirical foundation and the general mechanism of the dysfunc...
E-learning: Factors Affecting Students Online Learning During COVID-19 Quarantine in a Developing Country

In response to the impending spread of COVID-19, universities worldwide switched to digital learning. They switched to online platforms using technology in their learning processes. In this context, an online survey study was conducted in Saint Joseph University, Faculty of Business in which the authors collected 458 responses from students during the spring-summer 2020 semester. The quantitative study focused on (1) the students’ access to technology, (2) the facilitating conditions offered by the university during the semester (3) the learning value acquired from the online teaching and (4) the demographics characteristics as gender and level of education. The researchers tested the relationship between those variables and the intention to use e-learning and to continue using it after the pandemic crisis. In this paper, the authors present and discuss their study’s results, where no gender differences were noted but a disparity in the level of education led to acceptance or rejection of future use of e-learning; moreover, the access to technology raised a major problem specially in the case of a developing country.
Error-controlled, progressive, and adaptable retrieval of scientific data with multilevel decomposition

Extreme-scale simulations and high-resolution instruments have been generating an increasing amount of data, which poses significant challenges to not only data storage during the run, but also post-processing where data will be repeatedly retrieved and analyzed for a long period of time. The challenges in satisfying a wide range of post-hoc analysis needs while minimizing the I/O overhead caused by inappropriate and/or excessive data retrieval should never be left unmanaged. In this paper, we propose a data refactoring, compressing, and retrieval framework capable of 1) fine-grained data refactoring with regard to precision; 2) incrementally retrieving and recomposing the data in terms of various error bounds; and 3) adaptively retrieving data in multi-precision and multi-resolution with respect to different analysis. With the progressive data re-composition and the adaptable retrieval algorithms, our framework significantly reduces the amount of data retrieved when multiple incremental precision are requested and/or the downstream analysis time when coarse resolution is used. Experiments show that the amount of data retrieved under the same progressively requested error bound using our framework is 64% less than that using state-of-the-art single-error-bounded approaches. Parallel experiments with up to 1, 024 cores and ~ 600 GB data in total show that our approach yields 1.36× and 2.52× performance over existing approaches in writing to and reading from persistent storage systems, respectively.
Preventive strategies for reducing coronary heart disease-related morbidity and mortality in patients with multiple risk factors

Based on epidemiologic and clinical evidence, the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel has identified low-density lipoprotein cholesterol as the primary target for lipid intervention to promote the reduction of high cholesterol through increased awareness and aggressive management of cardiovascular risk factors. These guidelines provide the basis for management of multiple risk factors and applied intervention using diet, exercise, and drug therapy to lower cholesterol levels. Data from primary- and secondary-prevention trials strongly support the rationale for aggressive therapy with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) to significantly reduce morbidity and mortality from coronary heart disease.
Simulated OVW retrievals in tropical cyclones for the next generation Dual Frequency Scatterometer

The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential of the next generation Dual Frequency Scatterometer (DFS) proposed to fly onboard the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)/GCOM-W2 future mission to measure surface ocean vector winds. An end-to-end simulation was performed to retrieve ocean vector winds in extreme weather conditions, where high winds are usually associated with high rain rates. Both C-and Ku-bands DFS active measurements were combined in the retrieval algorithm. The simultaneous observations of JAXA's Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR) were used to passively model both the atmospheric attenuation and rain volume backscatter to correct for rain effects and to further improve the retrievals range for tropical cyclones beyond that exhibited by the current operating scatterometers.
A New Look at the Black Middle Class: Research Trends and Challenges

This article proposes a new look at the black middle class; continued study of this group and their dually privileged, yet marginalized, statuses may provide further insight into the mechanisms by which race and class continue to act as systems of stratification. This work highlights significant contributions of black middle class research and areas for growth within urban sociology, education and work, and medical sociology. Among the challenges to advancing a new research agenda on the black middle class are: the need for consistent operational definitions of the middle class, variations in methodological approaches, and the consideration of heterogeneity within this group. Overall, there is a need for a theoretical framework to link the many theories of the black middle class, since study of this group promises to advance a broader understanding of social stratification.
Brown's Reflection

Just one week separated the Supreme Court's announcements of its decisions in Brown II' on May 31, 1955, and Williams v. Georgia2 on June 6, 1955. Del Dickson's fascinating account of Williams reveals the two decisions to be mirror images. Through his reconstruction of the Justices' deliberations in Williams, Professor Dickson shows the Court struggling with the same jurisprudential issues as in Brown II and reaching a virtually identical resolution-one that was novel, confusing, and ultimately misunderstood. The conventional account today of Brown II is that the Justices were so acutely aware of the political vulnerability of their 1954 decision in Brown I-so fearful about the prospects of Southern resistance to school desegregation and the Court's practical impotence in forcing compliance-that they retreated from the high ground of constitutional principle by endorsing the "deliberate speed" implementation formula. Some critics have maintained that the Court committed a strategic error in Brown II; they argue that the white Southern elite would have accepted a clear-cut desegregation order and obtained at least grudging popular acquiescence among its constituents, but the Court's pronounced tolerance for delay opened the way for successful demagogic appeals to massive popular resistance.3 Others have faulted the Court, regardless of its strategic sense, for allowing its fear of popular resistance to lead it to compromise and thereby abandon constitutional principle. These critics have readily invoked such honored aphorisms as "justice delayed is justice denied" or "fiat justicia ruat caelum," the Latin formula which, as Dickson has ironically observed, is inscribed in marble above the Georgia Supreme Court's bench. Even Alexander Bickel, who praised Brown II as a proper acknowledgement by the Justices of the tensions between "principle"