cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cellular phenotypes of age-associated skeletal muscle mitochondrial abnormalities in rhesus monkeys

Rhesus monkey vastus lateralis muscle was examined histologically for age-associated electron transport system (ETS) abnormalities: fibers lacking cytochrome c oxidase activity (COX(-)) and/or exhibiting succinate dehydrogenase hyperreactivity (SDH(++)). Two hundred serial cross-sections (spanning 1600 microm) were obtained and analyzed for ETS abnormalities at regular intervals. The abundance and length of ETS abnormal regions increased with age. Extrapolating the data to the entire length of the fiber, up to 60% of the fibers were estimated to display ETS abnormalities in the oldest animal studied (34 years) compared to 4% in a young adult animal (11 years). ETS abnormal phenotypes varied with age and fiber type. Middle-aged animals primarily exhibited the COX(-) phenotype, while COX(-)/SDH(++) abnormalities were more common in old animals. Transition region phenotype was affected by fiber type with type 2 fibers first displaying COX(-) and then COX(-)/SDH(++) while type 1 fibers progressed from normal to SDH(++) and then to COX(-)/SDH(++). In situ hybridizations studies revealed an association of ETS abnormalities with deletions of the mitochondrial genome. By measuring cross-sectional area along the length of ETS abnormal fibers, we demonstrated that some of these fibers exhibit atrophy. Our data suggest mitochondrial (mtDNA) deletions and associated ETS abnormalities are contributors to age-associated fiber atrophy.
Scheduling Non-Unit Jobs to Minimize Calibrations

The recently proposed Integrated Stockpile Evaluation (ISE) problem extends a classic offline scheduling problem where n jobs, each with arrival times and deadlines, must be scheduled nonpreemptively on m machines. The additional constraint in the ISE problem is that a machine may only be used if it has been calibrated recently. The goal is to minimize the number of calibrations necessary to complete all the jobs before their deadlines.This paper presents a good polynomial-time approximation algorithm for the ISE problem general case where each job may have a different processing time. (Prior work was restricted to unit processing times.) The ISE problem generalizes a classic interval-scheduling problem where the goal is to minimize the number of machines. We show constructively that the other direction is also true, i.e., that the interval-scheduling bounds are also achievable. Specifically, suppose we have a black-box interval scheduling algorithm that finds an s-speed α m-machine solution to the interval scheduling problem. Then our ISE algorithm finds an O(α-approximation for number of calibrations using O(α m) machines with s-speed augmentation.
HIV Testing in Early Clinical Trials: Who Should Decide Whether It Is Warranted?

In phase I clinical trials intended for healthy volunteers, testing for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is oftentimes part of a routine screening procedure to determine eligibility. The rationale is to safeguard volunteers, to protect the scientific integrity of a clinical trial, and/or to facilitate the process of drug development. Asymptomatic HIV-positive individuals are at increased risk for adverse events, and participating in a phase I clinical trial could also interfere with effective treatment for their disease. Although the Food and Drug Administration has not established a policy regarding HIV testing in clinical trials, some institutional review boards (IRBs) impose restrictions. The role of an IRB is to protect the rights and welfare of human subjects in clinical trials. Restricting testing does not protect subjects and may in fact harm them; therefore, an IRB should not restrict testing proposed by a pharmaceutical sponsor in agreement with a clinical investigator.
Advanced methods of performance data processing and analysis

The analysis of program performance on massively parallel (MPP) systems is a non-trivial task which is increasingly performed using visualization tools. Conventional processing, analysis, and display methods typically do not adequately support the evaluation of program performance on large-scale parallel systems. These methods can be limited by the sheer volume of performance data and often lack any rigorous approach to analyze it. The objective of the approach outlined is to develop a more powerful method to analyze performance data visually as well as statistically which is scalable and extensible and which represents some physical and/or logical structure of the parallel system state. The approach focuses on applying image processing and analysis techniques to MPP performance analysis. This approach has been prototyped and tested for proof-of-concept. The AVS scientific visualization tool is used to analyze and display images of performance data from program executions on actual machines. Results of these experiments are presented. >
Erratum: Statistical Interpretation of Key Comparison Reference Value and Degrees of Equivalence.

Key comparisons carried out by the Consultative Committees (CCs) of the International Committee of Weights and Measures (CIPM) or the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) are referred to as CIPM key comparisons. The outputs of a statistical analysis of the data from a CIPM key comparison are the key comparison reference value, the degrees of equivalence, and their associated uncertainties. The BIPM publications do not discuss statistical interpretation of these outputs. We discuss their interpretation under the following three statistical models: nonexistent laboratory-effects model, random laboratory-effects model, and systematic laboratory-effects model.
When Equality Trumps Reciprocity

Inequity aversion and reciprocity have been identified as two primary motives underlying human decision-making. However, because income and wealth inequalities exist to some degree in all societies, these two key motives can point to different decisions. In particular, when a beneficiary is less wealthy than the benefactor, a reciprocal action can lead to greater inequality. In this paper, we report data from a trust game variant where trustees’ responses to kind intentions generate inequality in favor of investors. In relation to a standard trust game treatment where trustees’ responses reduce inequality, the proportion of non-reciprocating decisions is twice as large when reciprocity promotes inequality. Moreover, we find that investors expect that this will be the case. Overall, we find that a majority (more than half) of trustees do not reciprocate when reciprocity increases inequality that favors investors. Our results call attention to the potential importance of inequality in principal–agent relationships and have important implications for policies aimed at promoting trust and cooperation. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Do High Technology Policies Work? High Technology Industry Employment Growth in U.S. Metropolitan Areas, 1988–1998

Since the 1970s, federal, state and local governments have launched an array of new high technology development programs. Researchers and policy-makers disagree about the relative merits of these policies. We address the effects of seven of these policies on high tech industry employment growth in metropolitan statistical areas in the United States between 1988 and 1998. A conditional change score design shows that technology grant/loan programs and technology research parks have direct effects net of location and agglomeration factors. Five of seven programs positively interact with existing agglomeration advantages to create growth in high technology industry employment. Technology development programs compensate for deficits in agglomeration resources. Our results suggest that high-technology development can be planned by designing programs that magnify existing local growth advantages.
Query routing in large-scale digital library systems

Modern digital libraries require user-friendly and yet responsive access to the rapidly growing, heterogeneous, and distributed collection of information sources. The increasing volume and diversity of digital information available online have led to a growing problem that conventional data management systems do not have, namely finding which information sources out of many candidate choices are the most relevant to answer a given user query. It refer to this problem as the query routing problem. In this paper we introduce the notation and issues of query routing, and present a practical solution for designing a scalable query routing system based on multilevel progressive pruning strategies. The key idea is to create and maintain user query profiles and source capability profiles independently, and to provide algorithms that can dynamically discover relevant information sources for a given query through the smart use of user query profiles and source capability profiles, including the mechanisms for interleaving query routing with query parallelization and query execution process to continue the pruning at run-time. Comparing with the keyword-based indexing techniques adopted in most of the search engines and software, our approach offers fine-granularity of interest matching, thus it is more powerful and effective for handling queries with complex conditions.
Learning engineering mechanics through video production

This paper presents an approach to integrating student-produced videos into an engineering mechanics class. Each student worked in a production team to produce a two- to three-minute educational video investigating a combined translational/rotational motion. Through this experience students expanded their communication skills by becoming familiar with the technical and creative skills of video production. They also expanded their understanding of mechanics by studying real-world applications and communicating their results. Throughout the project, students received extensive assistance from the college's media services staff- including workshops on managing and planning production, shooting and editing. Once the videos were completed, students were encouraged to reflect upon their experience through peer reviews and group reflections. Student feedback is presented and supports the success of the activity.
Classification with reject option

This paper studies two-class (or binary) classification of elements X in R k that allows for a reject option. Based on n independent copies of the pair of random variables (X,Y ) with X 2 R k and Y 2 {0,1}, we consider classifiers f(X) that render three possible outputs: 0, 1 and R. The option R expresses doubt and is to be used for few observations that are hard to classify in an automatic way. Chow (1970) derived the optimal rule minimizing the risk P{f(X) 6 Y, f(X) 6 R} + dP{f(X) = R}. This risk function subsumes that the cost of making a wrong decision equals 1 and that of utilizing the reject option is d. We show that the classification problem hinges on the behavior of the regression function (x) = E(Y |X = x) near d and 1 d. (Here d 2 [0,1/2] as the other cases turn out to be trivial.) Classification rules can be categorized into plug-in estimators and empirical risk minimizers. Both types are considered here and we prove that the rates of convergence of the risk of any estimate depends on P{| (X) d| } + P{| (X) (1 d)| } and on the quality of the estimate for or an appropriate measure of the size of the class of classifiers, in case of plug-in rules and empirical risk minimizers, respectively. We extend the mathematical framework even further by dierentiating between costs associated with the two possible errors: predicting f(X) = 0 whilst Y = 1 and predicting f(X) = 1 whilst Y = 0. Such situations are common in, for instance, medical studies where misclassifying a sick patient as healthy is worse than the opposite.
Cathelicidin Gene Expression in Porcine Tissues: Roles in Ontogeny and Tissue Specificity

Cathelicidins constitute a family of mammalian antimicrobial peptides that are synthesized in the bone marrow as prepropeptides, stored in neutrophil granules as propeptides, and released as active, mature peptides upon neutrophil degranulation. We investigated the developmental expression of two porcine cathelicidins, PR-39 and protegrin. Both cathelicidins were expressed constitutively in the bone marrow of all pigs at all of the ages tested. Peripheral blood neutrophils from young pigs expressed PR-39 and protegrin mRNA, which were not detectable at 42 days of age. At earlier ages, expression of PR-39 mRNA was detected in the kidney and liver and several lymphoid organs, including the thymus, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes, but disappeared at 4 weeks of age. These data provide the first evidence of cathelicidin gene expression in peripheral leukocytes and may indicate a role for these antimicrobial peptides in the development of host defense mechanisms.
Take me out to the Yakyushiai: determinants of attendance at Nippon Professional Baseball games.

The authors use data that are collected from the 2007 season to study attendance at Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) games. Like Major League Baseball (MLB) teams, Japanese teams set price in the...
Path sensitization in critical path problem

Since the delay of a circuit is determined by the delay of its longest sensitizable paths (such paths are called critical paths), the problem of estimating the delay of a circuit is called critical path problem. One important aspect of the critical path problem is to decide whether a path is sensitizable. A framework which allows various previously proposed path sensitization criteria to be compared with each other in a unified way is presented. An exact path sensitization criterion and a looser path sensitization criterion based on the framework are also proposed. >
Vangl1 and Vangl2: planar cell polarity components with a developing role in cancer

Cancers commonly reactivate embryonic developmental pathways to promote the aggressive behavior of their cells, resulting in metastasis and poor patient outcome. While developmental pathways such as canonical Wnt signaling and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition have received much attention, our understanding of the role of the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway in tumor progression remains rudimentary. Protein components of PCP, including a subset that overlaps with the canonical Wnt pathway, partition in polarized epithelial cells along the planar axis and are required for the establishment and maintenance of lateral epithelial polarity. Significant insight into PCP regulation of developmental and cellular processes has come from analysis of the functions of the core PCP scaffolding proteins Vangl1 and Vangl2. In particular, studies on zebrafish and with Looptail (Lp) mice, which harbor point mutations in Vangl2 that alter its trafficking and localization, point to roles for the PCP pathway in maintaining cell polarization along both the apical-basal and planar axes as well as in collective cell motility and invasiveness. Recent findings have suggested that the Vangls can promote similar processes in tumor cells. Initial data-mining efforts suggest that VANGL1 and VANGL2 are dysregulated in human cancers, and estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer patients whose tumors exhibit elevated VANGL1 expression suffer from shortened overall survival. Overall, evidence is beginning to accumulate that the heightened cellular motility and invasiveness associated with PCP reactivation may contribute to the malignancy of some cancer subtypes.
Expert aided adaptive control

The idea of a two-level control scheme, the A/E (adaptive/expert) controller, is introduced as a way to optimize the behavior of an adaptive controller using expert system techniques. The proposed structure uses a constant expert system sampling interval and 14 features to describe the state of the adaptive controller. Key issues discussed are the transformation of signal domain data for use by the expert system module of the A/E controller, and the use of a three-part knowledge base to formulate corrective actions of the expert system module. Simulation results show a prototype of the A/E controller in comparison to a standard adaptive controller. These results indicate that even a simple prototype of the A/E controller can improve the performance of an adaptive controller over that found when using conventional adaptive techniques. Preliminary results indicate that the A/E controller will result in significant improvements in adaptive control reliability and performance. >
Cost-effectiveness of deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis in gynecologic oncology surgery

Abstract Objective: To estimate the cost-effectiveness of preventive strategies for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in patients undergoing surgery for gynecologic cancer. Methods: A model was constructed to estimate the costs and outcomes associated with the use of external pneumatic compression, unfractionated heparin, and low molecular weight heparin in women with cervical, endometrial, and ovarian cancer. We estimated cost per DVT prevented, per fatal pulmonary embolus (PE) prevented, and per life-year saved. Probability estimates for various outcomes and efficacies were obtained from the literature, using data specific for gynecologic patients when available. Results: Cost-effectiveness estimates ranged from $27 per life-year saved for a 55-year-old endometrial cancer patient to $5132 per life-year saved for a 65-year-old with ovarian cancer. Although low molecular weight heparin and unfractionated heparin were cost-effective compared with no prophylaxis, each was less effective than external pneumatic compression in the base case. The results of the analysis were sensitive to assumptions about the relative risk of DVT, the life expectancy of the patient, the costs of future treatment, and the relative effectiveness of the different strategies: If unfractionated heparin or low molecular weight heparin is at least 2–3% more effective than external pneumatic compression, then the incremental cost per life-year of either would be less than $50,000 compared with external pneumatic compression. Conclusion: Prophylaxis of DVT is cost-effective in terms of life-years gained even for patients with relatively short life expectancies, such as ovarian cancer patients. External pneumatic compression appears to be the most cost-effective strategy under our baseline assumptions, but further studies in gynecologic cancer are needed to validate our conclusions.
Direct Label-Free Electrical Immunodetection of Transplant Rejection Protein Biomarker in Physiological Buffer Using Floating Gate AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors

Monokine induced by interferon gamma (MIG/CXCL9) is used as an immune biomarker for early monitoring of transplant or allograft rejection. This paper demonstrates a direct electrical, label-free detection method of recombinant human MIG with anti-MIG IgG molecules in physiologically relevant buffer environment. The sensor platform used is a biologically modified GaN-based high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) device. Biomolecular recognition capability was provided by using high affinity anti-MIG monoclonal antibody to form molecular affinity interface receptors on short N-hydroxysuccinimide-ester functionalized disulphide (DSP) self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on the gold sensing gate of the HEMT device. A floating gate configuration has been adopted to eliminate the influences of external gate voltage. Preliminary test results with the proposed chemically treated GaN HEMT biosensor show that MIG can be detected for a wide range of concentration varying from 5 ng/mL to 500 ng/mL.
EM-based iterative receiver design with carrier-frequency offset estimation for MIMO OFDM systems

In this letter, we study the design of expectation-maximization (EM)-based iterative receivers for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing systems with the presence of carrier-frequency offset (CFO). Motivated by the spirit of maximum-likelihood estimation in the EM algorithm, we first present a pilot-aided CFO estimation scheme that allows fast Fourier transform-based fast implementation. Then this CFO estimation is incorporated into the initialization step of the iterative receiver. Experimental results show the effectiveness of our receiver design in combating CFO.
A Spatially Distinct History of the Development of California Groundfish Fisheries

During the past century, commercial fisheries have expanded from small vessels fishing in shallow, coastal habitats to a broad suite of vessels and gears that fish virtually every marine habitat on the globe. Understanding how fisheries have developed in space and time is critical for interpreting and managing the response of ecosystems to the effects of fishing, however time series of spatially explicit data are typically rare. Recently, the 1933–1968 portion of the commercial catch dataset from the California Department of Fish and Wildlife was recovered and digitized, completing the full historical series for both commercial and recreational datasets from 1933–2010. These unique datasets include landing estimates at a coarse 10 by 10 minute “grid-block” spatial resolution and extends the entire length of coastal California up to 180 kilometers from shore. In this study, we focus on the catch history of groundfish which were mapped for each grid-block using the year at 50% cumulative catch and total historical catch per habitat area. We then constructed generalized linear models to quantify the relationship between spatiotemporal trends in groundfish catches, distance from ports, depth, percentage of days with wind speed over 15 knots, SST and ocean productivity. Our results indicate that over the history of these fisheries, catches have taken place in increasingly deeper habitat, at a greater distance from ports, and in increasingly inclement weather conditions. Understanding spatial development of groundfish fisheries and catches in California are critical for improving population models and for evaluating whether implicit stock assessment model assumptions of relative homogeneity of fisheries removals over time and space are reasonable. This newly reconstructed catch dataset and analysis provides a comprehensive appreciation for the development of groundfish fisheries with respect to commonly assumed trends of global fisheries patterns that are typically constrained by a lack of long-term spatial datasets.
Executive Director Financial Expertise and IPO Performance

This study investigates the determinants of designated audit committee formation and of narrowly defined financial expertise on the audit committee at a unique point in time: the initial public offering (IPO). Importantly, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and major exchange rules do not require firms to have designated audit committees until one year after IPOs. Even when audit committees are formed, there is no requirement for any member to have narrowly defined financial expertise. Such expertise is known to make audit committees more effective compared to broadly defined expertise. We propose two hypotheses explaining audit committee formation and expertise at the IPO. One is that the IPO firm’s complexity and scope of operations are positively associated with committee formation and expertise. The other hypothesis is that committee formation and expertise are driven by the CEO’s incentives and power, and by powerful outside monitors such as independent board members, venture capitalists, and highly reputable underwriters. We find evidence to support both hypotheses.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of the Deep-UV NLO Material Sr 2 Be 2 B 2 O 7

The synthesis of non-linear optical (NLO) materials that are transparent into the deep-UV (<200 nm) region is an important component in the development of advanced optical technology. Such materials are sought after for their potential applications in the fields of high resolution photolithography, micro-machining, and laser spectroscopy. Borates are one class of solid-state materials that have received consideration for these applications because of their favorable physical and optical properties. One such compound, Sr2Be2B2O7 (SBBO) has been reported to be transparent below 200 nm, and exhibits a large second harmonic generation (SHG) coefficient. Significant difficulties in the flux growth of large, high quality crystals have prevented this material from further development. We have successfully grown large crystals of SBBO by a hydrothermal synthetic method for the first time, and have characterized their physical properties. The synthesis and structure of a new material encountered during the synthesis of SBBO, LiBeSr2B3O8, is also reported here.
Measurement of in-bore side loads and comparison to first maximum yaw

Abstract In-bore yaw of a projectile in a gun tube has been shown to result in range loss if the yaw is significant. An attempt was made to determine if relationships between in-bore yaw and projectile First Maximum Yaw (FMY) were observable. Experiments were conducted in which pressure transducers were mounted near the muzzle of a 155 mm cannon in three sets of four. Each set formed a cruciform pattern to obtain a differential pressure across the projectile. These data were then integrated to form a picture of what the overall pressure distribution was along the side of the projectile. The pressure distribution was used to determine a magnitude and direction of the overturning moment acting on the projectile. This moment and its resulting angular acceleration were then compared to the actual first maximum yaw observed in the test. The degree of correlation was examined using various statistical techniques. Overall uncertainty in the projectile dynamics was between 20% and 40% of the mean values of FMY.
Cost Rate Charges for Horse Work

The farm cost accountant is constantly confronted with the problem of prorating the several items of cost of farm operation to the productive enterprises in such a way that the resulting costs may serve as a basis for the selection and comparison of enterprises. The numerous items of joint cost as well as the complementary and supplementary relationships involved make the problem a complex and difficult one. For the sake of expediency purely arbitrary methods are often used even though the accountant fully realizes that at least theoretically, an error is involved in the method that may more or less obscure the relations that are being studied. Flat Rates for Horse Work-An example of an item of farm cost that must be prorated to the productive enterprises is the expense of maintaining the work horses. The expense for horse work is usually charged at a flat rate per hour. To determine this flat rate the total cost of maintaining the horses is divided by the total number of hours which they work. The rate is then multiplied by the number of hours of work chargeable to each enterprise in order to arrive at the total horse charge against that enterprise. Obviously such a method is open to criticism. Some crops require large amounts of horse work for a few days during the rush of the planting or harvest season. Extra horses may be kept throughout the year to handle these peak loads. Livestock, on the other hand may present a fairly uniform demand for horse work throughout the year or their heaviest demands may come during the winter when crops are not demanding attention. It may not be altogether fair to charge to all enterprises the cost of extra horses kept to handle the peak loads when certain enterprises contribute most largely to these peaks. As an example of the inequality that might result from the use of a "flat rate" let us consider a farm which could easily be operated by six horses during the entire year with the exception of a few weeks during wheat seeding and harvest. An extra team must be maintained throughout the year simply to have its services available for this peak demand of the wheat crop. Under the "flat rate" method of distributing horse costs all enterprises on the farm would bear part of the cost of this extra team, although they could have been maintained as well without it. As a matter of fact this extra team may have done work on other enterprises than the wheat crop during the year. Such use would merely be by way of substitution for the other six horses and
Differential privacy in networked data collection

The problem of destination privacy in networked data collection is investigated under constraints on routing overhead. Using differential privacy as a metric to quantify the privacy of the intended destination, optimal probabilistic routing schemes are investigated under unicast and multicast paradigms. When the overhead is weighted equally to the incurred routing cost to intended destination, it is shown that the optimal solution for unicast private routing is identical to a traveling sales man solution. When the overhead weight is strictly different to the intended routing cost, the optimal solution is expressed as a solution to a linear programming problem. It is shown that the optimal solution can be implemented in decentralized manner. Under a multicast paradigm, the optimal solution when overhead is weighted equal to the intended cost, the optimal solution is shown to be a variant of the Steiner tree problem. In general, it is proved that multicast private routing is an np-complete problem. Simulations and numerical results for both private unicast and multicast routing on random graphs are presented.
Study on common diseases among primary and middle school students in Tongzhou district of Beijing,2010- 2013

Objective To understand the prevalence and its changing trend of common diseases among primary and middle school students in Tongzhou district of Beijing,and to provide scientific evidence for prevention strategies development.Methods The information of health condition among primary and middle school students in Tongzhou District was collected during 2010 to 2013. The prevalence of dental caries,poor vision,anemia,malnutrition and obesity were analyzed. Results The prevalence of dental caries,anemia and malnutrition decreased from 9. 96%,2. 27% and 21. 89% in 2010 to 8. 52%,2. 24% and 18. 23% in 2013 respectively. However,the prevalence of poor vision and obesity increased from 54. 44% and14. 30% in 2010 to 56. 31% and 15. 20% in 2013. Conclusion There was still a long way to go to prevent and control common diseases among students. Poor vision and obesity should be focused on in the future.
Monolithic bipolar thermopile detector sensitive to light ellipticity

We demonstrated a bipolar thermopile detector for measuring light ellipticity. Nanowire thermocouple was connected to non-chiral dimer antennas which produced opposite Ohmic heating pattern under LCP and RCP illumination.
Global Atmospheric Chemistry – Which Air Matters

Abstract. An approach for analysis and modeling of global atmospheric chemistry is developed for application to measurements that provide a tropospheric climatology of those heterogeneously distributed, reactive species that control the loss of methane and the production and loss of ozone. We identify key species (e.g., O3, NOx, HNO3, HNO4, C2H3NO5, H2O, HOOH, CH3OOH, HCHO, CO, CH4, C2H6, acetaldehyde, acetone) and presume that they can be measured simultaneously in air parcels on the scale of a few km horizontally and a few tenths of a km vertically. As a first step, six global models have prepared such climatologies sampled at the modeled resolution for August with emphasis on the vast central Pacific Ocean basin. Objectives of this paper are to identify and characterize differences in model-generated reactivities as well as species covariances that could readily be discriminated with an unbiased climatology. A primary tool is comparison of multidimensional probability densities of key species weighted by the mass of such parcels or frequency of occurrence as well as by the reactivity of the parcels with respect to methane and ozone. The reactivity-weighted probabilities tell us which parcels matter in this case, and this method shows skill in differentiating among the models' chemistry. Testing 100 km scale models with 2 km measurements using these tools also addresses a core question about model resolution and whether fine-scale atmospheric structures matter to the overall ozone and methane budget. A new method enabling these six global chemistry–climate models to ingest an externally sourced climatology and then compute air parcel reactivity is demonstrated. Such an objective climatology containing these key species is anticipated from the NASA Atmospheric Tomography (ATom) aircraft mission (2015–2020), executing profiles over the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean basins. This modeling study addresses a core part of the design of ATom.
Exploring Bullying Perpetration and Victimization Among Adolescent Girls in the Child Welfare System: Bully-Only, Victim-Only, Bully-Victim, and Noninvolved Roles:

Childhood abuse is a common experience for youth in the child welfare system, increasing their risk of bullying perpetration and victimization. Little research exists that has examined the rates of bullying perpetration and victimization for child welfare-involved adolescent girls. The study addressed the following aims: (a) to generate frequency estimates of physical, nonphysical, and relational forms of bullying perpetration and victimization; (b) to identify the frequency of bully-only, victim-only, bully-victim, and noninvolved roles; and (c) to identify risk and protective factors that correlate with these bullying role types. Participants were 236 girls (12-19 years) in the child welfare system from a Midwestern urban area. Participants were referred to the study to join a trauma-focused group program. Seventy-five percent of the total sample were youth of color, with the remaining 25% identifying as White, non-Hispanic. Data were collected through baseline surveys that assessed childhood abuse, bullying perpetration and victimization, posttraumatic stress, substance misuse, aggression-related beliefs and self-efficacy, placement type, placement instability, and mental health service use. Child welfare-involved adolescent girls were found to assume all four major role types: bully-only (6.4%, n = 15), victim-only (20.3%, n = 48), bully-victim (44.1%, n = 104), and nonvictims (29.2%, n = 69). The bully-victim rate was approximately 7 times higher than the rate found in a nationally representative sample of non-child welfare-involved youth. The current study identified posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, anger self-efficacy, and alcohol use as significant correlates of bullying roles. The identification of a substantially higher rate of bully-victims has important practice implications, suggesting child welfare and school systems adopt trauma-informed systems of care. Bully-victims are very likely traumatized children who are in need of effective trauma treatment rather than punitive sanctions.
Influence of response bias and internal/external source on lateral posterior parietal successful retrieval activity.

Abstract In studies of recognition memory, regions of the lateral posterior parietal cortex exhibit greater activity (as indexed by the fMRI BOLD signal) during correct recognition of “old” (studied) items than correct rejection of “new” (unstudied) items. This effect appears to be source-sensitive, with greater activity associated with recognition of perceived than imagined events. Parietal successful retrieval activity also varies with response bias, or the tendency to be conservative about making “old” judgments. Here, we examined whether differences in response bias associated with recognition judgments of perceived and imagined events could account for source-based differences in LPPC activity. Participants perceived and imagined items in response to cue words and then at test, made recognition judgments in blocks that knowingly contained either a high or low proportion of old to new trials. While participants were indeed more conservative when making judgments about perceived than imagined events, the neuroimaging results demonstrated that response bias and source effects occurred in non-overlapping parietal regions. These findings suggest that source-based differences in LPPC activity cannot be explained by differences in response bias associated with recognizing perceived and imagined events.
A Spoken Translation Game for Second Language Learning

In this paper, we describe a Web-based spoken translation game aimed at providing language learners with an easily accessible and fun environment to practice speaking the foreign language. Our prototype centers on the task of translating flight domain sentences from English to Chinese. The system presents English sentences as stimuli to elicit Chinese utterances from a user. It tracks a user's performance and rewards them with advancements in difficulty level. A user study was conducted involving 12 learners of Mandarin Chinese. Each participant played the game and answered survey questions. The system achieved 9.7% word error rate on 2834 non-native utterances collected in the user study. All subjects thought the system was helpful at improving their Chinese, and most of them would play it again and recommend it to their Chinese-learning friends.
The Macular Carotenoids Lutein and Zeaxanthin Are Related to Increased Bone Density in Young Healthy Adults

Lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z) status can be quantified by measuring their concentrations both in serum and, non-invasively, in retinal tissue. This has resulted in a unique ability to assess their role in a number of tissues ranging from cardiovascular to central nervous system tissue. Recent reports using animal models have suggested yet another role, a developmental increase in bone mass. To test this, we assessed L and Z status in 63 young healthy adults. LZ status was determined by measuring LZ in serum (using HPLC) and retina tissue (measuring macular pigment optical density, MPOD, using customized heterochromatic flicker photometry). Bone density was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Although serum LZ was generally not related to bone mass, MPOD was significantly related to bone density in the proximal femur and lumbar spine. In general, our results are consistent with carotenoids, specifically LZ, playing a role in optimal bone health.
Not just another biomarker: the role of integrin alpha 7 in glioblastoma

Glioblastoma is the most lethal primary brain tumor, and one of the most aggressive and invasive types of cancer overall. Despite treatment efforts, median length of survival for glioblastoma patients is between 12 and 18 months (1). Aside from their aggressive nature, glioblastomas are also known for being heterogeneous, with many different cell types throughout the tumor. Glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) are one cellular subtype within these tumors and are characterized by unlimited self-renewal and resistance to treatment. Cancer stem cells have been identified in brain tumors as well as other cancers, and are thought to play a central role in the malignancy of these tumors (2,3). Hence, there is huge interest amongst researchers to find ways to target the cancer stem cell population specifically. Knowing which cells within a tumor are the extremely tumorigenic GSCs is not possible without reliable biomarkers. As mentioned previously, glioblastomas are heterogeneous within each individual tumor, but are also heterogeneous from one patient to the next. Many groups have identified markers of cancer stem cells that turn out to have greater representation in certain subtypes over others, such as CD44 in mesenchymal tumor regions, and CD133/Olig2 in proneural tumor regions (4-7). Despite the wide use of these surface epitopes as biomarkers, there is still controversy over whether or not they are uniformly reliable across patient samples (2).
Culture, Contraception, and Colorblindess: Youth Sexual Health Promotion as a Gendered Racial Project:

Feminist scholars have identified how race and gender discourses influence the creation and implementation of school-based sexual health education and the provision of health care, yet there are fe...
Results of the Rech Conference Survey on Religious Faith and Professional Psychology

The results of an extensive survey of the alumni of three doctoral- and four master's-level Christian graduate training programs in professional psychology are reported. The purpose of the survey w...
The Role of Student Affairs in a New University in a Conflict Zone

Higher education necessitates an understanding that students cannot be confined to the classroom, as a large part of their curriculum comprises extracurricular activities to educate intellectually, in spirit, and body. AS a result, community building, advising, and career development became a part of the traditional routine of student affairs. This article explores the role of student affairs in a newly formed university in a conflict zone ravaged by war and terrorism for decades. The data explored in this article reveals some interesting facts, which are different from that of the traditional student affairs manager. In this university, student affairs personnel are viewed as a ‘job giver,’ someone who will arrange funds, bursaries, and scholarships in keeping with the war-ravaged economic scenario of the province in northern Iraq.
Epidemiologic Concepts and Statistics in Clinical Decision Making

Interpreting a clinical study requires skills in identifying a study question, understanding the background leading to the study question, interpreting study design, and data analysis. A good clinical study clearly identifies the study hypotheses to be tested. The goal here is to present material by which the processing of information and its integration into clinical practice, a skill that must be developed in a structured and comprehensive fashion.
Anionic Organosulfur Compounds in Synthesis: New Applications of the Ramberg-Bäcklund Reaction

Organosulfur carbanions derived from saturated and unsaturated sulfides, sulfoxides and sulfones, from dithioacetals (e.g. 1,3-dithiane) and trithioformates ((RS)3CH), from sulfinate and sulfonate esters, as well as from other sulfur-containing systems may undergo the entire gamut of reactions characteristic of organometallic compounds.1 A partial list of such reactions would include protonation/deuteration, carbonation, inter- and intramolecular alkylation, hydroxyalkylation with epoxides (nucleophilic ring opening) and with aldehydes and ketones (carbonyl addition), acylation with carboxylic acid derivatives, addition to carbon-carbon and carbon-nitrogen multiple bonds (including conjugate addition), elimination and fragmentation, oxidative coupling, and rearrangement. In addition to their ease of preparation and versatile chemistry, organosulfur carbanions have been widely and artfully used in organic synthesis because of the diverse possibilities for further functionalization of the primary products as well as removal of sulfur through elimination, reduction, or hydrolysis.1
Triphasic waves during post-ictal stupor

Background : The term, “triphasic wave” originally described an EEG pattern believed to be a marker for a specific stage of hepatic coma. For 4 decades, the diagnostic and prognostic specificity of the pattern remains controversial. Its pathophysiology also continues to be elusive. Methods : EEG recordings were obtained in three patients known or suspected to have primary generalized epilepsy. In 2 patients, the EEGs were part of long-term monitoring using simultaneous video-EEG telemetry. For the third patient, the EEG was secured only during the post-ictal unconsciousness. These 3 patients were specifically selected because of the presence of triphasic waves in their EEGs. Results : Triphasic waves were observed in the EEG of the 3 patients only during post-ictal unconsciousness. The pattern was transient, being preceded by generalized suppression and delta slow waves and followed by theta activities. Alpha rhythms supervened when the patients became fully alert. Conclusion : A post-ictal state should be considered in unconscious patients with triphasic EEG waves.
Experience with competency-based curriculum design: a school and community health model.

Abstract At East Carolina University, faculty in the Departments of Community Health Education and Health, Physical Education, Recreation & Safety are changing the way they view baccalaureate education from a traditional approach to a competency-based approach. Competencies students must demonstrate before graduation were identified; a broadening base of supporting competencies and a prescriptive list of entry-level competencies were specified. This competency-based curriculum design evolved from two related processes: a long-range curriculum reform project within the School of Allied Health and Social Professions and self-assessment activities which led to approval of the first baccalaureate program by the Society for Public Health Education. Acquisition of student competency in compiling community health profiles illustrates both the development process and curriculum architecture for such a competency-based approach. Student terminal competencies for the entire baccalaureate program are included.
Mental Health and Psychosocial Needs of Syrian Refugees: A Literature Review and Future Directions

Since 2011, the Syrian refugee crisis has resulted in a massive displacement of Syrians, inside and outside of Syria. The enormous psychosocial needs of displaced Syrians have been documented by various reports and studies. With expected arrivals of Syrian refugees resettling in the United States in the near future, the intensity of the challenges for both resettlement agencies and the Syrian refugees themselves are expected to increase. A literature review was conducted for publications produced between March 2011 and January 2017. Academic and grey literature were explored to provide an overview of the psychosocial well-being and cultural characteristics of Syrians. Additionally, current models were analyzed to identify future directions for social work practice. It is vital to understand the Syrian refugee crisis through a multidisciplinary lens. Responding to the challenges found among Syrians requires deliberate consideration for sociocultural, historical, and political issues that uniquely describe them and their contexts. Identifying psychosocial needs may facilitate other aspects of resettlement outcomes, such as employment, education, and social integration. Incorporating a holistic model that reflects trauma-informed and human rights perspectives into clinical as well as policy practices is critical for better overall resettlement outcomes for Syrian refugees, and refugee populations in general.
Ferrocene as the Central Unit in Novel, Redox-Sensitive Ligands, Monomers, and Receptors

The ferrocene system is remarkable for its structure, thermal stability, and chemical versatility. We describe in this article, diverse applications of ferrocene in the preparation of novel structures for use as cation binders, small molecule receptors, and in the formation of membranes.
Abstract 29: Alpha-1-antitrypsin Protects High Density Lipoprotein From Functional Inactivation by Elastase

High density lipoproteins (HDL) are complexes of lipid and protein with several known atheroprotective functions. These functions are driven by specific lipids and proteins contained on the HDL par...
A Framework for Integrating Rules and Exemplars

This chapter presents a framework for expressing the relationship between rules and exemplars. This framework permits weak-theory domains to be characterized as domains lacking a particular kind of abstraction knowledge. Exemplars compensate for this deficiency in abstraction knowledge by providing a bridge between abstract features and case descriptions. However, matching new cases with exemplars usually requires general domain rules. Thus, rules and exemplars are mutually supporting in weak-theory domains.