cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanical Failure of the OrthoPediatrics PediPlate in Late-Onset Tibia Vara with Moderate Deformity: A Report of Three Cases.

Late-onset tibia vara typically affects obese children and adolescents. While varus of the proximal part of the tibia is the primary deformity, there may be associated varus or valgus of the distal part of the femur1,2. Tibia vara may be classified as mild, moderate, or severe, based upon the mechanical axis zone3. Proximal tibial osteotomy is an option for treatment, but because of the potential morbidity associated with osteotomy, hemiepiphysiodesis is an appealing minimally invasive alternative to provide gradual correction with guided growth. Lateral hemiepiphysiodesis can be performed by permanent ablation, which relies upon precise timing to avoid under or overcorrection, or with a temporary tether with use of staples or a plate that bridges the physis4. The titanium eight-Plate (Orthofix, McKinney, Texas) was the first physeal-bridging plate system introduced, and a lower risk of extrusion and breakage has been reported when compared with the use of staples5-7. However, as use of the eight-Plate system has increased, reports of mechanical failure have surfaced. In particular, failure of the metaphyseal screw at the interface of the screw and the lateral proximal tibial cortex has been described8,9. Recently, several alternative devices have become available. These include the Hinge Plate (Pega Medical, Quebec, Canada), the Peanut plate (Biomet, Parsippany, New Jersey), and the PediPlate (OrthoPediatrics, Warsaw, Indiana)8,10. Between 2000 and 2012, our institution performed forty-six hemiepiphysiodesis procedures in thirty-seven patients with late-onset tibia vara with use of physeal-bridging plates or staples. Six procedures utilized the PediPlate. The purpose of this study is to report three children with moderate late-onset tibia vara who underwent lateral proximal tibial hemiepiphysiodesis with the PediPlate and had mechanical failure of the 4.5-mm cannulated stainless steel metaphyseal screws. To …
Tear gas: an epidemiological and mechanistic reassessment

Deployments of tear gas and pepper spray have rapidly increased worldwide. Large amounts of tear gas have been used in densely populated cities, including Cairo, Istanbul, Rio de Janeiro, Manama (Bahrain), and Hong Kong. In the United States, tear gas was used extensively during recent riots in Ferguson, Missouri. Whereas tear gas deployment systems have rapidly improved-with aerial drone systems tested and requested by law enforcement-epidemiological and mechanistic research have lagged behind and have received little attention. Case studies and recent epidemiological studies revealed that tear gas agents can cause lung, cutaneous, and ocular injuries, with individuals affected by chronic morbidities at high risk for complications. Mechanistic studies identified the ion channels TRPV1 and TRPA1 as targets of capsaicin in pepper spray, and of the tear gas agents chloroacetophenone, CS, and CR. TRPV1 and TRPA1 localize to pain-sensing peripheral sensory neurons and have been linked to acute and chronic pain, cough, asthma, lung injury, dermatitis, itch, and neurodegeneration. In animal models, transient receptor potential inhibitors show promising effects as potential countermeasures against tear gas injuries. On the basis of the available data, a reassessment of the health risks of tear gas exposures in the civilian population is advised, and development of new countermeasures is proposed.
Abstract 4038: Developmentof a murine tumor immunophenotyping platform to support drug discovery anddevelopment in immuno-oncology

Recent clinical data highlights the importance of immune cell localization, phenotype, and gene signature as it correlates to a productive anti-tumor response. Preclinically, multiple syngeneic mouse models have been used to study the effects of immunomodulation and define anti-tumor responses to transplanted “self” tumors. However, while the literature describes distinct aspects of many of these models, there is no comprehensive dataset comparing and contrasting their tumor-immune microenvironments across models. These data are critical for better understanding the role that various immune populations play in the anti-tumor response and interpreting observed changes in tumor clearance following treatment with immunomodulatory agents. We have therefore established a platform that 1) quantitates the types of immune cells within murine tumor models, and 2) describes the location of these cells within the tumor. In parallel to the immunophenotyping efforts we have benchmarked tumor models based on their response to antibodies against T cell checkpoint pathways. We sought to use this immunophenotyping platform to identify specific immune modulation that occurs in syngeneic tumors post depletion of macrophages via CSF1R blockade. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are believed to help promote tumor survival through suppression of the adaptive immune response and the secretion of growth factors that promote tumor growth and angiogenesis. Therefore depletion of TAMs should lead to T-cell recruitment and bolster the antitumor T-cell response. Here we show that treatment of CT-26 and RENCA syngeneic tumors with a CSF1R antagonist leads to depletion of MHCII+ and F4/80+ expressing cells. Future experiments will seek to understand if CSF1R blockade improves the response to T-cell checkpoint immunotherapies. In summary, the development of a murine tumor immunophenotyping platform has allowed insight and evaluation of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment that can ultimately be leveraged to understand the synergistic effects of immunotherapeutics. Citation Format: Brian Belmontes, Stephanie Matyas, Sarah O’Brien, Hong Tan, Kenneth Ganley, Kimberly Merriam, Jim Rottman, Jackson Egen, Pedro Beltran, Gordon Moody. Developmentof a murine tumor immunophenotyping platform to support drug discovery anddevelopment in immuno-oncology. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4038.
Adeno-associated Virus Vectors Efficiently Transduce Mouse and Rabbit Sensory Neurons Coinfected with Herpes Simplex Virus 1 following Peripheral Inoculation.

ABSTRACT Following infection of epithelial tissues, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) virions travel via axonal transport to sensory ganglia and establish a lifelong latent infection within neurons. Recent studies have revealed that, following intraganglionic or intrathecal injection, recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors can also infect sensory neurons and are capable of stable, long-term transgene expression. We sought to determine if application of rAAV to peripheral nerve termini at the epithelial surface would allow rAAV to traffic to sensory ganglia in a manner similar to that seen with HSV. We hypothesized that footpad or ocular inoculation with rAAV8 would result in transduction of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) or trigeminal ganglia (TG), respectively. To test this, we inoculated the footpads of mice with various amounts of rAAV as well as rAAV capsid mutants. We demonstrated that this method of inoculation can achieve a transduction rate of >90% of the sensory neurons in the DRG that innervate the footpad. Similarly, we showed that corneal inoculation with rAAV vectors in the rabbit efficiently transduced >70% of the TG neurons in the optic tract. Finally, we demonstrated that coinfection of mouse footpads or rabbit eyes with rAAV vectors and HSV-1 resulted in colocalization in nearly all of the HSV-1-positive neurons. These results suggest that rAAV is a useful tool for the study of HSV-1 infection and may provide a means to deliver therapeutic cargos for the treatment of HSV infections or of dysfunctions of sensory ganglia. IMPORTANCE Adeno-associated virus (AAV) has been shown to transduce dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons following direct intraganglionic sciatic nerve injection and intraperitoneal and intravenous injection as well as intrathecal injection. We sought to determine if rAAV vectors would be delivered to the same sensory neurons that herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) infects when applied peripherally at an epithelial surface that had been treated to expose the underlying sensory nerve termini. For this study, we chose two well-established HSV-1 infection models: mouse footpad infection and rabbit ocular infection. The results presented here provide the first description of AAV vectors transducing neurons following delivery at the skin/epithelium/eye. The ability of AAV to cotransduce HSV-1-infected neurons in both the mouse and the rabbit provides an opportunity to experimentally explore and disrupt host and viral proteins that are integral to the establishment of HSV-1 latency, to the maintenance of latency, and to reactivation from latency in vivo .
The Prosodic Acquisition Path Hypothesis: Towards explaining variability in L2 acquisition of phonology

Assuming that word-prosodic parameters are organized into a hierarchical tree where certain parameters are embedded under others, this paper proposes the Prosodic Acquisition Path Hypothesis (PAPH). The PAPH predicts different levels of difficulty and paths to be followed by L2 (and L1) learners based on the typological properties of their L1 and the L2 they are learning. On the PAPH, L2 acquisition is assumed to be brought along via a process of parameter resetting. During this process, certain parameters are expected to be easier to reset than others, based on such factors as economy, markedness, and robustness of the input, which is reflected in part by their location on the tree of parameters proposed in this paper. Evidence for the proposal comes from previous formal phonological and L1 acquisition literature. The predictions as concerns the learning path are tested through an experiment which examines productions of English-speaking learners of Turkish, thereby involving two languages that are maximally different from each other regarding the location of word-level prominence, as well as how it is assigned. The PAPH is a restrictive (and falsifiable) approach, where the predictions regarding the stages learners go through are constrained both by certain learning principles and by the options made available by UG.
The core variety of a multisequence in the truncated moment problem

Abstract Let β ≡ β ( m ) = { β i } i ∈ Z + n , | i | ≤ m , β 0 > 0 , denote a real n-dimensional multisequence of finite degree m. The Truncated Moment Problem concerns the existence of a positive Borel measure μ, supported in R n , such that (0.1) β i = ∫ R n x i d μ ( i ∈ Z + n , | i | ≤ m ) . We associate to β ≡ β ( 2 d ) an algebraic variety in R n called the core variety, V ≡ V ( β ) . The core variety contains the support of each representing measure μ. We show that if V is nonempty, then β ( 2 d − 1 ) has a representing measure. Moreover, if V is a nonempty compact or determining set, then β ( 2 d ) has a representing measure. We also use the core variety to exhibit a sequence β, with positive definite moment matrix and positive Riesz functional, which fails to have a representing measure.
Three-Dimensional Printing of Plastics

Common three-dimensional processes including stereolithography, selective laser sintering, fused deposition modeling, and polyjet modeling are described and benchmarked for production of a three-sided cube with protrusions and depressions of various sizes; metrology of 3D printed parts indicates that tolerances vary by process but are typically on the order of 0.2 mm with a surface roughness of 50 μm. Design guidelines are provided regarding geometric design and tolerances, mold design, and material properties; compared to conventional plastic part designs, 3D printing affords greater complexity without added cost. Manufacturing economics are also modeled to provide guidance to technology strategy, manufacturing strategy, and risk mitigation.
Forms of Patriarchy in Amoris Laetitia and in the Papacy of Francis

Almost all of the considerable attention, both negative and favorable, thus far given to Pope Francis’s lengthy Apostolic Exhortation Amoris Laetitia has centered on a single footnote discussing access to the sacraments for the divorced and remarried, and, more broadly, on Francis’s treatment of those living in what Catholic orthodoxy deems irregular unions. In this chapter, taking a critical feminist approach to Amoris Laetitia and to other key elements of Francis’s papacy to date, I will be putting the emphasis elsewhere, on what I see, not as promising new innovations, but as disturbing reaffirmations of a patriarchal vision of both the family and the Church, in each of which women are at risk of being seen as under male headship, even as the Church proclaims their conceptual equality with men. It is possible to chart a more optimistic course for feminism through the text of Amoris Laetitia and more generally through the papacy of Francis, as I shall also briefly discuss, but there is a certain ambivalence to be found in even the most affirmative of signals sent to date.
Terrestrial Salamanders Alter Antipredator Behavior Thresholds Following Tail Autotomy

Abstract: Prey animals avoid and survive encounters with predators through morphological and behavioral mechanisms, but these defenses can negatively affect fitness when individuals forgo foraging and reproductive opportunities. Although many studies have focused on the costs associated with antipredator behavior, few have evaluated how that behavior changes immediately following a nonlethal interaction with a predator. Understanding how differences in species ecology (i.e., autotomy and regeneration capabilities) influence antipredator behaviors prior to and following a predation attempt could provide insight into how animals cope with living among predators. In this study, we evaluated the antipredator and compensatory behaviors of Northern Zigzag Salamanders (Plethodon dorsalis) to determine how attempted predation affects behavioral responses to perceived predation risk. In a laboratory setting, we performed behavioral assays evaluating escape distance, exploratory movements, cover use, eating habits...
Balance and Control of Movement

This chapter describes how recruitment of which motor neurons with what frequency is the basis of neural control of movement. The lower motor neurons are arranged topologically within the cord, according to myotome and topologically arranged in the ventral horn. The spinal reflexes form a base upon which the motor cortex triggers movement. The somatotopic organization of the motor cortex is described. How motor tasks are initiated, refined and executed is described in terms of the premotor cortex, supplementary motor cortex, somatosensory cortex, and sensory association area. Lesions of these produce apraxia or neglect syndromes. The role of the basal ganglia (caudate nucleus, putamen, internal globus pallidus and external globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra) is discussed, in particular with regard to Parkinsonism. The role of the cerebellum is described. How rotational acceleration and gravity is assessed by hair cells in the ampullary crests of the semicircular canals of the inner ear and in the utricle and saccule is described.
Phenolic bioactives and associated antioxidant and anti-hyperglycemic functions of select species of Apiaceae family targeting for type 2 diabetes relevant nutraceuticals

Abstract Plant species rich in human health relevant bioactives are excellent targets to develop non-food nutraceuticals, which can complement the use of pharmaceutical drugs to combat global epidemic of non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs). Developing strategies to explore and evaluate the efficacy of plant sources towards prevention of hyperglycemia and hypertension linked to type 2 diabetes would serve as the basis for innovation towards designing non-food nutraceuticals for wider applications. Therefore, the aim of this study was to screen and evaluate seed extracts of select species from the family Apiaceae targeting therapeutic and non-food nutraceutical uses towards the management of hyperglycemia-linked to type 2 diabetes. Aqueous (hot water) and ethanol extracts (12%) of seeds from 6 targeted species of Apiaceae family were screened and evaluated for total soluble phenolic content, phenolic acids profile, total antioxidant activity, α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities using rapid in vitro assay models. In both aqueous and ethanol extracts, high total soluble phenolic content was observed in ajowan (Trachyspermum amni) and in dill (Anethum graveolens). High and positive correlations between total soluble phenolic content and total antioxidant activity (r = 0.73) was also observed in ethanolic extracts of targeted species. Overall, low α-amylase and moderate α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was found in all targeted species; however these anti-hyperglycemic properties varied significantly between species and extraction types. The results of this in vitro study indicates that water and ethanol soluble phenolic bioactive fractions of these select seeds of Apiaceae family has type 2 diabetes relevant antioxidant and anti-hyperglycemic functions and can be targeted for designing non-food nutraceuticals.
In the Zone: Sex Offenders and the Ten-Percent Solutions

At first glance, sex-offender residency restrictions appear plausible because they ostensibly place a convicted sex offender's residence out of reach of children. However, these regimes address less than ten percent of the very real problem of child sex abuse, as family members and acquaintances of children commit more than ninety percent of this abuse. On the other hand, many schemes effectively banish almost 100% of convicted sex offenders to society's literal and social margins, condemning many low-risk offenders to a lifetime of isolation while breeding optimal conditions for high-risk offenders to reoffend. The practical implications of this policy choice, therefore, are dangerous and real, lulling the public into a false sense of security.This Article challenges prevailing judicial orthodoxy that many sex-offender residency restrictions are constitutional under the Ex Post Facto Clause. The Article applies the analytical framework of Smith v. Doe, the U.S. Supreme Court's most recent case involving sex-offender legislation. It also forges a new way of thinking about these regimes as land-use policies that "negatively" zone individuals out of the urban cores. The Article proposes an innovative "positive" zoning scheme, the Sex-Offender Containment Zone, which zones high-risk convicted sex offenders back into the city in a manner that is effective, humane, and constitutional.
Atta-matic: mind the body

A series of speculative and whimsical wearable devices that highlight the disconnect between our mind and body in sedentary lifestyle. This project aims to enhance our perception of how contemporary human-machine interfaces encourage and produce very particular body postures and gestures, which in turn shape behavior that becomes an automatic response. Keybod is a computer keyboard worn on the upper body that forces the wearer to be mindful of typing as well as their posture. Click-kick are shoe covers that work as a computer's mouse with existing energetic movements controlling its cursor. Text-neck is a collar piece that disrupts its wearer, helping them to avoid staying in a bad posture longer than desired when interacting with a smartphone.
Genetic Control of Drug Metabolism

To study the genetic control of drug metabolism is often called pharmacogenetics. In a single sentence, “pharmacogenetics” may be defined as the attempt to understand why the same dose of the same drug given to two different individuals (with the possible exception of identical twins) may cause widely varying responses. These “responses” include therapeutic effects of a drug, e.g. anticoagulation or control of seizures, but also unwanted deleterious effects such as cancer or drug toxicity. The experimental system to be examined in detail in this Chapter represents principally a genetic difference in receptor concentration; because of this defect there are large genetic differences in the biotransformation and pharmacokinetics of certain drugs and other environmental pollutants, resulting in important differences in risk toward cancer, drug toxicity, mutation, and birth defects.
Gastric teratoma: Our 17 year experience.

Abstract Background Teratomas originating from the stomach are extremely rare and account for less than 1% of all cases of teratomas. This site of occurrence has unique diagnostic and management issues. Methods A single centre case-record review of gastric teratomas presenting between January 2000 and April 2017 was performed. Results Thirteen children were found to have gastric teratomas. Presenting features were abdominal distension in 12 (92%) and palpable abdominal mass in 9 (69%). At operation, 8 (61%) were exogastric tumors. The tumor was excised with partial gastrectomy (n=7, 54%), total gastrectomy (n=1, 8%), partial gastrectomy and limited transverse colectomy (n=2, 15%), and excision of small part of serosa (mucosal sparing) (n=3, 23%). Histopathologically, these were identified as mature gastric teratomas in 8 (61%). Three (23%) children died postoperatively. Conclusion Gastric teratomas are rare, with the majority described as exogastric. Partial gastrectomy is always needed, but occasionally complete gastrectomy is necessary. Overall survival is >75% in our experience. Level of evidence IV
Illness Representations of Multiple Chronic Conditions and Self-Management Behaviors in Older Adults: A Pilot Study:

This article explores the intraindividual variability in illness representations of people with multiple chronic conditions and examines how representations of hypertension and arthritis are associated with self-management. Intraclass correlations determined the proportion of within-person variability in illness representations including Timeline, Consequences, Personal Control, and Timeline-Cyclical for 25 adults aged 64 and older. Within-person consistency across illnesses was present for Timeline and Timeline-Cyclical, but variability across illnesses in Personal Control and Consequences. Correlations revealed associations of diet, exercise, and sleep with illness representations of people with arthritis and hypertension. Representations of hypertension (Personal Control, Timeline-Cyclical, and Consequences) were associated with adherence to a reduced fat diet, walking, and total sleep time. Representations of arthritis were not associated with health behaviors. Findings demonstrate that clinical practice must consider the illness representations patients have about each of their chronic illnesses to begin to sustain positive self-management behaviors.
The Thermal Hydraulics of Small-Break Loss-of-Coolant Accidents Relative to Pressurized Thermal Shock

The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission pressurized thermal shock (PTS) study had previously identified small-break loss-of-coolant accidents (SBLOCAs) as a risk dominant accident scenario due to (n...
Flow Measurements of Au + Au at 10.8 GeV/c

Measurements of collective flow effects in Au + Au collisions at the AGS utilizing the E877 apparatus are presented. Both transverse energy and multiplicity distributions show anisotropies with respect to the reaction plane. Calorimetric measures of transverse energy coupled with charged particle multiplicity distributions lead to a separation of the nucleon and pion flow. Further, the azimuthal anisotropy of identified particles with respect to the reaction plane is measured utilizing the forward spectrometer. The resulting slope of the 〈p x 〉 for nucleons is comparable to those at Bevalac energies while the pions display a small flow signal opposite to the nucleons. The second Fourier moment is also measured and is found to be directed opposite to measurements at lower energies.
SYNERGISM BETWEEN MALNUTRITION AND INFECTION IN INFANTS

In developing countries, malnutrition and infections are the most important causes of infant mortality and morbidity. Although there are separate incidence and prevalence rates for the two groups of diseases, it should be recognized that there is a synergism between both (1). Nearly all infections have detectable adverse effects of the nutritional status of infants, and malnutrition increases the severity of infection. Public health programs should be concerned with this synergism to break the vicious interaction between infection and malnutrition. The emphasis of this review is the mechanism of synergism which will in turn dictate the nature of the public health programs designed to reduce infant and neonatal mortality and morbidity.
The Pathologist's Role in the Interpretation of Carcinogenicity Studies on Laboratory Animals

Abstract The burden of the interpretation of the results of a long-term carcino-genicity study in rodents falls squarely on the shoulders of the pathologist: his findings have ultimate legal, economic and political connotations. There are three critical decision points — diagnosis, interpretation and evaluation. The diagnosis, as in man, depends on a full clinical history being correllated with the pathological findings. The most difficult task is to distinguish inflammation from hyperplasia, hyperplasia from neoplasia and the benign from the malignant form of the latter. Interpretation is deciding, with all the information available, chether the substance is carcinogenic in the rodent species employed and evaluation is deciding whether the substance should, therefore, be considered to be carcinogenic for man.
Hands-On Experience of Crowdsourcing for Flood Risks. An Android Mobile Application Tested in Frederikssund, Denmark

There is evidence that the toll of death and destruction caused by natural hazards is rising. This is often ascribed to the impact of climate change that resulted in an increased frequency of extreme meteorological events. As a consequence, it is realistic to expect that the casualties and damages caused by floods will increase in the near future. Advanced weather forecast is a fundamental tool to predict the occurrence of floods and structural mitigation measures are crucial for flood protection. However, these strategies should be associate with tools to promote and increase natural-disaster awareness and nonstructural mitigation measures in the exposed population. To bridge this gap, we coupled innovative, ICT-based technologies with crowdsourcing. The idea is to exploit geospatial data gathered by citizens and volunteers with their own devices such as mobile phones to provide authorities with relevant information in case of flood emergencies. This paper describes the design and testing of an Android application named MAppERS (Mobile Applications for Emergency Response and Support), thought to enhance active participation and response of the population in territorial and flood-risk mitigation in Frederikssund, Denmark. The results of the piloting fully validate MAppERS as an effective tool to support the decision-making process during a crisis and to improve the awareness of the community and their disaster resilience.
Preoperative Optimization Checklists Within the Comprehensive Care for Joint Replacement Bundle Have Not Decreased Hospital Returns for Total Knee Arthroplasty.

Abstract Background The Comprehensive Care for Joint Replacement (CJR) model has resulted in the evolution of preoperative optimization programs to decrease costs and hospital returns. At the investigating institution, one center was not within the CJR bundle and has dedicated fewer resources to this effort. The remaining centers have adopted an 11 metric checklist designed to identify and mitigate modifiable preoperative risks. We hypothesized that this checklist would improve postoperative metrics that impact costs for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) patients eligible for participation in CJR. Methods Patients undergoing TKA from 2014 to 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Only patients with eligible participation in CJR were included. Outcome variables including length of stay, disposition, 90-day emergency department visits, and hospital readmissions were explored. Analysis was performed to determine differences in outcomes between CJR participating and non-CJR participating hospitals within the healthcare system. Results In total, 2308 TKA patients including 1564 from a CJR participating center and 744 from a non-CJR center were analyzed. There was no significant difference in patient age or gender. Patients at the non-CJR hospital had significantly higher body mass index (P Conclusion The resources utilized at CJR participating hospitals, including patient optimization checklists, did not effectively alter patient outcomes following discharge. Likely, a checklist alone is insufficient for risk mitigation and detailed optimization protocols for modifiable risk factors must be investigated.
A Game Theoretic Based Biologically-Inspired Distributed Intelligent Flocking Control for Multi-UAV Systems with Network Imperfections

In this paper, a game theoretic based biologically-inspired distributed intelligent control methodology is proposed to overcome challenges in networked multi-UAV, i.e., networked imperfections and uncertainty from environment and system. Considering the limited computational ability in the practical onboard micro-controller, the proposed method is adopted based on the game theory, and the emotional learning phenomenon in the mammalian limbic system. The learning capability and low computational complexity of the proposed technique makes it a propitious tool for implementing in networked multi-UAV flocking even in presence of the network imperfections and uncertainty from environment and system. Lyapunov analysis and computer-aid numerical simulation results of the implementation of the proposed methodology demonstrate the effectiveness of this algorithm.
Simplified Method for Laterally Loaded Short Piles in Cohesionless Soil

Rigorous estimation of the lateral load resistance of piles requires advanced modeling techniques with consideration of the three-dimensionality of the problem. However, the scope of the project, t...
How Are Women in African Parliaments Influencing Health Outcomes

This paper examines the question of how women in parliament are impacting health outcomes in African countries. One of the basic functions of parliaments is budgeting and by evaluating the impact of female parliamentarians on public expenditure on health we can determine if their impact on health outcomes comes from this fiscal responsibility of parliament. The effect of percentage of women in parliament on health expenditure in the next year was analyzed using regression analyses while controlling for GDP, HIV rate and Maternal Mortality was determined. We conclude that women in parliament influence health outcomes by increasing budgetary allocation to health.
O-Functionalization of a cobalt carbonyl generates a terminal cobalt carbyne.

Despite efforts toward extending multiple bonding motifs to late metal systems, examples of late transition metal carbynes remain scarce. Herein, we describe the synthesis of a series of L3Co(CO) complexes supported by a trisphosphine ligand framework, with the most reduced of these complexes being amenable to O-functionalization. This transformation provides access to the second reported example of a terminal Co-carbyne complex, in this case stabilized in a pseudotetrahedral geometry (i.e., L3CoC-OSiR3). Its geometry makes its electronic structure suitable for comparison to structurally-related examples of terminal Co-imido and oxo species.
Pharmacy students' intentions to utilize pharmacoeconomics, pharmacoepidemiology, and health outcomes in future jobs

Abstract Introduction The objectives of this study were to explore factors associated with pharmacy students' intentions to utilize health outcomes by: (1) understanding opinions on health outcomes, (2) understanding the likelihood of using health outcomes in different settings, and (3) predicting pharmacy students' intentions to utilize health outcomes in future jobs. Methods This study surveyed second-year pharmacy students over two years. The survey contained four components: the theory of planned behavior, opinions on health outcomes, the likelihood of using health outcomes in different settings, and demographics. To predict pharmacy students' intentions to utilize health outcomes in future jobs, a multiple linear regression model was used with behavioral intention as the dependent variable. Results Of the 376 second-year pharmacy students surveyed, 229 responded (60.90%). Pharmacy students had a positive attitude (mean: 0.77, SD: 0.16), high level of subjective norm (mean: 0.75, SD: 0.18), high level of perceived behavioral control (mean: 0.74, SD: 0.15), and high level of behavioral intention (mean: 0.74, SD: 0.21). They thought health outcomes were important for their future jobs (mean: 0.76, SD: 0.22), and equally important as other courses in the doctor of pharmacy curriculum (mean: 0.49, SD: 0.23). Significant predictors of utilizing health outcomes in future jobs were attitude (0.21; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.40), subjective norm (0.38; 95% CI: 0.23, 0.54), and perceived behavioral control (0.45, 95% CI: 0.27, 0.63). Conclusions The second-year pharmacy students in the program studied had positive opinions and expressed high likelihood of applying their health outcomes knowledge and skill after graduation.
Investigation of bias in an epilepsy machine learning algorithm trained on physician notes.

Racial disparities in the utilization of epilepsy surgery are well documented, but it is unknown whether a natural language processing (NLP) algorithm trained on physician notes would produce biased recommendations for epilepsy presurgical evaluations. To assess this, an NLP algorithm was trained to identify potential surgical candidates using 1097 notes from 175 epilepsy patients with a history of resective epilepsy surgery and 268 patients who achieved seizure freedom without surgery (total N = 443 patients). The model was tested on 8340 notes from 3776 patients with epilepsy whose surgical candidacy status was unknown (2029 male, 1747 female, median age = 9 years; age range = 0-60 years). Multiple linear regression using demographic variables as covariates was used to test for correlations between patient race and surgical candidacy scores. After accounting for other demographic and socioeconomic variables, patient race, gender, and primary language did not influence surgical candidacy scores (P > .35 for all). Higher scores were given to patients >18 years old who traveled farther to receive care, and those who had a higher family income and public insurance (P < .001, .001, .001, and .01, respectively). Demographic effects on surgical candidacy scores appeared to reflect patterns in patient referrals.
Caught in the middle: WIPO and emerging economies

When the World Intellectual Property Organization was established in April 1970--with its origins tracing back to the adoption of the WIPO Convention in July 1967--the organization was at the center of a deeply divisive debate between developed and developing countries over the appropriate design of the international intellectual property system. A few years later, WIPO became a U.N. specialized agency. With the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, it coauthored the report entitled The Role of the Patent System in the Transfer of Technology to Developing Countries. The report’s pro-development views contrasted significantly with the traditional positions taken by WIPO and its predecessor. Those positions closely aligned with the views of inventors and their supportive developed countries. More than five decades after the adoption of the WIPO Convention, the North-South divide continued to dominate debates concerning the international intellectual property regime. Notwithstanding these debates, the past two decades have seen the arrival of so-called "emerging economies." While this open-ended term has sparked disagreements among policymakers and commentators, most agree that the term covers countries such as Brazil, China and India. How have emerging economies influenced the mandate, structure and activities of WIPO? What are the positive and negative impacts of these economies? Has their arrival transformed the U.N. specialized agency? Tackling these questions in turn, this chapter begins by describing the changing landscape in the international intellectual property regime. It then explores the emerging economies’ impacts on WIPO and its activities. The chapter concludes by offering insights into the organization’s future.
Physicians Knowledge and Practice of Safe Sleep Recommendations for Infants in South Dakota.

Introduction Safe sleep recommendations for infants have been evolving over the past three decades. It has been shown that physicians' recommendations strongly influence parents' choice of infant sleep position. However, the proportion of physicians and/or nurses giving infant sleep advice to parents is reportedly low. Methods A survey was conducted in South Dakota to evaluate pediatricians' and family practitioners' knowledge of safe sleep recommendations for infants. Survey questions assessed their beliefs regarding risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and their recommendations for safe sleep environments provided to parents/caregivers. Results Among the respondents, 98 percent felt that it is important to discuss SIDS with every parent and 80 percent of them indicated a need within their profession to have further information on the topic of SIDS. However, 31 percent of physicians with 16 years or more since training and 64.5 percent of those with less than 16 years since training did provide safe sleep advice to parents and caregivers. Conclusions Despite the knowledge of SIDS risk factors, gaps were seen in dissemination of information regarding all risk factors to parents. While sleep position, postnatal exposures and breast feeding were more likely to be addressed, other elements of a safe sleep environment such as bedding surface, bed sharing, pacifier use and room ventilation were less likely to be covered. These findings indicate the need for improved health care provider education/communication in South Dakota.
Evidence of a significant secretory-IgA-dominant SARS-CoV-2 immune response in human milk following recovery from COVID-19

Abstract SARS-CoV-2, commonly termed COVID-19 for the illness it causes, has infected >3.2 million people, including >220,000 deaths. Human milk IgG originates mainly from blood, therefore a SARS-CoV-2-reactive antibody (Ab) response in milk would be expected (1). However, IgG comprises only ~2% of milk Ab, with most milk Abs originating from mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (1). Therefore, the extent of the milk immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is unknown (2). This response is critical for infants and young children, who tend not to suffer greatly from COVID-19 pathology but are likely responsible for significant virus transmission (3-5). Perhaps even more significant is the fact that milk Abs could be purified and used as a COVID-19 therapeutic, given they would likely be of the secretory (s) class and highly resistant to proteolytic degradation in the respiratory tissue (2, 6). In this preliminary report, 15 milk samples obtained from donors previously-infected with SARS-CoV-2 as well as 10 negative control samples obtained prior to December 2019 were tested for reactivity to the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein by ELISAs measuring IgA, IgG, IgM, and secretory Ab. Eighty percent of samples obtained post-COVID-19 exhibited IgA reactivity, and all these samples were also positive for secretory Ab reactivity, suggesting the IgA is predominantly sIgA. COVID-19 group mean OD values of undiluted milk were significantly greater for IgA (p
ANCA Negative Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis in Patient with Multiple Autoimmune Disorders. (1716)

Objective: To describe a patient with SLE with eosinophilia of unknown etiology and vasculitis. Background: Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) is a rare systemic vasculitis characterized by extravascular granulomas, eosinophilia, and tissue infiltration by eosinophils. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ANCA) is positive in 30–40% of these patients. Design/Methods: A 65-year-old woman presented with chief complaint of allodynia and numbness in her legs. She also reported weakness in her proximal upper and lower extremities. Past medical history was significant for asthma, lupus, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, and possible Addison’s disease. Patient had been completely weaned off from chronic steroid therapy about 13 months prior to admission. Over the past 6 months, patient reported extreme nausea and lack of appetite, along with unintentional weight loss of 100 lbs. Results: Routine lab work was significant initially for a mild neutrophilic predominant leukocytosis (WBC 12.2 with 90% neutrophils) but she developed an eosinophilia of 10.7% on differential (absolute 1.2 K/cumm with WBC 11.4) during her hospital stay. MRI of the pelvis and lumbar spine was concerning for a myositis of the iliopsoas, gluteal muscles, and adductor muscles with relative sparing of the quadriceps and hamstring muscles. A nerve conduction study and electromyography showed severe length dependent chronic sensorimotor axonal polyneuropathy. Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangitis (EGPA) was suspected; however, p-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody/ANCA/anti-myeloperoxidase (MPO) antibodies were negative. A biopsy of her finger lesion revealed a leukocytoclastic vasculitis with overlying epidermal necrosis and prominent sweat gland necrosis . Patient was started on cyclophosphamide chemotherapy, with subsequent return of her appetite, stabilization of her leg numbness/tingling, and improvement in energy levels. Conclusions: We here report a case of ANCA negative EGPA in a patient with multiple autoimmune disorders. We consider that there is a possible overlap in the pathogenesis of these disease, which may lead to interaction during the course of the diseases. Disclosure: Dr. Khosa has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mishra has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bradshaw has nothing to disclose. Dr. Stanecki has nothing to disclose. Dr. Diaz has nothing to disclose. Dr. Freundlich has nothing to disclose.
Health Care Lobbying, Political Action Committees, and Spine Surgery.

STUDY DESIGN Retrospective review. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyze the political contributions and strategies of the Political Action Committee (PACs) lobbying for the political interests of spine surgeons. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA In 2016, a presidential election year, $514,224,628 was spent on health care lobbying. Only 16% ($85,061,148) was on behalf of health professionals providing care. Below we chronicle the overlapping contributions between the three different physician-based Political Action Committee (PAC) lobbying entities as it relates specifically to spine surgery. METHODS Data were abstracted for the PACs of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS), American Association of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS), and the North American Spine Society (NASS). These data were obtained using OpenSecrets (opensecrets.org), and the Federal Election Commission (fec.gov) website. All data points were collected biannually from 2006 to 2018 and statistically analyzed as appropriate. RESULTS In 2016, the AAOS PAC contributed $2,648,218, the AANS PAC $348,091, and the NASS PAC $183,612. After accounting for respective group size, the AAOS spent >2.34 times that of the AANS. Orthopedists were 3.84 times (95% confidence interval 3.42-4.3) more likely to donate to their PAC than neurosurgeons (P < 0.001) during the 2016 election. The majority of contributions among the three different lobbyist organizations were to federal candidates, followed by fundraising committees, and finally to the national party. Eighty-eight percent of AANS donations went to Republican candidates, whereas AAOS and NASS were 63% and 67%, respectively. From 2008 to 2016, the AAOS PAC had a highest political contributions spend per active member of parent organization ($126.39) as compared to AANS ($80.52) and NASS ($17.81). The AAOS had five surgeons for every donor to the AAOS PAC, whereas the AANS had 14 surgeons and NASS 38 members per each donor. The AANS had a higher percentage of Republican donations with 78.9% of donations going to Republicans as compared to 61.8% of AAOS contributions and 67.9% of NASS contributions. CONCLUSION Spine surgery is unique in that three different physician-based lobbyist organizations seek to influence legislative priorities with the AAOS having the most substantial fiscal impact and greatest participation. Choreography of donation strategies is essential to maximize physician voice at the policy level. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 5.
TBI as a Risk Factor for Substance Use Behaviors: A Meta-analysis.

Abstract Objective To quantify the relationship between substance use behaviors before and after traumatic brain injury (TBI), to identify populations that may benefit more from targeted interventions to reduce the effect of substance use on TBI recovery, and to establish areas for further study. Data Sources Studies were identified via literature searches using MEDLINE, PsychInfo, PsychArticles, PubMed, and GoogleScholar (published before January 2019), as well as reference section reviews and forward searches. Searches were conducted using search terms for TBI and substance use behaviors. Study Selection Studies were included if they (1) contained both a measure of TBI and a measure of substance use behaviors; (2) reported an effect size representing the relationship between substance use behaviors before and after TBI, compared TBI vs non-TBI groups on substance use behaviors controlling for pre-TBI substance use, or compared groups with differing TBI severity on subsequent substance use behaviors controlling for pre-TBI substance use; (3) were written in English; and (4) were human subjects research. Studies examining effects of substance use intervention for people sustaining TBI were excluded from this study. Data Extraction Study variables included substance use behaviors, TBI severity, time since TBI, military status, age, race, and sex. Data Synthesis Substance use behaviors had a small but statistically significant decrease after moderate-severe TBI. After moderate-severe TBI, there was a statistically significant decline in both substance use (d=−0.29, P Conclusions Substance use behaviors had a small decrease after moderate to severe TBI and no significant change after mild TBI. Study findings suggest the need for accurate assessment to identify those at greatest risk for problematic substance use behaviors after TBI.
Understanding the interaction of extension twinning and basal-plate precipitates in Mg-9Al using precession electron diffraction

Abstract Precession electron diffraction is used to characterize the interaction between { 10 1 ¯ 2 } tensile twins and basal plate-like precipitates in a post-deformed, precipitate-dispersed Mg-9Al micropillar. We observed a heterogeneous distribution of precipitates in the micropillar sample, which enabled the study of the different stages involved in twin-precipitate interactions. We show that twin nucleation was promoted, taking place on the surface, as well as from the interior of the micropillar. Twin tip propagation and twin growth were hindered by the precipitates. Twin tips either were arrested by precipitates and new twins formed on the other side of the precipitate, or continued to grow around the precipitate without the re-nucleation events. During twin thickening, the precipitates did not significantly alter the shear-dominant twin boundary migration mechanism, as evidenced by the relatively flat twin boundaries around the partially embedded precipitates. However, the twin boundary migration was retarded by the precipitates, especially in regions confined by closely-spaced precipitates.