cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Outcome assessment of medical education fellowships in emergency medicine.

Objectives Medical education fellowships in emergency medicine (EM) provide training in teaching, assessment, educational program administration, and scholarship. The longitudinal impact of this training is unknown. Our objective was to characterize the career outcomes of medical education fellowship graduates. Methods We solicited curriculum vitae (CV) from graduates of U.S. EM education fellowships by email. We abstracted data from CVs with a standard instrument that included program characteristics, employment history, leadership positions, awards, and scholarly productivity. We calculated and reported descriptive statistics. Results A total of 71 of 91 (78%) graduates participated. Thirty-three completed a 1-year fellowship and 38 completed a 2-year fellowship. Nineteen (27%) completed an advanced degree during fellowship. Median (range) graduation year was 2016 (1997-2020). The majority, 63 of 71 (89%), work in an academic setting. Graduates held leadership positions in continuing medical education, graduate medical education, and undergraduate medical education. Forty-eight (68%) served on national medical education committees. The mean ± SD number of national medical education awards was 1.27 ± 2.03. The mean ± SD number of national medical education presentations was 7.63 ± 10.83. Graduates authored a mean ± SD of 3.63 ± 5.81 book chapters and a mean ± SD of 4.99 ± 6.17 peer-reviewed medical education research publications. Ten (14%) served on journal editorial boards, 34 (48%) were journal reviewers, and 31 (44%) had received a medical education grant. Conclusion EM medical education fellowship graduates are academically productive and hold education leadership positions.
Overview with Some Definitions and Mathematics

This chapter introduces basic ideas and tools for the analysis of mechanical systems. I introduce kinetic and potential energy, necessary for the Euler-Lagrange approach in Chap. 3. I also discuss scaling, the art of rendering the equations of mechanical system dimensionless, and review the connection between trigonometric functions and the complex exponential, essential for solving the ordinary differential equations governing mechanical systems.
Degradation mechanisms and lifetime prediction for lithium-ion batteries — A control perspective

Predictive models of Li-ion battery lifetime must consider a multiplicity of electrochemical, thermal, and mechanical degradation modes experienced by batteries in application environments. To complicate matters, Li-ion batteries can experience different degradation trajectories that depend on storage and cycling history of the application environment. Rates of degradation are controlled by factors such as temperature history, electrochemical operating window, and charge/discharge rate. We present a generalized battery life prognostic model framework for battery systems design and control. The model framework consists of trial functions that are statistically regressed to Li-ion cell life datasets wherein the cells have been aged under different levels of stress. Degradation mechanisms and rate laws dependent on temperature, storage, and cycling condition are regressed to the data, with multiple model hypotheses evaluated and the best model down-selected based on statistics. The resulting life prognostic model, implemented in state variable form, is extensible to arbitrary real-world scenarios. The model is applicable in real-time control algorithms to maximize battery life and performance. We discuss efforts to reduce lifetime prediction error and accommodate its inevitable impact in controller design.
Cognitive Computer Tools in the Teaching and Learning of Undergraduate Calculus

The purpose of this study was to explore the use of a cognitive computer tool by undergraduate calculus students as they worked cooperatively on mathematical tasks. Specific attention was given to levels of cognitive demand in which the students were engaged as they completed in-class labs with the assistance of MathCAD. Participants were assigned to eight heterogeneous working groups consisting of four students each. One group was chosen as the focus of the case study. Data included student questionnaires, individual interviews, assignments, audio transcriptions of student discussions, and video recordings. Open and axial coding was used to analyze the data. Participants believed that the use of MathCAD allowed them to explore mathematics, spend more time on interpreting results, and focus on understanding. The cognitive computer tool reduced the reliance on low-level thinking skills and allowed for creativity in problem solving, permitting students to move toward high levels of thinking.
Molecular mechanism of α-tocopherol action

The inability of other antioxidants to substitute for α-tocopherol in a number of cellular reactions, the lack of a compensatory antioxidant response in the gene expression under conditions of α-tocopherol deficiency, the unique uptake of α-tocopherol relative to the other tocopherols and its slower catabolism, and the striking differences in the molecular function of the different tocopherols and tocotrienols, observed in vitro, unrelated to their antioxidant properties, are all data in support of a nonantioxidant molecular function of α-tocopherol. Furthermore, in vivo studies have also shown that α-tocopherol is not able, at physiological concentrations, to protect against oxidant-induced damage or prevent disease allegedly caused by oxidative damage. α-Tocopherol appears to act as a ligand of not yet identified specific proteins (receptors, transcription factors) capable of regulating signal transduction and gene expression.
A labile phosphodiester bond at the ligation junction in a circular intervening sequence RNA

The excised intervening sequence of the Tetrahymena ribosomal RNA precursor mediates its own covalent cyclization in the absence of any protein. The circular molecule undergoes slow reopening at a single phosphodiester bond, the one that was formed during cyclization. The resulting linear molecule has 5'-phosphate and 3'-hydroxyl termini; these are unusual products for RNA hydrolysis but are typical of the other reactions mediated by this molecule. The reopened circle retains cleavage-ligation activity, as evidenced by its ability to undergo another round of cyclization and reopening. The finding that an RNA molecule can be folded so that a specific phosphate can be strained or activated helps to explain how the activation energy is lowered for RNA self-splicing. The proposed mechanisms may be relevant to several other RNA cleavage reactions that are RNA-mediated.
PHONEMIC CHARTS ALONE ARE NOT ENOUGH

In the analysis of any language according to the descriptive linguistic procedure, one must study the phonology, morphology, and syntax of the language. In each of these three subjects, devices functioning within its own structure can be discovered, and the devices and structures vary from language to language. In the analysis of syntactical structure, the linguist observes the syntactical patterns, such as the use of function words, word order, and inflection in various patterns found in English. In the analysis of the morphological structure, for example that in English, he contrasts the morphological devices within the morphological patterns, such a s the four form classes in cont ras t with each other.3 Even though the demarkation between morphology and syntax is not yet clearly drawn, in his description of the language, he records the different kinds of function words that can be used w i t h e a c h f o r m c l a ~ s . ~ In the analysis of the phonological structure, he identifies the sounds and their patterns. The study of the sound patterns involves the separating of individual meaning distinguishing sound-features o r phonemes, the grouping of non-meaning distinguishing soundfeatures o r phonetic differences into phonemes, the recognizing of the distribution of sounds and their features, and the possibility of sound combinations.5 The result of this study on the phonological structure thus obtained is usualiy presented in a phonemic chart made up of phonemes arranged according to their points of articulation. This phonemic chart , however, does not show the submembers of the phonemes, the variations of a phoneme due to certain distribution, and the possible phoneme combinations or the arrangement of phonemes o r the
mei-41 and bub1 block mitosis at two distinct steps in response to incomplete DNA replication in Drosophila embryos

Abstract Drosophila double park encodes a homolog of Cdt1 that functions in initiation of DNA replication in fission yeast and Xenopus [1–3]. dup mutants complete the first 15 embryonic cell cycles, presumably via maternal dup products, and show defects in the 16 th S phase (S16) [1]. Cells carrying dup a1 allele forgo S16 altogether but enter mitosis 16 (M16) [1]. We find that the timing of entry into M16 is similar in dup a1 and heterozygous or wild-type (wt) controls. In contrast, we find that mutant cells carrying another allele, dup a3 , undergo a partial S16 and delay the entry into M16. Thus, initiation of S16 appears necessary for delaying M16. This delay is absent in double mutants of dup a3 and mei-41 ( Drosophila ATR), indicating that a mei-41 -dependent checkpoint acts to delay the entry into mitosis in response to incomplete DNA replication. dup a3 and dup a1 mutant cells that enter M16 become arrested in M16 [1]. We find that mitotic cyclins are stabilized and that a spindle checkpoint protein, Bub1, localizes onto chromosomes during mitotic arrest in dup mutants. These features suggest an arrest prior to metaphase-anaphase transition. dup a3 bub1 double mutant cells exit M16, indicating that a bub1 -mediated checkpoint acts to block mitotic exit in dup mutants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of (1) incomplete DNA replication affecting both the entry into and the exit from mitosis in a single cell cycle via different mechanisms and (2) the role of bub1 in regulating mitotic exit in response to incomplete DNA replication.
Adiponectin May Modify the Risk of Barrett's Esophagus in Patients With Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease.

Background & Aims Abdominal obesity and increasing body mass index are risk factors for esophageal adenocarcinoma and its main precursor, Barrett's esophagus; however, there are no known biological mechanisms for these associations or regarding why only some patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease develop Barrett's esophagus. We evaluated the association between Barrett's esophagus and multimers of an adipose-associated hormone, adiponectin. Methods We conducted a case-control study evaluating the associations between adiponectin (total, high-molecular-weight, and low-/medium-molecular-weight) and Barrett's esophagus within the Kaiser Permanente Northern California population. Patients with a new diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus (cases) were matched to patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) without Barrett's esophagus and to population controls. Results Complete serologic and epidemiologic data were available for 284 cases, 294 GERD controls, and 285 population controls. Increasing adiponectin levels were a risk factor for Barrett's esophagus among patients with GERD (total adiponectin fourth vs first quartile odds ratio [OR], 1.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17–3.27; high-molecular-weight adiponectin OR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.00-2.73; low-/medium-molecular-weight adiponectin OR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.33–3.56), but not compared with population controls. The associations were significantly stronger among patients reporting frequent GERD symptoms and among smokers ( P values interaction Conclusions Adiponectin levels are associated positively with the risk of Barrett's esophagus among patients with GERD and among smokers, but not among population controls without GERD symptoms. Higher adiponectin concentrations either independently may contribute to the aberrant healing of esophageal injury into Barrett's esophagus or be a marker for other factors.
Safety in Indian Coal Mines – Where Do We Go from Here

The 20th century has experienced a considerable amount of success in coal mine safety in India. The mining industry has for many years focused on injury prevention at the workplace through procedures and training, and has achieved considerable success. However, the statistics on major accident events such as fatalities and reportable incidents has not shown the corresponding levels of improvement. In the area of major hazards control, the mining industry approach has emphasized mainly on past experiences and lessons learnt, while other high hazard industries such as the chemical process industry and oil and gas industry have taken system safety techniques to new highs. A literature review on quantitative analysis of mine safely studies revealed that numerous investigators explored a wide- range of techniques, including the investigation of bivariate and multivariate statistical models. It is inferred that the use of these quantitative techniques can provide a new direction of research in mine-safety studies. The important aspect, which was explored in this study through structural equation modeling, is the sequential interrelationships amongst the personal, social, and technical factors leading to accident/injury causation. Interestingly, the accidentinvolved workers are more job stressed, more job dissatisfied and hence, less job involved and often get bored with their jobs. The level of dissatisfaction in mines is quite expected. Further research should be performed using national data set so that the findings can be generalized to all segments of the mining industry. Keywords - Mine Safety, Quantitative Risk Analysis, Structural Equation Modeling, Personal, Social and Technical Factors
The role of sonographic examination in the follow-up of gynecological neoplasms

Abstract Objective. The role and type of procedures of follow-up in patients with gynecological tumors are still a debatable issue. We prospectively analyzed the role of routine transabdominal and transvaginal ultrasound examination (US) in the detection of recurrent disease in gynecologic cancer patients. Methods. Among 552 patients who underwent surgery for gynecological cancer, 385 were available for the analysis. Follow-up examinations included clinical examination, serum tumor marker assay, transvaginal and transabdominal sonography and CT scan/MRI. Results. Positive US examination was documented in 83/385 patients (21.5%). In the overall series, the positive predictive value (PPV) of US examination was 100%, while the negative predictive value (NPV) was 92.7% failing to identify 22 cases of recurrences. When considering the subgroup of patients with positive clinical examination or abnormal tumor marker, positive US analysis was able to identify 66/66 cases of recurrence (PPV = 100%), but exhibited an NPV of 22.2%, with 21/27 (77.8%) false negative cases. Conversely, in cases without clinical/serological signs of disease, positive US recognized all cases of recurrences (17/17, PPV = 100%), and exhibited a very high NPV, with only 1 false negative case out of 275 (0.4%). The US detected recurrences appeared as a solitary lesion in 38/75 (50.6%) patients and in 28/75 (37%) appeared located centrally in the pelvis. The sonographic pattern of the ovarian recurrences was a solid lesion in most (33/40, 82%) cases. In the other gynecological tumors, the lesions appeared as solid masses in 33/35 (94%) cases. Conclusions. We showed that routine US might play a role in the follow-up of gynecologic malignancies, especially in the group of asymptomatic patients, while CT/MRI imaging might be more properly applied to patients with clinical or serological signs of disease.
“It Sounds Good in Theory, But...”: Do Investigative Interviewers Follow Guidelines Based on Memory Research?:

We compared 42 transcripts of sexual abuse interviews conducted by child protective services personnel in one state to practices currently recommended by researchers on children's testimony. Although the majority of the interviewers attempted to establish rapport, they rarely conducted practice interviews regarding past, neutral events, and rarely informed children that “I don't know,”“I don't understand,” and “I don't remember” are acceptable answers to questions. Further, the majority of the interviewers failed to begin their abuse-related questioning with general, open-ended questions, instead relying primarily on specific, yes/no questions throughout the interview. Finally, interviewers frequently introduced new material not previously disclosed by the children and failed to clarify the sources of new information.
A model for the formation of the Local Group

Observational tests of a model for the formation of the Local Group are presented and analyzed in which the mass concentration grows by gravitational accretion of local-pressure matter onto two seed masses in an otherwise homogeneous initial mass distribution. The evolution of the mass distribution is studied in an analytic approximation and a numerical computation. The initial seed mass and separation are adjusted to produce the observed present separation and relative velocity of the Andromeda Nebula and the Galaxy. If H(0) is adjusted to about 80 km/s/Mpc with density parameter Omega = 1, then the model gives a good fit to the motions of the outer members of the Local Group. The same model gives particle orbits at radius of about 100 kpc that reasonably approximate the observed distribution of redshifts of the Galactic satellites.
Characterizing the Annual Reproductive Cycle of Mytilus edulis from Boston Harbor and Cape Cod Bay—a Comparison by Means of Stereology and Condition Indices

Abstract Stereology and condition indices were used in an integrated assessment of the reproductive status of indigenous populations of Mytilus edulis in Massachusetts Bay at the whole-animal, tissue, and cellular levels. Samples collected monthly throughout 1989 were analyzed to characterize and compare the reproductive cycles of populations from two chronically polluted NOAA National Status and Trends 1 (NS&T) sites in Boston Harbor with a reference population from Cape Cod Bay, MA. Condition indices data reveal differences between populations that suggest an enhanced nutritive state at the more polluted Boston Harbor sites. Stereological data indicate that the Cape Cod Bay population demonstrates the same relative commitment to reproductive development as that found in the Boston Harbor populations. Data for whole-body and tissue-condition indices are evaluated here within the context of the stereological data to evaluate the annual reproductive cycle.
Specific fracture configurations predict sexual and excretory dysfunction in men and women 1 year after pelvic fracture.

Purpose: We determined the prevalence and predictors of sexual and excretory dysfunction in patients 1 year after pelvic fracture.Materials and Methods: The multicenter Pennsylvania Trauma Outcomes Study enrolled 1,238 patients and contacted them 1 year after injury. Sexual limitations and excretory dysfunction (bladder/bowel incontinence) were defined based on responses from the Functional Capacity Index. Health related quality of life was determined using SF-36™. The relationship between specific fracture patterns and dysfunction along with the effect of dysfunction on quality of life in patients with pelvic fracture were evaluated by multivariate analysis.Results: Of 1,160 eligible patients 292 (26%) had pelvic fractures. Sexual dysfunction was reported in 21% vs 14% of those with vs without pelvic fractures and bowel or bladder incontinence was reported in 8% vs 4%. On multivariate analysis men with sacroiliac fractures were at higher risk for sexual (RR 4.0, 95% CI 2.3 to 6.8) and excretory (RR 4.3, ...
A finite element-finite difference alternating direction algorithm for three-dimensional groundwater transport

While technically feasible, three dimensional finite element groundwater transport simulation has not found widepsread application because of the considerable computational burden inherent in the approach. An operator splitting algorithm which treats the horizontal plane using finite elements in the first step and the vertical dimension using finite differences in the second step provides considerable savings in both computer memory requirements and computational effort. The algorithm reduces the problem of an (N × M) array of nodes from one in which NM equations must be solved simultaneously, to one of solving N equations M times in the first step and M equations N times in the second step. Applications to type problems and field situations indicate that the method is robust and accurate.
Packetized wireless communication under jamming, a constrained bimatrix game

We develop a constrained bimatrix game framework to model a packetized wireless communication link under jamming where the players' strategies must be chosen from some hyper-polyhedron defined by linear inequalities. In contrast to the widely used zero-sum framework, in bimatrix games it is no longer required that the sum of the players' payoffs to be zero (or a constant value). This allows us to model much larger class of jamming problems including scenarios where the players pursue different goals or have different views of the communication system. We provide the necessary and sufficient conditions under which the existence of the Nash equilibrium (NE) for the constrained bimatrix game is guaranteed. We study a typical jamming problem and show that the jammer can improve his payoff by switching from a zero-sum game to a bimatrix game.
Transient Contacts on the Exterior of the HK97 Procapsid That Are Essential for Capsid Assembly

The G-loop is a 10-residue glycine-rich loop that protrudes from the surface of the mature bacteriophage HK97 capsid at the C-terminal end of the long backbone helix of major capsid protein subunits. The G-loop is essential for assembly, is conserved in related capsid and encapsulin proteins, and plays its role during HK97 capsid assembly by making crucial contacts between the hill-like hexamers and pentamers in precursor proheads. These contacts are not preserved in the flattened capsomers of the mature capsid. Aspartate 231 in each of the ~400 G-loops interacts with lysine 178 of the E-loop (extended loop) of a subunit on an adjacent capsomer. Mutations disrupting this interaction prevented correct assembly and, in some cases, induced abnormal assembly into tubes, or small, incomplete capsids. Assembly remained defective when D231 and K178 were replaced with larger charged residues or when their positions were exchanged. Second-site suppressors of lethal mutants containing substitution D231L replaced the ionic interaction with new interactions between neutral and hydrophobic residues of about the same size: D231L/K178V, D231L/K178I, and D231L/K178N. We conclude that it is not the charge but the size and shape of the side chains of residues 178 and 231 that are important. These two residues control the geometry of contacts between the E-loop and the G-loop, which apparently must be precisely spaced and oriented for correct assembly to occur. We present a model for how the G-loop could control HK97 assembly and identify G-loop-like protrusions in other capsid proteins that may play analogous roles.
Efficient upconversion of subterahertz radiation in a high-Q whispering gallery resonator

We demonstrate efficient upconversion of subterahertz radiation into the optical domain in a high-Q whispering gallery mode resonator with quadratic optical nonlinearity. The 5x10(-3) power conversion efficiency of a cw 100 GHz signal is achieved with only 16 mW of optical pump.
Prevalence of Enuresis and Its Association With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Among U.S. Children: Results From a Nationally Representative Study

Abstract Objective There are no published nationally representative prevalence estimates of enuresis among children in the United States using standardized diagnostic criteria. This study sets out to describe the prevalence, demographic correlates, comorbidities, and service patterns for enuresis in a representative sample of U.S. children. Method The diagnosis of enuresis was derived from parent-reported data for "enuresis, nocturnal" collected using the computerized version of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (C-DISC 4.0) from a nationally representative sample of 8- to 11-year-old children ( n = 1,136) who participated in the 2001–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Results The overall 12-month prevalence of enuresis was 4.45%. The prevalence in boys (6.21%) was significantly greater than that in girls (2.51%). Enuresis was more common at younger ages and among black youth. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was strongly associated with enuresis (odds ratio 2.88; 95% confidence interval 1.26–6.57). Only 36% of the enuretic children had received health services for enuresis. Conclusions Enuresis is a common condition among children in the United States. Few families seek treatment for enuresis despite the potential for adverse effects on emotional health. Child health care professionals should routinely screen for enuresis and its effects on the emotional health of the child and the family. Assessment of ADHD should routinely include evaluation for enuresis and vice versa. Research on the explanations for the association between enuresis and ADHD is indicated.
Evidence for carnitine acyltransferases associated with rat heart microsomes

Abstract 1. 1. Carnitine acetyl-, octanyl- and palmityl transferase activities were found in rat heart mitochondria and in rat heart microsomes prepared by ultracentrifugation and by CaCl2 precipitation. 2. 2. Microsomes subjected to sucrose density gradient centrifugation were represented by single peak, and this peak contained each of the transferases measured. Gradients of mitochondria contained peaks of intact and fragmented mitochondria, both clearly separated from the microsomal region. 3. 3. The marker data and the gradient data indicated that most of the transferase activity in the heart was associated with mitochondria, but that a small amount was also associated with the microsome-containing fraction.
Experimental and Chemical Kinetics Study of the Effects of Halon 1211 (CF2BrCl) on the Laminar Flame Speed and Ignition of Light Hydrocarbons

In this study, the effect of Halon 1211 (CF2BrCl) on the ignition delay time and laminar flame speed of CH4, C2H4, and C3H8 were investigated experimentally for the first time. The results showed that the effects of Halon 1211 on the ignition delay time are strongly dependent on the hydrocarbon: the ignition delay time of CH4 is significantly decreased by Halon 1211 addition, while a significant increase in the ignition delay time was observed with C2H4 for the lowest temperatures investigated. Ignition delay times for C3H8 were slightly increased, mostly on the low-temperature side and for the fuel-rich case. A significant reduction in the laminar flame speed was observed for all of the fuels. A tentative chemical kinetics model was assembled from existing models and completed with reactions that have been determined in the literature or estimated when necessary. The experimental results were reproduced satisfactorily by the model, and a chemical analysis showed that most of the effects of Halon 1211 on ...
Cation-exchange elution sequences—I Divalent and rare-earth cations with EDTA, hedta and citrate

Abstract Ion-exchange elution sequences were established for some divalent and trivalent ions in elutions with those eluants commonly used for the separation of macroquantities of the rare-earth elements-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), hydroxyethylethylenediaminetriacetic acid (HEDTA) and citric acid. The order of elution of the sequence of trivalent metal ions was found to shift with respect to the sequence of divalent metal ions when the of the EDTA eluant was changed and as the composition of the separating mixture changed. A theory is presented which is of qualitative value as an aid in the description of the elution of polyvalent cation mixtures with chelating eluants.
Fragmentation and Monetary Policy in the Euro Area

The ECB has taken a range of actions to address bank funding problems, eliminate excessive risk in sovereign markets, and safeguard monetary transmission. But euro area financial markets have remained fragmented, driving retail interest rates in stressed markets far above those in the core. This has impeded the flow of credit and undermined the transmission of monetary policy. Analysis presented here indicates that the credit channel of monetary policy has broken down during the crisis, particularly in stressed markets, and that SMEs in these economies appear to be most affected by elevated lending rates.Given these stresses, the ECB can undertake additional targeted policy measures, including through additional term loans, collateral policies, and private asset purchases.
Food web dynamics in correlated and autocorrelated environments.

The densities of populations in a community or food web vary as a consequence of both population interactions and environmental (e.g. weather) fluctuations. Populations often respond to the same kinds of environmental fluctuations, and therefore experience correlated environments. Furthermore, some environmental factors change slowly over time, thereby producing positive environmental autocorrelation. We show that the effects of environmental correlation and autocorrelation on the dynamics of the populations in a food web can be large and unintuitive, but can be understood by analyzing the eigenvectors of the community (system) matrix of interactions among populations. For example, environmental correlation and autocorrelation may either obscure or enhance the cyclic dynamics that generally characterize predator-prey interactions even when there is no direct effect of the environment on how species interact. Thus, understanding the population dynamics of species in a food web requires explicit attention to the correlation structure of environmental factors affecting all species.
Effects of temperature on silicate weathering: Solute fluxes and chemical weathering in a temperate rain forest watershed, Jamieson Creek, British Columbia

article i nfo Article history: Accepted 7 September 2009 Chemical weathering of silicate minerals has long been known as a sink for atmospheric CO2, and feedbacks between weathering and climate are believed to affect global climate. While warmer temperatures are believed to increase rates of weathering, weathering in cool climates can be accelerated by increased mineral exposure due to mechanical weathering by ice. In this study, chemical weathering of silicate minerals is investigated in a small temperate watershed. The Jamieson Creek watershed is covered by mature coniferous forest and receives high annual precipitation (4000 mm), mostly in the form of rainfall, and is underlain by quartz diorite bedrock and glacial till. Analysis of pore water concentration gradients indicates that weathering in hydraulically unsaturated ablation till is dominated by dissolution of plagioclase and hornblende. However, a watershed scale solute mass balance indicates high relative fluxes of K and Ca, indicating preferential leaching of these solutes possibly from the relatively unweathered lodgement till. Weathering rates for plagioclase and hornblende calculated from a watershed scale solute mass balance are similar in magnitude to rates determined using pore water concentration gradients. When compared to the Rio Icacos basin in Puerto Rico, a pristine tropical watershed with similar annual precipitation and bedrock, but with dissimilar regolith properties, fluxes of weathering products in stream discharge from the warmer site are 1.8 to 16.2-fold higher, respectively, and regolith profile-averaged plagioclase weathering rates are 3.8 to 9.0-fold higher. This suggests that the Arrhenius effect, which predicts a 3.5- to 9-fold increase in the dissolution rate of plagioclase as temperature is increased from 3.4° to 22 °C, may explain the greater weathering fluxes and rates at the Rio Icacos site. However, more modest differences in K and Ca fluxes between the two sites are attributed to accelerated leaching of those solutes from glacial till at Jamieson Creek. Our findings suggest that under conditions of high rainfall and favorable topography, weathering rates of silicate minerals in warm tropical systems will tend to be higher than in cool temperate systems, even if the temperate system is has been perturbed by an episode of glaciation that deposits regolith high in fresh mineral surface area.
Presentation of the Mineralogical Society of America Award for 2009

Madam President, Officers, and Councilors of MSA, Members and Fellows of the Mineralogical Society of America and the Geological Society of America, Ladies, and Gentlemen, it is a great pleasure for me to present my former Ph.D. student, Thomas Patrick Trainor, to receive the 2009 MSA Award. Tom’s work at Stanford University as a graduate student, at GSECARS (University of Chicago) as a post-doctoral fellow, and in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at the University of Alaska, Fairbanks, as a young faculty member has led to a new understanding of mineral surfaces and their interactions with aqueous environments. I nominated Tom for this prestigious award because of his groundbreaking contributions to the emerging field of mineral surface geochemistry, including first-of-their-kind non-specular crystal truncation rod (CTR) diffraction studies of hydrated mineral surfaces, which provided us with the first three-dimensional structures of environmentally important mineral surfaces on which many important chemical reactions in the environment occur. The results of these studies have led to fundamental understanding of the differences in chemical reactivity of different crystallographic surfaces of the same phase as well as the same crystallographic surfaces on isomorphous phases. Such reactions have a profound influence on many important mineralogical processes including crystal growth and dissolution, incorporation of trace elements in minerals grown from aqueous solutions, and sorption reactions that can effectively sequester aqueous contaminants and pollutants on mineral surfaces. Tom’s undergraduate studies were at the Colorado School of Mines, where he majored in chemistry with a minor in environmental science and engineering. Tom also earned an A.S. degree in Aviation Science from the University of New Haven in 1992 and was instrument rated. Tom spent summers in 1992, 1993, and 1994 working for the U.S Forest Service and five months in 1994 working for the U.S. Geological Survey during which …
COMPARISON OF NORADRENALINE AND ISOPRENALINE REMOVAL IN THE CANINE HINDLIMB AND KIDNEY

SUMMARY 1. Because isoprenaline is not a substrate for neuronal uptake (Uptake-1, U-1), the difference in regional removal of isoprenaline from regional removal of the sympathetic neurotransmitter noradrenaline has been proposed as an index of regional U-1 activity. 2. U-1 activity has not been assessed in the kidney, where decreased U-1 may account for increased renal spillover of noradrenaline into plasma in disorders such as essential hypertension. 3. Tracer-labelled noradrenaline and isoprenaline were simultaneously infused intravenously into anaesthetized dogs, and the regional removal of noradrenaline and isoprenaline was measured in the hindlimb and kidney after administration of the U-1 blocker desipramine, hydrocortisone, which inhibits extra-neuronal uptake of noradrenaline (Uptake-2, U-2), or no drug. 4. Hindlimb removal of noradrenaline (51%) exceeded that of isoprenaline (36%). Desipramine abolished this difference by decreasing removal of noradrenaline without affecting removal of isoprenaline. Renal removal of isoprenaline exceeded that of noradrenaline (74% vs 54%) even after U-1 blockade. Hydrocortisone did not affect removal of noradrenaline or isoprenaline in either bed. 5. The results suggest that differences in removal of noradrenaline and isoprenaline reflect U-1 activity in the hindlimb but not in the kidney; U-1 is much more important than U-2 in the regional removal of noradrenaline; and one mechanism of noradrenaline removal in the kidney is by neuronal uptake.
A new methodology to measure load transfer through the forearm using multiple universal force sensors

Abstract Previous approaches to measuring forces in the forearm have made the assumption that forces acting in the radius and ulna are uniaxial near the wrist and elbow. To accurately describe forces in the forearm and the forces in the interosseous ligament, we have developed a new methodology to quantitatively determine the 3-D force vectors acting in forearm structures when a compressive load is applied to the hand. A materials testing machine equipped with a six degree-of-freedom universal force–moment sensor (UFS) was employed to apply a uniaxial compressive force to cadaveric forearms gripped at the hand and humerus. Miniature UFSs were implanted into the distal radius and proximal ulna to measure force vectors there. A 3-D digitizing device was used to measure transformations between UFS coordinate systems, utilized for calculating the force vectors in the distal ulna, proximal radius, and the interosseous ligament (IOL). This method was found to be repeatable to within 3 N, and accurate to within 2 N for force magnitudes. Computer models of the forearm, generated from CT scans, were used to visualize the force vectors in 3-D. Application of this methodology to eight forearm specimens showed that the radius carries most of the load at the wrist while force in the IOL relieves load acting in the radius at the mid-forearm. For a 136 N applied hand force, the force in the IOL was 36±21 N. Advantages of this methodology include the determination of 3-D force vectors, especially those in the IOL, as well as computer generated 3-D visualization of results.
A quartet of asset pricing models in nominal and real economies

Abstract This paper studies the equity premium implications of a canonical New Keynesian model with investment. We find that the presence of a time-varying marginal cost dampens the expansionary impact of a positive technology shock. With a given fraction of firms standing ready to satisfy demand at predetermined prices, the variations in the marginal utility of consumption attributed to technology shocks can easily be smoothed. Thus, technology shocks contribute little to the equity premium. Under a standard monetary policy rule, the real effect of monetary policy shocks is too weak and short-lived to generate a reasonable equity premium.
Effects of chronic infusion of norepinephrine on cardiac structure, function, and biochemistry: physiologic versus pathologic hypertrophy.

An observation published by our group in 1969 has lead to a continuing series of studies into the mechanisms of norepinephrine (NE) induced hypertrophy (1). We observed that after banding the canine pulmonary artery for three months, or more, myocardial cell lengths increased not only in the right ventricle, as expected, but in the left ventricle as well (1). Because there was no hemodynamic reason for the left ventricle to enlarge its cell size, we hypothesized that a hormone or a substance may be elaborated from the right ventricle and act on the left ventricle to cause its hypertrophy. NE, a major biologically active substance in the ventricle, was proposed as a likely inducer of left ventricular hypertrophy. After a review of studies on myocardial structural, functional and biochemical alterations produced by the infusions of NE, we will attempt to formulate a unifying hypothesis for the fundamental mechanisms involved in myocardial hypertrophy utilizing both our data and the contributions of several other groups.
Community experiences and perceptions related to demolition and gut rehabilitation of houses for urban redevelopment.

Reports about current residential demolition practices received from residents and plans for large-scale urban redevelopment in East Baltimore provided impetus for this study to assess community concerns and develop approaches to addressing them. This article describes the following themes regarding residents’ experiences with demolition and gut rehabilition of older housing performed as part of urban redevelopment: (1) lack of notification and awareness about protective measures; (2) concerns about environmental and safety hazards; (3) psychosocial impact from displacement, disruption in daily life, and inattention to community concerns; and (4) recommendations to improve redevelopment practices, including ideas to control neighborhood exposure to environmental hazards potentially exacerbated by residential demolition and gut rehabilitation. the findings from focus groups substantiated and deepened our understanding of earlier anecdotal reports of residents’ concerns and emphasized the need for including community perceptions and ideas in addressing environmental and psychosocial issues related to urban redevelopment.
Observations of Ag diffusion in ion implanted SiC

Abstract The nature and magnitude of Ag diffusion in SiC has been a topic of interest in connection with the performance of tristructural isotropic (TRISO) coated particle fuel for high temperature gas-cooled nuclear reactors. Ion implantation diffusion couples have been revisited to continue developing a more complete understanding of Ag fission product diffusion in SiC. Ion implantation diffusion couples fabricated from single crystal 4H-SiC and polycrystalline 3C-SiC substrates and exposed to 1500–1625 °C, were investigated by transmission electron microscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). The high dynamic range of SIMS allowed for multiple diffusion regimes to be investigated, including enhanced diffusion by implantation-induced defects and grain boundary (GB) diffusion in undamaged SiC. Estimated diffusion coefficients suggest GB diffusion in bulk SiC does not properly describe the release observed from TRISO fuel.
Quantized patterning using nanoimprinted blanks

Quantum lithography (QL) is a revolutionary approach, increasing the throughput and lowering the cost of scanning electron beam lithography (EBL). But it has not been pursued since its inception 17 years ago, due to the lack of a viable method for making the blanks needed. Here we propose and demonstrate a new general viable approach to QL blank fabrication, that is based on (a)?nanoimprinting and (b)?a new wafer-scale nanoimprint mold fabrication that uses not EBL but a unique combination of interference lithography, self-perfection, multiple nanoimprinting, and other novel nanopatterning. We fabricated QL blanks (a 2D Cr square tile array of 200?nm pitch, 9?nm gap, and sub-10?nm corners, corresponding to a 50?nm node 4 ? photomask) and demonstrated that QL can greatly relax the requirements for the EBL tool, increase the throughput and reduce the cost of EBL by orders of magnitude, and is scalable to the 22?nm node.
PEEKABOO: A Response to Maternal Desire by Daphne de Marneffe

This essay is a response to Maternal Desire by Daphne de Marneffe (2004) as well as a meditation on how mothers wish to be seen. A mother is often looked at—by the infant, by others, by unseen others. The contemplation of a mother and her baby has an unmistakable atmosphere and generates in the viewer a perpetual stream of associations and complex emotions, including exclusion. This essay examines the power of the mother-infant visual icon as it contradicts the mother's feelings of vulnerability; “Hot Moms”; the origin of the phenomenon known as the Mommy Wars; Simone de Beauvoir's writing on motherhood; and the current, putative conflict between feminism and stay-at-home mothers.
Costs of diving by wing and foot propulsion in a sea duck, the white-winged scoter

Most birds swim underwater by either feet alone or wings alone, but some sea ducks often use both. For white-winged scoters (Melanitta fusca), we measured costs $$({\dot{V}}_{\rm O_2})$$ of dives to 2 m with descent by feet only versus wings + feet (only feet are used at the bottom). Dive costs repaid during the recovery period after a dive bout were an important fraction (27–44%) of total dive costs, and removing costs of extraneous surface behaviors increased resolution of differences between dive types. Scoters using wings + feet had 13% shorter descent duration, 18% faster descent speed, 31% fewer strokes/m, and 59% longer bottom duration than with feet only. The cost of time underwater for dives using wings + feet was 32–37% lower than with feet only (P = 0.09 to 0.15). When indirect methods were used to partition descent costs from costs of ascent and bottom phases, using wings + feet lowered descent cost by an estimated 34%. Thus, using wings + feet increases descent speed and lowers descent cost, leaving more time and energy for bottom foraging. For birds in cold water, the large savings may result from both biomechanical and thermoregulatory factors.
Electron-spin-resonance linewidth of multilayered CuMn/Cu spin glasses: Residual width and thermal-broadening coefficient.

The electron-spin-resonance (ESR) linewidth ΔH(T) has been measured in multilayered Cu 1-x Mn x /Cu (x=0.07,0.11) as a function of spin-glass layer thickness W SG (1 nm≤W SG ≤1000 nm). For temperatures well above the freezing temperature T f , ΔH(T)=A+BT, whereA is the residual linewidth and B the thermal-broadening coefficient. The residual linewidth increases with decreasing W SG , indicating that the paramagnetic Curie-Weiss temperature Θ and/or the inhomogeneous broadening depend on W SG . Preliminary high-temperature-susceptibility measurements confirm that B decreases with decreasing W SG , but are not sensitive enough to determine quantitatively if this change is entirely responsible for the observed changes in A
Deletion of mtDNA disrupts mitochondrial function and structure, but not biogenesis

Abstract The role of nuclear DNA (nDNA)-encoded proteins in the regulation of mitochondrial fission and fusion has been documented, yet the role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and encoded proteins in mitochondrial biogenesis remains unknown. Long-term treatment of a lymphoblastoid cell line Molt-4 with ethidium bromide generated mtDNA-deficient rho0 mutants. Depletion of mtDNA in rho0 cells produced functional and morphological changes in mitochondria without affecting the nuclear genome and encoded proteins. Indeed, the gene encoding subunit II of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (COX II), a prototypical mitochondrial gene, was reduced in rho0 mutants blunting the activity of mitochondrial cytochrome coxidase. Yet, the amount of the nuclear β-actin gene and the activity of citrate synthase, a mitochondrial matrix enzyme encoded by nDNA, remained unaffected in rho0 cells. Loss of mtDNA in rho0 cells was associated with significant distortion of mitochondrial structure, decreased electron density of the matrix and disorganized inner and outer membranes, resulting in the appearance of ‘ghost-like’ mitochondria. However, the number of mitochondria-like structures was not significantly different between mtDNA-deficient and parental cells. Thus, we conclude that cells lacking mtDNA still generate mitochondrial scaffolds, albeit with aberrant function.
Justice and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: What Is the Relationship?

This study investigates the relationship between perceptions of overall fairness, organizational citizenship behavior, employee attitudes, and the quality of the supervisory/subordinate relationship based on the justice and organizational citizenship literature. Results show that employees do form perceptions of overall fairness and that these perceptions influence job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Relationships are found between altruism and perceptions of overall fairness, job satisfaction and categories of organizational citizenship behavior, and the quality of the supervisory-subordinate relationship and perception of overall fairness and organizational citizenship behavior. Practical implications and issues for future research are discussed.