cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Passively transferred lambert-eaton syndrome in mice receiving purified IgG

Purified IgG antibodies were prepared by ion-exchange chromatography from the plasma of a patient with nonneoplastic form of the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LES). The antibodies were injected into mice with daily doses of 0.15–10 mg for 20–22 days, following which the integrity of neuromuscular transmission was assessed in vitro in phrenic nerve-diaphragm muscle preparations. The injected animals manifested electrophysiologic features of human LES, which were characterized by: (1) dose-dependent reduction in the quantal content of nerve-evoked endplate potentials, (2) an abnormally small increase in the frequency of spontaneous miniature endplate potentials (MEPPs) with elevated [K+]0, and (3) normal MEPP amplitude with no evidence of postjunctional deficiency. Crude immunoglobulins (Igs) from the same patient and two LES patients with associated malignancy similarly transferred the defects in quantal transmitter release. In contrast, animals receiving Igs from control subjects or from a patient with small-cell carcinoma of the lung manifested no functional impairment of neuromuscular transmission. Instead, the evoked release in these animals was significantly enhanced relative to that found in normal untreated mice. These results suggest that an IgG antibody produces the presynaptic impairment that is characteristic of LES and support the concept that LES with and without cancer has an autoimmune pathogenesis.
Options for Surgical Prophylaxis and Reconstruction

Mastectomy and breast reconstruction techniques have evolved over the past decade. In addition to therapeutic mastectomy for cancer, mastectomy for risk reduction (prophylactic mastectomy) is increasingly being performed. The willingness to undergo a potentially mutilating procedure for risk reduction is due to the combination of refined risk stratification along with technical improvements that offer reproducible, high-quality breast reconstruction. Multiple surgical options exist to offer the patient an acceptable balance between risk reduction and surgical intervention. This article provides an overview of current strategies and techniques for surgical risk reduction and reconstruction.
Redox properties of the Rhodobacter sphaeroides transcriptional regulatory proteins PpsR and AppA

Redox properties of the photosynthetic gene repressor PpsR and the blue-light photoreceptor/antirepressor AppA from Rhodobacter sphaeroides have been characterized. Redox titrations of PpsR reveal the presence of a two-electron couple, with an E (m) value of -320 mV at pH 7.0, which is likely to arise from the reversible conversion of two cysteine thiols to a disulfide. This E (m) value is very much more negative than the E (m) = -180 mV value measured previously at pH 7.0 for the disulfide/dithiol couple in CrtJ, the homolog for PpsR in the closely related bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus. AppA, a flavin-containing blue-light receptor that is also involved in the regulation of gene expression in R. sphaeroides, contains multiple cysteines in its C-terminal region, two of which function as a redox-active dithiol/disulfide couple with an E (m) value of -325 mV at pH 7.0 in the dark. Titrations of this dithiol/disulfide couple in illuminated samples of AppA indicate that the E (m) value of this disulfide/dithiol couple is -315 mV at pH 7.0, identical to the value obtained for AppA in the dark within the combined experimental uncertainties of the two measurements. The E (m) values of AppA and PpsR demonstrate that these proteins are thermodynamically capable of electron transfer for their activity as an anti-repressor/repressor in R. sphaeroides.
Surface and bulk thermal annealing effects on ZnO crystals

Abstract Annealing at temperatures up to 1000 °C is shown to decrease band edge photoluminescence in bulk ZnO crystals and increase deep level-related emission. The surface roughens for anneals in the range of 600–800 °C as O is lost preferentially from the surface, but at 900 °C the morphology improves as excess Zn is also lost from the surface. Splitting of the peak in the rocking curve of the ZnO (0 0 2) plane after annealing at 900–1000 °C indicates that the substrate is a mosaic of two or more crystals oriented slightly differently from one another and we are detecting differences in orientation of some of the grains in different areas or small changes due to annealing. There was no significant change in bulk conductivity of the ZnO for anneals up to 1000 °C, suggesting that ion implantation followed by annealing may be an effective approach for doping in this.
Androgen production in boys with sexual precocity and congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Abstract Plasma testosterone and testosterone production rates were studied in young boys with idiopathic sexual precocity and congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). Four males with CAH and one with idiopathic sexual precocity underwent physiologic studies to delineate the source of testosterone. In young boys with idiopathic sexual precocity and CAH, plasma testosterone was increased over prepubertal levels although the increase was greater in the one patient with idiopathic sexual precocity than in those with CAH. Testosterone production rates (TPR) were increased to the same degree in both conditions. Physiologic studies of stimulation and suppression of gonads and adrenals delineate the glandular source of testosterone and provide a means of defining therapeutic measures of suppressing testosterone production.
Effects of wearing chemical protective clothing on text entry when using wearable input devices

Abstract Wearable computers allow users the freedom to work in any environment including those that may require protective clothing. Past research has shown that protective clothing impedes performance on manual dexterity tasks. Little information exists; however, regarding how protective clothing affects task performance with wearable input devices. A study was conducted to determine the effects of glove thickness and mask use on task performance and user preference. Sixteen male participants used both a wearable mouse and touch pad to enter text. Task completion times were 9% slower when participants wore 25-mil versus 7-mil protective gloves, suggesting that thin protective gloves are more suitable than thicker gloves when using wearable input devices. Mask use did not affect task performance. Subjective ratings of difficulty, confidence, and preference provided strong support for the use of a touch pad device rather than a mouse. Potential applications of this research include design guidelines for development of wearable input devices that are compatible with chemical protective clothing. Relevance to industry Protective clothing is commonly worn in industrial settings, but little is known about its impacts on task performance with wearable computers. This study describes some of the factors that must be considered in the design of wearable input devices that can be used effectively when wearing protective clothing.
Longitudinal Compressive Strength of Continuous Fiber Composites

The in-plane longitudinal compressive strength of continuous fiber-reinforced composites is significantly less than their tensile strength, a phenomenon that is still not well understood. Dow and Rosen attempted in 1965 to explain this phenomenon through a fiber microbuckling model, in which each fiber was modeled as a beam-on-an-elastic-foundation. The model, however, grossly overestimates the compressive strength; researchers have since focused on introducing factors that reduce the predicted compressive strength to fit experimentally observed values. These include initial fiber waviness, fiber and matrix properties, the interfacial strength, and interphase properties. While empirical results have demonstrated the influences of some of these factors, an analytical model that can accurately predict the strength while taking into account the underlying failure mechanism is still lacking. The present study treats the compressive strength prediction of continuous fiber-reinforced composites using a differen...
Palliative Care for Advanced Dementia: A Pilot Project in 2 Nursing Homes

This article describes a pilot project involving training, case consultations, and administrative coaching over a period of 1 year aimed at introducing palliative care in 2 nursing homes among 31 residents with advanced dementia. Resident outcomes that examined numerous clinical measures were assessed at 3 points in time. Changes in the knowledge and attitudes of 80 staff members and 33 family members who participated in the multimodal intervention were also assessed at 3 points in time. Limited improvements were demonstrated on measures for residents, staff members, and family members at the first nursing home (site 1) and significant improvements were demonstrated at the other nursing home (site 2). Top leadership turned over 3 times at site 1 which limited the integration of palliative care, whereas leadership of site 2 remained stable. Implications for implementing a program of palliative care in nursing homes are discussed.
Selective measurement of gaseous hydrogen peroxide with light emitting diode-based liquid-core waveguide absorbance detector

Atmospheric H2O2 is typically determined by enzymatically mediated fluorogenic reactions that do not discriminate between H2O2 and organic peroxides. Reactions of Ti(IV) with H2O2 has also been the basis of colorimetric measurements of H2O2 but is too insensitive. A more sensitive determination is possible with the Ti(IV)-4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol (PAR) complex, however, unreacted PAR must be chromatographically separated. A titanium(IV)porphyrin complex, oxo[5,10,15,20-tetra(4-pyridyl)porphyrinato]titanium(IV) [TiO(tpypH4)4+], (TiTPyP) was introduced for the measurement of aqueous H2O2. In this paper, we show that TiTPyP can be used for measuring H2O2(g)), it does not respond to CH3HO2. With a proper membrane collector, practically there is no interference from concurrently present gaseous SO2 and O3. The approach permits a S/N = 3 limit of detection (LOD) of 26 pptv with a 50 mm path liquid core waveguide (LCW) absorbance detector and a light emitting diode based light source. This is adequate for real atmospheric measurements.
Stability of deterministic finite state machines

We approach deterministic finite state machines from a systems point of view and we consider three notions of input/output stability: finite gain input/output stability, external stability and incremental input/output stability, as they apply to this class of systems. We propose linear programming based algorithms for verifying stability of a system, or lack thereof, in the finite gain input/output and the external sense. We show that for this class of systems, incremental input/output stability and external stability are equivalent notions, stronger than the notion of finite gain input/output stability.
Acute abdominal compartment syndrome with pulseless electrical activity during colonoscopy with conscious sedation

Abstract We report an episode of acute abdominal compartment syndrome, with pulseless electrical activity, in a patient undergoing colonoscopic examination of a recently constructed mucus fistula. Associated clinical features of this acute abdominal compartment syndrome (tension pneumoperitoneum) were abdominal distention, which was very impressive, cardiopulmonary arrest, severe cyanosis, and progressive bradycardia. In general, increased intraabdominal pressure can have numerous adverse physiologic effects, which may include decreased cardiac output, altered ventilation-perfusion relationships, and decreased venous return. The magnitude of each effect likely depends on the magnitude of the increased intraabdominal pressure. Success with initial resuscitation efforts should not diminish further vigilance with these patients, as other problems may be discovered.
A parallel algorithm for extracting transcriptional regulatory network motifs

Network motifs have been demonstrated to be the building blocks in many biological networks such as transcriptional regulatory networks. Finding network motifs plays a key role in understanding system level functions and design principles of molecular interactions. In this paper, we present a novel definition of the neighborhood of a node. Based on this concept, we formally define and present an effective algorithm for finding network motifs. The method seeks a neighborhood assignment for each node such that the induced neighborhoods are partitioned with no overlap. We then present a parallel algorithm to find network motifs using a parallel cluster. The algorithm is applied on an E. coli transcriptional regulatory network to find motifs with size up to six. Compared with previous algorithms, our algorithm performs better in terms of running time and precision. Based on the motifs that are found in the network, we further analyze the topology and coverage of the motifs. The results suggest that a small number of key motifs can form the motifs of a bigger size. Also, some motifs exhibit a correlation with complex functions. This study presents a framework for detecting the most significant recurring subgraph patterns in transcriptional regulatory networks.
Ecosystem‐level testing of a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide in aquatic mesocosms

Twelve 0.1-ha rectangular ponds (mesocosms) were constructed during 1986 and 1987 to test ecosystem-level responses to a pyrethroid insecticide containing esfenvalerate. Treatment consisted of 10 weekly drift and 5 biweekly runoff simulations of formulated esfenvalerate between July 9 and September 17, 1988. Control ponds received only untreated runoff, while low, medium, and high treatments received total loadings of 0.23, 4.1, and 23.3 g active ingredient (a.i.)/ pond. The top vertebrate predator in the mesocosms was bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus). Once adult blue-gill spawned and young fish were present, microcrustaceans declined in number. Following esfenvalerate applications, nauplii in medium- and high-rate ponds underwent further significant reductions, indicating a response to esfenvalerate not observed in control and low-rate ponds. Relative to other treatments, high-rate ponds were found to have significantly increased metabolism and reduced macroinvertebrates following application. Bluegill exhibited no significant differences in population structure among treatments, although 2-cm-size bluegill were missing from high-rate ponds at harvest. Patterns of response emerged in this whole ecosystem test of esfenvalerate. Variation measured among communities was high as is typical of natural ecosystems; however, we suggest that this experiment provided an acceptable way of detecting impacts at both the community and the ecosystem level.
Shear Moduli of Composites with Elliptical Inclusions

Abstract : Equations for the shear modulus of a two-dimensional model with preferentially oriented microcracks were derived from a tentative equation for the shear modulus of a corresponding model the elliptical inclusions obtained from solutions of stress concentration factors. Exact agreement found with literature solutions based on energy and dislocation methods suggests that the elastic behavior of ceramic matrix composites and microcracked ceramics can be predicted from the same equation. Originator furnished keywords include: Composites, and Elastic moduli.
Neuroecology and the Need for Broader Synthesis

Neuroecology combines physiological and ecological principles toward understanding behavioral mechanisms and their roles in establishing patterns of organismal abundances and species distributions. This amalgamation of research approaches incorporates the strengths of neuroethology to determine the cellular basis of behavior. It, however, treads where neuroethology does not by establishing critical linkages between neural processes and the population- and community-level consequences of individual behavior. Neuroecology also promotes understanding of nervous systems within a strong environmental context by encouraging use of keystone and foundation species as critical "ecological models" for studies of electrically excitable cells. Previous investigations of environmental stress, metabolism, and energy relations have proven the value of a combined cellular biochemical and biophysical approach toward predicting natural patterns of organismal abundances and species distributions. Borrowing from this approach, neuroecology would coalesce neuroscience with population and community ecology to establish how individual behavior functions, and how such behavior acts to determine higher-order biological processes.
Unbiased multiple-subject alignment of left ventricles

Image based quantitative stratification of the left ventricular (LV) pathology helps in understanding the structure-function symbiosis of the heart. However, this requires unbiased, referenceless multi-subject LV alignment that accounts for the physioanatomic variations associated with the pathology. This paper achieves this hitherto elusive alignment by adopting the conventional risk stratification strategies routinely followed by clinicians. The individual LV shape models are independently reoriented to an " attitudinally consistent orientation" that captures the physioanatomic and pathologic variations of the LV morphology. The proposed algorithm is computationally efficient and provides an efficient framework for constructing pathology stratified cardiac atlas.
Sulindac metabolites inhibit epidermal growth factor receptor activation and expression

Regular use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is associated with a decreased mortality from colorectal cancer (CRC). NSAIDs induce apoptotic cell death in colon cancer cells in vitro and inhibit growth of neoplastic colonic mucosa in vivo however, the biochemical mechanisms required for these growth inhibitory effects are not well defined. We previously reported that metabolites of the NSAID sulindac downregulate extracellular-signal regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling and that this effect is both necessary and sufficient for the apoptotic effects of these drugs. The goal of this project was to specifically test the hypothesis that sulindac metabolites block activation and/or expression of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR).
Novel phosphine-phosphite and phosphine-phosphinite ligands for highly enantioselective asymmetric hydrogenation

Two novel phosphine-phosphite (S,R)-o-BINAPHOS and phosphine-phosphinite (S)-o-BIPNITE ligands based on ortho phenyl substituted (S)-BINOL have been synthesized. Extremely high enantioselectivity (over 99% ee in most cases) has been achieved for the Rh-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of α-dehydroamino acid derivatives.
A randomized controlled trial adding fluvastatin to peginterferon and ribavirin for naïve genotype 1 hepatitis C patients.

Summary Fluvastatin or simvastatin has demonstrable antiviral activity against hepatitis C virus (HCV) as monotherapy. The safety and efficacy of adding fluvastatin or simvastatin to peginterferon/ribavirin for 48 weeks was tested in HCV genotype 1 naive-to-treatment veterans. Thirty-seven naive-to-treatment genotype 1 HCV patients were randomized to either a control group (n = 20) to receive peginterferon alfa plus ribavirin or an experimental group (n = 18) to similarly receive peginterferon alfa plus ribavirin as well as fluvastatin 20 mg/day. In addition, seven patients who presented for HCV treatment already were on simvastatin and could not be withdrawn. These simvastatin users were not randomized but were entered into a concurrent prospective pilot arm. There were no unique safety issues with fluvastatin or simvastatin when these drugs were given with peginterferon/ribavirin for 48 weeks. Thirteen of 25 statin patients achieved sustained viral response (SVR), while 5 of 20 control patients achieved SVR. Analysis of SVR by intention-to-treat showed P = 0.078. In this phase 2 study, there were no safety issues with the addition of fluvastatin or simvastatin to peginterferon and ribavirin for 48 weeks. There was a trend towards improvement in SVR when fluvastatin or simvastatin was administered with peginterferon/ribavirin. The size of the groups did not reach the prestudy size thought needed to show significant difference (type II error). These results support the significant results of two other larger randomized controlled trials reported using the same dose of fluvastatin in naive-to-treatment genotype 1 HCV patients.
FMSA: FPGA-Accelerated ClustalW-Based Multiple Sequence Alignment through Pipelined Prefiltering

Multiple Sequence Alignment (MSA) is perhaps second only to sequence alignment in overall importance in Bioinformatics, being critical, e.g., in determining the structure and function of molecules from putative families of sequences. But while pair wise sequence alignment has been the subject of scores of FPGA acceleration studies, MSA only a few. The most important of these accelerate Clustal-W, the most commonly used MSA code, by either implementing the first of three phases (over 90% of the run time) with Dynamic Programming (DP) methods, or by accelerating the third phase which consumes most of the remaining time. We use a new approach: we apply prefiltering of the kind commonly used in BLAST to perform the initial all-pairs alignments. This results in a speedup of from 80x to 190x over the CPU code (8 cores) and speedup of from 2.5x to 8x over DP/FPGA- and GPU-based methods. When combined with a recently published method for phase 3, and using the original software for phase 2, the end-to-end speedup is at least 50x over an 8-core implementation of the original code. The quality is comparable to the original according to a commonly used benchmark suite evaluated with respect to multiple distance metrics.
RAIDframe: rapid prototyping for disk arrays

Abstract : The complexity of advanced disk array architectures makes accurate representation necessary arduous, and error-prone. In this paper, we present RAIDframe, an array framework that separates architectural policy from execution mechanism. RAIDframe facilitations rapid prototyping of new RAID architectures by localizing modifications and providing libraries of existing architectures to extend. In addition, RAIDframe implemented architectures run the same code as a synthetic and trace-driven simulator, as a user-level application managing raw disks, and as a Digital Unix device-driver capable of mounting a filesystem. Evaluation shows that RAIDframe performance is equivalent to less complex array implementations and thance is equivalent to less complex array implementations and that case studies of RAID levels 0, 1, 4, 5, 6, and parity declustering achieve expected performance.
Conducting Nursing Research With Men Who Have Sex With Men: Challenges and Strategies for Nurse Researchers

The group most affected by the HIV epidemic is men who have sex with men (MSM). Since the beginning of the epidemic in 1981, this group was one the four identified high-risk groups, and MSM continue to comprise nearly 50% of all cases of HIV/AIDS. In the context of HIV infection and safer sex behaviors, this population has been the focus of numerous research studies. Despite the wealth of research that has been conducted on this population, very little information is available on research methods and strategies that nurse researchers can use to study this population. This report details one nurse researcher's experiences in gaining access to this population, unique recruitment issues, and challenges in data collection. In addition, strategies and interventions that were used by this researcher to overcome these challenges in the research process are discussed.
Plastic deformation of thin foil substrates with amorphous silicon islands into spherical shapes

There is a growing interest in the application of large area electronics on curved surfaces. One approach towards realizing this goal is to fabricate circuits on planar substrates of thin plastic or metal foil, which are subsequently deformed into arbitrary shapes. The problem that we consider here is the deformation of substrates into a spherical shape, where the strain is determined by geometry and cannot be reduced by simply using a thinner substrate. The goal is to achieve permanent, plastic deformation in the substrates, without exceeding fracture or buckling limits in the device materials. Our experiments consist of the planar fabrication of amorphous silicon device structures onto stainless steel or Kapton® polyimide substrates, followed by permanent deformation into a spherical shape. We will present empirical experiments showing the dependence of the results on the island/line size of the device materials and the deformation temperature. We have successfully deformed Kapton® polyimide substrates with 100 [.proportional]m wide amorphous silicon islands into a one steradian spherical cap, which subtends 66 degrees, without degradation of the silicon. This work demonstrates the feasibility of building semiconductor devices on plastically deformed substrates despite a 5% average biaxial strain in the substrate after deformation.
The MRT1 based perfusion model.

There are a number of theoretical and practical questions one needs to consider to understand and optimize contrast to noise of the versatile T 1 based perfusion model. We made an evaluation of the several popular T 1 based methods currently applied to measure flow and flow change.
Hybridization thermodynamics of DNA bound to gold nanoparticles

Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC) was used to study the thermodynamics of hybridization on DNA-functionalized colloidal gold nanoparticles. When compared to the thermodynamics of hybridization of DNA that is free in solution, the differences in the values of the Gibbs free energy of reaction, ΔrG°, the enthalpy, ΔrH°, and entropy, ΔrS°, were small. The change in ΔrG° between the free and bound states was always positive but with statistical significance outside the 95% confidence interval, implying the free DNA is slightly more stable than when in the bound state. Additionally, ITC was also able to reveal information about the binding stoichiometry of the hybridization reactions on the DNA-functionalized gold nanoparticles, and indicates that there is a significant fraction of the DNA on gold nanoparticle surface that is unavailable for DNA hybridization. Furthermore, the fraction of available DNA is dependent on the spacer group on the DNA that is used to span the gold surface from that to the probe DNA.
Experimental study of ethylene counterflow diffusion flames perturbed by trace amounts of jet fuel and jet fuel surrogates under incipiently sooting conditions

The structure of an ethylene counterflow diffusion flame doped with 2000 ppm on a molar basis of either jet fuel or two jet fuel surrogates is studied under incipient sooting conditions. The doped flames have identical stoichiometric mixture fractions (zf = 0.18) and strain rates (a =9 2 s � 1 ), resulting in a welldefined and fixed temperature/time history for all of the flames. Gas samples are extracted from the flame with quartz microprobes for subsequent GC/MS analysis. Profiles of critical fuel decomposition products and soot precursors, such as benzene and toluene, are compared. The data for C7–C12 alkanes are consistent with typical decomposition of large alkanes with both surrogates showing good qualitative agreement with jet fuel in their pyrolysis trends. Olefins are formed as the fuel alkanes decompose, with agreement between the surrogates and jet fuel that improves for small alkenes, probably because of an increase in kinetic pathways which makes the specifics of the alkane structure less important. Good agreement between jet fuel and the surrogates is found with respect to critical soot precursors such as benzene and toluene. Although the six-component Utah/Yale surrogate performs better than the Aachen surrogate, the latter performs adequately and retains the advantage of simplicity, since it consists of only two components. The acetylene profiles present a unique multimodal behavior that can be attributed to acetylene’s participation in early stages of formation of soot precursors, such as benzene and other large pyrolysis products, as well as in the surface growth of soot particles.
Speed-dependent reductions of force output in people with poststroke hemiparesis.

Background and Purpose. Movement is slow in people with poststroke hemiparesis. Moving at faster speeds is thought by some researchers to exacerbate of abnormal or unwanted muscle activity. The purpose of this study was to quantify the effects of increased speed on motor performance during pedaling exercise in people with poststroke hemiparesis. Subjects. Twelve elderly subjects with no known neurological impairment and 15 subjects with poststroke hemiparesis of greater than 6 months' duration were tested. Methods. Subjects pedaled at 12 randomly ordered workload and cadence combinations (45-, 90-, 135-, and 180-J workloads at 25, 40, and 55 rpm). Pedal reaction forces were used to calculate work done by each lower extremity. Electromyographic activity was recorded from 7 lower-extremity muscles. Results. The main finding was that net mechanical work done by the paretic lower extremity decreased as speed increased in all subjects. The occurrence of inappropriate muscle activity on the paretic side, however, was not exacerbated in that the vastus medialis muscle on the paretic side did not show a consistent further increase in its prolonged activity at higher speeds. The mechanics of faster pedaling resulted in greater net negative mechanical work because, at higher pedaling rates, the prolonged vastus medialis muscle activity is present during a greater portion of the cycle. Conclusion and Discussion. The lessened force output by the paretic limb is mainly the result of the inherent mechanical demands of higher-speed pedaling and not due to exacerbation of impaired neural control.
Ideología y educación en Colombia - notas para su análisis

La educacion colombiana esta en crisis, es necesario hacer una movilizacion nacional que permita la expansion del sistema educativo hasta lograr que su cobertura alcance por lo menos el ciclo de primaria a todos los colombianos mayores de siete anos.La popularizacion de la educacion primaria debe cubrir todos los sectores de la sociedad sin discriminacion por diferencias sociales, raciales, religiosas. Una de las formas de manifestarse la dominacion de clases a nivel de lo juridico es la ausencia de decisiones ejecutivas, o la insuficiencia de material para su cumplimiento, o el entorpecimiento de la aplicacion de claras proposiciones normativas que manifiestan una determinada relacion de intereses de clases.En Colombia se detectan subsectores como es la escuela rural, urbana, publica, privada y la situacion es especialmente discriminatoria para el sector rural; para evitar esto implicaria el establecimiento de una educacion primaria gratuita y obligatoria por parte del estado.
1 Unionsrechtliche Grundlagen des Öffentlichen Wirtschaftsrechts

Schon die Anfange des europaischen Integrationsprojekts als Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft unterstreichen die zentrale und im Laufe der Zeit stetig gewachsene Bedeutung des Unionsrechts fur das Offentliche Wirtschaftsrecht und das Wirtschaftsleben. Dies bestatigt ein Blick auf die in diesem Buch behandelten Rechtsgebiete, die teils, wie etwa das Vergabe-, das Netzregulierungs- sowie das Energierecht und die Finanz- und Borsenaufsicht, weitgehend eine Umsetzung EU-sekundarrechtlicher Vorgaben darstellen, und auch im Ubrigen, wie etwa im Falle des Gewerbe- und Handwerksrechts oder des Rechts offentlicher Unternehmen, erheblichen unionsrechtlichen Einflussen unterliegen. Oftmals hat die Europaisierung die Gestalt der zuvor national regulierten Materien verandert: Man denke an grundfreiheitlich angestosene Liberalisierungstendenzen, etwa im Handwerks- oder Telekommunikationsrecht, die Einfuhrung von Rechtsschutz und subjektiven Rechten im Vergaberecht oder die Konsequenzen der unionsrechtlich vorgezeichneten strikten Beihilfenkontrolle, etwa fur die Finanzierung offentlicher Unternehmen.
Characterization of Fiber-Waviness in Composite Specimens using Deep Line-Focus Acoustic Microscopy

A line-focus transducer used as the transduction element in an acoustic microscope forms the basis of a powerful materials characterization tool. When such a transducer is excited with rf-burst signals the transducer output voltage V exhibits strong amplitude variations which are related to the transducer’s defocus distance z, that is, the distance between the transducer’s focal point and the sample surface. These amplitude variations result from the interference between the leaky surface wave and the direct-reflected wave from the surface of the specimen. Analysis of such V(z) curves permits determination of the wavespeed and attenuation of the surface wave which is the basis of the materials surface characterization measurement. Developed by Chubachi and Kushibiki [1] the line-focus beam has been used by a number of investigators to detect and characterize material anisotropy and stresses. Using a small aperture and high f-number lens as well as high-frequency excitations, the system is capable of high spatial resolution on a specimen. It forms the basis of an acoustic microprobe for determining near-surface material properties. Scanning the transducer permits the mapping of material properties over a region of the specimen, cf. [2]-[6].
Breakthrough breastfeeding strategies. Practical advice for time-pressed NPs.

This article stresses the importance of breastfeeding infants and credits societal influence as a main cause of women bottle feeding instead of the more preferred choice. It includes common barriers to initiation and elaborates on barriers regarding: lack of confidence pain concerns modesty lack of support lifestyle and work and maternal diet and health. It also discusses the need for education and counseling on breastfeeding practices and provides contraception choices for breastfeeding women as well as strategies for the workplace.
White Aborigines: Xavier Herbert, P. R. Stephensen and the Publicist

This essay explores the way ideas about Aboriginality informed right-wing nationalist projects in Australia in the 1930s. Focusing on the publication by the proto-fascist Publicist group of Xavier Herbert's classic anti-racist protest novel of the Australian frontier, Capricornia, I unpack the unlikely logic by which a deep identification with Aboriginality and with the political struggle for Aboriginal rights is at the core of a set of fantasies about white Australian ethnicity and the great Australian novel. Recent scholarship on race and Australian nationalism ties nationalist investments in a traditional Aboriginal presence to the dismantling of the white Australia policy and the rise of the liberal multicultural state. Attending to the earlier history of Aboriginal appropriation reveals the unstable place of the Aboriginal figure on the political right. I argue that Herbert's novel stages the relationship between a white father and his mixed-race Aboriginal son as the potential site of legitimate whi...
Effect of glycerol and freezing on some staining reactions of human spermatozoa.

SummaryNo differences were observed between the staining intensities of spermatozoal nuclei in untreated and glycerol treated semen, either before freezing or after thawing, when they were stained at pH 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 with certain oxidation-reduction potential indicator dyes. On the basis of this criterion, it has been demonstrated that treating 9 parts of liquefied semen with one part absolute glycerol, placing it in an insulated box containing dry ice (—70°C) for 24 hours, and then thawing it in 37°C water bath does not modify those proteins of the spermatozoal nucleus which are stained.
Effect of Tree Fertilization on Protein and Free Amino Acid Content and Feeding Rate of Pear Psylla (Homoptera: Psyllidae)

Tree nitrogen, assessed as foliar % N, phloem-cortex free amino acids, and leaf color all increased with tree fertilization, indicating an increase in nitrogen availability to pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerster. Free amino acid levels in psyllids increased with tree fertilization rate in orchard and growth room tests. Protein levels, however, were higher in psyllids from seedlings of medium nitrogen content than in those from low- or highnitrogen seedlings. Psyllids from low-nitrogen seedlings weighed more than those from medium-nitrogen seedlings. Psyllid feeding rate, estimated by honeydew production, was compared on low- and high-nitrogen seedlings. Nymphs on very-low-nitrogen leaves produced more honeydew, suggesting a compensatory feeding response to low dietary nitrogen. Physiological, morphological, and ecological ramifications for pear psylla include effects on (1) adult protein content, (2) adult body size, and (3) nymphal developmental rate.
Mycosphaerella juglandis, causal agent of a leaf spot of Juglans nigra

Sonoda, R. M., A. E. Kretschmer, Jr., and J. B. Brolmann. 1974. Colletotrichum leaf spot and canker of Stylosanthes spp. in Florida. Trop. Agric. (Trinidad) 51: 75-79. Southworth, E. A. 1891. Anthracnose ofcotton. /. Mycol. 6: 100-105. Sutton, B. C. 1980. The Coelomycetes. Commonwealth Mycol. Inst., Kew, Surrey, England. 696 p. Tu, J. C. 1981. Anthracnose {Colletotrichum lindemuthianum) on white bean {Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in southern Ontario: spread ofthe disease from an infection focus. Pl. Dis. 65: 477-480. van Hoof, H. 1950. A new species of Colletotrichum. Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 18: 473-478. von Arx, J. A. 1957. Die Arten der Gattung Colletotrichum. Phytopathol. Z. 29: 413-468. -. 1970. A revision ofthe fungi classified as Gloeosporium. Bibliotheca Mycologia. 24. Cramer, Germany. 203 p.
Renal transplant arterial stenosis treated with BMS vs DES stents: comparison of short term treatment outcomes

Purpose: Our study aim was to evaluate outcomes of bare metal stents (BMS) versus drug eluting stents (DES) in patients who undergo stenting for renal transplant arterial stenosis. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed records of renal transplant patients who underwent an IR procedure from September 2009 to September 2013 to identify those who underwent transplant arterial stenting. Because DES are only available in small diameters, all stents greater than 5 mm were excluded to allow for equivalent comparison between the two groups. Stenting indications were reviewed and recorded. Statistical comparisons were performed using a two tailed Fischer’s exact test. Results: Renal transplant arterial stenting was performed in 35 of 133 renal transplant patients who underwent an IR procedure. Of these, 18 received stents of 5 mm or smaller, 11 BMS and 7 DES, and were included in the final study population. Patients included 12 with rising creatinine, one with elevated blood pressure, four with elevated velocities/resistive indices on Doppler ultrasound, and one with two causes. Post-stenting, one BMS patient underwent re-stenting, three angioplasty, and seven required no reintervention; in DES, zero, zero, and seven, respectively. There were more reinterventions with BMS (n1⁄44/11) than DES (n1⁄40/7) but not statistically significant (p1⁄40.12). In BMS, two of five patients on dialysis recovered renal function after stenting; in DES, zero of three (p1⁄40.19). Conversely, in BMS, one of six patients not on dialysis before stenting never improved and required dialysis; in DES, zero of four (p1⁄41.0). Conclusion: Our 4 year records comparing patients with renal transplant arterial BMS versus DES of 5 mm or smaller diameter reveal that there is an absolute but not statistically significant difference in the incidence of restenosis requiring repeat intervention between the two groups. However, this may be due to our small sample size. Future larger studies will be needed to corroborate these findings.
Polarization Dependence of Raman Gain in Optical Fibers

A method to measure the polarization dependence of the Raman gain in optical fibers, which utilizes sum-frequency lock-in technique, is introduced. The result of measurement made with this technique is compared to bulk glass and previous polarized fiber measurements made on optical fibers.
Significance of Tumor Stage in Sinonasal Undifferentiated Carcinoma Survival: A Population-Based Analysis.

ObjectiveTo describe the incidence and determinants of survival of patients with sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC) from 1973 to 2011 using the SEER database (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results), with consideration of tumor stage based on the Kadish system.Study DesignRetrospective database analysis.SettingAcademic medical center.Subjects and MethodsThe SEER registry was utilized to calculate survival trends for 328 patients with SNUC between 1973 and 2011. Patient data were then analyzed with respect to histopathology, age, sex, race, subsite, modified Kadish stage, tumor size, and treatments rendered.ResultsThe cohort was composed of 61.9% males with median age of 60 years. The median overall survival (OS) was 1.9 years. Most tumors presented in the nasal cavity, maxillary sinus, and ethmoid sinus (29.3%, 27.4%, 21%, respectively); 43.7% of patients received both surgical and radiation therapy. OS at 2, 5, and 10 years was 43%, 30%, and 25%, respectively. On univariate analysis, age, K...
The Smart Centralized Management System of Stability Control Devices

More and more large scale distributed grid security and stability control systems are put into use.It is difficult to manage widely distributed stability control devices.This paper introduces a smart centralized management system of stability control devices,which is built using modern computer and communication technologies.The software/hardware structure and communication mode of the system are described.The system provides effective ways to manage and maintain the stability control devices,and the flexible software platform is open to the integration of more advanced application functions in the future.
Estrogen,Estrogen Receptors and Cardiovascular System Diseases

Estrogen and estrogen receptors show multiple effects on the pathophysiology of cardiovascular system diseases in postmenopausal women,including hypertension,myocardial hypertrophy,heart failure,coronary artery atherosclerosis,myocardial ischemia,myocardial infarction,serum lipids profile,and the fibrinolysis coagulation system.Early retrospective studies have shown that estrogen could prevent cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women.However,recent prospective clinical research has failed to show the expected effects,and the results revealed that more harm than good may be caused.Therefore,estrogen replacement therapy is attracting more attention.Meanwhile,there is now a search for safe estrogen replacement therapies.In order to further our basic and clinical research we will need further understanding of the mechanism of estrogen and estrogen receptors on cardiovascular system in order to exact the maximum benefit and reduce the side effects.
Introduction to Epidemic Modeling

This chapter is the introductory chapter to epidemiological modeling. The chapter starts with the derivation of the Kermack–McKendrick SIR ODE epidemic model. Furthermore, it studies the basic mathematical properties of the model. The model is then fitted to data on influenza at an English boarding school, and its parameters are estimated from the data. In addition, a simple SIS model is introduced and reduced to a single-equation epidemic model. General techniques for studying the dynamics of single-equation ODE models are described and applied to the single-equation version of the SIS model. Furthermore, the SIS model is extended to an SIS model with saturating treatment. The analysis of the model with saturating treatment leads to the introduction of the concepts of multiple equilibria and bistability.
Six-membered Rings with One Other Element

Six-membered ring heterocycles related to benzene containing one B-, Si-, Ge-, Sn-, or Pb-atom have been of significant interest from a theoretical perspective, especially regarding questions of the aromatic nature of each. There has also been a great deal of experimental work aimed at the synthesis and isolation of B-, Si-, Ge-, and Sn-analogs of benzene, 1- and 2-substituted naphthalene analogs, anthracene analogs, and phenanthrene analogs containing either B, Si, Ge, or Sn. Application of sterically hindered blocking groups such as 2-(2,4,6-tris[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]phenyl) (Tbt) has allowed for remarkable success in the isolation of these systems. The use of multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, in conjunction with X-ray diffraction, has led to a deeper understanding of the aromatic nature of these heterocycles.
Epilepsy Diagnosis and Febrile Seizures

The incidence of a previous history of febrile convulsions (FC) and their relation to the diagnosis and localization of subsequent epilepsy were studied in 1005 patients presenting at the Epilepsy Clinic at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN.
Critical Questions for Community Informatics in Practice

Randy Stoecker noted in 2005 that CI remains underdeveloped as a field of practice as long as it does not have its own set of ethical guidelines. While Averweg & O’Donnell published a researcher-focused set of guidelines in 2007, a full-scale work for CI practice has not yet been completed. Workshops employing a range of collaborative techniques have been held at the last three Community Informatics Research Network conferences, identifying perspectives and ideas from attendees regarding ethical CI practice and guiding critical questions. This paper is published as a means to widen the audience reviewing and commenting on these.
APE2 Zf-GRF facilitates 3′-5′ resection of DNA damage following oxidative stress

The Xenopus laevis APE2 (apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 2) nuclease participates in 3′-5′ nucleolytic resection of oxidative DNA damage and activation of the ATR-Chk1 DNA damage response (DDR) pathway via ill-defined mechanisms. Here we report that APE2 resection activity is regulated by DNA interactions in its Zf-GRF domain, a region sharing high homology with DDR proteins Topoisomerase 3α (TOP3α) and NEIL3 (Nei-like DNA glycosylase 3), as well as transcription and RNA regulatory proteins, such as TTF2 (transcription termination factor 2), TFIIS, and RPB9. Biochemical and NMR results establish the nucleic acid-binding activity of the Zf-GRF domain. Moreover, an APE2 Zf-GRF X-ray structure and small-angle X-ray scattering analyses show that the Zf-GRF fold is typified by a crescent-shaped ssDNA binding claw that is flexibly appended to an APE2 endonuclease/exonuclease/phosphatase (EEP) catalytic core. Structure-guided Zf-GRF mutations impact APE2 DNA binding and 3′-5′ exonuclease processing, and also prevent efficient APE2-dependent RPA recruitment to damaged chromatin and activation of the ATR-Chk1 DDR pathway in response to oxidative stress in Xenopus egg extracts. Collectively, our data unveil the APE2 Zf-GRF domain as a nucleic acid interaction module in the regulation of a key single-strand break resection function of APE2, and also reveal topologic similarity of the Zf-GRF to the zinc ribbon domains of TFIIS and RPB9.
Ending a 600-Year Tradition: The Demise of the Cyphering Approach

The question of why the influence of the cyphering tradition on school mathematics in North America fell away, so quickly, between 1840 and 1861 is considered. Three reasons are given: first, the introduction, in the 1840s, of externally-set written examinations in mathematics meant that no longer were cyphering books regarded as the most important evidence in relation to teaching and learning efficiency; second, normal schools spread rapidly after 1840, and those who were trained in the normal schools were taught that teaching and learning methods based on the cyphering tradition were hopelessly inadequate; and, third, education administrators, such as Horace Mann, placed pressure on schools to adopt whole-class methods of teaching mathematics, in which the teacher played a much more active role than ever before.