cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Librarians at the Bounds of Rationality: How Bounded Rationality Can Help Us Help Others

“Bounded rationality” is a concept used in the social sciences to help identify and predict how individuals make decisions. An offshoot of rational choice theory, bounded rationality accounts for the fact that completely rational decisions are not feasible in practice and states that individuals use heuristics, or rules based on past experiences and information, to make decisions. The disciplinary home of bounded rationality is behavioral economics, but this concept is becoming more popular in other branches of the social sciences to help explain and predict human behavior. We can benefit from looking at librarianship from the perspective of bounded rationality, which has been done infrequently in our professional literature. Bounded rationality can explain how our users create heuristic shortcuts to simplify the decision-making process and deal with the multitude of choices and information available. If we can understand and harness these heuristics, we will better understand how our users make decisions...
Virtual realia: maneuverable computer 3D models and their use in learning assembly skills

Two experiments compared real and virtual models as aids for learning assembly skills. In Experiment 1, ten participants individually studied either a fully assembled model, or a computer-generated one, in exploded view, that could be spatially manipulated in any direction. Participants then assembled the object in front of a video camera. ANOVA indicated virtual model are studied significantly longer but yield faster assembly than a real model. Experiment 2 used the same treatments plus a fully assembled virtual mode, randomly assigned to 28 participants who studied the aid, assembled the model, and then repeated the task from memory 3 days later. ANOVA indicated no differences between the three groups in assembly speed or accuracy. However, participants studied the exploded virtual model significantly longer than the two intact views of the model suggesting the former may impose a greater cognitive load due to the additional visual information it provides.
ER Re-expression and Re-sensitization to Endocrine Therapies in ER-negative Breast Cancers

Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer amongst women in the westernized world. The presence or absence of ERα in breast cancers is an important prognostic indicator. About 30–40% of breast cancers lack detectable ERα protein. ERα− breast cancers are resistant to endocrine therapies and have a worse prognosis than ERα+ breast cancers. Since expression of ERα is necessary for response to endocrine therapies, investigational studies are ongoing in order to understand the generation of the ERα− phenotype and develop interventions to restore ERα expression in ERα− breast cancers. DNA methylation and chromatin remodeling are two epigenetic mechanisms that have been linked with the lack of ERα expression and in these cases; demethylation of the ERα promoter or treatment with HDAC inhibitors shows promise in restoring ERα expression in ERα− breast cancers. Two additional potential mechanisms underlying generation of the ERα− phenotype involve E6-AP and Src, both of which have been shown to be elevated in ERα− breast cancer and can drive the proteasomal degradation of ERα. Recently, studies have demonstrated that upregulated growth factor signaling due to hyperactive MAPK activity significantly contributes to generation of the ERα− phenotype and that inhibition of MAPK activity can cause re-expression of the ERα and restore sensitivity to endocrine therapies. Given the challenges in treating ERα− breast cancer, understanding and manipulating the cellular mechanisms that effect expression of ERα are imperative in order to restore sensitivity to endocrine therapies and to design novel therapeutics for the treatment of ERα− breast cancers.
Comparison of release of endogenous dopamine and γ-aminobutyric acid from rat caudate synaptosomes

Release of endogenous dopamine (DA) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from superfused rat caudate synaptosomes was monitored with liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Dopamine was analyzed by oxidative detection following alumina extraction while GABA was analyzed with reductive detection following pre-column derivatization with trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid and extraction. Both spontaneous and K+-stimulated (40 mM) release were examined as well as the effect of several possible neuromodulatory agents (DA, GABA, muscimol, ascorbic acid, acetylcholine). The content of GABA in the sample and the amount released by K+ were approximately fifty times those of DA although the relative amounts released by repetitive K+ stimulations were similar. Muscimol and DA significantly attenuated both the spontaneous and stimulated release of GABA while ascorbate and acetylcholine had no effect. Acetylcholine significantly increased both the stimulated and spontaneous release of DA while the other agents had no effect. Dopamine showed an absolute dependence on calcium for stimulated release while GABA exhibited a significant calcium-independent release. These results indicate that profound differences exist in the factors which modulate the release of endogenous DA and GABA.
Electron irradiation damage in titanium

Abstract Point defects created by electron irradiation can cluster into prismatic dislocation loops and voids during in situ bombardment in a high voltage electron microscope (HVEM). We have observed the development of such loops in Ti.
ZeROA: Zero Clock Skew Rotary Oscillatory Array

Resonant rotary clocking is a clocking technology for high frequency clock generation and distribution at a low power dissipation rate. It is commonly conceived that the multiple phases on the rings of the rotary oscillatory array (ROA) necessitate a non-zero clock skew operation. In this paper, the feasibility of zero clock skew synchronization with the rotary clocking technology implemented on the ROA is shown. Design automation experiments are performed to demonstrate that the zero clock skew operation can be achieved with minimal change in the performance of rotary clock operation. In particular, a marginal ±1.5% change in the tapping wirelength and a negligible 0.38% average skew mismatch are reported in experiments on R1-R5 and ISPD 2010 benchmark circuits.
Expression of winged helix genes, BF-1 and BF-2, define adjacent domains within the developing forebrain and retina

One of the earliest events in the development of the central nervous system is the establishment of positional identity along the anteroposterior (AP) axis of the neuroepithelium. In recent years, regulatory genes with regionally restricted expression in the neuroepithelium have been idenfitied which are believed to specify its developmental fate. We have previously described Brain Factor-1 (BF-1), a winged helix (WH) transcription factor expressed in the telencephalic neuroephithelium (Tao and Lai, 1992) Neuron 8:957–966. Here we report the cloning of the mouse cDNA for a novel WH protein, BF-2. We show that BF-2 is a sequence-specific DNA binding protein with a binding specificity distinct from BF-1. Its expression in the CNS during embryogenesis is restricted to the rostral diencephalic neuroepithelium. The caudal boundary of BF-2 expression is at the zona limitans intrathalamica. Rostrally, the BF-2 expression domain is adjacent to that of BF-1. The expression domains of these two factors define a boundary within the developing forebrain neuoepithelium. The BF-1/BF-2 boundary also extends laterally to divide the optic stalk and the retina into nasal (anterior) and temporal (posterior) domains. These observations suggest that in adition to playing a role in the subdivision of the forebrain, these two WH factors may also function to establish positional information in the retinal neuroepithelium. 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Implementation of effective matrix multiplication on FPGA

Matrix Multiplication is a basic operation that can be used in many applications of DSP. For raw matrix data cannot feed into Simulink Xilinx block directly, thus a new module needs to be designed to complete the matrix multiplication. The original method is straightforward, while consuming considerable hardware resources. In order to save the consumption, we propose a new method to design the matrix multiplication module on Simulink Xilinx platform, which is also implemented on Spartan 3E FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array). The main idea of the proposal is to reuse the resource and input the data in serial. In this way, the hardware cost can be dramatically decreased; meanwhile decreased but more time for the computation will be needed.
Strife of Systems Tension between Organismic and Developmental Points of View

Having worked with Heinz Werner (Werner & Kaplan, 1963/ 1983) to articulate the organismic-developmental approach to psychological phenomena, the author, in this paper, attempts critically to reflect upon the tensions and oppositions between the two components of that ostensibly unitary approach: the organismic-holistic component, which emphasizes the sovereignty and autonomy of sociocultural and, ultimately, individual `entities' in matters of the Good, the True and the Beautiful, and the developmental component, which stresses system (cultural and individual)-transcending norms or standards for the assessment and ranking of diverse `forms of life' or `modes of mentation'. These tensions between immanence and transcendence continue to be manifested in the sometimes violent and virulent oppositions between socioculturalists-historicists-relativists, on the one hand, and objectivists, on the other, and in current intra-societal debates over `multiculturalism', Eurocentrism, rights of self-determination, etc.
Diminished Need For CaNa2 EDTA Provocative Chelation Testing. |[dagger]| 562

A positive CaNa2 EDTA provocative chelation test (PCT) is the gold standard for deciding on which patients (PTS) with a blood lead level (BLL) of 45.0 ug/dl as a threshold for undertaking PCT, we eliminated 11 PTS of the original 29 prospectively requiring PCT in the study. All 11 PTS demonstrated a negative PCT thus providing no false positive PTS. Adding an additional screening step for the remaining 18 PTS, that being a BLL of >30 ug/dl for indication to perform PCT, we reduced that candidate group by 6 PTS with only a single positive PCT (false negative). By using a two-step approach for PCT qualification, the effect in our study is to eliminate 17 of the 29 PTS (59%) needing PCT with a false positive rate of 34.5% and a false negative ate of 3% (one PT). In summary, our two-step approach elimination procedure is useful in diminishing the need for PCT in deciding which children with moderate lead toxicity require chelation.
Comorbidity of sexual problems and posttraumatic stress disorder in female crime victims

The present study examined the relationship between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and sexual problems using data from a subset of women ( n = 391) interviewed about history of crime victimization and DSM-III -defined mental health problems ( American Psychiatric Association, 1980 ). The sample was subdivided based on positive ( n = 228) or negative ( n = 165) history of sexual problems. These two groups were compared on a number of demographics, crime characteristics, and mental health variables. Variables significantly related to sexual problems included having experienced (a) some form of criminal victimization, (b) completed rape, (c) physical injury during the crime, (d) depression, and (e) PTSD. A logistic regression was conducted with these significant variables. The PTSD variable was entered into the regression model last and was found to contribute a significant amount of the variance after accounting for variance contributed by the other variables. This finding supports the hypothesis that PTSD may act as a moderating variable on the development of sexual problems in women with sexual and nonsexual trauma histories. The findings from the present study are largely consistent with learning theory models of posttraumatic adjustment. Clinical and research implications are discussed.
Intravenous and oral lorcainide: assessment of central nervous system toxicity and antiarrhythmic efficacy.

Abstract Twenty-eight subjects underwent evaluation of drug toxicity and antiarrhythmic efficacy with oral and intravenous lorcainide. Lorcainide, a new type 1C antiarrhythmic drug, has an active metabolite, norlorcainide, which accumulates after oral but not significantly after intravenous administration. Group 1 consisted of 14 subjects who received intravenous lorcainide with an initial bolus of 2 mg/kg at a rate of 2 mg/min followed by 0.14 mg/min or 200 mg/24 hours. The lorcainide level after bolus was 0.432 μg/ml and fell to 0.178 μg/ml at 4 to 6 hours despite constant drug infusion. Prior work has demonstrated no detectable norlorcainide levels after intravenous infusion. Group II consisted of 14 subjects who received oral lorcainide, 100 mg orally every 8 hours. Mean lorcainide levels were 0.287 μg/ml and mean norlorcainide levels were 0.377 μg/ml. Only 2 of 12 subjects in group I experienced headache, dizziness, or sleep disturbance, compared to 12 of 14 subjects in group II ( p
Ultrastructure of glomerular disease: A review

Electron microscopy was first applied to the study of the kidney some 25yr ago. In the early 1950's the normal ultrastructure was established [1, 2] providing a basis for the studies of abnormal morphology. A large number of papers dealing with human and experimental renal disease appeared during the next 15yr and several comprehensive reviews were published in the late 1960's [3–6]. The high resolution of the electron microscope enabled the investigators to shed light on many problems which had caused controversy among the light microscopists, among them the structure of the capillary wall in the glomerulus, the nature of the mesangium and its behavior in disease and the nature and location of "fibrinoid" deposits in various glomerular diseases. Electron microscopic studies contributed significantly to the understanding of the pathogenesis and the morphogenesis of the disease process in the glomeruli and to a lesser extent in the tubules, the interstitial tissue and the blood vessels. It also proved to have definite diagnostic value. In this review only the more important contributions of the earlier periods will be discussed and will be supplemented by the more recent information covering approximately the last ten years.
Cigarette Smoking, Socioeconomic Status, and Psychosocial Factors: Examining a Conceptual Framework

Inequalities in cigarette smoking prevalence exist, with smokers more likely to be poor and less educated. Higher socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with higher quit rates. The overall relationship between low SES and poor health, as measured by morbidity and mortality, is well established. However, research indicates that inequalities in health are not explained by SES alone; other variables, such as psychosocial factors, may play a significant role. Williams has developed a conceptual framework to examine relationships among SES, psychosocial factors, and medical care related to health outcomes. According to Williams, the interrelationships among these factors have yet to be determined. As such, the pathways among the variables within psychosocial factors are explored and the authors discuss application to public health nursing practice and areas for future research. Further understanding of these relationships in the context of smoking may inform prevention and cessation strategies.
Optically Mapping the Movement of Discrete Gating Charges in Shaker

The nature of the movement of the voltage sensor in voltage-gated ion channels has been a subject of intense study. In the canonical voltage-gated potassium channel Shaker, one major branch of experimentation has been to examine discrete gating charges in the voltage sensor, such as R362 (R1) or R365 (R2), to determine, via site-directed mutagenesis or cross-linking, the residues that they interact with, such as F290 or F416. However, site-directed mutagenesis may uncover indirect interactions rather than direct ones, while cross-linking may uncover rare states. We have aimed to track the movement of the charged residues directly, using a positively charged bimane derivative (qBBr) conjugated to a cysteine replacing either R362 or R365. Although bulkier than arginine, the distance of the positive charge from the protein backbone is similar, and the introduction of the dye is sufficient to restore typical gating current properties to these cysteine mutant constructs, strongly suggesting that qBBr is mimicking the natural function of the endogenous arginine. We have taken advantage of the properties of the bimane class of fluorescent dyes which are highly quenched by proximity to tyrosine and tryptophan but not other amino acids. Using qBBr attached to a chosen gating charge of Shaker proteins expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes under voltage-clamp, we can optically measure the motion of a specific gating charge in relationship to a specific quenching site in response to changes in membrane potential. The quenching site can be either naturally occurring or artificially substituted into the protein. This method for optically mapping the movement of discrete gating charges in Shaker should be transferable to a wide variety of voltage-gated membrane proteins. Support: NIH GM030376.
Joint problem of power optimal connectivity and coverage in wireless sensor networks

This work considers a multi-hop sensor network and addresses the problem of minimizing power consumption in each sensor node locally while ensuring two global (i.e., network wide) properties: (i) communication connectivity, and (ii) sensing coverage. A sensor node saves energy by suspending its sensing and communication activities according to a Markovian stochastic process. We show that a power level to induce a coverage radius w(n)/n is sufficient for connectivity provided that w(n) → ∞. The paper presents a Markov model and its solution for steady state distributions to determine the operation of a single node. Given the steady state probabilities, we construct a non-linear optimization problem to minimize the power consumption. Simulation studies to examine the collective behavior of large number of sensor nodes produce results that are predicted by the analytical model.
Some Solutions to Data-Handling Problems Associated with the Magnetostrictive Spark Chamber

The invention of the magnetostrictive spark chamber has created problems in detecting, digitizing, and storing the data from arrays of such chambers. These arrays are expected to vary widely in size from one experiment to another. The system of electronics developed for such use should be easily adapted to arrays of different size, and economically feasible for use with the largest arrays. Such a system is described. The basic components of the system are a preamplifier, timing discriminators, and digitizing and storage electronics. The preamplifier, designed to be mounted at the spark chamber, uses an integrated-circuit operational amplifier. It amplifies and clips the pulses from the transducer. The zero-crossing timing discriminator uses a tunnel diode in a cock-trigger circuit. The timing characteristics of the discriminator with expected variations in input pulse shape are described. The digitizing of spark location is accomplished with start/stop scalers operating with a 20-MHz clock. Scalers of 12-bit capacity can be used with chambers as large as 1 meter on a side. The digitizing and storage electronics has been designed in modular form. The number of channels (transducers) and the number of sparks per gap can be expanded or contracted as required by a given experiment. The system can be used with any of three modes of connecting the transducers: parallel, series, or parallel-series. The use of integrated circuits has led to simplifications in the design and economies in production.
Theoretical development in ethical marketing decision making

The current state of knowledge about ethical marketing decision making is explored from a historical perspective. While much research focuses on ethical issues, our purpose is to provide a holistic perspective of existing theory, skills, and research. We address both normative and descriptive approaches to ethical decision making theory development. Additional dimensions of ethical decision making such as institutional, resource-advantage, and value chain theory are advanced for future research.
Retrieval of structure information from retention index.

Abstract The chromatographic identity of a compound can be determined by four parameters, namely, I, A, Z and (GRF). These are interrelated in a linear regression equation, given in the paper as Eq. 8. The retrieval of structural information from retention data requires the introduction of a new meaning to the Kovats retention index, the use of column difference (ΔI) to characterize functional groups, the redefinition of the role of electronegative oxygen and nitrogen atoms, and the division of retention index (I) into contributions from atoms and from functional groups. The separation of retention index (I) into molecular and interaction contributions is a necessary condition for retention index prediction from structure and also for structure information retrieval from retention data. According to Eq. 8 the retention index is uniquely determined by three parameters, namely A, Z and (GRF). For prediction of retention index, the A value is assigned a value of 100 index units (i.u.), the Z value is obtained directly from the compound, and the (GRF) value is pre-calibrated. In Eq. 10, the m and n values represent the pre-calibrated terms for a quantitative structure-retention index relationship. These terms account for the positive and negative retention contributions from polar and polarizable atom groups. All atom groups that are different from methylene and methyl groups will interact with the stationary phase and contribute to retention. The m and n values for various functional, polar and polarizable atom groups and their column differences (ΔI values) are the results of interactions between the solute and the stationary phase and are structure dependent. The interaction increases with increasing polarities of the solute and the stationary phase. The column difference not only reflects the strength of the interaction, but is also characteristic of the functional and polarizable groups. The retrieval of structural information from retention data is equivalent to obtaining Z and (GRF) values from known I and ΔI values, which is straightforward for monofunctional compounds. For multi-functional compounds, additional data will be needed for retrieval of structural information. These can be obtained from derivatization of the unknown compound, from its chemical reactions with other reagents, from GC-MS analysis and from structure match using internal or external standards. The additional data required will depend upon the complexity of the unknown structure. This approach demonstrates that a system can be devised to utilize GC retention characteristics uniquely for structure elucidation.
Thermally reversible crosslinking of polystyrene via the furan-maleimide diels-alder reaction

Mixtures of maleimidomethylated polystyrene with difurfuryl adipate or with furfuryl alcohol-esterified poly[styrene-co-(maleic anhydride)] underwent thermally reversible Diels–Alder crosslinking. Reversal of crosslinking occurred rapidly at 150°C. The instability of the furfuryl group, however, limits the practicability of the reaction. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sudden hearing loss.

The condition of "sudden hearing loss" is characterized by an abrupt and usually unilateral reduction of hearing. The loss may affect any frequency and may range from mild to profound in degree. This type of hearing loss causes particular difficulty in assessment because several chronic conditions may manifest similar initial symptoms. Sudden hearing loss is an emergency which demands astute recognition and a prompt otolaryngological referral. The key to prompt recognition in the primary care setting includes the maintenance of a high index of suspicion accompanied by a thorough and accurate patient history.
Septate and paranodal junctions: kissing cousins

A series of recent publications significantly advances our knowledge about the evolution and composition of septate junctions in arthropod and chordate species. These papers indicate that insect septate junctions share several structural and functional components with paranodal junctions, which join myelinating glial cells to axons in the vertebrate nervous system, and that both probably evolved from a common ancestral precursor.
F 0 range and peak alignment across speakers and emotions

We present an analysis of F 0 range and peak alignment in emotional speech from a heterogeneous group of speakers varying in age and gender. Both speaker and emotion had a strong effect on F 0 range. Despite these large changes in the F 0 trajectory, peak alignment was remarkably stable. Using the Linear Alignment Model (LAM) [1], we show that the effects on alignment of emotion and speaker differences, although statistically significant, are small. This stability results in a conclusion that peak alignment, unlike F 0 range, does not appear to carry much information about speaker identity or emotional state. The LAM is effective in that it explains 42% of the variance in peak location on average, and furthermore it predicts the time of F 0 peaks with an average RMS error of 12ms.
Integrated product and process design through feedback of manufacturing experience

Abstract Computer Integrated Manufacturing tools are used extensively in the electronics industry, yet in this industry manufacturing experience impacts design rules which lie outside the CIM system. Typically, changes or additions to design rules, when they result from manufacturing experience, are determined in an ad hoc way by committee. In this paper we propose a way to capture quantitative relationships between product defects during manufacturing and the product and process design parameters. We describe the integration of logistic regression models with a relational database that permits new design rules to be created in a formal prescribed way, and that takes advantage of the increasing availability of complete part design and processing histories. The method and data structures are illustrated using a solder bridging problem.
Conversing artifacts: an exploration into the communicative power of inanimate things

The present article argues for the evocative power of artifacts in heritage site exhibits and their ability to be recognized as active members of local culture, networks and practice, to embody and perform locality. Objects have the ability to speak, drawing on their previous social life and interactions with humans, long before they are displayed in museums. For artifacts to become socially and historically meaningful in the museum, curators have to recognize their potential to inspire conversations with and among visitors as well as the capacity of objects to seize control of story telling. Things produce and distribute knowledge, confirm and contest previously conceptualized worldviews, they speak to visitor personal experience and expectations, and give new meaning to history and heritage in changing political environments. This article argues that it is salient to account for the local nature of object life and experience; to understand that while heritage has become an international language that fosters conversations about the past in museums and historic sites, this discourse is constructed through different means locally. The restoration of the Neamţ Fortress soon after Romania’s accession to the European Union provides an excellent example of the way in which objects can index meaningful historical moments, stimulating debates about national and transnational belonging in times of political transformation. However, the Neamţ Fortress exhibit has been highly successful particularly because artifacts can be recognized as local actors in a precise and familiar network of people and practices.
Using Delaunay Tessellation of Proteins to Improve Current ENM

Elastic Network Models (ENM) have long been used as a fast method to extract information about protein dynamics and flexibility. Given the simplicity of ENMs_they are based only on the network of interactions described by the C-alpha atoms_it is quite remarkable that they correlate so well with data from molecular dynamics simulations and experiment. There are, however, some limitations that can be improved: dependency of force constants, cutoffs, and problems in loop representation. Recent efforts have explored methods of improving the force constants in order to get a better representation of flexibility. Our method is based on deriving networks based on a Delauney tessellation of the protein space in order to represent protein flexibility. This method completely eliminates the need for arbitrary cutoff distances and gives a rational interpretation of forces to apply to the model. At the same time it maintains the small computational expense that characterizes these methods and has made them popular.
Pubertal Timing and Identity Crisis: A Preliminary Investigation

Retrospective self-report data were utilized in an attempt to investigate the relationship between pubertal timing and identity-crisis status. Identity status interviews were administered to 105 late adolescents: 46 males and 59 females. Retrospective reports about pubertal onset were obtained. The results indicated that crisis males reportedly matured significantly later than their non-crisis counterparts whereas the opposite pattern was found with female subjects: crisis females reportedly matured earlier than their noncrisis counterparts. A social-learning interpretation is considered: adolescents who tend (or appear) to fit prevailing social expectation (viz., early-maturing males and late-maturing females) are less apt to deal with personal identity issues. Alternative interpretations and future research concerns are discussed.
What We Know—and Don't Know—about Measuring Conflict: An Examination of the ROCI-II and the OCCI Conflict Instruments

This article examines the relationship between conflict styles as measured by the Rahim Organizational Conflict Inventory-II (ROCI-II) and conflict strategies as measured by the Organizational Communication Conflict Instrument (OCCI). It likewise focuses on the relationship between these conflict measures and three personality traits: Machiavellianism, self-esteem, and Protestant ethic. Only moderate correlations between these two instruments suggest a situation-specific approach to managing conflict. Other findings suggest that the context of the conflict is a critical variable in assessing conflict management behaviors. Of the three personality variables, only self-esteem revealed a pattern of significant results, and only Machiavellianism revealed a consistent pattern of nonsignificant results. This article calls for additional development of both the ROCI-II and the OCCI to enhance their reliabilities and for additional research to investigate further the relationship between individual differences an...
Instructing Perisomatic Inhibition by Direct Lineage Reprogramming of Neocortical Projection Neurons.

Summary During development of the cerebral cortex, local GABAergic interneurons recognize and pair with excitatory projection neurons to ensure the fine excitatory-inhibitory balance essential for proper circuit function. Whether the class-specific identity of projection neurons has a role in the establishment of afferent inhibitory synapses is debated. Here, we report that direct in vivo lineage reprogramming of layer 2/3 (L2/3) callosal projection neurons (CPNs) into induced corticofugal projection neurons (iCFuPNs) increases inhibitory input onto the converted neurons to levels similar to that of endogenous CFuPNs normally found in layer 5 (L5). iCFuPNs recruit increased numbers of inhibitory perisomatic synapses from parvalbumin (PV)-positive interneurons, with single-cell precision and despite their ectopic location in L2/3. The data show that individual reprogrammed excitatory projection neurons extrinsically modulate afferent input by local PV + interneurons, suggesting that projection neuron class-specific identity can actively control the wiring of the cortical microcircuit.
Preparation of isotopically labelled benzophenone-containing lipid analogues

Methods have been developed for isotopic labelling of the benzophenone-containing cholesterol analogue 1 and the fatty acid analogue 2 by use of deuteriated sodium borohydride derivatives. These procedures avoid the commercial catalytic tritiation which had previously been used to obtain 3H-1 and 3H-2. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Local Minimax Learning of Functions With Best Finite Sample Estimation Error Bounds: Applications to Ridge and Lasso Regression, Boosting, Tree Learning, Kernel Machines, and Inverse Problems

Optimal local estimation is formulated in the minimax sense for inverse problems and nonlinear regression. This theory provides best mean squared finite sample error bounds for some popular statistical learning algorithms and also for several optimal improvements of other existing learning algorithms such as smoothing splines and kernel regularization. The bounds and improved algorithms are not based on asymptotics or Bayesian assumptions and are truly local for each query, not depending on cross validating estimates at other queries to optimize modeling parameters. Results are given for optimal local learning of approximately linear functions with side information (context) using real algebraic geometry. In particular, finite sample error bounds are given for ridge regression and for a local version of lasso regression. The new regression methods require only quadratic programming with linear or quadratic inequality constraints for implementation. Greedy additive expansions are then combined with local minimax learning via a change in metric. An optimal strategy is presented for fusing the local minimax estimators of a class of experts-providing optimal finite sample prediction error bounds from (random) forests. Local minimax learning is extended to kernel machines. Best local prediction error bounds for finite samples are given for Tikhonov regularization. The geometry of reproducing kernel Hilbert space is used to derive improved estimators with finite sample mean squared error (MSE) bounds for class membership probability in two class pattern classification problems. A purely local, cross validation free algorithm is proposed which uses Fisher information with these bounds to determine best local kernel shape in vector machine learning. Finally, a locally quadratic solution to the finite Fourier moments problem is presented. After reading the first three sections the reader may proceed directly to any of the subsequent applications sections.
Biomolecular pleiomorphism probed by spatial interpolation of coarse models

In low resolution structures of biological assemblies one can often observe conformational deviations that require a flexible rearrangement of structural domains fitted at the atomic level. We are evaluating interpolation methods for the flexible alignment of atomic models based on coarse models. Spatial interpolation is well established in image-processing and visualization to describe the overall deformation or warping of an object or an image. Combined with a coarse representation of the biological system by feature vectors, such methods can provide a flexible approximation of the molecular structure. We have compared three well-known interpolation techniques and evaluated the results by comparing them with constrained molecular dynamics. One method, inverse distance weighting interpolation, consistently produced models that were nearly indistinguishable on the alpha carbon level from the molecular dynamics results. The method is simple to apply and enables flexing of structures by non-expert modelers. This is useful for the basic interpretation of volumetric data in biological applications such as electron microscopy. The method can be used as a general interpretation tool for sparsely sampled motions derived from coarse models. Contact: wriggers@biomachina.org Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Migration and Networks

This paper provides a brief overview of current research on networks in international migration. The paper begins with a short discussion of the relationship between networks and social capital. While controversial, this concept potentially provides a unifying thread linking both various aspects of economic research and, potentially more importantly, providing a bridge linking economic research to parallel research in demography and sociology. The core of the paper is a discussion of the role of networks in the decision to migrate, the role of networks in assimilation, and the effect of global migrant networks on the pattern of international trade. In all three of these areas, recent years have seen substantial new research, both theoretical and empirical, on the ways networks interact with more standard economic variables. In each of these cases, networks are seen to play an essential role in the migration experience.
Four Events of Host Switching in Aspidoderidae (Nematoda) Involve Convergent Lineages of Mammals

Abstract: The Great American Interchange resulted in the mixing of faunistic groups with different origins and evolutionary trajectories that underwent rapid diversification in North and South America. As a result, groups of animals of recent arrival converged into similar habits and formed ecological guilds with some of the endemics. We present a reconstruction of the evolutionary events in Aspidoderidae, a family of nematodes that infect mammals that are part of this interchange, i.e., dasypodids, opossums, and sigmodontine, geomyid, and hystricognath rodents. By treating hosts as discrete states of character and using parsimony and Bayesian inferences to optimize these traits into the phylogeny of Aspidoderidae, we reconstructed Dasypodidae (armadillos) as the synapomorphic host for the family. In addition, 4 events of host switching were detected. One consisted of the switch from dasypodids to hystricognath rodents, and subsequently to geomyid rodents. The remaining set of events consisted of a switch...
Evolving Views of Pectin Biosynthesis

Recent progress in the identification and characterization of pectin biosynthetic proteins and the discovery of pectin domain–containing proteoglycans are changing our view of how pectin, the most complex family of plant cell wall polysaccharides, is synthesized. The functional confirmation of four types of pectin biosynthetic glycosyltransferases, the identification of multiple putative pectin glycosyl- and methyltransferases, and the characteristics of the GAUT1:GAUT7 homogalacturonan biosynthetic complex with its novel mechanism for retaining catalytic subunits in the Golgi apparatus and its 12 putative interacting proteins are beginning to provide a framework for the pectin biosynthetic process. We propose two partially overlapping hypothetical and testable models for pectin synthesis: the consecutive glycosyltransferase model and the domain synthesis model.
Expanding our Roles: Embedded in Curriculum Design

This article describes how librarians became involved as members of an interdisciplinary curricular team in a problem-based learning course for first- and second-year medical students. The experience illustrates how librarians can become part of a team, collaborating with medical faculty to assist in revising curricula, incorporating innovative teaching techniques, and creating effective simulated patient case scenarios. Working within an interdisciplinary collaborative team on curriculum development allows librarians to move beyond the traditional role of instruction and can lead to additional opportunities, including research and ongoing involvement in curricular changes.
Complete Genome Sequences of Beijing and Manila Family Strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

ABSTRACT The majority of isolates from tuberculosis patients in Hawaii arrive through the immigration of infected individuals from the western Pacific. We report here on the annotated complete genomes of two strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the two main lineages/families in Hawaii, Beijing and Manila.
Evaluating online learning communities

This article reviews recent evaluation studies of online learning communities to provide a systematic understanding of how such communities are evaluated. Forty-two representative studies were selected and categorized into a newly developed taxonomy of online learning community evaluations. This taxonomy is divided into four components: evaluation purpose, evaluation approach, measures for evaluation, and evaluation techniques. The findings suggest that it is inappropriate to conceptualize evaluation of such communities as a one-size-fits-all, generalizable measure of “good” or “bad.” Instead, we recommend a comprehensive, on-going, diagnostic approach to measuring clusters of indicators, or syndromes, of a particular OLC and examining the causal relation assumed by the evaluators between what is measured and the success of OLC as an imputed outcome.
Statistical Models for Network Graphs

The network models discussed in the previous chapter serve a variety of useful purposes. Yet for the purpose of statistical model building, they come up short. Indeed, as Robins and Morris [125] write, “A good [statistical network graph] model needs to be both estimable from data and a reasonable representation of that data, to be theoretically plausible about the type of effects that might have produced the network, and to be amenable to examining which competing effects might be the best explanation of the data.” None of the models we have seen up until this point are really intended to meet such criteria.
Adaptive scheduling under memory pressure on multiprogrammed SMPs

We present a simple scheduling strategy that copes with the adverse effects of paging on multiprogrammed SMPs. We consider open, multiuser SMP servers, typically found in academic or industrial environments. Our strategy incorporates four uniquely combined features. It is adaptive, in the sense that the programs themselves take scheduling actions upon detecting memory pressure; it is dynamic, since programs detect the likelihood of paging at runtime by communicating with the operating system through a lightweight interface; it is preventive, because it takes scheduling actions before paging occurs; and it is non-intrusive, because the local scheduling actions taken by a program do not affect adversely, but act to the benefit of other programs sharing the system. We present an efficient implementation of our strategy in Linux and show with a realistic production workload that it can improve the response time of the Linux kernel under memory pressure by up to a factor of eight and the throughput by up to a factor of four.
The United States Federal Rules at 75: Dispute Resolution, Private Enforcement or Decisions According to Law?

This essay is a critical response to the 2013 commemorations of the 75th anniversary of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The designation essay is deliberate. This essay is a wake-up call to American proceduralists to acknowledge what they all know: the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure fail to fulfill the fundamental goal of civil procedure just about everywhere: apply law to facts to determine rights and decide cases. Because the rules of procedure of American states largely follow the Federal Rules, the federal failure is a national failure. Some American proceduralists excuse this failure by asserting that the rules fulfill other “dynamic” goals. The essay is consciously polemical. It assumes failure is a given. In my book, Failures of American Civil Justice in International Perspective (Cambridge University Press, 2011), I document that failure. Skeptics are invited to consult that book.
A note on convergence of an iterative algorithm for semiparametric odds ratio models

This paper points out an error in Davidov and Iliopoulos's (Biometrika 100, 778–80) proof of convergence of an iterative algorithm for the proportional likelihood ratio model. It is shown that the iterative algorithm increases the likelihood in each iteration and converges under mild additional conditions when the odds ratio function is bounded.
Individual Firm Sales Forecasting

A L business firms must act on either formal or informal assumptions as to what future sales will be. Even the man who sells balloons on the boulevard on a busy spring Sunday must decide what he expects to sell and prepare himself accordingly. In modern large scale industry, the individual firm forecasting problem is the same in principle, but warrants special study-more study indeed than has been given it in marketing and economic literature.
Primary hypoblast development in the chick : II. The role of cell division.

Proliferative patterns in colchicine treated embryos during the first few hours of incubation, Eyal-Giladi and Kochav stages XI-XIII, clarify the role of cell division in the anterolateral expansion of the primary hypoblast as well as the expansion of the entire blastoderm. A layer of primary hypoblast (extra-embryonic endoderm) can form in the absence of cell division. Colchicine, in concentrations used here, does not prevent ingression of cells from the upper layer to the primary hypoblast and establishment of intercellular contacts. These processes, however modified, remain sufficiently operative so that a hypoblast layer forms. In addition, colchicine does not prevent radial expansion of the whole blastoderm. The demonstrated distribution of proliferative rates in the blastoderm can be the source of cells for blastoderm radial expansion, shape changes and for hypoblast development supplementing ingression of cells from the upper layer.
205 SEVERE HYPERKALEMIA AND METABOLIC ACIDOSIS IN DIABETES: BEYOND KETOACIDOSIS

Persistent hyperkalemia results from impaired urinary potassium excretion, which is mainly controlled by aldosterone. Metabolic acidosis further worsens hyperkalemia with transcellular shifts. We report a 62 yr/M, diabetic, who presented for elective cholecystectomy. His baseline serum creatinine was 1.7 mg/dL with normal acid base and electrolyte status until 5 months prior to presentation when he was started on angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) and a potassium-sparing diuretic, triamterene. Four months after ACEi initiation his renal functions were serum creatinine 1.9 mg/dL, serum K 5.1 meq/L, Na 136 meq/L, Cl 109 meq/L, and CO2 15 mmol/L. The reasons for poor follow-up or lack of interventions are unknown. Preoperatively, on this admission, his serum K 8.2 meq/L, Na 130 meq/L, Cl 107 meq/L, CO2 10 mmol/L, anion gap 13, glucose 383 mg/dL, creatinine 2.6 mg/dL, lactate 1.4 and negative serum ketones. Urinalysis: pH 5.0, no WBC/RBC, proteins and ketones negative. Random urinary potassium was 10.6 mmol/L. Arterial blood gas: pH 7.23, pCO2 32 mm Hg, pO2 99 mm Hg, HCO3 12.8 mmol/L. Hyperkalemia was treated with calcium gluconate, insulin/glucose, and bicarbonate infusions. ACEi and potassium-sparing diuretic were discontinued; loop diuretics, oral bicarbonate, and potassium binding resins were administered, which resulted in lowering of serum K and correction of his metabolic acidosis. This case report highlights Type 4 renal tubular acidosis (RTA) as an etiologic factor for severe hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis in a diabetic. Type 4 RTA results from hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism as seen in diabetics. Use of an ACEi contributed to the aldosterone deficiency. Insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia contributed to the hyperkalemia through transcellular shift of potassium. Multiple iatrogenic interventions without close monitoring can lead to severe and possibly life-threatening complications.