cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protective effects of brain hypothermia on behavior and histopathology following global cerebral ischemia in rats

The present experiments were designed to assess whether brain hypothermia can reduce the behavioral and histopathological deficits associated with global forebrain ischemia. Animals were subjected to 12.5 min of four vessel occlusion (4VO) with moderate hypotension, and brain temperature maintained at either 37 degrees C (4VO-37) or 30 degrees C (4VO-30). Behavioral tests designed to assess forelimb reflexes and sensorimotor function were given on post-operative weeks 2 and 4. Beginning in week 5, the rats were trained on a variety of navigation problems in the Morris water maze. Histopathological examination of the tissue 2 months following reperfusion revealed that 4VO-37 animals sustained substantial cell death in hippocampal region CA1 and moderate damage to the dorsolateral neostriatum. 4VO-30 animals showed minimal cell death in CA1 and neostriatum. There were no group differences for any of the sensorimotor measures, or for acquisition performance on either the simple place task or visible platform version of the water maze. In contrast, during acquisition of the learning set task, the performance of 4VO-37 animals was impaired relative to either of the other groups, whereas the performance of 4VO-30 animals was not significantly different from the sham controls. These data suggest that moderate intra-ischemic brain hypothermia provides long-lasting protection from behavioral deficits as well as neuronal injury following transient global ischemia.
Cost-Minimizing Number of Firms and Determination of Industry Structure

I. Introduction, 439.—II. Least-cost number of firms in a multiproduct industry, 441.—III. Shape of the M locus: economic interpretation, 446.—IV. Regions in which some specified number of firms may be optimal, 450.—V. Scale of demand and cost-minimizing market form, 454.—VI. The single-product case, 455.—VII. Conclusion, 460.—Appendix A: Proof of Theorem Ib, 462.—Appendix B: Proof of Theorem 3, 464.
Silica content of dusts from five texas cottonseed oil mills

Total dust samples, collected with high-volume samplers, were ashed and then analyzed for aluminum, silicon and silica (SiO2). Ash and aluminum contents agreed with earlier reported data, but the silicon content was lower. The amounts of silica ranged from 2–7% in dusts from the cleaning rooms to 0.01–0.05% in dusts from the baling rooms. Agreement with silica contents determined by infrared (IR) spectrometry was good. IR spectra indicated silica particle diameters were in the range of 6–8 µm in the cleaning rooms and 10 µm or more in the delintering and baling rooms. Threshold limit values (TLV) calculated on the basis of total silica in the high-volume samples suggest silica values above the limit in 4 of the cleaning rooms, and possibly one at the delintering rooms. Calculation of respirable silica concentrations and TLV for respirable silica was precluded by the sampling method.
GENDER STEREOTYPES AND NEGOTIATION PERFORMANCE: AN EXAMINATION OF THEORY AND RESEARCH

Abstract Whether gender differences exist at the negotiation table is a timeless question. To address this question, we identify five major theoretical perspectives attempting to account for gender differences at the bargaining table. We distinguish these theoretical perspectives on the basis of the origin of gender differences and the research questions they address. A common thread that runs through each perspective is the gender stereotype, which presumes masculine skills are more valuable at the bargaining table than feminine skills. We then consider the empirical support for this basic assumption as approached by each theoretical perspective. Our review includes the two dominant bargaining paradigms identified by Nash (1950) – cooperative and non-cooperative (e.g. prisoner’s dilemmas) negotiations – and non-interactive and group-level tasks. We then look forward by identifying a research agenda on this timely question for the new millennium.
Modeling the TPF interferometer

The Terrestrial Planet Finder interferometer design concepts are large and complex systems that must operate in environments that are impractical to reproduce in preflight testing. The structurally- connected design is 36 meters long - longer than all but one thermal vacuum chamber in existence. The formation flying design will be comprised of up to five separate spacecraft, each with a sunshield over 15 meters on a side, and is designed to operate with formation sizes spanning 60-100 meters. System-level verification of the performance of the designs will rely on analytical modeling. The effort to model the many physical aspects of the designs under study is under way. This paper describes the program of modeling for the TPF-I concepts. The program includes a number of types of models, such as the standard stand-alone optics, thermal, and structural models, as well as an end-to-end performance model of the project system called the Observatory Simulation. Aspects of each model are discussed including the purpose, methods of implementation (software applications), and approaches to validation. Program-level considerations (such as model-to-model integration and configuration management) are also discussed. Given that there are at least seven different organizations contributing to model developments and more than twenty separate models, these are special challenges.
Language research sponsored by ONR

In contrast to DARPA, ONR has not had a defined program that is focused exclusively on language research. However, there have been some clusters of projects concerned with language that have been supported within the Cognitive Science Program and its prior incarnation, the Personnel and Training Research Program. The ONR program is a basic research program, but a mission-oriented one which seeks to generate results that will prove applicable to significant Navy applications. Traditionally, as the earlier name indicates, those applications were sought primarily in training; more recently, the targets have been broadened to include human factors applications, especially in human-system interaction. Originally, the program was a psychological research program, but it evolved into a cognitive science program, the first government research program to be so labeled. The ONR Cognitive Science Program emphasizes the use of Al techniques to model human cognitive performance, and it has also emphasized the special sub-field of Al concerned with artificially intelligent computerized instruction or tutoring systems (ICAI or ITS). Thus, the ONR Cognitive Science Program also contrasts with the DARPA Human Language Technology Program in being concerned with understanding how human language actually is produced and processed by humans. (There is also an Al program within the Computer Science Division of ONR.) The management style of the program might be best described as dynamic coherence . That is, a degree of coherence or focus is necessary in order to enhance the likelihood of identifiable impact on application areas, but the focal clusters do evolve over time, partially in response to promising proposals that are received. New proposals are judged partially by the extent to which they cohere with and enhance the current portfolio of projects, not merely on isolated merit and inclusion in the broad area of cognitive science. Two salient clusters of language-related research that emerged have been the currently active emphasis on tutorial discourse and an earlier interest in improving the readability of instructional texts and documentation. Both have had significant natural language Al aspects, but not all projects have involved computation.
An Event-related Neuroimaging Study Distinguishing Form and Content in Sentence Processing

Two coordinated experiments using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) investigated whether the brain represents language form (grammatical structure) separately from its meaning content (semantics). While in the scanner, 14 young, unimpaired adults listened to simple sentences that were either nonanomalous or contained a grammatical error (for example, *Trees can grew.), or a semantic anomaly (for example, *Trees can eat.). A same/different tone pitch judgment task provided a baseline that isolated brain activity associated with linguistic processing from background activity generated by attention to the task and analysis of the auditory input. Sites selectively activated by sentence processing were found in both hemispheres in inferior frontal, middle, and superior frontal, superior temporal, and temporo-parietal regions. Effects of syntactic and semantic anomalies were differentiated by some nonoverlapping areas of activation: Syntactic anomaly triggered significantly increased activity in and around Broca’s area, whereas semantic anomaly activated several other sites anteriorly and posteriorly, among them Wernicke’s area. These dissociations occurred when listeners were not required to attend to the anomaly. The results confirm that linguistic operations in sentence processing can be isolated from nonlinguistic operations and support the hypothesis of a specialization for syntactic processing.
Confidence intervals for the risk ratio in cohort studies under inverse sampling

Three simple interval estimates for the risk ratio in inverse sampling are considered. The first two interval estimates are derived on the basis of Fieller's Theorem and the delta method with the logarithmic transformation, respectively. The third interval estimate is derived on the basis of an F-test statistic proposed by BENNETT (1981) for testing equal probabilities of a disease between two comparison groups when the disease is rare. To evaluate the performance of these three methods, a Monte Carlo simulation is used to compare the actual coverage probability with the nominal confidence level for each method and to estimate the expected length of the corresponding confidence interval in a variety of situations. On the basis of the results found in the simulation, we have concluded that the method with the logarithmic transformation is either equivalent to or better than the other two methods for all situations considered here.
Cortical regulation of subcortical dopamine systems and its possible relevance to schizophrenia.

A unique model of DA system regulation is presented, in which tonic steady-state DA levels in the ECF act to down-regulate the response of the system to pulsatile DA released by DA cell action potential generation. This type of regulation is similar in many respects to the phenomenon proposed to mediate the action of norepinephrine on target neurons; i.e., an increase in the "signal-to-noise" ratio as measured by postsynaptic cell firing (Freedman et al., 1977; Woodward et al., 1979). However, in this model the signal and the noise are neurochemical rather than electrophysiological. Furthermore, the "noise" (tonic DA in the ECF) actually down-regulates the "signal" (phasic DA release) directly, and thereby provides a "signal" of its own that affects the system over a longer time-course. Therefore, the difference between signal and noise may also depend on the time frame under which such determinations are made.
Double pedicle deep inferior epigastric perforator/muscle-sparing TRAM flaps for unilateral breast reconstruction.

Background Utilizing both rectus abdominis muscles for unilateral breast reconstruction poses significant risks for hernia or bulge formation and decreased abdominal wall strength. We have used the fascial sparing double pedicle deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP)/DIEP or DIEP/muscle sparing TRAM (MS-TRAM) flap to overcome the disadvantages of the conventional bilateral TRAM or bilateral free TRAM flaps. Methods Between January 1996 and March 2005, 14 double pedicle free DIEP/DIEP or DIEP/MS-TRAM flaps were performed in 14 patients for unilateral breast reconstruction. The abdominal wall was closed without mesh in all cases. Results Evaluation of results was conducted through a retrospective chart review and questionnaire. The average hospital stay was 5.4 days. The follow-up period ranged from 9 months to 10 years. There was no flap loss. There were no hernias, although 1 obese patient had lower abdominal wall bulging. Questionnaire was returned by 11 out of 14 patients, with an average rating of 4.5 (1-5), with all but 1 who would recommend it to others. None of the 11 patients had postoperative abdominal pain or back pain, and 9/11 patients returned to daily activities and/or sports. All patients that worked preoperatively returned to work postoperatively. Conclusions Double pedicle free flaps for unilateral breast reconstruction are a safe option when autologous breast reconstruction is desired, but the volume of tissue required to build a breast exceeds the amount that could be transferred on a single pedicle flap. The double pedicle DIEP (DIEP/DIEP) and/or MS-TRAM (DIEP-MS-TRAM) flap offers good symmetric results for unilateral breast reconstruction and can minimize abdominal wall morbidity.
Crossmodal matching: Validation of a more reliable technique

Multimodal displays, i.e., displays that distribute information across multiple sensory channels (mainly vision, hearing, and touch), have received considerable attention in recent years. To be eff...
Recruitment of a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor mutant lacking cytoplasmic tyrosine residues in its beta subunit into agrin-induced aggregates.

During synaptogenesis at the vertebrate skeletal neuromuscular junction, acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) form high-density aggregates opposite the presynaptic terminal in response to nerve-derived agrin. Agrin has been shown to stimulate tyrosine phosphorylation of a muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase MuSK and of the AChR beta subunit, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors and a tyrosine kinase-deficient mutant of MuSK prevent AChR aggregation. To evaluate the role of tyrosine phosphorylation of the AChR beta subunit in receptor aggregation, we replaced all three putative cytoplasmic tyrosine residues of the AChR beta subunit with phenylalanine residues and expressed the mutant receptors in cultured myotubes. Upon agrin treatment, transfected myotubes formed AChR aggregates that contained receptors with mutant beta subunits. Thus, AChRs can be recruited into agrin-induced specializations by protein-protein interactions that do not depend on tyrosine phosphorylation of the AChR beta subunit.
Mechanisms of injury in competitive off-road bicycling.

Objective To describe the mechanisms of injury from crashes during competitive off-road bicycling (mountain biking) and to examine the type, location, and severity of the resulting injuries. Methods We examined and interviewed all bicyclists injured while competing at 7 off-road bicycling events. Information regarding the direction of fall and the presence of a collision or mechanical failure was obtained, and the injury patterns were compared. Results There were 97 injured riders, with a mean age of 28.3 years. Most victims were male (74%), and all cyclists wore helmets. Most injuries were minor and involved the extremities (70.5%). Injuries sustained from falling forward over the handlebars occurred more often than from falling to the side (65% vs 25%), tended to lead to injuries that were more severe (mean injury severity score [ISS]=3.4 vs 1.7, P Conclusions These findings suggest that off-road bicyclists whose mechanism of injury involves falling forward over the handlebars are at risk for more severe injury, especially to the head and neck.
Ensemble Forecasts of Drought Indices Using a Conditional Residual Resampling Technique

Abstract The historical climate record and seasonal temperature and precipitation records provide useful datasets for making short-term drought predictions. A variety of methods have exploited these resources, but few have quantitatively measured uncertainties associated with predictions of drought index values commonly used in management plans. In this paper, stochastic approaches for estimating uncertainty are applied to drought index predictions. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Climate Prediction Center (CPC) seasonal forecasts and resampling of nearest-neighbor residuals are incorporated to measure uncertainty in monthly forecasts of Palmer drought severity index (PDSI) and standardized precipitation index (SPI) in central South Carolina. Kuiper skill scores of PDSI indicate good forecast performance with up to 3-month lead time and improvements for 1-month-lead SPI forecasts. NOAA CPC climate outlook improved the forecast skill by as much as 40%, and the degree of improvement v...
Comparison of the use of bulk to micro culture of cell preparations for lymphokine-activated cytotoxicity assays.

Different assay systems have been used to quantitate lymphokine-induced natural cytotoxic activity as a measure of immune status. This study compares the effects of inducing cytotoxicity in a bulk culture system, where effector cells are transferred to a micro culture well for assay, to a micro culture system where the effector cells are not transferred. The effector/target ratio for both the bulk and micro culture systems was calculated using the number of viable effector cells present at the time of target cell addition. After over-night incubation with interleukin-2 (IL-2), the lytic activity of murine spleen cells to targets using a micro culture system was increased two-fold over the bulk culture method. This increase was amplified further after 5 days of activation with IL-2, in that the micro culture system resulted in a four-fold increase in cytotoxic activity. The loss of some adherent cells in the bulk culture system did not explain the overall decrease in recovered cytotoxicity. The difference appeared to be related to cell loss during centrifugation. Therefore, the E/T ratios are different in the two systems if not corrected for the number of viable cells. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Fetal Macrosomia and Shoulder Dystocia in Women with Gestational Diabetes: Risks Amenable to Treatment?

Fetal macrosomia and maternal diabetes are independent risk factors for shoulder dystocia, an obstetrical emergency that may cause permanent neonatal injury. Randomized trials of glycemic control in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes reveal decreased rates of macrosomia and shoulder dystocia among those treated. However, definitions of gestational diabetes vary and a specific glycemic threshold for clinically significant risk reduction remains to be delineated. This review discusses risks associated with gestational diabetes including macrosomia (birth weight above 4000–4500 g) and delivery-related morbidity, specifically, shoulder dystocia. Subsequently, we will review recent randomized trials assessing the impact of glycemic control on these delivery-related morbidities. Finally, we will examine a large observational study that found associations with delivery-related morbidity and hyperglycemia below current diabetic thresholds, observations which may suggest reexamination of current diagnosis guidelines for gestational diabetes.
Reconstruction corruption and the redeemers’ prosecution of Francis Lewis Cardozo

This essay recreates in detail the 1877 trial of Francis L. Cardozo, who was state treasurer and a leading African American political figure in Reconstruction South Carolina. Cardozo's trial and conviction provides a quintessential example of the white Redeemers’ racially perverted reaction to the supposedly systemic corruption of the state's Reconstruction government. The essay reveals how much the prosecution of Cardozo was motivated and permeated by racial and political motives. The detailed examination should encourage a re‐evaluation of the history of Reconstruction corruption in the South, and of the Redeemers’ reaction to it.
An approach to prepare defect-free PES/MFI-type zeolite mixed matrix membranes for CO2/N2 separation

Polyethersulfone (PES) and MFI-type zeolite mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) were successfully fabricated by a novel particle suspension impregnating and solution-casting method. The effects of two different membrane preparation methods on the membrane morphology were investigated by scanning electron microscopy; the particle crystal type and distribution were explored by X-ray diffraction and fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that the MFI-zeolite particles were successfully synthesized, with particle diameter around 250 nm. Distribution and dispersion of MFI-zeolite particles suspended in the polymer matrix are homogeneous and uniform. The thermal analysis indicates that the glass transition temperature (Tg) of MMMs is around 230 °C and the initial degradation temperature is up to 460 °C in air. The increment of Tg compared to the neat PES confirms that the polymer chain rigidification is induced by zeolite particles. The MMMs have been evaluated by the CO2/N2 separation factor and permeability measured as a function of permeation temperature, the maximum separation factor of the PES/10 % MFI-silica zeolite for the pure gas reaches 35 at 25 °C.
Metabolism of O,O,S-trimethyl phosphorothioate in rats after oral administration of a toxic dose, and the effect of coadministration of its antagonistic thionate isomer

Abstract The in vivo metabolism of [14CH3S]- and [14CH3O]O,O,S-trimethyl phosphorothioate (OOS) was followed in rats after oral administration of threshold or LD50 toxic doses of 20 or 60 mg/kg. Similar metabolic studies were conducted with coadministration of 1% O,O,O-trimethyl phosphorothionate (OOO), which prevented all signs of delayed toxicity, including weight loss. When administered alone, OOS was metabolized mainly (50–60%) via removal of the CH3S moiety, which was largely converted to expired CO2. Approximately 20% of the compound was O-demethylated, presumably by conjugation with glutathione, and then further metabolized to CO2. Major urinary products were identified as O,O-dimethyl phosphoric acid (50–60%) and O,S-dimethyl phosphorothioic acid (∼20%). Coadministration of OOO caused a slight decrease (∼5%) in the cleavage of the CH3S moiety, indicated by a reduction in 14CO2 from [14CH3S]OOS and a quantitatively similar increase in the formation of O,S-dimethyl phosphoric acid. Limited pharmacokinetic studies indicated that OOS was rapidly absorbed and distributed throughout the body. Coadministration of 1% OOO caused a slight increase in the blood half-life of parent OOS when administered at 60 mg/kg. It was concluded that a small proportion of the cleavage of the CH3S moiety from OOS is involved in the intoxication process, and that this intoxication reaction is specifically inhibited by OOO.
Synthesis and X-ray crystallographic characterization of a (1,3,5)cyclophane with three amide N-H groups surrounding a central cavity. A neutral host for anion complexation.

Abstract A short synthesis of 2.15.28-trioxo-3,16,29-triaza-6,19,32-trithia-[7.7.7](1,3,5)cyclophane(1) is described. An X-ray crystallographic analysis shows that the cyclophane exists in an extended conformation with three amide N-H groups directed approximately inward toward the central cavity.
A Photoactivated Precipiton for Reagent Sequestration in Solution-Phase Synthesis

Precipitons are molecular phase tags for chemical separations. They can be switched from a high-solubility to a low-solubility state to facilitate product, reagent, or catalyst isolation. This paper presents the first photoactivated precipiton and demonstrates that this precipiton is an efficient amine scavenging agent in solution-phase syntheses of amides, ureas, and imines. This approach to amine scavenging offers advantages over solid-phase scavenging methods. The amine is captured in a homogeneous medium, so the capture is much faster than seen with isocyanate resins, and only a small excess of the scavenger is required.
Imaging modes and contrast in near-field scanning optical microscopy

Near field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) provides a number of unique capabilities for high resolution imaging. In this regard, a fundamental aspect of the technique is its ability to retain much of the characteristics available in diffraction limited optical probing. Results are presented on the use of near field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) in imaging a variety of samples, using different contrast mechanisms. The approaches adopted are based on the recently introduced simultaneous, non-contact, near field optical microscope with atomic force regulation. Amongst the techniques discussed are linearized polarizing microscopy, as well as amplitude, and phase, interference contrast imaging modalities.
Reflections on Development in Ethiopia

Introductory Note: I visited Ethiopia frequently and traveled extensively in all parts of the country during the Derg period. I observed firsthand the deleterious effects of the Derg's attempt to turn the country into a communist "people's republic". Since the fall of the Derg in May 1991 I have made eleven visits to Ethiopia (with a twelfth scheduled for June 2001), usually for periods of several weeks, totaling well over a year of travel in the country in all. During these same years I have also spent time in 16 other post-communist countries, ranging from Slovenia and Armenia to Mongolia, observing the political, economic and social problems of recovering from communism and restoring cultural heritage. I delivered a paper summarizing some of this experience in comparison with Ethiopia at the 14th International Ethiopian Studies Conference in Addis Ababa in November 2000. The present discussion is based on observations from travel in Ethiopia, discussions at the 14th IESC and other conferences, and familiarity with literature relevant to the subject of economic and social development.
Priorities in multiple injuries: a brief review

TIlE priorities in multiple injuries are restoration of oxygen transport (acutely and permanently), prevention of secondary brain and spinal cord injuries, prevention of further tissue loss, alleviation of pain, prevention of infection, prevention of protein malnutrition, and restoration of the capacity for physical and mental activity. Most of these priorities overlap and interact. Thus, the management of the fractures clearly does not affect the acute restoration of oxygen transport but does affect its permanent restoration, independent of mechanical aid, protein nutrition and the alleviation of pain. The restoration of oxygen transport is of great importance in preventing hypoxia secondary to expanding intracranial haematomas. It probably significantly reduces the secondary brain damage due to cerebral oedema. We have previously discussed this entire topic in more depth (Border et al., 1975). The major hazard in the care of any multiply injured patient remains the undiagnosed or underdiagnosed injury that does not receive any or only inadequate treatment. There are only a very few patients who get to the hospital alive who have such overwhelming injuries that death could not be prevented, and most of these die quickly in the emergency room. Death after this is very rarely the result of overwhelming damage, except for brain injuries, and usually
A Sufficiency Condition for Coalitive Pareto-Optimal Solutions

In a k-player, nonzero-sum differential game there exists the possibility that a group of players will form a coalition and work together. If all k players form the coalition, the criterion usually chosen is Pareto optimality, whereas if the coalition consists of only one player, a minmax or Nash equilibrium solution is sought. In this paper, games with coalitions of more than one but less than k players are considered. Coalitive Pareto optimality is chosen as the criterion. Sufficient conditions are presented for coalitive Paretooptimal solutions and the results are illustrated with an example.
PopCore: a system for network-centric recommendation

Recommendations are not just informed by the social network, they may also influence it. Thinking about how recommendations impact underlying social processes provides a network-centric approach to recommendation. We describe the design of a recommender system, PopCore, as a testbed for understanding the interplay between recommendation and networks.
Sulfated zirconia catalysts : characterization by TGA/DTA/mass spectrometry

Sulfated zirconia catalysts, with and without Pt, were subjected to heat treatments in air, helium, or a mixture of hydrogen and helium. Oxygen retards the evolution of the sulfur species while hydrogen accelerates their evolution; thus, the temperature for the evolution of sulfur species is higher in air than in helium and in hydrogen. The loss of sulfur allows the exothermic tetragonal phase transition to monoclinic zirconia to occur. From the temperature of the exotherm and the composition of the evolved gases, it appears that the sulfur species that evolve early in the decomposition contain more oxygen than those that evolve during the later part of the decomposition. Only reduced sulfur species are observed during the heating of Pt-SO2−4-ZrO2 in hydrogen; however, reduced species are observed only during the later portion of the decomposition period for the SO2−4-ZrO2 sample that does not contain Pt.
Suppressor cells in demyelinating disease: a new paradigm for the new millennium

This brief review highlights investigations conducted over the past three decades concerning the role of suppressor T cells in the regulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In addition, more recent studies are summarized which suggest that apoptosis of autoreactive T cells is also involved in the regulation of EAE. The possibility that natural killer (NK) cells mediate apoptosis is also considered.
Shocks and Turbulence: Globalization and the Occurrence of Civil War

Several scholars argue that systemic global trends are pulling individuals not only upward toward the global level, but also downward to the local level; the result is a potential loss of authority for the state (Ferguson and Mansbach 2004; Rosenau 1990). Their theory of “fragmegration” can provide a causal mechanism for why longstanding grievances may erupt into civil war at a particular time. While increased global exposure does provide both states and individual citizens with tremendous benefits, sudden “shocks” of globalization can overwhelm a state's capacity to offset the negative impacts of globalization, thus weakening a state's capacity to deal with rival polities for the allegiance of its citizens. The present study conducts a cross-sectional logistic regression with discrete duration analysis to test the impact of globalization shocks on the onset of civil wars between the years 1970–1999. The results demonstrate that increasingly dramatic changes in the level of global integration are associat...
Sea Otter Mortality at Kodiak Island, Alaska, during Summer 1987

La mortalite des loutres de mer a ete etudiee dans l'archipel Kodiak (Alaska) durant l'ete 1987. Le sexe, l'âge, la taille, le poids et la pathologie des carcanes ont ete notes
Some Remarks Concerning the Bremmer Series

Abstract : An attempt was made to clarify certain questions about the convergence of the Bremmer series solution of a linear second order differential equation. It is shown that series of the Bremmer type exist and have convergence properties. (Author)
Maximizing business information security's educational value

A business information security course's goals and objectives are quite different from most traditional security courses, which focus on designing and developing new security technologies. Business information security primarily concerns the strategic, tactical, and operational management issues surrounding the planning, analysis, design, implementation, and maintenance of an organization's information security program. Core issues include asset valuation, auditing, business continuity planning, disaster recovery planning, ethics, organizational communication, policy development, project planning, risk management, security awareness education and training, and various legal issues such as liability and regulatory compliance. Because businesses can't afford to mitigate all security risks, students must learn methods to identify and justify the optimal amount of expenditures to ensure that their information assets are sufficiently protected. Students should also understand the technical components of security so they can appreciate the problems experienced by the people they manage. This paper describes my experiences in developing a business information security course that provides students the knowledge arid experience to succeed in today's competitive information-intensive corporate environment.
Finite buffer analysis of multistage interconnection networks

Proposes an analysis technique for a class of Multistage Interconnection Networks (MIN's) that have finite buffers at their switch inputs and operate in a synchronous packet-switched mode. The authors examine the issue of clock period in design and analysis of synchronous MIN's and propose a model based on small clock periods. Then they analyze their "small cycle" design and compare the results with those obtained from the standard "big cycle" model that is currently used. The significant performance improvement of their model is shown based on various clock width, data width, and buffer length. >
Hip fractures: A worldwide problem today and tomorrow

Hip fractures lead to excess deaths and substantial disability. Most are related both to falls and to osteoporosis, which affects one in four post-menopausal white women, but a lesser number of men or women of other races. Consequently, about half of the 1.66 million hip fractures worldwide in 1990 occurred in Europe and North America. Even within these regions, however, there is substantial variation in hip fracture incidence rates, which suggests the existence of important environmental factors that could be manipulated to reduce hip fracture occurrence. This is important because in the United States alone, a quarter of a million hip fractures annually cost over $8 billion, mostly for acute medical care and nursing home services. Future costs will be even greater because populations are ageing rapidly around the world and because hip fracture incidence rates are rising in some regions. The number of elderly is increasing most rapidly in Asia, Latin America, the Middle East, and Africa, and these regions will account for over 70% of the 6.26 million hip fractures expected in the year 2050. Because fracture treatment is expensive, and rehabilitation not always successful, effective prophylaxis offers the only hope of alleviating the enormous social burden of hip fractures.
In Vitro Lactose Fermentation by Human Colonic Bacteria Is Modified by Lactobacillus acidophilus Supplementation

Adaptation of the colonic flora to lactose may contribute to lactose digestion in lactose maldigesters, and supplementation with Lactobacillus acidophilus may modify colonic fermentation of lactose and short-chain fatty acid production. We evaluated the capability of colonic bacteria to ferment lactose and the ability of L. acidophilus to modify lactose fermentation by the colonic microflora in vitro. An anaerobic continuous culture was established and inoculated with fresh samples of human feces. Lactose infusion was maintained at 25 g/d and pH at 6.7. L. acidophilus strain LA-1 (1.5 x 10(10) cells) was introduced into the fermenter on d 0 or added daily on d 0 through 4. The control was the continuous culture without the addition of lactobacilli. Rapid adaptation of colonic bacteria to lactose occurred within 1-2 d, with a significant decrease in lactose concentration and increase in beta-galactosidase activity, and lactose concentrations fell below 3 mmol/L by d 7. Supplementation with strain LA-1 resulted in a significantly greater decrease in lactose concentration and greater increase in acetate and propionate production within the first day compared with the control group. However, there was no significant difference between the fermentation treated with L. acidophilus daily and the control after the first day. These data suggest that the colonic bacteria adapt quickly to lactose, causing efficient utilization of lactose. L. acidophilus supplementation may enhance lactose fermentation during early periods when the adaptation is not established in this model.
ARTIFICIAL GENE-CLUSTERS ENGINEERED INTO PLANTS USING A VECTOR SYSTEM BASED ON INTRON- AND INTEIN-ENCODED ENDONUCLEASES

Summary The ability to create artificial gene-clusters for genetic transformation could facilitate the development of crops with multiple engineered traits, or with traits which result from the expression of multiple genes. A simple method to assemble artificial gene-clusters was developed by designing a multiple cloning site consisting of an array of homing endonuclease cleavage sites into a single vector. These enzymes are also known as intron- or intein-encoded endonucleases, and have very long recognition sequences, which makes them very rare cutters. The resulting vectors are pUGA for microprojectilemediated transformation, and pUGA2 for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. In addition, a series of unidirectional shuttle vectors containing various combinations of homing endonuclease restriction sites was constructed. Gene cassettes can be cloned into individual shuttles, and then transferred to either pUGA or pUGA2 to construct artificial gene-clusters. To test the feasibility of this approach, a six-gene cluster was constructed and transformed into soybean via microprojectile bombardment and into tobacco via Agrobacterium. The genes were assayed for expression in both the T0 and T1 generations for three independent transgenics. Up to five of the six genes were expressed. Additional changes to the construction of individual gene cassettes may improve the frequency with which all genes in the cluster are expressed.
β-Defensin 1 Plays a Role in Acute Mucosal Defense against Candida albicans

Candida is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that colonizes the mucosal tract of humans. Pathogenic infection occurs in the presence of conditions causing perturbations to the commensal microbiota or host immunity. Early innate immune responses by the epithelium, including antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and cytokines, are critical for protection against overgrowth. Reduced salivary AMP levels are associated with oral Candida infection, and certain AMPs, including human β-defensins 1–3, have direct fungicidal activity. In this study, we demonstrate that murine β-defensin 1 (mBD1) is important for control of early mucosal Candida infection and plays a critical role in the induction of innate inflammatory mediators. Mice deficient in mBD1, as compared with wild-type mice, exhibit elevated oral and systemic fungal burdens. Neutrophil infiltration to the sites of mucosal Candida invasion, an important step in limiting fungal infection, is significantly reduced in mBD1-deficient mice. These mice also exhibit defects in the expression of other AMPs, including mBD2 and mBD4, which may have direct anti- Candida activity. We also show that mBD1 deficiency impacts the production of important antifungal inflammatory mediators, including IL-1β, IL-6, KC, and IL-17. Collectively, these studies demonstrate a role for the mBD1 peptide in early control of Candida infection in a murine model of mucosal candidiasis, as well as in the modulation of host immunity through augmentation of leukocyte infiltration and inflammatory gene regulation.
A 20-Year Longitudinal Perspective on the Vocational Experiences of Persons with Spinal Cord Injury:

The vocational experiences of 50 individuals 22 to 45 years after a spinal cord injury are recounted based on interviews conducted in 1974 and 1994. As a group, their work records exceeded that of ...
Ultrasonography of the Adrenal Glands in the Dog, Cat, and Ferret

Ultrasonography has become an important modality for imaging adrenal glands in small animals. Normal adrenal glands and structural abnormalities, such as changes in size, shape, and echogenicity, can be identified. In the case of adrenal tumors, ultrasonography is a valuable tool for identifying neoplastic masses with local and regional involvement, as well as potential abdominal metastases. When correlated with clinical findings and results of hematologic, serum biochemical and endocrine tests, ultrasonographic findings make a substantial contribution to the diagnosis of adrenal diseases in dogs, cats, and ferrets.
Understanding and Mathematics

We will now consider a general framework for “understanding.” As individuals we deal with an environment that affects us either favorably or unfavorably, and our continued existence depends on our interaction with it. Experience is this process of dealing with the environment. Experience is certainly continuous, but we consider that we can resolve it into unit sub-procedures in which we deal with a “situation” and use our understanding to guide our actions to produce a favorable result. Clearly this understanding is based on past experience or on learning, which corresponds to the experience of others. Preceding experience must, therefore, be structured into patterns that we can recognize in the situation we are dealing with.
Structural Basis for the Regulation of the MmpL Transporters of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

The mycobacterial cell wall is critical to the virulence of these pathogens. Recent work shows that the MmpL (mycobacterial membrane protein large) family of transporters contributes to cell wall biosynthesis by exporting fatty acids and lipidic elements of the cell wall. The expression of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis MmpL proteins is controlled by a complex regulatory network, including the TetR family transcriptional regulators Rv3249c and Rv1816. Here we report the crystal structures of these two regulators, revealing dimeric, two-domain molecules with architecture consistent with the TetR family of regulators. Buried extensively within the C-terminal regulatory domains of Rv3249c and Rv1816, we found fortuitous bound ligands, which were identified as palmitic acid (a fatty acid) and isopropyl laurate (a fatty acid ester), respectively. Our results suggest that fatty acids may be the natural ligands of these regulatory proteins. Using fluorescence polarization and electrophoretic mobility shift assays, we demonstrate the recognition of promoter and intragenic regions of multiple mmpL genes by these proteins. Binding of palmitic acid renders these regulators incapable of interacting with their respective operator DNAs, which will result in derepression of the corresponding mmpL genes. Taken together, these experiments provide new perspectives on the regulation of the MmpL family of transporters.
Superdense time trajectories for DEVS simulation models

Many scientific and engineering applications generate data that are well-suited to be studied using time series charts. Two types of time series that define input, output, and state dynamics of DEVS models are piecewise constant and event charts. In this paper, time series capable of displaying both linear and superdense time segments and trajectories are conceptualized and formulated. These lend themselves for visualizing behavior of parallel atomic and coupled DEVS models. The concept of superdense time segments is realized as plug-ins as part of the Eclipse BIRT (Business Intelligence and Reporting Tool) framework. They can receive time-based alphanumerical data sets from external static and dynamic sources, including the DEVS-Suite simulator. As standalone plug-ins, time series can be used to create static plots and used in BIRT reports. These plug-ins are also integrated into the DEVS-Suite simulator where each model component's behavior can be customized and dynamically plotted. Time series charts simplify and complement tabular logging of data sets for developing simulation models that exhibit zero-time transitory state transitions.
Computed Tomography of the Liver and Biliary Tract

Computed tomography (CT), in existence since 1972, is a noninvasive method of evaluating the human body which has the potential of replacing more invasive diagnostic techniques. The speed of a CT scan varies from a few seconds to five minutes in different commercially available units.
The Azafluoranthenes and Tropoloisoquinolines

Azafluoranthene bases have been found to date only within the family Menisper-maceae. A recent addition to this small group of optically inactive alkaloids is norrufescine, C18H15NO4, whose PMR spectrum is close to that of the known base rufescine. Diazomethane O-methylation of norrufescine generated rufescine. The location of the phenolic function in ring D was confirmed by a positive coupling reaction of the alkaloid with p-nitrobenzenediazonium chloride.1
ROLE OF THE APPENDIX IN DEVELOPMENT OF IMMUNOLOGIC CAPACITY.

SummaryRabbits thymectomized and appendectomized at birth, and challenged with bovine gamma globulin at 7-9 weeks of age, produce much lower titers of antibody than sham-operated animals. The titers of this group were also significantly lower than those of rabbits subjected to thymectomy alone, appendectomy alone, or combined thymectomy and splenectomy. The suppression of antibody-producing capacity in the thymecto-mized-appendectomized animals was paralleled by lack of lymphoid tissue development and by low levels of circulating lymphocytes through the period of study.
Human cancer risk and exposure to 1,3-butadiene--a tale of mice and men.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate empirically the relevance of animal-bioassay-based models for predicting human risks from exposure to 1,3-butadiene (BD) using epidemiologic data. Methods Relative-risk results obtained with a regression model in a recent epidemiologic study were used to estimate leukemia risk for occupational and environmental exposures to BD and to compare these estimates with those previously derived from an analysis of animal bioassay data. Results The estimates of risk were found to be highly dependent on the model used when low levels of exposure were evaluated that are of environmental concern, but not at the levels of occupational concern. For example, at the level (1 part per million) of the recently revised standard of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration in the United States the estimates of lifetime excess risk ranged from 1 to 8 per 1000 workers. The range of the risk estimates derived from the epidemiologic models was remarkably similar to the range of risk estimates for occupational exposures (1 to 9 per thousand) previously developed by Dankovic et al in 1993 from an analysis of a mouse bioassay study for lymphocytic lymphoma. Conclusions Results for BD seem to provide another example of a high degree of concordance between the risk predictions from models of toxicologic and epidemiologic data, particularly at occupational levels of exposure.
Hyperspectral Compressive Single-Pixel Imager for Fluorescence Lifetime Sensing

We report the development of a time-resolved hyperspectral single-pixel imager for time-resolved imaging of bio-tissues. The system is validated by quantitatively resolve multiplexed fluorescent probes in vitro and in vivo.