cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relational Contracting and Business Norms in Entrepreneurial Finance

Contracts between parties who have an on-going relationship often rely on informal norms, rather than formal legal rights, to resolve disputes and reduce transaction costs. Investors financing startup firms, however, may need to look outside of their existing network to find an entrepreneur with an innovative business plan. The search for innovation poses a challenge for relational models of contracting and may limit the effectiveness of social norms in entrepreneurial settings. Recognizing a tension between innovation and social embeddedness, one might expect to see greater use of arms-length contracting, especially when an investor finances an unknown entrepreneur. By contrast, I argue – using examples from angel/VC financing arrangements – that the tension between innovation and social embeddedness is resolved not through arms-length contracting, but rather by bolstering the network position of the unconnected entrepreneur through third-party intermediaries and staged financing. Third-party intermediaries – such as lawyers, board members, managers, scientists, and other entrepreneurs – are able to transform the relationship between the entrepreneur and investor by serving as ‘matchmakers’, ‘chaperones’, and ‘arbitrators’. These mechanisms allow entrepreneurs and investors to commit to informal business norms, even though the parties may have no pre-existing relationship. This study extends the literature in relational contracting and in entrepreneurial finance. Furthermore, my analysis suggests that studies of financial contracts, which focus exclusively on formal terms may overstate the relevance of holdup problems in the allocation of control rights.
Retroviral Mediated Transfer and Expression of Exogenous Genes in Primary Lymphoid Cells: Assaying for a Viral Transactivator Activity in Normal and Malignant Cells

In this report we describe the use of recombinant retroviruses to characterize the activity of an exogenous promoter in primary cells obtained from patients with lymphoproliferative disorders. The infection of a variety of cultured and primary lymphoid cells with a recombinant retrovirus containing a histone promoter-driven beta- galactosidase gene is shown to result in the expression of beta- galactosidase in 50% to 100% of the cells. A similar infection with a recombinant retrovirus containing the beta-galactosidase gene with an adenovirus E2 promoter, results in beta-galactosidase activity in a limited number of cultured and primary cells. Since the adenovirus E2 promoter has been well characterized and is known to be regulated by transactivators encoded by many viruses, the activity of this promoter in specific cell types is discussed in reference to both the biology of the cell and the possible presence of as yet undetected viral gene products.
The Arc of Generational Care: A Case Series Considering Grandparent Roles and Care Needs in Pediatric Palliative Care*

AbstractChildren receiving palliative care services are held within the context of a family and often within multiple-generational arms. The purpose of this case series paper is to recognize grandp...
Inpatient mortality and postpartum readmission rates in sickle cell disease pregnancies: a multistate analysis, 2007-2014.

Objective: We compared post-partum outcomes between sickle cell disease (SCD) and non-sickle cell populations.Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of discharge data for 6,911,916 inpatien...
Treating Velopharyngeal Inadequacy Using Bilateral Buccal Flap Revision Palatoplasty

Purpose The 2 most commonly used operations to treat velopharyngeal inadequacy (VPI) are superiorly based pharyngeal flap and sphincter pharyngoplasty, both of which may result in hyponasal speech ...
Multidimensional Preference Query Optimization on Infrastructure Monitoring Systems

Performance monitoring systems collect and analyze data, and provide insight on availability, performance, and capacity from various monitored targets. However, the analytics in online performance monitoring systems have often been limited due to the query performance of large-scale multidimensional data. The existing approaches for preference or ranking queries generally include approaches with and without pre-processing. The approaches without pre-processing work well with small data sets. For larger datasets, the preference query is usually slow or not time feasible. In this paper, we introduce and evaluate an optimized query approach for performance monitoring systems using the bit-sliced index (BSI). The objective is to enable users to perform fast interactive queries with various querying criteria on multiple dimensions. The experiments cover preference top-k queries on the proposed approach with BSI, an approach using bitmap indexing for top-k queries, and the sequential scan sort top-k selection algorithms. The evaluation covers the single attribute query, multiple attributes weighted sum query, and multidimensional grouping using a real-time performance monitoring system data with several hundred thousand records. Working with a single attribute top-k evaluation, the proposed bit-sliced approach on average outperforms the bitmap approach and the sequential scan approach by a factor of 2 and a factor of 100+ respectively. Similarly, with multiple attributes sum top-k evaluation, it is 5 times faster than the sequential scan approach as well.
Religion and health: building existential bridges

Abstract The connection between religion and health is well documented, with those who hold religious beliefs and attend religious events often experiencing better health outcomes than those who do not. Yet there is also considerable nuance to this literature. This chapter discusses the theoretical and practical insights that can be leveraged from integrating existential motivation into mechanisms that explain the relationship between religion and health. The general framework adopted is that human ontology sets the stage for the experience of existential concerns such as those related to death, meaning, isolation, and freedom. These concerns, and their religious solutions, can direct many health-related decisions along various trajectories. In reviewing associated research and suggesting future directions, the chapter articulates how examining the role of existential concerns in the religion–health connection can improve our understanding of and ability to address contemporary health challenges.
Building Entrepreneurial Community: A Collaborative Benefit Corporation for Women Empowering Women

Women entrepreneurs are an underserved segment of society and in many ways face significantly greater challenges in many cases than male entrepreneurs. Female entrepreneurs face a great challenge is gaining external financing, and often suffer from a lack of an appropriate work space that limits women entrepreneurs accessing external resources—marketing and promotion. Also, most office space leave women feeling overworked and with reduced well-being by the end of the day. Finally, women’s business tends to be “smaller and slower” in terms of growth. For social entrepreneurs to succeed in addressing the social needs there must be reformation of strategies and revolution of the institutions (Zahra et al. 2009). As a B-certified corporation Hera Heb provides the platform for validating the women entrepreneurs. Hera Hub reduces the negative impact of gender stereotypes by providing women friendly co-work environment and resources necessary for launching and running successful ventures.
Chapter 8 – Energy Transport

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the energy transport from reactor cores, defining power density and related quantities that determine temperature distributions. These quantities allow the thermal limits imposed on reactor operation to be examined further. Reactors are normally designed to produce a specified amount of power, while with other variables held constant, the cost of construction rises dramatically with the core volume. The achievable maximum power density is dependent primarily on materials properties and the temperatures and pressures that can be tolerated by fuel, coolant, and other core constituents. Minimizing the peaking factor falls much more into the domain of reactor physics. For nonuniform distributions of fuel enrichment, the positioning of control rods and other neutron poisons, as well as other neutronic considerations, largely determine the value of power peaking factor. The chapter examines the temperature effects associated with power level changes. The chapter presents a reactor model in terms of the average temperature of the fuel and coolant. The steady-state heat transfer relationship is also derived in the chapter.
Bullying Perpetration and Perceived Parental Monitoring: A Random Intercepts Cross-Lagged Panel Model:

Although parental monitoring often reduces youth risk behaviors, some research on bullying perpetration has found that parental monitoring deters bullying while other research has found a null effe...
Creating Space for Synaptic Formation-A New Role for Microglia in Synaptic Plasticity.

Memory formation is thought to occur in the brain through dynamic remodeling of the synaptic architecture between neurons. The cellular mechanisms underlying these dynamics remain unclear. In this issue, Nguyen et al. demonstrate a novel role for microglia in regulating synaptic formation by clearing extracellular matrix proteins that embed neurons.
Assessing Descriptive Substance in Free-Text Collection-Level Metadata [Presentation]

Presentation for the 2008 International Conference on Dublin Core and Metadata Applications on assessing descriptive substance in free-text collection-level metadata.
Pyoderma gangrenosum mimicking suppurative lymphadenitis in the neck of an adolescent

Abstract Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a rare inflammatory neutrophilic dermatosis often associated with underlying comorbidities such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Classically lesions present on the lower extremities as painful, erythematous bullae or pustules, often at sites of prior trauma that rapidly expand to form deep, violaceous ulcers with a necrotic base. We present an unusual case of PG occurring on the neck of a 14-year-old boy with a history of IBD. While pediatric PG is uncommon, an adolescent with IBD who presents with a painfully expanding skin lesion following local trauma should raise suspicion for the diagnosis of PG, particularly if work-up reveals sterile dermal neutrophilia. Steroids are the mainstay of treatment, and care should be taken to avoid excess wound manipulation as pathergy phenomenon can exacerbate disease progression. Early involvement of a dermatologist is essential for facilitating prompt diagnosis and treatment, which may be initiated empirically in hopes of avoiding excess cribiform scarring.
Bridging the gap between natural product synthesis and drug discovery

Covering: 1986 to 2020Natural products are an enduring source of chemical information useful for probing biologically relevant chemical space. Toward gathering further structure-activity relationship (SAR) information for a particular natural product, synthetic chemists traditionally proceeded first by a total synthesis effort followed by the synthesis of simplified derivatives. While this approach has proven fruitful, it often does not incorporate hypotheses regarding structural features necessary for bioactivity at the synthetic planning stage, but rather focuses on the rapid assembly of the targeted natural product; a goal that often supersedes the opportunity to gather SAR information en route to the natural product. Furthermore, access to simplified variants of a natural product possessing only the proposed essential structural features necessary for bioactivity, typically at lower oxidation states overall, is sometimes non-trivial from the original established synthetic route. In recent years, several synthetic design strategies were described to streamline the process of finding bioactive molecules in concert with fathering further SAR studies for targeted natural products. This review article will briefly discuss traditional retrosynthetic strategies and contrast them to selected examples of recent synthetic strategies for the investigation of biologically relevant chemical space revealed by natural products. These strategies include: diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS), biology-oriented synthesis (BIOS), diverted-total synthesis (DTS), analogue-oriented synthesis (AOS), two-phase synthesis, function-oriented synthesis (FOS), and computed affinity/dynamically ordered retrosynthesis (CANDOR). Finally, a description of pharmacophore-directed retrosynthesis (PDR) developed in our laboratory and initial applications will be presented that was initially inspired by a retrospective analysis of our synthetic route to pateamine A completed in 1998.
Professional judgement in clinical practice (part 1): Recovering original, moderate evidence-based health care.

Evidence-based medicine announced its entry as heralding a new paradigm in health care practices, but it has been widely criticized for lacking a coherent theoretical basis. This paper presents the first part of a three-article series examining the epistemological, practical, and ethical dimensions of strong EBM, as well as considering alternatives that promise potential solutions to chronic conceptual and practical problems. While the focus is on the details of the arguments and evidence in thoughtful debates over the last 30 years, it is worthwhile to keep in mind the overall trajectory of modern thought, because strong EBM continues discredited positivist positions, thus repeating its major assumptions and inadequacies, now transferred to the medical sphere and vocabulary. Part 1 of the series examines the development of strong EBM by clarifying and critiquing its somewhat discontinuous accounts of scientific knowledge and epistemology, evidence, the differences between statistical probability in regard to populations and understanding the health of individuals, and its claims for direct transfer of research findings to clinical settings-all of which raises more questions regarding its application to provider-patient decision making, pedagogy, and policy.
Highlighting and taking notes are equally ineffective when Reading paper or eText

The present study examined whether there is a difference in comprehension when reading from computer-based text versus reading from paper-based text and whether there is any benefit from the ability to take notes and highlight text while reading. In two experiments, students’ reading times and comprehension scores were compared between electronic text and paper text excerpted from a popular psychology textbook. In the first experiment, students were only allowed to read, while the second experiment allowed the use of highlighting and note-taking. The results revealed no significant difference in reading times and comprehension scores across conditions. More important, there was no significant difference in highlighting and note-taking across text formats. Overall, comprehension was poor and this may reflect highlighting and note-taking as ineffective or rather the type of behavior when engaging in these types of reading aids should be reconsidered. Alternatively, poor comprehension may have been a result of low motivation from participants.
REBUTTAL: The Market Portfolio Is Bigger Than You Think

The true opportunity set and hypothetical benchmark for investors is, and always has been, the aggregate portfolio of every asset in the world. This portfolio is very diverse and complex. To control risk and make the investor’s job more manageable, most of these assets have been excluded from institutional portfolios, which have instead focused on public equities and bonds. The endowment model opens up the investment process to the true opportunity set and makes it possible to earn returns from sources that have traditionally been closed to both institutional and individual investors. TOPICS:Portfolio theory, portfolio construction, foundations & endowments, performance measurement Key Findings ▪ The true world market wealth portfolio is much larger than the total capitalization of public stock and bond markets. ▪ Active investors should consider the entire world market wealth portfolio, to the extent that it can be accessed, as their opportunity set. ▪ Alternative investments are not new and have been used by endowments and other investors over a long period of historical time.
County-Level Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Excess Mortality Among U.S. Veterans: A Population-Based Study.

Background As the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) continues to impact the world at large, Veterans of the US Armed Forces are experiencing increases in both COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 mortality. Veterans may be more susceptible to the pandemic than the general population due to their higher comorbidity burdens and older age, but no research has examined if trends in excess mortality differ between these groups. Additionally, individual-level data on demographics, comorbidities, and deaths are provided in near-real time for all enrolees of the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). These data provide a unique opportunity to identify excess mortality throughout 2020 at a subnational level, and to validate these estimates against local COVID-19 burden. Methods We queried VHA administrative data on demographics and comorbidities for 11.4 million enrolees during 2016-2020. Pre-pandemic data was used to develop and cross-validate eight mortality prediction models at the county-level including Poisson, Poisson quasi-likelihood, negative binomial, and generalized estimating equations. We then estimated county-level excess Veteran mortality during 2020 and correlated these estimates with local rates of COVID-19 confirmed cases and deaths. Findings All models demonstrated excellent agreement between observed and predicted mortality during 2016-2019; a Poisson quasi-likelihood with county fixed effects minimized median squared error with a calibration slope of 1.00. Veterans of the U.S. Armed Forces faced an excess mortality rate of 13% in 2020, which corresponds to 50,299 excess deaths. County-level estimates of excess mortality were correlated with both COVID-19 cases (R2=0.77) and deaths per 1,000 population (R2=0.59). Interpretation We developed sub-national estimates of excess mortality associated with the pandemic and shared our data as a resource for researchers and data journalists. Despite Veterans' greater likelihood of risk factors associated with severe COVID-19 illness, their excess mortality rate was slightly lower than the general population. Consistent access to health care and the rapid expansion of VHA telemedicine during the pandemic may explain this divergence. Funding This work was supported by grants from the Department of Veterans Affairs Quality Enhancement Research Initiative [PEC 16-001]. Dr. Griffith's effort was supported in part by the Agency for Healthcare Research & Quality [K12 HS026395].
U.S. Steel and "Treason"

[Excerpt] In a comparatively short time, the Midwest Center for Labor Research has established a reputation for insightful and well produced research which has been extremely valuable to labor and community activists. Unfortunately I feel that you have slipped backwards somewhat with your recent publication U.S. Steel: The Betrayal of America. This pamphlet is timely and right in criticizing U.S. Steel's plan to close part of the Fairless Works in Pennsylvania and import steel from Britain to finish there. But, there are several problems with the approach the authors of the pamphlet take.
Laser Velocimetry Applied to Transonic Flow Past Airfoils

The performance of lifting surfaces at transonic conditions is of practical importance to both fixed-wing aircraft and rotorcraft technology. In view of this, considerable effort has been expended in developing numerical prediction techniques applicable to airfoils and wings operating at transonic conditions. As a result, accurate numerical solutions are now possible for transonic lifting surfaces, provided the coupling between the inviscid and viscous flows is weak. The accuracies of the predictions, however, deteriorate as the shock-wave-turbulent-boundary-layer interaction on the suction side of the lifting surface strengths with either increasing Mach number or increasing angle of attack. For cases where this interaction is of such strength that the behavior of the turbulent boundary drastically affects the resultant surface pressure distribution, the numerical predictions have been in strong disagreement with experiment.
TOTAL BODY EXCHANGEABLE WATER, SODIUM AND POTASSIUM IN "HOSPITAL NORMAL" INFANTS AND CHILDREN

Total body exchangeable potassium is approximately 40 mEq./kg. of body weight in infants, children and young adults alike, in contrast to exchangeable water and sodium which are high per unit of body weight at birth and decrease to adult levels during the first 2 years of life. "Cell potassium concentration" calculated from exchangeable water, sodium and potassium and serum sodium concentration changes little during the period of growth and development despite other large alterations in body composition. These measurements are suggested as a further means of investigating cellular potassium status in vivo.
Problem Formulation And Alternative Generation In The Decision Making Process

The standard theory of decision making, widely employed in economics and statistics, is concerned with the rational choice of an action when the set of alternatives for choice and the evaluation function (utility function) are assumed to be given. In the certainty condition, the consequences, in terms of the evaluation function, of choosing any alternative are assumed to be known. In the uncertainty condition, the probability distribution of the outcomes of choosing any alternative is assumed to be known, In the standard theory, rationality is assumed to consist, under the circumstances of uncertainty, of choosing the alternative that will produce the highest expected value of the outcome. This procedure is usually called subjective expected utility(SEU) maximization.
Simulation output analysis for general state space Markov chains

The statistical analysis of simulation output has been the primary focus of recent research in simulation methodology. Methods have been developed which permit the simulator to construct confidence intervals for steady-state characteristics of the system being simulated. The principal methods in current use are autoregressive modeling, batch means, regenerative, and replication. With the exception of the replication method, all methods are bas d on just one simulation run. These methods for constructing confidence intervals are all based on central limit theorems for the underlying stochastic processes being simulated. Thus all methods are only valid asymptotically for long simulation runs.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and right-sided brain lesions.

We want to commend Schumacher et al on their attempt to study the risks involved with carotid artery ligation. However, we have a major concern about the statistical methods used in this article. First, the authors compared two groups of infants (extracorporeal membrane oxygenation v nonextracorporeal membrane oxygenation) with regard to lateralizing abnormalities on the EEG using the one-tailed Fisher exact test and demonstrated statistically significant differences between the two in the incidence of attenuation, slowing, and diffuse abnormality with a unilateral emphasis (table 4). It is worth noting that the P value for the diffuse abnormality when using the one-tailed Fisher exact test actually calculates to be .06, demonstrating no significant difference.
Composite Materials, Thermoplastic Polymer-Matrix

The methods used to synthesize thermoplastic resins for use as the organic matrix for resin-based thermoplastic composites are described. The synergism between the processing method chosen to prepare the composite and the synthesis route used to prepare the resin is emphasized. The synthesis and basic chemistry of commodity-type resins, such as polyamides, polyolefins, polycarbonates, polyacrylates, and acetals, used in composites are discussed. In addition, the chemistry of advanced resin systems, such as polyether ketones, polysulfones, polysulfides, and polyimides, used in high performance composite systems also are presented. Both true thermoplastic resins and pseudothermoplastic resins, that is, resins that undergo some reaction during procesing, are discussed. Several new and potentially important methods for preparing thermoplastic resins for use in composites are highlighted. Keywords: Commodity resins; Thermosets; Polyamides; Polyimides; Polyesters; Advanced composites; Polyolefins; Acetals; Polycarbonates; Poly ether ether ketone
Self-recognition : a constraint on the formation of electrical coupling in neurons

Electrical coupling between specific neurons is important for proper function of many neuronal circuits. Identified cultured neurons from the snail Helisoma show a strong correlation between electrical coupling and presence of gap junction plaques in freeze-fracture replicas. Gap junction plaques, however, were never seen between overlapping neurites from a single neuron, even though those same neurites formed gap junctions with neurites from another essentially identical identified neuron. This observation suggests that a form of self-recognition inhibits reflexive gap junction formation between sibling neurites. When one or both of those growth cones had been physically isolated from the neuronal cell body, both electrical coupling and gap junction plaques, between growth cones from the same neuron, were observed to form rapidly (within 30 min). Thus, inhibition of electrical coupling between sibling neurites apparently depends on cytoplasmic continuity between neurites, and not the molecular composition of neurite membrane. The formation of gap junctions is not likely due to the isolation process; rather, the physical isolation appears to release an inhibition of reflexive gap junction formation. These data demonstrate the existence of a previously unknown constraint on the formation of electrical synapses.
Triple synchronous genitourinary malignancies of dissimilar histogenesis

Abstract A fascinating case was recently encountered involving the synchronous presentation of three primary genitourinary malignancies of different histology.
Importance of species selection in drug toxicity testing

The development of efficacious and safe new human pharmaceuticals continues to be highly dependent on well-designed and carefully executed animal toxicology studies. Although the protocols of most toxicology studies now conform to a standard format, careful selection of the most appropriate and relevant laboratory species is essential. This selection is usually based on pilot toxicity and general pharmacology studies in rodent and non-rodent animals, together with supporting comparative drug disposition studies to determine bioavailability and metabolic profile. A knowledge of the human metabolic profile from early in vitro studies with liver preparations can be particularly valuable.
Geochemistry and exploration criteria for epithermal cinnabar and stibnite vein deposits in the Kuskokwim River region, southwestern Alaska

Abstract Cinnabar- and stibnite-bearing epithermal vein deposits are found throughout the Kuskokwim River region of southwestern Alaska. A geochemical orientation survey was carried out around several of these epithermal lodes to obtain information for planning regional geochemical surveys and to develop procedures which maximize the anomaly: threshold contrast of the deposits. Stream sediment, heavy-mineral concentrate, stream water, and vegetation samples were collected in drainages surrounding the Red Devil, Cinnabar Creek, White Mountain, Rhyolite, and Mountain Top deposits. Three sediment size fractions; nonmagnetic, paramagnetic and magnetic splits of the concentrate samples; stream waters; and the vegetation samples were analyzed for multi-element suites by a number of different chemical procedures. Nonmagnetic, heavy-mineral concentrates were also examined microscopically to identify their mineralogy. Results confirm Hg, Sb and As concentrations in minus-80-mesh stream sediments as effective pathfinder elements in exploration for epithermal cinnabar and stibnite deposits. Coarser-grained sediments are much less effective in the exploration for these deposits. Concentrations greater than 3 ppm Hg, 1 ppm Sb, and 15 ppm As in the minus-80-mesh stream sediment, regardless of the host lithology, are indicative of upstream cinnabar-stibnite deposits. Gold, Ag and base metals in the stream sediments are ineffective pathfinders for this epithermal deposit type. Collection of heavy-mineral concentrates provides little advantage in the exploration for these mineral deposits. Antimony and As dispersion patterns downstream from mineralized areas are generally more restricted in the concentrates than those in the stream sediments. Anomalous placer cinnabar observed in the concentrates has a similar spatial distribution pattern as anomalous Hg and Sb in corresponding sediments. Stream waters are less effective than the stream sediments or heavy-mineral concentrates, and vegetation is an ineffective geochemical sample medium in exploration for this deposit type.
EPR and infrared spectroscopic evidence that a kinetically competent paramagnetic intermediate is formed when acetyl-coenzyme A synthase reacts with CO.

Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase/acetyl-CoA synthase (CODH/ACS) is a bifunctional enzyme which enables archaea and bacteria to grow autotrophically on CO and hydrogen/carbon dioxide using the Wood−Ljundahl pathway. CO produced from reduction of carbon dioxide by CODH is transferred to the active site of ACS through an intramolecular tunnel, where it combines with Coenzyme A and a methyl cation to produce acetyl-CoA. The active site of ACS contains a single [4Fe−4S] cluster bridged by a cysteine sulfur atom to a binuclear center. The binuclear center is composed of two Ni atoms bridged by two separate cysteine sulfurs. The Ni site attached to the [4Fe−4S] is referred to as proximal Ni, while the other Ni atom, which assumes a square-planar geometry, is referred to as the distal site. We report the characterization of the carbonylated form of highly active (0.67 spins/mol) heterologously expressed monomeric ACS from C. hydrogenoformans in E. coli by rapid-freeze quench EPR (RFQ−EPR) and stopped-flow infrared (...
Tactic responses and metabolic activities in Rhodospirillum rubrum.

1. A continuous transition between positive and negative aerotaxis in Rhodospirillum rubrum is described. The transition is effected by a gradual increase in light intensity; it passes through an intermediate type of aerotaxis (the “spirillum band”). 2. A method is described for investigating phototaxis, aerotaxis, and photosynthesis conveniently, in identical preparations of R. rubrum. Saturating light intensities for phototaxis and for photosynthesis, and a characteristic light intensity for reversal of aerotaxis, have been determined in the presence of various substrates. 3. The effects of methylene blue, triphenyl tetrazolium chloride, and 2,4-dinitrophenol on the tactic responses of R. rubrum have been observed and compared with the effects of these drugs upon metabolic activities. 4. The hypothesis, that any tactic response of R. rubrum is mediated by a transient disturbance which accompanies a decrease in the rate of metabolism, is examined. Observations of phototaxis and aerotaxis are in agreement with observations of metabolism, in terms of this hypothesis, if by “metabolism” we mean the assimilation of carbon by the cells. The agreement is less convincing if “oxidation of substrate” is substituted for “metabolism” in the foregoing hypothesis. 5. The possible involvement of thioctic acid or of a cytochrome-like substance in the mediation of taxes is discussed.
Urinary polyamine levels in patients with localized malignancy

Polyamine levels (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) were determined in 24-hour urine samples by a high voltage electrophoresis technique. Twentyfour of 26 patients with localized malignant tumors had two or more elevated urinary polyamine levels. Seven of 12 patients with regional spread of their cancer and five of 11 patients with localized benign and/or noninvasive tumors had elevated urinary polyamine levels. Elevations were seen more frequently in patients with genitourinary, gastrointestinal, and pulmonary tumors and less frequently in patients with gynecologic tumors. Our data suggest that there is no significant difference between the individual or total polyamine levels obtained in patients with localized malignant tumors, and those levels obtained in patients previously studied with widespread metastatic disease.
Viscosity of copolymers containing carbon black

The flow behavior of random copolymers of styrene and butyl methacrylate containing specific carbon blacks varying in surface area were studied at various temperatures and shear rates. Master curves of reduced viscosity as a function of shear rate were prepared for the pure copolymers at 150°C. The superposition required vertical and horizontal shifts, proportional to (aT)−1 and (aT).53, respectively, where aT is the shift factor. With the incorporation of carbon black, the viscous response is non-Newtonian exhibiting a yield stress at increasing filler concentration and surface area. Master curves of viscosity against shear rate were generated at fixed filler loadings and surface areas by using a single horizontal shift factor.
A Narrative Approach to Supporting Clients Living with HIV

The number of individuals living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) continues to grow, increasing the responsibility of mental health counselors to effectively intervene and better understand the unique struggles facing survivors of HIV. Narrative therapy, a postmodern approach to counseling, is presented for use with clients living with HIV. Basic tenets of narrative therapy (externalizing the problem, identifying socially constructed messages, focusing on strengths, and reauthoring client stories) and application with HIV-positive clients are discussed, highlighting the influence of narrative therapy on both physical and mental health issues. A case application is provided.
Fabrication and testing of a silicon immersion grating for infrared spectroscopy

recent advances in silicon micromachining techniques allow the fabrication of very coarse infrared echelle gratings. When used in immersion mode the dispersion is increased proportionally to the refractive index. This permits a very significant reduction in the overall size of a spectrometer while maintaining the same resolution. We have fabricated a right triangular prism from silicon with a grating etched into the face of the hypotenuse. The grating covers an area of 32 mm by 64 mm and has a 97.5 micrometers periodicity with a blaze angle of 63.4 degree(s). The groove surfaces are very smooth with a roughness of a few nm. Random defects in the silicon are the dominant source of grating scatter. We measure a grating ghost intensity of 1.2%. The diffraction peak is quite narrow, slightly larger than the Airy disc diameter at F/12. However, due to wavefront aberrations, perhaps 15-20% of the diffracted power is in the peak with the rest distributed in a diameter roughly five times the airy disc.
“Striking out” as crime reduction policy: The impact of “three strikes” laws on crime rates in U.S. cities

During the 1990s, in response to public dissatisfaction over what were perceived as ineffective crime reduction policies, 25 states and Congress passed three strikes laws, designed to deter criminal offenders by mandating significant sentence enhancements for those with prior convictions. Few large-scale evaluations of the impact of these laws on crime rates, however, have been conducted. Our study used a multiple time series design and UCR data from 188 cities with populations of 100,000 or more for the two decades from 1980 to 2000. We found, first, that three strikes laws are positively associated with homicide rates in cities in three strikes states and, second, that cities in three strikes states witnessed no significant reduction in crime rates.
Studies in hypoglycemia

IN I N 1~ A N T S and children hypoglycemia caused by an insulin-secreting tumor is very rare. Van Beek 1 had been able to find only 12 cases in the entire world literature when she published her monograph in 1952. Since then at least one more case has been reported. 2 Recently we have encountered our first case and some of our studies have proved most interesting. Case 1. The child, a boy, was born Ma y 22, 1955, after a full-term pregnancy and with an uneventful delivery. He appeared quite normal at birth and there was nothing unusual about his subsequent development except that speech was delayed. There were three older brothers and one sister, all ap' parently normal. At the age of 19 months, he had a convu!sion characterized by generalized stiffness, loss of consciousness, and postictal drowsiness. Phenobarbital was prescribed; two similar convulsions occurred during the succeeding 3 months. He developed rubeola on March 8, 1957, at the onset of which a fourth and similar convulsion occurred. Dur ing the next 10 days, he
Violence, Just in Time: War and Work in Contemporary West Africa

The recent war in Sierra Leone and Liberia is connected in both the scholarly literature and the popular imaginary to the global economy via the diamond trade. Yet there is another way to think the connection between war and work. In this article, I ask what it would mean to think of the violence young men in the region's militia movements performed as a mode of post-Fordism. This stands in sharp contrast to recent writing on conflict in Africa, writing that focuses on how violence is a process of identity formation. By contrast, I suggest that “identity” was not a problematic category for fighters in this war. Their own identities could be comfortably contradictory, and the identities of their enemies were a minor issue at best. What mattered was the work of violence, work that increasingly took on the character of emergent modes of what has been called “just-in-time” production.
Temperature calibration of expendable bathythermographs

Abstract A non-destructive temperature calibration system for expendable bathythermographs (XBT) is described. A transfer standard technique has been used to estimate XBT thermistor probe-to-probe temperature variability. One-point calibration results suggest that a standard deviation of 0.025°C is typical at 10°C. Additional calibration data from nine XBT thermistors suggest that probe-to-probe temperature variability is largest at 0°C (ca. 0.03°C) and decreases uniformly to a minimum at 30°C (ca. 0.01°C).
Play centers that encourage literacy development

Teachers are always searching for fresh ideas that address children's growth needs. Ideas that provide learning opportunities which are developmentally appropriate are particularly welcomed. using play as a medium for facilitating literacy growth is one such opportunity. We know from current theory, research and practice that sociodramatic play contributes to children's learning. Its importance in the development of literacy skills has also been investigated and affirmed.
Are International Monetary Fund Programs Effective?: Evidence from East European Countries

We extend the literature on the effectiveness of International Monetary Fund (IMF) programs in two directions. First, we undertake a sensitivity analysis by applying several assessment methods commonly used in the literature to a common data set to check the robustness of inferences regarding the effectiveness of IMF-related programs. Second, we employ a new set of countries that are largely ignored in the literature—namely, those of Eastern Europe. The findings show that the inferences regarding the effectiveness of IMF programs obtained under different approaches seem robust: IMF programs in East European countries appear to be ineffective. However, it may be simplistic to blame solely the IMF for ineffective programs, as effectiveness may be determined by many factors, including the nature of the programs, the commitment of the corresponding country's officials, policy changes, and external shocks.
Multiphysics processes in partially saturated fractured rock: Experiments and models from Yucca Mountain

[1] The site investigations at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, have provided us with an outstanding data set, one that has significantly advanced our knowledge of multiphysics processes in partially saturated fractured geological media. Such advancement was made possible, foremost, by substantial investments in multiyear field experiments that enabled the study of thermally driven multiphysics and testing of numerical models at a large spatial scale. The development of coupled-process models within the project have resulted in a number of new, advanced multiphysics numerical models that are today applied over a wide range of geoscientific research and geoengineering applications. Using such models, the potential impact of thermal-hydrological-mechanical (THM) multiphysics processes over the long-term (e.g., 10,000 years) could be predicted and bounded with some degree of confidence. The fact that the rock mass at Yucca Mountain is intensively fractured enabled continuum models to be used, although discontinuum models were also applied and are better suited for analyzing some issues, especially those related to predictions of rockfall within open excavations. The work showed that in situ tests (rather than small-scale laboratory experiments alone) are essential for determining appropriate input parameters for multiphysics models of fractured rocks, especially related to parameters defining how permeability might evolve under changing stress and temperature. A significant laboratory test program at Yucca Mountain also made important contributions to the field of rock mechanics, showing a unique relation between porosity and mechanical properties, a time dependency of strength that is significant for long-term excavation stability, a decreasing rock strength with sample size using very large core experiments, and a strong temperature dependency of the thermal expansion coefficient for temperatures up to 200°C. The analysis of in situ heater experiments showed that fracture closure/opening caused by changes in normal stress across fractures was the dominant mechanism for thermally induced changes in intrinsic fracture permeability during rock mass heating/cooling and that fracture shear dilation appears to be less significant. Significant effort was devoted to predicting the long-term stability of underground excavations under (mechanical) strength degradation and seismic loading, perhaps one of the most challenging tasks within the project. We note that such long-term strength degradation is actually an example of a chemically mediated process governed by underlying (microscopic) stress corrosion and chemical diffusion processes. In the Yucca Mountain Project, such chemically mediated mechanical changes were considered implicitly through model calibrations against laboratory and in situ heater experiments at temperatures anticipated to be experienced by the rock. A possible future research direction would be to simulate such processes mechanistically in a complete coupled THMC framework where C denotes chemical processes.
Motor performance in relation to control-display gain and target width

Five groups of subjects performed a target alignment task using a joystick-oscilloscope system with different control-display gains. Time taken to move to the target depended upon the width of the ...
Continuation of pregnancy in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) following hypophysectomy.

The effect of the ablation of the intrasellar components of the pituitaiy gland (pars distalis, pars intermedia, infundibular process) on gestation has not been reported in monkeys except for a brief note (Smith, 1946) and a paper on the mammary glands (Agate, 1952). The extended period of gestation, as compared to other laboratory mammals, permits a long period to elapse between hypohysectomy and parturition, thus allowing the disabilities resulting from a pituitary deficiency to fully develop. In the forms reported by other investigators the ablation of the hypophysis before approximately mid-term has invariably resulted in abortion. In some species hypophysectomy at mid-pregnancy or later does not interrupt gestation; in others abortion occurs. In those species in which pregnancy continues, the longest period between operation and parturition has been only 11–12 days, Pencharz and Long (1933), and Selye, Collip and Thomson (1933) in rats; Selye, Collip and Thomson (1933),
Radiation induced microstructural evolution and amorphization of intermetallic compounds

Abstract A theoretical model is developed to study the influence of radiation-induced microstructural evolution on the amorphization kinetics of intermetallic compounds. The amorphization mechanism is assumed to be the buildup to a critical level of defect complexes. A complex consists of a coupled interstitial-vacancy pair. It is shown that the process of amorphization under particle bombardment is obstructed in alloy systems in which interstitials exhibit a tendency to cluster. In these systems, interstitial clustering delays the buildup of complexes. Under electron irradiation, the complex concentration attains a very low level after high doses, and the crystalline-to-amorphous transition is inhibited down to fairly low temperatures. During heavy ion bombardment, cascade damage produces an enhancement of complex formation and the transition takes place. It is shown that the kinetics of amorphization under ion bombardment depends on temperature at low temperatures, where amorphization is mostly due to c...
The existence of persistent states in the brain

We show that given certain plausible assumptions the existence of persistent states in a neural network can occur only if a certain transfer matrix has degenerate maximum eigenvalues. The existence of such states of persistent order is directly analogous to the existence of long range order in an Ising spin system; while the transition to the state of persistent order is analogous to the transition to the ordered phase of the spin system. It is shown that the persistent state is also characterized by correlations between neurons throughout the brain. It is suggested that these persistent states are associated with short term memory while the eigenvectors of the transfer matrix are a representation of long term memory. A numerical example is given that illustrates certain of these features.
Structure and dynamics of two-dimensional lattices in random pinning potentials

Two-dimensional lattices in random potentials characterized by weakly attractive random pinning sites were studied via molecular-dynamics simulations. For a sufficiently high density of pinning sites, a ``fragile`` glasslike (i.e., amorphous solid) phase is found to be stable at temperatures slightly below the melting temperature. Simulations suggest that this phase can be replaced by a more stable phase, namely, an appproximately long-range-ordered solid phase, as the pins are made less dense and/or with weaker strength. The dynamics of the system depends sensitively on the density of pinning sites. This is probed by studying the velocity autocorrelation function of the particles in a random pinning potential as a function of the density of pinning sites.