cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applied Dynamics of Dairy Replacement Growth and Management

Abstract The applied objective of rearing dairy replacement heifers is to minimize investment inputs while maximizing profitable outputs. To reduce inputs one fundamental methodology is to reduce rearing time. Research efforts to reduce the age at first calving below 22 to 24 mo have generally resulted in reduced milk yield. Research suggests that reductions in milk yield may be the result of high energy planes of nutrition, employed to reduce calving age, on mammary parenchyma tissue development. This research is vital to an understanding of the effects of growth and development on the output potential of the replacement heifer, but it is not the only consideration in applied management. Other management factors, such as feed efficiency, dystocia, calving weight, and economics, also have a large influence on the decision-making process in management schemes for replacement heifers. When management schemes are developed, all of these factors must be taken into account, but at present, the interrelationships of management factors are poorly understood. As a consequence, only modest progress has been made in dairy replacement heifer management programs over the last three decades. Making positive changes for the future requires creative thought, investigations of new concepts, and application of those concepts by innovative producers in a management program that results in acceptable performance and profitability.
Exhaustive hydrodearomatization of liquid paraffins

The present studies were aimed at determining the feasibility of obtaining extremely pure liquid paraffins by hydrogenation in a single stage. The studies were performed on a nickel-tungsten sulfide catalyst in a pilot-plant single-pass flow unit (reactive volume with stationary catalyst bed 400 cm/sup 3/) without any recirculation of hydrogen. As the feed they used an untreated liquid paraffin (desorbate) from the Mozyr' Petroleum Refinery, which had been segregated by adsorption in a fixed bed of zeolite.
Microstructural Features of Current Resin Composite Materials

Dental resin composites have become the primary choice of most practitioners for the direct restoration of teeth owing to their esthetics and properties, both of which are highly dependent upon the microstructure of the materials. The type, size, amount, and distribution of the reinforcing fillers are all critical determinants of the optical and physical properties of the composite. The chemistry of the resin monomers and the quality of the highly cross-linked network formed during the polymerization reaction significantly influences these properties. Finally, the transfer of stress from the weaker resin matrix to the stronger and stiffer reinforcing fillers is accomplished by ensuring a strong interfacial linkage between the two phases, typically via a silane coupling agent. Recent work characterizing and describing the influence of the microstructure of dental composites on their properties and performance are reviewed in this manuscript.
A review of the genus Haematopota (Diptera: Tabanidae) in North America

The 5 known North American species of the genus Haematopota are reviewed. New information on distribution and biology, a key to species, illustrations of important taxonomic characters, and distribution maps are provided.
Self-enforcing climate-change treaties

In the absence of world government, an effective treaty to control the emissions of greenhouse gases should be self-enforcing. A self-enforcing treaty has the property that, if a country expects other countries to abide by the treaty, it will be in the self-interest of that country to abide by the treaty too. (A difficulty with the Kyoto Protocol is that it does not appear to lay the groundwork for a self-enforcing treaty). A self-enforcing treaty can be modeled as a Nash equilibrium of a suitably defined dynamic game among a large number of sovereign countries of diverse sizes and economic capabilities. We study such a game and characterize its equilibria (typically there are many) and the global-Pareto-optimal solutions. We identify one of the equilibria, which we call “business as usual,” with the current situation. The multiplicity of equilibria provides an opportunity to move from the inefficient business-as-usual equilibrium to one or more equilibria that are Pareto-superior. Using a calibrated model with 184 countries, we give numerical illustrations of business-as-usual and global-Pareto-optimal trajectories and estimate the potential welfare gains from a self-enforcing treaty.
A method for the analysis of perfluorinated compounds in environmental and drinking waters and the determination of their lowest concentration minimal reporting levels

Abstract A trace analytical method was developed for the determination of seventeen specific perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) in environmental and drinking waters. The objectives were to optimize an isotope-dilution method to increase the precision and accuracy of the analysis of the PFCs and to eliminate the need for matrix-matched standards. A 250 mL sample of environmental or drinking water was buffered to a pH of 4, spiked with labeled surrogate standards, extracted through solid phase extraction cartridges, and eluted with ammonium hydroxide in methyl tert-butyl ether: methanol solution. The sample eluents were concentrated to volume and analyzed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The lowest concentration minimal reporting levels (LCMRLs) for the seventeen PFCs were calculated and ranged from 0.034 to 0.600 ng/L for surface water and from 0.033 to 0.640 ng/L for drinking water. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) for all compounds were
On the Accuracy of Double Scattering Approximation for Atmospheric Polarization Computations

Interpretation of multi-angle spectro-polarimetric data in remote sensing of atmospheric aerosols require fast and accurate methods of solving the vector radiative transfer equation (VRTE). The single and double scattering approximations could provide an analytical framework for the inversion algorithms and are relatively fast, however accuracy assessments of these approximations for the aerosol atmospheres in the atmospheric window channels have been missing. This paper provides such analysis for a vertically homogeneous aerosol atmosphere with weak and strong asymmetry of scattering. In both cases, the double scattering approximation gives a high accuracy result (relative error approximately 0.2%) only for the low optical path - 10(sup -2) As the error rapidly grows with optical thickness, a full VRTE solution is required for the practical remote sensing analysis. It is shown that the scattering anisotropy is not important at low optical thicknesses neither for reflected nor for transmitted polarization components of radiation.
Marijuana use and sexual behavior

In several anonymous questionnaire studies of college students, marijuana use has been reported to affect sexual behavior. In general, these studies show that marijuana smoking enhances sexual pleasure and increases sexual desire. Marijuana use has also been associated with more frequent sexual activity and an increased number of sexual partners. The purpose of this study was to determine the perceived effects of marijuana use on the sexual behavior and sexual practices of a sample of regular marijuana .users. In contrast to other studies, subjects were not drawn exclusively from college student populations and were interviewed rather than given a questionnaire. Results, in general, confirm results of previous studies. Subjects were primarily heterosexual and sexually active. Men were more likely than women to have had multiple sexual partners. Over two thirds reported increased sexual pleasure and satisfaction with marijuana. Increased desire for a familiar sexual partner was reported by about one half. ...
Elastin synthesis during perinatal lung development in the rat.

Abstract The rate of soluble elastin synthesis was estimated in lung explants from rats of differing ages to better define periods in lung development important to the deposition of lung elastin. Lungs from rat pups at days 1, 3, 7, 9, 12, 15, and 21 post-parturition and from adult rats were incubated in a defined medium containing L -[3H]valine. Following incubation, labelled soluble elastin (tropoelastin) was separated from other soluble proteins by coacervation and electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate. The tropoelastin synthetic rate was then estimated after correcting for differences in recovery of radioactivity as tropoelastin and lung tissue L -[3H]valine specific activity. Maximal rates of elastin synthesis were observed in lung explants from 7–12-day-old rats. The rate of elastin synthesis during this period was 5–8-times the rate observed in adult rat lung (expressed per g of fresh lung) and represented approx. 2% of the total protein ynthesis. Moreover, the values derived from explant culture for elastin synthesis were consistent with values for lung elastin deposition in the perinatal rat (5–10 μg elastin/h per g lung).
Spindle Orientation and Asymmetric Localization in Drosophila: Both Inscuteable?

Understanding the mechanisms that couple asymmetric localization of cell fate determinants and spindle orientation has come from Drosophila (reviewed here) as well as yeast and C. elegans (reviewed by3xChang, F. and Drubin, D.G. Curr. Biol. 1996; 6: 651–654Abstract | Full Text | Full Text PDF | PubMedSee all References, 11xRhyu, M.S. and Knoblich, J.A. Cell. 1995; 82: 523–525Abstract | Full Text PDF | PubMed | Scopus (66)See all References). In all three organisms, cell fate determinants controlling sibling cell fate have been identified (e.g., Ash1p in yeast, SKN-1 in C. elegans, and Prospero/Numb in flies), as well as mutations disrupting localization of these determinants (e.g. “she” mutants in yeast, “par” mutants in worms, and the inscuteable mutant in flies), yet, surprisingly, all genes sequenced to date are unrelated. Rapid progress can be expected following the cloning and characterization of homologous genes from each organism, as well as by using available genetic and biochemical methods to identify new genes controlling spindle orientation and asymmetric localization in each organism.
Complications of indwelling venous access devices in patients with gynecologic malignancies

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the complication rates associated with indwelling venous access devices in patients with gynecologic malignancies. Methods Following IRB approval, a computerized database identified women that had indwelling access devices placed for chemotherapy from March 1999 to June 2001. A retrospective chart review identified 116 venous access devices that were placed in 104 patients. All devices were silicone and had a closed tip design with a three-position valve. Data were collected on patient demographics, clinicopathologic features, type of venous device, and complications. The χ 2 test was used for statistical analysis. Results Of the 104 patients, 79 had ovarian cancer, 11 had uterine cancer, 10 had cervical cancer, 2 had fallopian tube cancer, and 2 had vaginal cancer. The median age was 61 years. There were a total of 116 venous devices placed: 65 external catheters (EC) and 51 subcutaneous ports (SP). Seventy-nine percent of the patients were administered low-dose coumadin (1 mg/day) for catheter clot prophylaxis. There were three operative complications in the EC group and two in the SP group ( P = NS). The most common postoperative complications were infection and thrombosis. Nineteen patients in the EC group experienced a catheter-related infection versus 5 in the SP group ( P = 0.025). In the EC group, there were 11 cases of site infection and 8 cases of line sepsis. In contrast, there were 3 cases of exit site infection and 2 cases of line sepsis in the SP group. Deep vein thrombosis occurred in 5 patients with EC and 3 patients with SP ( P = NS). Twenty-seven patients with EC had the device removed for catheter-related complications versus 2 patients with SP ( P = 0.001). Six patients inadvertently removed their EC. Conclusions There is a significantly higher postoperative complication rate in gynecologic oncology patients with external catheters versus subcutaneous ports. Infection and catheter-related malfunction are more common in patients with external catheters. We recommend the use of subcutaneous ports in the majority of patients with gynecologic malignancies.
Can Alston withstand the gale

Dans plusieurs articles recents, William Alston affirme qu'il est possible pour un individu d'accomplir un bapteme initial de Dieu au moyen d'une reference directe. En 1991, Richard Gale affirme qu'une reference directe a Dieu telle qu'elle se concoit traditionnellement dans les religions monotheistes occidentales, est impossible. L'A. analyse l'argumentation de Gale sur cette impossibilite d'une reference directe. Il tente de montrer que cette argumentation echoue en plusieurs endroits et que Gale semble ne pas comprendre quelques unes des conceptions d'Alston
Active simultaneous uplift and margin-normal extension in a forearc high, Crete, Greece

Abstract The island of Crete occupies a forearc high in the central Hellenic subduction zone and is characterized by sustained exhumation, surface uplift and extension. The processes governing orogenesis and topographic development here remain poorly understood. Dramatic topographic relief ( 2 – 6 km ) astride the southern coastline of Crete is associated with large margin-parallel faults responsible for deep bathymetric depressions known as the Hellenic troughs. These structures have been interpreted as both active and inactive with either contractional, strike-slip, or extensional movement histories. Distinguishing between these different structural styles and kinematic histories here allows us to explore more general models for improving our global understanding of the tectonic and geodynamic processes of syn-convergent extension. We present new observations from the south–central coastline of Crete that clarifies the role of these faults in the late Cenozoic evolution of the central Hellenic margin and the processes controlling Quaternary surface uplift. Pleistocene marine terraces are used in conjunction with optically stimulated luminesce dating and correlation to the Quaternary eustatic curve to document coastal uplift and identify active faults. Two south-dipping normal faults are observed, which extend offshore, offset these marine terrace deposits and indicate active N–S (margin-normal) extension. Further, marine terraces preserved in the footwall and hanging wall of both faults demonstrate that regional net uplift of Crete is occurring despite active extension. Field mapping and geometric reconstructions of an active onshore normal fault reveal that the subaqueous range-front fault of south–central Crete is synthetic to the south-dipping normal faults on shore. These findings are inconsistent with models of active horizontal shortening in the upper crust of the Hellenic forearc. Rather, they are consistent with topographic growth of the forearc in a viscous orogenic wedge, where crustal thickening and uplift are a result of basal underplating of material that is accompanied by extension in the upper portions of the wedge. Within this framework a new conceptual model is presented for the late Cenozoic vertical tectonics of the Hellenic forearc.
Neonatal Mortality Risk for Repeat Cesarean Compared to Vaginal Birth after Cesarean (VBAC) Deliveries in the United States, 1998–2002 Birth Cohorts

To examine trends in repeat cesarean delivery, the characteristics of women who have repeat cesareans, and the risk of neonatal mortality for repeat cesarean birth compared to vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC). Trends and characteristics of repeat cesareans were examined for: the period 1998–2002 for [1] all births, [2] low-risk births (singleton, term, vertex births) and [3] “no indicated risk” (NIR) births (singleton, term, vertex presentation births with no reported medical risks or complications). For low-risk and NIR births, neonatal mortality rates for repeat cesareans and VBACs were compared. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the risk of neonatal mortality for repeat cesareans and VBACs, after controlling for demographic and health factors. In 2002 the repeat cesarean rate was 87.4%, and varied little by maternal risk status or by demographic and health characteristics. From 1998–2002 rates increased by 20% for low risk and by 21% for NIR births, respectively. For low-risk women for the 1998–2002 birth cohorts, the adjusted odds ratio for neonatal mortality associated with repeat cesarean delivery (compared with VBAC) was 1.36 (95% C.I. 1.20–1.55). For NIR women, the adjusted odds ratio was 1.24 (0.99–1.55). The experience of a prior cesarean has apparently become a major indication for a repeat cesarean. Regardless of maternal risk status, almost 90% of women with a prior cesarean have a subsequent (i.e., repeat) cesarean delivery. This is the case even if there was no other reported medical indication. Our findings do not support the widely-held belief that neonatal mortality risk is significantly lower for repeat cesarean compared to VBAC delivery.
A genetic model for muscle-eye-brain disease in mice lacking protein O-mannose 1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (POMGnT1).

Abstract Protein O-mannose β1,2-N-acetyglucosaminyltransferase 1 (POMGnT1) is an enzyme involved in the synthesis of O-mannosyl glycans. Mutations of POMGnT1 in humans result in the muscle–eye–brain (MEB) disease. In this study, we have characterized a null mutation generated by gene trapping with a retroviral vector inserted into the second exon of the mouse POMGnT1 locus. Expression of POMGnT1 mRNA was abolished in mutant mice. Glycosylation of α-dystroglycan was also reduced. POMGnT1 mutant mice were viable with multiple developmental defects in muscle, eye, and brain, similar to the phenotypes observed in human MEB disease. The present study provides the first genetic animal model to further dissect the roles of POMGnT1 in MEB disease.
Inhaled anticholinergics and the long-term treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Weighing benefits and risks

A meta-analysis recently published in the Journal of the American Medical Association found an increased risk of nonfatal myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiovascular death associated with inhaled anticholinergic use in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); however, inherent limitations in the meta-analysis and contradictory results from other studies cast uncertainty onto its conclusions. For example, the Understanding Potential Long-term Impacts on Function with Tiotropium trial, a large, prospective, 4-year outcome study in nearly 6000 patients with COPD, did not demonstrate an increase in cardiovascular events with anticholinergic therapy. Until more data are available, clinicians should always carefully weigh safety and efficacy data and help patients make informed decisions about their COPD care.
Municipally operated charter schools : A new trend in community services

Many cities throughout the United States are experiencing rapid population growth and an increased demand for public services delivered in safe, livable neighborhoods. Some of those cities have recognized the need to offer an improved urban school system for their residents and have begun to embrace the charter school movement through the use of innovative local partnerships. There is a nexus between these educational strategies and the principles of community education. Advocates of community education emphasize the importance of community agencies and local residents becoming active partners in community concerns, including the school system. Schools are viewed as localized and community based. This study was undertaken in an attempt to identify the number and location of municipally operated charter schools in the United States, examine the potential nexus with municipal economic development strategies, and measure the schools against community education principles.
Modular design for narrow scintillating cells with MRS photodiodes in strong magnetic field for ILC detector

Abstract The experimental results for the narrow scintillating elements with effective area about 20 cm 2 are reported. The elements were formed from the single piece of scintillator and were read out via wavelength shifting (WLS) fibers with the Metal/Resistor/Semiconductor (MRS) photodiodes on both ends of each fiber. The count rates were obtained using radioactive source 90 Sr, with threshold at about three photoelectrons in each channel and quad coincidences (double coincidences between sensors on each fiber and double coincidences between two neighboring fibers). The formation of the cells from the piece of scintillator by using grooves is discussed, and their performances were tested using the radioactive source by measuring the photomutiplier current using the same WLS fiber. Because effective cell area can be readily enlarged or reduced, this module may be used as an active element for calorimeter or muon system for the design of the future electron–positron linear collider detector. Experimental verification of the performance of the MRS photodiode in a strong magnetic field of 9 T, and the impact a magnet quench at 9.5 T are reported. The measurement method used is described. The results confirm the expectations that the MRS photodiode is insensitive to a strong magnetic field and therefore applicable to calorimetry in the presence of magnetic field. The overall result is of high importance for large multi-channel systems.
Nuclear relaxation phenomena, diffusion and orbiting in the reaction 107, 109Ag+84, 86Kr at 7.2 MeV/nucleon

Abstract Charged particles produced from the interaction of a 7.2 MeV/nucleon Kr beam and a natural Ag target have been studied. Fragments up to Z = 50 have been identified by means of a ΔE , E telescope. Kinetic energy distributions, charge distributions and angular distributions have been measured for the individual atomic numbers. The kinetic energy distributions show two components: a high energy “quasi-elastic” component, and a low energy or “relaxed” component close to the Coulomb energy for touching spheres. The charge distribution for this system is very broad and appears to peak at symmetry rather than at the Z of the projectile. The angular distributions for the relaxed component increase monotonically with decreasing angle and are all forward peaked in excess of 1/sinθ. These results are dramatically different from those obtained in Kr bombardments of heavier targets where rather narrow charge distributions and side peaked angular distributions have been observed. The behavior of the reaction Ag+Kr is strongly reminiscent of reactions induced by lighter projectiles. An interpretation of these data in terms of a diffusion process along the mass asymmetry coordinate is presented.
Associations between SNPs in toll-like receptors and related intracellular signaling molecules and immune responses to measles vaccine: Preliminary results

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) represent the critical “bridge” between innate and adaptive immunity to viral pathogens. We hypothesized that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that potentially influence the expression/function of TLRs and their associated intracellular signaling molecules contribute to variations in humoral and cellular immunity to measles vaccine. We genotyped 190 randomly selected subjects (12–18 years old), previously vaccinated with two doses of measles, for known SNPs in TLR 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, and their associated intracellular signaling genes. Specific SNPs in the TLR 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, MyD88 and MD2 genes were associated with measles-specific humoral and cellular immunity. Heterozygous variants for rs3775291 (Phe412Leu) and rs5743305 (−926bp in promoter region) of the TLR3 gene were associated with low antibody and lymphoproliferative responses (p ≤ 0.02) to measles vaccination. Heterozygous variants for rs4986790 (Gly299Asp) and rs4986791 (Ile399Thr) in the TLR4 gene demonstrated higher levels of (p ≤ 0.02) IL-4 secretion. Heterozygous variants for SNPs in TLR5 (rs5744174) and TLR6 (rs5743818) were associated with higher levels of (p ≤ 0.02) IFN-γ secretion. In addition, SNPs in MyD88 and MD2, intracellular molecules that associate with TLRs, also demonstrated associations with variations in antibody and IL-10 production (p ≤ 0.03). Thus, we identified specific SNP associations between TLRs and their associated signaling molecules that have a known role in viral immunity and variations in both humoral and cellular immunity following measles vaccination. These data contribute to understanding the immunogenetic mechanisms underlying variations in the immune response to measles vaccine.
Assessing Quality in Federal Grants that Support Special Education Teacher-Training Programs.

The purposes of this study were to identify indicators of quality of teacher preparation programs that should be included in such programs, and to determine, on the basis of their inclusion in grant applications, whether programs funded by the Division of Personnel Preparation under the Training of Personnel for the Education of the Handicapped program (CFDA 84.029) were quality teacher-training programs.A literature review revealed nomination of 468 generic indicators of quality in seven categories: extent of need for the training, process of participatory planning, plan of operation, content of the training program, plan for evaluating the program, key personnel, and resources available for use in the program. Those indicators (445 of the original 468) that a majority of a panel of 12 experts agreed should be retained were included in the Instrument for Self-Eualuation of Quality in Special Education Teacher-Training Programs. A second instrument was designed from the first, using four of the eight cate...
Structure of a class II TrmH tRNA-modifying enzyme from Aquifex aeolicus.

Biological RNAs contain a variety of post-transcriptional modifications that facilitate their efficient function in the cellular environment. One of the two most common forms of modification is methylation of the 2′-hydroxyl group of the ribose sugar, which is performed by a number of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) dependent methyltransferases. In bacteria, many of these modifications in tRNA and rRNA are carried out by the α/β-knot superfamily of enzymes, whose SAM-binding pocket is created by a characteristic deep trefoil knot. TrmH, an enzyme found throughout all three kingdoms of life, modifies the universally conserved guanosine 18 position of tRNA. The crystal structure of TrmH from the thermophilic bacterium Aquifex aeolicus has been determined at 1.85 A resolution using data collected from a synchrotron-radiation source. The protein reveals a fold typical of members of the SpoU clan of proteins, a subfamily of the α/β-knot superfamily, with α-helical extensions at the N- and C-­termini that are likely to be involved in tRNA binding.
Generalized analytical solution for the freezing of a supercooled aqueous solution in a finite domain

Abstract A generalized analytical solution to the problem of the unidirectional planar freezing at a constant temperature of a supercooled aqueous solution of finite extent is presented. This solution is valid for both dilute and non-dilute solutions and also at both short and long times. Mathematical approximations are made only to the extent that the mass diffusivity is considered to be independent of concentration. Our theoretical results compare favorably with the experimental results of other investigators and demonstrate that transient non-uniform concentration profiles can exist within the liquid region of systems as freezing progresses and that the volumes of the liquid and solid regions can vary non-linearly with time. The extent of concentration polarization and the velocity of propagation of the liquid-solid interface are found to be functions of the initial degree of supercooling, the mass diffusivity, and the initial size of the system. A comparison is also made between our results for freezing in finite domains and the classical similarity results for freezing in semi-infinite domains.
Differential effects of calcium channel antagonists in the amelioration of radial artery vasospasm.

Abstract Background . Radial artery (RA) is being used for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with greater frequency. However, RA is prone to post-CABG vasospasm, which may be neurohormonally mediated. Use of the calcium channel antagonist diltiazem has been advocated as a strategy to reduce post-CABG RA vasospasm. However, whether and to what degree different calcium channel antagonists influence neurohormonally induced RA vasoconstriction remains unknown. Methods . RA segments were collected from patients undergoing elective CABG (n = 13), and isometric tension was examined in the presence of endothelin (10 nM) or norepinephrine (1 μM). In matched RA, endothelin- or norepinephrine-induced contractions were measured in the presence of diltiazem (277 nM), amlodipine (73 nM), or nifedipine (145 nM). These concentrations of calcium channel antagonists were based upon clinical plasma profiles. Results . Endothelin and norepinephrine caused a significant increase in RA-developed tension (0.54 ± 0.1 and 0.68 ± 0.1 g/mg, respectively; p p p Conclusions . These results demonstrate that neurohormonal factors released post-CABG can cause RA vasoconstriction, and that calcium channel antagonists are not equally effective in abrogating that response. Both amlodipine and nifedipine, which have a higher degree of vascular selectivity, appear to be the most effective in reducing RA vasoconstriction.
Observations of the ultrastructure of the myocardium of the common lobster (Homarus americanus), especially of the myofibrils†

The ultrastructure of the myocardial cells of the common lobster, Homarus americanus, was examined with the electron microscope. The contractile elements of the cells show the usual A, I and Z band structures in longitudinally cut sections. Sarcomeres in slightly oblique section frequently exhibit distinct H zones at the midportions of the A bands. The fine filaments of the I band may be seen between the larger A band filaments in many areas of the sarcomeres, although in other areas there appears only to be filamentous “bridging” between the filaments of the A bands. Cross sections through the A band do not show a constant “array” of I and A filaments. The H zones, observed in these myocardial cells, appear to result from the separation of the finely filamentous materal between the A rods at the middle of A bands when the sarcomeres are stretched. Notation is also made of the appearance of intercalated disks and the thickening and folding of the basement membranes of the sarcolemma at points of cellular angulation. Mitochondria are numerous in these cells, and there is an extensive sarcotubular system.
REGULAR-INSULIN DOSES IN MONKEYS MEASURED BY AN OPERANT SCHEDULE OF TITRATED SUCROSE REINFORCEMENT

Summary.-2 adult male squirrel monkeys, Saimiri sciureus, were conditioned on titration schedules of reinforcement which enabled the animals to adjust sucrose concentrations of Noyes 190-mg. food pellets received as reinforcers. Responding on a titration operandum increased available sucrose concentrations by 20% for 30 sec. per titration response. An alternate operandum, which required a response of different topography, produced reinforcers of sucrose concentration determined by titration rate under a FR 30 schedule. Regular insulin, U-40, was administered via the intraperitoneal route in four doses. Highest and lowest doses of insulin resulted in highest sucrose proportion acquired. Intermediate doses resultid in lowest sucrose proportion acquired. The purpose of the present investigation was to explore the idiographic effects of several doses of regular insulin on rate of sucrose consumption produced by squirrel monkeys under a titration schedule of reinforcement. The properties of the titration schedule enabled the animals to adjust the suaose concentration of food pellets received as reinforcers, depending upon their rate of operant responding. Historically, most investigations have dealt with the effects of insulin on variations in blood glucose. When additives to insulin are held constant, Reiner, Searle, and Lang ( 1939), Martin, Simonsen, and Homan (1944), and Mosenthal (1944) found that as the dosage is increased, both the intensity and duration of action of insulin increased in their ability to lower blood glucose. More recently, Steffens (1969) jound that continuous infusion of insulin in normal rats induced hyperphagia. Blood glucose decreases slowly to 50 rng. per 100 cc under conditions of free feeding at which point a meal begins. A sudden rise in glucose ensues, followed by slow return to 50 mg. per 100 cc. The qcle is repeated continuously. Few studies, however, have dealt with the operant reactions to shifting levels of insulin administrations measured by adjusting schedules of sucrose reinforcement (Vitulli, 1970, 1971). Operant behavior is one of the fundamental mechanisms by which organisms regulate their glucose intake. Adjusting
Method of endoscopy in the chimpanzee: Relations of ovarian anatomy, endometrial histology and sexual swelling

Direct visualization of ovarian morphology at intervals before and after detumescence of the sexual swelling of adult female chimpanzees was carried out endoscopically under general anesthesia. Unovulated follicles were observed before the detumescence of the swelling. Ovulated follicles or early corpora lutea were observed immediately after detumescence of the swelling began. Until 3 days after the start of the detumescence of the sexual swelling secretory endometria and plasma progesterone values above 4 mg/ml were not observed. The data support the conclusion that ovulation occurs at approximately the time that detumescence begins in the chimpanzee.
Treatment of Childhood Traumatic Grief

Childhood traumatic grief (CTG) is a condition in which trauma symptoms impinge on children's ability to negotiate the normal grieving process. Clinical characteristics of CTG and their implications for treatment are discussed, and data from a small number of open-treatment studies of traumatically bereaved children are reviewed. An empirically derived treatment model for CTG is described; this model addresses both trauma and grief symptoms and includes a parental treatment component. Future research directions are also addressed.
Non-Family Agents of Political Socialization: A Reassessment of Converse and Dupeux

The task of comparative political inquiry is to increase knowledge by structuring explanations in a manner which allows cross-national comparison. But the current language of comparative research is permeated with descriptions of behaviour which celebrate the uniqueness of particular systems. Nowhere is this more true, and the influence of the area specialist more pervasive, than in the study of French politics. Scholars such as Stanley Hoffmann, Michel Crozier,2 and Frangois Goguel3 have presented, with considerable elegance, theories which describe patterns of psychological style, authority relations, and political partisanship in France. Unfortunately, most of the explanations rely upon reference to phenomena which are considered to be uniquely French. One of the more frequent examples of this involves the French family. Not only is the family perceived to be of critical importance for the development of authority relations, patterns of interpersonal communication, and social and political behaviour, but it is also perceived to be unique, if not peculiar. As a result, whatever appears in French social and political life without a ready explanation is often accounted for by the peculiarities of French family life. Such explanations have not only suffered from a dearth of corroborating empirical evidence. They have, by relying on the unique attributes of France and by neglecting any explanatory variables which might be present in a variety of systems, failed to structure relationships in a truly comparative manner that is, one in which cross-national variations are attributed to the variation in certain common
Synonymous codon bias is related to gene length in Escherichia coli: selection for translational accuracy?

The level of synonymous codon bias is shown to be positively correlated to gene length in Escherichia co/i genes which are thought to be expressed at similar levels; these are genes whose products are present in multimeric proteins in equimolar amounts. It is argued that the positive correlation could be caused by selection to avoid missense errors during translation. Since the cost of producing a protein is proportional to its length, selection in favor of codons which increase accuracy should be greater in longer genes, and long genes should therefore have higher synonymous codon bias. It is also shown that there is variation in synonymous codon use which is independent of either expression level, gene length, amino acid composition, or chromosomal location. This variation is consistent with selection for translational accuracy but may have other origins.
Theorizing modernity conspiratorially: Science, scale, and the political economy of public discourse in explanations of a cholera epidemic

When some five hundred people in eastern Venezuela died from cholera in 1992–93, officials responded by racializing the dead as “indigenous people” and suggesting that “their culture” was to blame. Stories that circulated in affected communities talked back to official accounts, alleging that the state, global capitalism, and international politics were complicit in a genocidal plot. It is easy to attribute such conspiracy theories to differences of culture and epistemology. I argue, rather, that how political economies position different players in the processes through which public discourses circulate, excluding some communities from access to authoritative sources of information and denying them means of transforming their narratives into public discourse, provides a more fruitful line of analysis. In this article I use—and talk back to—research on science studies, globalization, and public discourse to think about how conspiracy theories can open up new ways for anthropologists to critically engage the contemporary politics of exclusion and help us all find strategies for survival.
Building Information Modeling and simulation for the mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems

Building Information Modeling (BIM) can be implemented in estimating, clash detection, sustainability analysis, solutions to in-field Requests-For-Information, facility management, etc. This research focuses on implementing BIM throughout the entire construction life cycle. Currently, the Architectural/Engineering/Construction (A/E/C) companies are using BIM to realize improved productivity and cost-effectiveness. One benefit of using BIM applications is the enhanced interoperability, which will improve integrated building design and integrated project delivery (IPD). The accurate model of BIM has the ability to be used throughout the entire life cycle of the building, from initial design through occupancy and operation. The research will examine how to utilize the flexibility of the BIM/MEP (Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing) systems and how to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment by: efficiently using the MEP systems, protecting occupant health and improving employee productivity, as well as reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradation of healthcare buildings.
Improved triangle method for two-dimensional Brillouin zone integrations to determine physical properties

An improvement of the linear triangle method for two-dimensional Brillouin zone integrations is presented. A simple correction formula for this improvement is given and applied to several systems --- a three layer Fe(001) slab, a three layer slab of Si(001), and three layers of ${\mathrm{MgB}}_{2}(001)$---to investigate its validity and efficiency. This ``improved triangle method'' is seen to give better convergence behavior of the total energy, atomic force, and magnetic moment with respect to the number of k-points than do the normal triangle method and the special k-point method of Monkhorst and Pack.
Achieving a True Multicultural Focus in Today's Curriculum.

It is no longer possible to maintain phys ical, cultural, and political Isolation. Political multiculturalism is one way to present historical and social issues so that all sides are empowered.
The Multi-Attitude Suicide Tendency Scale: Psychometric Characteristics in an American Sample.

The Multi-Attitude Suicide Tendency Scale (MAST) was designed to assess suicidal tendencies in youth. This 30-item scale has four types of attitudes: attraction to life, repulsion by life, attraction to death, and repulsion by death. Normative, factor structure, and psychometric data were investigated with American youth with a range of suicidal ideations and behaviors. The reported factor structure was replicated with American youths. In addition, all four factor scales showed good reliability estimates. Finally, the relationships among the MAST factors and measures of suicidal behavior and ideation, social desirability, and general psychopathology were examined.
Effect of Female-Linked Job Titles on Job Evaluation Ratings

In this study an experiment was performed to test whether sex role stereotyping evoked through female-linked job titles might influence job evaluation ratings. One hundred and ten subjects who had received training in job evaluation procedures rated two jobs on nine factors commonly used in job evaluation plans. For one half of the subjects the job titles for the two jobs were changed to reflect a female sex linkage. The results indicate that one of the two jobs with a femalelinked job title received 5.6% fewer total points. A key finding was that, in comparison to the sex-linkage effects, a large proportion of variance in ratings reflected between job differences. Where bias occurred, however, it appeared to be based on job contentfactors (effort and responsibility required) rather than skill or human capital (education and experience)factors. Potential implications for managers as well as limitations of the research are discussed. Suggestions for future research are also noted.
Internet quarantine: requirements for containing self-propagating code

It has been clear since 1988 that self-propagating code can quickly spread across a network by exploiting homogeneous security vulnerabilities. However, the last few years have seen a dramatic increase in the frequency and virulence of such "worm" outbreaks. For example, the Code-Red worm epidemics of 2001 infected hundreds of thousands of Internet hosts in a very short period - incurring enormous operational expense to track down, contain, and repair each infected machine. In response to this threat, there is considerable effort focused on developing technical means for detecting and containing worm infections before they can cause such damage. This paper does not propose a particular technology to address this problem, but instead focuses on a more basic question: How well will any such approach contain a worm epidemic on the Internet? We describe the design space of worm containment systems using three key parameters - reaction time, containment strategy and deployment scenario. Using a combination of analytic modeling and simulation, we describe how each of these design factors impacts the dynamics of a worm epidemic and, conversely, the minimum engineering requirements necessary to contain the spread of a given worm. While our analysis cannot provide definitive guidance for engineering defenses against all future threats, we demonstrate the lower bounds that any such system must exceed to be useful today. Unfortunately, our results suggest that there are significant technological and administrative gaps to be bridged before an effective defense can be provided in today's Internet.
Effect of hyperbaric oxygen exposure on oxygen tension within the medullary canal in the rabbit tibial osteomyelitis model

The effect on intramedullary oxygen tension of 100% oxygen exposure at 1, 2, 2.4, and 3 atm pressure was studied in 12 New Zealand white rabbits with chronic right tibial osteomyelitis. The model, modified from that described by others, incorporates a multipuncture silastic closure plug placed transcortically in the proximal tibial metaphysis through which platinum needle, polarographic electrode oxygen tension determinations can be made without repeat surgical exposure. In 40% of the control, left, noninfected tibial metaphyses the baseline oxygen tension with the animals breathing room air at sea level was suboptimal for leukocyte bacterial killing. This oxygen tension was depressed further in the infected right tibia. Medullary canal oxygen tension increased in response to hyperbaric oxygen exposure in both the infected and noninfected tibiae. Whereas the amount of the oxygen tension increase varied with the presence of infection and depth of dive, neither the time for oxygen tension to plateau nor the time required for return to baseline tension after completion of hyperbaric oxygen exposure varied with the presence of infection or depth of dive. After completion of hyperbaric oxygen exposure, the oxygen tension within the medullary canal returned to baseline within 15 min.
The model-based parameter estimation of antenna radiation patterns using windowed interpolation and spherical harmonics

Techniques previously reported for interpolating antenna radiation patterns simultaneously in both the spatial and frequency domains are reexamined here in order to develop new algorithms with improved efficiency and speed while maintaining comparable accuracy. To this end, interpolation in the frequency domain is constrained to a windowed scheme whereby a series of reduced-order Pade/spl acute/ rational function fitting models of only three or four sampling frequencies are used to interpolate over a relatively large bandwidth. The use of this piece-wise technique is shown to reduce the complexity of determining the unknown coefficients without any significant loss in the resulting interpolation accuracy or increase in the required number of sampling frequencies. In this paper, exact analytical expressions are found for the unknown coefficients that allow the spatial domain interpolation to be performed entirely separate from the frequency domain interpolation. The technique is applied to the case of a 0.5 meter dipole modeled from 150 to 950 MHz, and for /spl theta/ from 0/spl deg/ to 90/spl deg/, using fitting windows with three and four sampling frequencies. The results are compared to those obtained using a previously developed generalized simultaneous interpolation procedure. In the spatial domain, spherical harmonics are introduced as model-based fitting functions for antenna radiation patterns. Specifically, interpolation procedures are developed using zonal harmonics and tesseral harmonics to model one- and two-dimensional far-field radiation patterns, respectively. The case of a z-oriented 0.5 meter dipole is considered to demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy obtained by applying these physically-based fitting models in the spatial domain. Zonal harmonics are used to interpolate far-field radiation patterns of this antenna for /spl theta/ from 0/spl deg/ to 180/spl deg/ for several different frequencies over the range from 150 to 950 MHz. This example demonstrates the attractiveness of using spherical harmonics functions to accurately and efficiently interpolate radiation patterns in the spatial domain.