cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pore Fluid Effects On Seismic Anisotropy

A simple technique is presented for relating dry and saturated velocities in anisotropic rocks. The method predicts the high and low frequency saturated velocities entirely in terms of measurable dry rock properties, without the need for idealized crack geometries. Measurements of dry velocity vs. pressure and porosity vs. pressure contain all of the necessary information for predicting the frequency-dependent effects of fluid saturation. Furthermore, these measurements automatically incorporate all pore interaction, so there is no limitation to low crack density. The sensitivity of velocities to saturation is generally greater at high frequencies than at low frequencies. The magnitude of the differences, from dry to saturated and from low frequency to high frequency, is determined by the compliant or crack-like porosity. Predictions of saturated velocities based on dry data show that measurements at low frequencies, typical of insitu observations, will generally be different than at high frequencies, typical of the laboratory. Consequently great care must be taken when interpreting observed velocity anisotropy.
Three-phase impedance measurement for system stability analysis

The purpose of this work is to review three-phase impedance measurement methods, with an emphasis on practical issues such as instruments required, form and level of injection, background harmonics, and measurement noise. In general, measuring three-phase impedance requires special frequency response analyzers that are capable of injecting two independent voltage or current signals at a sufficiently high level compared to the operational voltage and current of the system, and measuring three-phase voltages and currents simultaneously. Since such instruments are not commercially available and are difficult to construct in general, this paper discusses measurement techniques using existing commercial frequency response analyzers, power amplifiers and injection transformers. Different methods to inject a voltage perturbation into three-phase circuits are reviewed and applied to determine the small-signal impedance in both positive and negative sequences, with or without coupling. The proposed methods allow to measure sequence impedances over a wide frequency range for stability analysis and control design of three-phase power electronic systems.
A convenient entry to C2- and C3-substituted gulono-γ-lactone derivatives from L-ascorbic acid

A convenient method to obtain unknown chiral C2- and C3-functionalized aldono-1,4-lactone derivatives starting from l-ascorbic acid, which would be valuable in the synthesis of derivatives of various pharmacologically active agents for structure−activity studies, is described. The practicality of this approach is demonstrated by the synthesis of a series of 5,6-O-isopropylidene-2-allyl-3-keto-l-galactono-γ-lactone and 5,6-O-isopropylidene-3-allyl-2-keto-l-galactono-γ-lactone derivatives using the thermal Claisen rearrangement of the corresponding 3-O- and 2-O-allyl derivatives of 5,6-O-isopropylidene-l-ascorbic acid, respectively, followed by stereospecific reduction to the corresponding alcohols. The synthetic steps are shown to be efficient, and enantiospecific, and they proceed with high yields.
Color 3-D Imaging of Normal and Pathologic Intracranial Structures

The overall feasibility of 3-D imaging for intracranial soft tissues depends on three vital areas: the display method,the display options, and the image processing system.
Issues of taxonomy and comorbidity in the development of conduct disorder

A developmental approach to the classification of antisocial behavior is necessary for two reasons. First, although the continuity of antisocial behavior is strong for many individuals, the topography of antisocial behavior changes during the course of development. Second, antisocial behavior apparently develops in at least two separate pathways — child-onset versus adolescent-onset — that differ markedly regarding types of antisocial behavior displayed, persistence, and perhaps etiology. The development of antisocial behavior must also be understood within the context of co-occurring disorders and conditions. Comorbid attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder appears to be associated with greater aggression and a worse prognosis, and comorbid academic underachievement is also associated with a negative course. Emerging evidence also suggests that comorbid anxiety disorder is associated with level of aggression, but the direction of the correlation appears to differ at different ages. In all, full understanding of conduct disorder requires developmentally sensitive classification as well as consideration of comorbid conditions.
The vibration of a rectangular laminated elastic plate with embedded piezoelectric sensors and actuators

Abstract We use the three-dimensional linear theory of elasticity to analyse the steady-state vibrations of a simply-supported rectangular linear elastic laminated plate with embedded PZT layers. Some of these PZT layers act as actuators while the remaining act as sensors. It is assumed that there is perfect bonding between different layers. Numerical results for a thin and a thick plate containing one embedded actuator layer and one embedded sensor layer are presented. For the former case, the optimum location of the centroid of the excited rectangular region that will result in the maximum out-of-plane displacement for a given distribution of the applied voltage is also determined. Equivalently, an equal and opposite voltage applied to this region of a vibrating plate will be most effective in diminishing these vibrations. The maximum shear stress at the interface between the sensor and the lamina is lower than that between the actuator and the lamina. The point of maximum output voltage from the sensor coincides with that of peak out-of-plane displacement. The variations of displacement and stress components through the thickness for the thin and thick plates are similar.
Career development of men at mid-life

Abstract It is proposed that the career development theory of Super (The psychology of careers. New York: Harper & Row, 1957 .) should be revised to include an additional developmental stage which occurs at midlife. To justify this proposal, a definition of a developmental stage is offered and findings from recent studies of male middlescence are examined for indications of the presence of such a stage. The implications for career development theory and counseling practice arising from the acceptance of this stage are discussed. Finally, suggestions are made as to how practitioners may assist those entering their middle years to negotiate the mid-life stage and to avoid the crisis it may contain.
Immunity-Based Abnormal Condition Accommodation of Aircraft Sub-System Failures

This paper describes the design, development, and flight-simulation testing of an artificial immune-system-based approach for accommodation of different aircraft sub-system failures/damages. The accommodation of abnormal flight conditions is regarded as part of a complex integrated artificial immune system scheme, which consists of four major components: detection, identification, evaluation, and accommodation. The accommodation part consists of providing compensatory commands under upset conditions for specific maneuvers.The approach is based on building an artificial memory, which represents the self (nominal conditions) and the non-self (abnormal conditions) within the artificial immune system paradigm. Self and non-self are structured as a set of memory cells consisting of measurement strings, over pre-defined time windows. Each string is a set of features values at each sample time of the flight including pilot inputs, system states, and other variables. The accommodation algorithm is based on the cell in the memory that is the most similar to the in-coming measurement. Once the best match is found, control commands corresponding to this match will be extracted from the memory and used for control purposes.The proposed methodology is illustrated through simulation of simple maneuvers at nominal flight conditions and under locked actuator.The results demonstrate the possibility of extracting pilot compensatory commands from the self/non-self structure and capability of the artificial-immune-system-based scheme to accommodate an actuator malfunction, maintain control, and complete the task.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Use of phosphazene base and phase-transfer conditions for regiospecific alkylative isomerization of vinyl sulfones capable of undergoing β-elimination reactions

Abstract Using phosphazene base, P 4 -t-Bu or basic phase-transfer catalyst conditions, vinyl sulfones were regiospecifically alkylated at the α-position. No β-elimination products were observed in a system capable of undergoing anion-promoted β-elimination. The scope and limitations of these reactions were studied.
Toward a new theory of the firm: a critique of stakeholder “theory”

Argues that stakeholder theory may be an appropriate model to describe firm behavior and replace the dominant paradigm, the economic model of the firm. However, current conceptualizations of stakeholder theory do not meet the requirements of scientific theory. Thus, looks at the historic roots of stakeholder “theory”, critiques its current form, and suggests steps that may be taken for stakeholder theory to satisfy the conceptual requirements of theory. Specifically suggests that contractual interests may underlie stakeholder relationships just as they do the agency relationship between managers and stockholders as prescribed by traditional economic theory.
Quantitative prediction of spacing effects in learning

Two parametric theories, the Markov model of J. L. Young (1971, Journal of Mathematical Psychology 8 , 58–81) and A. V. Reed's (1976a, Memory and Cognition 4 , 453–458) version of the strength-resistance theory (Wickelgren, W. A., 1972, Journal of Mathematical Psychology 9 , 418–455; Wicklelgren, W. A., 1974a, Contemporary developments in mathematical psychology , Freeman, New York; Wickelgren, W. A., 1974b, Memory and Cognition 2 , 775–780), were tested against the spacing effects data for A. M. Glenberg (1976, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 15 , 1–16). Under the assumption that the position of items in the strength distribution about the mean is due to random variability in perceptual processes at the time of retrieval, the strength-resistance theory fitted the data quantitatively without significant deviations, the X 2 value falling between the median and the 90th percentile of the applicable X 2 distribution. The strength-resistance theory also accounts for qualitative observations left unexplained by other theoretical schemes.
Kinetic studies of 2-(2′-haloethyl) and 2-ethenyl substituted quinazolinone alkylating agents. Acid-catalyzed dehydrohalogenation and alkylation involving a quinazolinone prototropic tautomer

The mechanism of halide elimination from 2-haloethyl-5,8-dihydroxyquinazolin-4(3H)-ones was studied in aqueous buffer by means of a pH-rate profile, buffer dilution studies, isotopic labeling, and kinetic isotope effects. From the results of these studies, it is apparent that a quinazolinone tautomer, arising from a prototropic shift of the C(l') proton to the N(1) position, is formed in the rate determining step of elimination. Monobasic phosphate acts as a bifunctional catalyst for the tautomerism. The halide then eliminates from the tautomer to afford the alkene derivative. Conversely, hydroxyethyl mercaptide adds to the alkene to afford the tautomer. The significance of these studies lies in the discovery of a prototropic tautomer of quinazolinone, which is reversibly formed in aqueous buffer under mild conditions, and in the discovery of alkylation chemistry useful in the design of quinazolinone-based enzyme inhibitors.
COST OF CAPITAL AND FAIR RATE OF RETURN

THERE has been in the postwar period a widespread acceptance of the cost of capital technique for the determination of the fair rate of return to public utilities. However, there has also developed in this period a serious controversy which concerns the proper relationship between the cost of capital and the fair rate of return to be allowed to public utility companies in periods characterized by substantial changes in the value of money. In Part I of this work the cost of capital approach to the fair rate of return has been analyzed and evaluated. Part II studied the issues in the current controversy. The cost of capital is the weighted percentage cost of the various components in the utility's capitalization. The historical or experienced cost of capital is the appropriate measure for the cost of debt and preferred stock capital. Computation of the current cost of debt and preferred stock capital is relevant only in those instances where the company applying for a rate change anticipates the issuance of debt and preferred stock securities in the relatively near future. A trend of recent earnings-price ratios is the most satisfactory measure of the cost of equity capital. In periods marked by rapid expansion, greater reliance may be placed on earnings-issue price ratios as indicative of the current cost of common stock capital. In the period 1946 through 1953 the fair rate of return allowed to public utility companies has been geared closely to the cost of capital. The cost-of-money approach, however, cannot account for realized inflation but merely to some extent for anticipated inflation. Only minor differences exist between the cost of capital to utilities in original cost states and the cost to companies in "fair value" or reproduction cost states. This method, therefore, results in economic expropriation or the reduction in real value of the property of investors in original cost jurisdictions. Plans to prevent further economic confiscation are limited to consideration of the equity investors. Public utility commissions cannot change the nature of contractual obligations. Public utility rate control is viewed by the Supreme Court as a
A review of the behavior of aluminide-coated superalloys

A review of the literature is made regarding the oxidation and hot-corrosion resistance and general behavior of superalloy coatings. Although coating procedures and testing are reviewed, the effect of the coating or coating cycle on mechanical properties and environmental stability is emphasized. Electron microprobe, metallography, and X-ray diffraction phase analyses are discussed in relation to proposed failure mechanisms.
Androgen receptor cytosine-adenine-guanine repeat polymorphisms modulate EGFR signaling in epithelial ovarian carcinomas.

Abstract Objective Length of a polymorphic cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) repeat in the androgen receptor (AR) may inversely correlate with AR activity. We have identified an association between short AR allelotypes and decreased survival in women with epithelial ovarian cancer. We hypothesize short AR allelotypes promote aggressive ovarian cancer phenotype through modulation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling. Methods SKOV-3 cells were transfected with AR plasmids containing variable CAG repeat lengths, and AR activity was assessed through co-transfection with a luciferase plasmid. EGFR signaling was studied with Western blot analysis of EGFR, EGFR-p (phosphorylated), MAPK, and MAPK-p, and cellular proliferation examined by MTT assays. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance, Tukey–Kramer multiple comparison test, and Student's t test. Results We confirmed AR allelotype length inversely correlates with AR activity in epithelial ovarian cells; a 2.5% decrease in luciferase-fold activation was seen with each CAG unit increase ( p =0.0002). We observed inhibition of EGFR-p abundance with increasing abundance of transfected AR cDNA (89.2% and 39.9% for 3.0 and 6.0 μg, compared to 1.5 μg, p =0.03). After transfection with short (CAG=14), median (CAG=21), and long (CAG=24) AR allelotypes, an inverse correlation was identified between abundance of MAPK-p and CAG repeat length ( p =0.002). Decrease in cellular abundance was also seen in cultures transfected with ARs of increasing CAG repeat length ( p Conclusions These data identify an inhibitory action of AR on EGFR signaling, and support research investigating AR/EGFR antagonism in the treatment of ovarian cancers.
Regulation of photoreduction in Rhodospirillum rubrum by ammonia

Rhodospirillum rubrum was grown in a malate medium without bound nitrogen anaerobically under N2. 1. Resting cells of these cultures showed a gradual decrease in photoreducing activity (light-induced consumption of CO2 with H2). Small amounts of ammonium chloride immediately restored the initial activity. 2. A stoichiometric relationship was found between the amount of ammonium chloride added and the amount of gases which disappeared during the ensuing photoreduction: 8 H2 and 4 CO2 were taken up per mole NH3. 3. Addition of l-malate under photoreducing conditions (=atmosphere of 4% CO2 in H2) led to a substrate dependent gas evolution of H2 and CO2. Simultaneous addition of l-malate and various amounts of ammonium chloride gave at first only a comparatively small gas evolution which levelled off into a plateau. 4. The subsequent gas exchange following this first step depended upon the ratio of l-malate to NH4Cl. Titration of l-malate revealed that 2.2±0.3 moles of malate were consumed per mole of ammonium chloride. If there were more than 2.2 moles of malate present per mole of ammonium chloride, gas evolution was resumed after a characteristic time interval. If, on the other hand, there was less malate available, a strong gas uptake, photoreduction, was initiated. 5. In the presence of NH4Cl, malate was metabolized about 3 times faster than in its absence. 6. These observations are discussed in regard to the interrelationships between photosynthetic CO2 reduction, nitrogen fixation and protein metabolism of R. rubrum.
Thiazin dyes in supravital staining of nerve fibers.

Supravital staining by thiazins of segments of small intestine and mesentery of young dogs was studied with reference to specificity for nervous tissue. Attempts to secure a purer form of methylene blue by alumina adsorption and alcohol elution of the commercial, medicinal dye yielded a product which appeared to be structurally different from the original dye. The treated dye had absorption maxima from 620 to 655 mμ in contrast with 665 for the untreated. Small nerve bundles were stained by the treated dye after 2 to 4 hours of immersion, but staining was always incomplete. Staining by untreated methylene blue was compared with that by the leucobase, thionol, methylene green, toluidine blue, new methylene blue and the azures. It was concluded that the specificity for nerve fibers resides mainly in the =N(CH3)2Cl radical, although some specificity appears to be effected by the methyl groups on the trivalent nitrogen, since azure A (dimethyl) and azure C (mono-methyl) stained weakly, but thionin did not. Me...
Prospective study correlating fibrinopeptide A, troponin I, myoglobin, and myosin light chain levels with early and late ischemic events in consecutive patients presenting to the emergency department with chest pain.

Background—Although thrombus formation plays a major role in acute coronary syndromes, few studies have evaluated a thrombus marker in risk stratification of patients with chest pain. Furthermore, the relation between markers that reflect myocardial injury and thrombus formation that may predict events in a heterogeneous patient population is unknown. This study correlated markers of thrombus and myocardial injury with early and late ischemic events in consecutive patients with chest pain. Methods and Results—Serum troponin I (TnI), myoglobin, and myosin light chain levels were obtained from 247 patients and urinary fibrinopeptide A (FPA) from 178 of the 247. By multivariate analysis, patients with an elevated FPA level were 4.82 times more likely to die or have myocardial infarction, unstable angina, and coronary revascularization at 1 week (P=0.002, 95% CI 1.78, 13.03), whereas those with an elevated TnI (>0.2 ng/mL) were 9.41 times more likely (P<0.001, 95% CI 2.84, 31.17). At 6 months (excluding the i...
Corruption as a site for contested meaning: Elite constructions in India

This paper investigates the problem of corruption in India from a social constructionist perspective. The constructions of corruption among five elite groups (bureaucrats, judges, politicians, industrialists, and journalists) in the southern state of Andhra Pradesh were obtained through a total of 60 interviews. Members of these five elite groups play a critical role in constructing the problem of corruption for public discourse. These elite groups, with the possible exception of the media elite, are also primary targets of public accusations of corrupt behavior. This paper examines three major issues related to corruption: the definition of corruption, the so-called functionality of corruption, and the role of culture in fostering or inhibiting corruption. Narrow/legalistic or broad/moralistic definitions of corruption, the acceptance or rejection of functionality, and modernist or nationalist responses to the question of culture are shown to constitute the varied structures of reality constructed by the different elite groups. These constructions of the corrupt reality in India are explained with reference to specific interests of the elites and their positions in the social structure. Instead of treating corruption as an objective condition, this study seeks to view corruption as a process in which strategic elites in society, define the problem and negotiate solutions to it.
SU-C-18C-06: Radiation Dose Reduction in Body Interventional Radiology: Clinical Results Utilizing a New Imaging Acquisition and Processing Platform

Purpose: To quantify the patient radiation dose reduction achieved during transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) procedures performed in a body interventional radiology suite equipped with the Philips Allura Clarity imaging acquisition and processing platform, compared to TACE procedures performed in the same suite equipped with the Philips Allura Xper platform. Methods: Total fluoroscopy time, cumulative dose area product, and cumulative air kerma were recorded for the first 25 TACE procedures performed to treat hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in a Philips body interventional radiology suite equipped with Philips Allura Clarity. The same data were collected for the prior 85 TACE procedures performed to treat HCC in the same suite equipped with Philips Allura Xper. Mean values from these cohorts were compared using two-tailed t tests. Results: Following installation of the Philips Allura Clarity platform, a 42.8% reduction in mean cumulative dose area product (3033.2 versus 1733.6 mGycm∧2, p < 0.0001) and a 31.2% reduction in mean cumulative air kerma (1445.4 versus 994.2 mGy, p < 0.001) was achieved compared to similar procedures performed in the same suite equipped with the Philips Allura Xper platform. Mean total fluoroscopy time was not significantly different between the two cohorts (1679.3 versus 1791.3 seconds, p = 0.41). Conclusion: This study demonstrates a significant patient radiation dose reduction during TACE procedures performed to treat HCC after a body interventional radiology suite was converted to the Philips Allura Clarity platform from the Philips Allura Xper platform. Future work will focus on evaluation of patient dose reduction in a larger cohort of patients across a broader range of procedures and in specific populations, including obese patients and pediatric patients, and comparison of image quality between the two platforms. Funding for this study was provided by Philips Healthcare, with 5% salary support provided to authors K. Pallav Kolli and Robert G. Gould for time devoted to the study. Data acquisition and analysis was performed by the authors independent of the funding source.
Interimistic Relational Exchange: Conceptualization and Propositional Development:

Research on relational exchange has focused primarily on long-term, or “enduring,” relational exchange. The evolutionary model of relationship development that is the foundation for much of the research on enduring relational exchange lacks applicability for short-term, or “interimitic,” relational exchange. Interimistic relational exchange is defined as a close, collaborative, fast-developing, short-lived exchange relationship in which companies pool their skills and/or resources to address a transient, albeit important, business opportunity and/or threat. Because interimistic exchange relationships must quickly become functional and have a short life, these relationships have less time to fully develop the relational governance mechanisms assumed in the evolutionary model. There-fore, interimistic relational exchange appears to relymore on nonrelational mechanisms than does enduring relational exchange. This article (1) examines how interimistic relational exchange governance differs from that of enduring relational exchange and (2) develops propositions for further research on interimistic relational exchange.
Overcoming social and health inequalities among U.S. women of reproductive age - challenges to the nation's health in the 21st century.

Abstract Objective To frame the discussion of the nation's health within the context of maternal and child health. Methods We used national data or estimates to assess the burden of 46 determinants. Results During 2002–2004, U.S. women of reproductive age experienced significant challenges from macrosocial determinants, to health care access, and to their individual health preservation. Two-thirds of women do not consume recommended levels of fruits and vegetables. Overall, 29% experienced income poverty, 16.3% were uninsured. About one in four women of reproductive age lived with poor social capital. Compared with white women of reproductive age, non-white women reported higher levels of dissatisfaction with the health care system and race-related discrimination. Among all U.S. women, chronic diseases contributed to the top nine leading causes of disability adjusted life years. About one-third of women had no prophylactic dental visits in the past year, or consumed alcohol at harmful levels and smoked tobacco. One in three women who had a child born recently did not breast feed their babies. Demographics of women who are at increased risk for the above indicators predominate among the socioeconomically disadvantaged. Conclusions At least three-fourths of the U.S. women of reproductive age were at risk for poor health of their own and their offspring. Social intermediation and health policy changes are needed to increase the benefits of available health and social sector interventions to women and thereby to their offspring.
Level crossing rate in terms of the characteristic function: a new approach for calculating the fading rate in diversity systems

The level crossing rate (LCR) of a random process conveys useful information about the underlying process, and is of interest in diverse engineering fields. In wireless communications, it is related to the system characteristics such as handoff, outage probability, fading rate, average duration of fades, velocity (or maximum Doppler shift) of the mobile, and the effect of diversity on fading. The LCR formula was originally derived by Rice in terms of the joint probability density function (pdf) of the underlying process and its time derivative. In this letter, we express the LCR in terms of the joint characteristic function (cf). This new formula is useful for many cases where the joint cf is simpler to derive than the associated joint pdf. As an application and for a direct-sequence code-division multiple-access system, the fading rate at the output of a RAKE receiver with either maximal ratio combiner or postdetection equal gain combiner, operating over a frequency-selective fading channel with different path statistics, is easily calculated using the new cf-based LCR formula.
An Inferiority Complex for Chemo

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a subtype of acute myeloid leukemia that is driven by an oncogenic fusion between promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) and the retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARA). The standard of care for newly diagnosed APL includes a combination of DNA-damaging chemotherapy
Electrostatic Environment of Hemes in Proteins: pKas of Hydroxyl Ligands†

The pKas of ferric aquo–heme and aquo–heme electrochemical midpoints (Ems) at pH 7 in sperm whale myoglobin, Aplysia myoblogin, hemoglobin I, heme oxygenase 1, horseradish peroxidase and cytochrome c oxidase were calculated with Multi-Conformation Continuum Electrostatics (MCCE). The pKas span 3.3 pH units from 7.6 in heme oxygenase 1 to 10.9 in peroxidase, and the Ems range from −250 mv in peroxidase to 125 mV in Aplysia myoglobin. Proteins with higher in situ ferric aquo–heme pKas tend to have lower Ems. Both changes arise from the protein stabilizing a positively charged heme. However, compared with values in solution, the protein shifts the aquo–heme Ems more than the pKas. Thus, the protein has a larger effective dielectric constant for the protonation reaction, showing that electron and proton transfers are coupled to different conformational changes that are captured in the MCCE analysis. The calculations reveal a breakdown in the classical continuum electrostatic analysis of pairwise interactions. Comparisons with DFT calculations show that Coulomb’s law overestimates the large unfavorable interactions between the ferric water–heme and positively charged groups facing the heme plane by as much as 60%. If interactions with CuB in cytochrome c oxidase and Arg 38 in horseradish peroxidase are not corrected, the pKa calculations are in error by as much as 6 pH units. With DFT corrected interactions calculated pKas and Ems differ from measured values by less than 1 pH unit or 35 mV, respectively. The in situ aquo–heme pKa is important for the function of cytochrome c oxidase since it helps to control the stoichiometry of proton uptake coupled to electron transfer
Copper complexation by siderophores from filamentous blue‐green algae1

From our experimental evidence that iron lirnitation greatly increases the extracellular concentration of strong copper-complexing agents in cultures of Anabaena flos-aquae and Anabaena cyhdrica, and that the iron-algal exudate complex is much more stable than the copper complex, we conclude that strong copper-complexing agents released by filamentous blue-green algae are siderophores. Further experiments demonstrate that siderophore excretion is not a mechanism by which blue-green algae overcome the toxic effects of micromolar copper additions. From estimates of concentrations of iron, copper, and siderophores in ironlimited blue-green algal blooms, it is predicted that the copper-siderophore complex is the major copper species. The copper-siderophore complex is probably not toxic and its presence in freshwaters may be advantageous to cyanophyte populations.
PD-1 Protects against Inflammation and Myocyte Damage in T Cell-Mediated Myocarditis

PD-1, a member of the CD28 family of immune regulatory molecules, is expressed on activated T cells, interacts with its ligands, PD-L1/B7-H1 and PD-L2/B7-DC, on other cells, and delivers inhibitory signals to the T cell. We studied the role of this pathway in modulating autoreactive T cell responses in two models of myocarditis. In a CD8(+) T cell-mediated adoptive transfer model, we found that compared with Pd1(+/+) CD8(+) T cells, Pd1(-/-) CD8(+) T cells cause enhanced disease, with increased inflammatory infiltrate, particularly rich in neutrophils. Additionally, we show enhanced proliferation in vivo and enhanced cytotoxic activity of PD-1-deficient T lymphocytes against myocardial endothelial cells in vitro. In experimental autoimmune myocarditis, a disease model dependent on CD4(+) T cells, we show that mice lacking PD-1 develop enhanced disease compared with wild-type mice. PD-1-deficient mice displayed increased inflammation, enhanced serum markers of myocardial damage, and an increased infiltration of inflammatory cells, including CD8(+) T cells. Together, these studies show that PD-1 plays an important role in limiting T cell responses in the heart.
Local Government Diversity Initiatives in Oregon An Exploratory Study

Recognition of cultural changes in the US workforce has prompted many public sector organizations to take action to increase diversity and cultural awareness. Specific characteristics of diversity ...
Complexity in Mathematical Models of Public Health Policies: A Guide for Consumers of Models

Sanjay Basu and colleagues explain how models are increasingly used to inform public health policy yet readers may struggle to evaluate the quality of models. All models require simplifying assumptions, and there are tradeoffs between creating models that are more "realistic" versus those that are grounded in more solid data. Indeed, complex models are not necessarily more accurate or reliable simply because they can more easily fit real-world data than simpler models can. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.
Topology control in ad hoc wireless networks with hitch-hiking

In this paper, we address the topology control with hitch-hiking (TCH) problem. Hitch-hiking [M. Agrawal et al., 2004] is a novel model introduced recently that allows the combination of partial messages to decode a complete message. By the effective use of partial signals, a specific topology can be obtained with less transmission power. The objective of the TCH problem is to obtain a strongly-connected topology with minimum total energy consumption. We prove the TCH problem to be NP-complete and design a distributed and localized algorithm (DTCH) that can be applied on top of any symmetric, strongly-connected topology to reduce total power consumption. We analyze the performance of our approach through simulation.
Nodal ALK positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma of the axilla with spontaneous regression.

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a well-characterized entity of T-cell lymphomas comprising 5% of all non-Hodgkin lymphomas in adults that characteristically shows the t(2;5)(p23;q35) trans...
Contouring the Tire Sidewall with Moire

Abstract Knowledge of the tire sidewall deformation is necessary for accurate modeling of the response of a pneumatic tire to applied forces. An experimental method, the moire fringe technique, is described which permits the contouring of the tire surface under all normal operating conditions. Results are presented for a series of tests which were conducted to determine the tire sidewall deformation due to static loading, centrifugal force, combined vertical and centrifugal loading, and high speed operation (during which standing waves are present in the tire sidewall).
Cyclobenzaprine overdose: The importance of a clinical history in analytical toxicology

Clinicians have become increasingly dependent on advanced analytical technology to supplement their diagnostic impression of comatose patients. We report a comatose patient who had ingested cyclobenzaprine, penatazocine, and ethchlorvinyl. The cyclobenzaprine was mistakenly identified as amitriptyline. Structurally these two agents are very similar with the exception of one double bond at the central aromatic group. The techniques of conventional thin-layer chromatography, high-efficiency thin-layer chromatography, Toxi-Lab thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, EMIT enzyme immunoassay, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry could not distinguish between the two compounds. An additional investigation of urine specimens from four volunteers who took (1) 50 mg of amitriptyline, (2) 20 mg of cyclobenzaprine, and (3) both 50 mg of amitriptyline and 20 mg of cyclobenzaprine was unable to distinguish the two agents. These results serve to reinforce the necessity of a clinical history taken in conjunction with analytical techniques before identifying potential agents present in various biological material.
THE INFLUENCE OF ELECTROLYTES ON THE CATAPHORETIC CHARGE OF COLLOIDAL PARTICLES AND THE STABILITY OF THEIR SUSPENSIONS : II. EXPERIMENTS WITH PARTICLES OF GELATIN, CASEIN, AND DENATURED EGG ALBUMIN.

1. This paper gives measurements of the influence of various electrolytes on the cataphoretic P.D. of particles of collodion coated with gelatin, of particles of casein, and of particles of boiled egg albumin in water at different pH. The influence of the same electrolyte was about the same in all three proteins. 2. It was found that the salts can be divided into two groups according to their effect on the P.D. at the isoelectric point. The salts of the first group including salts of the type of NaCl, CaCl2, and Na2SO4 affect the P.D. of proteins at the isoelectric point but little; the second group includes salts with a trivalent or tetravalent ion such as LaCl3 or Na4Fe(CN)6. These latter salts produce a high P.D. on the isoelectric particles, LaCl3 making them positively and Na4Fe(CN)6 making them negatively charged. This difference in the action of the two groups of salts agrees with the observations on the effect of the same salts on the anomalous osmosis through collodion membranes coated with gelatin. 3. At pH 4.0 the three proteins have a positive cataphoretic charge which is increased by LaCl3 but not by NaCl or CaCl2, and which is reversed by Na4Fe(CN)6, the latter salt making the cataphoretic charge of the particles strongly negative. 4. At pH 5.8 the protein particles have a negative cataphoretic charge which is strongly increased by Na4Fe(CN)6 but practically not at all by Na2SO4 or NaCl, and which is reversed by LaCl3. the latter salt making the cataphoretic charge of the particles strongly positive. 5. The fact that electrolytes affect the cataphoretic P.D. of protein particles in the same way, no matter whether the protein is denatured egg albumin or a genuine protein like gelatin, furnishes proof that the solutions of genuine proteins such as crystalline egg albumin or gelatin are not diaphasic systems, since we shall show in a subsequent paper that proteins insoluble in water, e.g. denatured egg albumin, are precipitated when the cataphoretic P.D. falls below a certain critical value, while water-soluble proteins, e.g. genuine crystalline egg albumin or gelatin, stay in solution even if the P.D. of the particles falls below the critical P.D.
A Conversation with Adam Heller

Adam Heller, Ernest Cockrell Sr. Chair in Engineering Emeritus of the John J. McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering at The University of Texas at Austin, recalls his childhood in the Holocaust and his contributions to science and technology that earned him the US National Medal of Technology and Innovation in a conversation with Elton J. Cairns, Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at the University of California, Berkeley. Dr. Heller, born in 1933, describes the enslavement of his father by Hungarians in 1942; the confiscation of his family's home, business, and all its belongings in 1944; and his incarceration in a brick factory with 18,000 Jews who were shipped by the Hungarians to be gassed by Germans in Auschwitz. Dr. Heller and his immediate family survived the Holocaust and arrived in Israel in 1945. He studied under Ernst David Bergmann at the Hebrew University, and then worked at Bell Laboratories and GTE Laboratories, where he headed Bell Lab's Electronic Materials Research Department. At GTE Laboratories, he built in 1966 the first neodymium liquid lasers and in 1973 with Jim Auborn conceived and engineered the lithium thionyl chloride battery, one of the first to be manufactured lithium batteries, which is still in use. After joining the faculty of engineering of The University of Texas at Austin, he cofounded with his son Ephraim Heller TheraSense, now a major part of Abbott Diabetes Care, which produced a microcoulometer that made the monitoring of glucose painless by accurately measuring the blood glucose concentration in 300 nL of blood. He also describes the electrical wiring of enzymes, the basis for Abbott's state-of-the-art continuous glucose monitoring system. He discusses his perspective of reducing the risk of catastrophic global warming in a wealth-accumulating, more-energy-consuming world and provides advice for students entering careers in science or engineering.
A connective tissue disease screening questionnaire for population studies

To develop a technique to screen populations for potential connective tissue disease (CTD), we mailed a 30-item questionnaire to 253 randomly selected patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), or Sjogren's syndrome and to 340 randomly selected control subjects. The response rate after four mailings was 71% for case subjects and 54% for control subjects. Test-retest reliability for detection of any CTD was 0.82. Sensitivity for specific CTDs was 83 to 96% and specificity was 83 to 93%. The positive predictive value for any CTD (assuming an overall prevalence of 1.3%) was 5.5%; negative predictive value was 99.7%. The CTD Screening Questionnaire has high sensitivity and specificity for screening large populations.
Non-Invasive Quantification of Cartilage Using a Novel In Vivo Bioluminescent Reporter Mouse

Mouse models are common tools for examining post-traumatic osteoarthritis (OA), which involves cartilage deterioration following injury or stress. One challenge to current mouse models is longitudinal monitoring of the cartilage deterioration in vivo in the same mouse during an experiment. The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility for using a novel transgenic mouse for non-invasive quantification of cartilage. Chondrocytes are defined by expression of the matrix protein aggrecan, and we developed a novel mouse containing a reporter luciferase cassette under the inducible control of the endogenous aggrecan promoter. We generated these mice by crossing a Cre-dependent luciferase reporter allele with an aggrecan creERT2 knockin allele. The advantage of this design is that the targeted knockin retains the intact endogenous aggrecan locus and expresses the tamoxifen-inducible CreERT2 protein from a second IRES-driven open reading frame. These mice display bioluminescence in the joints, tail, and trachea, consistent with patterns of aggrecan expression. To evaluate this mouse as a technology for non-invasive quantification of cartilage loss, we characterized the relationship between loss of bioluminescence and loss of cartilage after induction with (i) ex vivo collagenase digestion, (ii) an in vivo OA model utilizing treadmill running, and (iii) age. Ex vivo experiments revealed that collagenase digestion of the femur reduced both luciferase signal intensity and pixel area, demonstrating a link between cartilage degradation and bioluminescence. In an in vivo model of experimental OA, we found decreased bioluminescent signal and pixel area, which correlated with pathological disease. We detected a decrease in both bioluminescent signal intensity and area with natural aging from 2 to 13 months of age. These results indicate that the bioluminescent signal from this mouse may be used as a non-invasive quantitative measure of cartilage. Future studies may use this reporter mouse to advance basic and preclinical studies of murine experimental OA with applications in synovial joint biology, disease pathogenesis, and drug delivery.
Learning before Doing

Summary Over the past decade, advances in computing, combined with new techniques for virtual prototyping and simulation, have altered our approach to the areas of training, design, and product and process development. Taken collectively these capabilities represent one of the most significant changes in the production paradigm since the beginning of mass production and one with important implications for the environment. These advances need to be viewed as more than just a new set of tools in the industrial ecology tool box They provide the basis for a fundamental shift in how we learn and solve environmental problems-an opportunity to move from learning too late to learning before doing. Industrial ecology can embrace and articulate this new framework for learning and apply it broadly to the challenge of facilitating social and technological change and innovation in an increasingly complex world.
High‐throughput deep sequencing shows that microRNAs play important roles in switchgrass responses to drought and salinity stress

Summary MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an important class of small regulatory RNAs. The goal of this study was to analyse stress-responsive miRNAs in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), the emerging biofuel crop, to facilitate choosing gene targets for improving biomass and biofuel yield. After sequencing three small RNA libraries constructed from control, salt- and drought-treated switchgrass using Illumina sequencing technology, we identified 670 known miRNA families from a total of more than 50 million short reads. A total of 273 miRNAs were identified with precursors: 126 conserved miRNAs and 147 novel miRNAs. Of them, 265 miRNAs were found to have their opposite sequences (miRNA*) with 2-nt overhang on the 3′ end. Of them, 194 were detected in switchgrass transcriptome sequences generated from 31 high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) data sets in NCBI. Many miRNAs were differentially or uniquely expressed during salinity or drought stress treatment. We also discovered 11 miRNA clusters containing 29 miRNAs. These identified miRNAs potentially targeted 28 549 genes with a various function, including transcription factors, stress-response proteins and cellulose biosynthesis-related proteins. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that the identified miRNAs and their targets were classified to 3779 GO terms including 1534 molecular functions, 1851 biological processes and 394 cellular components and were enriched to 147 KEGG pathways. Interestingly, 195 miRNA families and 450 targets were involved in the biosynthesis pathways of carbon, glucose, starch, fatty acid and lignin and in xylem formation, which could aid in designing next-generation switchgrass for biomass and biofuel.
Shape-based 3D model retrieval

Two feature extraction methods for shape similarity based retrieval of 3D object models are presented. The proposed methods, which result in more effective and robust techniques for searching 3D models by similarity, support two essential query modes, namely, query by 3D model and query by 2D image. Our feature extraction scheme is inspired by observation of human behavior in recognizing 3D objects in practice. The process of extracting spatial arrangement from a 3D object surface and 2D shape features from projection images are achieved by adopting curvature distribution of the model surfaces and Fourier descriptors of the projection images.
The Culture of Surveillance

Postmodern cultural theory after Foucault, Debord, and Baudrillard has tended to indict surveillance as a disciplinary apparatus, producing a society that is both “carceral” and increasingly virtual. At the same time, social critics like Lasch have decried the growth of narcissism amid the failure of liberalism. This essay aims to complicate both of these perspectives by examining the contradictory desire for surveillance in popular media like “reality TV” and in the social sciences themselves. It may be that the desire to watch and be watched is a more deeply rooted element of the liberal democratic impulse than we normally care to admit.