cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Type VI secretion systems of human gut Bacteroidales segregate into three genetic architectures, two of which are contained on mobile genetic elements

Type VI secretion systems (T6SSs) are contact-dependent antagonistic systems employed by Gram negative bacteria to intoxicate other bacteria or eukaryotic cells. T6SSs were recently discovered in a few Bacteroidetes strains, thereby extending the presence of these systems beyond Proteobacteria. The present study was designed to analyze in a global nature the diversity, abundance, and properties of T6SSs in the Bacteroidales, the most predominant Gram negative bacterial order of the human gut. By performing extensive bioinformatics analyses and creating hidden Markov models for Bacteroidales Tss proteins, we identified 130 T6SS loci in 205 human gut Bacteroidales genomes. Of the 13 core T6SS proteins of Proteobacteria, human gut Bacteroidales T6SS loci encode orthologs of nine, and an additional five other core proteins not present in Proteobacterial T6SSs. The Bacteroidales T6SS loci segregate into three distinct genetic architectures with extensive DNA identity between loci of a given genetic architecture. We found that divergent DNA regions of a genetic architecture encode numerous types of effector and immunity proteins and likely include new classes of these proteins. TheT6SS loci of genetic architecture 1 are contained on highly similar integrative conjugative elements (ICEs), as are the T6SS loci of genetic architecture 2, whereas the T6SS loci of genetic architecture 3 are not and are confined to Bacteroides fragilis. Using collections of co-resident Bacteroidales strains from human subjects, we provide evidence for the transfer of genetic architecture 1 T6SS loci among co-resident Bacteroidales species in the human gut. However, we also found that established ecosystems can harbor strains with distinct T6SS of all genetic architectures. This is the first study to comprehensively analyze of the presence and diversity of T6SS loci within an order of bacteria and to analyze T6SSs of bacteria from a natural community. These studies demonstrate that more than half of our gut Bacteroidales, equivalent to about ¼ of the bacteria of this ecosystem, encode T6SSs. The data reveal several novel properties of these systems and suggest that antagonism between or distributed defense among these abundant intestinal bacteria may be common in established human gut communities.
Measuring the Interestingness of Articles in a Limited User Environment Prospectus

Search engines, such as Google, assign scores to news articles based on their relevancy to a query. However, not all relevant articles for the query may be interesting to a user. For example, if the article is old or yields little new information, the article would be uninteresting. Relevancy scores do not take into account what makes an article interesting, which would vary from user to user. Although methods such as collaborative filtering have been shown to be effective in recommendation systems, in a limited user environment there are not enough users that would make collaborative filtering effective. I present a general framework for defining and measuring the ''interestingness'' of articles, called iScore, incorporating user-feedback including tracking multiple topics of interest as well as finding interesting entities or phrases in a complex relationship network. I propose and have shown the validity of the following: 1. Filtering based on only topic relevancy is insufficient for identifying interesting articles. 2. No single feature can characterize the interestingness of an article for a user. It is the combination of multiple features that yields higher quality results. For each user, these features have different degrees of usefulness for predicting interestingness. 3. Through user-feedback, amore » classifier can combine features to predict interestingness for the user. 4. Current evaluation corpora, such as TREC, do not capture all aspects of personalized news filtering systems necessary for system evaluation. 5. Focusing on only specific evolving user interests instead of all topics allows for more efficient resource utilization while yielding high quality recommendation results. 6. Multiple profile vectors yield significantly better results than traditional methods, such as the Rocchio algorithm, for identifying interesting articles. Additionally, the addition of tracking multiple topics as a new feature in iScore, can improve iScore's classification performance. 7. Multiple topic tracking yields better results than the best results from the last TREC adaptive filtering run. As future work, I will address the following hypothesis: Entities and the relationship among these entities using current information extraction technology can be utilized to identify entities of interest and relationships of interest, using a scheme such as PageRank. And I will address one of the following two hypotheses: 1. By addressing the multiple reading roles that a single user may have, classification results can be improved. 2. By tailoring the operating parameters of MTT, better classification results can be achieved.« less
A Rhizidiomycopsis on Azygospores of Gigaspora margarita

(1977). A Rhizidiomycopsis on Azygospores of Gigaspora Margarita. Mycologia: Vol. 69, No. 5, pp. 1053-1058.
Photodamage and the importance of photoprotection in biomolecular-powered device applications

In recent years, an enhanced understanding of the mechanisms underlying photobleaching and photoblinking of fluorescent dyes has led to improved photoprotection strategies, such as reducing and oxidizing systems (ROXS) that reduce blinking and oxygen scavenging systems to reduce bleaching. Excitation of fluorescent dyes can also result in damage to catalytic proteins (e.g., biomolecular motors), affecting the performance of integrated devices. Here, we characterized the motility of microtubules driven by kinesin motor proteins using various photoprotection strategies, including a microfluidic deoxygenation device. Impaired motility of microtubules was observed at high excitation intensities in the absence of photoprotection as well as in the presence of an enzymatic oxygen scavenging system. In contrast, using a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic deoxygenation device and ROXS, not only were the fluorophores slower to bleach but also moving the velocity and fraction of microtubules over time remained...
Immune response to chronic osteomyelitis in the rabbit.

SummaryExperimental staphylococcal osteomyelitis with S. aureus (Durkin) containing protein A induces in the rabbit an acute rise in heat-stable opsonic factors. The high titers of heat-stable opsonins fall to preinfection levels by the fifth month even though active bone infection persists. The opsonic antibody response in chronic rabbit osteomyelitis, therefore, parallels that in human osteomyelitis. During chronic infection the content of protein A in the staphylococcal organisms increases at least 10-fold. If osteomyelitis is produced in rabbits with staphylococcal strain (Wood 46) lacking protein A, no increase in heat-stable opsonins occurs.
Extrusion Texturized Dairy Proteins: Processing and Application

The primary proteins in milk, casein and the whey proteins α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin, have a number of health benefits and desirable functional properties. In a twin-screw extruder, mechanical shear forces, heat, and pressure cause considerable changes in the molecular structures of the dairy proteins, a process known as texturization. These changes further impart unique functional properties to dairy proteins, resulting in new protein-based food ingredients. The new functional behavior depends on the extent of texturization and the degree of structural change imparted and is controlled by adjusting parameters such as extrusion temperature and moisture level. Such texturized proteins can be used to produce puffed high-protein snacks. Softer gels and expanded structures can be made using supercritical fluid extrusion and cold extrusion, techniques that avoid elevated temperatures, minimizing possible damage to the nutritive components and functionality of the texturized dairy proteins. The uses of the texturized dairy ingredient in food products with improved functionality and enhanced nutritive profiles are presented.
Evaluation of Child Protection in Federalist Countries: Recommendations for Increasing Effectiveness and Re-establishing Self-Determination Within Indigenous Communities

ABSTRACTAustralia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States each endorse a national objective to protect the safety and well-being of children and preserve families, while dually seeking to re-establish self-governance within indigenous communities. This review presents a collective overview of indigenous peoples’ experience with child protection systems and evaluates the different national approaches used to improve child welfare practice and re-establish the sovereignty of indigenous populations within each of these countries. Key strategies for improving child protection, developing cross-cultural partnerships, and increasing the effectiveness of child welfare service delivery within indigenous communities are also provided.
The premenstrual syndrome.

This syndrome has become a popular scapegoat for behavioral aberrations ranging from malaise to murder. The physician is hard put to separate the mythology from the medicine underlying the complaints likely to be encountered in practice.
Abstract 246: Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome and Spontaneous Hemorrhage are the Most Common Causes of Peripartum Subarachnoid and Intracerebral Hemorrhage.

Introduction: Aneurysmal and hypertensive hemorrhages are the most common causes of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in the general population, but the peripartum period has several unique characteristics that increase the risk of hemorrhage, including expanded plasma volume, increased vascular tone, hypercoagulability and elevation of catecholamines during delivery. Hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke accounts for 12% of all maternal deaths, and is a significant source of morbidity as well. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that peripartum SAH and ICH is due to distinctly different pathophysiologic processes compared to the general population. Methods: We conducted a chart review of inpatient stroke service admissions at a large urban academic center between the years 2006 to 2010 for women under the age of 40 with a diagnosis of SAH or ICH. Of those, we identified peripartum patients, determined etiologies for their hemorrhages, and documented pertinent risk factors. Results: Fifty-one patients under the age of 40 were identified with SAH or ICH. Of those, eight were peripartum and half were post cesarean section. The two most common etiologies for SAH or ICH were spontaneous hemorrhage, and reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome. Other etiologies included coagulopathy and hypertension/preeclampsia. None of the peripartum hemorrhages were noted to be aneurismal. Conclusions: Etiologies in peripartum SAH and ICH differ from the general population. Aneurysmal bleeds were absent in our case series. Rates of SAH and ICH may be higher in patients who underwent cesarean section. In conclusion, peripartum subarachnoid and intracranial hemorrhages have a different pathophysiologic process than in the general population.
Fortifying the Pipeline to Leadership: The International Center for Executive Leadership in Academics at Drexel

Abstract Despite two decades of increasing numbers of women entering the disciplines of science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine (STEMM), women remain sparsely represented in academic leadership. Two national programs, the Hedwig van Ameringen Executive Leadership in Academic Medicine (ELAM®) program and the Executive Leadership in Academic Technology and Engineering program at Drexel University (ELATE at Drexel®) uniquely enhance the personal and professional skills of participants through experiential learning that increases organizational leadership capacity and innovation in their institutions while building a trusted learning community. This chapter describes the process of translating the successful ELAM leadership learning model to one that more broadly serves faculty in universities and colleges. Program evaluation is continuous and multidimensional, based upon participant experience during the fellowship and leadership advancement in the subsequent years. The outcome of 20 years of ELAM and the first 4 years of ELATE suggests a bright future for women who participate in these fellowships.
A fully coupled method for massively parallel simulation of hydraulically driven fractures in 3-dimensions

Summary This paper describes a fully coupled finite element/finite volume approach for simulating field-scale hydraulically driven fractures in three dimensions, using massively parallel computing platforms. The proposed method is capable of capturing realistic representations of local heterogeneities, layering and natural fracture networks in a reservoir. A detailed description of the numerical implementation is provided, along with numerical studies comparing the model with both analytical solutions and experimental results. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method for modeling large-scale problems involving hydraulically driven fractures in three dimensions. © 2016 The Authors. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Polycomb repressive complex 1 modifies transcription of active genes

This study examines the role of Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) at active genes. The PRC1 and PRC2 complexes are crucial for epigenetic silencing during development of an organism. They are recruited to Polycomb response elements (PREs) and establish silenced domains over several kilobases. Recent studies show that PRC1 is also directly recruited to active genes by the cohesin complex. Cohesin participates broadly in control of gene transcription, but it is unknown whether cohesin-recruited PRC1 also plays a role in transcriptional control of active genes. We address this question using genome-wide RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq). The results show that PRC1 influences transcription of active genes, and a significant fraction of its effects are likely direct. The roles of different PRC1 subunits can also vary depending on the gene. Depletion of PRC1 subunits by RNA interference alters phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and occupancy by the Spt5 pausing-elongation factor at most active genes. These effects on Pol II phosphorylation and Spt5 are likely linked to changes in elongation and RNA processing detected by nascent RNA-seq, although the mechanisms remain unresolved. The experiments also reveal that PRC1 facilitates association of Spt5 with enhancers and PREs. Reduced Spt5 levels at these regulatory sequences upon PRC1 depletion coincide with changes in Pol II occupancy and phosphorylation. Our findings indicate that, in addition to its repressive roles in epigenetic gene silencing, PRC1 broadly influences transcription of active genes and may suppress transcription of nonpromoter regulatory sequences.
Data Buoy Wave Measurements

The Data Buoy Office of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) develops and deploys data buoy systems for the acquisition and reporting of marine data. Various types of these systems acquire wave data. The quality of wave spectra from these systems depends upon hull and hardware configurations. This paper provides an overview of existing and planned systems for the measurement of wave data.
Design and construction of a modular 155V 40Ah lithium polymer tractive battery pack

Engineering students at James Madison University are creating an all-electric motorcycle as part of a two-year capstone design project. The final product will be an educational system that promotes access to various systems including the electric powertrain. Electric powertrains typically consist of a tractive battery pack, battery management system (BMS), motor controller, and motor. The contents of this report focuses on the development of the tractive battery pack subsystem, including physical layout and the integration of the BMS. To support maintenance, it is desirable that individual cells can be replaced without disassembly of the entire pack. The decision was made to create low voltage modules that can be removed from the battery without the need to take the entire battery apart. Initial results include a form prototype that was analyzed for fitment of cells and BMS connections. The final design incorporates modifications informed by prototype analysis of earlier designs. The construction of one module has been completed, work continues on the remaining six modules. Upon completion of all module assemblies, the modules will be assembled into a pack for BMS integration and cycle testing.
ENDF/B-VI Evaluations for Isotopes of CR, FE, NI, CU, and PB

Evaluations have been done for each of the stable isotopes of chromium, iron, nickel, copper, and lead. They are based on analysis of experimental data and results of nuclear model calculations whi...
Immunopathogenesis of HIV and HTLV-1 infection: mechanisms for lymphomagenesis.

The immune system in humans is a complex and tightly regulated system that integrates the activity of many cell lineages, including lymphocytes. Lymphoid-lineage cells (B- and T-lymphocytes) are specialized subsets of cells capable of rapid expansion and wide dissemination to effect recognition and elimination of environmental pathogens (adaptive immunity) or abnormal cells (immune surveillance). The patterns of circulation, proliferative potential, and the exquisite sensitivity to regulatory signals that are prominent characteristics of normal lymphocytes can also contribute to significant morbidity in the individual who develops an aggressive B-lymphoid malignancy.
Proceedings of the 2006 international symposium on Symbolic and algebraic computation

The International Symposium on Symbolic and Algebraic Computation, ISSAC, is devoted to research in computer algebra including these topics: Algorithmic mathematics. Algebraic, symbolic and symbolic-numeric algorithms. Simplification, function manipulation, equations, summation, integration, ODE/PDE, linear algebra, number theory, group-theoretic and geometric computing. Computer Science. Theoretical and practical problems in symbolic computation. Systems, problem solving environments, user interfaces, software, libraries, parallel/distributed computing and programming languages for symbolic computation, analysis, benchmarking, complexity of computer algebra algorithms, automatic differentiation, code generation, mathematical data structures and exchange protocols. Applications. Problem treatments using algebraic, symbolic or symbolic-numeric computation in an essential or a novel way. Engineering, economics and finance, physical and biological sciences, computer science, logic, mathematics, statistics, education. .ISSAC 2006 is the 19th in an annual series begun in 1988 and evolved from a loosely coordinated set of bi- and tri-annual meetings with acronyms such as SYMSAC, SYMSAM, EUROCAL, EUROSAM tracing back to 1966.As is customary, ISSAC 2006 featured invited talks, contributed papers, posters, tutorials, and software demos. These proceedings contain the contributed papers, abstracts of the invited talks, and tutorial summaries. Poster abstracts will appear in a future issue of the SIGSAM Bulletin now entitled ACM Communications in Computer Algebra.There were 97 papers submitted. The program committee selected the program herein after careful evaluation including two or more (average of three) referee reports per submission. We gratefully acknowledge the thorough and essential work of the program committee members and referees.Several conferences were held in convenient coordination with ISSAC. In particular we mention Calculemus 2006 in Genoa just before ISSAC 2006 and Cafe, Computer Algebra and Functional Equations, an international conference in memory of Manuel Bronstein held in Sophia Antipolis just after ISSAC.
Do cytokines have a role in the regulation of lacrimal gland acinar cell ion transport and protein secretion

The role of cytokines in the regulation of immune-related events is well documented. An emerging area of research is the study of cytokine influence beyond these classic immunoregulatory boundaries to the basic physiology of a given tissue. Thus, it has become evident that cytokines elicit phenotypic changes in a variety of non-immune cells, including epithelial cells. In fact, cytokines exert control over a number of epithelial functions, including transmembrane flux of substrate. For example, IFN-γ decreases carbachol-stimulated chloride secretion by T84 cells,1 and IL-1α contributes to the regulation of renal amino acid transport.2
THE CRAMÉR-RAO INEQUALITY HOLDS ALMOST EVERYWHERE

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses Cramer–Rao inequality. In its simplest form, the Cramer–Rao inequality asserts that under regularity conditions, the variance of an unbiased estimator of a parametric function is at least the square of the derivative of that function divided by the Fisher information in the sample for all values of the unknown parameter. The Cramer–Rao inequality holds with the information in the sample equal to the information in a single observation times the expected sample size. The Cramer–Rao inequality holds for almost every value of the parameter under the sole condition that information be definable. An a.e. version of the Cramer–Rao inequality can be established for sequential estimators under the condition that the information in a single observation be positive.
The Facile Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Cationic Metallated and Nonmetallated Tetrapyridino Porphyrazines Having Different Metal Centers

A porphyrazine and a series of tetracationic porphyrazines, metallated and nonmetallated, were synthesized. The neutral tetrapyridino porphyrazine was obtained in a yield of 45%. The tetracationic ...
Simultaneous Isolation of Nonadjacent m/z Ions Using Mirror Switching in an Electrostatic Linear Ion Trap.

Simultaneous isolation of ions of disparate mass-to-charge (m/z) ratios is demonstrated via appropriately timed pulsing of entrance and exit ion mirrors in an electrostatic linear ion trap (ELIT) mass spectrometer. Manipulation of the voltages of the entrance and exit mirrors, referred to as “mirror switching”, has been demonstrated as a method in which ions can be both captured and isolated. High resolution isolation (>35 000) was previously demonstrated by selective gating of trapping electrodes to avoid ion lapping while closely spaced ions could continue to separate [Johnson et al. Anal. Chem. 2019, 91, 8789]. In this work, we demonstrate that advantage can be taken of the ion lapping phenomenon in an ELIT to enable the simultaneous isolation of ions of disparate m/z ratios using mirror switching. This process is demonstrated with minimal ion loss using isotopologues of three carborane compounds ranging in m/z from 320 to 1020. Simultaneous isolation is demonstrated with the isolation of two and three...
Facing the Elephant: Let's Talk about Art-on-a-Cart.

Art-on-a-cart is the teaching of art from a rolling cart by a teacher without a designated classroom. Mobile, the art-on-a-cart teacher moves from classroom to classroom, implementing art curriculu...
MISUNDELSE OG SYMMETRISKE RELATIONERS UMULIGHED. Med hensyn til Jerusalem

Med anledning i den aktuelle og vedvarende konflikt omkring Jerusalem diskuteres forholdet mellem misundelse og retfaerdighed. John Rawls forsoger i sit skelsaettende vaerk at forsvare sit begreb om lighed og retfaerdighed imod Freuds argument om, at sadanne begreber er baseret pa misundelse. Denne artikel viser, hvorfor Rawls’ forsvar er utilstraekkeligt, og hvorledes Freuds radikale teori om lyst underminerer den liberale tro pa, at retfaerdighed kan fordeles ligeligt. Denne diskussion fortsaettes med Elaine Scarry, hvis On Beauty and Being Just argumenterer for, at symmetri er det grundlaeggende traek ved bade skonhed og retfaerdighed. Endelig foreslas det, at et »lighedsaksiom« erstatter Rawls’ og Scarrys »lighedsprogram«.
Abstract 2618: Tumor multicomponent targeting nanoparticle for synergistic killing of drug resistant renal cell carcinoma

Targeted therapy in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has limited clinical response due to the development of drug resistance. Drug resistance can be acquired through multiple pathways including, impairment of apoptosis, overexpression of hypoxia promoting carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9), and infiltration of folate receptor (FR) positive tumorigenic macrophages. Our hypothesis was to overcome the drug resistance by developing a tumor stimuli-responsive nanoparticle (NP) that can carry combination drugs, such as Cabozantinib (CB) and CFM 4.16 in RCC. The rationale of choosing the CB in combination with CFM4.16 was to induce synergistic anti-RCC effect by modulating the multiple tumor survival pathways, such as caspase 3, Akt/p-Akt, MET. One of the major challenges of the CB and CFM4.16 combination therapy is their poor water solubility and limited targetability to cancer. Thus, we came up with a smart strategy of developing dual folate receptor (FR) and carbonic anhydrase-9 (CA9) biomarker directed nanoparticles that can target the tumor stroma and hypoxia of RCC, respectively. In this proof of concept study, we synthesized SMA-TPGS and SMA polymer (PL) comprising of FR and CA9 dual targeting ligand, namely, FR-CA9-OL using reagent free ‘click9 chemistry. FR-CA9-PL was encapsulated either with CFM4.16 or with CB to obtain nanoparticles, called FR-CA9-C4.16 and FR-CA9-CB respectively. The nanoparticles were prepared by using a co-solvent dialysis method that resulted in small-particle size with a range of 80-100 nm diameter, narrow polydispersity index of ∼ 0.15 and high drug loading of 30% (wt./wt.). The homogenous and high drug loading characteristics of nanoparticles are optimal for penetrating hypoxia of RCC. The IC50 of FR-CA9-C4.16 was improved by 60-fold as compared to CFM4.16 treatment and IC50 of FR-CA9-CB is improved by 16-fold compared to CB treatment in aggressive Everolimus-resistant (Evr-res) A498 RCC cells. The combination of FR-CA9-C4.16 with FR-CA9-CB demonstrated synergistic killing of Evr-res-A498 with CI value 0.1-0.5. The signature characteristic and superior anticancer effect of nanoparticles in Evr-resistant RCC provide a worthwhile strategy for overcoming drug resistance in RCC. Citation Format: Kushal Vanamala, Samaresh Sau, Shivani Naik, Arun K. Rishi, Arun Iyer. Tumor multicomponent targeting nanoparticle for synergistic killing of drug resistant renal cell carcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 2618.
Erdős-Szekeres Tableaux

We explore a question related to the celebrated Erdős-Szekeres Theorem and develop a geometric approach to answer it. Our main object of study is the Erdős-Szekeres Tableau, or EST, of a number sequence. An EST is the sequence of integral points whose coordinates record the length of the longest increasing and longest decreasing subsequence ending at each element of the sequence. We define the Order Poset of an EST in order to answer the question: What information about the sequence can be recovered by its EST?
US Trends in COVID-19-Associated Hospitalization and Mortality Rates Before and After Reopening Economies

Importance After abrupt closures of businesses and public gatherings in the US in late spring 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, by mid-May 2020, most states reopened their economies. Owing in part to a lack of earlier data, there was little evidence on whether state reopening policies influenced important pandemic outcomes—COVID-19–related hospitalizations and mortality—to guide future decision-making in the remainder of this and future pandemics. Objective To investigate changes in COVID-19–related hospitalizations and mortality trends after reopening of US state economies. Design, Setting, and Participants Using an interrupted time series approach, this cross-sectional study examined trends in per-capita COVID-19–related hospitalizations and deaths before and after state reopenings between April 16 and July 31, 2020. Daily state-level data from the University of Minnesota COVID-19 Hospitalization Tracking Project on COVID-19–related hospitalizations and deaths across 47 states were used in the analysis. Exposures Dates that states reopened their economies. Main Outcomes and Measures State-day observations of COVID-19–related hospitalizations and COVID-19–related new deaths per 100 000 people. Results The study included 3686 state-day observations of hospitalizations and 3945 state-day observations of deaths. On the day of reopening, the mean number of hospitalizations per 100 000 people was 17.69 (95% CI, 12.54-22.84) and the mean number of daily new deaths per 100 000 people was 0.395 (95% CI, 0.255-0.536). Both outcomes displayed flat trends before reopening, but they started trending upward thereafter. Relative to the hospitalizations trend in the period before state reopenings, the postperiod trend was higher by 1.607 per 100 000 people (95% CI, 0.203-3.011;P = .03). This estimate implied that nationwide reopenings were associated with 5319 additional people hospitalized for COVID-19 each day. The trend in new deaths after reopening was also positive (0.0376 per 100 000 people; 95% CI, 0.0038-0.0715;P = .03), but the change in mortality trend was not significant (0.0443; 95% CI, −0.0048 to 0.0933;P = .08). Conclusions and Relevance In this cross-sectional study conducted over a 3.5-month period across 47 US states, data on the association of hospitalizations and mortality with state reopening policies may provide input to state projections of the pandemic as policy makers continue to balance public health protections with sustaining economic activity.
OMB’s Reform Plan and the Tradeoffs of Government Reorganization

Consistent with a long line of previous administrations, the White House’s Office of Management and Budget published in June an organizational reform plan, offering more than 80 recommendations that detail government-wide and agency-specific organization changes to restructure, consolidate, and eliminate programs or agencies. While the plan’s key goal to make government operations more efficient and responsive is a noble one, academic research and historical experience demonstrates that designing agency operations involves sometimes unavoidable tradeoffs. For example, although streamlining operations can produce real benefits, these may come at the expense of impeding an agency’s ability to formulate clear objectives for its personnel and undermining the measures in place to ensure key services are delivered correctly. Considering these tradeoffs does not guarantee the potential unintended consequences will not surface following the reorganization, but careful planning can better prepare policymakers and agency leadership to be able to manage them if they do as well as reduce the potential that the new problems introduced necessitate a return to the previous structure. As a history of reorganizations in the regulatory context clearly demonstrates, all too often agencies with multiple missions are established to enhance coordination and improve efficiency, subsequently separated to mitigate goal ambiguity and neglect, and later on recombined after synchronization issues once again become evident. Given that reorganizations take time, cost money, and impose disruptions on employees, entering into any restructuring with a more complete understanding of its ramifications is critical to realizing its objectives and promoting its durability.
PiBase: An IoT-based Security System using Raspberry Pi and Google Firebase

Smart environments are environments where digital devices are connected to each other over the Internet and operate in sync. Security is of paramount importance in such environments. This paper addresses aspects of authorized access and intruder detection for smart environments. Proposed is PiBase, an Internet of Things (IoT)-based app that aids in detecting intruders and providing security. The hardware for the application consists of a Raspberry Pi, a PIR motion sensor to detect motion from infrared radiation in the environment, an Android mobile phone and a camera. The software for the application is written in Java, Python and NodeJS. The PIR sensor and Pi camera module connected to the Raspberry Pi aid in detecting human intrusion. Machine learning algorithms, namely Haar-feature based cascade classifiers and Linear Binary Pattern Histograms (LBPH), are used for face detection and face recognition, respectively. The app lets the user create a list of non-intruders and anyone that is not on the list is identified as an intruder. The app alerts the user only in the event of an intrusion by using the Google Firebase Cloud Messaging service to trigger a notification to the app. The user may choose to add the detected intruder to the list of non-intruders through the app to avoid further detections as intruder. Face detection by the Haar Cascade algorithm yields a recall of 94.6%. Thus, the system is both highly effective and relatively low cost.
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) Activation by 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin (TCDD) Dose-Dependently Shifts the Gut Microbiome Consistent with the Progression of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Gut dysbiosis with disrupted enterohepatic bile acid metabolism is commonly associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and recapitulated in a NAFLD-phenotype elicited by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in mice. TCDD induces hepatic fat accumulation and increases levels of secondary bile acids, including taurolithocholic acid and deoxycholic acid (microbial modified bile acids involved in host bile acid regulation signaling pathways). To investigate the effects of TCDD on the gut microbiota, the cecum contents of male C57BL/6 mice orally gavaged with sesame oil vehicle or 0.3, 3, or 30 µg/kg TCDD were examined using shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Taxonomic analysis identified dose-dependent increases in Lactobacillus species (i.e., Lactobacillus reuteri). Increased species were also associated with dose-dependent increases in bile salt hydrolase sequences, responsible for deconjugation reactions in secondary bile acid metabolism. Increased L. reuteri levels were further associated with mevalonate-dependent isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) biosynthesis and o-succinylbenzoate synthase, a menaquinone biosynthesis associated gene. Analysis of the gut microbiomes from cirrhosis patients identified an increased abundance of genes from the mevalonate-dependent IPP biosynthesis as well as several other menaquinone biosynthesis genes, including o-succinylbenzoate synthase. These results extend the association of lactobacilli with the AhR/intestinal axis in NAFLD progression and highlight the similarities between TCDD-elicited phenotypes in mice to human NAFLD.
Application of transglutaminase for food processing

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the experiments conducted for food processing by the application of Transglutaminase (TG), which is an enzyme that catalyzes the acyl-transfer reaction between the γ-carboxyamide group of glutamine residues in peptide-bonds and primary amines. The most effective reaction to be used for the food industry is the cross-linking of protein molecules. The cross-linking reaction may be found in both intermolecular and intramolecular proteins. TG is widely distributed in nature and has been found in various animal tissues, fish, plants, and microorganisms. Mass production by the fermentation method and in commercialization of TG has been achieved for the first time in the world. This microbial transglutaminase (MTG) has various effects on the physical properties of food proteins. MTG has been put to practical use for meat and seafood processing, surimi products, noodles and pasta, and tofu. Crosslinks, G-L bonds, which are caused during MTG reaction are covalent bonds that are stable unlike electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. Therefore, even after the retort treatment, foods treated with MTG can maintain its original texture better than non-treatment ones. The breaking strength of the retorted sausage decreases by 20% as compared to the non-retorted sausage. Also, the texture of noodles and pasta is improved by the MTG treatment. Noodles with MTG can maintain its texture even after acid- or heat-treatment for longer shelf life. With the addition of MTG, texture of various noodles, such as the Chinese noodle, Udon, Soba, and pasta, are improved. Lastly, Tofu gel treated with MTG has good consistency and improved smooth texture.
Somos Iguales...Pero No Tanto: Examining the Experience of Belonging among Undocumented Immigrant Latina/o Students

Using data collected from a larger ethnographic study that explored the educational experiences of three generational cohorts of undocumented immigrant Latino students in a public secondary school setting, this study provides undocumented students’ perspective on barriers (perceived or real) to feeling or not feeling like a member of the school community. Qualitative interviews with twelve undocumented immigrant Latina/o students identified discriminatory factors that contributed to students’ beliefs about their undocumented status among documented Latina/o peers. Findings indicate that feelings of belonging within-group variation (1.25, 1.5. and 1.75) of undocumented Latina/o students were challenged when issues of language, age of migration and the dominant American narrative projected by their Latina/o documented peers placed undocumented students’ outside of the shared cultural group and society.
Observations of the chemical composition of stratospheric aerosol particles

Recent instrumentation can distinguish various types of aerosol particles in the stratosphere and determine their relative abundance. In the background lower stratosphere between major volcanic eruptions, most particles are either relatively pure sulphuric acid, sulphuric acid with material from ablated meteoroids or mixed organic-sulphate particles that originated in the troposphere. The meteoritic iron and magnesium appear to be dissolved whereas the aluminum and silicon appear to be inclusions. Most stratospheric aerosol mass is liquid sulphuric acid and associated water, but a large fraction of particles contain either inclusions of meteoritic elements such as silicon or organic material that is probably effloresced or glassy. These solid phases could have large but unknown implications for the ability of particles to act as freezing nuclei for polar stratospheric clouds. Internally mixed black carbon is a measurable but very small component of the stratospheric aerosol by mass. Despite their importance for heterogeneous chemistry, there are few quantitative measurements of halogens in stratospheric particles.
The Most Fragile of Newborns

Baby at Risk. The Uncertain Legacies of Medical Miracles for Babies, Families, and Society. By Ruth Levy Guyer. Capital Books, Sterling, VA, 2006. 181 pp. $22.95. ISBN 9781933102269. Guyer discusses the benefits and costs of neonatal intensive care and examines the question of who should make the decisions about high-tech interventions.
Dynamics of wind-driven estuarine-shelf exchange in the Narragansett Bay estuary

Abstract Physical exchange between estuarine and continental shelf waters impacts flushing dynamics of the estuary and determines rates of ocean inputs of nutrients and plankton. To investigate the occurrence and propagation of shelf water intrusions into the Narragansett Bay estuary, we collected velocity data near the estuarine–shelf interface during three summer periods. These data were compared to environmental forcing factors, including wind velocity, tidal mixing and river discharge. Results suggest a background cyclonic flow within the two passages of the estuary based on mean inflow in the channel on the eastern side of the estuary and mean outflow on the western shoals. Within the lower estuary this background circulation was perturbed by channel-parallel winds. On the shelf outside of the estuary, winds parallel to the coast were associated with cross-shelf flow of deep water. Strong pulses in estuarine–shelf exchange flow fell into two wind-driven modes: responses to direct forcing by down-estuary wind or rebounds following relaxation or reversal of up-estuary wind. Rebound events were common, providing the most dramatic perturbations to the mean background estuarine circulation. A reduction in exchange between Narragansett Bay and shelf waters during prevailing up-estuary winds in the summertime and short-lived pulses in exchange flow under wind reversal events are expected to affect nutrient fluxes and dynamics of hypoxia in the estuary.
Predicting therapeutic response to secondary treatment with bupropion: Dichotic listening tests of functional brain asymmetry

Studies using neuroimaging, electrophysiologic and cognitive measures have raised hopes for developing predictors of therapeutic response to antidepressants. Pretreatment measures of functional brain asymmetry have been found to be related to response to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine. This report examines the extent to which dichotic listening tests also predict clinical response to an antidepressant with a different mechanism of action, i.e., bupropion. Dichotic listening data were obtained for 17 unmedicated depressed patients who were subsequently treated with bupropion. Right-handed outpatients were tested on dichotic fused-words and complex-tones tests. Seven patients who responded to bupropion and 10 nonresponders did not differ in gender, age or education. Bupropion responders had significantly larger left-hemisphere advantage for perceiving words when compared to nonresponders, but there was no difference in their right-hemisphere advantage for tones. All patients having a left-hemisphere advantage above the normal mean responded to bupropion, whereas only 9% of patients below the normal mean responded to treatment. These findings should encourage further study of the clinical value of dichotic listening and other measures of functional brain asymmetry for identifying depressed patients who most benefit from treatment with different classes of antidepressants.
Comparison of the Synoptic Conditions in Midlatitudes Accompanying Cold Surges over Eastern Asia for the Months of December 1974 and 1978. Part I: Monthly Mean Fields and Individual Events

Abstract East Asian cold surges during two periods of contrasting intensity, December 1974 (strong) and December 1978 (weak), are studied. It is shown that the midlatitude mechanisms initiating cold surges during both months are quite similar in nature. Synoptic scale short waves passing through the long-wave trough position near the East Asian coast act to release the cold air southward from the main reservoir over eastern Siberia. Dynamic descent is initiated by these synoptic scale waves entering the northwesterly flow on the western side of the long-wave trough anchored on the coast. This is the descent center in the local direct circulation in the entrance region of the East Asian jet maximum at 200 mb. The frequency and intensity of the cold air surges for a given month depend on the large scale circulation pattern. The average flow over Asia for December, 1974 and 1978, presents a contrast with respect to ridging over the midcontinent. In December 1978 the flow was characterized by a low zonal inde...
ICCS for DC applications

Superconducting magnet windings in which AC heating is insignificant can benefit from the elimination of transient heat-transfer limits on stability and also from the use of high-strength, moderate-conductivity copper and aluminum alloys for thermal protection. The way in which these benefits accrue from the use of internally cooled cabled superconductors (ICCS) for DC devices is described. >
Cellular Uncoupling in Cancerous Thyroid Epithelium

EARLIER work at this laboratory has shown that cancerous liver cells, unlike normal ones, are not in ionic communication with each other1,2. This study has now been extended to another set of epithelial tissues.
“Capacities and Modes of Thinking”: Intellectual Engagements and Subaltern Hegemony in the Early History of Malagasy Christianity

IN ONE WAY OR ANOTHER, nearly all current scholarship on European expansion struggles with how to conceptualize cultural exchange in contexts of uneq%ually distributed power. Historians of colonial culture have recently sought to explore this tension by examining how European cultural discourses contributed to the production of imperial power.1 Key to this "new discursive history" with its emphasis on the capacity of ideas to transform human relationships has been a concern with how European powers discursively defined imperial subjects as governable others. Heavily influenced by readings of Michel Foucault that place emphasis on the role of knowledge in the service of state power, many of the new imperial histories investigate colonial discourses of personhood, religion, space, race, gender, sexuality, and the body to show how European intellectual hegemony transformed colonial subjects' mental worlds, organizations of knowledge, and daily routines.2 While they opened new and important terrains of investigation into the relationship of knowledge and the production of power in colonial contexts, neo-Foucauldian studies of imperial discourse have underestimated the intellectual
Higher-order force gradient symplectic algorithms

We show that a recently discovered fourth order symplectic algorithm, which requires one evaluation of force gradient in addition to three evaluations of the force, when iterated to higher order, yielded algorithms that are far superior to similarly iterated higher order algorithms based on the standard Forest-Ruth algorithm. We gauge the accuracy of each algorithm by comparing the step-size independent error functions associated with energy conservation and the rotation of the Laplace-Runge-Lenz vector when solving a highly eccentric Kepler problem. For orders 6, 8, 10, and 12, the new algorithms are approximately a factor of ${10}^{3},$ ${10}^{4},$ ${10}^{4},$ and ${10}^{5}$ better.
Hierarchical linear modeling: Applications to social work research:

SummaryUsing examples and nomenclature familiar to social workers, this article provides a brief, nontechnical introduction to hierarchically structured data and multilevel modeling.FindingsData st...
Prostaglandin F2α, sexual behavior and ovarian estrogen synthesis in garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis)

Abstract 1. 1. High levels of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α; 10–18 ng) were detected in copulatory material removed from the cloacae of female Thatmophis sirtalis parietalis immediately after mating. 2. 2. In vitro, ovarian fragments treated with PGF2α secreted significantly more estrogen than control fragments. 3. 3. Together these results suggest that a post-mating surge in estrogen secretion that occurs in this species may be influenced by a substantial rise in PGF2α that occurs after mating. 4. 4. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that post-mating elevations in plasma levels of PGF2αin females are derived from male copulatory material.