cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimating the net implicit price of energy efficient building codes on U.S. households

Abstract Requiring energy efficiency building codes raises housing prices (or the monthly rental equivalent), but theoretically this effect might be fully offset by reductions in household energy expenditures. Whether there is a full compensating differential or how much households are paying implicitly is an empirical question. This study estimates the net implicit price of energy efficient buildings codes, IECC 2003 through IECC 2006, for American households. Using sample data from the American Community Survey 2007, a heteroskedastic seemingly unrelated estimation approach is used to estimate hedonic price (house rent) and energy expenditure models. The value of energy efficiency building codes is capitalized into housing rents, which are estimated to increase by 23.25 percent with the codes. However, the codes provide households a compensating differential of about a 6.47 percent reduction (about $7.71) in monthly energy expenditure. Results indicate that the mean household net implicit price for these codes is about $140.87 per month in 2006 dollars ($163.19 in 2013 dollars). However, this estimated price is shown to vary significantly by region, energy type and the rent gradient.
Heterotypic RPE-choroidal endothelial cell contact increases choroidal endothelial cell transmigration via PI 3-kinase and Rac1

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the major cause of non-preventable blindness. Severe forms of AMD involve breaching of the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) barrier by underlying choroidal endothelial cells (CECs), followed by migration into, and subsequent neovascularization of the neurosensory retina. However, little is known about the interactions between RPE and CECs and the signaling events leading to CEC transmigration. While soluble chemotactic factors secreted from RPE can contribute to inappropriate CEC transmigration, other unidentified stimuli may play an additional role. Using a coculture model that maintains the natural structural orientation of CECs to the basal aspect of RPE, we show that “contact” with RPE and/or RPE extracellular matrix increases CEC transmigration of the RPE barrier. From a biochemical standpoint, contact between CECs and RPE results in an increase in the activity of the GTPase Rac1 within the CECs; this increase is dependent on upstream activation of PI 3-K and Akt1. To confirm a link between these signaling molecules and increased CEC transmigration, we performed transmigration assays while inhibiting both PI 3-K and Rac1 activity, and observed that both decreased CEC transmigration. We hypothesize that contact between CECs and RPE stimulates a signaling pathway involving PI 3-K, Akt1, and Rac1 that facilitates CEC transmigration across the RPE barrier, an important step in the development of neovascular AMD.
Zinc-deficient rats are insensitive to glucoprivation caused by 2-deoxy-D-glucose.

Three-choice macronutrient intake studies indicate that zinc-deficient (Zn-) rats selectively decrease intake of carbohydrate. Because glucoprivic stimuli increase food intake and selection for carbohydrate, the ability of Zn- rats to respond to glucoprivation induced by 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) was tested. Rats were fed a Zn-adequate (Zn+) or Zn- diet. In part 1, rats were challenged with 0, 250, or 400 mg 2-DG/kg BW (i.p.) after zinc deficiency was established. In part 2, rats received saline or 2-DG while zinc deficiency was being induced and then after deficiency was established. Food intake was increased after injection of 2-DG to Zn+ rats; however, food intake was not higher after 2-DG administration to Zn- rats. A dose-response test for 2-DG further confirmed these results. In part 2, it was found that Zn- rats lose the response to 2-DG administration when zinc deficiency-induced anorexia begins, after 3 days of consuming a zinc-deficient diet. It appears that the ability to sense blood glucose concentrations may be impaired during zinc deficiency, and this impairment could be a part of the anorexia that develops during zinc deficiency in the rat.
Phenolic Compounds in the Treatment of Rheumatic Fever: II. The Metabolism of Gentisic Acid and the Ethanolamide of Gentisic Acid

The absorption and excretion of gentisic acid has been studied to help clarify the confusion that exists in the literature. Data are given that support the retarding action of methyl cellulose and Benemid and also the manner in which these compounds are metabolized in the human body. The first metabolic study of the ethanolamide of gentisic acid in human subjects is described. Evidence is presented that the antirheumatic property of certain phenolic compounds may be explained by the phenomena of chelation and the possible existence of a reversible hydroquinone-quinone system in the blood stream.
Computer generated holography: an introduction

A group of papers in the 15 Oct. 1987 issue of Applied Optics describe some recent advances in the field of computer generated holograms, and delineate historical trends.
Thermo-mechanical coupled analysis of laser-assisted mechanical micromilling of difficult-to-machine metal alloys used for bio-implant

This study is focused on a numerical modeling analysis of laser-assisted mechanical micromilling (LAMM) for difficult-to-machine biomedical implant alloys, such as Ti6Al4V and stainless steels. Multiple LAMM tests are performed on these materials with 100 μm diameter endmills at various laser powers. A 3D thermal model is used to quantitatively analyze the material temperature increase due to laser heating during the LAMM process. Finite element (FE) models are developed using ABAQUS to simulate the continuous chip formation, and strain gradient constitutive material models are implemented to model the size effect. The quasi steady-state workpiece temperature after multiple milling cycles is analyzed with a heat transfer analysis based on the chip formation analysis and thermal model simulations. The modeling results in temperature, force and cutting stress are discussed and compared with the experimental results.
Leaf Essential Oil Composition of Three Species of Myrcianthes from Monteverde, Costa Rica

To examine the chemical diversity of essential oils from Myrcianthes species (Myrtaceae) as well as potential chemotaxonomic relationships between them, the leaf essential oils of M. fragrans (Sw.) McVaugh, M. rhopaloides (Kunth) McVaugh, and an undescribed species, Myrcianthes 'black fruit', from Monteverde, Costa Rica, were isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/MS. The most abundant components of the essential oil of M. fragrans were 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene (15.7%), (Z)-hex-3-en-1-ol (10.0%), alpha-cadinol (10.4%), eudesma-4(15),7-dien-1beta-ol (9.0%), caryophyllene oxide (7.8%), and spathulenol (7.5%). The leaf oils of two different samples of Myrcianthes rhopaloides were quantitatively different with one sample composed mostly of linalool (17.7%), alpha-cadinol (14.4%), spathulenol (11.1%), tau-cadinol (9.6%), and 1-epicubenol (6.9%), and the other was made up largely of (E)-hex-2-enal (46.1%), 1,8-cineole (12.5%), linalool (9.1%), alpha-cadinol (6.7%), and alpha-terpineol (4.4%). The major components in the leaf essential oil of Myrcianthes 'black fruit' were 1,8-cineole (38.3%), alpha-terpineol (21.2%), heptan-2-ol (15.5%), terpinen-4-ol (4.2%), and beta-pinene (3.8%). The leaf oil compositions of Myrcianthes in this study are very different from leaf oils from other members of Myrcianthes reported in the literature. A cluster analysis reveals large chemical variation not only between members of the genus, but also between samples of the same species.
Exoerythrocytic development of Plasmodium gallinaceum in the White Leghorn chicken

Plasmodium gallinaceum typically causes sub-clinical disease with low mortality in its primary host, the Indian jungle fowl Gallus sonnerati. Domestic chickens of European origin, however, are highly susceptible to this avian malaria parasite. Here we describe the development of P. gallinaceum in young White Leghorn chicks with emphasis on the primary exoerythrocytic phase of the infection. Using various regimens for infection, we found that P. gallinaceum induced a transient primary exoerythrocytic infection followed by a fulminant lethal erythrocytic phase. Prerequisite for the appearance of secondary exoerythrocytic stages was the development of a certain level of parasitaemia. Once established, secondary exoerythrocytic stages could be propagated from bird to bird for several generations without causing fatalities. Infected brains contained large secondary exoerythrocytic stages in capillary endothelia, while in the liver primary and secondary erythrocytic stages developed primarily in Kupffer cells and remained smaller. At later stages, livers exhibited focal hepatocyte necrosis, Kupffer cell hyperplasia, stellate cell proliferation, inflammatory cell infiltration and granuloma formation. Because P. gallinaceum selectively infected Kupffer cells in the liver and caused a histopathology strikingly similar to mammalian species, this avian Plasmodium species represents an evolutionarily closely related model for studies on the hepatic phase of mammalian malaria.
Technology for robotic mechanical assembly: Force-directed insertions

Definition of robotic primitives for insertions is an essential step in achieving a truly flexible manufacturing environment. We present techniques based on active compliance, implemented with hybrid force-position control, that are capable of inserting a wide variety of shaped pegs. We analyze the forces encountered during the insertions to determine what classes of shapes these techniques will consistently insert. The analysis also gives guidance in selecting parameters of these techniques for specific shapes. These techniques provide a significant step toward simplifying the programming of a flexible manufacturing environment.
Adsorption of Lennard−Jones Molecules on a Hard Wall: A Case Study in the Star-Function Based Density Functional Theory†

For conventional density functional theories (DFTs), the mean-field perturbation theory was commonly invoked to evaluate the excess free energy due to attractions in the bulk fluid of an inhomogeneous system. This simplification caused inaccuracies in the predictions. We develop here a version of the DFT based on the functional Taylor expansions of the intrinsic free energy functional F[ρ] and the singlet density ρ(1)(r) to arrive at closed-form expressions for these quantities without truncations. This is made possible by incorporating the bridge functional and a “star function” proposed earlier in J. Chem. Phys. 1992, 97, 8606. The results are generally applicable to both repulsive and attractive potentials. The new formulation is applied to the Lennard−Jones molecules adsorbed on a planar hard wall. It is demonstrated that without using the mean-field approximation, we can obtain accurate density profiles for this system. A “two-way street” formulation between the uniform fluids and the nonuniform flui...
Negative secondary ion emission from NaBF4 : comparison of atomic and polyatomic projectiles at different impact energies

(CsI) n Cs + (n = 0-2) and C + 60 projectiles were used to bombard a sodium tetrafluoroborate (NaBF 4 ) target at energies ranging from 18 to 28 keV. The objective of these experiments was to monitor the emission of two series of secondary ions following atomic and polyatomic projectile impacts. One series is based on BF 4 - and its incorporation into larger polyatomic ions that reflect the stoichiometry of the original solid. The other series is based on repeating (NaF) units, and presumably represents artifact ions created by primary ion impact induced recombination/rearrangement reactions. The relative yields of several secondary ions representing both types of ion formation were measured as a function of the primary ion velocity (velocity is proportional to the kinetic energy per mass unit). When normalized to the number of projectile constituents, the secondary ion yields follow distinct trends. The non-linear increase in the yield of (NaF)F- demonstrates greater sensitivity to the number of projectile constituents than intact, analytically useful ions such as BF 4 - and (NaBF 4 )BF 4 - .
Screening for childhood anxiety symptoms in primary care: integrating child and parent reports.

ABSTRACT Objective: Parents' concerns typically determine the focus of a primary care visit. This study examined which information is lost if child reports are excluded from screening for anxiety. It also explores the use in primary care of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) and the Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PSC-17). Method: Two hundred thirty-six children (8–12 years 11 months) and their parents completed SCARED and PSC-17 before a primary care visit occurring during discrete periods between June 1999 and March 2001. Results: Child reports yielded higher SCARED scores than parent reports (mean = 18.12, SD=12.14 versus 14.43, SD=10.34, p R = 0.55 total score; 0.40–0.58 subfactors). Conclusions: There are discrete anxiety domains in which children's reports are likely to yield more information than that of parents. This phenomenon is almost entirely attributable to variations in the level of symptoms reported by children. Studies are needed to design brief screening procedures that integrate parent and child reports and carry age- and gender-adjusted thresholds.
Dynamic Response of an Orthotropic Half-Space With a Subsurface Crack: In-Plane Case

Scattering of elastic waves by a subsurface crack in an orthotropic half-space subjected to a surface line load of arbitrary angle of inclination is studied. Green’s functions are developed and used along with the representation theorem to reduce the problem to a set of simultaneous singular integral equations in the Fourier transformed domain. Solution to these equations is then obtained by expanding the unknown crack opening displacement (COD) in terms of Chebyshev polynomials. Numerical results are given for specific examples involving orthotropic materials.
The Ann Arbor Decision: The Importance of Teachers' Attitudes toward Language

The landmark U.S. district court decision Martin Luther King, Jr., Elementary School Children v. Ann Arbor School District Board in July 1979 established the importance of teachers' attitudes toward language. Judge Charles Joiner upheld the claim of eleven black parents that the school system failed to take "their children's spoken dialect into account and it failed to teach them to read Standard English" (Kossack 1980, p. 617). The judge further stated that the language barrier is not black English itself, but rather teacher attitudes, which cause black English speakers to feel inferior (Kossack 1980). With the desegregation of many large school systems and the increased mobility within society, more and more teachers will be instructing children whose linguistic heritages may differ from their own. In addition, as the Spanish-speaking population continues to grow, more educational settings are becoming bilingual/bicultural. In light of these current education trends, teachers' attitudes toward language have become a timely and important issue. The purposes of this article are to describe the Ann Arbor decision, to review current
Light Intensity and Sex Ratio Effects on Egg Production, Egg Quality Characteristics, and Fertility in Breeder Pekin Ducks

Abstract A flock of 520, 11-wk-old breeder Pekin ducklings was raised in 20 floor pens in a curtain-sided poultry house under decreasing day lengths. At 22 wk of age, the ducklings were photostimulated (16 h of light/day) with a combination of natural daylight and artificial light. After dusk, half of the ducklings were exposed to 10 lx of incandescent (IN) light and the other half were maintained under 172 lx of high-pressure sodium (HPS) light. In addition, each light treatment consisted of an equal number of pens with two different sex ratios, 22 hens:4 drakes (15% males) and 21 hens:5 drakes (19% males). Egg production, egg quality characteristics, and fertility were monitored from 22 to 52 wk of age. Ducklings housed under 172 lx of HPS light exhibited significantly (P ≤ .05) greater egg production between 23 and 34 wk of age. Egg weight, shell weight, and shell thickness were not consistently affected by the different light treatments or sex ratios. The sex ratios did not affect percentage egg fertility, but fertility was significantly (P ≤.05) higher in the HPS light treatment during the last 15 wk of the study. It was concluded that HPS light of 172 lx can enhance egg production in breeder Pekin ducklings prior to peak production (37 wk), and HPS light can improve fertility following the peak egg production period. Furthermore, this study indicated that a breeder duckling flock with 15% males was adequate to achieve optimum fertility.
Organizational and Supervisory Apology Effectiveness: Apology Giving in Work Settings

We synthesize the interdisciplinary literature into a heuristic for crafting effective organizational and supervisory apologies (the OOPS four-component apology). In the first experiment, we demons...
Cascade switching element with proportional drive assures low losses and enhances feasibility

By using a small transformer to provide steady state base drive to the bipolar transistor in a cascode switch, near optimum switch characteristics are achieved. These include fast turn-on, low v-sat, minimum storage time, fast turn-off, and a high impeadance input when using a FET lower element. Results are tabulated for various bipolar transistors.
Evaluating a Program to Build Data Capacity for Core Public Health Functions in Local Maternal Child and Adolescent Health Programs in California

Objectives: To improve local Maternal and Child Health programs’ capacity to collect and analyze data to support core public health functions, the California Maternal and Child Health Branch (CAMCHB) and the University of California San Francisco Family Health Outcomes project (FHOP) entered into a cooperative agreement. FHOP utilizes a 6-pronged strategy: face-to-face training, telephone technical assistance, on-site consultation, development of automated analytic tools, development of written guidelines, and web dissemination of data and materials. We evaluated the acceptability and effectiveness of these approaches. Methods: Local Health Jurisdiction (LHJ) staff completed a self-administered questionnaire on use of and satisfaction with FHOP’s services. A 34-item assessment tool was used to independently evaluate each 5-year community assessment plan submitted by LHJs to the CAMCHB. Administrative data on the use of FHOP’s service was also considered. Correlational analyses were done to determine if use of FHOP services and materials was related to more adequate plans. Results: LHJs with higher overall adequacy scores on their plans had an overall higher level of use of FHOP’s products and services. LHJs with higher adequacy scores reported calling FHOP for technical assistance more frequently, using FHOP’s book – “Developing an Effective Planning Process: A Guide for Local MCH Programs,” and using FHOP’s automated tools including EpiBC, an EpiINFO based program for birth certificate analysis, and Microsoft Excel data analysis templates. Conclusion: This 6-pronged strategy is well utilized and accepted by local MCH staff and appears to have some degree of association with better quality of local MCH plan documents.
Effects of prenatal treatment of rats with haloperidol due to altered drug distribution in neonatal brain.

Abstract Maternal exposure to haloperidol during gestation produced decreased behavioral responsiveness to apomorphine in rat offspring at 10 days after birth, but not at 15 or 30 days. An apparent decrease in the affinity of specific binding of [3H]piroperidol to striatal tissue of rats so treated was observed at 7 days after birth, with no difference in receptor affinity or total binding capacity at 15 or 30 days. Because these effects could result from the continued presence of haloperidol after birth, the distribution and clearance of small quantities of [3H]aloperidol were studied in neonates, older controls, and mothers, up to 10 days after drug administration. The concentration of labelled drug in the brains of the neonates was consistently more than three times higher than in adults, although serum and liver concentrations, and apparent rates of elimination from brain tissue were approximately equal. Postpartum persistence of prenatally administered neuroleptics may account for transient behavioral and biochemical alterations.
CLADOPHORA PYGMAEA REINKE IN NORTH AMERICA12

SUMMARY Cladophora pygmaea is described from Quick's Hole, Elizabeth Islands, southern Cape Cod, Massachusetts; the alga was known previously from several northern European localities. The morphology and ecology of the Massachusetts plants are given and compared with those of European populations of this species.
Chronic skin lesions from a patient with Bruton's X-linked agammaglobulinemia.

A 25-year-old homosexual man with Bruton's X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) was seen for a follow-up examination of chronic skin ulcers on his lower extremities that were thought to represent pyoderma gangrenosum (PG). The patient was feeling generally well, with no fevers or shortness of breath
Importance of hepatic function on the plasma disappearance and biliary excretion of hexachlorophene.

Abstract Hepatic function has been shown to be an important determinant in the removal of hexachlorophene from the body. Within 3 hr after administration, 50% of the drug is excreted into the bile of rats. Pretreatment with phenobarbital enhances the plasma disappearance of hexachlorophene and doubles the rate at which hexachlorophene and its metabolites are excreted into the bile. A decrease in hepatic function produced by two-thirds hepatectomy increased the toxicity of hexachlorophene. Two-thirds hepatectomy also decreased the rate of removal of hexachlorophene from the plasma and decreased its rate of excretion into the bile to about one-third that of control animals. Bile duct ligation also decreased the rate of removal of hexachloraphene from the plasma; however, the accumulation of hexachlorophene-glucuronide in the plasma was more pronounced indicating that if the conjugate cannot be excreted into the bile it enters the plasma.
PU.1-dependent regulation of UCH L1 expression in B-lymphoma cells

Elevated levels of ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH L1) have been detected in a variety of malignancies, and recent studies show the oncogenic capacity of overexpressed UCH L1 in vivo in animal models. Here we demonstrate that expression of endogenous UCH L1 is significantly higher in B-lymphoma cells than in transformed cells of epithelial and fibroblastic origin. The specific hematopoietic transcription factor PU.1 induces UCH L1 expression through direct activation of the uch l1 promoter. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays and direct mutagenesis we identified PU.1 binding sites on the uch l1 promoter, at least three of which are involved in this activation. We also show that the viral transcriptional co-activator EBNA2 dramatically increases PU.1-dependent up-regulation of endogenous UCH L1 expression. Finally, inhibition of PU.1 expression with specific shRNA resulted in reduction of UCH L1 mRNA and protein levels in Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-transformed B-cells. We propose that th...
Rapid X-band microwave breakdown in Ne

Observations of rapidly formed (<;50-400 ns) distributed plasma discharges using X-band microwaves in Neon with 1 mTorr residual air are presented. A stainless steel cylindrical discharge test chamber is used to observe microwave breakdown at 10 to 760 torr pressures. The chamber is enclosed with polycarbonate windows on both ends and has two side ports. The magnetron illuminates the chamber using 25 kW, 9.382 GHz and 0.8 μs pulse-width power through an X-band waveguide pressed against the polycarbonate window. Microwave diodes are used to measure incident, reflected, and transmitted microwave power to a moveable monopole antenna located beyond the discharge chamber. They provide information to determine the discharge reflection and attenuation characteristics as the pressure is varied. Observations of localized transmission power reduction measurements of -20 dB that occur within 50-400 ns caused by the plasma under different conditions have been made. Optical emission spectra experiments allow one to determine the gas temperature of the plasma at different pressures. Microwave mixers are used to compare both the amplitude and phase of the reflected signals in phase and in quadrature (90 degrees) relative to a fixed phase reference signal. Together with a six region 1-D plasma modeling code, the effective plasma density, collision frequency and electron temperature are estimated. An ICCD provides fast (<;50 ns) time-scale optical images to estimate the plasma size, also revealing the plasma formation and decay processes.
Measurement of blood-brain barrier permeability.

SUMMARY 1. Experimental determinations of blood-brain barrier permeability from measurements of uptake of tracers by brain are limited in two ways. First, there are experimental limitations that are specific to the particular method being used. These limitations include the range of permeability values that a particular method can reliably determine (sensitivity); whether repeated experiments are possible in the same animal; whether regional values can be determined; and to what degree the chemical composition of the perfusate passing through the brain can be controlled. 2. A second set of limitations on permeability determinations is of a more general, physiological nature. These constraints apply to a greater or lesser degree to all experimental determinations, and may limit the accuracy and reliability of the permeability values obtained; although certain reliable upper and lower bounds can be determined. These general factors include: capillary heterogeneity (i.e. variations in capillary lengths, surface areas, blood flows, etc.); the possibility of binding to circulating plasma proteins, especially albumin; and the possibility of capillary recruitment and de-recruitment with changes in cerebral blood flow.
Safety of Brucella abortus strain RB51 in black bears.

In two studies conducted from October 1999 to March 2000 and December 2000 to April 2001, adult black bears (Ursus americanus) were orally inoculated with 1.4–3.1×1010 colony-forming units (CFU) of Brucella abortus strain RB51 (SRB51, n =12) or 2 ml of 0.15 M NaCl solution (saline, n = 11). We did not detect a difference (P>0.05) in antibody titers to SRB51 in serum obtained before vaccination, at 8 wk after vaccination, or at necropsy at 21 or 23 wk after vaccination between SRB51-vaccinated and nonvaccinated bears. The SRB51 vaccine strain was recovered from tissues obtained at necropsy from one of six SRB51-vaccinated bears in study 1, but none of the six SRB51-vaccinated bears in study 2. Vaccination of black bears with SRB51 did not appear to influence (P>0.05) reproductive performance.
A Citation Analysis of Business Ethics Research: A Global Perspective

This study provides a global perspective on citations of articles published in ten business ethics journals between 1999 and 2012 and establishes three findings. First, the results indicate that Journal of Business Ethics and Business and Society are the two top business ethics journals based on the distribution of normalized citations received. Second, although North America, particularly the US, remains the top producer of business ethics research, it has been surpassed by Europe in terms of weighted normalized research citations received in 2012, implying a potential diminishing global role of US influence in business ethics research over time. Third, the top-ranked US institutions have reduced their business ethics research impact in recent years, while the European institutions have sharply increased theirs.
Growth hormone releasing action of a pseudomonas endotoxin (Piromen)

Abstract Intravenous administration of a pseudomonas endotoxin (Piromen), 0.5 μg./Kg., to normal subjects produced a significant increase in plasma growth hormone concentration (mean maximum 25.5 ± 6.0 mμg./ml.) in addition to its well known stimulation of ACTH secretion. Other metabolic effects of Piromen administration included a rapid elevation of plasma free fatty acids presumed to be secondary to epinephrine release and a slight, but significant lowering of plasma glucose concentration. In 9 hypopituitary patients, the maximum plasma growth hormone concentration observed following Piromen administration was only 1.1 mμg./ml., whereas 6 of these patients exhibited a significant rise in plasma adrenal corticoids. Thus, absence of pituitary growth hormone release was found to be a more sensitive index of decreased pituitary function than impairment of ACTH release. Four hypopituitary patients with secondary adrenal insufficiency exhibited a dichotomy between the adrenal corticoid response to Piromen and methopyrapone testing. In these patients, adrenal cortical insufficiency could be attributed to a failure of ACTH release rather than to an absolute ACTH deficiency.
Solid solution effects in coupled order-disorder ferroelectrics

Abstract The simple order-disorder Ising model for one sublattice is extended to include multiple separate order-disorder processes and their mutual interaction and coupling. The multiple sublattice model shows that the Curie temperature (Tc ) is a weighted average of what would be determined by any of the disorder processes alone. The weighting involves the dipole moments of the individual disordering processes. This additive behavior is explored in detail for two order-disorder ferroelectrics where plentiful solid solution data are available: lithium niobate (LiNbO3) and lithium tantalate (LiTaO3).
Green Liquor Pretreatment of Mixed Hardwood for Ethanol Production in a Repurposed Kraft Pulp Mill

Abstract The development of a new, relatively simple process, which uses green liquor (sodium carbonate and sodium sulfide) as a pretreatment for the production of ethanol is described in this article. The pulps produced by this process can be enzymatically hydrolyzed to monomeric sugars with a high overall sugar recovery. The use of green liquor for pretreatment ensures that the chemicals used during pretreatment can be recovered efficiently using proven technology and can be easily implemented in a repurposed kraft pulp mill. The yield of pulps produced by the green liquor pretreatment process is about 80% with nearly 100% cellulose and 75% xylan in retention in mixed southern hardwood. The low pH prevents the random hydrolysis of polysaccharide and secondary peeling reactions from occurring during the pretreatment, resulting in higher retention of the polysaccharides in pulp. About 35% of the lignin is removed during the green liquor pretreatment process, which is sufficient for efficient enzymatic hyd...
Investigation of the interactions between the numerical and the modeling errors in the Homogenized Dirichlet Projection Method

Abstract The Homogenized Dirichlet Projection Method, HDPM, was developed in [1,2] as a systematic technique for analyzing highly-heterogeneous elastic structures. The method can provide an analysis of structures composed of composite materials with very complex microstructure at a fraction of the cost of solving the full fine-scale model. In the present investigation, the HDPM is revisited to take into account the unavoidable numerical errors produced in finite element approximations of the associated boundary value problems. The total error of the HDPM, which now takes into account both for the modeling and numerical errors, is split into several terms, each accounting for a parameter in the method. The parameters are: the choice of the homogenized material property, the partition into subdomains, the coarse finite element mesh used to solve the homogenized problem and the fine meshes used to solve the subdomain problems. Numerical experiments are carried out on 1-D problems for which the exact solutions are easily calculated. The experiments reveal that the influence of the coarse and fine meshes are very different. When free of numerical error the HDPM is based on four main results. We rewrite these in the framework of the error in the constitutive law. This leads to a clear mechanical interpretation of the results. Moreover, it allows us to extend the results to nonlinear constitutive laws and to find new properties of the HDPM. Some of the theoretical results are validated for specific cases involving known numerical error. Finally, explicit a posteriori upper bounds are derived for the total and numerical error. A simple adaptive strategy is presented for choosing the fine mesh and the subdomain partition. The strategy is tested on a 1-D model problem.
Evaluation of the condensed carbon bond (CB-IV) mechanism against smog chamber data at low VOC and NOx concentrations

Abstract The condensed Carbon Bond mechanism (CB-IV) has been evaluated against smog chamber data obtained under conditions representative of urban air. A synthetic urban VOC mixture was studied at NOx concentrations ranging from 25 to 167 ppb and VOC/NOx ratios ranging from 2.7 to 10. The results indicate that the mechanism underpredicts the rates of O3 formation and NO oxidation by peroxy radicals by 15–30%. The maximum ozone concentration for VOC/NOx ratios of 8–10 was underpredicted by only about 10%. At lower VOC/NOx ratios the maximum amount of ozone formed is underpredicted by about 30%; however, an ozone concentration maximum is not always obtained. PAN is severely underpredicted (60–90%). Measured formaldehyde concentrations are in good agreement with the calculated concentrations. The individual hydrocarbons ethene and propene were also studied under similar conditions and the performance of the CB-IV mechanism for these compounds was tested.
Investigating DNA migration in pulsed fields using a miniaturized FIGE system.

Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is a well-established technique for fractionation of DNA fragments ranging from kilobases to megabases in length. But many of these separations require an undesirable combination of long experiment times (often approaching tens of hours) and application of high voltages (often approaching tens of kV). Here we present a simple miniaturized field inversion gel electrophoresis (FIGE) apparatus capable of separating DNA fragments up to 32.5 kb in length within 3 hours using a modest applied potential of 20 V. The device is small enough to be imaged under a fluorescence microscope, permitting the migrating DNA bands to be observed during the course of the separation run. We use this capability to investigate how separation performance is affected by parameters including the ratio of forward and backward voltage, pulse time, and temperature. We also characterize the dependence of DNA mobility on fragment size N, and observe a scaling in the vicinity of N−0.5 over the size range investigated. The high speed, low power consumption, and simple design of this system may help enable future studies of DNA migration in PFGE to be performed quickly and inexpensively.
Two-sample discrimination of Poisson means

This paper presents a statistical test for detecting significant differences between two random count accumulations. The null hypothesis is that the two samples share a common random arrival process with a mean count proportional to each sample's exposure. The model represents the partition of N total events into two counts, A and B, as a sequence of N independent Bernoulli trials whose partition fraction, f, is determined by the ratio of the exposures of A and B. The detection of a significant difference is claimed when the background (null) hypothesis is rejected, which occurs when the observed sample falls in a critical region of (A, B) space. The critical region depends on f and the desired significance level, alpha. The model correctly takes into account the fluctuations in both the signals and the background data, including the important case of small numbers of counts in the signal, the background, or both. The significance can be exactly determined from the cumulative binomial distribution, which in turn can be inverted to determine the critical A(B) or B(A) contour. This paper gives efficient implementations of these tests, based on lookup tables. Applications include the detection of clustering of astronomical objects, the detection of faint emission or absorption lines in photon-limited spectroscopy, the detection of faint emitters or absorbers in photon-limited imaging, and dosimetry.
Clinical Geropsychology: Approaches to Older Adults With Disability

With advancing old age comes increased risk of chronic physical or mental impairment and resulting disability, with many potential paths to adaptation. An understanding of the types of resources older adults may utilize to adapt to disability, and how they move through disablement and adjustment processes, can assist professionals as they work with disabled older adults to achieve optimal outcomes. This article reviews characteristics and disability trends in older adults, research and treatment issues in disability, and both clinical and public policy implications regarding disability. The example of dealing with vision loss due to age-related eye disease is used to exemplify chronic impairment, which can be accompanied by comorbid depression with resulting functional disability, and the types of resources available. Disability is considered in the context of older adults’ health, personal factors, and external factors representing their life circumstances.
IMPACT OF HIGH-PRESSURE TIRES AND SINGLE-TIRED AXLES IN OREGON

The growing concern in Oregon in the early 1990s that the use of single tires on the nonsteering axles of trucks may be growing and leading to increased damage to pavements is addressed. An associated concern was that tire pressures may be increasing and contributing to increased damage. Single tires are used in two ways on nonsteering axles. Wider-than-normal tires (wide-base) may be used instead of traditional dual tire assemblies, or singling out of dual tires may be done, where the inside tire of the duals is removed. An extensive survey of trucks was conducted at Oregon's five ports of entry in 1992 to establish the pattern of use of single tire and tire pressures. The data were compared with those available from studies conducted in Oregon in 1986 and 1989. There did not appear to be a growth in use of single tires or a trend of increasing tire pressures. However, the data collected previously for single tire use was limited. The surveys conducted in 1992 showed that single tire use varies throughou...
Properties of monolithic and composite NiAl processed by hydrostatic extrusion and vacuum hot-pressing

Abstract Nickel aluminide intermetallics and composites have been processed by hydrostatic extrusion or vacuum hot-pressing. Hydrostatic extrusion at both 298 K and 573 K was used to process nominally stoichiometric cast and previously extruded NiAl, while vacuum hot-pressing of prealloyed NiAl (45 at.% Al) powders was additionally used to process NiAl and NiAl+TiB 2 particulate composites. The microstructures, hardnesses, and compressive yield strengths of the processed materials were evaluated. It is shown that NiAl can be hydrostatically extruded at both temperatures, although substantial cracking was observed in the material extruded at 298 K. Hydrostatic extrusion at 573 K leads to significant hardness and strength increases without producing fracturing around the hardness indentations. Reinforcement with TiB 2 in the hot-pressed materials similarly provided an increase in both the compressive strength and hardness, although cracking around the hardness indents was observed. The fracture toughnesses of the hydrostatically extruded cast/extruded NiAl, the vacuum hot-pressed powder processed monolithic NiAl, and the composite NiAl intermetallics were determined in accordance with standard testing techniques. The effects of TiB 2 reinforcement particle size and distribution at 10 vol.% loading on the composite fracture toughness were also characterized. Monolithic NiAl demonstrated toughness values of about 5 MPa√m. Reinforcement additions to NiAl resulted in a toughness increase while the range of reinforcement distributions and sizes tested did not significantly change the measured composite toughness values. Significant increases in toughness and R-curve behavior were obtained in NiAl hydrostatically extruded at 573 K. The fracture behavior of the monolithics and composites is discussed in light of the deformation and fracture mechanisms operating at the crack tips, aided with in situ fracture studies and post-failure analyses.
Estimating the masses of Saturn's A and B rings from high-optical depth N-body simulations and stellar occultations

Abstract We have completed a series of local N-body simulations of Saturn’s B and A rings in order to identify systematic differences in the degree of particle clumping into self-gravity wakes as a function of orbital distance from Saturn and dynamical optical depth (a function of surface density). These simulations revealed that the normal optical depth of the final configuration can be substantially lower than one would infer from a uniform distribution of particles. Adding more particles to the simulation simply piles more particles onto the self-gravity wakes while leaving relatively clear gaps between the wakes. Estimating the mass from the observed optical depth is therefore a non-linear problem. These simulations may explain why the Cassini UVIS instrument has detected starlight at low incidence angles through regions of the B ring that have average normal optical depths substantially greater than unity at some observation geometries [Colwell, J.E., Esposito, L.W., Sremcevic, M., Stewart, G.R., McClintock, W.E., 2007. Icarus 190, 127–144]. We provide a plausible internal density of the particles in the A and B rings based upon fitting the results of our simulations with Cassini UVIS stellar occultation data. We simulated Cassini-like occultations through our simulation cells, calculated optical depths, and attempted to extrapolate to the values that Cassini observes. We needed to extrapolate because even initial optical depths of >4 (σ > 240 g cm−2) only yielded final optical depths no greater than 2.8, smaller than the largest measured B ring optical depths. This extrapolation introduces a significant amount of uncertainty, and we chose to be conservative in our overall mass estimates. From our simulations, we infer the surface density of the A ring to be σ = 42 – 54 g cm - 2 , which corresponds to a mass of 0.5 × 10 19 kg – 0.7 × 10 19 kg . We infer a minimum surface density of σ = 240 – 480 g cm - 2 for Saturn’s B ring, which corresponds to a minimum mass estimate of 4 × 10 19 kg – 7 × 10 19 kg . The A ring mass estimate agrees well with previous analyses, while the B ring is at least 40% larger. In sum, our lower limit estimate is that the total mass of Saturn’s ring system is 120–200% the mass of the moon Mimas, but significantly larger values would be plausible given the limitations of our simulations. A significantly larger mass for Saturn’s rings favors a primordial origin for the rings because the disruption of a former satellite of the required mass would be unlikely after the decay of the late heavy bombardment of planetary surfaces.
Fully plastic crack-tip fields for CCP and DECP specimens under tension in non-hardening materials

Abstract Detailed finite element analyses are performed for center cracked plate (CCP) and double edge cracked plate (DECP) in non-hardening materials under plane strain conditions. The objective is to systematically investigate the effects of deformation level, loading type, crack depth and specimen dimension on crack-tip fields and constraints of these two specimens. Special attention is placed on (a) under what conditions the slip-line fields can be present near the crack tip, and (b) determining what deformation mechanism makes the crack-tip fields significantly different in the two specimens at fully plastic state. The results reveal that (a) at load levels much smaller than the limit load (i.e., small-scale yielding) the crack-tip fields are close to the Prandtl field for both specimens, (b) the effects of crack depth a/W on the crack-tip field is not remarkable for CCP, but significant for DECP at the limit load, (c) as L / W ≥2.4 for CCP and L / W ≥2 for DECP, the crack-tip fields are independent of the specimen length L/W , (d) at the limit load, the crack face is under compression for all CCP, and (e) a compression (tensile) zone exists at the crack face of shallow (deep) cracked DECP. Moreover, it is found that there exist tensile and compressive stresses along the vertical centerline of specimen for both CCP and DECP which result in a bending moment M VL . The difference between M VL and the moment generated by the applied far-field loads makes the crack opening stress non-uniform along the remaining ligament. Recall that the slip-line fields for both the CCP and DECP have uniform opening stress along the ligament. At the limit load, therefore, the numerical crack-tip stress fields can only approach to, but cannot attain to, the slip-line fields for both CCP and DECP specimens. In addition, through comparison of the different limit loads given for DECP specimens, the present results indicate that the limit load formula given by Kumar et al. (EPRI, 1981) is valid only for 0.4≤ a / W ≤0.7, whereas the formula of Ewing and Hill (1967) can be used for any crack depth.
Performative politics: The Camba countermovement in eastern Bolivia

Evo Morales, the indigenous, leftist president of Bolivia, has faced serious challenges to his social-democratic project. His new constitution and proposals for redistributive legislation have sparked much resistance from white elites in the country's eastern region. In this article, I explore the component elements of right-wing movement building in Santa Cruz, Bolivia, which include festive and celebratory performances of regional pride and paramilitaristic carnivals of violence. I suggest that these kinds of spectacles—one of invented cultural tradition, the other of aggression and brutality—represent the desperate attempt of a minority white, mestizo population to restore political and economic order through extralegal means.
359 EFFECT OF HYPERMAGNESEMIA ON NEONATAL FEEDING

Effect of hypermagnesemia on feeding was studied in 3 groups. Group A - hypermagnesemia (HM) infants of magnesium sulfate (MS) treated pre-eclamptic mothers. Cord blood magnesium (CBM) was 4.2 ± 0.7 mg/dl. Group B - non HM infants (CBM 1.5 ± 0.2 mg/dl) of untreated pre-eclamptic mothers. Group C - control infants (CBM 1.6 ± 0.2 mg/dl) of normal non MS treated mothers. Duration and strength of sustained sucking was subjectively evaluated prior to each feeding. Volume of formula consumed at study ages is tabulated as ml per feed ± 1 S.D. Volume of formula consumed by HM infants was significantly less (p < 0.015) than non HM infants in the first 48 hrs. The difference was due to overall weaker, less sustained sucking in HM infants.