cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adiabatic shear localization in α-titanium: experiments, modeling and microstructural evolution

Abstract The localization of dynamic shearing deformations in α-titanium is examined using a novel experimental technique (the compression–torsion Kolsky bar) that allows the recovery of specimens within which an adiabatic shear band has been grown as the result of a single torsional pulse. The specimens are circumferentially notched thick-walled cylinders that are subjected to simultaneous, independently controlled, dynamic compression and torsion. Explicit finite element computations are performed to obtain the stress, strain, temperature and pressure distributions within the specimens under the measured boundary conditions. The constitutive behavior input to the computational simulations is obtained from independent high-strain-rate experiments (involving only homogeneous deformations) on the same material. Shear band growth and microstructural evolution in the specimens are investigated by sectioning the specimens at different depths from the outer radial surface. TEM observations across the shear bands reveal the following microstructural evolution: (a) planar dislocation motion and twinning; (b) grouping of dislocations into cells; (c) formation of elongated subgrains along the shear direction, and (d) development of equiaxed nanocrystalline grains 50– 200 nm in diameter. The microstructures observed are analogous to those reported for severely cold-rolled metals.
Taphonomy and Depositional Setting of the Placerias Quarry (Chinle Formation: Late Triassic, Arizona)

Abstract The Placerias Quarry of northeastern Arizona is one of the most diverse Triassic vertebrate fossil localities in the world. Several long-standing hypotheses are tested about depositional environment, paleoecology, and thanatocoenotic influences. Sedimentological features indicate a low-energy depositional environment. Bones are associated mostly with mudstones and a layer that contains numerous carbonate nodules. Thin-sections and field characteristics reflect that this nodule zone is pedogenic in origin. Taphonomic data show that the bones were not transported into the site by fluvial processes. The frequency of modification features is minimal and there is little evidence of postmortem alteration of the bones from prolonged exposure, trampling, or predation. Element survivorship curves were generated for the five most abundant taxa in the quarry. Curves for left and right elements tracked each other closely, but no pattern of preservation of cranial and postcranial elements was evident either w...
Examining mortality among formerly homeless adults enrolled in Housing First: An observational study

Adults who experience prolonged homelessness have mortality rates 3 to 4 times that of the general population. Housing First (HF) is an evidence-based practice that effectively ends chronic homelessness, yet there has been virtually no research on premature mortality among HF enrollees. In the United States, this gap in the literature exists despite research that has suggested chronically homeless adults constitute an aging cohort, with nearly half aged 50 years old or older. This observational study examined mortality among formerly homeless adults in an HF program. We examined death rates and causes of death among HF participants and assessed the timing and predictors of death among HF participants following entry into housing. We also compared mortality rates between HF participants and (a) members of the general population and (b) individuals experiencing homelessness. We supplemented these analyses with a comparison of the causes of death and characteristics of decedents in the HF program with a sample of adults identified as homeless in the same city at the time of death through a formal review process. The majority of decedents in both groups were between the ages of 45 and 64 at their time of death; the average age at death for HF participants was 57, compared to 53 for individuals in the homeless sample. Among those in the HF group, 72 % died from natural causes, compared to 49 % from the homeless group. This included 21 % of HF participants and 7 % from the homeless group who died from cancer. Among homeless adults, 40 % died from an accident, which was significantly more than the 14 % of HF participants who died from an accident. HIV or other infectious diseases contributed to 13 % of homeless deaths compared to only 2 % of HF participants. Hypothermia contributed to 6 % of homeless deaths, which was not a cause of death for HF participants. Results suggest HF participants face excess mortality in comparison to members of the general population and that mortality rates among HF participants are higher than among those reported among members of the general homeless population in prior studies. However, findings also suggest that causes of death may differ between HF participants and their homeless counterparts. Specifically, chronic diseases appear to be more prominent causes of death among HF participants, indicating the potential need for integrating medical support and end-of-life care in HF.
Costs and the Right to Community-Based Treatment

Much has been written about the right of people with mental disabilities to receive treatment in the community. Several scholars have worked to ground a right to community-based treatment in various state and federal statutes or constitutional provisions.1 Very little attention, however, has been paid to the way in which the costs of community-based treatment have entered into courts' opinions. Helen L. v. DiDario,2 a case celebrated by disabilities rights advocates for its expansive interpretation of the right to receive treatment in the most integrated setting, has raised puzzling and pressing questions about the role of costs in the right to community-based treatment under the Americans with Disabilities Act3 ("ADA"). In Helen L., the Third Circuit Court of Appeals ordered Pennsylvania's Department of Public Welfare to provide the plaintiff with nursing care in her own home instead of in the state's nursing home, but the court was extremely vague about the extent to which the fact that home-based care was less expensive influenced its reasoning.4 The Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals's recent decision in L.C. v. Olmsteads has planted the seeds of a circuit split on the issue of costs, which may lead
A ‘tree’ is not a ‘train’: mistaken analogies in Pacific archaeology

Archaeologists and anthropologists work alongside, but outside, conventional science, Quite often, as here, misunderstandings and misreadings of archaeological data and interpretation can distort the reading of our discipline!
A phase 2 trial of flavopiridol and cisplatin in platinum-resistant ovarian cancer

A140 Flavopiridol (alvocidib) - a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, pTEFb inhibitor and DNA interacting agent that attenuates STAT3-directed transcription - enhances intracellular cisplatin accumulation, platinum-DNA adducts and cisplatin sensitivity in platinum-sensitive and -resistant ovarian cancer cell lines. Having established MTD dosages of cisplatin, 60 mg/m2 over 2 h, followed by flavopiridol, 100 mg/m2 continuous infusion over 24 h, in a Phase 1 trial (K.C. Bible et al., Clin. Cancer Res. 11:5935, 2005), a Phase 2 trial of this combination was conducted in patients with platinum-resistant ovarian and primary peritoneal cancers. At the time of interim analysis, 18 platinum-resistant patients had been treated; all were Caucasians, and all had received flavopiridol/cisplatin as second-line therapy upon disease progression. One of 18 patients achieved a confirmed CR (6%) and 5/18 achieved confirmed PRs (28%) for an overall response rate of 33% compared to historical control results of 17% in similar Phase 2 trials published since 2006. The regimen was generally well tolerated, with grade 4 toxicity seen in only 2/18 patients (11%), grade 3+ toxicities in 13/18 patients (72%), with 7/18 (38%) patients having only 1 grade 3+ adverse event. The regimen was difficult to sustain beyond 6-8 cycles due to cumulative platin toxicities including neuropathy and hypomagnesemia, as these patients had received at least 12-14 total cycles of platin-based therapy. One patient, who discontinued cisplatin therapy due to hypersensitivity, incurred stable disease while maintained on flavopiridol alone for an additional 5 cycles. The concentration of flavopiridol in ascites assessed in a single patient at the end of flavopiridol infusion was 358+16.7 nM, a concentration that killed 85% of ex vivo-treated ovarian cancer cells isolated from the same patient’s pre-therapy ascites (24 h exposure). Assessment of induced changes in Mcl-1, Bcl-2, cyclin D1, NFκB, p53, pRNA Pol II and pSTAT3 in patient buccal cells is in progress. Of note is that one platinum-resistant patient with stage 4 disease (the confirmed CR) attained a more durable response from this salvage therapy than from primary post-debulking paclitaxel and carboplatin treatment; and that other responses were also quite durable, lasting a median of 15 weeks. In conclusion, these interim data indicate that, as administered, cisplatin combined with flavopiridol is a safe and active regimen in platinum-resistant ovarian and primary peritoneal cancer worthy of further clinical study and development. [This work was supported in part by NIH grants CA97129, CA15083 and N01-CM62205.]
Angiotensin II Receptor Physiology Using Gene Targeting.

The study of mice with targeted disruptions of angiotensin receptor genes has provided new insights into the roles of the individual receptor subtypes, i.e., AT1A, AT1B, and AT2, in growth, development, and the regulation of blood pressure.
The Justice of Parental Accountability: Hypothetical Disinterested Citizens and Real Victims' Voices in the Debate Over Expanded Parental Liability

This article revisits the law of parental liability following recent horrific acts of violence by minors across the country. It begins with a brief discussion of prevailing parental liability law, then turns to a consideration of the concept of justice in tort law and its application in various real and hypothetical cases. The author next summarizes the insights of John Rawls and Mari Matsuda, discussing the application of their analytical metaphors to the issues of parental liability. The author concludes that parents should be subject to greater liability for the torts of their children, either through an expanded duty of supervision actionable in negligence or through adopting strict parental liability for harmful acts by minors. The author posits a new "Developmental Liability" - a theory of shared responsibility for the harm done by minors and discusses the implications of the proposed expansion of liability for parents, children and society as a whole. The article concludes that the common law should adopt a more expansive approach to claims seeking to hold parents and other potentially responsible parties liable for the torts of minor children in order to promote both a distributive and corrective justice.
Psychological Consequences of Wrongful Conviction in Women and the Possibility of Positive Change

Only a few studies have investigated the psychological consequences of wrongful conviction; several others have examined the psychological consequences of incarceration and its impact on reentry and reintegration, primarily for men. For women who have been wrongfully convicted and subsequently released from prison into the free world, there are further indignities and unique issues: having to deal with the deep personal loss of loved ones along with criminal charges; the absence of DNA evidence, making convictions harder to fight; stigmatization by prosecutors and the media; and unique emotional and medical needs. This paper presents: (1) an analysis of female wrongful convictions; (2) an overview of the existing literature on the psychological consequences of wrongful conviction and the unique qualities and needs faced by women; (3) evidence from research and real life experiences about potential responses to trauma, ranging from posttraumatic stress to resilience and posttraumatic growth, how these may coexist and how growth may be enabled; (4) meaningful strategies proposed in the literature and creative and resourceful strategies that have helped other survivors cope with-and even grow from-an untenable reality; and (5) the need for compassionate and holistic support to the exonerated. Valuable insights and empirical evidence are provided for the innocent women themselves; for clinicians, counselors, families, friends, employers and communities working to help innocent women during their arrest, trial, conviction, imprisonment, release and post-release; and for lawyers, policy-makers and advocates working to promote social justice and criminal justice reform. Volume 5, Number 2 Spring 2012
Improving Insight into Radiobiology and Radionuclide Therapy

In 1969, Edith Quimby, ScD, one of the founders of modern radionuclide dosimetry, concluded her presentation at an Atomic Energy Commission symposium at the Oak Ridge Associated Universities entitled “Medical Radionuclides: Radiation Dose and Effects” with the statement: “Radionuclide
Effects of the Onespotted Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) on Growth and Yield of Corn

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to quantify the effects of infestation by the onespotted stink bug, Euschistus variolarius (Palisot de Beauvois), on growth and yield of corn. Four growth stages (VE, V2, V4, and V6) of corn were infested with adult and nymphal stink bugs and compared with caged controls. Infested plants exhibited growth deformities and occasionally died. Overall, compared with caged controls, yields were significantly reduced when plants were infested at VE, V2, or V4. Plants infested at V6 were significantly shorter in height only at 3 d after treatment compared with caged controls; the plants later outgrew effects of the infestation. Confining one stink bug on seedling corn at VE, V2, and V4 resulted in growth anomalies and significant yield reductions. Yield decreased linearly with duration of infestation through 14 d.
Evaluating the Use of High Fidelity Simulation To Introduce and Educate Incoming Neurology Resident Learners to Common Neurologic Emergencies and Procedures (P06.026)

Background There has been no literature published on the use of high fidelity simulation in neurology training. These types of simulations have been utilized in other areas of medicine (eg. anesthesiology, emergency medicine) and have been shown to have educational value and a potential for improvement in resident learner competence, knowledge, performance and ultimately patient safety. Design/Methods: First year neurology resident learners in Virginia Commonwealth University neurology and child neurology residency programs (8 in total) completed three simulated neurologic emergencies/procedures. Two of these were high fidelity simulations (status epilepticus, acute ischemic stroke) with the use of iStan technology. The third utilized a static lumbar puncture simulator. Residents participated in a thirty minute pre-simulation briefing on each neurologic emergency/procedure and a hour post-simulation debriefing. The simulations were designed to give the resident learners some familiarity with the various scenarios, diagnoses, management options, informed consent, and the need for escalation of care when appropriate. Resident learners evaluated the simulations with a post-course questionnaire on the benefit of the simulation experience. Results: All eight resident learners felt that the high fidelity simulation exercises enabled them to have a better understanding in the procedural routine in performing tasks such as lumbar puncture. Resident learners also felt a better understanding in the diagnosis and initial management strategies in treating acute stroke and status epilepticus. The pre-course preparation with NIHSS on-line training module and post-course debriefing session were found to be useful by all resident learners and all stated that they would like the course to continue. Conclusions: The use of high fidelity simulation activities appears to be a beneficial tool in the education and initial exposure of incoming neurology residents to neurologic emergencies and procedures. Disclosure: Dr. Lehosit has nothing to disclose. Dr. Vota has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gowda has nothing to disclose.
Household Crowding During Childhood and Long-Term Education Outcomes

Household crowding, or having more household members than rooms in one's residence, could potentially affect a child's educational attainment directly through a number of mechanisms. We use U.S. longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to derive new measures of childhood crowding and estimate negative associations between crowding during one's high school years and, respectively, high school graduation by age 19 and maximum education at age 25. These negative relationships persist in multivariate models in which we control for the influence of a variety of factors, including socioeconomic status and housing-cost burden. Given the importance of educational attainment for a range of midlife and later-life outcomes, this study suggests that household crowding during one's high school years is an engine of cumulative inequality over the life course.
Hypothermia for neonatal hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy: NICHD Neonatal Research Network contribution to the field

In this article, we summarize the NICHD Neonatal Research Network (NRN) trial of whole-body hypothermia for neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in relation to other randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of hypothermia neuroprotection. We describe the NRN secondary studies that have been published in the past 10 years evaluating clinical, genetic, biochemical, and imaging biomarkers of outcome.
Notes from a refugee protest: ambivalences of resisting and desiring citizenship

AbstractIn 2014, Afghan asylum-seekers and refugees in Turkey staged the longest refugee demonstration thus far in the country’s history. They protested the UNHCR’s office in Turkey and its decision to suspend new registrations, an action that they perceived to be discriminatory, and demanded the right to mobility. In the process, multiple forms of citizenship were enacted, illustrating refugees’ ‘ambivalent’ relation with citizenship. Instead of dismissing this multiplicity as merely contradictory, this paper attempts to focus on it as a lens into reflecting on the relationship between citizenship and political subjectivity. I argue that citizenship reveals various embodiments of political subjectivity and that neither regressive nor progressive qualities can be read into citizenship independent of the particular spaces that activate these varying embodiments.
On-Chip Infrared Spectroscopic Sensing: Redefining the Benefits of Scaling

Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is widely recognized as a gold standard technique for chemical analysis. Recent strides in photonic integration technologies offer a promising route towards enabling miniaturized, rugged platforms for IR spectroscopic analysis. Here we show that simple size scaling by replacing bulky discrete optical elements used in conventional IR spectroscopy with their on-chip counterparts is not a viable route for on-chip infrared spectroscopic sensing, as it cripples the system performance due to the limited optical path length accessible on a chip. In this context, we discuss two novel photonic sensor designs uniquely suited for microphotonic integration. We leverage strong optical and thermal confinement in judiciously designed microcavities to circumvent the thermal diffusion and optical diffraction limits in conventional photothermal sensors and achieve parts-per-billion level gas molecule limit of detection. In the second example, an on-chip spectrometer design with Fellgett's advantage is proposed for the first time. The design enables sub-nm spectral resolution on a millimeter-sized, fully packaged chip without mechanical moving parts.
Implications for the self determine benevolence and self-protection in intergroup relations

AbstractPeople often favor groups they belong to over those beyond the in-group boundary. Yet, in-group favoritism does not always occur, and people will sometimes favor an out-group over the in-group. We delineate theoretically when in-group favoritism (i.e., self-protection) and out-group favoritism (i.e., benevolence) should occur. In two experiments, groups’ relative status and competence stereotypes were manipulated; groups’ outcomes were non-contingent in Experiment 1 and contingent in Experiment 2. When allocating reward, members of a low-status group were self-protective, favoring the in-group over the out-group under both non-contingent and contingent outcomes. Those with high status benevolently favored the out-group when outcomes were non-contingent, but were self-protective with contingent outcomes. People were willing to engage in social activities with an out-group member regardless of competence. However, when task collaboration had implications for the self, those with low status preferred...
3D small structure detection in medical image using texture analysis

Small structure segmentation from medical images is a challenging problem yet has important applications. Examples are labeling cell, lesion and glomeruli for disease diagnosis, just to name a few. Though extensive research has proposed various detectors for this type of problem, most are 2D detectors. Recently, we have developed a Hessian based 3D detector to segment small structures from medical images (e.g., MRI). In our detector, two 3D geometrical features: regional blobness and flatness, in conjunction with the intensity features are fully utilized to serve the segmentation purpose. The objective of this research is to further improve the 3D detector with additions of texture features. Medical images contain rich information which can be presented as texture, the local characteristics pattern of image intensity. We hypothesize the Hessian based detector extended with the 3D texture features is expected to have improved performance in segmenting small structures. To thoroughly evaluate the contributions from the textual features, 25 synthetic images and 6 real world rat MR images are studied. It is observed the combination of intensity, blobness, and two texture features: intensity standard deviation and entropy improves performance in synthetic dataset by about 19% in F-score, and performs as well as other detectors on rat MR images.
The Impact of Foster Parent Training on Parenting Skills and Child Disruptive Behavior.

Children in foster care are at risk for behavioral and emotional problems that require higher levels of care than other children. To meet these needs and reduce placement disruptions, foster parents require effective parenting skills. Although a number of training models have been evaluated, the findings on the efficacy of foster parent training (FPT) are mixed. We conducted a meta-analysis of the FPT outcome research from 1984 to 2014 to develop a clearer understanding of the impact of such trainings. Fifteen samples (16 studies) were identified that investigated the impact of FPT on self-reported parenting skills and knowledge and child problem behaviors. The mean effect size for child disruptive behavior using a random effects model was small but significant at −.20 (95% confidence interval [CI] = [−.39, −.01], Z = 2.05, p < .05), suggesting that, on average, foster parents who were involved in the trainings reported fewer child behavior problems than parents who did not receive the training. The mean ...
Characterizing Outward- to Inward-Facing Transition Pathway of Dopamine Transporter

The dopamine transporter (DAT) belongs to the family of neurotransmitter sodium symporters (NSSs), which harness transmembrane electrochemical ionic gradients to transport neurotransmitters against their chemical gradients. Dysregulation of DAT is associated with serious neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, depression, anxiety and epilepsy. As with all transporters, substrate translocation through DAT follows the alternating-access mechanism in which the protein swiches between outward-facing (OF) and inward-facing (IF) states. The details of these structural changes and their coupling to chemical events such as substrate and ion binding events remain elusive. In the present study, we charactrized large-scale transition from the OF state to IF state using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of membrane-bound models of DAT. As all crystal structures of DAT are in the OF state, the initial phase of the study included modeling of a stable IF structure of DAT in the context of a membrane using the bacterial sodium-coupled leucine symporter (LeuT) as a template. Furthermore, equilibrium simulations performed in this phase revealed a novel sodium binding site located between TM3 and TM8 helices, which are elements involved in coupling of protein structural changes to substrate binding and translocation. Using the orientations of helics TM1e/TM8e and TM1i/TM8i as collective variables, and employing two dimensional bias-exchange umbrella sampling and string method with swarms of trajectories, we characerize a structural transition pathway between the OF and IF states of DAT. The results of this study provide a deeper understanding of the functional mechanism of DAT, wiht implications to all members of the NSS family.
Association of Anticipated and Laboratory-Derived Alcohol Stimulation, Sedation, and Reward.

Background Laboratory alcohol challenges are the “gold standard” for obtaining accurate measurements of subjective alcohol stimulation, sedation, and reward. However, these approaches are time- and resource-intensive. The present study examined the extent to which self-reported anticipated alcohol stimulation, sedation, and reward corresponded with those same responses measured with the Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale (BAES), Brief-BAES (B-BAES), and Drug Effects Questionnaire (DEQ) during a controlled laboratory alcohol challenge. Methods Participants were 106 light-to-heavy social drinkers (58.5% male; mean ± SD age = 35.8 ± 3.2 years) who completed the Anticipated BAES and DEQ, as well as laboratory-derived versions of these scales 30- and 60-minutes after consuming placebo and 0.8 g/kg alcohol on separate days as part of laboratory sessions in the Chicago Social Drinking Project. Results Anticipated BAES/B-BAES and anticipated DEQ alcohol effects were strong predictors of their corresponding laboratory-derived responses during both the rising limb and at peak breath alcohol concentrations. Effects were significant even when accounting for age, sex, past month heavy drinking frequency, and laboratory session order (placebo or alcohol first). Conclusions The present study provides strong preliminary support for measuring anticipated alcohol effects with the Anticipated BAES/B-BAES and Anticipated DEQ as a proxy of subjective responses experienced during a controlled laboratory alcohol challenge. The findings lend support for these measures as viable alternatives to other anticipatory scales when laboratory-derived alcohol response measurement is not feasible. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
PEGylation on mixed monolayer gold nanoparticles: Effect of grafting density, chain length, and surface curvature.

Abstract PEGylation on nanoparticles (NPs) is widely used to prevent aggregation and to mask NPs from the fast clearance system in the body. Understanding the molecular details of the PEG layer could facilitate rational design of PEGylated NPs that maximize their solubility and stealth ability without significantly compromising the targeting efficiency and cellular uptake. Here, we use molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to understand the structural and dynamic the PEG coating of mixed monolayer gold NPs. Specifically, we modeled gold NPs with PEG grafting densities ranging from 0–2.76 chain/nm2, chain length with 0–10 PEG monomers, NP core diameter from 5 nm to 500 nm. It is found that the area accessed by individual PEG chains gradually transits from a “mushroom” to a “brush” conformation as NP surface curvature become flatter, whereas such a transition is not evident on small NPs when grafting density increases. It is shown that moderate grafting density (∼1.0 chain/nm2) and short chain length are sufficient enough to prevent NPs from aggregating in an aqueous medium. The effect of grafting density on solubility is also validated by dynamic light scattering measurements of PEGylated 5 nm gold NPs. With respect to the shielding ability, simulations predict that increase either grafting density, chain length, or NP diameter will reduce the accessibility of the protected content to a certain size molecule. Interestingly, reducing NP surface curvature is estimated to be most effective in promoting shielding ability. For shielding against small molecules, increasing PEG grafting density is more effective than increasing chain length. A simple model that includes these three investigated parameters is developed based on the simulations to roughly estimate the shielding ability of the PEG layer with respect to molecules of different sizes. The findings can help expand our current understanding of the PEG layer and guide rational design of PEGylated gold NPs for a particular application by tuning the PEG grafting density, chain length, and particle size.
THE “BARBAROUS MASSACRE” RECONSIDERED: THE POWHATAN UPRISING OF 1622 AND THE HISTORIANS

The Powhatan Uprising of March 22, 1621/22, was the single most significant event of Anglo-Indian relations in Virginia. An early example of a native culture9s rebellion against intruding European civilization, the uprising climaxed a mere decade and a half of intercultural contact. Its impact upon trans-Atlantic ideology and policy was impressive: it brought to an end the first (forty year) phase of British imperialis [imperialist] accelerated Virginia9s unique course of development, and hastened the doom of an American Indian empire with vast potential.
Factor structure and clinical correlates of the 61-item Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS)

The objective of this study was to assess the factor structure and clinical correlates of a 61-item version of the Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS), a self-report retrospective measure of childhood problems, experiences, and behavior used in ADHD assessment. Given the currently mostly widely used form of the WURS was derived via a criterion-keyed approach, the study aimed to use latent variable modeling of the 61-item WURS to potentially identify more and more homogeneous set of items reflecting current conceptualizations of ADHD symptoms. Exploratory structural equation modeling was used to generate factor scores which were then correlated with neuropsychological measures of intelligence and executive attention as well as a broad measure of personality and emotional functioning. Support for a modified five-factor model was found: ADHD, disruptive mood and behavior, negative affectivity, social confidence, and academic problems. The ADHD factor differed somewhat from the traditional 25-item WURS short form largely through weaker associations with several measures of personality and psychopathology. This study identified a factor more aligned with DSM-5 conceptualization of ADHD as well as measures of other types of childhood characteristics and symptoms which may prove useful for both research and clinical practice.
Both maternal and placental toll-like receptor activation are necessary for the full development of proteinuric hypertension in mice

Abstract Objective Innate immune system activation and excessive inflammation contributes to hypertension during pregnancy (HTN-preg). Activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), the primary innate immune system sensor, is evident in women with HTN-preg and is sufficient to induce pregnancy-dependent, proteinuric hypertension in animals. However, whether HTN-preg is a maternal disease, a placental disease, or both is unclear. We hypothesized that activation of TLR3, the double-stranded RNA sensor, in both maternal systemic and placental cells would be necessary for the full development of HTN-preg in mice. Study design Various mating schemes generated pregnant mice that lacked TLR3 in maternal cells, paternally-derived placental cells, and both. Mice were then injected with a TLR3 agonist on days 13, 15, and 17 of pregnancy. Main outcome measures Blood pressure, urinary protein excretion, fetal development, maternal vascular endothelial function, and immune system activation were all assessed and compared between groups. Results Pregnant mice lacking TLR3 in maternal cells as well as pregnant mice lacking TLR3 in placental cells had significantly attenuated increases in systolic blood pressure, urinary protein excretion, fetal demise, and endothelial dysfunction compared to wild-type pregnant mice following TLR3 activation. Pregnant mice lacking TLR3 in both maternal systemic and placental cells were completely resistant to the hypertension, proteinuria, fetal demise, endothelial dysfunction, splenomegaly, and increases in pro-inflammatory immune cells induced by TLR3 activation. Conclusions These data suggest that both maternal and placental TLR3 activation are crucial for the full development of HTN-preg and that TLR3 antagonists may be beneficial in some women with HTN-preg.
Relative Heart Ventricle Mass and Cardiac Performance in Amphibians

i Acknowledgements. ii List of Tables iv List of Figures v List of Abbreviations vii Chapter
Locked in the Classroom: Teachers Coming Out to Students

In lieu of an abstract, below is the first paragraph of the paper. The use of the "S" word among students and teachers can become quite controversial. Sexuality is becoming a topic of open discussion, but also one of avoidance. The process of "coming out" about one's homosexuality is a long and hard progression. This is largely due to people assuming that heterosexuality is the sexual identity of those around them. Due to the assumption of heterosexuality, homosexuals have a harder time "coming out" to others. This course becomes harder for teachers than for other homosexuals, as teachers are seen as role models for many students and colleagues. Opposing forces have argued that gay and lesbian teachers will "recruit" students to follow a homosexual lifestyle. Some fear that if homosexual issues are dealt with in school, more students will pursue this way of life. These negative feelings towards homosexual teachers can be expressed by parents, co-workers, and students alike. This article is available in The Review: A Journal of Undergraduate Student Research: http://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/ur/vol13/iss1/7 Locked in the Classroom Closet: Teachers Coming Out to Students
Precise foraging schedule in an intertidal euopisthobranch mollusk

ABSTRACTMost studies of foraging in shell-less gastropods have focused on the ubiquitous generalist sea hares (family Aplysiidae; subfamily Aplysiinae: Aplysia spp., Dolabella spp). Here we studied movement in a specialist sea hare (the seacat, Dolabrifera dolabrifera; subfamily Dolabriferinae). Seacats in each of 7 different tidepools on Isla Naos in the Gulf of Panama emerged precisely when the daytime ebbing tide fell below the height of their pool, returning to their hiding places within 1-3 hours. This short, precise foraging pattern contrasts sharply with long, variable schedule of the generalist sea-hares. Combined with their reduced chemical and behavioral defenses, these observations on seacats raise the possibility that they are avoiding predators during high tides and at night.
Research of the ecological environment in Shanghai World Expo park

The conceiving of future cities converged at the 2010 Shanghai World Expo from 246 different countries and regional organizations. With a focus on the world energy crisis, the expo’s design, construction and exhibitions offer solutions to this issue. Energy planning is integrated into the overall planning of the expo to continue and diffuse the follow-up effect of the Shanghai World Expo in the social, economic, environmental aspects. In order to obtain a deeper understanding of the urban “heat-island effect” distribution causes and a series of climatic factors closely related to urban heat environment. In this paper, we combine the Ecotect software and CFD software, simulating the thermal environment of the city in the Shanghai World Expo. With broad application, these research methods can also be introduced in future urban planning, formulate design guidelines for corresponding urban climate environments according to different geographical and climatic characteristics of cities. We extract the application and exhibition of a future city’s construction and technology from the World Expo venues. The statistical analysis provides information on the construction trends of future cities.
MagicHand: In-Hand Perception of Object Characteristics for Dexterous Manipulation.

An important challenge in dexterous grasping and manipulation is to perceive the characteristics of an object such as fragility, rigidity, texture, mass and density etc. In this paper, a novel way is proposed to find these important characteristics that help in deciding grasping strategies. We collected Near-infrared (NIR) spectra of objects, classified the spectra to perceive their materials and then looked up the characteristics of the perceived material in a material-to-characteristics table. NIR spectra of six materials including ceramic, stainless steel, wood, cardboard, plastic and glass were collected using SCiO sensor. A Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) Neural Networks was implemented to classify the spectra. Also a material-to-characteristics table was established to map the perceived material to their characteristics. The experiment results achieve 99.96% accuracy on material recognition. In addition, a grasping experiment was performed, a robotic hand was trying to grasp two objects which shared similar shapes but made of different materials. The results showed that the robotic hand was able to improve grasping strategies based on characteristics perceived by our algorithm.
SEQUENTIAL CHANGES IN HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE RETINOPATHY UP TO 20 YEARS AFTER STOPPING THE DRUG: Implications for Mild Versus Severe Toxicity.

Purpose:To characterize the stability or progression of different stages of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) retinopathy up to 20 years after stopping the drug.Methods:We reviewed findings from 13 patients with initial HCQ retinopathy classified as early (patchy photoreceptor damage), moderate (ring of phot
Fast data acquisition techniques in magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging

Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) is an important technique for assessing the spatial variation of metabolites in vivo. The long scan times in MRSI limit clinical applicability due to patient discomfort, increased costs, motion artifacts, and limited protocol flexibility. Faster acquisition strategies can address these limitations and could potentially facilitate increased adoption of MRSI into routine clinical protocols with minimal addition to the current anatomical and functional acquisition protocols in terms of imaging time. Not surprisingly, a lot of effort has been devoted to the development of faster MRSI techniques that aim to capture the same underlying metabolic information (relative metabolite peak areas and spatial distribution) as obtained by conventional MRSI, in greatly reduced time. The gain in imaging time results, in some cases, in a loss of signal-to-noise ratio and/or in spatial and spectral blurring. This review examines the current techniques and advances in fast MRSI in two and three spatial dimensions and their applications. This review categorizes the acceleration techniques according to their strategy for acquisition of the k-space. Techniques such as fast/turbo-spin echo MRSI, echo-planar spectroscopic imaging, and non-Cartesian MRSI effectively cover the full k-space in a more efficient manner per TR . On the other hand, techniques such as parallel imaging and compressed sensing acquire fewer k-space points and employ advanced reconstruction algorithms to recreate the spatial-spectral information, which maintains statistical fidelity in test conditions (ie no statistically significant differences on voxel-wise comparisions) with the fully sampled data. The advantages and limitations of each state-of-the-art technique are reviewed in detail, concluding with a note on future directions and challenges in the field of fast spectroscopic imaging.
10. The Myth of the Happy Hooker: Kantian Moral Reflections on a Phenomenology of Prostitution

This essay represents an attempt to bring prostitutes’ and clients’ voices into the philosophical discourse about prostitution. We wish to add the voices of individual prostitutes and clients in order to expand the contemporary philosophical understanding of prostitution as a complex and problematic ethical concern. The first section of this essay explains the concepts of subjectivity, sexuality, and violence that underpin our analysis of prostitution. The second section scrutinizes the prostitute’s and client’s motivating goals and the means they use to accomplish them. The third, and final, section presents a phenomenological description of prostituted sex from the prostitute’s and client’s respective viewpoints.
Two new, possibly threatened species of Pyrgulopsis (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) from southwestern California

Here we describe (for conservation purposes) two new species of Pyrgulopsis from southwestern California based on morphologic and molecular (mtCOI) evidence. Pyrgulopsis castaicensis n. sp. is endemic to a single spring in the upper portion of the Santa Clara River basin and may be threatened by the proposed development of a master-planned community (Newhall Ranch) near Santa Clarita Valley. This snail differs from two morphologically similar regional congeners (P. micrococcus [Pilsbry in Stearns, 1893], P. stearnsiana [Pilsbry, 1899]) by its larger terminal gland, simple oviduct coil and mtCOI sequences (6.1–9.3% for P. micrococcus, 3.5–8.2% for P. stearnsiana). Pyrgulopsis milleri n. sp. is distributed in spring-fed waters along a short reach of upper Tule River drainage and threatened by surface water diversion and its close proximity to a major road (CA 190). Pyrgulopsis milleri differs from closely similar and geographically proximal P. stearnsiana in its broader central cusps on the central radular teeth, shorter pallial section of the albumen gland, greater overlap of the bursa copulatrix by the albumen gland, simple anterior vas deferens, usual absence of a terminal gland and mtCOI sequences (2.8–8.4%).
No. 2 in zone 2: a case report of penetrating neck trauma in a child

Penetrating neck trauma is common in adults but is rare in the pediatric population. Reports on penetrating neck trauma in the pediatric population is sparse. We describe the case of a 9-year-old boy presenting with a pencil penetrating the neck, discuss management, and review the literature. A 9-year-old boy with no medical history presented to the trauma bay by emergency medical services (EMS) approximately 45 min after falling onto a Number 2 (No. 2) pencil which penetrated the left preauricular space. The pencil was stabilized with gauze and tape by EMS prior to arrival. In the trauma bay, the patient denied loss of consciousness, profuse bleeding, headache, dizziness, lightheadedness. Vital signs were stable. The patient was lying supine in an EMS stretcher with the dull end of a No. 2 pencil protruding from the left preauricular space, pointing caudally and posteriorly. Pencil was stabilized in gauze and tape. No active bleeding was present. Patient was awake, alert, and oriented. The patient had full range of motion of the mandible. Initial evaluation was performed with CT without contrast (figure 1). On poor visualization of the associated vasculature within the carotid sheath, a CT with contrast was performed. The radiologist reported no rupture …
Radiological and pathological features of orbital cranial fasciitis

A 7-year-old otherwise healthy male presented with swelling over his right eye that developed over the course of several months. Examination revealed a firm mass posterior to upper eyelid without e...
Open Pedagogy through Community-Directed, Student-led partnerships: Establishing CURE (Community-University Research Exchange) at Temple University Libraries

This paper reports on the establishment of an open pedagogy initiative between community organisations and students, facilitated by the Temple University Libraries (TUL) and faculty in the Philadelphia area. The Community- University Research Exchange (CURE) produces community-driven social justice research. Library facilitators solicit research questions and project proposals from grassroots community organisations who experience social and economic marginalisation, limiting or even disallowing the access to information that is vital to innovating the services organisations provide. Students select from a bank of research projects, developed by community organisations, identifying issues that they wish to investigate, skillsets they hope to master, or organisations for whom they hope to contribute their intellectual labour. This project facilitates community organisations’ direction and autonomy in promoting beneficial research objectives. It also foregrounds students as the directors of their own knowledge output and learning. This project is modeled after the Quebec Public Interest Research Group’s (QPIRG) programme.
109 – Similarity Methods

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates the procedure and application of similarity methods. It is applicable to linear, or nonlinear partial differential equations, and also systems of differential equations. It yields an equation with one fewer independent variables. Sometimes the number of independent variables in a partial differential equation can be reduced by taking algebraic combinations of the independent variables. The idea of this method is to find new independent variables that are combinations of the old independent variables. The differential equation, when written in the new variables, will not depend on all of the new variables. One technique for discovering the correct new variables is to choose temporary variables to be a parameter to some power times the old variables. After writing the equation in terms of the temporary variables, the powers can be found by requiring homogeneity in the parameter. New variables are then constructed from the old variables in such a way that the parameter does not enter.
Immediate post-thermal ablation biopsy of colorectal liver metastases to predict oncologic outcomes.

4602Background: Thermal ablation (TA) is used as a local cure for selected colorectal liver metastases (CLM) with minimal risk. A critical limitation of TA has been early local tumor progression (L...