cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ideology, Strategy and Conflict in a Social Movement Organization: The Sierra Club Immigration Wars

What cultural and structural factors allow conflict in a social movement organization to persist over long periods of time? Using data gleaned from interviews, archival materials, newspaper articles and online sources, I examine the Sierra Club's conflict over immigration policy, an issue which has persisted for decades without clear resolution. I argue that ideology accounts for some activists' position on club policy, while others based their stance on strategic concerns, which were linked in part to forces external to the club. At the same time, the democratic structure of the Sierra Club has allowed factions to continue working towards their own agendas. This case reveals a more complicated connection between ideology and strategy than previous studies have indicated and illuminates how intense conflict may not necessarily be associated with dramatic outcomes.
Le Châtelier Principle and the Flow Sensitivity of Spatial Commodity Models

One of the major tools of spatial interaction analyses is, needless to say, the spatial equilibrium model developed from (1) the linear programming transportation problem by Hitchcock (1941), Kantorovich (1942) and Koopmans (1949), and (2) an analogue of Kirchhoff’s law of electric circuits by Enke (1951). Samuelson (1952) showed that the Enke problem could be converted into a mathematical programming model. In 1964 Takayama and Judge reformulated it into an operationally efficient concave quadratic programming model. Since then, there has been a proliferation of theoretical advances that improve and extend the basic linear programming transportation and spatial equilibrium models. These include their transformation into a new algorithm by Liew and Shim (1978) and Nagurney (1986); Thore’s formulation with income (1982); sensitivity analyses of model performance by Yang and Labys (1981, 1982), Irwin and Yang (1982), Chao and Friesz (1984), Daffermos and Nagurney (1984), and Tobin (1984, 1987); computational evaluations by Meister, Chen and Heady (1978), and Nagurney (1987b); iterative solution methods by Pang and Chan (1982), and Irwin and Yang (1982); a linear complementarity formulation by Uri (1976) and Takayama and Uri; sensitivity analysis of the complementarity problem by Tobin (1984) and Yang and Labys (1985); a sufficient condition for the complementarity problem by Smith (1984); a flow dependent spatial equilibrium problem by Smith and Friesz (1985); nonlinear complementarity models by Irwin and Yang (1983) and Friesz, et al. (1983); variational inequality solutions by Pang and Chang (1982), Daffermos (1983), Harker (1984), Tobin (1986) and Nagurney (1987a); a path dependent spatial equilibrium model by Harker (1986); transhipment and location selection problem by Tobin and Friesz (1983, 1984); and evaluations of the spatial equilibrium models and Maxwell-Boltzmann entropy models by Yang (1990). For the detailed description of the advances in the spatial equilibrium models, readers are referred to Labys, Takayama and Uri (1989) and Labys and Yang (1991).
“Sport, Habermas, and the Moral Sphere: A Response to Lopez Frias”

I argue that several recent criticisms Lopez Frias has made against my conventionalist version of broad internalism fail to hit their mark. I further argue that the author's use of Habermas's account of discourse ethics to make his criticisms also misfires because Habermas expressly warned against using his account to resolve normative conflicts that arise from the often conflicting ways different communities order their ethical lives, to include their athletic lives. My main aim in responding to Lopez Frias was to bring critical attention to the normative difficulties that result when we cannot agree on how sport should be done because we cannot agree on what is/are the purpose(s) of sport.
Paleocene benthonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy of the eastern Gulf Coastal Plain

The Paleocene strata of eastern and central Alabama and western Georgia are rich in well preserved benthonic foraminifera but relatively poor in well preserved planktonic foraminifera. The portions of the Paleocene section lacking planktonic foraminifera can be integrated into the global geochronologic time scale through the use of benthonic foraminiferal assemblages. A paleontological analysis of benthonic foraminifera on 154 samples selected from the Eastern Gulf Coastal Plain provided the basis of a chronostratigraphic framework. Four biozones were defined: the Eponides elevatus Zone (= Zone Plb), the Alabamina midwayana Zone (= Zone Plc through lower P4), the Discorbis washburni Zone (= middle Zone P4) and the Alabamina westraliensis Zone (= upper Zone P4 through P6a). The use of benthonic foraminifera in local correlation is an effective tool, particularly in the case of surface and subsurface sections which have undergone diagenetic changes and do not contain well preserved planktonic microfossils. We anticipate that this biostratigraphic zonation may be effectively applied to other units of the Mississippi Embayment and the Gulf Coastal Plain.
Synthesis and Potent Antimalarial Activity of Kalihinol B

Of the 50+ kalihinane diterpenoids reported to date, only five had been tested for antimalarial activity, in spite of the fact that kalihinol A is the most potent among the members of the larger family of antimalarial isocyanoterpenes. We have validated a strategy designed to access many of the kalihinanes with a 12-step enantioselective synthesis of kalihinol B, the tetrahydrofuran isomer of kalihinol A (a tetrahydropyran). Kalihinol B shows similarly high potency against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum.
Analysis of the final evaluation of tuberculosis prevention and control programme in Huoshan county

Objective To evaluate the implementation effects of 《Huoshan tuberculosis(TB) prevention and control program〈2001-2010〉》,and provide scientific evidence for sustainable development and further improving the level of TB control.Methods Based on the final assessment plan of "National TB control program from 2001 to 2010" made by Ministry of Health.We verified the data,summarized and analyzed the registration rate,the epidemic characteristic of TB and implementation of DOTS strategy,and evaluated the effect and social benefits of DOTS strategy.Results The coverage of DOTS was 100 %,1 337 smear-positive TB patients were found,with a completion rate of 100%.New case registration rate of smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis was 32.19/100 000.Conversion rate at two-month follow-up of smear-positive TB patients was 80.89%,and the cure rate was 85.40%.7 070 persons avoided infection,707 persons avoided developing into TB,and 574 patients avoided death.Generating a directly social benefit of $481 644 and restoring the loss of $77 650 618 for society.The cost-utility ratio was 242.7,and the benefit cost ratio was 37.5.Conclusion The implementation of the programme was progressing smoothly and the final goal had been achieved in time.However,county finance investment,capability building of TB prevention and control institutes and the quality of DOTS still need to be enhanced in future.
The Use of Agricultural Export Restrictions as an Instrument of Foreign Policy

One of the consequences of international specialisation and trade is to increase the vulnerability of trading partners to trade restrictions. The risks associated with dependence on imported grain as well as oil are now widely recognised. Grain, like oil, can be used as a weapon of diplomacy against countries which import a substantial proportion of their requirements. Either party may use the threat of cutting off trade as leverage to obtain concessions. This has created a new element of uncertainty, and a source of instability, in world markets. Thus I believe it appropriate in a volume dedicated to the memory of one who contributed so much to enhancing our understanding of the external implications of agricultural protection and trade policies to examine in some detail the issues that arise from attempts to use restrictions on food exports as an instrument of foreign policy.
Monitoring Error Rates In Illumina Sequencing.

Guaranteeing high-quality next-generation sequencing data in a rapidly changing environment is an ongoing challenge. The introduction of the Illumina NextSeq 500 and the depreciation of specific metrics from Illumina's Sequencing Analysis Viewer (SAV; Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA) have made it more difficult to determine directly the baseline error rate of sequencing runs. To improve our ability to measure base quality, we have created an open-source tool to construct the Percent Perfect Reads (PPR) plot, previously provided by the Illumina sequencers. The PPR program is compatible with HiSeq 2000/2500, MiSeq, and NextSeq 500 instruments and provides an alternative to Illumina's quality value (Q) scores for determining run quality. Whereas Q scores are representative of run quality, they are often overestimated and are sourced from different look-up tables for each platform. The PPR’s unique capabilities as a cross-instrument comparison device, as a troubleshooting tool, and as a tool for monitoring instrument performance can provide an increase in clarity over SAV metrics that is often crucial for maintaining instrument health. These capabilities are highlighted.
In-Burrow Behavior of Earthworms

Several classes of earthworm behavior were studied in a three-dimensional, semi-natural habitat. Descriptions of burrowing, foraging, feeding, and mating behavior were obtained. In addition, the worms were exposed to light, air, and vibratory stimulation while in their burrows. Light and intermittent vibration consistently elicited responses while air was an ineffective stimulus.
Keynote speech 3: Plasmonic terahertz optoelectronics for advanced terahertz imaging and sensing

In the first part of this talk, I will give an overview of the unique applications of terahertz waves for chemical identification, material characterization, biomedical sensing and diagnostics and describe the state of the existing terahertz sensors. In the second part of the talk, I will introduce a game changing technology that enables high performance, low cost, and compact terahertz spectroscopy and imaging systems for various applications. More specifically, I will introduce a new generation of optically driven terahertz sources and detectors that offer three orders of magnitude higher terahertz radiation power levels and two orders of magnitude higher terahertz detection sensitivity levels compared to the existing technologies. This leap-frog performance enhancement is achieved by funneling the laser light through specifically engineered metallic nanostructures into the device active area, enhancing light matter interaction at nanoscale. Moreover, this technology is optimized for operation at near infrared optical wavelengths, where very high performance, compact and cost-effective optical sources are commercially available, paving the way to compact and low-cost terahertz sensors that could offer numerous opportunities for e.g., medical imaging and diagnostics, atmospheric sensing, pharmaceutical quality control, and security screening systems.
DeepGender2: A Generative Approach Toward Occlusion and Low-Resolution Robust Facial Gender Classification via Progressively Trained Attention Shift Convolutional Neural Networks (PTAS-CNN) and Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Networks (DCGAN)

In this work, we have undertaken the task of occlusion and low-resolution robust facial gender classification. Inspired by the trainable attention model via deep architecture, and the fact that the periocular region is proven to be the most salient region for gender classification purposes, we are able to design a progressive convolutional neural network training paradigm to enforce the attention shift during the learning process. The hope is to enable the network to attend to particular high-profile regions (e.g., the periocular region) without the need to change the network architecture itself. The network benefits from this attention shift and becomes more robust toward occlusions and low-resolution degradations. With the progressively trained attention shift convolutional neural networks (PTAS-CNN) models, we have achieved better gender classification results on the large-scale PCSO mugshot database with 400 K images under occlusion and low-resolution settings, compared to the one undergone traditional training. In addition, our progressively trained network is sufficiently generalized so that it can be robust to occlusions of arbitrary types and at arbitrary locations, as well as low resolution. One way to further improve the robustness of the proposed gender classification algorithm is to invoke a generative approach for occluded image recovery, such as using the deep convolutional generative adversarial networks (DCGAN). The facial occlusions degradation studied in this work is a missing data challenge. For the occlusion problems, the missing data locations are known whether they are randomly scattered, or in a contiguous fashion. We have shown, on the PCSO mugshot database, that a deep generative model can very effectively recover the aforementioned degradation, and the recovered images show significant performance improvement on gender classification tasks.
The Influence of Oyster Farming on Sediment Bacterial Communities

Aquaculture currently provides half of all fish for human consumption, and this proportion is expected to increase to meet the growing global demand for protein. As aquaculture, including oyster farming, expands, it is increasingly important to understand effects on coastal ecosystems. The broad-scale ecological effects of oyster aquaculture are well documented; however, less is known regarding the influence of oyster aquaculture on sediment bacterial communities. To better understand this relationship, we compared three different oyster farming practices that varied in oyster biomass and proximity of oysters to the sediment. We used high-throughput sequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction to examine the effect of oyster farming on sediment bacterial communities. We examined the entire bacterial community and looked specifically at bacteria that support essential estuarine ecosystem services (denitrifiers), as well as bacteria that can be detrimental to human health (members of the Vibrio genus). We found that oyster biomass increased Vibrio richness and sediment carbon content, which influenced bacterial community composition. When compared to reference sites, the overall abundance of bacteria was increased by the bottom planting method, but the associated increases in denitrifiers and Vibrio were not significant. We were unable to detect V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, or V. cholera, the three most common Vibrio pathogens, in any sample, suggesting that oyster farming did not enhance these potential human pathogens in sediments at the time of sampling. These results highlight how differences in oyster farming practice can affect sediment bacterial communities, and the ecosystem services they provide.
Customized fetal growth standard compared with the INTERGROWTH-21st century standard at predicting small-for-gestational-age neonates.

INTRODUCTION The INTERGROWTH-21st project (IG-21) was recently performed aiming to provide a universal benchmark for comparing fetal growth across different ethnicities. Our aim was to compare the IG-21 with a customized standard for predicting pregnancies at risk for neonatal small-for-gestational age (SGA) and adverse outcomes. MATERIAL AND METHODS This was a prospective cohort study including singleton pregnancies presenting for fetal growth assessment between 26 and 36 weeks of gestation. Fetal growth restriction was defined as estimated fetal weight <10th centile for gestational age using IG-21 and a customized standard. Neonatal SGA was defined as birthweight <10th centile for gestational age by the Alexander chart. Primary outcome was the prediction of neonatal SGA. Secondary outcomes included a composite of adverse neonatal outcomes. The discriminatory ability of each growth standard was compared using area under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC). RESULTS Of 1054 pregnancies meeting the inclusion criteria, the incidence of neonatal SGA was 139 (13.2%), and a composite adverse neonatal outcome occurred in 300 (28.4%). The sensitivity of the customized standard (38.8%) was higher than that of IG-21 (24.5%) for predicting neonatal SGA, with AUC (95% CI) of 0.67 (0.63-0.71) for customized vs 0.62 (0.58-0.65) for IG-21; P = .003. Both standards were comparable in predicting the composite adverse neonatal outcomes: AUC (95% CI) 0.52 (0.50-0.55) for customized vs 0.51 (0.50-0.53) for IG-21; P = 0.25. CONCLUSIONS Both growth standards had modest performance in detecting neonatal SGA and were poor at predicting short-term adverse neonatal outcome.
Purification and characterization of rat liver minoxidil sulphotransferase.

Minoxidil (Mx), a pyrimidine N-oxide, is used therapeutically as an antihypertensive agent and to induce hair growth in patients with male pattern baldness. Mx NO-sulphate has been implicated as the agent active in producing these effects. This paper describes the purification of a unique sulphotransferase (ST) from rat liver cytosol that is capable of catalysing the sulphation of Mx. By using DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B chromatography, hydroxyapatite chromatography and ATP-agarose affinity chromatography, Mx-ST activity was purified 240-fold compared with the activity in cytosol. The purified enzyme was also capable of sulphating p-nitrophenol (PNP) at low concentrations (less than 10 microM). Mx-ST was purified to homogeneity, as evaluated by SDS/PAGE and reverse-phase h.p.l.c. The active form of the enzyme had a molecular mass of 66,000-68,000 Da as estimated by gel exclusion chromatography and a subunit molecular mass of 35,000 Da. The apparent Km values for Mx, 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulphate and PNP were 625 microM, 5.0 microM and 0.5 microM respectively. However, PNP displayed potent substrate inhibition at concentrations above 1.2 microM. Antibodies raised in rabbits to the pure enzyme detected a single band in rat liver cytosol with a subunit molecular mass of 35,000 Da, as determined by immunoblotting. The anti-(rat Mx-ST) antibodies also reacted with the phenol-sulphating form of human liver phenol sulphotransferase, suggesting some structural similarity between these proteins.
Media Economics of the NFL

Despite the presence of other professional sport leagues including the National Basketball Association (NBA), the National Hockey League (NHL), and Major League Baseball (MLB), the National Football League (NFL) is widely considered the most dominant and financially viable sports property. Even the presence of other rival football leagues has not diminished fan enthusiasm for the NFL signifying fans do not perceive there to be any close substitute. Collectively, the three American terrestrial (over the air) television networks CBS ($3.73 billion), NBC ($3.6 billion), and Fox ($4.27 billion), combined with cable television's ESPN ($8.8 billion), are paying a pooled total of $24.4 billion to broadcast NFL games through the 2011 season for CBS, Fox, and NBC and through 2013 for ESPN. Additionally, the current NFL agreement with DirecTV ($4 billion) through the 2014 season tells the story of the NFL’s economic engine, its television. Incidentally, this figure excludes the added value created by the games televised by the league-owned NFL Network (Bloom 2010). The NFL’s popularity continues to extend into international markets as evidenced by the decision of the network ESPN UK to secure broadcasts rights to televise Monday Night Football live beginning in 2010 despite games starting after 1 a.m. local time (www.sportsprodailydeal.com).
Space as the Next Theater of War

Most of us envision a war in outer space in the same way that it is portrayed in science fiction books and popular franchises like Star Wars. The typical image includes a lot of space-adapted fighters and larger transport vehicles loaded with a variety of shooting weapons, particle beam weapons, and space torpedoes. Military interaction with a large celestial object such as a planet generally ends with more fancy weapons destroying a civilization or obliterating the entire object. If ever possible, we are no doubt hundreds of years away from reaching this vision of space warfare.
Deep South Dispatch: Memoir of a Civil Rights Journalist, by John N. Herbers

Look up John N. Herbers’s byline in the New York Times historical database and you find 1,157 articles from 1963 to beyond his retirement twenty-four years later. Most of these trace the climax of ...
[Prevalence and etiologic agent of Salmonella in livestock and poultry meats in Huai'an City during 2015-2016].

Objective To analyze the prevalence and etiologic agent of Salmonella in livestock and poultry meats, so as to provide data support for controlling contamination and effectively tracing of Salmonella. Methods Livestock and poultry meats from 8 counties in Huaian from 2015 to 2016 were collected and analyzed for the occurrence of Salmonella according national testing standards. Then the serotype distribution, antimicrobial resistance, virulence gene and molecular subtyping traits of isolated strains were characterized. Results Of the total 368 samples, 37( 10. 05%) tested positive for Salmonella. And the positive rate of chicken, duck, pork, beef and mutton were 14. 14%( 14/99), 11. 11%( 10/90), 10. 34%( 12/116) and 1. 59%( 1/63), respectively. 37 Salmonella isolates were separated into 8 serotypes and the main serotypes wereSalmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium. The antimicrobial resistance test indicated Salmonella isolates showed highest resistance to ampicillin and nalidixic acid( 72. 97%), showed lowest resistance to cefoxitin( 8. 11%). And the resistance phenotypes of Salmonella isolates from different samples and serotypes were different. The carriage rate of inv H and sop E were highest in Salmonella enteritidis and the highest rates of inv H, sop E and rhu M in Salmonella typhimurium. PFGE showed that the pattern similarity of all Salmonella enteritidis was more than 81. 56% and the relationship between the strains with the same source was closer. PFGE pattern of Salmonella typhimurium were different. Conclusion The contamination with Salmonella of livestock and poultry meats in Huaian was serious, and the main serotypes were Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium. Salmonella isolates showed high drug resistance and high carriage rate of virulence genes.
Design and applications of catalytic metallodrugs containing the ATCUN motif

Abstract The aim of this chapter is to provide a brief account of the discovery and application of catalytic metallodrugs, and specifically those cases that include a catalytic metal-ATCUN motif. The concepts and design strategies for catalytic metallodrugs are illustrated through recent examples that target G-quadruplex telomeric DNA, H2-antigen, Flavivirus NS2B/NS3 proteases, and lipid bilayers of bacteria. The distinct advantages of the tripeptide ATCUN metal chelate are described and well illustrated through these examples, and longstanding challenges in metallodrug design and use are discussed, including the potential for metal toxicity, applications as “prodrugs,” and metal lability.
Clock regulation of protein secretion.

The molecular clock regulates the rhythmic transcription of myriad genes, leading to a circadian pattern of expression of the encoded proteins. A study demonstrates circadian regulation of expression of components of the protein secretory pathway, providing a mechanism to generate circadian patterns of secreted protein expression.
Pneumoconiosis progression patterns in US coal miner participants of a job transfer programme designed to prevent progression of disease.

Objectives Pneumoconiosis prevalence and severity among US coal miners has been increasing for the past 20 years. An examination of the current approaches to primary and secondary prevention efforts is warranted. One method of secondary prevention is the Mine Safety and Health Administration-administered part 90 option programme where US coal miners with radiographic evidence of pneumoconiosis can exercise their right to be placed in a less dusty area of the mine. This study focuses on characterising the progression of disease among US coal miners who participated in the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health-administered Coal Workers’ Health Surveillance Programme (CWHSP) and exercised their part 90 job transfer option. Methods Chest radiograph classifications of working underground coal miners who exercised their part 90 job transfer option during 1 January 1986 to 21 November 2016 and participated in the CWHSP during 1 January 1981 to 19 March 2019 were analysed. Results 513 miners exercised their part 90 option and participated in the CWHSP at least once during this time period. Of the 149 miners with ≥2 radiographs available, 48 (32%) showed progression after exercising part 90 and had more severe disease prior to exercising, compared with miners who did not progress (severity score of 2.8 vs 1.7, p=0.0002). Conclusion The part 90 job transfer option programme is not routinely used as intended to prevent progression of pneumoconiosis among US coal miners. The one-third of miners who participated in part 90 and continued to progress, exercised their part 90 option at a later stage of disease compared with non-progressors.
Fracture, Dissolution, and Cementation Events in Ordovician Carbonate Reservoirs, Tarim Basin, NW China

Ordovician carbonate rocks of the Yijianfang Formation in the Tabei Uplift, Tarim Basin, contain deeply buried (>6000 m), highly productive oil and gas reservoirs associated with large cavities (>10 m). Previous workers inferred that large cavities are paleocaves (paleokarst) formed near the surface and subsequently buried. Alternately, caves may have formed by dissolution at depth along faults. Using 227 samples from 16 cores, we document textures and cement compositions bearing on cavity histories with petrographic, high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM), isotopic, and fluid inclusion microthermometric observations. Results show that dissolution occurred at depth and was caused by (1) acidic fluids derived from Middle-Late Silurian and/or Devonian-Permian hydrocarbon generation and maturation, (2) high-temperature fluids, of which some were associated with Late Permian igneous activity, and (3) Mg-rich fluids that accompanied Jurassic-Cretaceous deformation and the formation of partially open fractures and stylobreccias (fault breccias). The relative paragenetic sequence of the structure-related diagenesis suggests seven stages of fracturing, dissolution, and cementation. Mottle fabrics in the Yijianfang Formation contain argillaceous carbonate-rich silt and are bioturbation features formed within the marine environment. Those mottled fabrics differ from clearly karstic features in the overlying Lianglitage Formation, which formed by near-surface dissolution and subsequent infilling of cavities by allochthonous sediment. Mottle fabrics are crosscut by compacted fractures filled with phreatic-vadose marine cements and followed by subsequent generations of cement-filled fractures and vugs indicating that some fractures and vugs became cement filled prior to later dissolution events. Calcite cements in fractures and vugs show progressively depleted values of δ18O documenting cement precipitation within the shallow (~220 m), intermediate (~625 m), and deep (~2000 m) diagenetic environments. Deep (mesogenetic) dissolution associated with fractures is therefore the principal source of the high porosity-permeability in the reservoir, consistent with other pieces of evidence for cavities localized near faults.
Operational tolerance in intestinal transplantation.

By presenting the first case report of true operational tolerance in an intestinal transplant patient, we aim to demonstrate that tolerance is possible in a field that has been hampered by suboptimal outcomes. Although operational tolerance has been achieved in liver and kidney transplantation, and some intestinal transplant patients have been able to decrease immunosuppression, this is the first instance of true operational tolerance after complete cessation of immunosuppression. A patient received a deceased-donor small intestinal and colon allograft with standard immunosuppressive treatment, achieving excellent graft function after overcoming a graft-versus-host-disease episode 5 months posttransplant. Four years later, against medical advice, the patient discontinued all immunosuppression. During follow-up visits 2 and 3 years after cessation of immunosuppression, the patient exhibited normal graft function with full enteral autonomy and without histological or endoscopic signs of rejection. Mechanistic analysis demonstrated immune competence against third party antigen, with in vitro evidence of donor-specific hyporesponsiveness in the absence of donor macrochimerism. This proof of principle case can stimulate future mechanistic studies on diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, for example, cellular therapy trials, that can lead to minimization or elimination of immunosuppression and, it is hoped, help revitalize the field of intestinal transplantation.
Avoiding versus contracting COVID-19: On the effectiveness of social distancing at the level of the individual

Abstract Past research has established the value of social distancing as a means of deterring the spread of COVID-19 largely by examining aggregate level data. Locales in which efforts were undertaken to encourage distancing experienced reductions in their rate of transmission. However, these aggregate results tell us little about the effectiveness of social distancing at the level of the individual, which is the question addressed by the current research. Four months after participating in a study assessing their social distancing behavior, 2,120 participants indicated whether they had contracted COVID-19. Importantly, the assessment of social distancing involved not only a self-report measure of how strictly participants had followed social distancing recommendations, but also a series of virtual behavior measures of social distancing. These simulations presented participants with graphical depictions mirroring specific real-world scenarios, asking them to position themselves in relation to others in the scene. Individuals’ social distancing behavior, particularly as assessed by the virtual behavior measure, predicted whether they contracted COVID-19 during the intervening four months. This was true when considering only participants who reported having tested positively for the virus and when considering additional participants who, although untested, believed that they had contracted the virus. The findings offer a unique form of additional evidence as to why individuals should practice social distancing. What the individual does matters, not only for the health of the collective, but also for the specific individual.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERGALACTIC H I/O VI AND NEARBY (z < 0.017) GALAXIES

We analyze intergalactic H I and O VI absorbers with v 3 Mpc to the nearest L{sub *} galaxy), although at v 0.1 L{sub *} galaxy. The absorber properties depend on {rho}, but the relations are not simple correlations. For four absorbers with {rho} = 50-350 kpc from an edge-on galaxy with known orientation of its rotation, we find no clear relation between absorber velocities and the rotation curve of the underlying galaxy. Formore » {rho} 0.1 L {sub *} galaxies is 100% (70%) for field galaxies and 65% (10%) for group galaxies; 50% of galaxy groups have associated Ly{alpha}. All O VI absorbers occur within 550 kpc of an L>0.25 L{sub *} galaxy. The properties of three of 14 O VI absorbers are consistent with photoionization, for five the evidence points to collisional ionization; the others are ambiguous. The fraction of broad Ly{alpha} lines increases from z = 3 to z = 0 and with decreasing impact parameter, consistent with the idea that gas inside {approx}500 kpc from galaxies is heating up, although alternative explanations cannot be clearly excluded.« less
Hydrogenation of dimethyl oxalate to ethylene glycol over Cu/KIT-6 catalysts

Copper supported on KIT-6 mesoporous silica was prepared via ammonia evaporation (AE) method and applied for the catalytic hydrogenation of dimethyl oxalate (DMO) to ethylene glycol (EG). The high specific surface area and interconnected mesoporous channels of the support facilitated the dispersion of copper species. The effect of AE temperature and copper loading on the structure of catalysts and induced change in hydrogenation performance were studied in detail. The results showed that both parameters influenced the overall and/or intrinsic activity. The hydrogenation of DMO to EG was proposed to proceed via the synergy between Cu0 and Cu+ sites and catalysts with high surface Cu0/Cu+ ratio exhibited high intrinsic activity in the investigated range.
Comparison of Diagnostic Yield of Endoscopy in Patients with Chronic Anemia with and Without Iron Deficiency: A Retrospective Study in the United States Veterans Affairs Population

Background/Aims: Iron deficiency anemia is a very common reason for referral. There are few recommendations regarding the utility of endoscopy in the mixed anemia and anemia of chronic disease groups. We evaluated the endoscopic diagnostic yield in anemic patients who do not meet criteria for iron deficiency anemia. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed electronic records of 240 patients who underwent endoscopy between January 2010 and December 2013 for anemia (hemoglobin of ≤12.5 gm/dl). We categorized patients into anemia due to iron deficiency, chronic disease and mixed based on transferrin iron saturation and serum ferritin level. Diagnostic yield of esophagogastroduodenoscopy, colonoscopy, and video capsule endoscopy were compared. We used severe anemia, requirement of blood transfusion, and use of anticoagulant/antiplatelet agents to examine differences in endoscopic diagnostic yield. Results: There were no differences in diagnostic yield among the three anemia groups, surprisingly, except for a slightly higher yield for esophagogastroduodenoscopy in patients with mixed anemia as compared to iron deficiency anemia (38% vs 23%, p=0.044). Severe anemia slightly increased endoscopic diagnostic yield for esophagogastroduodenoscopy, only in patients with iron deficiency anemia, but not in those with mixed anemia or anemia of chronic disease. Conclusion: Patients with iron deficiency anemia, anemia of chronic disease, and mixed anemia do not differ in endoscopic diagnostic yield. Funding Statement: "None." Declaration of Interests: The authors of this research do not have any conflicts of interest to declare. Ethics Approval Statement: The IRB for this study was approved through the Wright State University IRB committee and Dayton Veterans Affairs Medical Center on April 4th, 2016.
Vibration-Based Scour Monitoring: Prototype Design, Laboratory Experiments and Field Deployment

Scouring is caused by the removal of bed material surrounding the piers and abutments and can rapidly compromise the integrity of a bridge structure and cause catastrophic failure. Such failures, which occur most frequently during peak flow periods, such as flooding, are a hindrance to emergency personnel trying to enter affected areas and to individuals trying to evacuate. As a countermeasure to mitigate the effects of the bed degradation, this article presents a vibration-based scour monitoring technique. This novel approach exploits the differences between the measured low-frequency ambient excitations of a thin, flexible plate located in the flow and the same plate located in the sediment. The underlying principle is that a flexible plate excited by the turbulent flow vibrates at significantly higher amplitude compared to an identical plate placed within sediment. Laboratory and field results obtained at various flow conditions indicate that the vibration-based scour monitoring concept is able to supply reliable information regarding both scour and refill processes. This article details the underlying monitoring concept, the design and optimization of sensors, the evaluation of sensitivity of the developed sensors to environmental conditions, and their long-term field deployment.
Isocrystals with additional structure. II

Let F be a P-adic field, let L be the completion of a maximal unramified extension of F, and let σ be the Frobenius automorphism of L over F. For any connected reductive group G over F one denotes by B(G) the set of σ-conjugacy classes in G(L) (elements x,y in G(L) are said to be σ-conjugate if there exists g in G(L) such that g-1κ σ(g)=y. One of the main results of this paper is a concrete description of the set B(G) (previously this was known only in the quasi-split case).
Pool Boiling of Methane between Atmospheric Pressure and the Critical Pressure

An exhaustive analysis of the literature of pool boiling heat transfer to cryogenic liquids by Brentari, Giarratano, and Smith [4] led to the following conclusions: 1. Predictive correlations for nucleate boiling at high pressures are of marginal success. 2. Peak flux predictions are inaccurate at reduced pressures above 0.6. 3. Insufficient data are available to discuss the effect of pressure on film boiling. 4. More detailed and better controlled experiments are required.
A Reflection on Teaching and Learning in a Community Literacies Graduate Course

This article outlines one potential model for a graduate-level course in community literacy studies. Ellen Cushman and Jeffery Grabill taught this course for the first time at Michigan State University in the spring of 2007. In this article our colleagues with varying disciplinary backgrounds reflect on the course, its readings, and their theoretical and practical understanding surrounding many of the central questions of this new discipline: what is a community? What is literacy? What is community literacy? And what does it mean to practice “community literacy” – to write, to speak, and so on? After a wide discussion of course experience from several student colleagues in the course, Cushman and Grabill reflect on their course objectives and point toward future incarnations of the course.
Power Quality Study of an Isolated Northwest Grid of Saudi Arabia with PV and Storage

One main concern of power quality is harmonics because the distorted waveforms of current and voltage have a huge effect on electrical equipment. Due to the continuous increase of grid connected photovoltaic (PV) and nonlinear loads, as a result of the fast development and growth of power electronics application, power quality becomes more important since it introduces harmonics to the power system. This paper presents a power quality study to the isolated northwest grid of Saudi Arabia in presence of PV system and battery storage. Moreover, the study includes nonlinear loads for more analysis regarding harmonics penetration and the design procedure for passive filters to eliminate the harmonics.
Electromagnetic analysis and shielding of slots on resonant and non-resonant realistic structures with MLFMM

Coupling and interference in electronic devices is of increasing concern due to the presence of either intentional or unintentional internal or external electromagnetic sources. Such sources can cause sufficient disruption to the circuit or chip logic to the point where the functionality and logic state of the electronic device can be altered due to such extraneous sources. Coupling into these devices can occur either from ventilation slots or though power/signal lines which penetrate into the enclosure of the cavity structure. The latter can introduce conduction noise and ground fluctuations into the signal ports. Plane wave illumination, of unity field strength, onto a microwave filter is calculated to give an induced voltage of 4 mV at the 50 /spl Omega/ output port. The actual excitation was a pulse train with a period of 300 ns with the same center frequency as the filter (2.150 GHz). These calculations were carried out using a well-validated method of moments simulator. Thus, a large amplitude pulse signal of 300 V/m may induce a noise signal of 0.12 V. This could potentially cause failures in logic states for digital circuits and spurious waveforms for analog amplifier circuits. Furthermore, cavity enclosures can amplify the external signals by as much as 10 dB to 20 dB, especially in the overmoded region. This can be seen where the EFS fluctuations due to cavity and slot resonances pose a problem for a circuit configuration. Moreover, the presence of wires through the slot enhance coupling into the cavity. This is demonstrated where we show the electric field shielding factor measured in the middle of the cavity due to a plane wave incidence, for wires penetrating through aperture and into the cavity. The penetration is through a circular slot of area 60 cm/sup 2/. Both the straight and bent (longer) wires deteriorate the EFS quite significantly at lower frequencies and even at higher frequencies for the bent wire. We particularly note that the bent wire causes low EFS even away from the cavity resonances due to greater re-radiation of energy from external illumination into the cavity enclosure. This is computed with the well-validated multilevel fast multipole method (MLFMM).
Biochemical and physiological basis of medical near-infrared spectroscopy

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) can monitor both the redox status of Cytochrome c oxidase located in the mitochondria within the cell and the oxygenation of the blood in the tissue being monitored. Since the enzyme catalyzes more than 90% of oxygen utilization, it is the sink for the oxygen while the hemoglobin in the capillaries is the oxygen source. In order to evaluate the oxidative metabolic status of a tissue the optical data obtained from both molecules are commonly interpreted on the basis of test tube experiments with purified preparations. We are concerned that the validity of this practice may not have been tested sufficiently and raise four basic questions that have not yet been answered. Citing some examples of in vitro versus in vivo differences we conclude that more effort should be expended on the in vivo testing of the range of the signals, their natural variability, and the physiological and pathological meaning of their deviations from norm. © 1999 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
Maintenance of a male-killing Wolbachia in Drosophila innubila by male-killing dependent and male-killing independent mechanisms.

Many maternally inherited endosymbionts manipulate their host's reproduction in various ways to enhance their own fitness. One such mechanism is male killing (MK), in which sons of infected mothers are killed by the endosymbiont during development. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the advantages of MK, including resource reallocation from sons to daughters of infected females, avoidance of inbreeding by infected females, and, if transmission is not purely maternal, the facilitation of horizontal transmission to uninfected females. We tested these hypotheses in Drosophila innubila, a mycophagous species infected with MK Wolbachia. There was no evidence of horizontal transmission in the wild and no evidence Wolbachia reduced levels of inbreeding. Resource reallocation does appear to be operative, as Wolbachia-infected females are slightly larger, on average, than uninfected females, although the selective advantage of larger size is insufficient to account for the frequency of infection in natural populations. Wolbachia-infected females from the wild—although not those from the laboratory—were more fecund than uninfected females. Experimental studies revealed that Wolbachia can boost the fecundity of nutrient-deprived flies and reduce the adverse effect of RNA virus infection. Thus, this MK endosymbiont can provide direct, MK-independent fitness benefits to infected female hosts in addition to possible benefits mediated via MK.
Patterns of knowledge generating networks

The paper presents a concept of knowledge generating network as a model of an R&D system. Conceptual, personal and organizational networks are reviewed and an integrated model of a knowledge generating system for technological innovation is proposed. This model assumes that organizational networks support connections among individual researchers (personal network) who create new concepts and solutions which add to the conceptual network. A hypothesis is presented concerning possibility of using the neural network as a metaphor in further studies on R&D networks.
A Lycopolitan Forgery of John's Gospel

The internet publication of a Coptic Gospel of John fragment demonstrated that both it and the related Gospel of Jesus' Wife fragment were modern creations. The Coptic John fragment was clearly copied from Herbert Thompson's 1924 publication of the Lycopolitan Qau codex, and shared the same hand, ink and writing instrument with the Gospel of Jesus' Wife fragment. The present discussion will first survey the extant Coptic tradition of John's Gospel, and second outline the evidence for dependence on the Qau codex publication.
Parallel string matching with k mismatches

Abstract Two improved algorithms for string matching with k mismatches are presented. One algorithm is based on fast integer multiplication algorithms whereas the other follows more closely classic string-matching techniques.
Wavelet expansions of fractal measures

Let μ be a measure on ℝn that satisfies the estimate μ(Br(x))≤crα for allx ∈ ℝn and allr ≤ 1 (Br(x) denotes the ball of radius r centered atx. Let ϕj,k(ɛ)(x)=2nj2ϕ(ɛ)(2jx-k) be a wavelet basis forj ∈ ℤ, κ ∈ ℤn, and ∈ ∈E, a finite set, and letPj(T)=Σɛ,k ϕj,k(ɛ) denote the associated projection operators at levelj (T is a suitable measure or distribution). Iff ∈Lsp(dμ) for 1 ≤p ≤ ∞, we show thatPj(f dμ) ∈ Lp(dx) and ||Pj(fdμ)||Lp(dx)≤c2j((n-α)/p′))||f||Lp(dμ) for allj ≥ 0. We also obtain estimates for the limsup and liminf of ||Pj(fdμ)||Lp(dx) under more restrictive hypotheses.
A Greater Means to the Greater Good: Ethical Guidelines to Meet Social Movement Organization Advocacy Challenges

Existing public relations ethics literature often proves inadequate when applied to social movement campaigns, considering the special communication challenges activists face as marginalized moral visionaries in a commercial public sphere. The communications of counter-hegemonic movements is distinct enough from corporate, nonprofit, and governmental organizations to warrant its own ethical guidelines. The unique communication guidelines most relevant to social movement organizations include promoting asymmetrical advocacy to a greater extent than is required for more powerful organizations and building flexibility into the TARES principles to privilege social responsibility over respect for audience values in activist campaigns serving as ideological critique.
Trends and Solar Cycle Effects in Temperature Versus Altitude From the Halogen Occultation Experiment for the Mesosphere and Upper Stratosphere

Fourteen-year time series of mesospheric and upper stratospheric temperatures from the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) are analyzed and reported. The data have been binned according to ten-degree wide latitude zones from 40S to 40N and at 10 altitudes from 43 to 80 km-a total of 90 separate time series. Multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis techniques have been applied to those time series. This study focuses on resolving their 11-yr solar cycle (or SC-like) responses and their linear trend terms. Findings for T(z) from HALOE are compared directly with published results from ground-based Rayleigh lidar and rocketsonde measurements. SC-like responses from HALOE compare well with those from lidar station data at low latitudes. The cooling trends from HALOE also agree reasonably well with those from the lidar data for the concurrent decade. Cooling trends of the lower mesosphere from HALOE are not as large as those from rocketsondes and from lidar station time series of the previous two decades, presumably because the changes in the upper stratospheric ozone were near zero during the HALOE time period and did not affect those trends.