cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Insect Flight Metabolism

Publisher Summary Actively flying insects achieve the highest metabolic rates known, and they do so in the fraction of a second required to shift from quiescence to flight. This chapter focuses on the various adaptations that make possible the high metabolic rates necessary for flight. Flight depends on the biochemical and mechanical work done by the flight muscles, which must be continually supplied with oxygen and fuel. The work of the muscles is under neural control and therefore the metabolic rate is also under neural control. Hormones participate as part of the biochemical mechanisms by which the neural commands are executed and also as part of the internal milieu supportive of flight. In larger insects, high metabolic rates and the associated heat production result in elevated body temperatures; temperature effects and temperature regulation are thus closely related to flight. Control of flight metabolism is accomplished by a complicated meshwork of neural, hormonal, and biochemical mechanisms. Control of the rate of metabolism is primarily neural, since the frequency of excitation of the flight muscles provides the primary control on the demand for metabolic performance. The metabolic machinery of the muscle is also influenced by these neural signals, since Ca ++ released by excitation modulates enzyme activity. Hormones that control the uptake of substrates and perhaps other biochemical reactions in the muscles also influence muscle metabolism.
Effect of Type of Dietary Fat on Plasma and Tissue Cholesterol of Calves

Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of liquid milk diets with varying proportions of beef tallow (T) and soybean oil (SBO), with and without dry feed, on cholesterol concentrations in blood and other tissues of nonruminating calves. In experiment 1, 4--10-day-old male Holstein calves were fed for 15 weeks a reconstituted milk containing 9% ot 12% dried skim milk and 2% SBO, 2% T or 3.5% T. Plasma cholesterol and cholesterol content (% of dry matter) of muscle, liver, omental fat and perirenal fat were greater (P less than 0.05) for calves fed the 2% SBO diet. No significant differences were observed in cholesterol concentrations of the aorta, coronary arteries, brain or spleen. Experiment 2 used 4--10-day-old male Holstein calves to study the effect of 2% fat diets formulated in ratios of SBO 2/3:T 1/3 and SBO 1/3:T 2/3 and to observe the effect of dry feed added to 2% T and 2% SBO diets. Tallow and SBO fed in weighted combinations affected plasma and tissue cholesterol concentrations like the predominant fat fed alone. The greatest increases in plasma and tissue cholesterol concentrations occurred in calves fed SBO diets. Dry feed supplementation decreased body cholesterol concentrations of calves fed either fat. Body weight gain of calves fed SBO was less in both experiments.
Selecting Actions to Trigger in Active Database Applications

This paper studies the problem of selecting rules to fire in real-time active databases in order to avoid missing action deadlines. We give an algorithm that executes at every fixed time interval (called the Rule Selection Period), and satisfies three properties, namely, the Completion Property, the Duration Property, and the Priority Property. We develop a probabilistic model, and an inexpensive (polynomial-time) algorithm for the satisfaction of the Completion Property. We show that the problem of satisfying the Duration and the Priority Properties at the same time is NP-Complete. We then give two heuristic-based algorithms, and briefly summarize the associated experimental results.
Chapter 6 – Survey of Isospectral Manifolds

Spectral geometry is the study of the relationship between the spectrum and geometry of M . This chapter focuses on the inverse spectral problem— the extent to which a spectrum encode the geometry. The chapter reviews the primary techniques for obtaining geometric information from the spectrum and describes some of the known spectral invariants. The chapter discusses spectral rigidity results and the structure of isospectral sets of metrics, in particular, the question of whether the collection of metrics with a given spectrum is compact in a natural topology. The chapter discusses the construction of isospectral, nonisometric metrics. Examples of such metrics provide the means for identifying specific geometric invariants that are not spectrally determined. The known methods for proving that two metrics are isospectral are: (1) explicit computation, (2) representation theoretic or trace formula methods, and (3) the use of Riemannian submersions with totally geodesic fibers. The correspondence between the classical dynamics of a Riemannian manifold, that is, the geodesic flow, and the quantum dynamics suggests a relationship between the Laplace isospectrality of manifolds and the symplectic conjugacy of their geodesic flows.
Evolution of intestinal apolipoprotein B mRNA editing. Chicken apolipoprotein B mRNA is not edited, but chicken enterocytes contain in vitro editing enhancement factor(s).

Abstract Mammalian intestinal apolipoprotein B (apoB) messenger RNA (mRNA) undergoes posttranscriptional editing, changing codon 2153 from CAA in apoB100 mRNA to an in-frame translational stop codon (UAA) in apoB48 mRNA. By contrast, chicken intestinal apoB cDNA contains a CAA codon at the corresponding site and apoB mRNA from chicken enterocytes, kidney, and liver is unedited. The cDNA sequence of chicken apoB spanning the edited base is divergent from mammalian apoB cDNA sequence, with 70% homology over the conserved 29-nucleotide sequence (6662-6690) flanking codon 2153. Efficient in vitro editing of both human and rat, but not chicken, synthetic apoB RNA was achieved using rat enterocyte S-100 extracts. By contrast, chicken enterocyte S-100 extracts failed to edit chicken, rat, or human synthetic apoB RNA. Mixing experiments, however, revealed that chicken enterocyte S-100 extracts enhance the in vitro editing activity of rat, pig, and human enterocyte S-100 extracts upon homologous RNAs. The editing enhancement activity of chicken enterocyte S-100 extracts is tissue-specific, heat-sensitive, substrate-saturable, and sensitive to proteinase K, but resistant to micrococcal nuclease. The activity was partially purified by Q-Sepharose chromatography and has an average molecular mass of 49 kDa when analyzed by gel filtration chromatography. We conclude that the evolutionary adaptation of intestinal apoB mRNA editing requires both a requisite RNA motif and tissue-specific factors which mediate the site-specific modification.
Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Land Cover/Land Use Changes Using Geoinformatics (A Case Study of Margallah Hills National Park)

In order to make any strategy for management of National Park, it is necessary to understand the dynamics of land use/ land cover changes .Remote Sensing and GIS have significant magnitude for analysis of spatial extent and temporal changes of land cover/land use in urban and regional planning studies. The objective of the present research is to identify the nature, extent and spatial pattern of land cover changes during 1997-2008 in MHNP Islamabad through high resolution satellite imagery .The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC) algorithms are used to determine the vegetation cover and spatial extent of different land use/ land cover classes of the study area respectively. The second objective of this research is to find the spatial distribution of exotic species based on different environmental factors through decision tree classification method. Results show that vegetation cover declines during 1997-2008 and vegetation health is affected by the presence of these exotic species, because these species are not suitable to local ecosystem. About 2.5% area of the NP is occupied by Paper Mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera) and 9.4% by Punch Phali (Lantana camara).The results provides the effective analysis of land cover of National park which might be helpful in efforts towards the conservation of this ecological heritage site.
Isolation of Tissue Mast Cells

Located primarily in tissues, mast cells are one of the principal effector cells in allergic inflammation. Mast cells derive from mononuclear precursor cells which undergo their final phase of differentiation in the tissues. Mast cells express a unique set of proteases and display functional diversity depending on the tissue in which they differentiate--a phenomenon often referred to as mast cell heterogeneity. Enzymatic digestion and density centrifugation have often been used to isolate human mast cells from tissues such as lung and skin, frequently resulting in cells with low viability and purity. Here, we describe a protocol that combines gentle enzymatic digestion with positive selection techniques to isolate reasonably viable and substantially enriched preparations of tissue mast cells.
PD-1 Blockade in Advanced Melanoma in Patients with Hepatitis C and/or HIV

On the basis of remarkable antitumor activity, programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) inhibitors pembrolizumab and nivolumab were approved for the treatment of advanced melanoma in the second-line setting following progression on either CTLA-4 inhibitor ipilimumab or BRAF/MEK inhibitors (for BRAF mutated melanoma). Given hypothesized risk of triggering exacerbations of autoimmune diseases and/or chronic viral infections, clinical trials (including regulatory studies) evaluating checkpoint blocking antibodies PD-1 and CTLA-4 have excluded patients with autoimmune diseases, chronic hepatitis B/C virus (HBV/HCV), and/or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. Herein, we describe two patients with advanced melanoma and concomitant HCV/HIV infections treated with PD-1 inhibitor pembrolizumab. Patient 2 with HIV/HCV coinfection progressed after 2 doses of pembrolizumab. Patient 1 who had HCV alone was treated with pembrolizumab with initial partial response. HCV viral load remained stable after 9 cycles of pembrolizumab following which 12-week course of HCV-directed therapy was commenced, resulting in prompt reduction of HCV viral load below detectable levels. Response is ongoing and HCV viral load remains undetectable. In both patients, no significant toxicities were observed when pembrolizumab was initiated. We argue for the further investigation of checkpoint inhibition in cancer patients with underlying chronic viral infections in the context of carefully designed clinical trials.
Understanding Western-East Asian Differences and Similarities in Self-Enhancement

I present a roughly historical overview of the literature bearing on the universality of the self-enhancement motive, which I define as the need to cultivate and maintain a positive self-view. There is considerable evidence indicating that people from prototypically Western cultures demonstrate a strong need to self-enhance, which manifests itself in a number of tendencies involving attending to and elaborating upon positive self-relevant information at the expense of negative information. Recently, a lively debate about the universality of the self-enhancement motive emerged, with some researchers arguing that the motive itself is culture-specific and others contending that the motive is universal but that culture places important constraints on how it is expressed. I provide a review and synthesis of the existing evidence and conclude by discussing research on dialectical self-esteem, which offers another perspective on how culture shapes the expression of self-evaluative processes.
GPR18 Controls Reconstitution of Mouse Small Intestine Intraepithelial Lymphocytes following Bone Marrow Transplantation

Specific G protein coupled receptors (GPRs) regulate the proper positioning, function, and development of immune lineage subsets. Here, we demonstrate that GPR18 regulates the reconstitution of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) of the small intestine following bone marrow transplantation. Through analysis of transcriptional microarray data, we find that GPR18 is highly expressed in IELs, lymphoid progenitors, and mature follicular B cells. To establish the physiological role of this largely uncharacterized GPR, we generated Gpr18-/- mice. Despite high levels of GPR18 expression in specific hematopoietic progenitors, Gpr18-/- mice have no defects in lymphopoiesis or myelopoiesis. Moreover, antibody responses following immunization with hapten-protein conjugates or infection with West Nile virus are normal in Gpr18-/- mice. Steady-state numbers of IELs are also normal in Gpr18-/- mice. However, competitive bone marrow reconstitution experiments demonstrate that GPR18 is cell-intrinsically required for the optimal restoration of small intestine TCRγδ+ and TCRαβ+ CD8αα+ IELs. In contrast, GPR18 is dispensable for the reconstitution of large intestine IELs. Moreover, Gpr18-/- bone marrow reconstitutes small intestine IELs similarly to controls in athymic recipients. Gpr18-/- chimeras show no changes in susceptibility to intestinal insults such as Citrobacter rodentium infections or graft versus host disease. These data reveal highly specific requirements for GPR18 in the development and reconstitution of thymus-derived intestinal IEL subsets in the steady-state and after bone marrow transplantation.
Dynamic-local-field approximation for the quantum solids

A local-molecular-field description for the ground-state properties of the quantum solids is presented. The dynamical behavior of atoms contributing to the local field, which acts on an arbitrary pair of test particles, is incorporated by decoupling the pair correlations between these field atoms. The energy, pressure, compressibility, single-particle-distribution function, and the rms atomic deviations about the equilibrium lattice sites are calculated for H2, He-3, and He-4 over the volume range from 5 to 24.5 cu cm/mole. The results are in close agreement with existing Monte Carlo calculations wherever comparisons are possible. At very high pressure, the results agree with simplified descriptions which depend on negligible overlap of the system wave function between neighboring lattice sites.
Imaging of Vulnerable Plaques Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Risk Stratification of Atherosclerosis

Although the prevalent approach in cardiology is largely “stenosis-centric,” it has been long known that most acute coronary events are caused by apparently angiographically nonsignificant stenosis. This has led to a gradual paradigm shift from detection of significant stenosis to detection of lesion instability. A number of imaging modalities have been developed that help in this quest; however, none have been as promising as near-infrared spectroscopy used for detection of coronary plaque characteristics. In this article we discuss the various invasive imaging tools available to the interventional cardiologist, with special emphasis on near-infrared spectroscopy as a key emerging imaging technology.
Setting FCC License Fees According to Frequency Spectrum Utilization: A Suggestion

Economists have argued in the past that the frequency spectrum should be sold or leased to the highest bidder. Because of technical and political problems with that suggestion, this paper proposes an alternative. As a first step, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) should consider making license fees proportional to bandwidth times population in the area of coverage. This would create an incentive for users to transmit on smaller bandwidths and in low population areas or to switch from over-the-air transmission to transmission by wire. Some practical problems with the proposed solution are also discussed.
trans-Chlorido(phenanthren-9-yl)bis-(triphenyl-phosphane)nickel(II).

The title compound, [Ni(C14H9)Cl(C18H15P)2], was synthesized from the reaction between 9-chloro­phenanthrene, NiCl2·6H2O and triphenyl­phosphane in ethanol. The bond angles around the NiII atom indicate that it exists in a slightly distorted square-planar geometry.
Predicting the impact of assertive, empathic-assertive, and nonassertive behavior: The assertiveness of the assertee

This study examined the differential impact of male and female assertive, empathic-assertive, and nonassertive behavior on low and high assertive individuals. After viewing standardized videotapes of one of four models engaged in several refusal situations, subjects evaluated the model on multiple indices of interpersonal attraction. As hypothesized, low assertive subjects reacted relatively negatively to assertive and, to a lesser extent, empathic-assertive behavior, whereas high assertive subjects generally devalued nonassertive behavior. Consistent with prior findings, assertive models were evaluated as highly competent, but less likeable and desirable than nonassertive models. Empathy moderated the negative effects of assertion. Results did not indicate that females' assertion was devalued relative to males' assertion. The discussion focuses on enhancing stimulus discrimination skills.
High-Level Urea Feeding to Dairy Cattle. I. Effect of High-Level Urea Feeding on the Growth and Metabolism of Growing Dairy Heifers without Sulfur Supplementation

Summary Twenty-four Holstein dairy heifers wera used in a 150-day trial to study the effect of feeding grain rations containing 3.0, .5.0, and 7.0% urea upon growth, feed consumption, and metabolism. Ground corn cobs were fed as the sole source of roughage. As the levels of urea in the ration increased, the consumption of corn cobs decreased, although not significantly, and daily gains and feed efficiency decreased significantly. The average daily gain for heifers fed rations containing 3.0, 5.0, and 7.0% urea were 1.14, 0.85, and 0.64lb. per day, respectively. The level of urea in the ration did not significantly affect nitrogen retention or blood levels of urea nitrogen, but as the intake of urea increased, blood serum levels of nonprotein nitrogen increased significantly and the levels of serum proteins significantly decreased. The possibility of a sulfur deficiency in a ration containing either 5.0 or 7.0% urea was discussed.
Early Childhood Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges and Opportunities

In recent years, increasing priority has been placed on the development of national intersectoral early childhood development (ECD) policies in Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper reviews the role of national ECD policies to promote young children’s access to key early childhood services. We discuss the proliferation of national ECD policies in Sub-Saharan Africa in the last decade and argue that for most countries, these documents can be useful, but are not sufficient without proper implementation and enforcement. We look specifically at the different ECD policies and institutional arrangements in four countries in East Africa: Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda and draw out some cross-country lessons for moving from policy development to implementation.
Phosphate transport in osteoblasts from normal and X-linked hypophosphatemic mice.

Human hypophosphatemic vitamin D-resistant rickets (X-linked hypophosphatemia-XLH) is characterized by hypophosphatemia, a decreased tubular reabsorption of phosphate (Pi) and defective skeleton mineralization. Utilizing a mouse model (Hyp) of XLH, which demonstrates biological abnormalities and skeletal defects of XLH, we analyzed sodium-dependent phosphate transport in isolated osteoblasts derived from the calvaria of normophosphatemic and hypophosphatemic mice. Initial rates of phosphate uptake by normal and Hyp osteoblasts showed similar slopes. Osteoblasts from both normal and Hyp mice exhibited saturable, sodium-dependent phosphate transport with apparent Vmax and Km values not significantly different (normal mice, Vmax=24.30±3.45 nmol/mg prot. 10 min, Km=349.49±95.20 μmol/liter; Hyp mice, Vmax=23.03±3.41 nmol/mg prot. 10 min, Km=453.64±106.93 μmol/liter, n=24). No differences were found in the ability of normal and Hyp osteoblasts to respond to Pi transport after 5 hours of Pi deprivation. Both cell types exhibited a similar increase in cAMP in response to PTH. The accumulated results demonstrate that Pi uptake and transport in normal and Hyp mouse osteoblasts is a sodium-dependent saturable process. As osteoblast Pi uptake and transport is apparently normal in the Hyp mouse model of XLH, the “osteoblastic failure” described for the Hyp mouse should be attributed to other mechanism(s).
Coating adhesion to low surface free energy substrates

Abstract With the increased usage of plastics in the automotive industry, the science of polymer (paint) to polymer (plastic) adhesion has gained increased recognition. This paper attempts to delineate the basics to attaining adhesion to plastics and to describe the current means by which adhesion to low surface free energy plastics is attained. Adhesion to very low surface free energy substrates, such as thermoplastic olefins (TPOs; blends of poly(propylene) and rubber), is most often accomplished through the use of a surface pretreatment. The surface pretreatment, for example plasma discharge, flaming, chemical etching, or solvent degreasing, modifies the chemistry of the plastic surface mainly through oxidation and surface roughening. The change in polarity of the surface then affords greater adhesion of subsequent topcoats. Adhesion to low surface free energy plastics can also be attained through the use of adhesion promoters. The adhesion promoter most commonly consists of chlorinated poly(olefin) dissolved in a nonpolar solvent. When applied to the low surface free energy plastic, the solvents can swell and diffuse into the surface. Mechanical interlocking with rubber domains below the surface accounts for afforded adhesion. Modern techniques available to the coatings chemist are described in relation to adhesion achieved. New chemistries developed to replace chlorinated poly(olefins) are reviewed.
Landmark-based registration and measurement of magnetic resonance images: A reliability study

We report a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study in a large number of subjects that examines various analytic techniques for anatomical landmark information. The initial issue involved interrater reliability in locating landmarks along the midsagittal plane. Another issue dealt with using landmarks to register (linear) individual scans for subsequent analyses or more sophisticated registration techniques. We next explored the use of interlandmark distances as indices of brain size. Twenty-seven landmarks were chosen from the midsagittal slice of 101 normal subjects. Interrater reliability estimates on a subset of the scans were excellent overall. Rotating to anterior-posterior commissure points was the best of the tested two-point registrations, although an average angular rotation was better. Reliability and validity for landmark-derived measures of size were excellent. Landmark-based analyses offer opportunities to explore shape and size questions, although they are not appropriate for addressing all questions. Under specific conditions, landmark data can be generated quickly and accurately.
A Neural Network System for Detection of Atrial Fibrillation in Ambulatory Electrocardiograms

Neural Network for Detecting AF. Introduction: A neural network classifier has been designed, which is able to distinguish atrial fibrillation (AF) from other supraventricular arrhythmias in ambulatory (Holter) ECGs. Method and Results: The classification algorithm uses a rhythm analysts that considers the ECG to be a time series of RR interval durations. This is combined with an analysis of baseline morphology that considers the morphological characteristics of the non-QRS portions of the waveform. A back propagation-based neural network has been used as part of the classifier implementation. When applied to a library consisting exclusively of 42,970 examples of AF and other supraventricular rhythm disturbances validated by an experienced cardiologist, the algorithm demonstrated a sensitivity of 82.4% for 10-beat runs of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) and a specificity of 96.6%. Since this system has been implemented as a postprocessor to a conventional automated Holter system, operating only on segments of ECG that are known to contain supraventricular arrhythmias rather than ventricular arrhythmias or sinus rhythm, it can be added to most existing Holter processing systems without significantly increasing the average time to process a tape. Conclusion: A neural network system has been designed, which can potentially provide, for the first time, an accurate, quantitative technique to determine the natural history of PAF and to evaluate potential treatments for PAF.
Anatomically based modeling

We describe an improved, anatomically based approach to modeling and animating animals. Underlying muscles, bones, and generalized tissue are modeled as triangle meshes or ellipsoids. Muscles are deformable discretized cylinders lying between fixed origins and insertions on specific bones. Default rest muscle shapes can be used, or the rest muscle shape can be designed by the user with a small set of parameters. Muscles automatically change shape as the joints move. Skin is generated by voxelizing the underlying components, filtering, and extracting a polygonal isosurface. Isosurface skin vertices are associated with underlying components and move with them during joint motion. Skin motion is consistent with an elastic membrane model. All components are parameterized and can be reused on similar bodies with non-uniformly scaled parts. This parameterization allows a non-uniformly sampled skin to be extracted, maintaining more details at the head and extremities.
A new method for calculating expected loss of existing buildings subjected to probabilistic earthquake loading

Two methods are currently used to calculate the expected loss for existing buildings for a time period of interest. The first method simply multiplies the annual expected loss by the time period. The second method uses the exceedance probability for that time period to calculate the expected loss. Results from these methods can be significantly different depending on the length of the time period and the loss function of the building class. Generally speaking, the first method overestimates the risk while the second method underestimates it. In this paper, it is shown theoretically that differences between the two methods are due to differences in how multi-occurrences of earthquakes during the period are incorporated. Neither method is quite consistent with the physical process of earthquake occurrence. A new method which is more consistent with the occurrence process is suggested. Numerican examples are given to illustrate the accuracy of the new method, and how it compares with existing approaches. The new method has been incorporated into a personal computer analysis program called EXLOSS, which is available from the John A. Blume Earthquake Engineering Center of Stanford University.
Testing causal theories of pantomimic deficits in aphasia using path analysis

Abstract For the past several decades it has been recognized that deficits in both pantomime expression and pantomime recognition exist as part of the syndrome of communication deficits associated with aphasia. To test the major theories proposed to explain the cause(s) of these pantomimic deficits and their association with aphasic verbal deficits, path analysis and LISREL were used to analyse five causal models. (Path analysis is a type of structural equation modelling and LISREL is a computer program used to assess the models against the obtained data.) Data were obtained from 41 left-hemisphere-damaged aphasic subjects. The results of the path and LISREL analyses led to the rejection of four of the five models. Three of the four rejected models tested asymbolia, intellectual loss, limb apraxia, and visual processing deficit as sole causal factors; the fourth rejected model was a multicausal model testing intellectual loss, limb apraxia, asymbolia, and visual processing deficit. The one model that prov...
Long wavelength bifurcation of gravity waves on deep water

Conditions are found for the appearance of non-uniform progressive waves of permanent form from a long-wave modulation of a finite-amplitude Stokes wave on deep water. The waveheight at which the modulated waves can occur is a very slowly decreasing function of the modulation wavelength for values up to 150 times the original wavelength. Some qualitative remarks are made about the problem of determining the stability of the new waves.
Tracking moving objects across non-overlapping cameras

In this paper we present an approach for tracking people across non overlapping cameras. The approach proposed is based a multi-dimensional feature vector and its covariance, defining an appearance model of every detected blob in the network of cameras. The model integrates relative position, color and texture descriptors of each detected object. Association of objects across non-overlapping cameras is performed by matching detected objects appearance with past observations. Availability of tracking within every camera can further improve the accuracy of such association by matching several targets appearance models with detected regions. For this purpose we present an automatic clustering technique allowing to build a multi-valued appearance model from a collection of covariance matrices. The proposed approach does not require geometric or colorimetric calibration of the cameras. We will illustrate the method for tracking people in relatively crowded scenes in a collection of indoors cameras taken in a mass transportation site. We will present success and challenges yet to be addressed by the proposed approach.
Ar+ ion irradiation induced grain growth in Au and Pt thin films

Abstract A comparative study of Ar ion irradiation induced grain growth in Au and Pt thin films (40 nm) has been conducted by transmission electron microscopy. The grain growth rate in Au is about 3.5 times greater than that in Pt films. The saturated grain size in Au film is approximately 130 nm, more than 3 times larger than its film thickness, while the saturated grain size in Pt film is comparable to its film thickness. No secondary grains emerge after irradiation and post-annealing, in contrast with the secondary grain growth in thermally annealed Au and Pt films. Analogous to thermally-induced grain growth, the differences in the growth rates for the irradiated Au and Pt films can be modeled as differences in atomic mobility.
Production and utilization of CO3− produced by a corona discharge in air for atmospheric pressure chemical ionization

Abstract Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization is a multistep ionization process used in mass spectrometry and ion mobility spectrometry. The formation of product ions depends upon interactions with the analyte and the reactant ion species formed in the ionization source. The predominant reactant ion observed in a point-to-plane corona discharge in air occurs at m/z 60. There have been multiple references in the literature to the identity of this ion with some disagreement. It was postulated to be either CO3− or N2O2−. The identity of this ion is important as it is a key to the ionization of analytes. It was determined here to be CO3− through the use of 18O labeled oxygen. Further confirmation was provided through MS/MS studies. The ionization of nitroglycerine (NG) with CO3− produced the adduct NG·CO3−. This was compared to ionization with NO3− and Cl− reactant ions that also formed adducts with NG. The fragmentation patterns of these three adducts provides insight into the charge distribution and indicates that CO3− has a relatively high electron affinity similar to that of nitrate.
Installation of a commercial database management system in a university environment

This paper addresses the problem of using a commercial database management system (DBMS) in an academic environment for educational purposes. Prior to the decision to use a commercial DBMS, an instructional database IDBS [4] was used. The pros and cons of this decision are discussed. In addition, the problems of obtaining a commercial DBMS on an academic budget for instructional purposes, and of creating a reasonably realistic database are discussed. Finally, an evaluation of the initial quarter's use is presented.The environment for this discussion is the Georgia State University College of Business Administration Information Systems Department graduate database course. This course is offered three times a year with approximately 20 students per offering.DBMS are extensively being used in business areas [2,9,14,15]. As more DBMS are being installed, the sophistication and complexity of these systems is increasing [9,12,13]. This fact makes it imperative for the graduates in the Information Systems field to have a solid understanding of a DBMS and how it is used in a business environment. Without actual experience using a DBMS one cannot fully understand systems of such complexity. This understanding cannot be obtained from text reading and lecture. This situation is analogous to learning a programming language without actually ever using a computer.
Molecular motors: from one motor many tails to one motor many tales

Kinesin and dynein molecular motor proteins generate the movement of a wide variety of materials in cells. Such movements are crucial for many different cellular and developmental functions, including organelle movement, localization of developmental determinants, mitosis, meiosis and possibly long-range signaling in neurons. Kinesins that control the dynamics of microtubules have also been discovered. Recent work has begun to identify processes in which defective molecular motor function can cause human disease.
Earliest School Recollections as a Diagnostic Device for Identifying Successfully or Unsuccessfully Mainstreamed Violent and Assaultive Youth

Abstract The researchers devised a system for classifying the earliest school recollections of violent and assaultive youth. To determine the validity of this system, judges classified 60 such students as successfully or unsuccessfully mainstreamed according to their earliest school recollection. Judges' classifications were compared with objective evaluations of the same students on the basis of their success or failure at being mainstreamed. The findings indicated that there was statistically significant agreement between judges' classifications of students and objective evaluations of students. This study represents the first attempt to utilize earliest school recollections as a diagnostic tool for identifying successfully or unsuccessfully mainstreamed violent and assaultive youth.
Mentor or Tormentor: The Role of the Cooperating Teacher in Student Teacher Success or Failure

Abstract Student teaching is often thought of as the “capstone” experience in teacher education, the culminating activity in preservice professional preparation. Researchers have recently begun to examine the issue of preservice teachers who “fail” student teaching and the circumstances that contribute to their failure. It appears that some failures may not be due to student teacher shortcomings. A presupposed but uncritically examined assumption of both preservice teachers and teacher preparation institutions is that cooperating teachers in field placement classrooms act as mentors on behalf of their student teachers, helping them to translate theory to practice. However, due to misunderstandings or miscommunication about roles and expectations, some student teacher-cooperating teacher dyads appear to be “tormentor” relationships. There is little in the literature that addresses this dynamic, particularly as it relates to student teacher success or failure. This preliminary study explores expectations, p...
Electron microscopic observations of rat medullary reticular tissue after short-term, whole body gamma irradiation.

The ultrastructural observations recorded after shortterm, whole body gamma irradiation on medullary reticular tissue were evaluated. Twenty-five adult rats were divided into one control and four irradiated groups which received 1,000 rads, 2,000 rads, 5,000 rads, and 10,000 rads, respectively. Tissue preparations in each group consisted of immersion fixation in veronal acetate buffered OsO4 and a perfusion technique utilizing s-collidine buffered glutaraldehyde. The micrographs from the control group revealed conformity to neurological ultrastructures as reported by other authors, with one exception. A structure termed “concentric membranous body” (CMB) was observed in the s-collidine buffered, perfused animals. This structure was noted to be associated with neuronal membranes and to contain laminated repeating intraperiodicity of 40–50A. In all irradiated groups (1,000, 2,000, 5,000, 10,000 rads) membranous swirls were observed. These structures appeared to be of CMB origin in the lower exposure groups and from both CMB and myelin sheath breakdown in the higher groups. Progressive cytoplasmic vacuolization, mitochondrial, and myelin sheath damage were noted as being related to dose level. Since no apparent capillary bed damage was observed in any irradiated animal, it was concluded that the cellular abnormalities recorded were the result of direct or localized irradiation damage of the brain.
The Markov-Dubins problem in the presence of a stochastic drift field

We consider the problem of navigating a small Dubins-type aerial or marine vehicle to a prescribed destination set in minimum expected time and in the presence of a stochastic drift field induced by local winds or currents. First, we present a deterministic control law that is independent of the local winds/currents and their statistics. Next, by employing numerical techniques from stochastic optimal control, we compute an optimal feedback control strategy that incorporates the stochastic variation in the wind when driving the Dubins vehicle to its destination set in minimum expected time. Our analyses and simulations offer a side-by-side comparison of the optimal deterministic and stochastic optimal feedback control laws for this problem, and they illustrate that the deterministic control can, in many cases, capture the salient features of structure of the stochastic optimal feedback control.
Megatrends and the future of humanitarian action

This article assesses the implications of six megatrends for humanitarian action in the future, including changes in demography, technology and science, economics, political power, climate, and patterns of conflict. The interaction of these trends suggests a particularly complex landscape for future humanitarian response. For example, conflict in the future is more likely to take place in cities that are growing as a result of economic and environmental factors. Social media are contributing to both political change and humanitarian response, while changes in global political and economic power are likely to influence the way in which the international humanitarian system is financed and supported.
Increasing nurses' knowledge and skills for enhanced response to intimate partner violence.

BACKGROUND A theoretically based intimate partner violence in-service program was developed, implemented, and evaluated among public health nurses. METHODS A two-phase, mixed-methods design was used. Phase 1 used qualitative methods for content development of the in-service program. Phase 2 used a one-group pretest-posttest design to evaluate the effectiveness of the program. RESULTS In Phase 1, nurses perceived a need for knowledge about community intimate partner violence prevention resources and enhancement of interviewing skills. In Phase 2, no significant difference was noted in level of intimate partner violence knowledge between pretest and posttest (p < .107). However, a significant difference in skill level was noted between pretest and posttest (p < .003). CONCLUSIONS Results support the use of an in-service program as an effective method of enhancing the intimate partner violence clinical skills of nurses.
Do we really know our map users

Maps can be produced for many kinds of map users with varying expertise and experiences. Therefore, it would be useful to know who are the users of our maps. This research identified and profiled users of the groundwater maps within the Hydrological Atlas Series of the United States Geological Survey and examined whether differences in users' backgrounds influenced their understanding of the maps. It was found that the principal differences amongst map user backgrounds could be captured by broadly classifying users into two major groups – public and private sector employees. Private sector employees have a technical orientation that enables them to respond well to the technical information presented on these maps while the public sector employees lack such an orientation and thus may experience problems when using the maps. On peut produire des cartes pour divers usagers, d'expertise et d'experience variees. Il serait donc utile de savoir qui sont ces usagers de nos cartes. Cette recherche a identifie et ...
Confirmation of danofloxacin residues in chicken and cattle liver by microbore high‐performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

A specific assay is described for the confirmatory identification of danofloxacin residues in edible tissues of cattle and chicken. The assay utilizes on-line microbore high-performance liquid chromatography and pneumatically assisted electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Collision-induced dissociation of the danofloxacin protonated molecule results in two significant daughter ions. Monitoring both ions provides the specificity required for this confirmatory assay. Optimum electrospray and MS/MS operating conditions permitted the specific monitoring of danofloxacin and the confirmation of its residues in chicken and cattle liver extracts down to 50 ppb. The analysis of control liver or the commercially available antibacterial quinolones enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin gave no response under the assay conditions. The ratios of the two daughter ions were similar for danofloxacin standard solutions, fortified tissues and incurred tissues.
Cyclic AMP regulation of eukaryotic gene transcription by two discrete molecular mechanisms

In experiments designed to study the mechanism by which peptide hormones binding to their plasma membrane receptors stimulate the expression of specific genes, the transcription of two neuroendocrine genes, prolactin and growth hormone, was analyzed in a rat pituitary cell line. The results showed that cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) stimulates the transcription of discrete subsets of eukaryotic genes by at least two independent molecular mechanisms. Cyclic AMP stimulated growth hormone gene transcription and phosphorylation of a 19,000-dalton nuclear protein; this appears to reflect direct nuclear actions of the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. In contrast, the stimulation by cyclic AMP of prolactin gene transcription appears to reflect activation of a discrete calcium-dependent event.
Treatment of acquired haemophilia with factor eight inhibitor bypassing activity.

Haemorrhagic manifestations in patients with acquired haemophilia can be fatal if not recognized and treated appropriately. A retrospective analysis of the efficacy of factor eight inhibitor bypassing activity (FEIBA) in patients with acquired haemophilia treated in three medical centres in the past 10 years was conducted. The median inhibitor titre at treatment was 128 Bethesda Units (BU) in patients with severe and 34 BU in patients with moderate bleeding; P = 0.001. The majority of patients received FEIBA at a dose of 75 u kg-1 every 8-12 h. The number of FEIBA doses administered was higher in patients with severe compared with moderate haemorrhage, 10 vs. 6 doses per bleeding episode; P = 0.001. Complete response (CR) was achieved in 76% of severe and 100% of moderate bleeding episodes with a total CR of 86%. When compared with patients with human inhibitor titre 51 BU at treatment had lower median porcine titre, 1 vs. 9.5 BU; P < 0.05, fewer doses of FEIBA, 6 vs. 8.5 doses; P < 0.05, and shorter time to CR, 29 vs. 42 h; P < 0.05. Patients exposed to factor VIII concentrates prior to FEIBA had significantly higher maximum recorded human inhibitor titre compared with patients without such exposure, 273 vs. 38 BU; P = 0.0001. Treatment with FEIBA was very well tolerated and with very few side effects. This study provides evidence that FEIBA is an effective agent in acquired haemophilia and suitable for all types of patients regardless of severity of haemorrhage, underlying disease or inhibitor titre.
Information dissemination in alternative agriculture research : An analysis of researchers in the North Central region

Agricultural research and education significantly influence the direction of U.S. agriculture by improving the practices available to farmers and by decreasing uncertainties associated with adopting new farming practices. Because sustainable agriculture is management-intensive, access to information is particularly important in adopting and implementing sustainable farming practices. Given that relatively little funding is allocated to sustainable agriculture research by the federal government, successful dissemination of these research results is critical. This paper presents an analysis of the dissemination efforts of 42 researchers funded through the USDA's North Central Region Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE) program. Results show that these SARE researchers purposefully consider the effectiveness of various dissemination methods in reaching targeted audiences and attempt to involve farmers in their dissemination efforts. Overall, researchers note that information dissemination is limited by farmer interest. Additional barriers exist, most notably insufficient resources and institutional biases. In the future, the ways in which information is compiled and made available must be improved, and responsibility for farmer outreach should be better coordinated.
Social Workers’ Attitudes Towards and Engagement in Self-Disclosure

This article reports on a study of social workers’ engagement in self-disclosure. Consistent with theory and research, participants limited their use of personal self-disclosure but were more willing to be transparent with clients. Yet, the social workers in this study did not always feel prepared by their education to appropriately engage in self-disclosure nor did they believe their use of this skill was grounded in theory or research. Many of the participants also didn’t feel comfortable talking about self-disclosure in supervision or with colleagues. Findings suggest that more attention should be devoted to teaching social work students about appropriate use of self-disclosure, particularly its different manifestations and its indications and contraindications. The findings also underscore the need for more open and direct discussion of this set of skills in supervision and consultation.
Cap expressions for context-free languages

A new operation on languages, called the “cap operation” is introduced, and corresponding “cap expressions” are defined. It is shown that concatenation, union, and cap are sufficient to characterize context free languages. Furthermore there are effective procedures for finding a cap expression from a context-free grammar and vice versa.
High performance planar GaAs/Al/sub 0.3/Ga/sub 0.7/As Schottky barrier photodetector grown on Si substrates by molecular beam epitaxy

A high-speed and high-sensitivity planar GaAs/Al0.3Ga0.7As heterostructure Schottky barrier photodiode grown on p-type silicon substrate by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) has been studied. Growth of a thermally strained superlattice (TSL) buffer layer enables the fabrication of high performance GaAs Schottky photodiodes on silicon substrate. A reverse leakage current of 9×10−10 A was obtained at −5 V. The detector responsivity and quantum efficiency measured at 0.84 μm were found to be 0.25 A/W and 37.5%, respectively. The response speed of this photodiode, measured by the impulse response method, has a 70 ps risetime and a 3 dB bandwidth of 5 GHz.