cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetics, Genomics, and Proteomics of Sjögren’s Syndrome

Dramatic advances in identifying the genetic basis of many human diseases are transforming our fundamental understanding of etiology and pathogenesis. Over the past decade, large global efforts to characterize sequence variation in the human genome have provided the foundation for this extraordinary progress. Success in mapping disease genes has also been fueled by revolutionary advances in our technical capacity for genotyping and analyzing complex genetic datasets. These advances include the technical capacity for genotyping millions of known variants and have ushered in a new era of powerful, large-scale, and highly successful genome screens for many diseases. Scanning the human genome for association of variants with disease is unbiased and not limited by prior selection of a putative candidate gene for testing. As a result, the genes that are associated with disease can be surprising, oftentimes linking previously unsuspected molecular pathways to numerous disease phenotypes. In many cases, an association may be located between genes and have no known or obvious functional effect. Thus, a dramatic shift in our knowledge of the genetic architecture of human disease is underway. Still, much remains to be learned.
Reading and Transforming Data Format

This chapter covers basic and more advanced data management skills in R. Basic data management tasks are covered in Sect. 2.1, which are sufficient for most beginners. Analysts who work with longitudinal/panel data would often need to transform data back and forth between the wide format (one row per subject) and the long format (one row per response from a subject) using the reshape() function. Data reshape is described in Sect. 2.2. The popularity of online data collection for surveys has changed how electronic data are collected, stored, and managed. Relational databases can store and manage electronic data more effectively than spreadsheet programs. R can communicate directly with a relational database through packages such as RODBC or RPostgreSQL. Relational databases are particularly useful if you are collecting intensive longitudinal data such as Ecological Momentary Assessments. Typically, multiple entries are sampled per day, and the individual assessments are time stamped (e.g., ultimately a POSIX date variable in R). A elementary example is presented in Sect. 2.3.
Heterogeneous Catalytic Hydrogenation of C C and C C

Heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation continues to be a most useful technique for the addition of H2 to carbon-carbon double and triple bonds and to the aromatic nucleus, particularly if the objective involves chemo-, regio- or stereo-selectivity.1–6 Generally, the conditions for a laboratory preparation are mild and the catalyst is easily separated from the product. A simple apparatus often can suffice, although commercial reactors add safety, convenience and the ability to conduct hydrogenations over a wide range of hydrogen pressures and temperatures. Reliable catalysts can be purchased and stored for years without significant loss of activity, and some active catalysts can be prepared conveniently when needed.
Phase II study of trastuzumab with modified docetaxel, cisplatin, and 5 fluorouracil in metastatic HER2-positive gastric cancer.

Trastuzumab with cisplatin and fluoropyrimidine is the standard treatment in metastatic HER2-positive gastric or gastroesophageal (GE) junction adenocarcinoma; however, there is limited data on the efficacy of trastuzumab in combination with a three-drug regimen in this setting. We examined the efficacy and safety of modified docetaxel, cisplatin and 5 fluorouracil (mDCF) plus trastuzumab in a single-arm multicenter phase II trial. Previously untreated patients with HER2-positive metastatic gastric or GE junction adenocarcinoma were treated with mDCF and trastuzumab every 2 weeks. The primary endpoint was 6-month progression-free survival (PFS); secondary endpoints included objective response rate, overall survival (OS), and toxicity. We enrolled 26 patients with metastatic HER2-positive gastric or GE junction adenocarcinoma between February 2011 and June 2015. The median age of patients was 62 years; 96% had a Karnofsky performance status equal to or greater than 80%. With a median follow-up of 25.4 months, the 6-month PFS was 73% (95% CI 51–86%). The objective response rate was 65%, the median PFS was 13 months (95% CI 6.4–20.7) and the median OS was 24.9 months (95% CI 14.4–42.5). Grade 3/4 toxicities included neutropenia (42%), fatigue (23%), and hypophosphatemia (15%). There were no episodes of febrile neutropenia. The combination of mDCF and trastuzumab is effective and safe in patients with metastatic HER2-positive gastric or GE junction adenocarcinoma and can be considered as an option for selected patients. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00515411.
Reducing Dietary Sodium to 1000 mg per Day Reduces Neurovascular Transduction Without Stimulating Sympathetic Outflow.

The American Heart Association recommends no more than 1500 mg of sodium/day as ideal. Some cohort studies suggest low-sodium intake is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality. Extremely...
Conceptualizing the Ideology of Linguistic Legitimacy: ‘Primitive people have primitive languages and other nonsense’

This chapter offers a conceptual analysis of the concept of ‘linguistic legitimacy’, and identifies the criteria that are used to reject particular language varieties as being ‘real’ or ‘legitimate’ in comparison with others. It is suggested that these criteria make little or no sense from a linguistic perspective, and that they are used for political, social, economic and ideological reasons to maintain social power over marginalized groups in society. The point here is that differences between language varieties are just that—differences. It is the combination of the overwhelming ubiquity of the ideology of linguistic legitimacy and its general invisibility that makes it so dangerous.
Commercial Religious Exercise: Translating the Commercial Speech Doctrine to the Free Exercise Clause

This essay responds to the Supreme Court's decision in Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, which held that religious for-profit employers should be exempt from the Affordable Care Act's contraceptive coverage requirement. The Court held that the contraceptive coverage mandate imposes a "substantial burden" on religious exercise in violation of the Religious Freedom Restoration Act. I argue that, in light of Hobby Lobby, RFRA should be amended to recognize the difference between religious practice that takes place in a personal setting and religious practice that takes place in a commercial setting, that is, during the course of a commercial employment relationship, "an area traditionally subject to government regulation." The distinction I propose is analogous to the commercial speech doctrine, which applies a lesser degree of scrutiny to restrictions on "commercial speech" than to restrictions on noncommercial expression. Tighter regulation is justified in a commercial setting because commercial relationships impact the interests of third parties. This reasoning translates to religious exercise. Commercial speech is entitled to less protection because it does not further public discourse and it has the potential to deceive or mislead consumers. Religious exercise in a commercial employment setting may be entitled to less constitutional protection because it goes beyond the employer's personal autonomy, and may burden the employees' rights.
An alternative synthesis of 2-chloro-5-hydroxypyridine: A key component of the non-opioid analgesic agent ABT-594

Abstract The synthesis of the biologically useful synthon 2-chloro-5-hydroxypyridine from 3-iodo-6-chloropyridine is described.
Physiologic Basis of Symptoms in Pleural Disease.

Pleural effusions are commonly encountered and have a significant impact on the respiratory system. The reported effect of thoracentesis on physiologic parameters including oxygenation, lung volumes, and respiratory mechanics is variable likely owing to studies with a small, heterogeneous population of patients. Most patients who are short of breath from pleural effusion experience relief following drainage due to improvement in the length–tension relationship of the respiratory muscles. An observed increase in oxygenation following thoracentesis is likely due to improved ventilation and perfusion matching. Recent advances in methods of measuring pleural pressure provide a greater understanding of the impact of pleural effusion on pleural pressure and changes in pleural pressure with thoracentesis; however, there has been no demonstrated benefit of routine monitoring of pleural pressure to reduce complications from thoracentesis. Manometry does allow for the identification of patients with unexpandable lung which is useful when determining options for pleural palliation. The following article will review the pathophysiological effects of pleural effusion and thoracentesis.
Assessment of the Effect of Oral Health on Quality of Life and Oral-Health Indicators among ESRD Patients in Southwest Florida: A Pilot Study

Purpose. To determine and compare OHRQoL (oral-health-related quality of life) using the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI-12) and Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) among patients receiving hemodialysis (HD). Methods. Face-to-face interviews and intraoral examinations were conducted among 70 patients. Mann–Whitney U test and Kruskal–Wallis test were used to compare each item score with demographics and dental and overall health status. Results. The mean number of years on dialysis was 4.7 ± 7.5 yrs; the mean number of teeth present was 19.7 ± 11.04; median values of OHRQoL using GOHAI-12 and OHIP-14 were 52 and 64. Within GOHAI-12, limiting food ( 0.043), uncomfortable eating in front of people ( 0.045), limiting contact with people ( 0.046), and eating without discomfort ( 0.011) were significantly associated with females. Being worried ( 0.040) and self-conscious ( 0.048) were significant for age groups ≤65 years. Prevented from speaking was associated with >20 teeth ( 0.016). Being worried about oral health was associated with number of years on dialysis ( 0.042). Within OHIP-14, speech was associated with number of teeth present ( 0.024). Total inability to function was significantly associated with race ( 0.018), number of teeth ( 0.028), and edentulousness ( 0.031). Conclusions. GOHAI-12 was more effective than OHIP-14 in assessing OHRQoL. However, most subjective experiences did not correlate with clinical findings. Systemic health issue like end-stage renal disease affecting QoL might have taken precedence over dental problems. Clinical assessments should be inherent in oral-health evaluation and there should be cooperation between nephrologists and dentists in promoting oral health and treating systemic conditions among HD patients.
Physiology of the Normal Right Ventricle

Abstract Historically, the right ventricle was considered a passive conduit for blood flow from the systemic venous circulation to the pulmonary vascular bed on the way to the left ventricle. It has since been appreciated that the right ventricle critically contributes to cardiopulmonary function. The unique phenotype of the right ventricle derives from its cardiomyocyte embryology, chamber anatomy and structure, and right ventricular-pulmonary arterial coupling. Contrasting the right and left ventricles demonstrates how the two organs behave differently under similar loading conditions and how their behavior is interdependent. Assessing right ventricular physiology is also challenging but can be accomplished with multiple non-invasive imaging techniques in addition to right heart catheterization. Future studies of the right ventricle may identify the earliest steps along the pathophysiologic pathway from normal to abnormal, which will hopefully lead to more targeted treatments.
Quantum management: the practices and science of flourishing enterprise

Quantum Management brings to light the power of direct-intuitive practices – such as meditation, nature immersion, and countless others – to transform a leader’s consciousness as the highest point ...
Variation in School District Nutrition Policies and Practices: Community Context Matters

The school nutrition environment has a large impact on child diet. However, there is a paucity of nationally representative research on factors that predict effective nutrition policies, practices,...
Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood: gastrointestinal manifestations and correlation with neurological impairments.

Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood (AHC) is caused by mutations of the ATP1A3 gene which is expressed in brain areas that include structures controling autonomic, gastrointestinal, gut motility and GABAergic functions. We aimed to investigate, in a cohort of 44 consecutive AHC patients, two hypotheses: 1) AHC patients frequently manifest gastrointestinal, particularly motility, problems. 2) These problems are often severe and their severity correlates with neurological impairments. 41/44 (93%) exhibited gastrointestinal symptoms requiring medical attention. For these 41 patients, symptoms included constipation (66%), swallowing problems (63%), vomiting (63%), anorexia (46%), diarrhea (44%), nausea (37%), and abdominal pain (22%). Symptoms indicative of dysmotility occurred in 33 (80%). The most common diagnoses were oropharyngeal dysphagia (63%) and gastroesophageal reflux (63%). 16 (39%) required gastrostomy and two fundoplication. Severity of gastrointestinal symptoms correlated with non-paroxysmal neurological disability index, Gross Motor Function Classification System scores, and with the presence/absence of non-gastrointestinal autonomic dysfunction (p = 0.031, 0.043, Spearman correlations and 0.0166 Cramer’s V, respectively) but not with the paroxysmal disability index (p = 0.408). Most AHC patients have gastrointestinal problems. These are usually severe, most commonly are indicative of dysmotility, often require surgical therapies, and their severity correlates with that of non-paroxysmal CNS manifestations. Our findings should help in management-anticipatory guidance of AHC patients. Furthermore, they are consistent with current understandings of the pathophysiology of AHC and of gastrointestinal dysmotility, both of which involve autonomic and GABAergic dysfunction.
Evaluation of the efficacy of commercial protective cultures to inhibit mold and yeast in cottage cheese.

ABSTRACT Biopreservation is defined as using microbes, their constituents, or both to control spoilage while satisfying consumer demand for clean-label products. The study objective was to investigate the efficacy of bacterial cultures in biopreserving cottage cheese against postprocessing fungal contamination. Cottage cheese curd and dressing were sourced from a manufacturer in New York State. Dressing was inoculated with 3 different commercial protective cultures—PC1 (mix of Lacticaseibacillus spp. and Lactiplantibacillus spp.), PC2 (Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus), and PC3 (Lactic. rhamnosus)—following the manufacturer recommended dosage and then mixed with curd. A control with no protective culture was included. Nine species of yeast (Candida zeylanoides, Clavispora lusitaniae, Debaryomyces hansenii, Debaryomyces prosopidis, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Meyerozyma guilliermondii, Pichia fermentans, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, and Torulaspora delbrueckii) and 11 species of mold (Aspergillus cibarius, Aureobasidium pullulans, Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium citrinum, Penicillium commune, Penicillium decumbens, Penicillium roqueforti, Mucor genevensis, Mucor racemosus, Phoma dimorpha, and Trichoderma amazonicum) were included in the study. Fungi strains were previously isolated from dairy processing environments and were inoculated onto the cheese surface at a rate of 20 cfu/g. Cheese was stored at 6 ± 2°C. Yeast levels were enumerated at 0, 7, 14, and 21 d postinoculation. Mold growth was visually observed on a weekly basis through d 42 of storage and imaged. Overall, the protective cultures were limited in their ability to delay the outgrowth in cottage cheese, with only 8 of the 20 fungal strains showing an effect of the cultures compared with the control. The protective cultures were not very effective against yeast, with only PC1 able to delay the outgrowth of 3 strains: D. hansenii, Tor. delbrueckii, and Mey. guilliermondii. The efficacy of these protective cultures against molds in cottage cheese was more promising, with all protective cultures showing the ability to delay spoilage of at least 1 mold strain. Both PC1 and PC2 were able to delay Pen. chrysogenum and Pho. dimorpha outgrowth, and PC1 also delayed Pen. commune, Pen. decumbens, and Pen. roqueforti to different extents compared with the controls. This study demonstrates that commercial lactic acid bacteria cultures vary in their performance to delay mold and yeast outgrowth, and thus each protective culture should be evaluated against the specific strains of fungi of concern within each specific dairy facility.
Weight increase of cotton fibers during swelling in alkali as a sensitive measure of cellulose degradation in ruminal fluid.

Abstract Weight increase of cotton fiber in an 18% NaOH solution, termed “alkali-centrifuge” or “AC” value, was measured after incubation of either 1 g or 100 mg of the fiber in ruminal fluid. The AC response was a sensitive measure of cellulolytic activity. Thus, fiber incubated at 21 and 51°C exhibited major AC increases even when direct weight losses of the unswollen fiber were less than 2%. Similarly, progressive additions of acetic acid to ruminal fluid progressively depressed both AC response and direct weight loss, but the former was still easily measurable when the latter was not. In tightly closed, completely filled vials with high ratio of ruminal fluid to sample, AC increased greatly and rapidly, i.e., in 6 h. This time could be further reduced to 2 h by overnight “preincubation” of the ruminal fluid with cotton fiber before starting the test incubation. Certain surfactants used to aid wetting of the fiber had a low but measurable potency in inhibiting cellulose digestion, but other surfactants were non-inhibitory. The AC response was maintained when ruminal fluid was diluted with an equal amount of McDougall's “artificial saliva” solution.
Impacts of motor vehicle operation on water quality in the US – Cleanup costs and policies

This paper investigates the costs of controlling some of the environmental impacts of motor vehicle transportation on groundwater and on surface waters. We estimate that annualized costs of cleaning-up leaking underground storage tanks range from $0.8 billion to $2.1 billion per year over 10 years. Annualized costs of controlling highway runoff from principal arterials in the US are much larger: they range from $2.9 billion to $15.6 billion per year over 20 years (1.6-8.3% of annualized highway transportation expenditures). Some causes of non-point source pollution were unintentionally created by regulations or could be addressed by simple design changes of motor vehicles. A review of applicable measures suggests that effective policies should combine economic incentives, information campaigns, and enforcement, coupled with preventive environmental measures. In general, preventing water pollution from motor vehicles would be much cheaper than cleaning it up.
From Autocracy to Democracy: Political Institutions at the end of the Ch’ing Dynasty

No political institution is absolutely sound at all times in all places. Its value varies with the changes in time and circumstances, which are actually the determining factors for the modern transformation from absolute monarchy into constitutional democracy. There is neither a definite standard for such transformation nor a workable rule for its success or failures. These, again, depend upon the particular background of a country, determination of the people, as well as other important elements. The uncertainty of the overall situation in modern China was the underlying reason for her frequent shifting from one government system to another.
Suprascapular Nerve Block

The suprascapular nerve, due to its superficial location in the supraspinous fossa, is a readily accessible nerve that is easy and safe to block. The suprascapular nerve block (SSNB) has been utilized for well over 60 years to address various causes of shoulder pain. Early advocates of the SSNB reported its usefulness in treating shoulder pain secondary to rotator cuff degenerative tears. Subsequent studies expanded its indications to include conditions such as glenohumeral degenerative joint disease, adhesive capsulitis, and postoperative shoulder pain following arthroscopic surgery. The technique of the SSNB has evolved over the years. Early reports favored blocking the suprascapular nerve at the suprascapular notch; however, more recent advocates suggest blocking the nerve at the supraspinous fossa to minimize the risk of major complications.
Developing a Java software tool for oriented matroids

As part of a summer internship, we worked on developing a Java software that would facilitate the visualization of dualities for educational and research purposes. The design of this software tool was inspired by the Model View Control paradigm for project design, where the same set of objects can be viewed in different frameworks. This programming approach is strongly object oriented and requires the programmer to separate the application, user input, and display logics. The Model is an interface independent application. We have a linked list called "SetOfPoints" as our model. The View is responsible for maintaining an updated view of the model and must be notified of changes to the model. We can view our model in three different views, namely a Point Frame (primal view), a Line Frame (dual view), and an Information Window. The Control, which is implemented as Menu Bar options in our project, initiates changes to the model, which can be viewed in the frames.
Progressive transneuronal changes in the brainstem and thalamus after long-term dorsal rhizotomies in adult macaque monkeys.

This study deals with a potential brainstem and thalamic substrate for the extensive reorganization of somatosensory cortical maps that occurs after chronic, large-scale loss of peripheral input. Transneuronal atrophy occurred in neurons of the dorsal column (DCN) and ventral posterior lateral thalamic (VPL) nuclei in monkeys subjected to cervical and upper thoracic dorsal rhizotomies for 13–21 years and that had shown extensive representational plasticity in somatosensory cortex and thalamus in other experiments. Volumes of DCN and VPL, number and sizes of neurons, and neuronal packing density were measured by unbiased stereological techniques. When compared with the opposite, unaffected, side, the ipsilateral cuneate nucleus (CN), external cuneate nucleus (ECN), and contralateral VPL showed reductions in volume: 44–51% in CN, 37–48% in ECN, and 32–38% in VPL. In the affected nuclei, neurons were progressively shrunken with increasing survival time, and their packing density increased, but there was relatively little loss of neurons (10–16%). There was evidence for loss of axons of atrophic CN cells in the medial lemniscus and in the thalamus, with accompanying severe disorganization of the parts of the ventral posterior nuclei representing the normally innervated face and the deafferented upper limb. Secondary transneuronal atrophy in VPL, associated with retraction of axons of CN neurons undergoing primary transneuronal atrophy, is likely to be associated with similar withdrawal of axons from the cerebral cortex and should be a powerful influence on reorganization of somatotopic maps in the somatosensory cortex.
Plasma physics on auroral field lines - The formation of ion conic distributions

The formation of the conical distribution function and the acceleration of ions on aurora field lines are considered. Ion cyclotron waves were assumed to be excited by drifting electrons associated with the return current in the auroral zone. A theoretical analysis of ion cyclotron waves is given, and a simulation model is described. Simulation results are presented. The heating of ions and the evolution of ion cyclotron waves on auroral field lines and in the magnetosphere are discussed.
Discriminant Function Sexing of the Tibia

The objective of the study was to test whether the shaft dimensions of the tibia were as sexually dimorphic as those of the femur and to develop a new sex determination technique from the tibia. Stepwise discriminant function subroutine based on a sample of 159 tibiae of blacks and whites of both sexes of the Terry Collection was employed for the study. Osteometric measurements included were the length, proximal and distal breadths, the circumference of the nutrient foramen and of the smallest shaft regions, and anteroposterior and transverse diameters at the nutrient foramen levels. The results indicated that in all dimensions proximal epiphyseal breadth and the minimum circumference were the variables selected by the stepwise function in blacks and that all but the transverse diameter participated in the function in whites. Average accuracy of sex determination was 87.3% for whites and 90.0% for blacks. For both races proximal epiphysis was a better indicator of sex differences than the remaining dimensions. While the study provided statistically reliable results sexual dimorphism was observed to be race dependent. This was especially true for blacks who provided higher prediction accuracy and more dimorphism than whites. Thus it was suggested that determination of sex required a consideration of not only growth related sex differences, and physical activity, but also the genetic (racial) nature of a population.
Developmental Psychopathology and Child Psychotherapy

Although it might be assumed that logical connections exist between the provision of psychotherapeutic interventions to children and adolescents and developmental theory and research, far too few bridges have been forged between these areas of knowledge Cicchetti & Toth, 1992; Cicchetti, Toth, & Bush, 1988; Noam, 1992; Shirk, 1988a, Shirk & Russell, 1996). Because nondevelopmental adult-derived classification guidelines have historically been applied to formulating diagnoses of the mental disorders of childhood, it is not surprising that adevelopmental approaches to intervention, frequently drawn from the adult literature, often have been the norm when providing interventions to children and adolescents. The perpetuation of the “developmental uniformity myth” (Kendall, Lerner, & Craighead, 1984) to interventions for children, wherein it is assumed that mental disorders manifest themselves similarly regardless of age and therefore do not require therapeutic techniques that are sensitive to developmental change, has impeded efforts to provide theoretically guided and developmentally appropriate services to children and adolescents. Further, decision-making regarding what constitutes an action that is in a child’s best interest cannot be made adequately unless the child’s level of functioning across an array of developmental domains (e.g., cognition, emotion, language) and the concomitant capacity to comprehend the meaning of certain events are considered. Moreover, different incidents can have different meanings depending on when they occur in the developmental period. The individual’s history, temperament, and current supports and resources all play a role in helping a child to construct an “individual” meaning from a given event, thereby further contributing to the overall impact on the child.
Evaluation of the short term 12 hour toxicity of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) to multiple life stages of Venustaconcha ellipsiformis and Epioblasma triquetra and its host fish (Percina caprodes)

The present study evaluated the risk of 12-h exposures of the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) to multiple life stages of the federally endangered snuffbox (Epioblasma triquetra) and its primary host fish the common logperch (Percina caprodes) as well as a surrogate to the snuffbox, the ellipse (Venustaconcha ellipsiformis). Life stages examined included free glochidia, 1-wk juveniles, and adults of the ellipse; free glochidia, glochidia on host fish, and 1-wk juveniles of the snuffbox; and adult logperch. Larval sea lampreys were also tested alongside adult ellipse and logperch for direct comparison. Survival exceeded 82% among all life stages in both mussel species at levels up to 1.8 times what would be applied during treatments, suggesting that routine sea lamprey control operations would not adversely affect mussels. However, substantial mortality of adult logperch was observed at TFM concentrations typically applied to streams, and loss of host fish could adversely affect snuffbox reproduction. In addition, TFM had no significant effect on the number of glochidia that metamorphosed on adult logperch. Although the snuffbox is not likely to be acutely affected from sea lamprey control operations, mitigation efforts to minimize impacts to the host fish should be considered.
The longitudinal relationship between depression and walking behavior in older Latinos: The "¡Caminemos!" study.

Objectives: This study sought to evaluate the relationship between baseline depression and prospective engagement in walking and exercise behavior after enrollment in an exercise intervention. Methods: The study used baseline, 1-month, 12-month, and 24-month in-person interview and pedometer data collected from Latinos aged >60 years participating in an exercise intervention (iCaminemos!) at 27 senior centers (n = 572). Results: After joining an exercise intervention, and when using continuous pedometer data and scores from the Yale Physical Activity Survey (YPAS) as the outcomes of interest, older adults with baseline depression exhibited comparable levels of physical activity across time when compared to their nondepressed counterparts. Significant difference in physical activity levels between the depressed and nondepressed subgroups no longer existed within one month of initiating the exercise intervention. Discussion: Among sedentary older Latino adults, having depression may not delay exercise initiation nor does it appear to prevent achievement or maintenance of an exercise program. Language: en
The Fate of Baby Boomers and Their Children

The impact that the baby boom generation is having on the demographic characteristics of the U.S. population is examined using data from the 1980 census and other official sources. Topics covered include changes in family composition single parenthood never-married women with dependent children cohabitation remarriage high-risk families and family structure and poverty. The focus is on the implications of these changes for social work. (ANNOTATION)
Effect of an adaptive optical system's spatiotemporal response on imaging performance

Although analyses general enough to account for both the temporal and spatial characteristics of the adaptive optical system exist, they are complex and require detailed information regarding the wave front sensor, the deformable mirror, and the control algorithm. This investigation develops a frequency domain analysis that predicts the performance of an adaptive optical system having an arbitrary temporal response. The analysis takes into account aperture piston and tilt removal and spatial bandwidth limitations due to the wave front sensor's finite subaperture size and the deformable mirror's finite actuator spacing. The unique aspect of this model is the relative ease with which performance characteristics of different spatial and temporal system response functions can be investigated.
Mesoscale cellular convection: is it convection?

The three convective instability models that aim to account for the broad aspect ratio of mesoscale cellular convection (MCC) are compared with a simple analytical version of the mesoscale entrainment instability (MEI) model proposed by Fiedler (1984). The inadequacies of the convective models are demonstrated. In the MEI model, the MCC is generated from above by a mesoscale instability in the entrainment fluxes. MEI is able to account for the broad aspect ratio of MCC. However the predicted growth rate for MEI is only of order 10 -5 s -1 , which may be too small to account for the amplitude of MCC. Tactics are discussed for making aircraft observations that could reveal whether MCC is generated by MEI or by convection within the mixed layer. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.1985.tb00278.x
Studies on constitutive equations of first and second order viscoelasticity

The first and second order constitutive equations of continuous media with fading memory are formulated in this paper based on the mechanical theory and the appropriate invariant theoretics. Both isotropic and transversely isotropic media are studied. Restrictions imposed by the theory of irreversible (non-equilibrium) thermodynamics lead to further simplifications.
Localized current injection and submicron organic light-emitting device on a pyramidal atomic force microscopy tip

An organic light-emitting device was fabricated on a commercial atomic force microscopy (AFM) probe having a pyramidal tip by a lithography-free vacuum thermal evaporation (VTE) process. The line-of-sight molecular transport characteristic of VTE results in controlled thickness variation across the nonplanar substrate, such that localized current injection occurs at the tip region. Furthermore, the high curvature of the AFM tip vertex concentrates the electric field, causing highly localized bipolar charge injection, accompanied by photon emission from a region less than a micrometer across. This light source exhibits a range of features potentially attractive for applications such as probe-based optical microscopy, nanoscale light sensing, and chemical detection.
The comparative reactivity of various organic adsorbates with Cu(II) in CuH-SAPO-5 and CuH-SAPO-11 molecular sieves studied by electron spin resonance

The adsorption rates of various organic adsorbates on CuH-SAPO-5 and CuH-SAPO-11 molecular sieves have been studied from changes in the electron spin resonance (e.s.r.) spectra of Cu(II). The adsorption rate for hydrazine is much faster than for ethylene, and hydrazine coordinates to Cu(II) through its π-bond. The room-temperature adsorption of aromatic compounds (benzene; o-, m-, and p-xylene; toluene; ethylbenzene; and aniline), saturated nonpolar hydrocarbons (n-hexane, cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, 1,2-dimethylcyclohexane, and 1,3-dimethylcyclohexane), and polar cyclohexylamine on dehydrated CuH-SAPO-5 and CuH-SAPO-11, heat-treated at 65–200°C, is evaluated. With increased pretreatment temperature, the original Cu(II) e.s.r. intensity (IA) decreases and the intensity of a sharp singlet at g = 2.003 (IB), associated with adsorbate decomposition, increases. From the variation of the IAIB ratio as a function of pretreatment temperature, the relative reactivity of Cu(II) in CuH-SAPO-5 and CuH-SAPO-11 toward the various organic adsorbates is determined. It is of particular interest that the order of reactivity differs between the SAPO-5 material with a 12-ring channel and the SAPO-11 material with a 10-ring channel.
Changes in Humor Appreciation of College Students in the Last Twenty-Five Years

79 college students were administered the IPAT Humor Test of Personality. No differences were found between men and women in their humor appreciation. The sample was compared with the 1963 populati...
Sedimentation of cylindrical particles in a viscoelastic liquid: shape-tilting

Abstract Aluminum and Teflon cylindrical particles with flat ends are dropped in aqueous Polyox solutions. The terminal equilibrium orientation of the particles is characterized by the tilt angle, α, formed by the major axis of the cylinder with the horizontal. It is observed that α is a function of the aspect ratio L=L/d, where L is the length and d is the diameter of the cylinder, and that it varies continuously from a certain angle, α0, to 90°, as L increases toward a value L0. For a given shape, both α0 and L0 depend on the density of the cylinder and the properties of the liquid used. For the particles we have considered the value of L0 is of the order of 2. This “tilt-angle phenomenon” disappears as soon as the ends of the cylinder are round. Specifically, cylinders of the same density and with the same aspect ratio but with round ends, when dropped in the same polymeric solution will reach a final orientation with α=90°. Therefore, this tilt-angle phenomenon seems to be tightly related to the shape of the particle.
Potential of intensity-modulated radiotherapy to escalate doses to head-and-neck cancers: What is the maximal dose?

Abstract Purpose To investigate the potential of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) to escalate doses to head-and-neck cancer and find the maximal dose that could be prescribed to the target volume with IMRT while doses to critical organs were maintained at their currently acceptable levels. The secondary goal was to search for limits in current IMRT technology. Methods and materials For a group of 12 head-and-neck cancer patients with different tumor locations and shapes, we performed IMRT planning using a simultaneous integrated boost strategy, that is, the gross tumor volume (GTV), clinical target volume (CTV), and electively treated nodes were treated simultaneously at different dose levels. The critical structures involved in the treatment field that needed to be spared included the brainstem, spinal cord, and parotid glands, depending on the disease site. Nine coplanar 6-MV photon beams were used for planning with the IMRT system developed at our institution, and dose–volume criteria were used for optimization. By varying the optimization parameters, we gradually increased the dose to the GTV while keeping the dose to the critical structures at less than the acceptable tolerance level. The criteria for accepting the plan included the following: ( 1 ) the prescription dose to the GTV had to cover 99% of the volume, and the dose homogeneity of the GTV needed to be 2 ) the prescription to the CTV (which was set either at 60 Gy or 10 Gy less than that of the GTV) had to cover 95% of the volume, and the same amount of normal tissue outside the CTV received the CTV prescription dose as in the current acceptable plan; ( 3 ) the prescription to the electively treated lymph nodes needed to cover 90% of the volume; and ( 4 ) the maximal dose to the brainstem and spinal cord had to be Results The maximal dose to the GTV varied from 86 to 176 Gy if the CTV dose increased with the GTV dose. It was reduced to 76–82 Gy if the CTV dose was kept at 60 Gy. The competing criteria usually are the requirements of the tolerance doses to the critical organs and target dose homogeneity, not the target prescription dose. Using more beams only increased the dose marginally. The results could change significantly if a different set of criteria for the plan evaluation were used. Dosimetric measurements confirmed that such a high dose and dose gradient could be delivered accurately with dynamic multileaf collimators. Statistical analyses showed no significant correlations between the maximal doses and the number of GTVs and volume of GTVs and CTVs. Conclusion Doses to head-and-neck cancers with simultaneous integrated boost IMRT can be escalated to a greater level than currently prescribed clinically. The limit of IMRT in head-and-neck cancer has not been reached at the current prescription level of 70 Gy. Such high total and fractionated doses should be carefully evaluated before being prescribed clinically.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Melting in the Presence of a Magnetic Field: Simulation of Low Gravity Environment

An experimental and numerical study is presented on melting behavior of a pure metal in the presence of a static magnetic field. When a transverse magnetic field is present and the working fluid is electrically conductive, the resulting Lorentz forces will dampen the convective flows. Buoyancy driven flow is the focus of this study. Hartmann number, a dimensionless parameter proportional to the strength of magnetic field, dominates the convection flow suppression. The effects of the magnetic strength on melting rate and on the profile of solid/melt interface are studied. The experiments are conducted with pure Gallium as phase change material (PCM) inside a rectangular test cell. The solid/melt interface at the side center position is measured by an ultrasound device and its profile is mapped via the florescent light shadowgraphy. Temperature measurements and volume expansion/contraction tracking are used to verify the experimental result. The results show that the magnetic strength has a remarkable effect on the melting rate and the interface profile. The numerical simulation fits very well with the experimental data especially, at larger Hartmann numbers.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Studies on the mechanism regulating periodic DNA synthesis in synchronized cultures of Alcaligenes fecalis.

Abstract Addition of deoxycytidine, deoxyguanosine, deoxyadenosine, and thymidine (10 −4 M each) to the growth medium has been demonstrated to destroy periodic stepwise DNA synthesis in synchronous cultres. All four deoxyribosides are necessary. The effect is observed only if the deoxyribosides are added during DNA synthesis. It is accompanied by a loss of periodicity of RNA synthesis and of cell division. At high medium concentrations (greater than 10 −3 M ), deoxyadenosine has been shown to selectively block DNA synthesis. This effect may be reversed by adenosine. When a step of DNA synthesis—in a synchronous culture—is blocked, reversal of the inhibition results in resumption of DNA synthesis at that time when a second synthetic step occurs in cultures not treated with deoxyadenosine. This is true regardless of the time at which inhibition is initiated or reversed. This has been taken to suggest that DNA synthesis occurs only during certain “permitted” portions of the division cycle. A hypothetical mechanism for controlling periodic DNA synthesis is discussed.
A Pilot Study of Home Automated Telemanagement (HAT) System in African Americans with Congestive Heart Failure

Existing telemonitoring systems provide limited support in implementing personalized treatment plans. We developed a Home Automated Telemanagement (HAT) system for patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) to provide support in following individualized treatment plans as well as to monitor symptoms, weight changes, and quality of life, while educating the patient on their disease. The system is designed to be placed in the patient's home and to communicate all patient data to a central server implementing real-time clinical decision support. The system questions the patient daily on their condition, monitors their weight, and provides the patient with instant feedback on their condition in the form of a 3-zone CHF action plan. Their medication regimen and suggested actions are determined by their care management team and integrated into the system, keeping a personalized approach to disease management while taking advantage of the technology available. The system is designed to be as simple as possible, making it usable by patients with no prior computer experience. This telemanagement system has been successfully designed and implemented to optimize the care of patients with congestive heart failure.
EVALUATION OF SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF CHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE IN AIR

In January 1989, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) published revised permissible exposure limits (PELs) for 212 compounds and established PELs for 164 additional compounds. In cases where regulated compounds did not have specific sampling and analytical methods, methods were suggested by OSHA. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM) Method 1020, which was developed for 1,1,2-trichloro-l,2,2-trifluoroethane, was suggested by OSHA for the determination of chlorodifluoromethane in workplace air. Because this method was developed for a liquid and chlorodifluoromethane is a gas, the ability of NMAM Method 1020 to adequately sample and quantitate chlorodifluoromethane was questioned and tested by researchers at NIOSH. The evaluation of NMAM Method 1020 for chlorodifluoromethane showed that the capacity of the 100/50-mg charcoal sorbent bed was limited, the standard preparation procedure was incorrect for a gas analyte, and the ...
Stability constants: comparative study of fitting methods. Determination of second-order complexation constants by 23Na and 7Li NMR chemical shift titration

NMR chemical shift titration has been widely used as a method for the determination of stability constants. Systems involving metal-ligand complexation have been investigated using a number of methodologies. There are significant differences in the values reported for stability constants obtained by different experimental methods, such as calorimetry and ion selective electrode (ISE) titrations; nor has NMR chemical shift titration always yielded consistent results. Different researchers have obtained different results for the same system with results differing by as much as an order of magnitude. The chemical shift data are generally plotted against the concentration ratio of the metal and ligand for a set of solutions. A nonlinear least squares fitting method using an analytical solution of the cubic equation for the equilibrium concentration of the free ligand is used in this study and compared with methods used in the literature. Second-order association constants for the LiClO4:12-crown-4 system in acetonitrile and the NaClO4:12-crown-4 system in methanol are reported. Formation of both 1:1 and 1:2 metal-ligand complexes are considered. The LiClO4:12-crown-4 acetonitrile system had been investigated previously by NMR titration but only 1:1 complexation was considered in that study. This study provides convincing evidence that both 1:1 and 1:2 complexes are important, at least, in the lithium system. A Monte Carlo investigation of the propagation of errors from the chemical shifts to the stability constants shows that the choice of data analysis methods may, in part, contribute to discrepancies and that the nonlinear nature of the model can dramatically affect the error limits on the stability constants. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Urban primacy, external costs, and quality of life

George Tolley’s work on urbanization examined the costs and benefits of increases in city sizes. In this paper, I try to distinguish empirically the internal costs of increases in city sizes, from the external costs imposed on cities of having excessive urban primacy in a country. Primate cities tend to draw high levels of public investments and other resources from their countries, as national governments try to prop up the deteriorating quality of life in primate cities as their sizes increase. The result is significant deterioration in the quality of life of non-primate cities.
Sulfur inhibition of the oxygen-induced reconstruction of the Ni{110} surface

Abstract The inhibition of the oxygen-induced (2×1) reconstruction of the Ni{110} surface by sulfur impurities has been investigated by time-of-flight scattering and recoiling spectrometry (TOF-SARS). The data indicate that sulfur inhibits the diffusion of Ni atoms in the “added-row” reconstruction, presenting a kinetic barrier to the thermodynamically stable Ni{110}-(2×1)-O phase.