cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adenosine-mediated autoregulation of retinal arteriolar tone in the piglet.

Purpose. To determine if the purine vasodilator adenosine participates in mediating autoregulatory dilations of the retinal microcirculation in vivo. Methods. The retinal microcirculation of isoflurane-anesthetized newborn pigs was observed by videomicroscopy (X310). Systemic hypoxia (PaO2 = 24 ± 1 mm Hg; n = 8) or hemorrhagic hypotension (MABP = 41 ± 1 mm Hg; n = 5) was induced, and the effect of intravitreal microsuffusion of 0.4 nmol of the adenosine receptor antagonist 8-sulfophenyltheophylline (8SPT) on retinal arteriolar dilations resulting from these stimuli were measured. The effect of potentiation of endogenous interstitial adenosine concentrations with 0.2 nmol 4-nitrobenzyl6-thioinosine (NBTI) on the response to hypotension (MABP = 43 ± 2 mm Hg; n = 4) was also determined. Results. The significant vasodilatative response of the retinal arterioles to systemic hypoxia (36 ± 8% increase in diameter above baseline; P = 0.0012) was attenuated 55% (P < 0.0001) by the adenosine antagonist 8SPT. Similarly, the significant arteriolar vasodilation induced by systemic hypotension (29 ± 3% increase in diameter; P < 0.0001) was inhibited 76% by 8SPT (P = 0.0002). When adenosine reuptake was inhibited with NBTI, the arteriolar dilation induced by hypotension (32 ± 5% increase in diameter; P = 0.0234) was potentiated 100% (P = 0.0117). Conclusions. Our finding that inhibition or potentiation of endogenous adenosine action uniquely affected retinal arteriolar dilatative responses to hypoxia and hypotension suggests that adenosine is a key participant in mediating autoregulatory adjustments in retinal blood flow in the eye of the newborn. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1993:34:2713-2719.
Crisis and Collective Problem Solving in Dark Web: An Exploration of a Black Hat Forum

This paper explores the process of collective crisis problem-solving in the darkweb. We conducted a preliminary study on one of the Tor-based darkweb forums, during the shutdown of two marketplaces. Content analysis suggests that distrust permeated the forum during the marketplace shutdowns. We analyzed the debates concerned with suspicious claims and conspiracies. The results suggest that a black-market crisis potentially offers an opportunity for cyber-intelligence to disrupt the darkweb by engendering internal conflicts. At the same time, the study also shows that darkweb members were adept at reaching collective solutions by sharing new market information, more secure technologies, and alternative routes for economic activities.
Evaluation of Image Spatial Resolution for Machine Learning Mapping of Wildland Fire Effects

Wildfires burns 4–10 million acres across the United States with suppression costs approaching $2 billion, annually. High intensity wildfires contribute to post fire erosion, flooding and loss of timber resources. Accurate assessment of the effects of wildland fire on the environment is critical to improving the management of wildland fire as a tool for restoring ecosystem resilience. Sensor miniaturization and small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS) offer a new paradigm, providing affordable, on-demand monitoring of wildland fire effects at a much finer spatial resolution than is possible with satellite or manned aircraft, providing finer detail at a much lower cost. This project examined the effect hyperspatial imagery acquired with a sUAS has on improving the extraction of post-fire effects knowledge from imagery. Support vector machines were shown to map post-fire effects land cover classes more accurately using hyperspatial color imagery than 30 m color imagery.
A Comparison of Ethnicity and Tuberculosis in the Historic Southeast

The prevalence and occurrence of tuberculosis can be attributed to a number of intrinsic factors, including sex, age, and ethnicity, as well as extrinsic factors, such as socioeconomic standing, occupation, and nutrition. Evidence of a severe infection, recovered during the 2007 salvage excavation of Foster Cemetery in Lawrence County, Alabama, is presented. Recorded within an African American cemetery population, the tuberculosis case is placed into an historical and regional context through comparison with other 19th- and 20th-century African American and European American cemetery populations in the southeastern United States. Extrapulmonary skeletal tuberculosis frequencies within comparative populations are examined, and the relationship between ethnicity and tuberculosis is assessed. It can be determined that not only does this relationship exist, but it is also one of statistical significance, suggesting that, historically, African American populations had a higher occurrence of tuberculosis than European American populations.
Discrete versus continuous operational calculus in antagonistic stochastic games

We consider a class of antagonistic stochastic games in real time between two players A and B, formalized by two marked point processes. The players attack each other at random times with random impacts. Either player can sustain casualties up to a fixed threshold. A player is defeated when its underlying threshold is crossed. Upon that time (referred to as the first passage time), the game is over. We introduce a joint functional of the first passage time, along with the status of each player upon this time. The latter are the cumulative magnitudes of casualties to each player upon the end of the game, obtained in an analytically tractable form. We then use discrete and continuous operational calculus for the transform inversion. We demonstrate in a special case that the discrete operational calculus is more efficient, allowing us to avoid numerical inversion. It leads to explicit formulas for the joint distribution of associated random variables (first passage time and the status of cumulative casualties to the players upon the end of the game).
Einstein and Books

Albert Einstein loved books. A photograph taken of him in his study at Princeton toward the end of his life (Figure 1) shows him at a desk placed in such a way that, sitting in his comfortable chair, he would be practically surrounded by books of all kinds. His was clearly not a library devoted only to physics books. One can make out the spine of copy of Ghandi’s Autobiography and a copy of the Bible, on shelves that are deep enough to have one row of books behind the other. As is clear from Einstein’s published writings and his correspondence, his interests went far beyond science and the philosophy of science; he also thought and wrote knowledgeably about religion and politics, literature and music, education and human rights, pacifism and anti-Semitism, and the plight of the oppressed.
Optimizing defect detectability across multiple ultraviolet wavelengths (Conference Presentation)

In recent publications, our group has presented simulation studies that investigated the applicability of five ultraviolet inspection wavelengths for defect detection using a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) based defect metric. All computations were performed using our in-house finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) Maxwell’s equations solver. Initial simulations contained no perturbations except for the defect. In the absence of noise, the defects are readily apparent, and we therefore added Poisson noise both to the defect and no-defect simulated images that yield the differential image. For these noisy differential images, signal and noise were separated to calculate the SNR with two additional variables: an area threshold A_min and a noise threshold σ. A wavelength dependent A_min (λ) that scaled linearly with wavelength was required to enable comparison across all five wavelengths. All types of defects were best resolved using an inspection wavelength of λ=47 nm assuming ideal conditions (i.e. no variation in numerical aperture or source intensity as a function of wavelength.) In this work, we add line edge roughness as “wafer noise” on both defect and no-defect geometries to test this SNR approach in a more realistic way. Various permutations of defect types, polarizations, illumination angles, focal planes and wavelengths affect the differential images produced differently. For every combination of the above mentioned experimental setups we individually maximize the SNR as a function of A_min and σ to improve defect detection, and trends across wavelengths are assessed. Finally, we present an alternative approach to the defect detection that is based on a neural network. We address questions of feature selection and its relation to the previous used SNR approach.
Immunobiologics: Intermittent versus Continuous Use in the Treatment of Moderate to Severe Psoriasis:

Immunobiologics are used to treat patients with moderate to severe psoriasis and allow for continuous maintenance therapy for longer periods of time without the adverse effects seen with older syst...
Gender representation in MPA ethics courses

Public administration frequently focuses on values such as diversity, equity, and representation through academic theory, professional standards, and educational accreditation. Research has shown t...
A Comparison of Drug Conditioning and Craving for Alcohol and Cocaine

Craving is a potentially important concept that is difficult to define and study in the laboratory. Although alcohol and cocaine are very different pharmacologically, this discussion emphasizes common factors in addiction to these drugs, such as the tendency of alcoholics and cocaine abusers to crave these substances. I review commonalities in drug conditioning and cue reactivity to alcohol and cocaine. Both drugs support Pavlovian conditioning when they are presented as unconditioned stimuli, whether studied in rodents or humans. In addition, both drugs are craved when abusers are presented with stimuli associated with these drugs. Finally, I propose a theoretical definition of craving based on autoshaping and sign-tracking phenomena that suggests a common mechanism of addiction to these drugs. This model defines craving as a reflection of sign tracking to internal and external stimuli that have in the past reliably predicted presentation of these drugs.
The Labour Market

With the analysis of the evolving labour market, this chapter prepares the ground for the major sectoral analyses which make up the remainder of the book. After introducing the overall picture of the market, the character and patterns of civil service employment—the most significant portion of the labour market—are set out. In so doing the clientelistic practices which have overshadowed the healthy development of civil service labour market in post-1974 period are made clear. References to private sector labour markets are also made whilst raising the endemic problem of public data collection and accessibility. The last section addresses the importance of labour unions and their impact on domestic politics. Historic data on employment patterns is also provided.
Robust non-intrusive interpretation of occupant thermal comfort in built environments with low-cost networked thermal cameras

Abstract About 40% of the energy produced globally is consumed within buildings, primarily for providing occupants with comfortable work and living spaces. However, despite the significant impacts of such energy consumption on the environment, the lack of thermal comfort among occupants is a common problem that can lead to health complications and reduced productivity. To address this problem, it is particularly important to understand occupants’ thermal comfort in real-time to dynamically control the environment. This study investigates an infrared thermal camera network to extract skin temperature features and predict occupants’ thermal preferences at flexible distances and angles. This study distinguishes from existing methods in two ways: (1) the proposed method is a non-intrusive data collection approach which does not require human participation or personal devices; (2) it uses low-cost thermal cameras and RGB-D sensors which can be rapidly reconfigured to adapt to various settings and has little or no hardware infrastructure dependency. The proposed camera network is verified using the facial skin temperature collected from 16 subjects in a multi-occupancy experiment. The results show that all 16 subjects observed a statistically higher skin temperature as the room temperature increases. The variations in skin temperature also correspond to the distinct comfort states reported by the subjects. The post-experiment evaluation suggests that the networked thermal cameras have a minimal interruption of building occupants. The proposed approach demonstrates the potential to transition the human physiological data collection from an intrusive and wearable device-based approach to a truly non-intrusive and scalable approach.
Race Matters in Jury Selection

Whatever the lawyer fears, whether it is an issue of race in the case or unconscious biases in jurors that may affect how they decide the case, the lawyer must address the fears during jury selection. If the lawyer does not explore what the lawyer fears about the case during jury selection, the lawyer has failed to increase the odds that the jury will consider the client’s case fairly. If the defense lawyer does not mention race during jury selection when race matters in a case, racial bias can be a corrosive factor eating away at any chance of fairness for the client.When race matters in a case, it plays a role in the outcome, just like the state’s burden of proof, the credibility of witnesses, the identification of the defendant-client, how the jury views the police involved in the case, or, if the client testifies, how believable the jury thinks the client is. Race matters to this degree because race affects the way jurors view each of these issues.This Essay addresses the importance of a trial lawyer discussing the lawyer’s fears about a case, including issues of race, in jury selection. Part I explains why race matters and how important race-salient jury selection is, especially when race is not an obvious issue in the case. Part II argues that discussing topical issues that may affect how jurors approach a case, especially those issues in the community in which a trial is taking place, is a necessary subject for jury selection. Finally, Part III uses events in Ferguson, Missouri, in 2014, to suggest how an attorney could approach discussing a topical matter, such as Ferguson, with the panel of prospective jurors.
A Primer on Quality Assurance and Performance Improvement for Interprofessional Chronic Kidney Disease Care: A Path to Joint Commission Certification

Interprofessional care for chronic kidney disease facilitates the delivery of high quality, comprehensive care to a complex, at-risk population. Interprofessional care is resource intensive and requires a value proposition. Joint Commission certification is a voluntary process that improves patient outcomes, provides external validity to hospital administration and enhances visibility to patients and referring providers. This is a single-center, retrospective study describing quality assurance and performance improvement in chronic kidney disease, Joint Commission certification and quality outcomes. A total of 440 patients were included in the analysis. Thirteen quality indicators consisting of clinical and process of care indicators were developed and measured for a period of two years from 2009-2017. Significant improvements or at least persistently high performance were noted for key quality indicators such as blood pressure control (85%), estimation of cardiovascular risk (100%), measurement of hemoglobin A1c (98%), vaccination (93%), referrals for vascular access and transplantation (100%), placement of permanent dialysis access (61%), discussion of advanced directives (94%), online patient education (71%) and completion of office visit documentation (100%). High patient satisfaction scores (94-96%) are consistent with excellent quality of care provided.
What we talk about when we talk about culture: a multi-facet approach

Though the cultural turn is well behind us, sociologists of culture have yet to agree upon a clear definition of their subject. Recent efforts in this direction have characterized culture as a meta-concept, identifying and disentangling its constituent parts. Building on the two- and three-dimensional models that have emerged of late, while also taking stock of the longer history of sociology’s struggle to reconceptualize culture after Parsons, we argue that culture is best understood via a four-facet model. Culture, we argue, consists of discourse, which is oriented toward meaning, and practice, which is oriented toward action. But both discourse and practice have implicit and explicit dimensions: they consist of underlying generative structures and concrete manifestations. To demonstrate the four-facet model’s value for empirical analysis, we use it to address the high-profile methodological debates that have recently roiled the field, pitting ethnography, interviewing, and survey research against one another as the ideal mode of accessing culture writ large. Rather than arbitrating among methods, we show, the four-facet model specifies how each approach contributes to cultural analysis, facilitating conversation in places where disagreements currently appear intractable and underwriting methodological pluralism.
A Scalable Packet Routing Mechanism for Chip-Satellites in Coplanar Orbits

This article is motivated by the advent of gram-scale spacecraft, or “chipsats,” which enable satellite networks composed of hundreds of thousands of nodes. Networks of this size necessitate routing policies unlike any that have been used for collections of conventional spacecraft. This article argues which information should and should not be assumed available to each node in such a network. Based on these argued assumptions, this article uses dynamic programming to derive a routing mechanism for planar collections of chipsats. It, then, shows that the resulting mechanism is optimal for collections of orbits that are all near enough in altitude to communicate with one another, and also for collections of circular orbits. This article shows that the derived mechanism is suboptimal for collections of nested, unconnected orbits, and for stochastic collections of unconnected orbits. The particular form of the routing mechanism derived in this article is unique to planar collections of orbits, but the structure of the mechanism generalizes to three dimensions.
A collection of bivariate nonlinear optimisation test problems with graphical representations

Plotting objective functions, whenever possible, allows constraint activity, modality and convexity, as well as landscape features like basins, plateaus, valleys and saddle points, to be intuitively identified. Knowledge of these properties allow researchers to best select a set of functions for rating existing optimisation algorithms, when developing new search algorithms or for their control parameter tune-up. This paper offers a selection of 30 bivariate constrained objective functions accompanied by graphical representations. It is the first time a significant number of constrained-functions with their plots are gathered in one place. Also provided are the minima, maxima (global and local) and saddle point information of these functions, very useful in 'all optima' studies.
Case 37-2020: A 35-Year-Old Man with Lymphadenopathy and Petechiae.

A Man with Lymphadenopathy and Petechiae A 35-year-old man was admitted to the hospital with lymphadenopathy and thrombocytopenia (platelet count, 0 per microliter). Four months earlier, painless l...
Energy Absorption and Stiffness Balance in Modified and Conventional Syntactic Foams

The paper presents the method of analysis and a comparison of the effectiveness of modified and conventional syntactic foams. The method employs the two-phase superposition approach recently developed for composite materials consisting of several concentric phases. Conventional syntactic foams consisting of spherical voids surrounded by thin glass shells embedded in the matrix are compared to modified foams with cylindrical or spheroidal voids. Modified syntactic foams analyzed in the paper include foams with cylindrical voids aligned along the applied stress or perpendicular to the stress and foams with randomly oriented cylindrical voids. It is demonstrated that while conventional syntactic foams with spherical voids absorb more energy than their modified counterparts, the stiffness of such foams is compromised due to the presence of voids to a larger degree than in modified foams. Accordingly, modified syntactic foams may appear a better compromise if a high energy absorption has to be combined with a prescribed large stiffness of the material.
Parkinson's in the bone.

Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) exhibit systemic deficits, including arthritis and osteoporosis-like symptoms. However, the questions, how the deficits in periphery organs or tissues occur in PD patients, and what are the relationship (s) of the periphery tissue deficits with the brain pathology (e.g., dopamine neuron loss), are at the beginning stage to be investigated. Notice that both PD and osteoporosis are the products of a complex interaction of genetic and environmental risk factors. Genetic mutations in numerous genes have been identified in patients either with recessive or autosomal dominant PD. Most of these PD risk genes are ubiquitously expressed; and many of them are involved in regulation of bone metabolism. Here, we review the functions of the PD risk genes in regulating bone remodeling and homeostasis. The knowledge gaps in our understanding of the bone-to-brain axis in PD development are also outlined.
On The Theory of Interresponse-Time Reinforcement

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the theory of reinforcement of interresponse time (IRT). Schedules of reinforcement are simply rules for choosing which of the many occurrences of a response are followed by reinforcement. When a sequence of responses from an organism interacts with a schedule of reinforcement, some of the responses are reinforced while many are not, and a stable performance emerges from the interaction over a period of time. Both fixed-ratio and fixed-interval schedules of reinforcement maintain extremely high rates of responding during the period of time preceding reinforcement. Yet there is evidence in both cases that the IRT that is actually reinforced is not short with respect to those emitted during the high rate of responding. The chapter defends the strong proposition that there is no evidence for the operation of IRT-reinforcement in the generation and maintenance of performances on schedules of reinforcement.
A molecular dynamics study of the role of grain size and orientation on compression of nanocrystalline Cu during shock

Abstract The molecular dynamics method is used to investigate the dependence of grain size and grain orientation on deformation in nanocrystalline Cu during shock. Particle velocities from 1.0 to 3.4 km/s are applied to nanocrystalline Cu samples with grain sizes from 6 to 26 nm. Results show that grain size does not significantly influence the temperature and pressure of the Hugoniot state. However, grain size, grain orientation, and particle velocity do influence the details by which Cu is uniaxially compressed into a BCC structure at pressures between 100 and 200 GPa behind the shock front. The computed atomic percentage of BCC structure ranges between 3.4% and 9.2% depending on grain diameter at a particle velocity of 1.5 km/s, reaches a maximum between 23.3% and 30.7% at a particle velocity of 2.4 km/s, and then decreases to approximately 0.0% at a particle velocity of 3.2 km/s. At a particle velocity of 2.4 km/s, the atomic percentage of BCC structure observed during shock increases with increasing grain size, while this trend is reversed at a particle velocity of 1.5 km/s. Moreover, the observation of BCC structure strongly depends on grain orientation; grains with 〈1 0 0〉 directions closely aligned with the shock loading direction show a higher percentage of BCC structure, implying a tetragonal transformation path (Bain path).
Digital Image Managers: A Unique Partnership

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Molecular cloning of two linked loci that increase the transformability of transformation-deficient mutants of Haemophilus influenzae.

Abstract A plasmid containing a 13.3-kb insert (pER194) was isolated from an EcoRI genomic library of Haemophilus influenzae on the basis of its ability to increase the transformability of the transformation-deficient mutants Com-78 and Com-101. The plasmid failed to increase the transformability of the Rec-1 and Rec-2 mutants, indicating that the mutations producing the Com-78 and Com-101 phenotypes are distinct from those giving rise to the Rec-1 and Rec-2 phenotypes. The physical mapping of the cloned fragment on the H. influenzae chromosome was found to be consistent with the genetic mapping of the Com-101 trait. A 2.8-kb EcoRI-BglII subfragment, representing one end of the 13.3-kb clone, was found to increase the transformation frequency of the Com-78 and Com-101 mutants when supplied in trans, indicating that the subfragment carries one or more loci required for chromosomal transformation. The corresponding region of the Com-101 chromosome was determined by hybridization analysis to contain a 0.3-kb insertion, suggesting that the Com-101 strain may contain an insertion mutation at this locus. A 3.0-kb EcoRI-MluI subfragment, representing the other end of the 13.3-kb EcoRI fragment, was found to increase the transformation frequency of the Com-101 mutant but not of the Com-78 mutant, suggesting that the Com-101 phenotype results from a complex genotype involving mutations at two or more transformation-related loci. This conclusion is consistent with data indicating that the Com-101 trait can be genetically separated into at least two components.
What Do Medical Services Buy? Effects of Doctor Visits on Work Day Loss

This study analyzes whether medical services are productive for the improvement of health. The assessment of the effect of medical services on improved health is empirically difficult: individuals with failing health obtain medical services. The proposed empirical model accounts for the potential endogeneity of medical services. While a simple regression model shows that doctor visits actually increase work loss days, the estimates from the simultaneous model show that obtaining medical services reduces work loss days. For example, if an individual has influenza, obtaining medical services reduces the number of days lost at work by approximately 2.5 days.
What role for antibiotics in otitis media and sinusitis

In patients with otitis media or sinusitis, antibiotics must be used judiciously. First-line treatment for both uncomplicated acute otitis media and acute sinusitis is amoxicillin. Erythromycin ethylsuccinate and sulfisoxazole or TMP-SMZ may be used in patients who are allergic to penicillin. Beta-lactamase-stable agents should be given when no response occurs within 48 to 72 hours. In cases in which penicillin-resistant pneumococcus is suspected, high-dose amoxicillin, with or without clavulanate, or clindamycin should be considered. Antibiotics are not indicated for initial treatment of otitis media with effusion but may be considered for effusions lasting longer than 3 months. Prophylactic antibiotics should be considered only for recurrent acute infections occurring three or more times within 6 months or four or more times within a year. The common cold should not be treated with antibiotics, and antimicrobial therapy should be initiated only when there is reasonable clinical certainty about the presence of acute sinusitis.
Ground-truthing the boron isotope-paleo-pH proxy in planktonic foraminifera shells: Partial dissolution and shell size effects

[1] Sediment samples from the Ontong-Java Plateau in the Pacific and the 90° east ridge in the Indian Ocean were used to investigate whether shell size and early diagenesis affect δ11B of the symbiont-bearing planktonic foraminifer Globigerinoides sacculifer. In pristine shells from both study locations we found a systematic increase of δ11B and Mg/Ca with shell size. Shells in the sieve size class 515–865 μm revealed δ11B values +2.1 to +2.3‰ higher than shells in the 250–380 μm class. This pattern is most likely due to differences in symbiont photosynthetic activity and its integrated effect on the pH of the foraminiferal microenvironment. We therefore suggest smaller individuals must live at approximately 50–100 m water depth where ambient light levels are lower. Using the empirical calibration curve for δ11B in G. sacculifer, only shells larger than 425 μm reflect surface seawater pH. Partial dissolution of shells derived from deeper sediment cores was determined by shell weight analyses and investigation of the shell surface microstructure by scanning electron microscopy. The δ11B in partially dissolved shells is up to 2‰ lower relative to pristine shells of the same size class. In agreement with a relatively higher weight loss in smaller shells, samples from the Ontong-Java Plateau show a more pronounced dissolution effect than larger shells. On the basis of the primary size effect and potential postdepositional dissolution effects, we recommend the use of shells that are visually pristine and, in the case of G. sacculifer, larger than 500 μm for paleoreconstructions.
The dynamic strength of an ordinary chondrite

Abstract– Dynamic and quasistatic unconfined compression experiments were performed on samples of the L5 ordinary chondrite MacAlpine Hills (MAC) 88118. The dynamic compressive strength measurements are the first of its kind for a stony meteorite, and indicate that the material tested here exhibits significant increase in compressive strength with increasing strain rate. This increase in compressive strength is larger than the increases typically observed in terrestrial rock specimens compressed over a similar range of strain rates. The details of the failure process are investigated by recording images of the experiments in real time. Specifically, the crack growth speeds in the dynamic compression experiments are measured from ultrahigh-speed images. These speeds are significantly lower than the speeds observed in terrestrial analogs that are typically used in numerical investigations of large-scale impacts. The implications of these measurements of strength and failure process are explored in the contexts of atmospheric disruption of meteors and impact cratering/disruption of asteroids.
Excitotoxicity and nitric oxide in parkinson's disease pathogenesis

A potential role for excitotoxic processes in Parkinson's disease (PD) has been strengthened by the recent observations that there appears to be a mitochondrially encoded defect in complex I activity of the electron transport chain. An impairment of oxidative phosphorylation will enhance vulnerability to excitotoxicity. Substantia nigra neurons possess N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and there are glutamatergic inputs into the substantia nigra from both the cerebral cortex and the subthalamic nucleus. After activation of excitatory amino acid receptors, there is an influx of calcium followed by activation of neuronal nitric oxide (NO) synthase, which can then lead to the generation of peroxynitrite. Consistent with such a mechanism, studies of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine neurotoxicity in both mice and primates have shown that inhibition of neuronal NO synthase exerts neuroprotective effects. Studies utilizing excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists have been inconsistent in mice but show significant neuroprotective effects in primates. These results raise the prospect that excitatory amino acid antagonists for neuronal NO synthase inhibitors might be useful in the treatment of PD.
GABAA-receptor-activated current in dorsal root ganglion neurons freshly isolated from adult rats.

1. gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter affecting dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. This study compares properties of current activated by the GABAA receptor in two populations of DRG neurons. DRG neurons were isolated from adult rat with the use of enzymatic and mechanical means. Within hours of being isolated, neurons were recorded from with the use of the whole-cell variant of the patch-clamp technique. 2. One population of neurons exhibited an afterdepolarizing potential (ADP), a low threshold for action-potential generation (-45 to -50 mV), a short-duration action potential (less than 2 ms) that was abolished in the presence of 1-2 microM tetrodotoxin (TTX), and an insensitivity to 50 nM capsaicin. The second population of neurons exhibited a high threshold for action-potential generation (less than -40 mV), a shoulder on the falling phase of the action potential, insensitivity of action-potential generation to TTX (1-2 microM), and a depolarizing response to application of 50 nM capsaicin. 3. Sensitivity to GABA (over the range of 1–1,000 microM) was comparable for the two populations of neurons. 4. GABA-activated current was greater in ADP neurons than in non-ADP-type neurons of a comparable diameter (30-50 microns). The mean +/- SE amplitude of current activated by 10 microM GABA in ADP neurons was 0.310 +/- 0.050 nA (range = 0.110-0.460 nA, n = 8), and 0.037 +/- 0.016 nA (range = 0.010-0.130 pA, n = 7) in non-ADP neurons. Ten microM GABA elicited cell firing in ADP neurons but not in non-ADP neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Gas source molecular beam epitaxial growth and characterization of InP on GaAs

Heteroepitaxial growth of thick (up to 5 mu m) InP on GaAs by gas-source molecular beam epitaxy is investigated using in-situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction and low-temperature photoluminescence experiments. The initial stages of growth are characterized by a Stranski-Krastanov growth mode. Above the critical thickness for dislocation formation, 3-D islands are formed having sloping sides oriented along the
Requirements Analysis on Pay Wave

Pay Wave in this paper refers to technology which provides contactless payment between the Pay Wave card and the Point of Sale (POS) Terminals. Pay Wave uses Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Chip which is embedded in the cards for contactless payment. It can also be embedded in Smart phones, watches, key rings for the advanced use. The customer just needs to wave the card in front of the POS Terminal and the transaction will be done in less than 1/2 second. This paper analyses the requirements of Pay Wave and focuses on the advantages of this new mode of payment.
Secrets of the Hair Follicle: Now on Your iPhone

Skin development requires communication between epithelial and mesenchymal cells, melanocytes, and neurons. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Sennett et al. (2015) shed new light on these mechanisms by simultaneously profiling multiple different cell types in embryonic mouse skin at the onset of hair follicle formation.
Pb(II) Adsorption on Isostructural Hydrated Alumina and Hematite (0001) Surfaces: A DFT Study†

The persistence of lead (Pb) in contaminated topsoil is ranked as one of the most serious environmental issues in the U.S. and other countries. Adsorption of Pb at the aqueous interface of nanoscale metal oxide and metal (oxy)hydroxide particles is perhaps the most significant process responsible for controlling contaminant sequestration and mobility, but the process is poorly understood at the molecular level. Experimental studies of absorption of Pb onto bulk minerals have indicated significant differences in reactivity, but the molecular basis for these differences has remained elusive due to the challenges of observing and modeling the complex chemistry that exists at the water−oxide interface. In this work, we present a detailed ab initio theoretical investigation aimed at understanding the fundamental physical and chemical characteristics of Pb adsorption onto the (0001) surface of two common minerals, α-Al2O3 and α-Fe2O3. The results of our periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations show...
Job-related perceptions of male and female government, industrial, and public accountants

Whereas the adverse consequences of role stress are well substantiated for most occupational groups, the relationship between this phenomenon and other job-related factors in accountants has received relatively less attention. The limited past research involving accountants has either excluded female accountants or failed to report data by sex. Moreover, previous research has largely excluded accountants in government settings, focusing primarily on industrial and public accountants. In view of these limitations, the present investigations examined the relationships among role stress (i e, role conflict and ambiguity), job-related tension, job satisfaction, and propensity to terminate employment for a national sample of both male and female accountants in public, industrial, and government accounting. Within and between sex differences for each of the three accountant groups on the five job-related variables are analyzed. Findings are discussed in terms of the uniqueness of different types of accounting jobs and pertinent implications are advanced.
Prediction of Hypnotic Susceptibility from Imaginative Involvement

Abstract One hundred college students were given an imaginative involvement inventory based on J. Hilgard's case studies. Nine areas of imaginative involvement were tested with two statements representing each area. Sixteen high scorers and sixteen low scorers on the imaginative inventory were hypnotized using the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale-A (Revised). The high imaginative involvement group had significantly higher hypnotic susceptibility scores than the low imaginative involvement group. Six factors emerged from analysis of the entire group of questionnaires. The factor structure supports a partial dissociation-identification theory of hypnosis. Further support of this theory was provided by factor analysis of imaginative inventories of the 32 subjects.
Racial/Ethnic Intermixing in Intra-Urban Space and Socioeconomic Context: Columbus, Ohio and Milwaukee, Wisconsin

This study concerns racial/ethnic intermixing in Columbus Ohio and Milwaukee Wisconsin MSAs, representing a Post-Fordist and Historically Fordist economic context. Location quotients for whites and minority-as-a-group provide a general description of intermixing across census tracts (CTs). The relationship between intra-urban intermixing and neighborhood characteristics employs Entropy-type Indices (E') of six racial/ethnic groups for 2000 and 1990-2000 change, regressed against principal components representing demographic, socioeconomic, and built-environment characteristics. A 1/0 dummy variable distinguishes post-Fordist Columbus from Historically Fordist Milwaukee, and E'(1990) is employed as a base variable for 1990-2000 change. We find that CT characteristics related to intermixing are reasonably similar across the MSAs, but that their role in Columbus is more strongly related to greater intermixing. Further, intermixing in Columbus is more extensive and spatially dispersed. Hence, we conclude more...
Residues of aldrin, dieldrin, chlordane, and DDT in soil and sugarbeets.

After emulsifiable formulations of aldrin, chlordane, and DDT were each applied to Umapine loam soil at 6 rates ranging from 0.625 to 20 lb per acre, sugarbeets were grown in the treated plots for 3 consecutive years, 1965-1967, and samples of soil and mature sugarbeets were analyzed by gas chromatography. The half-lives of aldrin, aldrin plus its metabolite dieldrin, dieldrin, chlordane, and DDT were 3.1, 8.5, 29.7, 14.3, 22.9 months, respectively. The residues in mature sugarbeets were proportional to the residues in the soil at the time of planting. In 1965, residues of aldrin and dieldrin in beets averaged 18% of the total concentration of the 2 compounds in the soil; in 1966 and 1967, residues that were primarily dieldrin averaged 8.4% of the concentration in soil. Residues of chlordane and DDT in the beets averaged 9.6 and 5.5%, respectively, of the concentration in soil at the time of planting.
Miniature DMFCs with passive thermal-fluids management system

Abstract A new miniature DMFC system that includes a fuel cell stack, a fuel tank and a passive ancillary system (termed “thermal-fluids management system” in this paper) is presented. The thermal-fluids management system utilizes passive approaches for fuel storage and delivery, air breathing, water management, CO2 release and thermal management. With 5.1 g of neat methanol in the fuel cartridge, a prototype has successfully demonstrated 18 h of continuous operation with total power output of 1.56 Wh.
Corrosion of Synthesized Glasses and Glazes as Analogs for Nuclear Waste Glass Degradation

Synthesized glasses provide an opportunity to study natural corrosion processes which are intermediate in time span between geological examples of natural glasses, such as obsidians and tektites, and relatively short term laboratory tests lasting a few hours to several decades. Like natural glasses, the synthesized glasses are sufficiently abundant that laboratory studies can be conducted to study the processes, mechanisms and rates of corrosion. In addition, synthesized glasses can usually be tracked to particular archaeological find sites with known dates of production and often burial.
Why Does Your Organization Grow

Organizational theory and research have proposed several models of the processes contributing to, and retarding, organizational growth. Most of these ideas relate to biological analogies which take as a model the living organism and the processes and principles that regulate and describe its growth and development. These same principles and processes are assumed to be equally applicable to a single biological cell, human beings, organizations, and even societies. When applied to organizations, the analogy implies that changes in growth result from forces in the environment outside the boundaries of the organization, or, from pressures developed within it. In understanding organizational growth from this perspective, it is necessary continuously to be aware of the interdependence among the relationships between size and complexity, strategic functional changes in conjunction with these increases, and the structural, climate and behavioral reactions which occur.
A prospective cohort study of neurodevelopmental processes in the genesis and epigenesis of schizophrenia

A number of lines of evidence converge in implicating neurodevelopmental processes in the etiology and epigenesis of schizophrenia. In this study we used a prospective, longitudinal design to examine whether adverse obstetric experiences predict schizophrenia and whether there is a deviant functional–developmental trajectory during the first 7 years of life among individuals who manifest schizophrenia as adults. The 9,236 members of the Philadelphia cohort of the National Collaborative Perinatal Project were screened for mental health service utilization in adulthood, and chart reviews were performed to establish diagnoses according to DSM-IV criteria. The risk for schizophrenia increased linearly with the number of hypoxia-associated obstetric complications but was unrelated to maternal infection during pregnancy or fetal growth retardation. Preschizophrenic cases (and their unaffected siblings who were also cohort members) manifested cognitive impairment, abnormal involuntary movements and coordination deficits, and poor social adjustment during childhood. There was no evidence of intraindividual decline in any domain, but preschizophrenic cases did show deviance on an increasing number of functional indicators with age. Together, these findings suggest that both genetic and obstetric factors participate in creating a neural diathesis to schizophrenia, the phenotypic expressions of which are age dependent, probably reflecting the maturational status of a number of interconnected brain systems.
Film as a lens for teaching culture: Balancing concepts, ambiguity, and paradox

Although teaching culture is intrinsically rewarding, issues associated with complexity and paradox can create a challenge for faculty. This article addresses the concerns of teaching management concepts through the use of film while identifying and acknowledging the ambiguity related to cross-cultural study. The authors present an integrated framework for measuring culture that is used to illustrate cultural dimensions and issues through film case analysis. The exercise enhances understanding of difference and helps students recognize the subtleties in dealing with complex cross-cultural issues.
Optimum design of composite laminates using genetic algorithms

Abstract The use of genetic algorithms (GAs) for the design of composite laminates is presented. Unlike the traditional hill-climbing techniques, GAs are global search procedures based on the mechanics of natural selection with the result that they are robust over a wide range of environments, particularly the multimodal search spaces encountered in composite design. The GA requires coding of the design variables as a finite-length string over a finite alphabet. Here, the design variables are the lamina orientations and stacking sequence required for maximum laminate strength and/or stiffness with minimum weight. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate that the genetic algorithm can be a viable alternative to traditional search procedures in the design of composite laminates. Finally, based on the results of this study several suggestions are mentioned for improvement in the performance of the genetic algorithm.
21-Telluraporphyrins. 3. Synthesis, Structure, and Spectral Properties of a 21,21-Dihalo-21-telluraporphyrin

5,10-Diphenyl-15,20-di(4-methoxyphenyl)-21-telluraporphyrin (7) was prepared in 18% yield by the p-toluenesulfonic acid-catalyzed condensation of 2,5-bis(1-phenyl-1-hydroxymethyl)tellurophene (6), pyrrole, and 4-methoxybenzaldehyde in carefully deoxygenated CHCl3 followed by oxidation with p-chloranil. While 1H and 13C NMR spectra of 7 were consistent with a symmetrical molecule in solution, the X-ray crystal structure of 7 shows the pyrrole N-H on a pyrrole ring cis to the tellurophene and a planar porphryin core. Air oxidation of a CH2Cl2 solution of 7 under fluorescent lighting gave telluroxide 14. The reaction of a CH2Cl2 solution of 14 with 1 N HCl as a two-phase system gave 21,21-dichloro-21-telluraporphyrin 15. The X-ray structure of 15 indicated a distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry around the Te atom with two chloride ligands occupying the axial positions. The Te atom and the N atom of the trans pyrrole were tipped out of plane in opposite directions to give a nonplanar porphyrin core. The Q-...
Dephosphorylation and aggregation of rat liver glycogen synthetase.

Abstract Rat liver glycogen synthetase free from glycogen shows differential aggregation behavior between the D and the I-form. The I-form (dephosphorylated) forms three species of aggregates with molecular weights of approximately 180,000, 310,000 and 470,000, while the D-form (phosphorylated) has a molecular weight of approximately 140,000. This differential aggregation may play a role in the control of glycogen metabolism.