cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mapping of image and network processing tasks on high-throughput CMOL FPGA circuits

A simple two-terminal memristive device has excellent scaling properties. For example, devices with footprint below 10×10 nm2 have been recently demonstrated and crossbar structures provide means of sustaining memristor density in large-scale circuits. While taking advantage of high density memristive devices is relatively straightforward in crossbar memory circuits, doing so efficiently in digital logic circuits still remains challenging. For example, only a small fraction (less than 1% on average) of memristive devices is actively utilized, i.e. turned to highly conductive state, in CMOL FPGA circuits which are configured to implement representative benchmark circuits. The main contribution of this paper is to demonstrate that such utilization can be much higher, more than 12%, in certain variety of CMOL FPGA circuits which are specifically designed for high throughput processing of streaming data. The high memristor device utilization is demonstrated by performing detailed mapping of network and image processing tasks and is mainly due to efficient use of high fan-in logic gates implementing exact and approximate pattern matching operations with streaming data. As a result of high utilization proposed circuits are estimated to have much higher computational throughput as compared to traditional approaches and represent a killer application which capitalizes efficiently on the density advantages of memristive devices.
A matter of time: novel nouns mark object categories when delays are imposed

In previous work, preschool-aged children have revealed a specific expectation that novel count nouns (but not adjectives) will refer to object categories (but not to object properties or to thematic relations). However, in these tasks, children have been permitted to extend a novel word immediately after it has been introduced. The current experiments test the hypothesis that the noun-category bias is sufficiently robust to hold up even when a delay is imposed between a naming episode and the child’s opportunity for extension. To capture this phenomenon experimentally, we imposed delays of 30 s (Experiment 1) and 1 h (Experiment 2). Across both delay conditions, children in a ‘novel noun’ condition revealed a strong inclination to consistently choose other members of the same object category as the (previously named) target. Children in either a ‘novel adjective’ or ‘no word’ condition revealed no taxonomic inclination. These results establish the power of the noun-category bias in situations that more closely approximate some of the very real challenges that children face in mapping and extending novel words.
Surface Gustiness and Wind Speed Range as a Function of Time Interval and Mean Wind Speed

Abstract Approximately 100 hours of wind records with mean speeds of 20 to 100 kt (at 12 m) were obtained from the Mt. Washington Observatory. Analyses of these data indicate that the gust factor can be used to describe the relationship between mean wind speed and wind speed range for a specific interval of time. Pooled data recorded at 14 airfields in the Northern Hemisphere were used to develop 50-, 75-, 90-, and 98-percentile gust factor curves for 5 min, 1 min, and 30 s average wind speeds. Also presented are nomograms of the 50-, 75-, 90-, and 98-percentile wind speed ranges for mean speeds of 20 to 100 kt. The results are considered applicable to most airport locations at a height of approximately 15 m above the runway.
One-Way Nested Grid Models: The Interface Conditions and the Numerical Accuracy

Abstract Tests of several interface conditions in a one-way nested grid model were undertaken, where the ratio of grid size for the coarse mesh in the large domain and the fine mesh in the small domain was 4:1. The interface values for all parameters are specified by the solutions of the larger domain model, although they are modified in some cases. Scheme A includes a “boundary adjustment” and the consideration of mountain effect for the surface pressure along the interface. Scheme B uses, in addition to Scheme A, a “radiation condition” at the outward propagation boundaries. Scheme C uses viscous damping along five rows adjacent to the border lines in addition to Scheme A. The solutions for the fine-mesh models obtained by these schemes are compared quantitatively with the solution of a control model. The results show how quickly the effect at the interface propagates into the interior. The proper treatment of the mountain effect on the surface pressure along the interface, and the boundary adjustment a...
Adipose tissue imaging the potential and the challenge.

The metabolic syndrome is a vexing problem for the cardiologist, internist, and endocrinologist. It is a constellation of peripheral signs that indicate insulin resistance in patients but does not quantify it. The metabolic syndrome helps the physician to identify patients who are at increased risk
Brain Drain and Its Effect on Ethiopia’s Institutions of Higher Learning, 1970s–1990s

During the past three decades Ethiopia has been noted for political turmoil, drought, and famine. The country’s 63 million people, the second largest population in Africa, have a per capita income of $110, one-fourth the average for the continent. At all levels, it has the lowest school attendance rate in the world: 30 percent at primary, 13 percent at secondary, and less than 1 percent at the tertiary level. The country’s health sector, too, is in no better condition: health expenditure between 1990 and 1995 was 1.7 percent of GDP. Life expectancy at birth is 49 years. The country also has one of the highest HIV-AIDS infection rates in the world (9.3 per 100 adults).
What Two American Women’s Movements Reveal About Movement Recurrence

Current theories of social movement emergence and behavior grapple with questions about types of movement that are likely to form, when they will engage the state, how, and around what issues. Empirical evidence worldwide suggest a strong correlation between past and future movement formation within nations. Yet, although dominant theories including the contentious politics and political process models of social movement behavior sometimes identify them by their successive waves (women's, democracy, environmental) there has been little theorizing about the factors that contribute to such movement recurrence.Using data from the end of the woman suffrage movement and throughout the women's rights movement identified from the index of the New York Times permit comparison of tactics, strategies, and issues priorities of both movements. Initial findings suggest that neither movement was as firmly wedded to its overarching issue as it has been portrayed, but that both have tactical and strategic similarities and issue as it has been portrayed, but that both have tactical and strategic similarities and issue preference including strong commitments to apply in political pressure through women's organizations and a largely unfulfilled desire to improve women's economic status. These findings reinforce newer scholarship on the suffrage movement that emphasizes its success in reinventing use of lobbying and also suggests a need to study further the work of both movements in improving women's economic status.
Low-profile versus standard-profile multibranched thoracoabdominal aortic stent grafts

Objective This study compared midterm results using low-profile stent grafts (LPSGs; 18F) and standard-profile stent grafts (SPSGs; 22F-24F) for endovascular pararenal and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) repair. Methods From July 2005 to March 2015, 134 asymptomatic patients underwent endovascular repair of a pararenal or TAAA using multibranched aortic stent grafts. In March 2011, we started using a LPSG with nitinol stents and thin-walled polyester fabric. Prospectively collected data on operative repair, complications, and outcomes were compared between the two groups. Results LPSGs were used in 37 patients (8 women [21.6%]; mean ± standard deviation age, 72.5 ± 8 years) and SPSGs in 97 patients (25 [26%] women; mean age, 73 ± 8 years). Medical comorbidities, aneurysm size, and aneurysm extent were similar in the LPSG and SPSG groups. Mean follow-up time was longer in the SPSG group (3.1 ± 2 years) than in the LPSG group (1.3 ± 0.9 years; P P > .05). Aneurysm-related death, rupture, stent graft migration, type I or III endoleaks, aneurysm enlargement >5 mm, branch vessel occlusion, and reintervention rates were similar between the two groups ( P > .05). However, the combined outcome of conduit use or access artery injury occurred at a lower rate in the LPSG group than in the SPSG group (16% vs 36%; P = .03). Women experienced significantly higher rates of conduit use and access artery injury than men after repair with SPSGs (64% vs 26%, respectively; P = .001) but similar rates after repair with the LPSG (25% vs 14%, respectively; P = .45). Conclusions LPSGs had similar safety profile and midterm outcomes compared with the SPSGs for treatment of pararenal and TAAA. The substitution of LPSGs for SPSGs lowered the number of patients who required conduit insertion to avoid access artery injury, especially in women, thereby reducing an otherwise striking gender difference.
Physico-chemical properties of camelina protein altered by sodium bisulfite and guanidine-HCl

Abstract The objective of this research was to investigate the unfolding behaviors of camelina protein isolate (CPI) induced by sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3) and guanidine–HCl (Gdm.Cl). Protein was extracted from defatted camelina meal through alkali solubilization and acid precipitation and modified with varying amount of NaHSO3 (0–12% of the protein dry basis) and Gdm.Cl (0–250% of the protein, dry basis). NaHSO3 treatment broke the disulfide bonds of the CPI and increased free sulfhydryl content and surface hydrophobicity. As NaHSO3 concentration increased, the viscosity, elastic modulus (G’) and water resistant of NaHSO3-modified camelina protein (SMCP) dispersion decreased, and the protein became aggregated due to high surface hydrophobicity. Gdm.Cl treatment broke the CPI's hydrogen bonds but decreased their surface hydrophobicity. Similarly, viscosity, G’, and water resistant of Gdm.Cl-modified camelina protein (GMCP) dispersions decreased as Gdm.Cl increased and protein aggregation formed. The reducing effect of NaHSO3 was greater than Gdm.Cl for CPI’s protein–protein interaction and less obvious for the viscosity and water resistant. Gdm.Cl reduced CPI's decomposing temperature at high concentration, but no remarkable effect was observed for NaHSO3 treatment. These findings on physicochemical changes of SMCPs and GMCPs may contribute to the application of camelina proteins in the biodegradable materials products.
Pyelonephritis transferred by parabiosis.

SummaryHistologic changes resembling pyelonephritis developed in normal isologous rats parabiosed to rats with chronic enterococcal pyelonephritis. “Transfer” occurred even when viable bacteria had been eliminated from donor animals by antibiotic therapy. The “transferred” lesions, mononuclear cell infiltrate, tubular and papillary lesions, appeared at 3 weeks and persisted for 12 weeks (duration of study).
Gas-Phase Reaction of Methyl Isothiocyanate and Methyl Isocyanate with Hydroxyl Radicals under Static Relative Rate Conditions

Gaseous methyl isothiocyanate (MITC), the principal breakdown product of the soil fumigant metam sodium (sodium N-methyldithiocarbamate), is an inhalation exposure concern to persons living near treated areas. Inhalation exposure also involves gaseous methyl isocyanate (MIC), a highly reactive and toxic transformation product of MITC. In this work, gas-phase hydroxyl (OH) radical reaction rate constants of MITC and MIC have been determined using a static relative rate technique under controlled laboratory conditions. The rate constants obtained are 15.36 × 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 for MITC and 3.62 × 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 for MIC. The average half-lives of MITC and MIC in the atmosphere are estimated to be 15.7 and 66.5 h, respectively. The molar conversion of MITC to MIC for OH radical reactions is 67% ± 8%, which indicates that MIC is the primary product of the MITC–OH reaction in the gas phase.
Three Fundamental Questions

This chapter, an extension of the Presidential Address to the International Economic Association, evaluates alternative strands of macroeconomics in terms of the three basic questions posed by deep downturns: What is the source of large perturbations? How can we explain the magnitude of volatility? How do we explain persistence?.
Sex differences in disease presentation, treatment and clinical outcomes of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a single-centre cohort study.

Background Although sex differences in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk are well known, it is unclear whether sex differences also exist in clinical presentation and survival outcomes once HCC develops. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of 1886 HCC patients seen in a US medical centre in 1998–2015. Data were obtained by chart review with survival data also by National Death Index search. Results The cohort consisted of 1449 male and 437 female patients. At diagnosis, men were significantly younger than women (59.9±10.7 vs 64.0±11.6, p 5 cm (30.2% vs 39.8%, p=0.001). Surgical and non-surgical treatment utilisation was similar for both sexes. Men and women had no significant difference in median survival from the time of diagnosis (median 30.7 (range=24.5–41.3) vs 33.1 (range=27.4–37.3) months, p=0.84). On multivariate analysis, significant predictors for improved survival included younger age, surgical or non-surgical treatment (vs supportive care), diagnosis by screening, tumour within Milan criteria and lower Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score, but not female sex (adjusted HR=1.01, CI 0.82 to 1.24, p=0.94). Conclusions Although men have much higher risk for HCC development, there were no significant sex differences in disease presentation or survival except for older age and lower tumour burden at diagnosis in women. Female sex was not an independent predictor for survival.
Decomposing SAT Instances with Pseudo Backbones

Two major search paradigms have been proposed for SAT solving: Systematic Search (SS) and Stochastic Local Search (SLS). In SAT competitions, while SLS solvers are effective on uniform random instances, SS solvers dominate SLS solvers on application instances with internal structures. One important structural property is decomposability. SS solvers have long been exploited the decomposability of application instances with success. We conjecture that SLS solvers can be improved by exploiting decomposability of application instances, and propose the first step toward exploiting decomposability with SLS solvers using pseudo backbones. We then propose two SAT-specific optimizations that lead to better decomposition than on general pseudo Boolean optimization problems. Our empirical study suggests that pseudo backbones can vastly simplify SAT instances, which further results in decomposing the instances into thousands of connected components. This decomposition serves as a key stepping stone for applying the powerful recombination operator, partition crossover, to the SAT domain. Moreover, we establish a priori analysis for identifying problem instances with potential decomposability using visualization of MAXSAT instances and treewidth.
The Perceptual Significance of Cortical Organization

Neurophysiologists are well aware of the limitations of single-unit recording in elucidating the functional organization of visual cortex: the technique provides us with information about the behavior of only one component in a complex network, and is subject to sampling biases. Moreover, there are good reasons to fear that even when we have learned a lot about the behavior of an individual cell, we will not understand much about its role in vision. A well-worn analogy would be trying to understand the role of a particular transistor in a computer by observing the voltage changes at its emitter. The recognition of these limitations has not diminished our reliance on single-unit recording as a source of ideas about the organization of cortex; indeed, the many impressive similarities between the visual sensitivities of individual neurons and those of psychophysical observers reinforce the notion that perception is simply and directly related to the activity of single units (Barlow, 1972). Two recent developments have prompted me to worry that we may have become a little too willing to overlook the limitations of single-unit recording.
Green public diplomacy and global governance: The evolution of the U.S–China climate collaboration network, 2008–2014

Abstract In this study, we examined U.S and China’s participation in the global climate governance networks and the structure and evolution of these networks evolved around the two nations between 2008 and 2014. The study yielded a number of significant findings. First, the U.S-China climate governance network has a centralized structure. Second, the Chinese and U.S governments were able to build public diplomatic relationships with a diverse group of organizations. Tightly connected communities have emerged in this network. Third, the driving force behind the U.S-China climate governance network gradually shifted from a government-driven network to a business/NGO-driven network. Theoretical and practical implications for public diplomacy were also discussed.
DrugPathSeeker: Interactive UI for exploring drug-ADR relation via pathways

Biological interpretation and understanding of machine learning based predictive models are highly desirable in healthcare analytics. Predicting Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) is extremely important for safe and precision medicine. There are various machine learning based approaches to predict adverse reactions for drugs. These models, though effective, lack biological interpretation and are treated as black-boxes. We propose DrugPathSeeker, a novel interactive user interface that integrates the machine learning model, database query API, statistical analysis, and visualization for exploring and understanding of the association between drugs and ADRs. The proposed UI can take a query drug, and provide a visual interface designed to support exploration of the predictions from the machine learning model for further understanding and interpretation. DrugPathSeeker uses a machine learning model, Small Molecular Risk Profiler, to make ADR predictions for a given drug. The visualization uses Sankey type flow diagrams for highlighting the relation between the drugs and ADRs. The main goal of Drug-PathSeeker is to mine the gene-pathways from public databases and analyze them in a visual manner to generate a biological hypothesis. DrugPathSeeker's effectiveness is demonstrated with two use cases: mechanisms of action for carbamazepine-induced dystonia, and fluorometholone-induced diabetes mellitus.
Response to Targeted Cognitive Training Correlates with Change in Thalamic Volume in a Randomized Trial for Early Schizophrenia

Reduced thalamic volume is consistently observed in schizophrenia, and correlates with cognitive impairment. Targeted cognitive training (TCT) of auditory processing in schizophrenia drives improvements in cognition that are believed to result from functional neuroplasticity in prefrontal and auditory cortices. In this study, we sought to determine whether response to TCT is also associated with structural neuroplastic changes in thalamic volume in patients with early schizophrenia (ESZ). Additionally, we examined baseline clinical, cognitive, and neural characteristics predictive of a positive response to TCT. ESZ patients were randomly assigned to undergo either 40 h of TCT (N=22) or a computer games control condition (CG; N=22 s). Participants underwent MRI, clinical, and neurocognitive assessments before and after training (4-month interval). Freesurfer automated segmentation of the subcortical surface was carried out to measure thalamic volume at both time points. Left thalamic volume at baseline correlated with baseline global cognition, while a similar trend was observed in the right thalamus. The relationship between change in cognition and change in left thalamus volume differed between groups, with a significant positive correlation in the TCT group and a negative trend in the CG group. Lower baseline symptoms were related to improvements in cognition and left thalamic volume preservation following TCT. These findings suggest that the cognitive gains induced by TCT in ESZ are associated with structural neuroplasticity in the thalamus. Greater symptom severity at baseline reduced the likelihood of response to TCT both with respect to improved cognition and change in thalamic volume.
Density-independent Demography

Different populations have different numbers of individuals of different ages. Consider the human populations of Mexico and Sweden in 1990. Mexico had more individuals in total than Sweden, and a larger fraction of their population was of child bearing age or younger (Figs. 2.1a, 2.1b).
Higher sensitivity Digital Gradient Sensing configurations for quantitative visualization of stress gradients in transparent solids

Abstract Two modified full-field Digital Gradient Sensing (DGS) methods of higher measurement sensitivity relative to the prevailing ones are described for quantifying small angular deflections of light rays caused by stresses in transparent solids. These methods are devised by combining or altering previously proposed reflection-mode DGS (r-DGS) [1] and transmission-mode DGS (t-DGS) [2] methods. The concept involves increasing the optical path within the stressed medium by introducing an additional reflective surface behind the transparent solid, either as a separate reflector or as a rear surface reflective film deposition. The former approach is designated as t2-DGS method whose measurement sensitivity is twice that of t-DGS. The latter method results in an even higher sensitivity and is called the transmission-reflection DGS or tr-DGS method by making the back surface of a transparent planar solid reflective. The governing equations of tr-DGS are introduced first followed by a comparative demonstration of t2-DGS and tr-DGS methods by measuring the stress gradients in the crack-tip region during dynamic and static fracture experiments, respectively. Results show that tr-DGS is approx. 1.5 times more sensitive than t2-DGS, and at least three times more sensitive than t-DGS approach. Together as a family of DGS methods, these methods are used to extract the crack-tip stress intensity factors of PMMA beams under quasi-static loading conditions. The measured stress intensity factors are in good agreement with the predictions.
Fitting multi-wavelength continuum of AGN with improved accretion disk models

We present fits to the UV-Optical-IR spectra of 60 quasars and active galactic nuclei using improved black hole accretion disk models. For both Kerr and Schwarzschild black holes, we calculated the effects of inclination, including Doppler boosting, gravitational focusing, and gravitational redshift, on the observed disk spectra. In the Kerr case, a simple inverse relation was found between the inferred black hole mass and the assumed inclination angle, while the inferred accretion rate (M(D/yr) remains constant. Disk spectra calculated with non-LTE stellar atmospheres instead of blackbodies do not reproduce the observations as well. Low-redshift Seyfert galaxies have relatively low accretion rates, only a few percent of their Eddington luminosities (LEdd), while the most luminous quasars are accreting nearer their Eddington limits.
Report from a symposium on dissemination of evidence-based cancer prevention programs (United States)

While many cancer-prevention interventions aimed at behavioral change and risk reduction have proven successful in the research setting, few have been disseminated into the broader community and implemented on a wider scale. To date, research that has tested methods for disseminating effective intervention models has been sparse [1, 2]. With the goal of better understanding the dissemination process, including the identification of key knowledge gap areas and of potential implementation strategies for dissemination, the Harvard Center for Cancer Prevention and the Health Communication Core and Risk Reduction Program of the Dana-Farber/ Harvard Cancer Center co-sponsored a workshop on 12 April 2002, entitled "Dissemination of Evidence-based Cancer Prevention Programs."
Planning, Designing, and Implementing Effective Interactive Portfolios in the Primary Grades: Suggestions for Forming Partnerships among Teachers, Students, and Parents

The use of interactive or e-portfolios among teachers to demonstrate young children’s learning is not new. In the last decade, early childhood teachers have tried to use e-portfolios without much success. In this chapter, a step-by-step procedure for developing e-portfolios that effectively show young children’s skills in critical thinking, self-evaluation, and emergent literacy is presented. The chapter focuses on e-portfolios that allow for self-evaluation or self-assessment. In addition, criteria for selecting the best artifacts that highlight young children’s development or growth over time are outlined and examples of interactive technologies that can be used to develop e-portfolios are provided. Examples of young children’s e-portfolios are used to illustrate the concepts discussed in the chapter.
Intellectual property claims to stem cell technologies: research, clinical testing and product sales

Abstract: This chapter reviews the debates arising in national arenas throughout the industrialized world and among international organizations regarding the use and patentability of stem cells. These debates involve many stakeholders, including researchers, politicians, religious organizations, ethicists, policy makers, patent experts, court systems, patient advocacy groups and governments, leading to an international patchwork of stem cell patent laws. This patchwork of laws, conflicting goals of countries and researchers, and possible patent thickets have to some extent restricted worldwide collaborative research and commercialization of stem cell based therapies.
Cultivating Perspective: A Qualitative Inquiry Examining School History Textbooks for Microaggressions against Native Americans

Native American youth face a number of challenges that affect their academic success and wellbeing. In schools, Native American youth are presented with textbooks that include stereotyped and disto...
High Dimensional Latent Space Variational AutoEncoders for Fake News Detection

With the advent of social media and cell phones, news is now far more reaching and impactful than ever before. This comes with the exponential increase in fake news that blurs the lines of reality and holds the power to sway public opinion. To counter the impact of fake news, several research groups have developed novel algorithms that could fact check news as a human would do. Unfortunately, natural language processing (NLP) is a complicated task because of the underlying hidden meanings in human communication. In this paper, we propose a novel method that builds a latent representation of natural language to capture its underlying hidden meanings accurately and classify fake news. Our approach connects the high-level semantic concepts in the news content with their low-level deep representations so that the complex news text consisting of satire, sarcasm, and purposeful misleading content can be translated into quantifiable latent spaces. This allows us to achieve very high accuracy, surpassing the scores of all winners of the fake news challenge.
A flexible simulation toolkit for designing and evaluating ChIP-sequencing experiments

Abstract A major challenge in evaluating quantitative ChIP-seq analyses, such as peak calling and differential binding, is a lack of reliable ground truth data. We present Tulip, a toolkit for rapidly simulating ChIP-seq data using statistical models of the experimental steps. Tulip may be used for a range of applications, including power analysis for experimental design, benchmarking of analysis tools, and modeling effects of processes such as replication on ChIP-seq signals.
Situationally-Induced Impairments and Disabilities

This chapter presents an overview of situationally-induced impairments and disabilities, or SIIDs, which are caused by situations, contexts, or environments that negatively affect the abilities of people interacting with technology, especially when they are on-the-go. Although the lived experience of SIIDs is, of course, unlike that of health-induced impairments and disabilities, both can be approached from an accessibility point-of-view, as both benefit from improving access and use in view of constraints on ability. This chapter motivates the need for the conception of SIIDs, relates the history of this conception, and places SIIDs within a larger framework of Wobbrock et al.’s ability-based design (ACM Trans Access Comput 3(3), 2011, Commun ACM 61(6):62–71, 2018). Various SIIDs are named, categorized, and linked to prior research that investigates them. They are also illustrated with examples in a space defined by two dimensions, location and duration, which describe the source of the impairing forces and the length of those forces’ persistence, respectively. Results from empirical studies are offered, which show how situational factors affect technology use and to what extent. Finally, specific projects undertaken by this chapter’s author and his collaborators show how some situational factors can be addressed in interactive computing through advanced sensing, modeling, and adapting to users and situations. As interactive computing continues to move beyond the desktop and into the larger dynamic world, SIIDs will continue to affect all users, with implications for human attention, action, autonomy, and safety.
Chapter 2 – Conservation Equations for Compressible Turbulent Flows

In this chapter the Navier-Stokes equations for a compressible fluid are considered and shown in a form more convenient for turbulent flows. The procedure first introduced by Reynolds in incompressible flows is followed: the turbulent motion is regarded as consisting of the sum of the mean part and a fluctuating part, the sum is introduced into the Navier-Stokes equations, and the resulting expressions are time1 averaged. The equations thus obtained give considerable insight into the character of turbulent motions and serve as a basis for attacking mean-flow problems and for analyzing the turbulence to find its harmonic components. The conservation equations for mass, momentum, and energy are presented and their reduced forms are discussed in terms of rectangular coordinates, using the summation notation for convenience.
Education and employment following apartheid protests

Abstract Demonstrations, rallies, boycotts, and other forms of protest were common under apartheid in South Africa. Using a compilation of more than 150 geocoded protests between 1948 and 1990, this paper compares people affected and unaffected by protests at every age throughout childhood. Exposure to protests before age 14 was associated with 2.7 percent fewer years of completed schooling. This difference was larger following violent protests, and for African residents of South Africa. On the other hand, people who experienced protests as children were up to 6.9 percent more likely to be employed as adults. The paper considers social solidarity as a possible channel connecting protests to changes in education and employment, and finds that places that had more protests during apartheid had lower reported levels of trust and physical safety in the years after apartheid ended.
Random Access Cylindrical Lensing and Beam Steering Using a High-Speed Linear Phased Array

Linear phased arrays enable simultaneous tunable focusing and scanning. Using an electrostatically actuated, high-speed linear phased array of MEMS mirrors, we demonstrate cylindrical focusing with 90% optical efficiency up to 0.008 numerical aperture (NA) with simultaneous beam steering. Single focus scanning is demonstrated up to an NA of 0.013, at which point the focus splits, creating a multifocal response. The array refresh rate is only limited by the speed of the elements, allowing random-access axial and lateral scanning up to 350 kHz.
Risk factors and outcomes of COVID-19 in New York City; a retrospective cohort study.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic and information on risk factors for worse prognosis is needed to accurately identify patients at risk and potentially provide insight into therapeutic options. In this retrospective cohort study, including 3703 patients with laboratory confirmed COVID-19, we identified risk factors associated with all-cause mortality, need for hospitalization and mechanical ventilation. Male gender was independently associated with increased risk of hospitalization (adjusted odds ratio [ORadj ]: 1.62; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.38-1.91)), mechanical ventilation (ORadj : 1.35; 95% CI: 1.08-1.69) and death (ORadj : 1.46; 95% CI: 1.17-1.82). Patients > 60 years had higher risk of hospitalization (ORadj : 5.47; 95% CI: 4.29-6.96), mechanical ventilation (ORadj : 3.26; 95% CI: 2.08-5.11) and death (ORadj : 13.04; 95% CI: 6.25-27.24). Congestive heart failure (ORadj: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.06-2.02) and dementia (ORadj : 2.03; 95% CI: 1.46-2.83) were associated with increased odds of death, as well as the presence of more than two comorbidities (ORadj : 1.90; 95% CI: 1.35-2.68). Patients with COVID-19 of older age, male gender, or having more than two comorbidities are at higher risk of hospitalization, mechanical ventilation and death, and should therefore be closely monitored.
Cartilage and Meniscus Injuries Are More Common in Patients Undergoing Delayed Multiligament Reconstruction.

The purpose of this study was to describe the pattern of meniscus and cartilage pathology in multiligament knee injuries (MLKIs) and determine the relationship between surgical timing and injury mechanism with degree of intra-articular injury. Patients with surgically treated MLKIs over a 15-year period were retrospectively reviewed and grouped based on surgical intervention, time to intervention, and injury mechanism. The presence or absence of meniscus and chondral injury were recorded at the time of surgery. Surgical intervention within 6 weeks of injury was deemed acute, while surgery occurring more than 6 weeks from injury was classified as delayed. Over the 15-year study period, 207 patients with MLKIs were identified. Compared with acutely managed patients, the delayed intervention group had significantly more meniscus (p = 0.03) and cartilage (p < 0.01) pathology. Meniscus injury rates in MLKIs sustained during sporting activity did not differ from nonsporting injuries (p = 0.63). However, the nonsporting group had significantly more chondral injuries (p < 0.01). High-energy injury mechanism was associated with increased cartilage (p = 0.02), but not meniscus (p = 0.61) injury rates. In conclusion, surgical reconstruction of MLKIs delayed for more than 6 weeks was associated with increased meniscus and cartilage pathology.
Effects of oral calcium bolus supplementation on intracellular polymorphonuclear leukocyte calcium levels and functionality in primiparous and multiparous dairy cows

The objectives of this study were (1) to characterize Ca levels and polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) function in primiparous and multiparous animals following oral Ca bolus supplementation, and (2) to determine differential responses of boluses containing a lower dose of Ca than traditionally used in primiparous animals on Ca levels and PMN function. Jersey × Holstein crossbred animals (n = 104) were enrolled within 24 h of parturition. All animals were blocked by time relative to calving and randomly assigned to treatment. The Ca boluses were composed of a mixture of Ca chloride, Ca sulfate, and Ca propionate. For objective 1, animals were assigned to control (CON; no Ca supplementation), or a series of 2 Ca boluses given 24 h apart for a total of 50 g of Ca. Objective 2 treatments included control (CON; no Ca supplementation), a series of 2 Ca boluses given 24 h apart containing 50 g of Ca, or a series of 2 Ca boluses given 24 h apart containing 25 g of Ca. Blood samples were collected on d 1 (<24 h), 2, 3, 5, and 7 relative to parturition. Total serum Ca, serum haptoglobin, PMN intracellular Ca, PMN intracellular Ca after stimulation with an environmental Escherichia coli, PMN L-selectin surface expression, and PMN phagocytic and oxidative burst activities were analyzed. For objective 1 a tendency was detected for a treatment difference on basal intracellular PMN Ca and a treatment difference on E. coli-stimulated intracellular PMN Ca. We detected a parity × DIM effect for PMN oxidative burst intensity. However, no other interactions or parity effects on other functional PMN variables were detectable. In primiparous animals, we found a treatment difference for E. coli-stimulated intracellular PMN Ca among animals given 50 g of Ca but no treatment difference on basal intracellular PMN Ca. The 50 g of Ca treatment increased both PMN phagocytosis and oxidative burst intensities. Supplementing animals with 50 g of oral Ca increased intracellular PMN Ca and influenced PMN function.
A Comparative Study on Process Optimization and the Modern Law Library's Involvement in Achieving Efficiency at the Law School in Times of Change

Law firms have been utilizing process optimization tools, such as Lean Six Sigma, in order to improve internal processes and build efficiencies. Successful outcomes require leadership teams that believe that process improvement is more than just a toolkit to solve problems or a collection of methodologies and processes. Through collection development practices, continuous learning opportunities, and the use of cross-functional teams, the modern law library has effectively demonstrated its ability to meet the dynamic needs of the law school community. Similarly, law librarians find themselves uniquely positioned to collaborate with law school administration on continual process improvement strategies in times of change. This article will provide a foundation on process optimization methodologies, such as Lean Six Sigma, Agile, and Legal Lean, as well as the application of those tools and techniques in various fields. Finally, the article asserts that law schools should adopt process optimization techniques and leverage their law libraries to improve business processes and operations at their respective institutions.
Dental health awareness in patients feeling sad or hopeless- an estimate from youth risk behavior surveillance survey

Introduction Research has found that low mood including sadness and hopelessness is an important factor for decreased awareness in one’s oral health and lowered frequency of visit to the dental office, this relationship is not well studied in national representative samples. Poor mental wellbeing can lead to poor oral health. Objectives Aim is to examine the relationship between feeling sad or hopeless and awareness for dental care. Methods Data were obtained from the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Survey (YRBS-CDC), USA, for years 2009-2017. All ages from 12 to 18 years, feeling sad or hopeless and dental visits were identified. Univariable relationship between feeling sad or hopeless (>2 weeks in the past year) and dental office visits for all dental care (during the past 12 months, 12-24 months, >24 months, and never) was evaluated using chi-square test. Results Out of a total of 53,098 youths, 30.5% of youths were feeling sad or hopeless. Within the youths feeling sad or hopeless, the prevalence of youth who never received dental care was higher at 37.1% in comparison to youths who received dental care >24 months ago 36.4%,12-24 months 33.7%, and visited the dental office in the past 12 months 28.9%. (p<0.0001). In youths who had dental care in the last 12 months, the prevalence of sadness or hopelessness was lower at 65% vs 70%, while it was higher in youths who had never had dental care at 3.3% vs 1.7%. Conclusions Further research is warranted to evaluate reduced oral health care awareness among participants feeling sad or hopeless.
A cysteine-stimulated in vitro inactivation of barley leaf nitrate reductase

The effect of L-cysteine and other thiol compounds on the in vitro inactivation of nitrate reductase activity (NRA), incubated at 30°C, was studied. The enzyme extracts were prepared from primary leaves of 5 to 9 day-old barley (Hordeum vulgare L. var. CM72) seedlings. The in vitro loss of NRA increased with plant age. Preincubation of leaf extract with L-cysteine did not affect the inactivation of NRA from 5 day-old seedlings, however enhanced the loss 2–3 fold from older plants. The main effect occurred in 6 day-old plants (halflife time 9.8 min vs. 21.2 min in control). D-cysteine also stimulated the in vitro inactivation of NRA to the same extent as L-cysteine. Other thiol compounds were without any effect. The involvement of a cysteine-stimulated proteinase in the inactivation of NRA in barley leaf extract is suggested.
Complexities of Managing Biomedical Information

THE PROBLEMS WE FACE with representing and manipulating biological knowledge are not unique to biology, but biology is particularly difficult because it has a confluence of many technical challenges that often appear isolated in other domains. One key point is that we are rarely talking about something being impossible in a relational model, but instead are often referring to the relative difficulty (relative to ad hoc solutions, object oriented solutions, text-based solutions, and others). The key features of biological data that make them difficult to represent and manipulate efficiently include the following.
Plasma Membrane Protein Subunit Composition: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BY DISCONTINUOUS ELECTROPHORESIS IN SODIUM DODECYL SULFATE

The protein subunit composition of three well defined plasma membrane fractions from rat liver, kidney, and erythrocyte, liver and kidney mitochondria, and liver smooth endoplasmic reticulum has been compared by high resolution sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) disc gel electrophoresis. Membranes are completely solubilized in SDS, and the proteins are reduced to subunits, fractionated according to subunit size, and stained. Nonidentical subunits can be distinguished from subunits having identical sizes by electrophoretic mixing experiments with the use of two different membranes. In each membrane, 35 to 40 bands are resolved, and a correlation is found between the reciprocal of the number of nonidentical bands and the functional interrelatedness of the membranes. No subunit accounting for more than 1% of the total membrane protein is common to each membrane. However, the plasma membranes share a major band of identical relative mobility having an estimated molecular weight of 48,000. These subunits are indistinguishable when electrophoresed in the absence of SDS and are probably identical.
Production of Gamma Linolenic Acid in Seeds of Transgenic Soybean

An array of fatty acids has been identified in the plant kingdom. Many of these fatty acids have commercial applications, but cost of goods for some of them are significantly high due to either the production of the fatty acid in the native source may be low and/or intensive cultivation of the plant species is cost-prohibitive. The ability to introduce novel traits into soybean makes it technically feasible to alter oil metabolism for the production of high value/low volume fatty acids cost effectively. One such fatty acid is gamma linolenic acid (GLA). GLA has pharmacological applications in treatment of skin conditions such as eczema and is known to possess some antiviral and anticancer properties (Gill and Valivety, 1997; Horrobin, 1990). Another example of a high value fatty acid that can be cost effectively produced in soybean is stearidonic acid (STA). Like GLA, STA is of interest for the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industry (Griffiths et al., 1996).
Cross-Country Analyses Don’t Estimate Health-Health Responses

Health-Health analysis has attracted considerable attention as one way to evaluate the costs of regulatory policy to people. When a regulation is adopted to reduce the “risk” experienced by a particular group, health-health analysis seeks to evaluate when the indirect effects of an increase in prices or reduction in income offsets the direct effects intended by the regulation. If these indirect effects are large enough, then the general population can experience an increase in their overall risk. The article considers health-health analysis as it relates to policy decisions from conceptual and empirical perspectives. A comparative static analysis was a simple model is used to illustrate the factors influencing the relative effects of income and policy variables on risk. The empirical analysis also suggests that results with aggregate cross-country data and simple reduced-form models for the relationship of mortality to income are sensitive to model specifications and the sample composition.
The first chiral diene-based metal–organic frameworks for highly enantioselective carbon–carbon bond formation reactions

We have designed the first chiral diene-based metal–organic framework (MOF), E2-MOF, and postsynthetically metalated E2-MOF with Rh(I) complexes to afford highly active and enantioselective single-site solid catalysts for C–C bond formation reactions. Treatment of E2-MOF with [RhCl(C2H4)2]2 led to a highly enantioselective catalyst for 1,4-additions of arylboronic acids to α,β-unsaturated ketones, whereas treatment of E2-MOF with Rh(acac)(C2H4)2 afforded a highly efficient catalyst for the asymmetric 1,2-additions of arylboronic acids to aldimines. Interestingly, E2-MOF·Rh(acac) showed higher activity and enantioselectivity than the homogeneous control catalyst, likely due to the formation of a true single-site catalyst in the MOF. E2-MOF·Rh(acac) was also successfully recycled and reused at least seven times without loss of yield and enantioselectivity.
Victory in War: 2003 Invasion of Iraq

On Wednesday, March 19, 2003, President George W. Bush ordered the invasion of Iraq. As he explained that night in an address to the nation, the purposes of this military operation, known as Operation Iraqi Freedom, were “to disarm Iraq, to free its people and to defend the world from grave danger.” To accomplish these objectives, the United States and its coalition partners used military force to strike “selected targets of military importance to undermine Saddam Hussein's ability to wage war.” By demonstrating that the same strategy of regime change that the U.S. had used in Afghanistan in 2001 was still an option that the U.S. was willing to exercise, the invasion marked a new era in U.S. foreign policy in which the Bush administration is committed to destroying regimes that support terrorism. In the case of Iraq, the strategy is to wage a counterinsurgency campaign against remnants of the Baath Party regime and foreign jihadists who seek to establish a base of operations in Iraq for war against the West. As President Bush declared, “The return of tyranny to Iraq would be an unprecedented terrorist victory.” Since the United States will be waging a global war against terrorism to destroy regimes that support terrorism or terrorist organizations, this chapter discusses the implications of the 2003 invasion of Iraq for the development of a pretheory of victory. The initial outcome for the United States in Operation Iraqi Freedom is broadly consistent with grand strategic victory, but there are significant doubts about what victory will look like and how long it may take to achieve it, while others openly suggest that the United States may be defeated.