cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Linking Morphology of Porous Media to Their Macroscopic Permeability by Deep Learning

Flow, transport, mechanical, and fracture properties of porous media depend on their morphology and are usually estimated by experimental and/or computational methods. The precision of the computational approaches depends on the accuracy of the model that represents the morphology. If high accuracy is required, the computations and even experiments can be quite time-consuming. At the same time, linking the morphology directly to the permeability, as well as other important flow and transport properties, has been a long-standing problem. In this paper, we develop a new network that utilizes a deep learning (DL) algorithm to link the morphology of porous media to their permeability. The network is neither a purely traditional artificial neural network (ANN), nor is it a purely DL algorithm, but, rather, it is a hybrid of both. The input data include three-dimensional images of sandstones, hundreds of their stochastic realizations generated by a reconstruction method, and synthetic unconsolidated porous media produced by a Boolean method. To develop the network, we first extract important features of the images using a DL algorithm and then feed them to an ANN to estimate the permeabilities. We demonstrate that the network is successfully trained, such that it can develop accurate correlations between the morphology of porous media and their effective permeability. The high accuracy of the network is demonstrated by its predictions for the permeability of a variety of porous media.
Novel Inferences in a Multidimensional Social Network Use a Grid-like Code

Generalizing experiences to guide decision making in novel situations is a hallmark of flexible behavior. It has been hypothesized such flexibility depends on a cognitive map of an environment or task, but directly linking the two has proven elusive. Here, we find that discretely sampled abstract relationships between entities in an unseen two dimensional (2D) social hierarchy are reconstructed into a unitary 2D cognitive map in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. We further show that humans utilize a grid-like code in several brain regions, including entorhinal cortex and medial prefrontal cortex, for inferred direct trajectories between entities in the reconstructed abstract space during discrete decisions. Moreover, these neural grid-like codes in the entorhinal cortex predict neural decision value computations in the medial prefrontal cortex and temporoparietal junction area during choice. Collectively, these findings show that grid-like codes are used by the human brain to infer novel solutions, even in abstract and discrete problems, and suggest a general mechanism underpinning flexible decision making and generalization.
Assessment of the COVID-19 pandemic effect on regional electricity generation mix in NYISO, MISO, and PJM markets

Abstract This paper explores the impacts of the stay-at-home advisory issued in response to the COVID-19 pandemic on regional electricity generation fuel mixes for the three major RTOs: NYISO, MISO, and PJM. We find that the COVID-19 pandemic affected these regional markets differently, although one common finding is that overall electricity generation declined after the stay-at-home advisories were issued. We also empirically tested the impact of the stay-at-home advisories on electricity generation for different fuel types.
Un-Schooling Racism is Anti-Racist Education

Research shows that despite the historical significance of the landmark U.S. Supreme Court’s 1954 case, Brown vs. Board of Education declaring that it is illegal to force students attend separate schools based on their race, students of color across the United States continue to go to racially segregated schools. Specifically, Blacks and other minority students attend mostly schools attended by other students of color while their White counterparts continuously attend predominantly White schools (Garcia & Kleifgen, 2018; Matias, 2013; Matias & Zembylas, 2014).
Molecularly targeted therapies for relapsed and refractory peripheral T-cell lymphomas

The advent of molecularly targeted agents for patients with peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCL) has begun to change the therapeutic landscape in these diseases, especially for patients with relapsed or refractory disease. These agents, grounded in targeting numerous pathways or alterations related to disease pathogenesis, have shown promise across many PTCL subhistologies. Aided by significant advances in experimental techniques related to molecular biology, epigenetics, and immunology, more recent studies have begun elucidating mediators of resistance, both intrinsic and acquired, to inform future therapeutic advances. Defining and targeting these escape mechanisms through rational combination approaches will likely be important to continue to build on these promising advances and further improve clinical outcomes for patients facing PTCL.
Analysis of RNA conformation in endogenously assembled RNPs by icSHAPE.

Summary The majority of the mammalian genome is transcribed into non-coding RNAs, many of which co-evolve with RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) to function as biochemically defined and tractable ribonucleoproteins (RNPs). Here, we applied icSHAPE- a robust and versatile RNA structural probing pipeline- to endogenous RNPs purified from nuclei, providing base-resolution structural rationale for RNP activity and subcellular localization. Combining with genetic and biochemical reconstitutions, structural and functional alternations can be directly attributed to a given RBP without ambiguity. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Chen et al. (2018) .
Antiphospholipid antibodies in COVID-19: a meta-analysis and systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Many studies reported high prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) in patients with COVID-19 raising questions about its true prevalence and its clinical impact on the disease course. METHODS: We conducted a meta-analysis and a systematic review to examine the prevalence of aPL and its clinical impact in patients with COVID-19. RESULTS: 21 studies with a total of 1159 patients were included in our meta-analysis. Among patients hospitalised with COVID-19, the pooled prevalence rate of one or more aPL (IgM or IgG or IgA of anticardiolipin (aCL) or anti-s2 glycoprotein (anti-s2 GPI) or antiphosphatidylserine/prothrombin, or lupus anticoagulant (LA)) was 46.8% (95% CI 36.1% to 57.8%). The most frequent type of aPL found was LA, with pooled prevalence rate of 50.7% (95% CI 34.8% to 66.5%). Critically ill patients with COVID-19 had significantly higher prevalence of aCL (IgM or IgG) (28.8% vs 7.10%, p<0.0001) and anti-s2 GPI (IgM or IgG) (12.0% vs 5.8%, p<0.0001) as compared with non-critically ill patients. However, there was no association between aPL positivity and mean levels of C reactive protein (mean difference was 32 (95% CI -15 to 79), p=0.18), D-dimer (mean difference was 34 (95% CI -194 to 273), p=0.77), mortality (1.46 (95% CI 0.29 to 7.29), p=0.65), invasive ventilation (1.22 (95% CI 0.51 to 2.91), p=0.65) and venous thromboembolism (1.38 (95% CI 0.57 to 3.37), p=0.48). CONCLUSIONS: aPLs were detected in nearly half of patients with COVID-19, and higher prevalence of aPL was found in severe disease. However, there was no association between aPL positivity and disease outcomes including thrombosis, invasive ventilation and mortality. However, further studies are required to identify the clinical and pathological role of aPL in COVID-19.
Identifying Enablers of Participant Engagement in Clinical Trials of Consumer Health Technologies: Qualitative Study of Influenza Home Testing.

Background: A rise in the recent trend of self-managing health using consumer health technologies highlights the importance of efficient and successful consumer health technology trials. Trials are particularly essential to support large-scale implementations of consumer health technologies, such as smartphone-supported home tests. However, trials are generally fraught with challenges, such as inadequate enrollment, lack of fidelity to interventions, and high dropout rates. Understanding the reasons underlying individuals’ participation in trials can inform the design and execution of future trials of smartphone-supported home tests. Objective: This study aims to identify the enablers of potential participants’ trial engagement for clinical trials of smartphone-supported home tests. We use influenza home testing as our instantiation of a consumer health technology subject to trial to investigate the dispositional and situational enablers that influenced trial engagement. Methods: We conducted semistructured interviews with 31 trial participants using purposive sampling to facilitate demographic diversity. The interviews included a discussion of participants’ personal characteristics and external factors that enabled their trial engagement with a smartphone-supported home test for influenza. We performed both deductive and inductive thematic analyses to analyze the interview transcripts and identify enabler themes. Results: Our thematic analyses revealed a structure of dispositional and situational enablers that enhanced trial engagement. Situationally, clinical affiliation, personal advice, promotional recruitment strategies, financial incentives, and insurance status influenced trial engagement. In addition, digital health literacy, motivation to advance medical research, personal innovativeness, altruism, curiosity, positive attitude, and potential to minimize doctors’ visits were identified as the dispositional enablers for trial engagement in our study. Conclusions: We organized the identified themes for dispositional and situational enablers of trial engagement with a smartphone-supported home test into a research framework that can guide future research as well as the trial design and execution of smartphone-supported home tests. We suggest several trial design and engagement strategies to enhance the financial and scientific viability of these trials that pave the way for advancements in patient care. Furthermore, our study also offers practical strategies to trial organizers to enhance participants’ enrollment and engagement in clinical trials of these home tests. Trial Registration:
Thermodynamic Properties of Systems in External Fields

This chapter deals with thermodynamic analysis of systems subjected to external fields: gravitational, surface, radiation, electric, and magnetic. Not only are the resulting new effects of intrinsic interest, but the analysis sheds new light on the systematics of various procedures. The study of field effects serves as an excellent pedagogical tool for an understanding of thermodynamics as a systematic discipline. The analysis of thermodynamic properties of systems subject to gravitational fields introduces new complications, which are dealt with. Adsorption thermodynamics is important not only because of its intrinsic interest, but because it is pedagogically valuable to note thevarious descriptions that arise from the multitude of available choices for the basic thermodynamic potential functions. As a result of radiation processes, heat flows spontaneously from a colder to a hotter body, in contravention of the Second Law.
Towards a Theory of Trusted Performance in Software Development Projects

Within the software development discipline, teams are created and disintegrated at an extremely rapid pace. IT organizations are therefore looking at ways to create an environment of greater performance in a shorter period of time. This paper integrates organizational trust (Mayer, Davis, & Schoorman, 1995) into the research on organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) to help more clearly understand the relationships that are performance impacting. This integration called the “theory of trusted performance” should be able to be leveraged to deliver greater performance within an organization. This paper ends with a brief discussion of practical ways organizational leaders can leverage this model for software development and suggests ways to test this model.
Comparing two methods to estimate the sensitivity of regional climate simulations to tropical SST anomalies

[1] We perform ensemble simulations using NCAR CAM3.1 T42 forced by perturbed SST fields to estimate the sensitivity of regional climate change at seasonal scales to tropical SST anomalies. We compare the sensitivity and linear reconstruction of regional climate change to tropical SST anomalies from the patch method and the random perturbation method (RPM). The patch method adds one SST anomaly patch at a certain location of the tropical ocean to the prescribed SST field at one time. The RPM method randomly perturbs the climatological SST field with spatially coherent anomalies and estimates the anomalous response with respect to the climatological equilibrium state. The two methods provide generally consistent sensitivity information and similar reconstruction of the regional response over the global scale and tropical regions. If only the dominant sensitivity information is desired, the RPM method is about twelve times more computationally efficient than the patch method due mainly to the larger area-integrated amplitude of the SST forcing used.
The Incidence Algebra of a Uniform Poset

Let P,≤ denote a finite graded poset of rank N ≥ 2, with fibers P 0, P 1, ... , P N. Let the matrices L i, R i, E i * (0 ≤ i ≤ N) have rows and columns indexed by P, and entries $$ \begin{gathered} {{({{L}_{i}})}_{{xy}}} = 1\;if\;x \in {{P}_{{i - 1}}},\;y \in {{P}_{i}},\;x \leqslant y,\quad and\quad 0\;otherwise\;(1 \leqslant i \leqslant N), \hfill \\ {{({{R}_{i}})}_{{xy}}} = 1\;if\;x \in {{P}_{{i + 1}}},\;y \in {{P}_{i}},\;y \leqslant x,\quad and\quad 0\;otherwise\;(1 \leqslant i \leqslant N - 1), \hfill \\ {{(E_{i}^{*})}_{{xy}}} = 1\;if\;x,y \in {{P}_{i}},\;\;x = y,\quad and\quad 0\;otherwise\;(1 \leqslant i \leqslant N), \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ and L 0 = R N = 0. The incidence algebra of P is the real matrix algebra generated by L i, R i, E i * (0 ≤ i ≤ N). P is uniform if there exists real numbers e i + , e i - , fi, (1 ≤ i ≤ N) (satisfying a certain condition) such that $$ e_{i}^{ - }{{R}_{{i - 2}}}{{L}_{{i - 1}}}{{L}_{i}} + {{L}_{i}}{{R}_{{i - 1}}}{{L}_{i}} + e_{i}^{ + }{{L}_{i}}{{L}_{{i + 1}}}{{R}_{i}} = {{f}_{i}}{{L}_{i}}\quad (1 \leqslant i \leqslant N)\;({{R}_{{ - 1}}} = {{L}_{{N + 1}}} = 0). $$
The power spectrum of a generalization of full-response CPM

The power spectrum is derived for a generalization of full-response continuous phase modulation (CPM). The derivation is simpler than those previously published for CPM, the result is cleaner, and the more-general signal class may enable improvement on CPM at negligible cost.
Comparative studies of the multiplication of antigenically related poxviruses on the chorioallantoic membrane of the chick embryo.

Abstract Hahon, Nicholas (U. S. Army Chemical Corps, Frederick, Md.) and James J. Friel. Comparative studies of the multiplication of antigenically related poxviruses on the chorioallantoic membrane of the chick embryo. J. Bacteriol. 83:837–843. 1962.—A comparison was made of the general growth curves of several poxviruses, variola, alastrim, vaccinia, cowpox, rabbitpox, and monkeypox, on the chorioallantoic membrane of the chick embryo. All curves showed a lag period, followed by a tenfold increase of infectivity each 5 hr for approximately 20 to 25 hr, a peak growth level at 48 to 52 hr (except monkeypox), and a gradual decline after 72 hr. Closer examination of the lag period revealed a rapid decline of virus infectivity within 2 to 4 hr after inoculation and the manifestation of an eclipse phase for 4 and 6 hr with all poxviruses. The lag period was terminated with the detection of intracellular virus at 8 to 12 hr, followed by the appearance of extracellular virus 2 to 6 hr later. The proportion of extracellular to intracellular virus was 0.1 or less throughout the different stages of poxvirus growth. In contrast to findings with the other poxviruses, however, extracellular virus equaled or exceeded the quantity of intracellular virus during the latter stages of the growth curves of variola and alastrim viruses.
Likelihood of Suicidality at Varying Levels of Depression Severity: A Re-Analysis of NESARC Data

Although it is clear that increasing depression severity is associated with more risk for suicidality, less is known about at what levels of depression severity the risk for different suicide symptoms increases. We used item response theory to estimate the likelihood of endorsing suicide symptoms across levels of depression severity in an epidemiological data set. Regardless of depression severity, suicide attempts were less frequently endorsed than ideation, which was less frequently endorsed than feeling like one wanted to die. All suicide symptoms were generally less likely to be endorsed than other depression symptoms. There was a low probability of suicidality at depression levels that likely would not merit a diagnosis of major depression.
Fractional differentiation by neocortical pyramidal neurons.

Neural systems adapt to changes in stimulus statistics. The authors find that neocortical pyramidal neurons adapt with a time scale that depends on the time scale of changes in stimulus statistics, and that for individual neurons the firing is a fractional derivative of slowly varying stimulus parameters. Neural systems adapt to changes in stimulus statistics. However, it is not known how stimuli with complex temporal dynamics drive the dynamics of adaptation and the resulting firing rate. For single neurons, it has often been assumed that adaptation has a single time scale. We found that single rat neocortical pyramidal neurons adapt with a time scale that depends on the time scale of changes in stimulus statistics. This multiple time scale adaptation is consistent with fractional order differentiation, such that the neuron's firing rate is a fractional derivative of slowly varying stimulus parameters. Biophysically, even though neuronal fractional differentiation effectively yields adaptation with many time scales, we found that its implementation required only a few properly balanced known adaptive mechanisms. Fractional differentiation provides single neurons with a fundamental and general computation that can contribute to efficient information processing, stimulus anticipation and frequency-independent phase shifts of oscillatory neuronal firing.
Characterization of the risks posed by CDDs and CDFs

Abstract The acknowledged exposure of humans to toxic CDDs and CDFs have lead to a wide range “concentration levels of concern” (spanning more than 1000x) by regulatory agencies around the world. This diversity in risk characterization reflects incomplete knowledge of effects in humans and incomplete understanding of the mechanism by which these chemicals express their toxic action.
Non-Covalent Interaction between Polyubiquitin and GTP Cyclohydrolase 1 Dictates Its Degradation

GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GTPCH1) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the de novo synthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). GTPCH1 protein degradation has been reported in animal models of several diseases, including diabetes mellitus and hypertension. However, the molecular mechanisms by which GTPCH1 is degraded remain uncharacterized. Here we report a novel non-covalent interaction between polyubiquitin and GTPCH1 in vitro and in vivo. The non-covalent binding of GTPCH1 to polyubiquitin via an ubiquitin-binding domain (UBD) results in ubiquitination and degradation. Ectopic expression of ubiquitin in cultured cells accelerated GTPCH1 degradation. In cultured cells and in vitro assays, Lys48-linked ubiquitin chains, but not Lys63-linked chains, interacted with GTPCH1 and targeted it for degradation. Consistently, proteasome inhibition attenuated GTPCH1 degradation. Finally, direct mutagenesis of an isoleucine (Ile131) in the hydrophobic patch of the GTPCH1 UBD affected its ubiquitin binding and the enzyme stability. Taken together, we conclude that GTPCH1 non-covalently interacts with polyubiquitin via an ubiquitin-binding domain. The polyubiquitin binding directs GTPCH1 ubiquitination and proteasome degradation.
The effects of naloxone on hoarding in the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)

The effects of the opiate antagonist naloxone on the hoarding behavior of intact female hamsters, Mesocricetus auratus, were studied. Naloxone reduced the number of food pellets hoarded (p <.01) but did not affect the initiation of hoarding behavior. Further analysis indicated consistent individual differences in the effect of naloxone administration on hoarding (p <.05).
Human Factor Studies in Evaluation of Automated Highway System Attributes

The goal of the Automated Highway System (AHS) is to blend engineering ingenuity and technology to produce a new level of transportation services. Human factors are difficult to integrate with AHS design because they represent a variety of training, experience, skills, and goals. Human factor considerations are essential for AHS design because humans will be involved in automated driving. For instance, drivers may be expected to instruct their vehicles to exit locations, input parameters such as speed and desired headway, or take control in some emergency situations. The tasks that human drivers will be expected to execute have not yet been fully defined. One human factor dilemma that AHS engineers might face is that if human drivers are not allowed to intervene in the vehicle control process during malfunction and emergency situations, they may be trapped in a system with high failure rates. This could result in public distrust and a lack of public will to deploy an AHS. However, if drivers are allowed to take control of their vehicles at will, some may intervene at inappropriate times, causing a potential system failure. A framework has been developed for evaluating human factor concerns for automated vehicle control. These concerns involve basic driving tasks: (a) detection, (b) recognition, (c) situation analysis, (d) decision making, and (e) control response. An analytical process to determine the responsibilities of the human driver, vehicle, and AHS infrastructure for these driving tasks is presented.
Population Differences in Constructive Memory.

Abstract An experiment was conducted to evaluate constructive memory in fourth-grade low-SES black and middle-SES white children. The children were read nine short passages; each passage was composed of two premise statements and a filler sentence. The children were tested by a recognition procedure. Thirty-six test sentences were presented randomly. Four sentences were associated with each passage (true premise, false premise, true inference, and false inference). Subjects were asked to make yes/no recognition decisions based on whether the test sentence was identical to a sentence presented at study. Middle-SES white children made few errors, except to true inference test sentences. This pattern of performance is consistent with the constructive view of memory. Low-SES black children also had a high error rate to true inference items. However, this outcome may not reflect constructive memory because they also had a high error rate to some of the other types of test sentences.
Multimodality imaging of splenic lesions and the role of non-vascular, image-guided intervention

Splenic lesions are often incidentally detected on abdominal-computed tomography (CT), ultrasound, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and these can pose a diagnostic challenge in patients with suspected or known malignancy. This review will discuss the multimodality imaging features of various benign and malignant splenic pathologies including trauma, infection, infarct, granulomatous disease, benign neoplasms such as hemangioma, hamartoma, and littoral cell angioma, cystic entities such as peliosis, splenic cysts, and pseudocysts, and malignant processes such as metastasis, lymphoma, angiosarcoma, and leiomyosarcoma. While several of these splenic pathologies have characteristic imaging features that are helpful in diagnosis, others have nonspecific findings. In such clinical dilemmas, image-guided intervention may be essential, and we therefore discuss the role of non-vascular, image-guided splenic interventions for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. The radiologist can play a key part in the clinical diagnosis and management of splenic lesions, and therefore a thorough knowledge of the imaging features of splenic lesions and a thoughtful approach to their management is crucial.
Infrared Today & Tomorrow

The nature of infrared radiation and its transmission through the atmos pheric constituents up to the entrance window of an optical system are described. The current state-of-the-art of infrared technology, both civilian and military, is outlined, and some future improvements and developments are predicted on a basis of extrapolations of present equipment and com-ponent capabilities.
Career Development; The Linkage Between Training and Organizational Development Originally published in 1989, PIQ 2.1

Improved organizational efficiency can only be accomplished if the employees within an organization have developed the skills, competencies, knowledge, and attitudes to perform at the highest possible levels. To a limited degree this can be accomplished via training, but employees develop the fundamental skills, competencies, knowledge, and attitudes related only to their current job. As a result, the organization is only indirectly impacted. This refers to the micro perspective of improved organizational efficiency. Organizational efficiency can also be accomplished through organizational development, but the individual employee is often overlooked during this process. Without employee commitment to improve efficiency, it will be short-lived. This approach refers to the macro perspective of improved organizational efficiency. Both the micro and macro perspectives of improved organizational efficiency have their weaknesses. Thus, a combination of the two processes is necessary. Career development is that combination. Career development is a process which enables employees to develop beyond the fundamental skills, competencies, knowledge, and attitudes required for their present job assignments. It is a process which is focused on improving organizational efficiency while relying on the development of the individual employee. Performance improvement practitioners can provide learning activities which improve employees' skills, competencies, knowledge, and attitudes by viewing improved organizational efficiency from, an individual (micro) perspective while remaining dedicated to the overall enhancement of the organization (macro). However, many performance improvement practitioners fail to see the connection between training and overall organizational development. These terms are often used interchangeably which leads to the increased confusion and misapplication of each process. It is necessary, therefore, to arrive at an acceptable definition in order to communicate effectively the intent as well as the similarities and differences of the processes. This will enable performance improvement practitioners to better understand the commonalities of each process. It is this understanding that serves as the basis of this article and the forthcoming recommendations.
Autonomous smart sensor-electronics-actuator device for controlling periodic vibration in a structural system

The development of an intelligent sensor/electronics/actuator system is presented in this paper. The system is autonomous since it only needs some approximate knowledge of the frequency range where each vibration mode may exist. Given this information, the device senses and identifies each of the principal vibration modes, tracks them (should they drift in frequency), and generate a counter-action which suppresses each of the vibration modes to a fraction of their corresponding uncompensated magnitudes. This control action is robust since it concentrates its energy only at those frequencies where periodic disturbances are detected. The main novelty of this system is the use of phase-lock-loops and switch capacitor bandpass filters for the on-line identification and tracking of the vibration modes, and the use of feedforward and feedback signals allowing to automatically adjust the optimal gain and phase compensations for each vibration mode. This approach has many advantages: it is practical and conceptually simple; it is modular and can be easily expanded to accommodate multiple vibration modes; it can be implemented with inexpensive low-power CMOS electronics; it is versatile since it does not rely on a model of the structure for developing its controller, and it only requires some approximate notion of the frequency ranges where periodic vibration is expected. The effectiveness of this new approach is experimentally evaluated using a test unit consisting of a simple structure, accelerometers and Terfenol- D actuators. The structure is excited by driving a shaker actuator with sinusoidal voltages. The resulting periodic vibration is measured using accelerometers. Feedforward and feedback acceleration signals are processed by the electronics producing an actuator command signal. The actuator generates a counter vibration that reduces the uncompensated vibration. Attenuation levels as high as 36 dB were obtained in an actual test unit.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Masturbation as a Means of Achieving Sexual Health

Abstract Research on masturbation has indicated that, contrary to traditional beliefs, masturbation has been found to be a common sexual behavior and linked to indicators of sexual health. While there are no general indicators of ill health associated with masturbation, it can be powerfully negative or positive for many individuals. As an example, it is widely used in sex therapy as a means of improving the sexual health of the individual and/or relationship. Promoting masturbation as a means of a public health strategy for sexual health is highly controversial; however, there are arguments and evidence that suggest that this may be an important part of any public health approach to improving sexual health. There is a need for more research on the impact of masturbation on self-esteem, body image, sexual functioning and sexual satisfaction and methods for using masturbation to promote sexual health. There is also a need for more of a theoretical approach to the formation of hypotheses to be tested.
Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1) : A specific and sensitive biomarker of kidney injury

There is an urgent need for the detection and monitoring of kidney injury in both the acute and chronic disease setting. Urinary kidney injury molecule-1 (Kim-1), a type-1 transmembrane protein, is not normally present, but is expressed on the proximal tubule apical membrane with injury. Kim-1 has proved to be an outstanding indicator of kidney injury in the rat, outperforming blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine as predictors of histopathological changes in the proximal tubule in response to many pathophysiological states or toxicants. Studies in man indicate that tissue expression and urinary excretion of the ectodomain of KIM-1 are sensitive and specific markers of injury as well as predictors of outcome.
Magnetic thin film inductors for integrated circuit applications

It is extremely difficult to fabricate small air-core inductors of sufficiently high inductance and Q for integrated-circuit applications due to the large number of turns required. Although the need for passive inductors can be circumvented by means of active filters at lower frequencies, such substitutes are difficult to realize at frequencies above 100 MHz. To drastically reduce the number of turns required thus rendering the fabrication of IC inductors feasible, we used anisotropic magnetic film cores of permeability as high as 104. In this paper, the design and fabrication of such inductors are discussed along with experimental results on their inductance.
Home Water Treatment Habits and Effectiveness in a Rural Arizona Community

Drinking water quality in the United States (US) is among the safest in the world. However, many residents, often in rural areas, rely on unregulated private wells or small municipal utilities for water needs. These utilities may violate the Safe Drinking Water Act contaminant guidelines, often because they lack the required financial resources. Residents may use alternative water sources or install a home water treatment system. Despite increased home water treatment adoption, few studies have examined their use and effectiveness in the US. Our study addresses this knowledge gap by examining home water treatment in a rural Arizona community. Water samples were analyzed for metal(loid)s, and home treatment and demographic data were recorded in 31 homes. Approximately 42% of homes treated their water. Independent of source water quality, residents with higher income (OR = 1.25; 95%CI (1.00 - 1.64)) and education levels (OR = 1.49; 95%CI (1.12 - 2.12)) were more likely to treat their water. Some contaminant concentrations were effectively reduced with treatment, while some were not. We conclude that increased educational outreach on contaminant testing and treatment, especially to rural areas with endemic water contamination, would result in a greater public health impact while reducing rural health disparities.
MIDCABG followed by a gastrointestinal operation in the same anesthetic setting.

Abstract Cardiovascular complications continue to be a significant source of morbidity and mortality in patients having noncardiac operations. This especially is true in patients with known coronary artery disease facing intraabdominal operations. Minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass grafting allows coronary artery grafting without cardiopulmonary bypass or a median sternotomy incision. Also, in combination with angioplasty (the "hybrid procedure"), it is possible to offer complete revascularization with far less surgical trauma. We present 2 cases of patients who had minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass grafting followed by major gastrointestinal operations in the same anesthetic setting.
In-situ acousto-ultrasonic monitoring of crack propagation in Al2024 alloy

A data fusion technique implementing the principles of acoustic emission (AE), ultrasonic testing (UT) and digital image correlation (DIC) was employed to in situ monitor crack propagation in an Al 2024 alloy compact tension (CT) specimen. The specimen was designed according to ASTM E647-08 and was pre-cracked under fatigue loading to ensure stable crack growth. Tensile (Mode I) loads were applied according to ASTM E1290-08 while simultaneously recording AE activity, transmitting ultrasonic pulses and measuring full-field surface strains. Realtime 2D source location AE algorithms and visualization provided by the DIC system allowed the full quantification of the crack growth and the cross-validation of the recorded non-destructive testing data. In post mortem, waveform features sensitive to crack propagation were extracted and visible trends as a function of computed crack length were observed. In addition, following a data fusion approach, features from the three independent monitoring systems were combined to define damage sensitive correlations. Furthermore a novelty detector based on the Mahalanobis outlier analysis was implemented to quantify the extent of crack growth and to define a more robust sensing basis for the proposed system.
Mini Transversely Excited Atmospheric (TEA) CO 2 Lasers

The history and development of mini-TEA CO2 lasers is presented, beginning with longitudinally pulsed waveguide lasers and leading up to the current state-of-the-art mini-TEA devices (less than 20 cm overall length) which produce more than 20 mjoules per pulse, single-mode, with an operating life of more than 2 x 106 pulses.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Isolation of a teratocarcinoma stem cell lectin implicated in intercellular adhesion.

Abstract We have previously identified a cell surface teratocarcinoma stem cell lectin with a fucan/mannan specificity. We now report the purification of the hemagglutinin (lectin) from stem cell conditioned medium by exclusion on a Sepharose 2B column, followed by elution with 0.5 M NaCl from DEAE-cellulose, providing an overall purification of about 90-fold. When this material was analyzed, by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, a major band of M r 56 000 was consistently observed. Hemagglutination activity was renatured from the gels and localized exclusively to a region of the gel that, as detected by fluorography, contains only the 56-kDa component. This suggested that this polypeptide comprises the lectin.
Asymmetries in relativistic information flow

In the so-called "twin paradox" of relativity theory, one spaceship leaves another at velocity v = ftc and returns to find that the other ship has aged more by a factor \gamma=(1- \beta^{2})^{-1/2} . The asymmetry is first isolated in order to resolve the paradox. Then the principle of relativity is used to derive the relative aging factor \gamma and the relativistic Doppler shift. Using the Doppler factor, asymmetries in information transmission between moving spaceships are investigated. An additive white Gaussian noise channel with Shannon capacity C = W \log(l+P/NW) is considered. After accounting for the effect of the relativistic Doppler shift on signal power and bandwidth, it is found that for a given transmission rate and bandwidth, the traveler needs \gamma times the energy of the stationary spaceship to transmit 1/ \gamma times as much information. The asymmetry in efficiency is thus \gamma^{2} . A simple proof is given that the round trip asymmetry in efficiency for constant-rate transmission is always the square of the relative aging factor for all trajectories regardless of accelerations and the presence of gravitational fields.
Coherent backscattering of singular beams

The phenomenon of coherent backscattering depends on both the statistical characteristics of a random scattering medium and the correlation features of the incident field. Imposing a wavefront singularity on the incident field offers a unique and very attractive way to modify the field correlations in a deterministic manner. The field correlations are found to act as a path-length filter which modifies the distribution of different contributions to the enhancement cone. This effect is thoroughly discussed and demonstrated experimentally for the case of single scale scattering systems.
Distribution and phenotype of TrkB oligodendrocyte lineage cells in the adult rat spinal cord

The distribution and phenotype of a previously undescribed population of nonneuronal cells in the intact spinal cord that expresses TrkB, the cognate receptor for brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin 4 (NT-4), were characterized by examining the extent of co-localization of TrkB with NG2, which identifies oligodendrocyte progenitors (OPCs) or CC1, a marker for mature oligodendrocytes (OLs). All TrkB nonneuronal cells expressed Olig2, confirming their role in the OL lineage. Similar to OPCs and OLs, TrkB cells resided in gray and white matter of the spinal cord in similar abundance. Less than 2% of TrkB cells expressed NG2, while over 80% of TrkB cells in the adult spinal cord co-expressed CC1. Most OPCs did not express detectable levels of TrkB, however a small OPC pool (~5%) showed TrkB immunoreactivity. The majority of mature OLs (~65%) expressed TrkB, but a population of mature OLs (~36%) did not express TrkB at detectable levels, and 17% of TrkB nonneuronal cells did not express NG2 or CC1. Approximately 20% of the TrkB nonneuronal population in the ventral horn resided in close proximity to motor neurons and were categorized as perineuronal. We conclude that TrkB is expressed by several pools of OL lineage cells in the adult spinal cord. These findings are important in understanding the neurotrophin regulation of OL lineage cells in the adult spinal cord.
Walras's theory of the entrepreneur

This paper tries to dispel the obscurity into which Leon Walras's theory has fallen as a result of misunderstandings and decades of neglect. An exposition of the three parts of the theory is given: Walras's definition of the entrepreneur, an account of the entrepreneur's role in effectuating dynamic market adjustments, and a description of his situation in an equilibrium state of the market. Criticisms of the theory are evaluated, its contributions are identified, and its impact upon the work of Pareto, Barone, and Schumpeter is documented. It is concluded that the theory was a significant addition to economic analysis, providing the foundation and inspiration for some important aspects of the modern theory of the entrepreneur and of profits.
Heritabilities of Measures of Hooves and Their Relation to Other Traits of Holsteins

Abstract Genetic and phenotypic variations of hoof measurements were related to milk and fat yields, days open from calving to conception, and survival to various ages. Data were from 5551 measures in the first four lactations of 2972 Holstein cows in six herds over 15 yr. Estimates of heritabilities for hoof angles by multivariate REML averaged .18 but ranged from .03 to .39 by lactation. Similar averages for hoof lengths were .25 (range .08 to .53) and .07 (range .02 to .16) for heel depth. Hoof lengths had the highest phenotypic relationships with milk or fat yields and days open. Hoof angles of the first lactation were positively related to survival rates to various ages. For the second lactation, hoof lengths were the only useful predictors of survival. Days open, survival rate, and increase in age-adjusted milk yield from first to second lactation were favorably related to higher hoof angles and shorter hoof lengths. Within a lactation, higher angles and shorter lengths were undesirable for increased milk or fat yields. Genetic correlations of milk and fat yields with hoof angles were generally negative, but those for length were mostly positive. Genetically, days open decreased as hoof angle increased; some differences occurred among lactations. Longer hooves and deeper heels were positively related genetically to days open. Genetic correlations of hoof angles and heel depth with survival were positive, but those with hoof length tended to be negative.
Cancer stem cells, CD200 and immunoevasion

The limited success seen in cancer immunotherapy signifies that an alternative approach is required. Advances in cancer biology have identified a biologically unique subpopulation of cells, termed cancer stem cells (CSC), that survive after conventional therapy. CSCs are the putative cancer-initiating cells responsible for tumor initiation, progression and metastasis. CSCs might be able to evade the immune system by generating a tolerogenic response facilitated by the immunosuppressive factor CD200. This article reviews the biological importance of CSCs and the potentially important role of CD200 in tumor immunology. Moreover, we discuss the prospective role CD200 plays in the ability of a CSC to escape the immune system. Future immunotherapy must consider targeting CSCs to achieve curative responses.
Diminished satellite cells and elevated adipogenic gene expression in muscle as caused by ovariectomy are averted by low-magnitude mechanical signals

Age-related degeneration of the musculoskeletal system, accelerated by menopause, is further complicated by increased systemic and muscular adiposity. The purpose of this study was to identify at t...
Toxicity to Daphnia of the end products of wet oxidation of phenol and substituted phenols

Abstract The process of wet oxidation breaks down organic substances in aqueous solution at elevated temperatures and pressures. Experimental wet oxidations were carried out on pure solutions of phenol, 2-chlorophenol and 4-nitrophenol. After 1-h wet oxidation, final concentrations of these compounds averaged 3% of their concentrations in the starting solutions. The toxicities of the starting compounds and the residual toxicity of the end-product solutions were measured with 48-h acute toxicity tests using Daphnia magna. The solutions of end products were all less toxic than the starting solutions by factors ranging from 10 to 120. However, the end-product solutions were somewhat more toxic than would be predicted from the known concentration of initial compound remaining in the solution of end products.
Pulse shapes in surface barrier detectors

Abstract The shapes of the current pulses derived from fully depleted surface barrier detectors are observed and compared with theory. Separate measurements are made with low-energy alpha particles entering the front and back surfaces, so the pulses are due to the motion of electrons only, and holes only, respectively. These pulses should be of the same shape, but reversed in time and scaled in time in proportion to the mobilities. This is observed when there is a large over-voltage, but for lower voltages, straggling distorts the shape of the pulses from hole collection. The shapes of the electric fields in the detectors are surmised from the pulse shapes. At high voltage, the fields become much closer to uniform than is implied by the usual constant gradient assumption, and in two of the four detectors they become quite uniform.
Studies of Contact Hypersensitivity Induction in Mice with Optimal Sensitizing Doses of Hapten

To avoid unsuspected and unwanted consequences of excess hapten during epicutaneous sensitization, optimal sensitizing doses of dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) were determined for several ultraviolet B radiation (UVB)–resistant and UVB- susceptible strains of mice. Using these doses of hapten applied epicutaneously or injected intracutaneously into normal or UVB-exposed body wall skin, it was determined that four consecutive daily exposures to UVB prevented contact hypersensitivity induction in all mice when optimal sensitizing doses of DNFB were applied epicutaneously. By contrast, UVB-resistant, but not UVB-susceptible, mice developed contact hypersensitivity when an optimal sensitizing dose of DNFB was injected intracutaneously into UVB-irradiated skin. Moreover, whereas UVB-susceptible mice failed to develop contact hypersensitivity when an optimal sensitizing dose of DNFB was painted on skin exposed to a single dose of UVB, UVB-resistant mice did develop contact hypersensitivity under similar circumstances. Based on these results, it is concluded that 1) conventional doses of epicutaneously applied haptens induce contact hypersensitivity with the aid of antigen-presenting cells derived from both the epidermis and the dermis, 2) the phenomenon of UVB susceptibility is mediated by cells and molecules within the dermis when conventional doses of hapten and UVB radiation are employed, and 3) UVB susceptibility is mediated by cells and molecules within the epidermis when optimal sensitizing doses of hapten and a single exposure to UVB are employed.