cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geometry and prediction of drift-free trajectories for redundant machines under pseudoinverse control

In this article, classical differential geometric techniques are used for two purposes: (1) to describe in geometric terms the trajectories to which redundant robots under pseudoinverse control will drift and (2) to formulate from this geometric description a practical and quick method for predicting these limit trajectories, thereby suggesting sets of initial conditions under which no drift will occur. Through this analysis, several useful results were obtained. First, it is demonstrated for a 3R example that the drifting trajectories are geodesics in the constrained joint space, and that as a result of this, all drift-free trajectories are space curves of zero torsion. Second, it is found that each self-motion manifold in the joint space crosses the limiting (drift-free) trajectories at points where they themselves have zero torsion. Because self-motion manifolds are often more easily computed than exhaustive kinematic simulation of manipulator drift, these results provide a fast, new technique for locating and characterizing drift-free trajectories based only on geometry of these self-motion manifolds. This work extends the results of previous work in pseudoinverse control to the point that the drift problem may be circumvented without resort to either exhaustive simulation or symbolic computation of Lie brackets of vector fields.
Contraceptive steroid administration by subdermal implants: Serum concentrations of R-2323, estrogen and progesterone in rhesus monkeys

Abstract Silastic® capsules containing R-2323 (13-ethyl-17α-ethinyl-17-hydroxy-gona-4,9,11-trien-3-one) were implanted subdermally in six normal female rhesus monkeys ( Macaca mulatta ) for one year. Serum concentrations of R-2323, estrogens and progesterone were estimated by radioimmunoassay and the R-2323 remaining in the capsule reservoir was measured. The in situ diffusion rate of R-2323 from the capsules averaged 14.0 ± 1.2μg/cm2/day (mean ± S.E.). Serum R-2323 was found one hour after insertion of the capsules and reached maximum values of 0.50–1.41 ng/ml within three days. Thereafter, the R-2323 serum concentrations declined, stabilizing after three months within a range of 0.23–0.54 ng/ml. Serum R-2323 values could not be predicted by the number of capsules inserted but reflected the differences in release of steroid from each implant. Ovulation and subsequent corpus luteum formation, as appraised by estrogen and progesterone blood levels, were inhibited for variable periods which were dependent on the serum R-2323 concentration attained.
Thermodynamics of hydrogen bonding in coal-derived liquids. Failure of the Bolles-Drago approach applied to mixtures

Abstract The validity of using the Bolles-Drago technique to calculate thermodynamic functions for the hydrogen bonding interactions of an acid with a pair of bases was tested by computer. Sets of ‘data’ were calculated for five cases having different enthalpies and free energies of association and these ‘data’ were used in the Bolles-Drago treatment to recalculate the thermodynamic perameters. If the enthalpies and free energies of association of the acid with the two bases are different, the Bolles-Drago treatment fails.
Ascending projections from the area around the spinal cord central canal: A Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin study in rats.

A single small iontophoretic injection of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin labels projections from the area surrounding the spinal cord central canal at midthoracic (T6-T9) or lumbosacral (L6-S1) segments of the spinal cord. The projections from the midthoracic or lumbosacral level of the medial spinal cord are found: 1) ascending ipsilaterally in the dorsal column near the dorsal intermediate septum or the midline of the gracile fasciculus, respectively; 2) terminating primarily in the dorsal, lateral rim of the gracile nucleus and the medial rim of the cuneate nucleus or the dorsomedial rim of the gracile nucleus, respectively; and 3) ascending bilaterally with slight contralateral predominance in the ventrolateral quadrant of the spinal cord and terminating in the ventral and medial medullary reticular formation. Other less dense projections are to the pons, midbrain, thalamus, hypothalamus, and other forebrain structures. Projections arising from the lumbosacral level are also found in Barrington's nucleus. The results of the present study support previous retrograde tract tracing and physiological studies from our group demonstrating that the neurons in the area adjacent to the central canal of the midthoracic or lumbosacral level of the spinal cord send long ascending projections to the dorsal column nucleus that are important in the transmission of second-order afferent information for visceral nociception. Thus, the axonal projections through both the dorsal and the ventrolateral white matter from the CC region terminate in many regions of the brain providing spinal input for sensory integration, autonomic regulation, motor and emotional responses, and limbic activation.
Enhancing the customer contact model

Abstract Most services are provided in the presence of the customer. In most service operations, the customer is not only present but also directly participates in the service delivery process. Such encounters with the service system and the customer's involvement in the service production process have important implications for operations efficiency and effectiveness. Thus, the nature and extent of contact between the customer and the service system should be carefully evaluated in designing service facilities. One approach that has been considered a useful conceptual tool for aiding operations managers in their service design decisions is the customer contact model (CCM). This model classifies service systems into “high contact,” “low contact” and “mixed” services based on the extent of contact between the customer and the service facility. Recently, however, this model's effectiveness as a service management tool has been challenged. CCM has been criticized for failing to sufficiently distinguish between service systems that involve high interaction and customization and those that primarily provide accommodation. The model's capability to assess a service facility's potential efficiency has also been questioned. This paper reevaluates CCM in view of the recent concerns raised about it and offers some extensions which improve the model's performance. It proposes a broadened definition of “customer contact” and differentiates between “active” and “passive” contact. Based on these distinctions, it presents a revised approach for classifying services and for assessing the potential efficiency of service facilities. The extensions provided in this paper would help overcome many of CCM's shortcomings and thus enhance its potential as a viable tool for managing service operations. Therefore, this study, while recognizing the valid criticisms leveled at CCM, asserts that the customer contact concept still provides a useful framework for understanding, designing and controlling service systems.
The Incidence of External Locus of Control in Televised Cartoon Characters

Abstract Although past research has investigated the presentation of discrete behaviors and attitudes on television and associations between these entities and the behavior of children who view them, no study to date has examined the television's portrayal of expectancies for reinforcement in the environment. The present study focused on the identification of the predominant locus of control orientations in Saturday morning network cartoons. Using operationalized definitions of internal and external locus of control in cartoon events, it was found that Saturday morning programs often present an “external” view of the world in which the person is at the mercy of magic, luck, or powerful others. The potential impact of this external orientation upon the expectancies or locus of control of young viewers were discussed.
Symptom Representation and Treatment-Seeking Prior to Diagnosis of Atrial Fibrillation.

Early treatment-seeking for symptoms of atrial fibrillation (AF) is critical to avert AF-related stroke and heart failure, but early treatment is hindered if symptoms are not accurately interpreted. The purpose of this research was to describe symptom representation and treatment-seeking responses prior to diagnosis of AF. For this descriptive study, 150 participants were surveyed to describe the type and temporality of symptoms, perceptions regarding the cause, seriousness, controllability of symptoms, and responses to symptoms prior to diagnosis. Participants’ mean age was 66.5 years, and 51% were female. Participants perceived symptoms as having nondisease-based causes, as not very serious, and as amenable to self-management. The majority took a wait and see response with 69% waiting more than 1 week after symptom onset to seek treatment. Lack of recognition of the seriousness of symptoms of AF and delayed treatment put patients at risk of poorer outcomes.
Interstitial nephritis associated with cytomegalovirus infection

Interstitial nephritis associated with cytomegalovirus infection. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection may cause impairment of renal graft function and glomerular and interstitial injury. Whether renal lesions are the consequence of infection or of decreased graft tolerance is uncertain. We studied autogenous renal tissues obtained from two infants with CMV infection. Light and electron microscopy revealed interstitial nephritis, but not glomerulopathy. Analysis of frozen tissues using monoclonal antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence demonstrated that most infiltrating cells were T cells (OKT3 + ), the majority of which reacted with OKT8. In contrast, tissues obtained from one individual prior to CMV infection, from individuals with end-stage kidney disease, and from normal renal donors revealed either balanced proportions of OKT4 + and OKT8 + cells or a preponderance of the former. Thus, CMV infection may be associated with interstitial nephritis involving a characteristic subpopulation of T cells.
Gas Turbine Fuel Injection Technology

This paper discusses the major drivers for innovation in the gas turbine fuel injection market with a major emphasis on a historical account of the progress made to date and the expected drivers for innovation in the coming years. A number of novel injector designs are presented that include Lean Direct Injection (LDI) Macrolaminate Modules, and various Lean Prevaporized Premixer (LPP) designs for power generation applications. The challenges that face fuel injection manufacturers are outlined.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
On achieving high and adaptable damping via a bistable oscillator

This research investigates a bistable oscillator which, through snap through actions, can significantly increase the power dissipated and provide passive damping adaptability with respect to the input amplitude and frequency. The increase in motion generated during high orbit, snap through dynamic response leads to a significant increase in the power dissipated by the embedded damper. The power dissipated can change passively and drastically depending on the response dynamics excited by the input. Both analytical and experimental efforts are pursued to investigate and demonstrate the concept.
Azadirachtin: Effects on Metamorphosis, Longevity, and Reproduction of Three Tephritid Fruit Fly Species (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Effects of azadirachtin on the metamorphosis, longevity, and reproduction of Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann); oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis Handel; and melon fly, Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett, exposed as late third in stars and pupae to treated sand were determined. Formation of pup aria was not affected by azadirachtin at the concentrations tested. Adult emergence was completely inhibited at concentrations of 14 ppm for C. capitata and D. dorsalis and at 10 ppm for D. cucurbitae. D. cucurbitae was significantly more susceptible to azadirachtin than C. capitata and D. dorsalis at LC ••. Even though adult emergence was inhibited, approximately 95% of treated puparia contained living adults. Adults that emerged from treatments appeared normal but significantly more died compared with controls. Ten days after emergence, 75%. D. dorsalis and 64% C. capttata exposed as larvae and pupae to 4.66 ppm azadirachtin had died. Approximately. 24% of D. cucurbitae exposed to 2.77 ppm azadirachtin died within 10 d after emergence. Azadirachtin had no significant effect on the number of eggs laid by adult D. dorsalis and C. capitata that had survived larval-pupal treatments. D. cucurbitae controls laid significantly more eggs than adults that had survived larval-pupal treatments with 1.85 ppm. Azadirachtin had no significant effect on egg hatch or the growth and development of F. progeny.
Optical measurement of micromachine engine performance

Understanding the mechanisms that impact the performance of Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) is essential to the development of optimized designs and drive signals, as well as the qualification of devices for commercial applications. Silicon micromachines include engines that consist of orthogonally oriented linear comb drive actuators mechanically connected to a rotating gear. These gears are as small as 50 {mu}m in diameter and can be driven at rotation rates exceeding 300,000 rpm. Optical techniques offer the potential for measuring long term statistical performance data and transient responses needed to optimize designs and manufacturing techniques. The authors describe the development of Micromachine Optical Probe (MOP) technology for the evaluation of micromachine performance. The MOP approach is based on the detection of optical signals scattered by the gear teeth or other physical structures. They present experimental results for a prototype system designed to measure engine parameters as well as long term performance data.
A MULTIMEDIA INTERACTIVE CULTURAL SIMULATION: LEARNING TO ANALYZE AND CONSTRUCT ARGUMENTS

In this short paper we describe an application with an interactive multimedia interface designed to help students develop analytic and argument construction skills in the context of a college level French curriculum. Using the application helps students':• French language comprehension.• Abilities to generate extended pieces of French text.• Psychological and sociological analytical skills: Not only are these skills an important part of a general education, they are central to the kind of cultural adaptation that is part of learning, in a deep sense, a foreign language.• Abilities to identify and structure central points when generating arguments.
Long-term trends in the use of coronary reperfusion strategies in acute myocardial infarction: a community-wide perspective.

The objectives of our study were to examine long-term (1986–2003) trends in the use of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) and thrombolytic therapy in the management of patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) while our secondary study goal was to examine factors associated with use of these coronary reperfusion strategies. While there have been considerable changes in the management of patients hospitalized with AMI over time, limited contemporary data are available about changing trends in the use of different coronary reperfusion strategies, particularly from the more generalizable perspective of a population-based investigation. The study sample consisted of 9,422 greater Worcester (MA) residents hospitalized with confirmed AMI at all metropolitan Worcester medical centers in 10 annual periods between 1986 and 2003. Divergent trends in the use of PCI and thrombolytic therapy during hospitalization for AMI were noted. Use of thrombolytic therapy increased after its introduction to clinical practice in the mid-1980’s through the early 1990’s with a progressive decline in use thereafter. In 2003, 3.5% of patients hospitalized with AMI were treated with clot lysing therapy. On the other hand, marked increases in the use of PCI during hospitalization for AMI were noted over time. In 2003, 42.1% of patients with AMI received a PCI. Several demographic and clinical factors were associated with the use of these different treatment strategies. The results of our study in a large Northeast community suggest evolving changes in the hospital management of patients with AMI. Current management practices emphasize the utilization of PCI to restore coronary reperfusion to the infarct related artery. We examined long-term trends in the use of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) and thrombolytic therapy in the management of patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The study sample consisted of 9,422 greater Worcester (MA) residents hospitalized with AMI at all area medical centers between 1986 and 2003. Use of thrombolytic therapy increased from the mid-1980’s through the early 1990’s with a progressive decline in use thereafter. In 2003, 3.5% of patients hospitalized with AMI were treated with clot lysing therapy. Marked increases in the use of PCI during hospitalization for AMI were noted. In 2003, 42.1% of patients hospitalized with AMI received a PCI.
Some condensation studies pertinent to LWR safety

Abstract A number of recent studies involving steam in contact with fairly thick layers of cold water are reviewed. Although most are still largely empirical in nature, some progress has been made in developing liquid-phase turbulence-centered models for condensation in stably-stratified systems. However, instabilities leading to large and rapid variations of heat transfer coefficient are still poorly understood.
Positive and negative transfer of conditioned aversive stimuli to a conditioned appetitive excitor as a function of aversive US intensity

Rats were given Pavlovian aversive (Av) conditioning in which a weak (0.5-sec, 0.7-mA) or a strong (0.5-sec, 1.4-mA) footshock unconditioned stimulus (US) was presented alone or in a positive, zero, or negative correlation with a flashing-light conditioned stimulus (AvCS+, AvCSo, or AvCS−, respectively). Thereafter, the subjects received Pavlovian appetitive (Ap) conditioning in which the flashing-light CS was positively correlated in a forward order with the delivery of a food US. As anticipated, for subjects that had been trained with the strong shock US, the AvCS+ retarded and the AvCS− facilitated Ap conditioning relative to both the AvCSo and the novel-CS treatments, which did not differ in effect. However, the exact opposite prevailed for the AvCS+ and AvCS− subjects that had been trained with the weak shock US. On the basis of these and other data, we propose an “ABC” model of transfer that stresses the importance of affective, behavioral, and cognitive factors in accounting for the divergent results that are obtained in both Av-to-Ap and Ap-to-Av transfer paradigms.
Comparison of Outcomes After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Among Different Coronary Subsets (Stable and Unstable Angina Pectoris and ST-Segment and Non-ST-Segment Myocardial Infarction)

Percutaneous coronary intervention in the setting of acute myocardial infarction is known to predict stent thrombosis (ST). This study aims to compare the ST rates across different coronary subsets. This was an observational cohort study from a large, single-center registry. Included were 12,198 consecutive patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention with stenting. Patients were categorized according to their clinical presentation: stable angina pectoris (SAP, n = 3,700), unstable angina pectoris (UAP, n = 2,845), non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI, n = 4,083), and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI, n = 1,570). The study end points were ST rates at 1 year. Patients with STEMI were younger with a lower prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, except for smoking. More type C lesions were treated in STEMI, whereas drug-eluting stents were used less frequently in patients with STEMI compared with the other groups. Definite ST at 1 year was highest in patients with STEMI (1.4%; vs SAP, 0.4%; UAP, 0.5%; NSTEMI, 0.5%; p <0.001). One-year definite/probable ST rates were SAP, 0.8%; UAP, 1.1%; NSTEMI, 1.4%; and STEMI, 3.2% (p <0.001). On multivariable analysis, STEMI independently predicts definite ST (hazards ratio [HR] 3.07, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.32 to 7.10), whereas both STEMI (HR 3.36, 95% CI 1.84 to 6.12) and NSTEMI (HR 2.04, 95% CI 1.20 to 3.07) were independent predictors of definite/probable ST. Clopidogrel cessation was the strongest predictor of ST (definite ST, HR 17.00, 95% CI 7.54 to 38.31; definite/probable ST, HR 4.69, 95% CI 2.39 to 9.20). In conclusion, in patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention, the acuity of clinical presentation corresponds to an increase in ST incidence. Adherence to clopidogrel is critical to prevent ST in patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention, especially in STEMI.
EVALUATION OF THE MODES OF TRANSPORTING GAS-TO-LIQUID (GTL) PRODUCTS THROUGH THE TRANS ALASKA PIPELINE SYSTEM (TAPS)

As part of a project on studying the transportation of gas-to-liquids (GTL) through the Trans Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS), two GTL transportation modes are evaluated: (i) as single slugs (batches) and (ii) commingled (mixed) with the Alaskan North Slope Crude (ANSC) oil. The pertinent energy equations are solved for both the batch and commingled flow modes. The solutions of these equations are analytically presented for determining among other parameters, the pressure gradient and the slug length required for batching. A comparison of the pressure gradient calculations is presented for the batching and the commingled flow cases.
FUNCTIONALLY GENERATED PATHS FOR CERAMOMETAL RESTORATIONS

Abstract This article describes a procedure to generate functional path occlusion for ceramometal restorations. With this procedure, the metal framework is formed conventionally, full contour inlay wax is added to the metal framework, and the patient carves functional paths into the wax. These paths are registered with a stone matrix that the ceramist uses as a guide. Advantages over conventional techniques include increased accuracy and simplification of procedures. (J Prosthet Dent 1999;81:33-6.)
Effect of applied fields on positive ions in the pulsed electron-capture detector

Abstract Experiments are reported which indicate the effect of positive ions on the measured standing current and response of the pulsed electron-capture detector (ECD). These experiments include measurements taken with a specialized ion source on an atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometer, and also measurements of standing current obtained from two ECDs of coaxial cylindrical geometry but having different length-to-diameter ratios. Two opposing views of the means by which positive ions might be removed from a pulsed ECD are considered. The results of this study are shown to strongly support one of these.
Resurgence in Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens

Resurgence of previously reinforced responding was investigated in male Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens). Swimming through a ring produced 15-s mirror presentations according to, with different fish, either a fixed-ratio 1 or a variable-interval 60-s schedule of reinforcement. When responding was stable, a differential-reinforcement-of-other-behavior schedule was substituted for the mirror-presentation schedule. Following this, mirror presentations were discontinued (extinction). During this latter phase, there were transient increases in the ring-swim response relative to the frequency of such responding during the differential-reinforcement-of-other behavior schedule. Resurgence was similar for the fish exposed previously to the fixed-ratio or to the variable-interval schedule. These results extend to Siamese fighting fish a well-established behavioral phenomenon previously not observed in this species or with this response topography, and only rarely reported following the removal of a non-consumable reinforcer.
Volcano spacings and lithospheric attenuation in the Eastern Rift of Africa

The Eastern Rift of Africa runs the gamut of crustal and lithospheric attenuation from undeformed shield through attenuated rift margin to active neo-oceanic spreading zones. It is therefore peculiarly well suited to an examination of relationships between volcano spacings and crust/lithosphere thickness. Although lithospheric thickness is not well known in Eastern Africa, it appears to have direct expression in the surface spacing of volcanoes for any given tectonic regime. This applies whether the volcanoes are essentially basaltic, silicic, or alkaline-carbonatitic. No evidence is found for control of volcano sites by a pre-existing fracture grid in the crust.
Lentinan augments skin reaction induced by bradykinin: its correlation with vascular dilatation and hemorrhage responses and antitumor activities.

The effects of lentinan, an antitumor polysaccharide, on vascular reactions against vasoactive mediators were investigated in murine systems. Lentinan augmented intradermal reactions against bradykinin. Induction of acute phase proteins (APP) and the vascular dilatation hemorrhage (VDH) reaction on the ears have been reported to reflect the host responses to lentinan. The strain difference in the intensity of skin reactions coincided with those observed in VDH responses and with lentinan-induced antitumor effects against Sarcoma 180. Augmentation of skin reactions was not observed in T-cell-deficient mice. Inhibitors of lipoxygenase, thrombin and plasmin which reduced skin reactions also decreased the incidence of tumor necrosis positive mice among FBL-3-bearing mice treated with lentinan. Furthermore, B10D2 mice treated with fluorouracl (5-FU) and lentinan 10 days after S908.D2 transplantation showed complete tumor regression and augmented skin reactions, whereas augmentation of skin reactions and tumor regression were not observed in mice treated with 5-FU and lentinan 32 days after tumor inoculation. Taken together, these results suggest that these vascular reactions might play crucial roles in antitumor effects of lentinan and that the skin reaction, the convenient method for investigating vascular reactions, is a promising tool to monitor host sensitivity to lentinan in antitumor responses.
Computation of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions for the stress singularity in a composite wedge

New extraction methods have been developed by Babuska et al which apply post-processing of finite element solutions to determine generalized stress intensity factors and to compute stress singular terms at corners. These quantities are of importance in fracture mechanics. The new methods make use of an asymptotic expansion (in terms of eigenfunctions) which describes the local behavior of displacements and stresses. Eigenvalues are roots of a nonlinear eigenequation and must be determined together with associated eigenfunctions prior to the use of the finite element analysis. The coefficients in the asymptotic expansion are then determined very efficiently from the finite element solution. In the case of a composite wedge containing N>=2 isotropic materials both the formulation and the solution of the eigenequation are difficult. Furthermore, in order to assure that the important lower order terms in the asymptotic expansion are used, it is essential that all eigenvalues with smallest real part be computed. Iterative solutions, which generally converge only locally, may omit important eigenvalues. This paper describes the formulation and solution of the eigenequation f(z)=0 for an angular wedge composed of N>=2 isotropic materials. A new, reliable, root solving algorithm has been developed which determines all the roots of an analytic function f(z) in a bounded domain D in the complex plane. The algorithm automatically searches through D and returns small domains which contain all the zeros of f(z) in D up to some prespecified accuracy. The solver is based on an exclusion method an can be implemented using any exclusion function (a function which excludes domains having no zeros). A simple exclusion function is described, and a method is presented to determine a bounded domain D which contains all the zeros of f(z) for a large class of functions.
A wind-tunnel experiment concerning atmospheric vortex streets

Cloud patterns, in the upper part of the atmospheric boundary layer, with eddies similar to Karman vortex streets, have been observed in the lee of several isolated islands. An experiment was conducted to see if major features of these atmospheric vortex streets and associated atmospheric conditions could be simulated in a wind tunnel. A visible vortex street was observed in a wind tunnel while six atmospheric simulation criteria were at least qualitatively satisfied. The physical modeling, the atmospheric data used, the simplifying assumptions and approximations required, as well as the wind tunnel methods and results are described.
On the importance of graph search algorithms for DRGEP-based mechanism reduction methods

Abstract The importance of graph search algorithm choice to the directed relation graph with error propagation (DRGEP) method is studied by comparing basic and modified depth-first search, basic and R -value-based breadth-first search (RBFS), and Dijkstra’s algorithm. By using each algorithm with DRGEP to produce skeletal mechanisms from a detailed mechanism for n -heptane with randomly-shuffled species order, it is demonstrated that only Dijkstra’s algorithm and RBFS produce results independent of species order. In addition, each algorithm is used with DRGEP to generate skeletal mechanisms for n -heptane covering a comprehensive range of autoignition conditions for pressure, temperature, and equivalence ratio. Dijkstra’s algorithm combined with a coefficient scaling approach is demonstrated to produce the most compact skeletal mechanism with a similar performance compared to larger skeletal mechanisms resulting from the other algorithms. The computational efficiency of each algorithm is also compared by applying the DRGEP method with each search algorithm on the large detailed mechanism for n -alkanes covering n -octane to n -hexadecane with 2115 species and 8157 reactions. Dijkstra’s algorithm implemented with a binary heap priority queue is demonstrated as the most efficient method, with a CPU cost two orders of magnitude less than the other search algorithms.
A close one-term approximation to the highest Stokes wave on deep water

Abstract A remarkably accurate approximation to the profile of a limiting progressive gravity wave in water of infinite depth is given by the expression (0.1) y / L = A cosh ( x / L ) , where L is the wavelength, x and y are horizontal and vertical coordinates and A is a constant given by (0.2) A = 1 / ( 3 sinh 1 2 ) = 1.1080 . This determines the wave steepness ( H / L ) as 0.14140 a proportional error of less than 0.3% (about 10 times closer than previous approximations) and the phase speed c / ( gL ) 1 / 2 as 0.43511, which is accurate to within 0.2%. The entire surface profile is accurate to less than 0.7%. The corresponding particle velocities are found by a straightforward numerical integration. It is shown that this type of approximation cannot be made exact by the introduction of further parameters.
High-performance liquid chromatography of Dns-Amino acids and application to peptide hydrolysates

Abstract The amino acid composition of several sample peptides was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography on reversed-phase columns. Peptides were acid hydrolyzed and the resulting amino acids were converted to the corresponding 5-dimethylaminonaphthalenesulfunyl (Dns) derivatives and then separated on Partisil PAC. Dns-histidine was analyzed on a column of Vydac polar phase. Aqueouis acetonitrile or methanol solutions containing acetic acid were used isocratically to effect the separation of the Dns-amino acid mixtures obtained from four peptides ranging in size from three to eleven amino acids in length.
Evaluating subscale performance on the adaptive behavior inventory for children

Statistics are presented to allow ipsative interpretation of the scaled scores for the six subscales of individual children on the Adaptive Behavior Inventory for Children. Included are the standard error of the difference between each part score and the mean of all scores and values required for statistical significance at the traditional significance levels of .05 and .01, with the Bonferroni adjustment for the number of comparisons included. The ready availability of this information should enhance application of the ABIC in clinical practice and facilitate research on its efficacy for educational planning and placement of children in various regular and special education programs.
Numerical modeling of ultrasonic touchscreen

Transient Lamb waves induced by finite piezoelectric transducers have been widely used in ultrasonic touch systems, where a tactile object is localized through its interaction with the Lamb waves. However, this problem has not been looked in-depth theoretically, which is essential for development of robust systems. The two-dimensional theory often fails to provide a true picture as the diffraction effects are of great significance in these technologies. Reduced order models such as the plate theories, on the other hand, can support diffraction. However, they fail to support mid to higher spectrum of the Lamb modes. Moreover, many introduce errors in the range of the supported modes. Hence, for many problems, the design confidence level is only achieved upon a three-dimensional theory. We present the mathematical modeling of piezoelectrically induced elastic waves propagating through homogeneous plates subjected to a tactile object. We use a finite element method to solve the model problem. The model is validated against the experimental data.
Seasonal variation of methane emissions from a temperate swamp

Methane flux measurements were made at four sites in a freshwater temperate swamp over the 13 month period of April 1985 through May 1986. Emissions were highly variable both between sites and over time at any one site. Ebullition from sediments was an important component of methane release. Although release of methane through bubbling occurred in only 19% of the measurements made between April and June 1985, when instrumentation allowed us to separate diffusive and bubble fluxes, ebullition accounted for 34% of the total flux during this period. Methane release rates showed a strong seasonal variation, with highest emission rates observed in early spring and again in late summer, which was associated with changes in plant growth and physiology. Emission rates were partially correlated with sediment temperature, but the relationship was not straightforward, and resembled a step function. Emissions responded strongly to temperature change through the range of 10–16°C. At winter sediment temperatures between 4–9°C, CH4 flux continued at low rates (0–28 mg CH4 m−2d−1; average = 7.9 mg CH4m−2d−1) and appeared insensitive to changes in sediment temperature. Annual methane emission from three constantly flooded sites (mean water depth = 35 cm) was 43.7 +/- 7.8 gm−2 (standard error); annual flux from a bank site was 41.4 +/- 20.5 gm−2. A comparison of flux measurements from fresh and saline wetlands in the immediate area of Newport News Swamp emphasizes the importance of edaphic factors in controlling flux.
The contribution of school environmental factors to individual and school variation in disordered weight control behaviors in a statewide sample of middle schools

We investigated the contribution of school environmental factors to individual and school variation in disordered weight control behaviors (DWCB). Analyses were based on self-report data gathered from 18,567 middle-school students in 2005 and publicly available data on school characteristics. We observed large differences across schools in percent of students engaging in DWCB in the past month, ranging from less than 1% of the student body to 12%. School-neighborhood poverty was associated with higher odds of DWCB in boys. Preventive strategies need to account for wide variability across schools and environmental factors that may contribute to DWCB in early adolescence.
GROUPS AND SEVERAL EQUATIONS IN ONE VARIABLE

This paper addresses the question of simultaneously solving a set of equations in one variable over torsion-free groups.
Use of a Genetically Defined Double Mutant Strain of Bordetella bronchiseptica Lacking Adenylate Cyclase and Type III Secretion as a Live Vaccine

While most vaccines consisting of killed bacteria induce high serum antibody titers, they do not always confer protection as effective as that induced by infection, particularly against mucosal pathogens. Bordetella bronchiseptica is a gram-negative respiratory pathogen that is endemic in many nonhuman mammalian populations and causes substantial disease in a variety of animals. At least 14 different live attenuated vaccines against this pathogen are available for use in a variety of livestock and companion animals. However, there are few published data on the makeup or efficacy of these vaccines. Here we report the use of a genetically engineered double mutant of B. bronchiseptica, which lacks adenylate cyclase and type III secretion, as a vaccine candidate. This strain is safe at high doses, even for highly immunocompromised animals, and induces immune responses that are protective against highly divergent B. bronchiseptica strains, preventing colonization in the lower respiratory tract and decreasing the bacterial burden in the upper respiratory tract. This novel B. bronchiseptica vaccine candidate induces strong local immunity while eliminating damage caused by the two predominant cytotoxic mechanisms.
Influence of prescribed fire on ecosystem biomass, carbon, and nitrogen in a pinyon juniper woodland

Increases in pinyon and juniper woodland cover associated with land-use history are suggested to provide offsets for carbon emissions in arid regions. However, the largest pools of carbon in arid landscapes are typically found in soils, and aboveground biomass cannot be considered long-term storage in fire-prone ecosystems. Also, the objectives of carbon storage may conflict with management for other ecosystem services and fuels reduction. Before appropriate decisions can be made it is necessary to understand the interactions between woodland expansion, management treatments, and carbon retention. We quantified effects of prescribed fire as a fuels reduction and ecosystem maintenance treatment on fuel loads, ecosystem carbon, and nitrogen in a pinyon–juniper woodland in the central Great Basin. We found that plots containing 30% tree cover averaged nearly 40 000 kg ? ha 21 in total aboveground biomass, 80 000 kg ? ha 21 in ecosystem carbon (C), and 5 000 kg ? ha 21 in ecosystem nitrogen (N). Only 25% of ecosystem C and 5% of ecosystem N resided in aboveground biomass pools. Prescribed burning resulted in a 65% reduction in aboveground biomass, a 68% reduction in aboveground C, and a 78% reduction in aboveground N. No statistically significant change in soil or total ecosystem C or N occurred. Prescribed fire was effective at reducing fuels on the landscape and resulted in losses of C and N from aboveground biomass. However, the immediate and long-term effects of burning on soil and total ecosystem C and N is still unclear.
The assessment of scholarship

It remains desirable to use several distinct measures of scholarship. If these measures converge to a single interpretation, confidence in that interpretation is justified.
Design Optimization Utilizing Gradient/Hessian Enhanced Surrogate Model

In this paper, gradient/Hessian-enhanced surrogate models have been developed based on Kriging approaches. The gradient/Hessian-enhanced Kriging methods have been developed based on direct and indirect formulations. The efficiencies of these methods are compared by analytical function fitting, aerodynamic data modeling and 2D airfoil drag minimization problems. For the aerodynamic problems, efficient CFD gradient/Hessian calculation methods are utilized that make use of adjoint and automatic differentiation techniques. The gradient/Hessian-enhanced surrogate models are shown to be useful in the development of efficient design optimization, aerodynamic database construction, and uncertainty analysis.
Differential Psychological Performances in Major Motor, Psychomotor, and Mixed Seizure Classifications of Known and Unknown Etiology

SUMMARY Comparisons on an extensive battery of psychological tests were made in the following eight groups of patients. Three groups with seizures of known etiology (major motor, psychomotor, and mixed major motor and psychomotor) were matched on age, education, and diagnostic classification and were compared with three similar groups of seizure patients in whom etiology was unknown, and with a control group and a group of brain damaged patients without epilepsy. Using intergroup differences on the Halstead Impairment Index as a summary measure of performance level, the results indicated that all groups except the group with psychomotor epilepsy of unknown etiology demonstrated significant impairment in comparison to control subjects. No differences were found between the test performances of controls and subjects with psychomotor epilepsy of unknown etiology. Patients with psychomotor epilepsy of unknown etiology performed at significantly better levels than did patients with major motor seizures of unknown etiology. The groups with psychomotor seizures of known etiology achieved higher mean scores on each test variable than did the group with major seizures of known etiology, although the differences were not nearly as clear as in the comparisons involving psychomotor and major motor seizures of unknown etiology. RESUME On a applique une large batterie de tests psychologiques a huit groupes de malades et on a compare leurs resultats. Trois groupes ayant des crises d'etiologie connue (crises majeures motrices, crises psycho-motrices et crises majeures motrices associees a des crises psycho-motrices) ont ete apparies selon l'âge, l'education et le diagnostic. On a compare leurs resultats aux tests d'abord avec ceux de trois groupes similaires de malades epileptiques dont les crises etaient d'etiologie inconnue, ensuite avec ceux d'un groupe controle et enfin avec ceux d'un groupe de malades organiques sans epilepsie. D'apres l'index de Halstead, les resultats montrent que tous les groupes, excepte le groupe ayant une epilepsie psycho-motrice d'etiologie inconnue, obtiennent des resultats significativement inferieurs a ceux des sujets du groupe controle. Il n'y a pas de difference entre les resultats aux tests obtenus par les sujets du groupe controle et par les sujets ayant une epilepsie psycho-motrice d'etiologie inconnue. Ces derniers obtiennent des notes d'un niveau plus eleve que celles des malades ayant des crises majeures motrices d'etiologie inconnue. A chaque test, le score moyen obtenu par les groupes ayant des crises psycho-motrices d'etiologie connue est plus eleve que le score moyen obtenu par le groupe ayant des crises majeures motrices d'etiologie connue. Mais les differences ne sont pas aussi nettes que lorsqu'on compare les resultats des sujets ayant des crises psycho-motrices d'etiologie inconnue et ceux ayant des crises majeures motrices d'etiologie inconnue.
Microbial monitoring of spacecraft and associated environments

Rapid microbial monitoring technologies are invaluable in assessing contamination of spacecraft and associated environments. Universal and widespread elements of microbial structure and chemistry are logical targets for assessing microbial burden. Several biomarkers such as ATP, LPS, and DNA (ribosomal or spore-specific), were targeted to quantify either total bioburden or specific types of microbial contamination. The findings of these assays were compared with conventional, culture-dependent methods. This review evaluates the applicability and efficacy of some of these methods in monitoring the microbial burden of spacecraft and associated environments. Samples were collected from the surfaces of spacecraft, from surfaces of assembly facilities, and from drinking water reservoirs aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Culture-dependent techniques found species of Bacillus to be dominant on these surfaces. In contrast, rapid, culture-independent techniques revealed the presence of many Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms, as well as actinomycetes and fungi. These included both cultivable and noncultivable microbes, findings further confirmed by DNA-based microbial detection techniques. Although the ISS drinking water was devoid of cultivable microbes, molecular-based techniques retrieved DNA sequences of numerous opportunistic pathogens. Each of the methods tested in this study has its advantages, and by coupling two or more of these techniques even more reliable information as to microbial burden is rapidly obtained.
Dislocating Ethnographic Film: In and Out of Africa and Issues of Cultural Representation

In and Out of Africa. 1992. 59 minutes, color. Produced and directed by Ilisa Barbash and Lucien Taylor. Original research by Christopher Steiner. Featuring Gabai Baare. University of California Extension, Center for Media and Independent Learning, 2000 Center St., 4th Floor, Berkeley, CA 94704. (510) 642-0460.
Music and Consciousness

Abstract The author examines the crucial role that music plays in the evolution of consciousness.
Calculation of induced electric fields by duality

Considers the prediction of induced electric fields for nerve stimulation. Although functional electric stimulators have been in existence for many years, functional (site specific) magnetic stimulation is virgin territory. The problem of predicting localized electric fields from potential magnetic stimulators falls into a special class of eddy current problems. In this class, the currents do not themselves effect the primary magnetic field responsible for the induced current; the medium conductivity is far too small for this secondary coupling. A two stage static magnetic analysis is used to compute the induced electric fields accurately for a number of problems falling within this category. The computations accurately reflect the influence of conductivity jumps at interfaces, induced charges, and voltages between points, but use conventional magnetic scalar potential boundary element solvers. The problems are solved as if they were magneto-quasistatic using duality. Comparisons to experiment validate the accuracy of this technique. The analysis is addressed to the induced bioelectric fields during magnetic simulation, but the theory applies equally well to any problem where the induced eddy current has little bearing on the field because of its small amplitude. >