cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alcohol mixed with energy drink use among u.s. 12th-grade students: prevalence, correlates, and associations with unsafe driving.

Purpose The consumption of alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED) is a risky drinking behavior, most commonly studied using college samples. We know little about rates of AmED use and its associations with other risk behaviors, including unsafe driving, among high school students. This study examined the prevalence and correlates of AmED use among high school seniors in the United States.
Regulation by salt and by Krebs cycle metabolites of citrate synthase from an osmoregulator, white shrimp, Penaeus setiferus, and from a non-osmoregulator, sea anemone, Bunedosoma cavernata.

Abstract 1. 1. Citrate synthase of the white shrimp, Penaeus setiferus , and of the sea anemone, Bunedosoma cavernata , was partially purified. 2. 2. When reacted in various buffer concentrations, Penaeus citrate synthase demonstrated a distinct peak in catalytic activity in 75 mM potassium phosphate or 100 mM Tris-Cl (pH 7·5). Bunedosoma citrate synthase demonstrated a broad, almost flat profile under these conditions. 3. 3. The apparent Michaelis constant for acetyl coenzyme A was increased about fiftyfold in the Penaeus citrate synthase in the presence of 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer as compared to 20 mM buffer. The K m of Bunedosoma citrate synthase was not markedly affected by changes in buffer concentration. The K m 's for OAA were not greatly affected. 4. 4. Both citrate synthases were inhibited by ATP, NADH and α-KG, and an increase in AcSCoA reduced the inhibitions. 5. 5. The molecular weight of P. setiferus and B. cavernata citrate synthases was estimated by gel filtration to be 100,000 Daltons.
Length-dependence of Actin–Myosin Interaction in Skinned Cardiac Muscle Fibers in Rigor

Abstract It has been suggested that the length dependence of myofilament Ca 2+ sensitivity and of Ca 2+ binding to troponin C, observed over the ascending limb of the cardiac force–length curve, is based on variation in the number of interacting cross-bridges. This interaction would be reduced at short sarcomere length as a consequence of double overlap of oppositely polarized actin filaments and increased lateral separation of actin and myosin filaments. Based on current evidence, it is not clear to what extent the actin–myosin interaction is hindered at sarcomere lengths where Ca 2+ sensitivity is reduced. We have used two biochemical assays to assess cross-bridge attachment in rigor muscle at sarcomere lengths corresponding to the ascending limb of the cardiac force–length curve. These are based on (1) the inhibition of K + -activated myosin ATPase by the complexation of actin with myosin, and (2) the enhancement of Ca 2+ binding to troponin C by rigor bridge attachment to actin. Measurements were made with skinned fibers from bovine ventricle. As a check on our method, measurements were also made with skinned rabbit psoas muscle fibers. With both muscle types, a reduction in sarcomere length along the ascending limb of the force–length curve was associated with an increase in K + -activated ATPase activity and a reduction in Ca 2+ binding to the regulatory sites of troponin C. These results indicate that actin–myosin interaction is significantly reduced at short sarcomere length.
The ethics of library resource sharing in the digital age

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to outline ethical implications of the practical challenges facing resource sharing practitioners in the digital age. Design/methodology/approach – The author presents an overview of major ethical challenges related to digital resource sharing using a framework of four key ethical theories: justice as fairness; utilitarianism; rights theory; and common good theory. Findings – When administrators, publishers, lawmakers, or the public dictate policies and rules that are inconsistent with librarian values and norms, librarians should turn to ethical reasoning in defense of their work. Social implications – Resource sharing practitioners everywhere will find the ethical theories useful when presented with questions related to user access to information. Originality/value – Library managers charged with development and assessment of resource sharing policies and practices will benefit from this paper.
Pyribenzamine (tripelennamine): Effects on renal hemodynamics and the excretion of water and electrolytes

Abstract 1. 1. The effect of Pyribenzamine (tripelennamine) on renal hemodynamics and water and electrolyte excretion for a group of laboratory animals and human subjects are presented. 2. 2. Significant alterations in water and electrolyte excretion could not be demonstrated in dogs. 3. 3. Pyribenzamine did not produce significant changes in renal function or in water and electrolyte excretion when given to human subjects who had either heart failure or the nephrotic syndrome associated with glomerulonephritis.
Some Lessons Learned in the Care of the Elderly

This article is designed to acquaint physicians not trained in geriatrics with some precepts concerning the care of the elderly. It presents a summary of the experience in the care of over 2,000 outpatients over the age of 65 who were seen at a community hospital geriatric evaluation unit and resource center. The findings reaffirmed the importance of concentrating on the preservation and restoration of function in the care of the frail elderly. Although there are no clinical skills unique to geriatrics, but the approach to the gathering of clinical data in people with multiple and overlapping problems and disabilities must be structured differently. There is less emphasis on precise diagnosis, much less emphasis on the concept of cure, and more emphasis on structuring a medical/social response to the dominant problem or problems.
Correlates of Access to Business Research Databases.

This study examines potential correlates of business research database access through academic libraries serving top business programs in the United States. Results indicate that greater access to research databases is related to enrollment in graduate business programs, but not to overall enrollment or status as a public or private institution.
Treatment of tourette syndrome by habit reversal: A waiting-list control group comparison *

The present investigation employed a waiting-list control group design to evaluate the effectiveness of the habit reversal treatment procedure in eliminating the multiple motor and vocal tics in 10 subjects with Tourette Syndrome. The mean percent reduction in tics for all 10 subjects at the last month of treatment was 93.0% at home and 93.5% in the clinic. Reductions occurred for vocal tics as well as each type of motor tic, for the children as well as the adults, for those subjects receiving TS medications as well as those not doing so, and for tic severity as well as tic frequency; there was no evidence of symptom substitution. These results suggest that Tourette Syndrome can be treated effectively with this type of behavior therapy.
Kinetics of UV-induced changes in deoxynucleoside triphosphate pools in Chinese hamster ovary cells and their effect on measurements of DNA synthesis.

Summary Measurements of dNTP pools following exposure of Chinese hamster ovary cells to ultraviolet radiation reveals a rapid accumulation of cellular dTTP and a rapid loss of cellular dCTP. Exposure to 3-, 10- or 20 Jm−2 results in a 3-, 4- or 5.4-fold increase in cellular dTTP, respectively, within the first 10 min after exposure. dTTP levels then decrease noticeably, approaching the control value 3 to 5 hr later. In contrast, dCTP levels decrease rapidly within 10 min after exposure, ultimately to 1/10 that observed in the unirradiated control population. Recovery to normal dCTP levels is slow, taking in excess of 12 hr. No change in dATP is observed for 1–2 hr; subsequently, a moderate decrease in dATP levels occurs which is then followed by recovery, beginning 8 hr after irradiation. These results contrast with changes in dNTP pools observed in Chinese hamster V-79 cells exposed to mutagens. Measurements of rates of DNA synthesis by pulse-labeling cells with [3H]thymidine are also apparently affected by UV-induced transient deviations in the endogenous radiospecific activity of the labeled precursor.
Improved statistical analysis of ion chromatography data from acids for aluminum anodizing solutions

Abstract Process monitoring and control of sulfuric and oxalic acids in aluminum anodizing solutions is necessary for producing high quality metal coatings with increased corrosion, wear and abrasion resistance. The production of military armament system parts requires narrow aluminum anodizing solution acid tolerances that increase the need for process monitoring and control. Ion chromatographic analysis is the method of choice used for these military applications. There is significant dispersion in this ion chromatographic data relative to the narrow operating tolerances. An improved ion chromatographic-statistical analysis method reruns/tests data until a specimen's results drop below a dispersion threshold relative to the narrow aluminum anodizing solution acid tolerances. This method provides acceptable process monitoring and statistical control of narrow operating tolerance aluminum anodizing solutions required for high quality military production coatings. The resultant means and improved 95% confident precisions for typical aluminum anodizing solutions are 160.0 ± 1.9 g/l of sulfuric acid and 16.0 ± 0.8 g/l of oxalic acid, which are both an improvement by more than a factor of two over simple 95% confident precisions.
Effect of liquid isothermal bath position in modified poly(ethylene terephthalate) PET melt spinning process on properties and structure of As‐spun and annealed filaments

The ability to produce as-spun poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) filaments that possess previously unsurpassed levels of as-spun orientation and tensile properties was achieved through the implementation of a device described as a liquid isothermal bath (LIB). Although much has been published regarding the general effect of the LIB on various properties and structural features, the results of the present study further contribute to the continued development of this unique technology by investigating the positional dependence of the device, as well as the effect of a subsequent annealing process. Characterization methods employed in the present study included birefringence, percent crystallinity, tensile properties, loss tangent temperature dependence, DSC melting behavior, and wide-angle and small-angle X-ray scattering. Strong inferences drawn from the loss tangent temperature dependence indicate that all of the as-spun and annealed LIB filaments possess a more rigid amorphous phase than that present in either the as-spun or annealed no LIB filament and that the extent of rigidness appears to become more profound as the bath is operated at a position more distant from the spinneret. DSC melting endotherms of the as-spun LIB filaments consist of dual overlapping peaks, one component of which is believed to represent the presence of a novel extended chain type of crystalline structure. Application of a simple two phase model allowed for the quantitative evaluation of an amorphous orientation factor, which was found to range, depending on the bath position, from 1.7 to 3.9 times higher in the as-spun LIB filaments than that present in the as-spun no LIB filament. The annealing process was found to play an important role in facilitating the transformation from an as-spun highly oriented and predominantly amorphous structure to a well-defined semicrystalline fibrillar structure. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 69: 2051–2068, 1998
Cutaneous diseases preceding diagnoses of lymphoreticular malignancies

Abstract Dermatology visits during a 5-year period before the diagnosis of lymphoreticular malignancy in 258 subjects were reviewed and compared with visits made by 258 randomly selected, age- and sex-matched control subjects in the same period. Six of the 96 patients with leukemia and none of their matched controls ( p
Rationality and Predictability in Economics

The recent literature on the philosophy of economics focuses on two different, though related, problems. The first is whether economic theories are capable of generating interesting predictions, that is, testable results that would confirm (or falsify) their general statements. This is a particularly relevant problem in view of the aim of economic theories of generating policy prescriptions. The second problem has to do with the so-called 'realism' of economic assumptions about individual behaviour. Here the epistemic status of these assumptions is called into question. Little attention however has been devoted to the question whether the common economic assumptions about individual behaviour are enough to allow for prediction. Without questioning the 'positive' goals economics sets itself, or the 'realism' of assumptions made in economic theories, I will enquire into the conditions theories have to satisfy in order to be predictive. First, I will show that-in order to be able to predict-economists have to assume not only practical, but also epistemic rationality on the part of agents. Second, I will consider the different interpretations of epistemic rationality proposed by economists. Third, I will show that even the best theory thus far proposed, that of 'rational expectations', is inconsistent with the economist's goal of offering policy prescriptions. Since economists want their theories to be predictive in order to be able to analyse the consequences of policy interventions, this inconsistency constitutes a serious problem.
Act1, Scene Brain: Astrocytes Play a Lead Role

Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is crucial for the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. In this issue of Immunity, Kang et al. (2010) report that neuroectoderm-derived astrocytes are the critical cellular element that responds to IL-17.
Cotton Quality and Fiber Properties: Part II: Cavitomic Cotton

Several years ago Hall and Elting pointed out that certain raw cottons which had been subjected to the action of fungi in the field or immediately after harvesting suffered a deteriora tion in cotton quality characteristics upon storage in bale form. Such cotton was termed by them to be "cavitomic." This deterioration was most manifest in a reduction of processing efficiency and a lowering of yarn quality. Certain chemical tests (pH and reducible sugars) were established as methods to detect cavitomic cotton. Because there seemed to be consider able lack of information regarding the nature and primary causes of quality deterioration at tributable to cavitomic cotton, the study presented in this paper was undertaken to determine what changes in fiber properties resulting from the "cavitoma" might be responsible for the effects noted previously.The opportunity for this study was presented when it was found that 3 of 12 bales of a homogeneous lot of Deltapine 15 cotton obtained for another investigation gave...
Influence of ischemic injury on vein graft remodeling: Role of cyclic adenosine monophosphate second messenger pathway in enhanced vein graft preservation

Abstract Objective Endothelial injury during the harvest of saphenous vein grafts might play an important role in the development of vein graft disease after coronary artery bypass grafting. Using a murine autologous arterialized vein patch model, we tested whether the initial ischemic insult of vein grafts was linked to the later development of graft neointimal hyperplasia and whether the restoration of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate second messenger pathway would attenuate the development of neointimal hyperplasia. Methods A segment of the external jugular vein of a mouse was grafted onto its abdominal aorta. Three weeks after the operation, the degree of neointimal hyperplasia of the implanted graft was compared among (1) grafts without preservation, (2) grafts with 2 hours of preservation (25°C) in heparinized saline, and (3) grafts with 2 hours of preservation in heparinized saline in the presence of a cyclic adenosine monophosphate analog. In addition, cyclic adenosine monophosphate contents of vein grafts and leukocyte adherence to the graft endothelium were assessed. Results Cyclic adenosine monophosphate contents were significantly decreased after 2 hours of preservation (212 ± 8 vs 156 ± 5 pmol/L, P Conclusions Ischemic insult during vein graft harvest and preservation is a key factor in the development of vein graft neointimal hyperplasia at least in part caused by the depletion of cyclic adenosine monophosphate. We conclude that stimulation of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate second messenger pathway might be a potential strategy for the prevention of vein graft disease.
Genetic dissection of the tail suspension test: a mouse model of stress vulnerability and antidepressant response.

Background The tail suspension test (TST) is a mouse screening test for antidepressants. Methods An F2 intercross was derived from NMRI and 129S6 inbred strains (n = 747). Mice underwent standardized TST with 2 sessions: (1) baseline and (2) imipramine (30 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) TST. Results A whole genome scan of this intercross mapped significant basal TST quantitative trait loci (QTL) on chromosomes (chr) 5 (peak 61 cM, Lod 5.7), 12 (peak 43 cM, Lod 5.2), and 18 (peak 51 cM, Lod 3.0). A suggestive QTL on chr 4 (peak 62 cM; Lod 3.1) overlapped regions containing previously mapped QTLs. For TST imipramine response, QTL were mapped on chr 1, 4, and 5. The chromosome 5 locus affected basal TST, antidepressant immobility response, and tail suspension-induced hyperthermia (TSIH) behaviors. An outbred NMRI F2 population provided further evidence for a chr 5 QTL. This chr 5 region harbors a cluster of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A receptor subunits and the human syntenic region includes chr 4p, 1p11, 12q24, and 22q11.24. A significant TSIH QTL (Tsih1) mapped on chr 4 near the Leptin receptor (Lepr). Conclusions These QTL provide potential regions of interest for human genetic studies in stress-diathesis models of psychiatric illness and antidepressant responsiveness.
Helping Managers Help Themselves The Use and Utility of On-the-Job Interventions to Improve the Impact of Interpersonal Skills Training

The purpose of this study was to examine the utility of using two posttraining interventions—self-coaching and upward feedback—to enhance the effectiveness of formal training on interpersonal skill...
A developmental study of the quantitative distribution of LHRH neurons within the central nervous system of postnatal male and female rats

The quantitative distribution of LHRH neurons within the central nervous system of male and female rats during postnatal development was investigated with light microscopic immunocytochemistry. Approximately 1,300 immunoreactive LHRH cells were found within the forebrain at all ages. The topographic distribution of LHRH neurons was adultlike in the earliest neonatal stage examined (2 days postnatal) and remained similar throughout development. Two LHRH cell subtypes, smooth LHRH cells and LHRH cells with spinelike processes (irregular LHRH cells), were found throughout the entire extent of the LHRH neuronal field in both sexes. A sex difference in the number of LHRH cells anterior to the organum vasculosum lamina terminalis/preoptic area (a 20% greater number in this region in females) was observed. This sex difference was present throughout development and was not limited to one specific LHRH cell subtype. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the LHRH system is established early in postnatal development, and that the signal for reproductive maturation is related to the development of synaptic inputs to the LHRH cells.
The effect of electrical coupling on the frequency of model neuronal oscillators

Neurons with oscillatory properties are a common feature of the nervous system, but little is known about how neural oscillators shape the behavior of neuronal networks or how network interactions influence the properties of neural oscillators. Mathematical models are used to examine the effect of electrically coupling an oscillatory neuron to a second neuron that is either silent or tonically firing. Models of oscillatory neurons with varying degrees of complexity show that this coupling can either increase or decrease the frequency of an oscillator, depending on its membrane potential wave form, the state of the neuron to which it is coupled, and the strength of the coupling. Thus, electrical coupling provides a flexible mechanism for modifying the behavior of an oscillatory neural network.
Vulvar epithelioid hemangiosarcoma with solar elastosis in a mare.

A 15-year-old female gray Appaloosa horse was presented with history of a mass over the right dorsal commissure of vulva for the past 7 months. Based on histopathological examination, and positive staining with factor VIII–related antigen, vimentin, and Verhoeff–van Gieson stain, the vulvar mass was diagnosed as hemangiosarcoma with marked solar elastosis.
Stereo Photoactivated Localization Microscopy for Super-Resolution 3D Bioimaging

Serial localization of single photoactivated fluorescent molecules allows imaging of cells and tissues with theoretically unlimited high resolution. Recently significant progresses have been made towards the extension of this technique to three dimensions. However, to obtain axial localization of single molecular emitters, most of current techniques rely on extracting information from the out-of-focus region. Moreover, the axial resolution is generally lower than the lateral resolution.Here, we demonstrate a 3D super-resolution imaging technique by stereo photoactivated localization microscopy (Stereo PALM), in which a mirror is placed at 45 degree with respect to the microscope stage, at the sample region. The mirror creates a side-view image of the activated molecules and thereby the axial localization turns into the lateral localization in the mirrored image. In this fashion, a 3D high resolution image can be reconstructed with an equal resolution in lateral and axial directions. This technique is very simple to implement and can be readily combined with other imaging techniques. Stereo PALM imaging of micron-size beads coated with photoswitchable fluorophores is demonstrated, and its application to super-resolution 3D imaging of mitochondria and other biological samples is discussed.
The effect of vinegar on colorimetric end-tidal carbon dioxide determination after esophageal intubation

This study examines the effect of vinegar placement in the stomach on colorimetric end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO(2)) determinations after esophageal intubation. Using a blinded, prospective, before and after post-mortem swine model, colorimetric ETCO(2) was determined after aspiration of the stomach contents and after placement of aliquots of saline and vinegar. Data were compiled from 12 swine within 120 min post-mortem. In 12 of 12 trials, the ETCO(2) detector turned yellow, indicating "positive" determination of CO(2), but did not return to "purple" with multiple insufflations with 100% O(2). We conclude that esophageal intubation with a small amount of vinegar in the stomach can cause an irreversible color change of the detector to yellow. Color change indicating the presence of carbon dioxide without subsequent color change back to purple with insufflation with 100% oxygen should arouse suspicion of improper placement of the endotracheal tube.
806-1 Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction After Myocardial Infarction: Importance of Both Infarct Site and Size

Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is an important prognostic variable after myocardial infarction (MI). While the extent of MI is known to affect the subsequent global LVEF, it is not clear whether anatomical site per se affects LVEF. Therefore, 48 consecutive patients (pts) who did not receive lytic therapy or undergo early revascularization were studied byechocardiography one week after Q wave MI. Using a previously validated endocardial mapping technique, the size of abnormal wall motion (AWM) in relation to the total endocardial surface area and the site of AWM were quantitated, LVEF was measured by Simpson's method using 2 apical views. Results Nineteen pts had anterior MI (ANT) and 29 had inferior MI (INF). The mean LVEF was similar in both groups (ANT 46.9 ± 14.7% vs INF 51.7 ± 9.4%, pNS). The mean %AWM was greater in ANT MI (29.7 ± 14.5) than in INF MI (21.3 ± 13.8) (p = 0.05). After accounting for differences in infarct size by multivariate regression analysis, both infarct size (p = 0.0001) and infarct site (p = 0.007) were significant independent determinants of LVEF. This effect was most pronounced in larger ANT Mis (%AWM g 25%) where the LVEF was significantly lower than in smaller Mis. In INF MI, despite a similar range of sizes. increasing %AWM had minimal effect on LVEF. Conclusion In addition to infarct size, the site of AWM is an important determinant of global LVEF. This observation may reflect site-dependent differences in the biomechanical responses to regional ventricular dysfunction.
Children referred for possible sexual abuse: medical findings in 2384 children.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to compare rates of positive medical findings in a 5-year prospective study of 2384 children, referred for evaluation of possible sexual abuse, with two decades of research. The prospective study summarizes demographic information, clinical history, relationship of perpetrators, nature of abuse, and clinical findings. The study reports on the results by patterns of referral and the medical examination. RESULTS: There were 2384 children evaluated in a tertiary referral center between 1985 and 1990 for possible sexual abuse. Children were referred after they disclosed sexual abuse, because of behavioral changes or exposure to an abusive environment, and because of possible medical conditions. A total of 96.3% of all children referred for evaluation had a normal medical examination; 95.6% of children reporting abuse were normal, 99.8% who were referred for behavioral changes or exposure to abuse were also normal. Of the 182 children referred for evaluation of medical conditions, 92% were found to be normal at the time of examination by the Child Advocacy Center. The remaining 15/182 (8%) that were found to be abnormal were diagnosed with sexually transmitted diseases, acute or healed genital injuries, and were 17% (15/88) of the total cases found to have medical findings diagnostic of abuse. Interviews of the children indicated that 68% of the girls and 70% of the boys reported severe abuse, defined as penetration of vagina or anus. Penetration was associated with a higher percentage of abnormal findings in girls (6%) compared to 1% of the boys. The relationship of the abuser impacted on the severity of the abuse. CONCLUSION: Research indicates that medical, social, and legal professionals have relied too heavily on the medical examination in diagnosing child sexual abuse. History from the child remains the single most important diagnostic feature in coming to the conclusion that a child has been sexually abused. Only 4% of all children referred for medical evaluation of sexual abuse have abnormal examinations at the time of evaluation. Even with a history of severe abuse such as vaginal or anal penetration, the rate of abnormal medical findings is only 5.5%. Biological parents are less likely to engage in severe abuse than parental substitutes, extended family members, or strangers. Language: en
Biological agent warning sensor (BAWS): laser-induced fluorescence as the joint biological point detection system trigger

Biological Aerosol Warning Sensor (BAWS) detects suspect airborne particles of biological origin that are in a specified size range consistent with respiration using laser induced fluorescence. The system determines if the suspect particles are consistent with naturally existing particles of the operating environment. If the number of suspect particles detected is of significant quantity, over a sufficient amount of time, and the particles are not common to the environment; an alarm is issued. It does all of this in real time, issuing triggers within a minute of the onset of an event. Provided is an overview of the techniques employed by the BAWS for detecting biological aerosols and the functionality that BAWS provides to a multistage system like the Joint Biological Point Detection System JBPDS.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Isolated locked compression plating for Vancouver Type B1 periprosthetic femoral fractures

Abstract Objective Report treatment results of periprosthetic femoral fractures adjacent or at the tip of a stable femoral stem (Vancouver Type B1) using a locked compression plate as the sole method of fracture stabilisation. Design Retrospective case series. Setting Academic Level I Trauma Centre. Patients Patients operatively treated at our institution with locked compression plating for Vancouver Type B1 periprosthetic fractures between 2002 and 2006 with at least 12 weeks of clinical follow-up were included. Patient demographics, hip arthroplasty implant characteristics, and AO/OTA fracture type were recorded. Intervention Open reduction internal fixation using a locked-plate spanning a majority of the femur through a lateral soft-tissue sparing approach. No cortical onlay allografts or cerclage devices (wires or cables) were used. Main outcome measurements Clinical union was defined at a minimum of 12 weeks as ability to walk, with or without the use of a walking aide, without pain at or around the fracture site. Radiographic union was defined by bridging bone spanning two or more cortices on orthogonal radiographs of the femur. Results Ten subjects met the inclusion criteria and were followed for a mean of 27 weeks (range 14–97 weeks). All achieved fracture union at a mean of 17 weeks (range 12–27 weeks). There were no hardware failures or changes in fracture alignment from operative radiographs. There were no major complications that necessitated reoperation. Conclusions Open reduction internal fixation of Vancouver Type B1 periprosthetic femoral fractures using a lateral locked-plate that spans the full extent of the femur as the sole method of stabilisation is a successful treatment method that minimises soft-tissue dissection and provides adequate fixation strength to maintain fracture alignment to fracture union.
The elicitation and habituation of orienting and defensive responses to phobic imagery and the incremental stimulus intensity effect.

Using imaginal stimuli, the present investigation examined psychophysiological responses to imagery and the roles of Groves and Thompson's (1970) dual process theory and Sokolov's (1963) model of the defensive response(DR) in mediating the incremental stimulus intensity effect (ISIE). Experiment I was undertaken to determine whether phobic and neutral imagery could be discriminated by DRs and orienting responses (ORs). In a within groups design. 19 analogue speech phobics were exposed to 4 neutral and 4 phobic scenes. Dependent measures were skin conductance measures and second-by-second heart rate (HR). The results showed that DRs occurred only in response to phobic scenes. In a between groups design. Experiment II compared an incremental series (IS) of 16 phobic imaginal stimulus presentations to a constant series. Subjects were analogue speech phobics with 14 subjects per condition. For both conditions the last 4 scene presentations were the same. Dependent measures were second-by-second HR, second-by-second cephalic pulse amplitude, and skin conductance measures. The results showed greater habituation in the IS condition, but were inconclusive with regard to the roles played by dual process theory and the DR model in the ISIE.
Architecture of PFC supports analogy, but PFC is not an analogy machine

In the preceding discussion paper, I proposed a theory of prefrontal cortical organization that was fundamentally intended to address the question: How does prefrontal cortex (PFC) support the various functions for which it seems to be selectively recruited? In so doing, I chose to focus on a particular function, analogy, that seems to have been largely ignored in the theoretical treatments of PFC, but that does underlie many other cognitive functions (Hofstadter, 2001; Holyoak & Thagard, 1997). At its core, this paper was intended to use analogy as a foundation for exploring one possibility for prefrontal function in general, although it is easy to see how the analogy-specific interpretation arises (as in the comment by Ibanez). In an attempt to address this more foundational question, this response will step away from analogy as a focus, and will address first the various comments from the perspective of the initial motivation for developing this theory, and then specific issues raised by the commentators.
A Study of Age-Related Architectural Changes that Are Most Damaging to Bones

Osteoporosis-related bone damage causes major socioeconomic problems. For efficient use of therapeutic agents, it is necessary to be able to reliably identify patients with high propensity for nontraumatic fracture. Age-related bone loss imposes several architectural changes in bone; one of the few ways to estimate damage due to individual changes, and hence determine the most serious types of damage, is via the analysis of suitable mathematical models. Anatomical sites such as the vertebral body, proximal femur, and distal radius are locations where most age-related fractures occur. The inner porous (or trabecular) bone from these sites, which resemble disordered cubic networks, play a significant role in load transmission at these sites. Analysis of a mathematical model of porous bone is used to show that perforation of elements of the network is the most damaging architectural change to a bone. We also show that an expression for bone strength, derived on this basis, can capture changes in strength caused by the inclusion of other features like thinning of trabecular bone and the anisotropy of the network. We finally argue that bone density, which is currently the most routinely used diagnostic, cannot be a reliable surrogate for bone strength.
Opposing actions of Per1 and Cry2 in the regulation of Per1 target gene expression in the liver and kidney

Mounting evidence suggests that the circadian clock plays an integral role in the regulation of many physiological processes including blood pressure, renal function, and metabolism. The canonical molecular clock functions via activation of circadian target genes by Clock/Bmal1 and repression of Clock/Bmal1 activity by Per1–3 and Cry1/2. However, we have previously shown that Per1 activates genes important for renal sodium reabsorption, which contradicts the canonical role of Per1 as a repressor. Moreover, Per1 knockout (KO) mice exhibit a lowered blood pressure and heavier body weight phenotype similar to Clock KO mice, and opposite that of Cry1/2 KO mice. Recent work has highlighted the potential role of Per1 in repression of Cry2. Therefore, we postulated that Per1 potentially activates target genes through a Cry2-Clock/Bmal1-dependent mechanism, in which Per1 antagonizes Cry2, preventing its repression of Clock/Bmal1. This hypothesis was tested in vitro and in vivo. The Per1 target genes αENaC and Fxyd5 were identified as Clock targets in mpkCCDc14 cells, a model of the renal cortical collecting duct. We identified PPARα and DEC1 as novel Per1 targets in the mouse hepatocyte cell line, AML12, and in the liver in vivo. Per1 knockdown resulted in upregulation of Cry2 in vitro, and this result was confirmed in vivo in mice with reduced expression of Per1. Importantly, siRNA-mediated knockdown of Cry2 and Per1 demonstrated opposing actions for Cry2 and Per1 on Per1 target genes, supporting the potential Cry2-Clock/Bmal1-dependent mechanism underlying Per1 action in the liver and kidney.
LONG-RANGE 1H-15N COUPLINGS AND 15N CHEMICAL SHIFT ASSIGNMENTS OF THE BIS-INDOLE ANTICANCER DRUG NAVELBINE

The recently reported application of gradient-enhanced HMQC for the observation of long-range 1H-15N heteronuclear couplings at natural abundance has been extended to the bis-indole anticancer drug Navelbine®. Responses correlating protons to N16′ (δ 15N 138.2 ppm)in the velbanamine subunit and N1 and N9 (δ 15N 66.0 and 55.3 ppm, respectively) in the vindoline subunit were observable within about 4 hours of data acquisition. The single response to N6′ (δ I5N 43.0 ppm), in contrast, was very weak requiring a weekend data acquisition to even be observed. The difficulty in observing correlations to N6′ is presumably a function of molecular mobility in the eight-membered azocine ring.
MEASUREMENT OF CANTILEVER'S SPRING CONSTANT WITH CMS ELECTROSTATIC FORCE STANDARD

The mechanical property is one of the important parameters for evaluating micro/nano-scale materials. The measurement of micro/nano-mechanical property usually involves measurements of small displacement and force. To provide a traceable force standard in micro/nano-newton level, we have developed a force measurement system based on electrostatic sensing and actuation techniques. The system mainly consists of a monolithic flexure stage, a three-electrode capacitor and a digital controller. The three-electrode capacitor is utilized as a position sensor, and at the same time an electrostatic force actuator. The force under measurement is balanced by a compensation electrostatic force which is traceable to electrical and length standards. A commercial cantilever-type micro-force probe was used in this calibration experiment. The force probe was brought to contact with and press into the load button (a ruby sphere) of the force measurement system by a closed-loop controlled z-scanner. The spring constant was obtained from the average slope determined from measured force-displacement curves and was found to be (2.26 ± 0.01) N/m where the given uncertainty is one standard deviation. We have successfully demonstrated the calibration of the microforce probe using our self-developed electrostatic sensing and actuating force measurement system. The measured spring constant is consistent with the manufacturer's specification, and the relative standard deviation is less than 0.5%. Note from Publisher: This article contains the abstract only.
Culture Clash and Second Home Ownership in the U.S. Northern Forest

Culture clash, or intracommunity tensions related to rapid in-migration, between permanent and newcomer residents has been well studied in relation to environmental conservation in natural amenity communities; however, less is known about culture clash within communities characterized by high rates of second home ownership. We examine the causes of perceived culture clash in communities of the U.S. Northern Forest using mail survey data from four case studies within New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine. In contrast to past culture clash research, we consider multiple dimensions of cultural capital that are independent of second home owners' rural or urban origins, and how key aspects of culture compare to economic standing and social interaction as drivers of perceived culture clash. Permanent residents perceive greater levels of culture clash than second home owners, net other measures, indicating that seasonal migration in and of itself encourages notions of otherness between residents. More frequent social interaction between resident groups helps to ameliorate intracommunity tensions. Cultural capital and social interaction measures were equally effective in explaining variation in perceived culture clash. Our findings indicate that the culture clash concept extends beyond scenarios of environmental conflict and applies to more general forms of intergroup tensions.
The Six Sigma Approach to Solid Waste Management and Minimization: Moving towards Zero Landfill Facilities

This article provides an overview of an eleven step solid waste analysis and minimization process that is based on the six sigma approach to problem solving that may be applied at a wide variety of organizations. The six sigma approach provides a holistic process that focuses on minimizing defects, in this case, eliminating waste disposed at landfills. As many organizations are moving towards ”zero landfill” facilities, such a process is needed to aid in achieving these goals. The eleven step processes provides details on establishing goals, creating process flowcharts, conducting waste sorts, data collection, establishing baseline data, identifying improvement opportunities, cost justification, executing improvement plans and validating results. The article also includes a case study that applies that eleven step process. The goal of the article is to provide the audience with a structured process to evaluate and minimize solid waste generation based on cost justified improvement opportunities.
Labor support by first-time fathers: direct observations with a comparison to experienced doulas

Continuous labor support provided by female labor companions (doulas) in randomized controlled studies has previously been shown to decrease the incidence of Caesarean sections and perinatal complications. Since fathers provide labor support for four out of five women in the United States, we examined the behaviors of 14 couples during low-risk labors. Fourteen 1-h observations of early and late labor were analyzed for fathers' presence and activities during labor. For all behaviors, except talking which increased during late labor, fathers were more involved physically and were closer to their partners during early labor than during late labor. Fathers' behavior patterns were compared to those of three doulas with 27 laboring women and were found to be significantly different for all behaviors. Fathers remained significantly farther from mothers and talked and touched significantly less. Fathers' participation was rated by mothers as increasing the meaning of the labor experience and by the couple as str...
IL-35 Stimulation of CD39+ Regulatory T Cells Confers Protection against Collagen II-Induced Arthritis via the Production of IL-10

IL-35 is produced by regulatory T cells, and this novel cytokine can downregulate Th17 cell development and inhibit autoimmune inflammation. In this work, an rIL-35, as a single-chain fusion between murine IL-12p35 and EBV-induced gene 3, was expressed in yeast. This rIL-35 inhibited OVA-specific cellular and Ab responses in OVA-challenged recipients of DO11.10 CD4+ T cells. Likewise, IL-35 inhibited clinical manifestation of collagen-induced arthritis or could cease further disease exacerbation upon initiation of IL-35 treatment. Exogenous IL-35 treatments suppressed Th1 and Th17 cells and promoted CD39 expression by CD4+ T cells. Sorted CD25-CD39+CD4+ T cells from IL-35-treated mice produced IL-10 and, upon adoptive transfer, were sufficiently potent to inhibit subsequent development of inflammation in mice with collagen-induced arthritis, whereas sorted CD25+CD39+CD4+ T cells showed reduced potency. IL-35 treatments of IL-10-/- mice failed to induce protective CD39+CD4+ T cells, demonstrating the effector role of IL-10 by IL-35 immunosuppression.
Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts. Edited by Samuel Totten and William S. Parsons

Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts. Edited by Samuel Totten and William S. Parsons (London: Routledge, 2009), xvii + 654 pp. £26.99 paper. Were we to choose a small number...
Ectopic decidua and metastatic squamous carcinoma: presentation in a single pelvic lymph node.

The presence of ectopic decidua in pelvic lymph nodes from patients with squamous carcinoma of the cervix makes evaluation for metastatic disease difficult due to the light microscopic similarity between decidua and sheets of squamous epithelial cells. A patient is presented in whom decidualized endometriosis was intimately asssociated with metastatic moderately differentiated squamous carcinoma in a single pelvic lymph node. This phenomenon afforded an excellent opportunity to study the unique morphologic features that distinguish these two entities. A prior report of this kind was not found. In the absence of obvious squamous differentiation (i.e., intercellular bridges, dyskeratosis, and keratin “pearl” formation), as is frequently the case with squamous carcinoma of the cervix, the light microscopic features that are most useful in distinguishing squamous carcinoma from decidua include the presence of well-defined nests of cohesive cells, nuclear hyperchromasia, and cellular pleomorphism.
On scales of sensation: Prolegomena to any future psychophysics that will be able to come forth as science

Sensory scales fall into two classes. Type I scales of sensory intensity can be approximated by metric scaling procedures (magnitude estimation, magnitude production) and nonmetric procedures (conjoint measurement); Type I scales are supported by theoretical consideration of sensory processes. Type II scales of sensory dissimilarity can be approximated by metric scaling procedures (category rating, interval estimation, .equisection] and nonmetric procedures (analysis of proximities). The psychophysical functions that relate Type I and Type II scales to their corresponding physical scales are in both cases power functions, but the exponents that govern Type I functions are typically about twice as large. Both Type I scales of sensory intensity and Type II scales of sensory dissimilarity are meaningful measures of perceptual experience, but they are measures of different aspects of perception. The duality of sensory scales helps to explain some apparent contradictions among divergent attempts to validate scales of sensation. There is a certain respect in which I write this paper in sadness. It is regrettable that, as we approach the last quarter of the 20th century, a fundamental debate still rages about the meaningfulness, necessity, and validity of scales of sensation, a debate hardly different in its essence from that which centered around Fechner's work a century ago. For even though enormous talent, energy, and time has gone into the study of psychophysical scaling, nevertheless opinion is far from unanimous. The purpose here is neither to rehash old theories nor to review stale philosophical viewpoints. Rather, the aim is to present a reasonably simple, coherent, and consistent account of psychophysical scales of sensation that does justice not only to several varieties of scaling data, but also to certain facts about sensory functioning that themselves need not depend on scaling. What I hope to show is not only that there can be meaningful systems of subjective scales, but that the scales---or at least some of them-may even be necessary to any comprehensive understanding of sensory and perceptual processes. The present paper begins by examining scaling procedures that require subjects to make direct, quantitative judgments ofsensory magnitudes. Results obtained by these procedures pose a problem, in that data appear not to yield convergent or invariant
Creeping flow around a deforming sphere

The flow of an incompressible viscous fluid past a deforming sphere is studied for small values of the Reynolds number. The deformation is assumed to be radial but is otherwise quite general. The case of S = O(l), where S is the Strouhal number, is investigated in detail. In particular, the drag is obtained up to O(R2 In R), where R is the Reynolds number.