cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polymorphic phase transitions in mixed alkali magnesium fluoride solid solutions

Phase transitions in the miscible solid solution Na1−xKxMgF3 were examined over a wide range of compositions by computer molecular dynamics, X-ray diffraction, and thermal analysis in order to characterize the polymorphic phase transitions as a function of alkali-metal content. The pure NaMgF3 composition has a single orthorhombic-to-cubic transition at 1038 K, but computer modeled compositions with K+ partially substituted for Na+ ions have at least two polymorphic transitions. The models also indicate that the transition temperatures decrease with increasing potassium content. Results from thermal analyses and from literature give similar results. Computer simulations, experimental data, and literature values all show a room-temperature transition for the composition around Na0.65K0.35MgF3.
Application of microwave scanning probes to photovoltaic materials

We demonstrate that near-field scanning microwave microscopy (NSMM) can be used to detect photoresponse in photovoltaic materials with potential for submicrometer lateral resolution. In this approach, a radio-frequency scanning tunneling microscopy (RF-STM) tip is coupled to a resonant microwave cavity with a resonance near 4.5 GHz. The presence of additional mobile carriers in the vicinity of the probe tip changes the load on the cavity. These changes are quantified through the shifts in both the resonance frequency and quality factor Q. The changes in conductivity under illumination with blue light are easily detected for Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 and GaAs solar cell test material.
Antimatter in the Universe

Cosmological models which predict a large amount of antimatter in the Universe are reviewed. Observational signatures and searches for cosmic antimatter are briefly considered. A short discussion of new long range forces which might be associated with matter and antimatter is presented.
Variation induced by DNA rearrangement in a transgenicBt+CpTI cotton strain

In the development of transgenicBt + CpTI cotton cultivars, one male and female sterile mutant has been found in a homozygous T4 strain in our laboratory. The mutant plant, as well as its leaves, buds and flowers, is only 1/2–1/3 as large as that of the wild transgenicBt + CpTI bivalant cotton plants. Cytological observation found that the chromosome number of the mutant is 2n = 52; however, there are 4–8 univalents observed in meiosis I of pollen mother cells. Laboratory bioassay indicated that the mutant was highly resistant to bollworm as the wild plants. PCR amplification revealed thatBt andCpTI genes in the mutant were still intactly inserted. However, small deletion of flanked area had been observed in the mutant by Southern blotting analysis. So it is proposed that the mutant phenotype might result from either the DNA deletion or T-DNA transferring in plant genome. No such report has been presented that the rearrangement of chromosome structure in a homozygous transgenic line occurred. Further analysis is ongoing.
Internal vascularity of the scaphoid in cadavers after insertion of the Herbert screw

This article describes the effects of various operative exposures for insertion of the Herbert screw on the internal vascularity of the scaphoid. Vessels supplying the proximal 70% to 80% of the scaphoid were intact in all specimens except one, which had a combined palmar and dorsal approach. Vessels supplying the tubercle and the distal 20%–30% were disrupted in five of 18 specimens undergoing the palmar approach. The palmar approach did not disrupt the significant dorsal blood supply, and the dorsal approach was safe provided care was taken to preserve the visible dorsal vascular leash.
Geochemical Partitioning of Pb, Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn Across the Sediment-Water Interface in Large Lakes

Abstract The early diagenetic remobilization of Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Pb was evaluated by studying the geochemical partitioning of the metals among hydromorphic phases (as operationally defined by sequential-chemical extractions) in interfacial sediment (fluff) and in the sediment column, at a site in the Caribou sub-basin, Lake Superior. The fluff was collected with a vacuum/ filtration system developed for the submersible Johnson Sea-Link II and the sediment column by gravity coring. The results show that: (1) Pb, Cu, and Zn exhibit sediment profiles in which their concentrations decrease with depth for total metal and some of the hydromorphic phases; (2) Mn and Fe profiles are the result of early diagenesis; (3) each of the metals is uniquely partitioned among the phases and the partitioning changes from the fluff to the sediment column and with depth; and (4) the concentrations ofZn, Cu, and Pb in the fluff are higher than those in the sediment column and, in some instances, appear to be an exponential extrapolations of the latter. The results are interpreted to indicate that the metals are remobilized during early diagenesis and that the fluff may be chemically unique compared to the sediment column, perhaps being similar to interfacial sediments identified in deep marine environments. In addition, it appears that studying the metal concentrations in the individual hydromorphic phases of the sediment is more useful in identifying diagenetic processes than is examination of either total hydromorphic or total metal concentrations of the sediment.
Induction of heat shock proteins by hyperglycemic cerebral ischemia

Hyperglycemia worsens the neuronal death induced by cerebral ischemia. A previous study demonstrated that diabetic hyperglycemia suppressed the expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in the liver. The objective of this study is to determine whether hyperglycemia exacerbates ischemic brain damage by suppressing the expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) in the brain. Both normoglycemic and hyperglycemic rats were subjected to a transient global cerebral ischemia of 15 min and followed by 0.5, 1 and 3 h of reperfusion. The expression of stress-related genes and levels of HSP proteins were determined by DNA microarray, immunocytochemistry and Western blot analyses. The results showed that hyperglycemic ischemia upregulated the expressions of hsp70, hsp90A, hsp90B, heat shock cognate 71 kD protein (hsc70) and mthsp70. Protein levels of HSP70 and HSP60 were enhanced by hyperglycemia compared with normoglycemia. The results suggested that hyperglycemia-exacerbated ischemic brain damage is not mediated by the suppression of the HSPs. The increased levels of HSPs and mthsp70 suggest that the cell and the mitochondrion had strong stress responses to hyperglycemic ischemia.
Molecular speciation of microparticles: application of pattern recognition techniques to laser microprobe mass spectrometric data

Abstract Attempts were made to enhance the ability of laser microprobe mass spectrometry (LAMMS) to identify molecular species in individual microparticles by applying pattern recognition methods. Principal component analysis (PCA) and canonical discriminant analysis were applied to LAMMS data for nickel-containing environmental particles. Detailed comparison of the two statistical methods demonstrated the utility of PCA. The successful application was highly dependent on the use of appropriate spectral normalization and feature extraction techniques prior to PCA. Although the test system involved only a small number of standard compounds, the LAMMS data were complicated by the effects of intra-particle heterogeneity common to environmental samples and by instrumental limitations. Pattern recognition techniques provided more accurate quantitative assignments of molecular species than were available by qualitative inspection of characteristic cluster ions or by simple spectral subtraction to compare particle data with a library of standard compounds. Results were substantiated by comparison with bulk analysis studies using wet chemical techniques.
Determination of Dexamethasone and Corticosterone Half-Lives in Male Broilers,

Normal broiler males were used in a series of experiments to determine the rate of disappearance of dexamethasone, a synthetic corticoid, and corticosterone, the quantitatively most important glucocorticoid in the bird. Determination of the half-life (T1/2) of these compounds following an intravenous bolus injection was by high performance liquid chromatography. Half-lives for dexamethasone and corticosterone were found to be 36 and 22 min, respectively. The slower rate of disappearance from the blood may help to explain the ability of dexamethasone to overcome some of the problems associated with hyperthermic stress in birds. This method of quantitating exogenously administered steroids is applicable not only to basic research but also to analyses by inspection and regulatory agencies.
Site-specific production functions for variable rate corn nitrogen fertilization

Specific recommendations for variable rate nitrogen (VRN) fertilization in corn (Zea mays L.) are required to realize the potential environmental and economic benefits of this technology. However, recommendations based on algorithms that consider the processes controlling crop response to nitrogen fertilizer (NF) within fields have not yet been developed. The objectives of this study were to develop site-specific corn yield production functions for VRN fertilization and to determine the site-specific variables controlling corn response to NF. The experiments were conducted on eight commercial production fields. Fields were divided into 13–20 sections composed of five plots. Each plot received one NF rate. Site-specific variables included primary and secondary terrain attributes, and the Illinois Soil Nitrogen Test (ISNT). Nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased corn yield and it interacted with at least one site-specific variable. The ISNT was the site-specific variable that interacted with NF in most fields where the CV of ISNT was larger than 10%. The parameter estimates indicate that ISNT had a positive effect on corn yield and that it reduced the response to NF. Terrain attributes also affected corn yield and its response to NF. In general, parameter estimates indicated that well drained areas (i.e. small specific catchment area, moderate slopes) had higher yields and responded less to NF than areas where water is expected to accumulate. These results indicate that terrain attributes as surrogates for soil water content and the ISNT as a measure of soil mineralizable nitrogen are site-specific characteristics that affect corn yield and its response to NF.
Long-term surveillance for human anti-murine antibodies of a group of haemophiliacs treated only with immunoaffinity-purified FVIII concentrates.

Summary An immunoaffinity purified, solvent/detergent virally inactivated factor VIII (FVIII) concentrate (Hemofil® M) has been in clinical use in persons with haemophilia A since March 1987 and under clinical trial prior to licencing in the USA, Europe and Japan. The specification set and consistently met for the monoclonal antibody (mAb) content of the final product is 0.1 ng/IU FVIII. This level was considered non-immunogenic, based upon animal studies, recommendations of the European PHarmacopoeia with ovalbumin contamination of influenza vaccine and also the experience during clinical research studies using aAb for diagnostic or other clinical purpose as reported in the medical literature. This research communication documents the surveillance for human anti-murine antibodies (HAMA) in 13 patients with serve haemophilia A. These patients have been treated with a large amount of product (mean 14,026 IU), numerous different lots of Hemofil M (total 45; mean 17) over a substantial period of time (mean 28 months). The data generated from this group of 13 patients before and during therapeutic Hemofil M administration failed to show the development of any HAMA response at any timepoint. Therefore Hemofil M prepared by mAb resin immunoaffinity column chromatography under the currently set specifications for mAb contaminant of 0.1 ng/IU FVIII or less is a safe therapeutic agent in the management and prevention of bleeding episodes in persons with haemophilia A.
Tracking historic migrations of the Irish potato famine pathogen, Phytophthora infestans

The plant pathogen Phytophthora infestans causes late blight, a devastating disease on potato that led to the Irish potato famine during 1845-1847. The disease is considered a reemerging problem and still causes major epidemics on both potato and tomato crops worldwide. Theories on the origin of the disease based on an examination of the genetic diversity and structure of P. infestans populations and use of historic specimens to understand modern day epidemics are discussed.
Assessment of the urban heat island effect through the use of satellite data

A recent NASA satellite is obtaining high spatial resolution thermal infrared data at times of day appropriate for the study of the urban heat island effect. Quantitative estimates of the extent and intensity of urban surface heating are obtained by analysis of digital data acquired over the New York City-New England area. In many large cities satellite sensed temperatures are 10-15 C warmer than in surrounding rural areas. A thorough interpretation of the elevated urban surface temperature will require studies of (1) the relationship between remotely sensed surface temperatures and air temperatures, and (2) compensation for observed very localized heating due to industry and/or power plants.
In situ dissolution of ureteral calculus

An obstructing uric acid calculus was successfully managed by dissolution in situ. The methods used are described in detail. Perhaps not applicable in all cases, the ease of the procedure makes it worth considering especially in patients at high risk for open operative intervention.
Factors related to the donor organ are major determinants of renal allograft function and survival.

In this study, we analyzed the relative impact of donor and recipient variables on cadaveric renal allograft function and survival. The unique feature of the study population is that each pair of recipients received their allografts from a single donor. The study includes 378 adult patients. In 129 pairs both recipients were Caucasian, and in 60 pairs one recipient was Caucasian and the other was African-American. All transplants were done in one center, thus minimizing differences in preservation time and providing uniform posttransplant management. The initial analysis showed a relationship between the function of the allograft 6 months after transplantation (serum creatinine [SCr] 6 mo ) and donor variables (P=0.0004, analysis of variance). Furthermore, it was calculated that 64% of the variability in the SCr 6 mo among patients was due to donor factors and 36% was due to recipient factors. An elevated SCr 6 mo was significantly associated with older donors, male recipients, and patients with acute rejection episodes. Furthermore, other unidentified donor factors may have an impact on allograft function. Reflecting the importance of donor factors, there was a significant relationship between SCr 6 mo in paired recipients (P 105 mmHg) (P=0.002, Cox), but not in those patients with mean arterial pressure < 105 mmHg. In conclusion, donor factors are major determinants of renal allograft function. However, those factors may not be easily identifiable or quantifiable. Donor factors do not contribute to racial differences in allograft survival. However, poorly controlled hypertension correlates with poor renal graft survival in African-Americans.
Accessory instrumentation for ureteroscopy.

Purpose of review The use of ureteroscopy for diagnostic and therapeutic applications has evolved rapidly over the past 5 years. The purpose of this review is to discuss recent advances in instrumentation for rigid and flexible ureteroscopy. Recent findings Advances in accessory instrumentation can be divided into improvements in ureteral access, irrigation, intracorporeal lithotripsy, and stone extraction. By evaluating in-vitro and clinical evaluations of accessory instrumentation, one can identify specific products that may facilitate a positive ureteroscopic outcome. Summary Preoperative preparation is the best predictor of positive outcome after ureteroscope. The cornerstone to preoperative preparation is the proper selection of accessory instrumentation. There is no greater frustration than to see the target but be unable to address it.
Greeks under European colonial rule: national allegiance and imperial loyalty

AbstractHow to narrate the experience of the Greeks who lived under European colonial rule? Greek nationalist historiography ignores the colonial dimension and links this experience to the grand narrative of the struggle of unredeemed Greeks against foreign domination. By contrast, revisionist accounts challenge the pervasiveness of 'national sentiment' among subjected Greeks and stress the coercive nature of nationalism. Based on micro-analyses of cases drawn from Cyprus under British rule and the Dodecanese under Italian rule in the 1930s, an assessment is made of the practical significance, in the daily lives of these colonial subjects, of the conflicting imperatives of national allegiance and imperial loyalty.
The Influence of Psychiatric Symptoms and Cognitive Abilities on Competence-Related Abilities

This study evaluated the influence of psychiatric symptoms (psychoticism, withdrawal, depression, hostility) and cognitive abilities (executive functioning, working memory, attention, processing speed) on competence-related abilities (understanding, reasoning, appreciation). Seventy-seven male forensic patients were administered the MacCAT-CA, the BPRS, and several cognitive measures. Results revealed that, when considered as a group, the cognitive abilities accounted for more variance in the scores for all three competence-related abilities than did the psychiatric symptoms although there was an additive effect when these groups of variables were considered collectively. Both the psychiatric symptoms and cognitive abilities accounted for a substantial portion of the variance in understanding and reasoning scores, but less so for appreciation. Psychoticism and attention were important factors across all aspects of competence, while working memory was associated with understanding and reasoning, but not ap...
Incremental path planning on graphs with cycles

Abstract We present two new algorithms, LCM and IBFS, that make locally optimal incremental planning decisions for the task of finding a path to a goal state in a problem space that contains cycles. Earlier work (RTA* [Korf, 1990]) solves the incremental path planning problem when the problem space is tree structured. We precisely characterize the time and space complexity of both new algorithms, and show that they are asymptotically optimal. In addition, we present empirical evidence for a variety of maze problem spaces which shows that LCM and IBFS consistently produce shorter solutions than RTA*, and that the average computation cost of IBFS and LCM grows only slowly with the size of the problem. Finally, we show that as the lookahead depth increases, both algorithms require less computation per move decision than RTA*.
Antitumor Effects of Kethoxal-Bis(Thiosemicarbazone) and 6-Mercaptopurine in Neonatally Thymeetomized Mice.∗

SummaryThe incidence of complete regression of Sarcoma 180 induced by treatment with kethoxal-bis(thiosemicarbazone) and 6-mercaptopurine was greatly reduced in neo-natally thymectomized but not in neonatally splenectomized animals. The inhibition of tumor growth observed at the end of treatment was not affected by neonatal surgery per se. In contrast, the delayel retardation of tumor growth seen in treated intact mice 2 to 4 weeks after implantation was significantly reduced in neonatally thymectomized animals. The survival of allogeneic skin grafts was only slightly prolonged in intact animals by treatment with the two drugs at doses capable of inducing therapeutic effects on Sarcoma 180. In neonatally thymectomized mice treated with the drugs, however, survival of the skin graft was substantially prolonged. These results indicate that, in intact animals implanted with Sarcoma 180, kethoxal-bis(thio-semicarbazone) and 6-mercaptopurine exert therapeutic effects by impairing the growth of the tumor select...
Macrocosm, mesocosm, and microcosm: The persistent nature of 'Hindu' beliefs and symbolic forms

With his recent book, Mesocosm: Hinduism and the organization of a traditional Newar city in Nepal, Robert Levy has greatly indebted students and scholars of South Asia. The work deals with the urban universe and its components of Hindus in the Newar town of Bhaktapur in Nepal's Kathmandu Valley during the mid-seventies. It presents, in conWast to primarily philological and historical analyses, a structured account of the totality of a local form of Hinduism and, in my opinion, for the first time, a clear view of the intricate nature of the elements and their interrelations of a 'medieval-type' Hindu community. Mesocosm successfully combines a well-informed textual and historical background, with anthropological observation and, as his earlier work--Tahitians: Mind and experience in the Society lslands (1973)--1ed us to expect, insightful analysis. It is often overlooked that the Hindu texts, whether in Sanskrit, Middle or New Indo-.~,~Tan, or Dravidian, usually represent the voice of the Br~'~na~ (the Buddhist, the Jaina, and so forth) establishment. Even originally countermovements (Tantra, for example) made their way into the received texts only after a period of 'Br~lman. iT~tion'--entailing purification and adjustment to the norms of Hinduism. This book, however, presents Hinduism as it operates on the ground, from private beliefs to the city-wide Tantric religion, from private rituals to the public festivals of a whole realm, from individual sacred space in private houses to the sacred geography of the town of Bhaktapur and surrounding areas. It thus has inWinsic value not only for understanding local Newar Hinduism but also for the
Electromyographic evaluation of continuous passive motion versus manual rehabilitation of the temporomandibular joint

There have been a myriad of rehabilitation techniques for patients after temporomandibular joint (TMJ) surgery, varying from professionally delivered physical therapy to self use of tongue blades. Most recently continuous passive motion (CPM) has been introduced for postsurgical TMJ patients. The benefits of CPM have been attributed both to its continuous and its passive nature. While the continuous nature of the therapy is accepted, questions remain regarding the passivity of the motion. The purpose of this study was to electromyographically evaluate the degree of activity that occurs with CPM compared with simple mandibular exercises in TMJ rehabilitation. Eight patients who had arthroscopy or arthrotomy were begun on a CPM device postsurgically. Electromyographic data were obtained for jaw closing and opening activity. Patients were measured using CPM as well as tongue depressors. Three different exercises were performed: 1) activity at rest was compared with rest with CPM; 2) opening and closing with CPM versus use of tongue depressors was compared; and 3) maximum opening to a comfortable position was compared using tongue depressors versus the CPM device in a fixed open position. The degree of opening was matched for both groups. A significant difference in electromyographic activity was shown between patients using CPM versus tongue depressors during the open/closing cycles. This suggests that TMJ CPM is truly passive.
Sex and level of mediator abstractness as variables in mediate association

Male and female groups were compared on mixed list chaining paradigms where B terms were concrete or abstract nouns and A-C terms were nonsense syllables. An analysis of the data showed no significant mediation differences for male Ss assigned to concrete as compared to male Ss assigned to abstract mediation treatment; nor for female Ss similarly compared. Insignificant mediation differences also were found when male and female Ss were compared, regardless of the type of mediator employed in the paradigm.
Does a General Temperature-Dependent Q10 Model of Soil Respiration Exist at Biome and Global Scale?

Abstract: Soil respiration (SR) is commonly modeled by a Q10 (an indicator of temperature sensitivity) function in ecosystem models. Q10 is usually treated as a constant of 2 in these models, although Q10 value of SR often decreases with increasing temperatures. It remains unclear whether a general temperature-dependent Q10 model of SR exists at biome and global scale. In this paper, we have compiled the long-term Q10 data of 38 SR studies ranging from the Boreal, Temperate, to Tropical/Subtropical biome on four continents. Our analysis indicated that the general temperature-dependent biome Q10 models of SR existed, especially in the Boreal and Temperate biomes. A single-exponential model was better than a simple linear model in fitting the average Q10 values at the biome scale. Average soil temperature is a better predictor of Q10 value than average air temperature in these models, especially in the Boreal biome. Soil temperature alone could explain about 50% of the Q10 variations in both the Boreal and Temperate biome single-exponential Q10 model. Q10 value of SR decreased with increasing soil temperature but at quite different rates among the three biome Q10 models. The k values (Q10 decay rate constants) were 0.09, 0.07, and 0.02/oC in the Boreal, Temperate, and Tropical/Subtropical biome, respectively, suggesting that Q10 value is the most sensitive to soil temperature change in the Boreal biome, the second in the Temperate biome, and the least sensitive in the Tropical/Subtropical biome. This also indirectly confirms that acclimation of SR in many soil warming experiments probably occurs. The k value in the “global” single-exponential Q10 model which combined both the Boreal and Temperate biome data set was 0.08/°C. However, the global general temperature-dependent Q10 model developed using the data sets of the three biomes is not adequate for predicting Q10 values of SR globally. The existence of the general temperature-dependent Q10 models of SR in the Boreal and Temperate biome has important implications for modeling SR, especially in the Boreal biome. More detail model runs are needed to exactly evaluate the impact of using a fixed Q10 vs a temperature-dependent Q10 on SR estimate in ecosystem models (e.g., TEM, Biome-BGC, and PnET). (Managing editor: Ya-Qin HAN)
Mapping tertiary interactions in protein folding reactions: a novel mass spectrometry- and chemical synthesis-based approach.

A novel mass spectrometry- and chemical synthesis-based approach for studying protein folding reactions is described, and its initial application to study the folding/unfolding reaction of a homo-hexameric enzyme 4-oxalocrotonate (4OT) is reported. This new approach involves the application of total chemical synthesis to prepare protein analogues that contain a photoreactive amino acid site-specifically incorporated into their primary amino acid sequence. To this end, a photoreactive amino acid-containing analogue of 4OT in which Pro-1 was replaced with p-benzoyl-l-phenylalanine (Bpa) was prepared. This analogue can be used to map structurally specific protein-protein interactions in 4OT’s native folded state. These photocrosslinking studies and peptide mapping results with (P1Bpa)4OT indicate that this construct is potentially useful for probing the structural properties of equilibrium and kinetic intermediates in 4OT’s folding reaction.
Congenital myasthenic syndromes: A diverse array of molecular targets

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) has served as a prototype for understanding mechanisms underlying synaptic transmission over the past 50 years. More recently, analysis of congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS) revealed a diverse array of molecular targets and delineated their contributions to synaptic function. Clinical, electrophysiologic and morphologic studies have paved the way for detecting CMS-related mutations in proteins such as choline acetyltransferase acetylcholinesterase, the acetylcholine receptor, rapsyn, and the voltage-gated sodium channel of the Na(v)1.4 type. Further studies of the mutant proteins have allowed us to correlate the effects of the mutations with predicted alterations in protein structure. In this review, we focus on the symptomatology of the CMS, consider the factors that impair neuromuscular transmission, survey the mutations that have been uncovered in the different synaptic proteins, and consider the functional implications of the identified mutations.
Adsorption of molybdenum on to anatase from dilute aqueous solutions

Abstract Adsorption of Mo on to hydrous TiO2 (anatase) particles was investigated. Batch experiments were conducted at 19 and 90 °C over a pH range of 2 to 12 and Mo concentrations ranging from approximately 10−6 to 10−4 M. The extent of sorption was strongly dependent on pH and surface loading. Maximum sorption was observed in the acidic pH range at low surface loading. Adsorption behavior was described using the empirical Langmuir adsorption model. A constant capacitance surface complexation model was also used to fit the adsorption isotherms using a ligand exchange reaction for a hydroxyl surface site on anatase. Comparison of experimental data at two different temperatures (19 and 90 °C) indicates that Mo sorption in the acidic pH range decreases with increasing temperature.
Partial molal heat capacities of tetraalkylammonium bromides in methanol from 10 to 50°C

Enthalpies of solution habe beenmeasured for tetraethyl-, tetra-n-propyl-, and tetra-n-butylammonium bromides in anhydrous methanol at several temperatures ranging from 5 to 55°C. The data were extrapolated to infinite dilution by an extended Debye-Huckel equation to obtain standard enthalpies of solution ΔH30, and the integral heat method was employed to obtain partial molal heat capacities \(\overline C ^\circ _{p_2 } \), of the corresponding salts from 10 to 50°C. These data, along with similar data for tetramethylammonium bromide previously reported, were used to assign an, absolute heat capacity to the bromide ion in anhydrous methanol. Comparison of the absolute heat capacities of the bromide and tetraalkylammonium ions in water and methanol suggests that the processes occurring in the two solvents are quite dissimilar.
Convergence of abstract splines

Abstract Shekhtman (J. Approx. Theory, 30(1980) , 237–246) gives a sufficient condition for the convergence of abstract splines. We show that his condition is not necessary and give a related condition which is both necessary and sufficient. In the process, we also give a necessary and sufficient condition for a sequence of abstract spline projectors to be bounded.
Producing Emotion(al) Messages

Emotion is often a major part of the content of messages and is an important influence on message production, but connections between emotion and message-production processes have not received systematic attention until quite recently. This article explores 3 ways in which emotion and message production are connected: (a) Emotions and moods are important influences on cognitive processes underlying message production; (b) emotion is expressed as the content of messages; and (c) emotion knowledge is used to manage the emotional states of others.
Interaction of ribosomal proteins, S6, S8, S15 and S18 with the central domain of 16 S ribosomal RNA.

We have constructed complexes of ribosomal proteins S8, S15, S8+S15 and S8+S15+S6+S18 with 16 S ribosomal RNA, and probed the RNA moiety with a set of structure-specific chemical and enzymatic probes. Our results show the following effects of assembly of proteins on the reactivity of specific nucleotides in 16 S rRNA. 1. (1) In agreement with earlier work, S8 protects nucleotides in and around the 588–606/632–651 stem from attack by chemical probes; this is supported by protection in and around these same regions from nucleases. In addition, we observe protection of positions 573–575, 583, 812, 858–861 and 865. Several S8-dependent enhancements of reactivity are found, indicating that assembly of this protein is accompanied by conformational changes in 16 S rRNA. These results imply that protein S8 influences a much larger region of the central domain than was previously suspected. 2. (2) Protein S15 protects nucleotides in the 655–672/734–751 stem, in agreement with previous findings. We also find S15-dependent protection of nucleotides in the 724–730 region. Assembly of S15 causes several enhancements of reactivity, the most striking of which are found at G664, A665, G674, and A718. 3. (3) The effects of proteins S6 and S18 are dependent on the simultaneous presence of both proteins, and on the presence of protein S15. S6+S18-dependent protections are located in the 673–730 and 777–803 regions. We observed some variability in our results with these proteins, depending on the ratio of protein to RNA used, and in different trials using enzymatic probes, possibly due to the limited solubility of protein S18. Consistently reproducible was protection of nucleotides in the 664–676 and 715–729 regions. Among the latter are three of the nucleotides (G664, G674 and A718) that are strongly enhanced by assembly of protein S15. This result suggests that an S15-induced conformational change involving these nucleotides may play a role in the co-operative assembly of proteins S6 and S18.
An Iterative Method for Solving Elasticity Problems for Composite Laminates

An iterative method for approximate analytical solution of elasticity problems in composite laminates is presented. The stress analysis is performed for laminates in the three-dimensional strain state independent of the longitudinal direction. Predictions of the method are compared with results from existing analytical and numerical models. Simple and accurate approximations for stresses are obtained.
What if wireless routers were social? approaching wireless mesh networks from a social networks perspective

Wireless mesh networks consist of radio nodes organized in a mesh topology for serving wireless mesh clients to communicate with one another or to connect to the Internet. Nodes in a mesh network can communicate with each other either directly or through one or more intermediate nodes, similar to social networks. WMNs share many common properties with social networks. We first identify the differences and similarities between social networks and WMNs, and then use metrics that are typically used for social network analysis to assess real WMNs. Analyzing real WMN data collected from the University of California at Santa Barbara MeshNet and Massachusetts Institue of Technology Roofnet testbeds reveals that using SNA metrics are helpful in designing WMNs with better performance. We demonstrate the validity of our conclusions and this new approach by focusing on two sample applications: network reliability assessment and channel access scheduling.
Simulation of cyclic dynamics in isothermal gas‐solid reaction systems effects of the frequency of sinusoidal perturbation in the bulk gas concentration

The dynamic responses of a gas-solid reaction system to a sinusoidal perturbation in the bulk gas concentration are analyzed. Effects of the frequency variations on the gas and solid concentration profiles and the solid conversion are comprehensively examined based on the volume reaction model under the isothermal condition. The results show that the solid conversion can be accelerated as much as 50% and retarded as much as 50% depending on the frequency and the amplitude of the perturbation. The relationships between the reactant concentrations at the surface and the center are elucidated by means of phase-plane plots. On analyse les reponses d'un systeme de reactions impliquant gaz et solides a une perturbation sinusoidale dans la concentration globale des gaz. On examine, d'une maniere poussee, les effets des variations de la frequence sur les profils des concentrations des gaz et des solides et sur la transformation des solides; on se base a cette fin sur le modele des reactions en volume dans la condition isothermique. Les resultats obtenus indiquent qu'on peut accelerer la transformation des solides jusqu'a un degre de 50% et la diminuer jusqu'au měme pourcentage selon la frequence et l'amplitude de la perturbation. On elucide les relations entre les concentrations des reactifs, a la surface et au centre, au moyen de representations graphiques impliquant phases et plans geometriques.
Dispersion and Spectra of Gravity Waves in the Atmosphere.

Abstract This paper describes a method for obtaining the dispersion properties of atmospheric waves from ground-based measurements of pressure and wind fluctuations. Having found the wave dispersion, we can find the displacement spectra of the waves aloft, making only minimal assumptions about the atmospheric model and, without having very accurate sounding information. We have applied the method to a pair of events for which we had fairly complete documentation. In one case, the waves aloft were observed with a vertically-pointing, high-resolution FM-CW radar, and we have compared the observed vertical displacement spectra with those deduced from ground measurements. In another case, the waves were associated with a weather front and a nearby tropical storm. The ground measurements permitted us to deduce the history of the waves aloft, and we found that the wave system before passage of the front differed dramatically from the waves present after frontal passage.
An Exploration of Factors Associated With the Stability and Continuity of the Foster Care System in the United States

Foster care in the United States is viewed as a temporary service for children. However, for many children, foster care involves years of long term care. Most pro, fessionals working in the foster care system feel that the number of foster homes these children experience should be kept to a minimum. The evidence suggests that this movement from foster home to foster home has detrimental effects on the psycho-social development of the foster child. Little empirical research has been done on identifying factors associated with this movement. This research reports findings on a number of factors found to be related to this movement, thus giving new insight into the stability and continuity of the foster care system in the United States.
PCR eigenvector selection based on correlation relative standard deviations

While principal component regression (PCR) is often performed with eigenvectors ordered by decreasing singular values, PCR models have been formed using other eigenvector arrangements. A common criterion for organizing eigenvectors involves absolute correlations between respective eigenvectors and the prediction property being modeled. However, correlation cut-off values for eigenvector selection are inconsistent between data sets, and additional criteria are needed such as the root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV). Furthermore, correlations for some selected eigenvectors are often extremely low (e.g. values of 0·1 have been considered acceptable) and it is difficult to justify inclusion of these eigenvectors. Relative standard deviations (RSDs) of correlations are evaluated in this paper as an alternative method of eigenvector selection. This paper reveals distinct advantages for using eigenvectors ordered by RSDs of correlations compared to eigenvectors ordered by absolute correlations. In particular, RSDs can be used to determine significant eigenvectors without resorting to additional criteria such as the RMSECV. Additionally, inspection of RSD values explains why different correlation cut-off values are obtained for different data sets as well as why correlations can be small. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using temperature modeling to investigate the temporal variability of riverbed hydraulic conductivity during storm events

Summary Understanding the impact of storm events on riverbed hydraulic conductivity is crucial in assessing the efficacy of riverbank filtration as a water-treatment option. In this study, the variability of riverbed hydraulic conductivity and its correlation to river stage during storm events was investigated. Water levels and temperatures were continuously monitored in the river using creek piezometers screened beneath the riverbed, and monitoring wells located on the river bank. The range of values for water levels during the study period was from 161.3 to 163.7 m AMSL while temperatures ranged from 3.75 °C to 24 °C. During the duration of the study the Great Miami River was losing water to the underlying aquifer due to pumping in the adjacent municipal well field. Flow and heat transport were simulated in a groundwater heat and flow program VSH2D to determine the hydraulic conductivity of the riverbed. Hydraulic conductivity was estimated by using it as a calibration parameter to match simulated temperatures to observed temperatures in a monitoring well. Hydraulic heads in the aquifer responded to storm events at the same times but with dampened amplitudes compared to the river stage. The relative responses resulted in increased head gradients during the rising limb of the stage-hydrograph. Heat-flow modeling during five storm events demonstrated that a rise in head gradient alone was not sufficient to produce the temperature changes observed in the wells. Simulated temperatures were fitted to the observed data by varying both river stage (as measured in the field) and riverbed hydraulic conductivity. To produce the best fit temperatures, riverbed hydraulic conductivity consistently needed to be increased during the rising and peak stages of the storm events. The increased conductivity probably corresponds to a loss of fine sediments due to scour during high river stage. Hydraulic conductivity increases during storm events varied from a factor of two (0.0951–0.2195 m/d) to almost one order of magnitude (0.0007–0.00658 m/d). Despite these predicted changes the highest model-predicted hydraulic conductivity value was 0.66 m/d, which is still much lower than the infiltration rate used in sand filtration systems (3.59 m/d). These low values suggest that storm events do not pose a significant risk to the water quality at this well field. There was a direct correlation between the duration of rising limb, rate of change of stage and maximum river stage and the magnitude of change of riverbed hydraulic conductivity.
IMMUNOTHERAPY AND EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES FOR METASTATIC MELANOMA

Although surgery with or without adjuvant therapy can be curative in early-stage melanoma, the outlook for patients with distant metastases remains bleak. Median survival in most series ranges from 6 to 9 months, with 5-year survival rates of under 4%. 2 Although a variety of cytotoxic chemotherapy agents used either alone or in combination possess activity against metastatic melanoma, responses are usually partial and of short duration. In particular, combination cytotoxic chemotherapy results in 5-year durable responses in only 1% to 2% of patients, 53 and has yet to be shown superior to dacarbazine alone in a randomized phase III trial 11 (see the article by Drs. Green and Schuchter on p. 863 of this issue). Thus, new approaches to the treatment of metastatic melanoma are clearly necessary. Clinical and laboratory observations have suggested that host immunologic responses may occasionally influence the course of melanoma, and have stimulated interest in the use of biologic response modifiers in this disease. The entire repertoire of immunotherapeutic approaches has been explored, and many approaches have shown some antitumor and/or immunomodulatory activity. Areas of active investigation include recombinant cytokines (either alone or in combination with adoptive immunotherapy, toxicity reduction agents, or cytotoxic chemotherapy), vaccines, monoclonal antibodies or antibody conjugates, and gene therapy. This article reviews the clinical investigations with these various approaches in metastatic melanoma and their current and potential role in this disease.
Alimentary sleep satiety in suckling rats.

Abstract Sleep/wake states were investigated in rat pups at 12–13 days of age following deprivation of milk and their dam for 9–12 hr. Early in the deprivation period each pup was equipped with bipolar stainless steel electrodes for electroencephalographic (EEG) and electromyographic (EMG) recordings. Four groups of pups were tested using anesthetized dams. The pups were either (a) allowed to root in the dam's fur, but were not allowed to attach to a nipple; (b) allowed to root after receiving a gut load of rat's milk; (c) allowed to attach and suck a nipple without receiving milk; or (d) allowed to attach and suck a nipple following a gut load of rat's milk. The results indicate that sucking elicits sleep, especially slow-wave sleep. Milk in the gut enhanced paradoxical sleep, primarily in the context of sucking. This experiment confirms that the types of sleep can be affected separately by specific internal and external events. The shift in the sleep/wake condition to slow-wave sleep in the suckling situation suggests one type of satiety. Furthermore, the selective enhancement of paradoxical sleep following the gut load of milk suggests postingestive satiety.
Listening to Disabled People: The Problem of Voice and Authority in Robert B. Edgerton's the Cloak of Competence

ABSTRACT Using anthropological methods and a theoretical perspective derived from the sociology of Erving Goffman, Robert B. Edgerton's The Cloak of Competence: stigma in the lives of the mentally retarded (1967) brought an unusual degree of empathy to attempts to understand the lives of those labeled ‘mentally retarded’. Yet the book was conceived prior to the time when mental retardation began to be widely formulated as a social construction rather than a clinical syndrome. This essay analyzes the consequences for Edgerton's understanding of the lives of recently deinstitutionalized people of this uneasy combination of empathy and acceptance of mental retardation as an unalterable condition. Particular attention is paid to the ways in which Edgerton's conceptualization of mental retardation served to deny to members of his sample a voice with which to speak authoritatively about their own situation. Edgerton's revisionist follow-up research, which called into question some aspects of his earlier concept...
The determination of Ti, Mn and Fe oxidation states in minerals by electron energy-loss spectroscopy

Abstract Electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) as a technique for determining transition-element oxidation states offers several advantages over other methods. Chemical shifts as a function of oxidation state were determined for Ti3+-Ti4+ (2 eV), Mn2+-Mn4+ (3 eV) and Fe2+-Fe3+ (2 eV). The edge energies remain the same for a particular oxidation state, irrespective of the sample, confirming that EELS can be applied to oxidation-state determinations. Several experimental problems were encountered: poor edge resolution at low transition-element contents, difficulties in detecting mixed oxidation states, and in situ oxidation of hydrous minerals, probably through hydrogen loss.
A fluorescent dye which recognizes mature peripheral erythrocytes of myeloproliferative disorders

Based on the previous finding that erythrocytes from patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia stain with the fluorescent dye merocyanine 540, erythrocytes from patients with other myeloproliferative disorders were examined for their ability to bind the membrane probe. As assessed by both fluorescence staining and a quantitative dye removal assay, all samples of erythrocytes from patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia, polycythemia vera, myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia and essential thrombocythemia bound more dye than did erythrocytes from normal, healthy individuals. Erythrocytes from three of six patients with acute myelogenous leukemia also showed increased affinity for the dye. In contrast, erythrocytes from three patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia and one with unclassifiable leukemia bound only normal amounts of dye. The procedures described may be useful as a supplemental aid to diagnosis of myeloproliferative disorders or for investigation of hematological diseases where multilineage involvement is suspected.