cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Culture, Autonomy and Djulibinyamurr: Individual and Community in the Construction of Rights to Traditional Designs

The possibility of granting proprietary rights in indigenous intangible cultural property – including artwork, cultural items and, more recently, traditional knowledge – has been and continues to be an area of considerable controversy, and the subject of discussions in various international organisations. It is widely accepted that present intellectual property regimes are structurally inadequate. The author focuses on the particular problem of traditional designs, and seeks to analyse critically the justifications that are advanced for extending existing regimes or introducing a sui generis right: in particular, the protection of ‘cultural integrity». The aim is to elucidate some of the theoretical problems with this rationale, and to extrapolate, from arguments regarding the importance of culture and cultural integrity, to the form and scope of rights that such an argument might require. In particular, the author believes that such a rationale has implications in determining how conflicts between communal and individual interests are to be resolved.
Removal of Fkbp12/12.6 From Endothelial Ryanodine Receptors Leads to an Intracellular Calcium Leak and Endothelial Dysfunction

Objectives— FK506 Binding Protein 12 and its related isoform 12.6 (FKBP12/12.6) stabilize a closed state of intracellular Ca2+ release channels (ryanodine receptors [RyRs]), and in myocytes removal of FKBP12/12.6 from RyRs alters intracellular Ca2+ levels. The immunosuppressive drugs rapamycin and FK506 bind and displace FKBP12/12.6 from RyRs, and can also cause endothelial dysfunction and hypertension. We tested whether rapamycin and FK506 cause an intracellular Ca2+ leak in endothelial cells and whether this affects endothelial function and blood pressure regulation. Methods and Results— Rapamycin or FK506 concentration-dependently caused a Ca2+ leak in isolated endothelial cells, decreased aortic NO production and endothelium-dependent dilation, and increased systolic blood pressure in control mice. Rapamycin or FK506 at 10 μmol/L abolished aortic NO production and endothelium-dependent dilation. Similar results were obtained in isolated endothelial cells and aortas from FKBP12.6−/− mice after displace...
Teaching and learning combined (TLC)

Discusses Teaching and Learning Combined (TLC). TLC is how professors learn, so it makes sense that students can learn that way, too!.
U.S. Military Surveillance of Mental Disorders, 1998–2013

Objective:Feature articles in the Medical Surveillance Monthly Report (MSMR) reflect the U.S. military’s health surveillance priorities. This study examined whether the recent rise in the number of...
Evidence for non-plane strain flattening along the Moine thrust, Loch Srath nan Aisinnin, North-West Scotland

We report quartz c-axis patterns, grain-shape fabrics, and microstructures for 11 mylonitic quartzites and quartz-phyllosilicate schists from a transect across the Moine thrust at Loch Srath nan Aisinnin, North-West Scotland. In the footwall samples collected more than 42 m normal distance from the thrust surface, quartz c-axis textures indicate a general flattening strain (i.e. 0<k<1). Samples within 19 m normal distance of the thrust are completely recrystallized and exhibit asymmetric c-axis patterns. Recrystallized hanging wall fault rocks exhibit random c-axis patterns on the scale of a standard thin section. Relict footwall grains provide the closest approximation of finite strain; they have octahedral shear strains (ϵs) between 1.10 and 1.47 and exhibit general flattening k-values (0.0524–0.659). The long axis of the mean relict grain shape trends parallel to the regional transport direction and plunges gently to the ESE. In contrast, recrystallized footwall grains have a mean grain shape with the longest axis oriented nearly perpendicular to the transport direction. Furthermore, these samples have grain shape k-value ranges from 0.157 to 0.295. Recrystallized hanging wall grain shapes exhibit the lowest octahedral shear ‘strains’ (ϵs=0.532–0.733) and largest mean k-values (0.351–0.961) of this sample set. The long axes of the mean recrystallized hanging wall grain shapes are parallel to transport, similar to that of relict footwall grains. Unrecrystallized quartz overgrowths about opaque mineral grains suggest concurrent elongation in all directions within the mylonitic foliation and support the inference of general flattening deformation. The mylonitic foliation and penetrative lineation are consistent with a WNW shearing direction; however, both were folded during later deformation increments. Recrystallized grains in footwall quartzites suggest a 305–320° azimuth for the shearing direction. The best-fit π-axis of the poles to the foliation is 18,145, close to the mean trend/plunge of mesoscopic fold hinges at this site (18,151). Both suggest a NNW azimuth for the shearing direction. Thus, structural, microstructural and fabric indicators suggest a change in the azimuth of the shearing direction from ∼286 to ∼331°.
The role of the kidney in the pathogenesis and treatment of gout.

The author presents a comprehensive review of experimental observations and changing concepts concerning the relationship of renal function to gout. Recent knowledge of the role of the kidney in the pathogenesis and treatment of this disease has been summarized. Topics that are discussed include urate excretion in normal and gouty individuals, renal dysfunction in patients with gout, primary renal gout and the pharmacology of uricosuric agents. Le autor presenta un revista comprehensive del observationes experimental e del cambiante conceptos in re le relation inter function renal e gutta. Le cognoscentias currente in re le rolo del ren in le pathogenese e le tractamento de iste morbo es summarisate. Le themas discutite include le excretion de urato in individuos normal e guttose, le dysfunction renal in guttosos, primari gutta renal, e le pharmacologia de agentes uricosuric.
NEURON — A Program for Simulation of Nerve Equations

Programs designed specifically to simulate nerve equations compare favorably with general purpose simulation programs in three areas. 1) The user deals directly with concepts that are familiar at the neuroscience level and is not required to translate the problem into another domain. 2) The program contains functions better suited for controlling the simulation and graphing the results of real neurophysiological problems. 3) Special methods and tricks can be used to take advantage of the structure of nerve equations to solve them much more quickly, e.g. Hines (1984) and Mascagni (1991).
Teratogenic Effects of Pantothenic Acid Deficiency in the Rat

Nelson and Evans ('46) demonstrated that pantothenic acid deficiency in the rat resulted in fetal death with rA©sorp tion or in undersized young, some of which were stillborn. Since then, Lefebvres-Boisselot ('51) has observed a high incidence of cerebral and eye defects, digital hemorrhages and edema in rat fetuses from pantothenic acid-deficient mothers. Zunin and Borrone ( '54) have reported the occurrence of similar anomalies in the offspring of pregnant rats given pantothenic acid-deficient diets containing the antimetabolite, pantoyltaurine. These reports have prompted our reinvestigation of the effects of pantothenic acid deficiency on embryonic development in the rat. The effects of the vitamin antimet abolite, omega-methyl-pantothenic acid, have also been studied.
Learning-By-Doing, Organizational Forgetting, and Industry Dynamics

Learning-by-doing and organizational forgetting have been shown to be important in a variety of industrial settings. This paper provides a general model of dynamic competition that accounts for these economic fundamentals and shows how they shape industry structure and dynamics. Previously obtained results regarding the dominance properties of firms' pricing behavior no longer hold in this more general setting. We show that organizational forgetting does not simply negate learning-by-doing. Rather, learning-by-doing and organizational forgetting are distinct economic forces. In particular, a model with both learning-by-doing and organizational forgetting can give rise to aggressive pricing behavior, market dominance, and multiple equilibria, whereas a model with learning-by-doing alone cannot.
Suffix trees (and relatives) come of age in bioinformatics

Summary form only given. In the past, several things limited the wider application of suffix trees: large memory requirements; limited locality of reference; the conceptual difficulty of the algorithms; and lack of available code; lack of general exposure in the bioinformatics community (and even the computer science community) to suffix trees. Much has changed since 1997. Suffix trees and close relatives are now widely taught in graduate level courses on computer algorithms and on bioinformatics; there are several good expositions on suffix tree algorithms and uses; the space requirements have been substantially reduced; machine memories have greatly increased; additional variants of suffix trees have been introduced that address some of their deficiencies; and suffix tree code is publicly available. As a result, and to some extent as a cause, there are now many more applications in bioinformatics of suffix trees and related data structures. The author addresses the wider uses of suffix trees in bioinformatics.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE OBSERVATIONS ON THE INTERACTION OF BDELLOVIBRIO BACTERIOVORUS WITH PHORMIDIUM LURIDUM AND SYNECHOCOCCUS SP. (CYANOPHYCEAE)1

The effects of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus (Stolp & Starr) culture supernatants on Phormidium luridum var. olivacea Boresch and Synechococcus sp. were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Both normal (nonheat-treated) and heat-treated bdellovibrio supernatant caused the formation of intrathylakoidal vesicles in P. luridum in 24–48 h. This vesiculation increased until 96–129 h when the P. luridum showed loss of the mucopeptide layer in the cell envelope and subsequently lysed. Similar treatment of Synechococcus sp. with the bdellovibrio supernatants showed a different ultrastructural pattern with the apparent dissolution of many of the photosynthetic membranes in the bluegreen cells. Myelin-like membranous configurations were seen in some of these treated cells. The results suggest that an autolytic mechanism in P. luridum and Synechococcus sp. is stimulated by the bdellovibrio secretions.
Constraint-induced formation switching for adaptive environmental sampling

Water quality monitoring is still mostly done by taking manual water samples and sensor measurements from boats. To enable extensive, efficient and repeatable environmental monitoring, there is a need for ‘ready to sample’ robot systems, which do not require individual vehicle control, or a lot of prior information. This paper describes an approach to decentralized adaptive formation control for environmental sampling. An autonomous surface vehicle (ASV) leads a team of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) to sample a lake environment. The ASV passes a constraint to the AUVs, and the AUVs use this to choose an allowed formation, and solve the assignment problem to determine their position in the formation, in a distributed manner. The approach is tested in simulation and compared to leader-follower formation control. Results show the potential for constraint-induced formation switching in adaptive formation control towards a safe, fully autonomous heterogeneous team of lake sampling robots.
End-tidal CO2 as a predictor of survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate initial end-tidal CO2 (EtCO2) as a predictor of survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.Methods: This was a retrospective study of all adult, non-traumatic, out-of-hospital, cardiac arrests during 2006 and 2007 in Los Angeles, California. The primary outcome variable was attaining return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) in the field. All demographic information was reviewed and logistic regression analysis was performed to determine which variables of the cardiac arrest were significantly associated with ROSC.Results: There were 3,121 cardiac arrests included in the study, of which 1,689 (54.4%) were witnessed, and 516 (16.9%) were primary ventricular fibrillation (VF). The mean initial EtCO2 was 18.7 (95%CI = 18.2–19.3) for all patients. Return of spontaneous circulation was achieved in 695 patients (22.4%) for which the mean initial EtCO2 was 27.6 (95%CI = 26.3–29.0). For patients who failed to achieve ROSC, the mean EtCO2 was 16.0 (95%CI = 15.5–16.5). The following variables were significantly associated with achieving ROSC: witnessed arrest (OR = 1.51; 95%CI = 1.07–2.12); initial EtCO2 >10 (OR = 4.79; 95%CI = 3.10–4.42); and EtCO2 dropping 25% was 97% predictive of failure to achieve ROSC.Conclusions: An initial EtCO2 >10 and the absence of a falling EtCO2 >25% from baseline were significantly associated with achieving ROSC in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. These additional variables should be incorporated in termination of resuscitation algorithms in the prehospital setting.
ORCHESTRATING SPATIAL REUSE IN WIRELESS AD HOC NETWORKS USING SYNCHRONOUS COLLISION RESOLUTION (SCR)

We propose a novel medium access control protocol for ad hoc wireless networks data to send can contend simultaneously for the channel. Nodes contend for access using a synchronous signaling mechanism that achieves two objectives: it arbitrates contentions locally and it selects a subset of nodes across the network that attempt to transmit simultaneously. The subset of nodes that survive the signaling mechanism can be viewed as an orchestrated set of transmissions that are spatially reusing the channel shared by the nodes. Thus the 'quality' of the subset of nodes selected by the signaling mechanism is a key factor in determining the spatial capacity of the system. In this paper, we propose a general model for such synchronous signaling mechanisms and recommend a preferred design. We then focus via both analysis and simulation on the spatial and capacity characteristics of these access control mechanisms. Our work is unique in that it specifically focuses on the spatial capacity aspects of a MAC protocol, as would be critical for ad hoc networking, and shows SCR is a promising solution. Specifically, it does not suffer from congestion collapse as the density of contending nodes grows, it does not suffer from hidden or exposed node effects, it achieves high capacities with a spatial usage exceeding 1 (i.e. more than one packet exchange in the area covered by a transmission), and it facilitates the integration of new physical layer capacity increasing technologies.
Physical one-way functions

Modern cryptography relies on algorithmic one-way functions—numerical functions which are easy to compute but very difficult to invert. This dissertation introduces physical one-way functions and physical one-way hash functions as primitives for physical analogs of cryptosystems. Physical one-way functions are defined with respect to a physical probe and physical system in some unknown state. A function is called a physical one-way function if (a) there exists a deterministic physical interaction between the probe and the system which produces an output in constant time; (b) inverting the function using either computational or physical means is difficult; (c) simulating the physical interaction is computationally demanding and (d) the physical system is easy to make but difficult to clone. Physical one-way hash functions produce fixed-length output regardless of the size of the input. These hash functions can be obtained by sampling the output of physical one-way functions. For the system described below, it is shown that there is a strong correspondence between the properties of physical one-way hash functions and their algorithmic counterparts. In particular, it is demonstrated that they are collision-resistant and that they exhibit the avalanche effect, i.e., a small change in the physical system causes a large change in the hash value. An inexpensive prototype authentication system based on physical one-way hash functions is designed, implemented, and analyzed. The prototype uses a disordered three-dimensional microstructure as the underlying physical system and coherent radiation as the probe. It is shown that the output of the interaction between the physical system and the probe can be used to robustly derive a unique tamper-resistant identifier at a very low cost per bit. The explicit use of three-dimensional structures marks a departure from prior efforts. Two protocols, including a one-time pad protocol, that illustrate the utility of these hash functions are presented and potential attacks on the authentication system are considered. Finally, the concept of fabrication complexity is introduced as a way of quantifying the difficulty of materially cloning physical systems with arbitrary internal states. Fabrication complexity is discussed in the context of an idealized machine—a Universal Turing Machine augmented with a fabrication head—which transforms algorithmically minimal descriptions of physical systems into the systems themselves. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Refined estimates for some basic random walks on the symmetric and alternating groups

We give refined estimates for the discrete time and continuous time versions of some basic random walks on the symmetric and alternating groups Sn and An. We consider the following models: random transposition, transpose top with random, random insertion, and walks generated by the uniform measure on a conjugacy class. In the case of random walks on Sn and An generated by the uniform measure on a conjugacy class, we show that in continuous time the l 2 -cutoff has a lower bound of (n/2)log n. This result, along with the results of Muller, Schlage- Puchta and Roichman, demonstrates that the continuous time version of these walks may take much longer to reach stationarity than its discrete time counterpart.
From Bakke to Hopwood: Does Race Affect College Attendance and Completion?

In light of recent, state-level actions banning racial preference in college admissions decisions, we investigate how whites and minorities differ in their college-going behavior. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we estimate a sequential model of college attendance and graduation decisions that allows correlations among the errors. Our estimates reveal that minorities are more likely than observationally equivalent whites to attend colleges of all quality levels. Being a minority has a positive effect on graduation probabilities, but, overall, minorities are less likely than their white counterparts to complete college because they possess fewer favorable unobserved factors.
Strengthened bounds for the probability of k -out-of- n events

Given a set of n random events in a probability space, represented by n Bernoulli variables (not necessarily independent), we consider the probability that at least k out of n events occur. When partial distribution information, i.e.,?marginal probabilities and all joint probabilities of up to m ( m < n ) events, are provided, only an upper or lower bound can be computed for this probability. Recently Prekopa and Gao (2005) proposed a polynomial-size linear program to obtain strong bounds for the probability of union of events, i.e.,? k = 1 . In this work, we propose inequalities that can be added to this linear program to strengthen the bounds. We also show that with a slight modification of the objective function this linear program and the inequalities can be used for the more general case where k is any positive integer less than or equal to n . We use the strengthened linear program to compute probability bounds for the examples used by Prekopa and Gao, and the comparison shows significant improvement in the bound quality.
Rules of Appellate Advocacy: An Australian Perspective

A justice of Australia's highest court gives advice to appellate advocates. The essay begins with an overview of Australia’s judicial structure. The discussion then focuses on ten rules for appellate advocacy.
Normal incidence narrowband transmission filtering capabilities using symmetry-protected modes of a subwavelength, dielectric grating

We computationally study a normal incidence narrowband transmission filter based on a subwavelength dielectric grating that operates through Fano interference between supported guided leaky modes of the system. We characterize the filtering capabilities as the cross section of the grating is manipulated and suggest techniques for experimental demonstration. Using group theory, we study the plane wave coupling to the supported modes that leads to broadband reflectance and narrowband transmittance responses for rectangular, pentagonal, rhomboidal, and right trapezoidal cross-sectional geometries.
Clinical evaluation of the BacT/Alert and isolator aerobic blood culture systems.

The BacT/Alert (BTA) (Organon Teknika, Durham, NC) and Isolator 10 (ISO) (Wampole Laboratories, Cranbury, NJ) blood culture systems were evaluated for their ability to detect aerobic and facultatively anaerobic microorganisms in blood of adult patients. For each culture 8 niL of blood was inoculated into both the aerobic standard BTA bottle and the ISO tube. Of 7,259 paired culture sets, 1,168 organisms were recovered, and 667 (57.1%) of these were considered clinically significant. This represented 540 clinically significant positive cultures from 266 patients. Of the significant isolates, 410 were recovered by both systems, 108 by BTA only and 149 by ISO only ( P <.025). Overall, the BTA detected 77.7% of the significant isolates, whereas ISO detected 83.8%. The ISO recovered significantly more isolates of Staphylococcus aureus ( P = .0001), coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp ( P <.01), and non- Enterobacteriaceae gram-negative rod species ( P <.0025), whereas the BTA detected significantly more isolates of Streptococcus spp ( P <.0025). Growth of S aureus ( P <.0025), Enterococcus spp ( P <.0025), and Streptococcus spp ( P <.0075) was detected earlier by the BTA when laboratory coverage was available during the first shift only (7:30 AM to 4:00 PM), and additionally of Enterobacteriaceae ( P <.0005) and other gram-negative rod species ( P <.0001) if coverage was extended to 12:00 AM. Yeasts were detected more rapidly by the ISO ( P <.0025). The ISO contamination rate (5.9%) was six times that of the BTA. Taking into account its ability to rapidly detect most organisms, its automated and thus labor-saving features, and the minimal contamination rate associated with its use, the BTA appears to be a reliable alternative to the ISO as a blood culturing system, although improvement in detection of staphylococci and non- Enterobacteriaceae gram-negative rods would be desirable.
Single molecule imaging of oxygenation of cobalt octaethylporphyrin at the solution/solid interface: thermodynamics from microscopy.

For the first time, the pressure and temperature dependence of a chemical reaction at the solid/solution interface is studied by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and thermodynamic data are derived. In particular, the STM is used to study the reversible binding of O2 with cobalt(II) octaethylporphyrin (CoOEP) supported on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) at the phenyloctane/CoOEP/HOPG interface. The adsorption is shown to follow the Langmuir isotherm with P1/2298K = 3200 Torr. Over the temperature range of 10–40 °C, it was found that ΔHP = −68 ± 10 kJ/mol and ΔSP = −297 ± 30 J/(mol K). The enthalpy and entropy changes are slightly larger than expected based on solution-phase reactions, and possible origins of these differences are discussed. The big surprise here is the presence of any O2 binding at room temperature, since CoOEP is not expected to bind O2 in fluid solution. The stability of the bound oxygen is attributed to charge donation from the graphite substrate to the cobalt, thereby sta...
Analysis and Design of Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

Dye sensitized solar cells (DSC) are an attractive alternative to the conventional photovoltaic cell because of their low cost electricity production from solar radiation. The advantages of a DSC include the ability to generate power without emitting pollutants and requiring no fuel. While modeling of the physical and transport phenomena in DSC has been widely reported in the literature, a thorough analysis to quantitatively determine the optimal design and operating configuration in installation is lacking. The present study incorporates a model of the DSC coupled with a model to predict global irradiance on a terrestrial surface to analyze the hourly, daily, monthly and annual performance of a DSC installation over a wide range of design and operating parameters. Optimum design and operating parameters are derived from the analysis.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Ocular motility disturbances following trauma.

Disturbances of ocular motility following trauma are manifested by diplopia and faulty ocular rotations which frequently require an abnormal head position for fusion. Motility imbalance may occur following injury to the eye alone, to the eye and associated extraocular muscles, and to the orbital walls, and also following closed head trauma. The clinical findings early following injury may be very different from the clinical picture several months following injury. The diagnosis of abnormal motility includes the use of forced ductions, saccadic velocity recording, active force generation, measurements of deviations of the eyes in the cardinal positions of gaze as well as the use of computed tomography (CT scan) and ultrasonic techniques. The presence of slipped or lost muscles must be diagnosed, and evaluation of restricted rotations and paretic muscles is essential. The treatment of motility disturbance includes relief of restricted rotations by lysis of adhesions and lengthening or recessing appropriate muscles as well as strengthening underacting muscles by resection and/or advancement. In cases of severe trauma one must not overlook injury to the eye itself in addition to the motility disturbance. Language: en
Emolument management should not ignore external labour market

From Second World War to 1980s enterprise' s human resource mainly deploys by internal labour market,results cause that emolument management mainly takes internal visual angle,emphasizes internal equity,post evaluation and employee's satisfaction degree with emolument.However,along with the continual deep of economy globalization and freedom,internal labour market is facing the new challenge replaced by external labour market.Therefore,emolument management should turn to pay attention to the effect of external labour market and external competitive ability of emolument from only pay attention to internal standard.
The gut microbiota and inflammatory bowel diseases

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic diseases of unclear etiology that affect over 1 million individuals in the United States and over 2.5 million people in Europe. However, they are also expanding globally, affecting populations in Asia, South America, and the Middle East as they become more industrialized. These diseases are believed to arise from the convergence of genetic, environmental, and microbial factors that trigger aberrant immune and tissue responses, resulting in intestinal inflammation. Advances in cultivation-independent investigations, experimental models, and bioinformatics approaches have improved our understanding of the role of gut microbiota in IBD. However, determining and understanding the functional consequences of gut dysbiosis and altered host-microbiota interactions in IBD remain a challenge due to the limits of current experimental models and difficulty in establishing causal links in human-based investigations. Continued development of new methodologies and improvements in clinical study design are needed to better understand the interplay of genetic, microbial, and immunological factors in IBD. This knowledge can then be applied clinically to improve therapeutic strategies and outcomes for IBD.
On using Magneto-static Responsive particles as switching elements to reconfigure microwave filters

This paper presents the use of novel Magneto-static Responsive Structures (MRSs) as switching elements in microwave filters to achieve frequency reconfigurability. A single MRS consisted of a small piece of substrate with a cavity drilled out of it. The cavity was then filled with microscopic magnetic particles and capped on both ends with copper tape. In the presence of a static magnetic field, the magnetic particles formed columns along the field lines and connected the two top and bottom conducting planes to form a short. In the absence of the magnetic field the columns collapsed, disconnecting the conducting plates resulting in an open switch. The theoretical design, optimization and performance of a single MRS as well as a reconfigurable filter using MRSs was simulated using the 3D full wave electromagnetic (EM) models in HFSS®. The laboratory prototypes with MRSs were then manufactured and attached to the reconfigurable band-pass filter prototype for validation. Measured results of the prototype filter showed good agreement with the simulations. Specifically, a 2.7 GHz center frequency with a 60 MHz bandwidth in the MRS ‘OFF’ state and a 1.98 GHz center frequency with a 50 MHz bandwidth in the MRS ‘ON’ state was observed. The simulated and measured insertion losses of the reconfigurable band-pass filter were 2.9 dB and 2.98 dB in the ‘OFF’ and ‘ON’ states, respectively. It was successfully shown that the proposed MRS can be used as an alternative switching technology in reconfigurable microwave filters in a frequency band from the 100 KHz – 3.0 GHz, with an additional benefit of not requiring directly connected biasing circuitry.
Kelvin inductance and resistance measurements using an AC source and DC voltmeters

Kelvin measurements of series inductance and resistance of an on-chip inductor at frequencies from 5 to 10 GHz is demonstrated using a CMOS process. The measurements require 3 DC voltage meters, 3 DC current sources, an AC signal source, and one high frequency probe. The resistance is lower and within 0.5 O of that from a calibrated measurement using a vector network analyzer (VNA), while the inductance is 10% (50 pH) lower. Due to the reduction of the variability of contacts, the range of series resistance variation measured using the proposed technique is 2 to 5 times lower than that using a VNA. 3-D electromagnetic simulations suggest that the inductance measured using the proposed Kelvin technique is more accurate due to the elimination of de-embedding errors.
Developmental Functions of miR156-Regulated SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) Genes in Arabidopsis thaliana

Correct developmental timing is essential for plant fitness and reproductive success. Two important transitions in shoot development—the juvenile-to-adult vegetative transition and the vegetative-to-reproductive transition—are mediated by a group of genes targeted by miR156, SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN (SBP) genes. To determine the developmental functions of these genes in Arabidopsis thaliana, we characterized their expression patterns, and their gain-of-function and loss-of-function phenotypes. Our results reveal that SBP-LIKE (SPL) genes in Arabidopsis can be divided into three functionally distinct groups: 1) SPL2, SPL9, SPL10, SPL11, SPL13 and SPL15 contribute to both the juvenile-to-adult vegetative transition and the vegetative-to-reproductive transition, with SPL9, SP13 and SPL15 being more important for these processes than SPL2, SPL10 and SPL11; 2) SPL3, SPL4 and SPL5 do not play a major role in vegetative phase change or floral induction, but promote the floral meristem identity transition; 3) SPL6 does not have a major function in shoot morphogenesis, but may be important for certain physiological processes. We also found that miR156-regulated SPL genes repress adventitious root development, providing an explanation for the observation that the capacity for adventitious root production declines as the shoot ages. miR156 is expressed at very high levels in young seedlings, and declines in abundance as the shoot develops. It completely blocks the expression of its SPL targets in the first two leaves of the rosette, and represses these genes to different degrees at later stages of development, primarily by promoting their translational repression. These results provide a framework for future studies of this multifunctional family of transcription factors, and offer new insights into the role of miR156 in Arabidopsis development.
Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs)

HIV is a retrovirus; the retroviral life cycle is characterized by two specific steps: (1) the conversion of the single-stranded RNA genome found in the virion into double-stranded DNA by the viral enzyme reverse transcriptase (RT) and (2) the subsequent insertion of this DNA copy into the host genome by the viral enzyme integrase. Both of these steps are essential for the viral life cycle; both are targets for important anti-HIV drugs. There are two broad classes of drugs that block reverse transcription: nucleoside/nucleotide analogs (NRTIs) and nonnucleoside inhibitors (NNRTIs). The conversion of the RNA genome into DNA involves the collaboration of the two enzymatic activities of RT, a DNA polymerase that can copy either an RNA or a DNA substrate, and an RNase H that cleaves RNA if, and only if, it is part of an RNA/DNA duplex (see Chap. 1). The first anti-HIV drugs to be identified and used in clinic were NRTIs (see Chap. 2); the second class were the NNRTIs. NNRTIs bind to RT and allosterically block its polymerase activity. NRTIs and NNRTIs are both used extensively to treat HIV-1 infected patients in the highly active antiviral therapies (HAART); both classes of drugs hold the promise that they can be used to reduce the transmission of the virus ( Chap. 15). Because HIV infections cannot be cured by drug treatment, patients who begin drug therapy are usually on therapy for the rest of their lives. This makes the problem of developing anti-HIV drugs particularly challenging and places special emphasis on two fundamental considerations: the toxicity of long-term therapy and the development of resistance. As will be discussed in more detail later, for NNRTIs, the development of resistance has been the larger issue; in contrast to NRTIs, the toxicity of most NNRTIs has been a lesser concern. This chapter will discuss NNRTIs and will be divided into three parts: (1) mechanism of action, (2) the problem of resistance, and (3) a brief look forward at what the future might hold, both in terms of the development of new NNRTIs and in their uses.
Construction of Equivalent Discontinuum Models for Fracture Hydrology

Publisher Summary Construction of Equivalent Discontinuum Models for Fracture Hydrology. In many rocks where matrix permeability is low, fluid flows preferentially in the fractures. The prediction of flow through these rocks becomes a problem when the fractures which carry flow are not ubiquitously interconnected. In these cases, flow paths are controlled by the fracture geometry and may be erratic and highly localized. In contrast, highly fractured or porous materials often exhibit smoothly varying flow fields that are amenable to being treated as equivalent continua. The chaotic nature of flow in some fractured materials means that the well-developed and long-used techniques for modeling flow in porous media are often inapplicable to fractured rock. This chapter describes an alternative conceptualization for fracture flow modeling, called an equivalent discontinuum model. In an equivalent discontinuum model, flow in fractures is modeled as flow in equivalent conductors, which are regularized to lie on some form of lattice.
Occurrence and expression of novel methyl-coenzyme M reductase gene (mcrA) variants in hot spring sediments

Recent discoveries have shown that the marker gene for anaerobic methane cycling (mcrA) is more widespread in the Archaea than previously thought. However, it remains unclear whether novel mcrA genes associated with the Bathyarchaeota and Verstraetearchaeota are distributed across diverse environments. We examined two geochemically divergent but putatively methanogenic regions of Yellowstone National Park to investigate whether deeply-rooted archaea possess and express novel mcrA genes in situ. Small-subunit (SSU) rRNA gene analyses indicated that Bathyarchaeota were predominant in seven of ten sediment layers, while the Verstraetearchaeota and Euryarchaeota occurred in lower relative abundance. Targeted amplification of novel mcrA genes suggested that diverse taxa contribute to alkane cycling in geothermal environments. Two deeply-branching mcrA clades related to Bathyarchaeota were identified, while highly abundant verstraetearchaeotal mcrA sequences were also recovered. In addition, detection of SSU rRNA and mcrA transcripts from one hot spring suggested that predominant Bathyarchaeota were also active, and that methane cycling genes are expressed by the Euryarchaeota, Verstraetearchaeota, and an unknown lineage basal to the Bathyarchaeota. These findings greatly expand the diversity of the key marker gene for anaerobic alkane cycling and outline the need for greater understanding of the functional capacity and phylogenetic affiliation of novel mcrA variants.
Affirmative Power to Strip State Courts of Jurisdiction

The very substantial literature on the scope of congressional power to strip courts of jurisdiction contains a gap: it does not discuss the source of the affirmative power of Congress to strip state courts of their jurisdiction. Laws granting exclusive federal court jurisdiction over some category of cases are necessary and proper to the exercise of the power to ordain and establish lower federal courts, but what power does Congress exercise when it strips both state and federal courts of jurisdiction? The answer depends on the nature of the case. In stripping all courts of the power to hear federal statutory claims and challenges to federal statutes, Congress exercises whatever affirmative power authorizes the substantive statute. However, Congress lacks affirmative power to strip all courts of the power to hear constitutional challenges to state laws. That conclusion is important in its own right but also complements views — such as Henry Hart’s contention that the Supreme Court must have such jurisdiction as necessary to play its “essential role” in our constitutional system — about the scope and limits of congressional power under the Exceptions Clause of Article III. The limit on affirmative congressional power to strip state courts of jurisdiction to hear constitutional challenges to state laws ensures that there will be cases over which the Supreme Court can exercise its appellate jurisdiction in order to play its essential role.
Geoelectric hazard assessment: the differences of geoelectric responses during magnetic storms within common physiographic zones

Geomagnetic field data obtained through the INTERMAGNET program are convolved with with magnetotelluric surface impedance from four EarthScope USArray sites to estimate the geoelectric variations throughout the duration of a magnetic storm. A duration of time from June 22, 2016, to June 25, 2016, is considered which encompasses a magnetic storm of moderate size recorded at the Brandon, Manitoba and Fredericksburg, Virginia magnetic observatories over 3 days. Two impedance sites were chosen in each case which represent different responses while being within close geographic proximity and within the same physiographic zone. This study produces estimated time series of the geoelectric field throughout the duration of a magnetic storm, providing an understanding of how the geoelectric field differs across small geographic distances within the same physiographic zone. This study shows that the geoelectric response of two sites within 200 km of one another can differ by up to two orders of magnitude (4484 mV/km at one site and 41 mV/km at another site 125 km away). This study demonstrates that the application of uniform 1-dimensional conductivity models of the subsurface to wide geographic regions is insufficient to predict the geoelectric hazard at a given site. This necessitates that an evaluation of the 3-dimensional conductivity distribution at a given location is necessary to produce a reliable estimation of how the geoelectric field evolves over the course of a magnetic storm.
Parts Unknown: Risk Factors of Intimate Partner Violence in Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Moldova.

Extant research has argued that there are variations in predictors of intimate partner violence (IPV) across nations and it is necessary to examine country-specific correlates of IPV. Much remains unknown about factors that affect risk of IPV in transitional countries. Specifically, we explore risk factors for IPV among four former nations of the Soviet Union—Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Moldova—with data from the nationally representative Demographic and Health Surveys. Rates of physical abuse were similar within Tajikistan (18.96%) and Moldova (18.38%), while Kyrgyzstan (20.62%) had the highest prevalence and Azerbaijan (9.29%) had the lowest prevalence. In contrast, the prevalence of sexual abuse was very similar across the four countries and was much lower (between 1.00% and 3.50%) than cross-national estimates of physical abuse. Findings suggest that many of the same risk factors of IPV in developing and developed nations influence risk of IPV in transitional nations. Across the four forme...
Assessment of Regional Viability in the Infarct Zone Following Myocardial Infarction.

The goal of reperfusion strategies in patients with acute myocardial infarction is to salvage myocardium within the infarct zone at risk from the acute occlusion. The status of wall motion and thickening within the infarct zone is an imprecise guide to the extent of salvage and viability within the infarct zone, based on the well-described phenomenon of myocardial stunning. However, knowledge of significant salvage and preserved viability within an infarct zone soon after infarction has important implications regarding clinical decision making for catheterization and potential revascularization: given preserved viability, restoration of normal coronary flow in the setting of a severe residual stenosis or occlusion would be expected to result in significant recovery of regional, and possibly global left ventricular function, with attendant implications for prognosis and outcome.
Birth and the Big Bad Wolf: An Evolutionary Perspective 1

Once upon a time, there were six little pigs who set out to seek their fortunes in the world (okay, we know that in the original story there were only three, but just bear with us here!). Far away from home they journeyed, until the first little pig spied a peaceful meadow with a stream running through it; there he stopped his hot and weary journey. In 2 hours he had built himself a house of straw, then he spent another hour building animal traps, after which he set about to laugh and dance and play all day. It was like that every day – he would spend 3–5 hours hunting wild game, after which he could do as he pleased. The female pigs gathered wild grains, tubers and fruits so that food was available even when the hunt failed. Although the first little pig didn’t always like to admit it, the female pigs brought in 70–80% of the diet from foraging, and often helped with the hunting and trapping as well. He was feeling very content, for he had wished to find an environment that could sustain him and his small band of kin pigs, and he had. Sure, he and his like-minded friends experienced high infant mortality rates and a resulting life expectancy of around 35 years, as well as high death rates from endemic disease and accidental death. However, as they discussed frequently in their abundant leisure time (in between the long stories they loved to tell), these problems were offset by their varied and nutritious diets and high mobility, which made sanitation and infectious disease transmission non-issues. Life was good and gender relationships egalitarian for the most part.
Population Ecology of the Golden Mouse

An understanding of the population dynamics of a species requires knowledge of the major life-history parameters of a population, including age at maturity, distribution of age classes, and lifetime reproductive contribution of the sexes, sex ratio, length of the breeding season, mean litter size, rates of growth and survival, and life span. Because few long-term studies have been conducted with Ochrotomys nuttalli as the focal species of investigation, only fragmentary information is available for many population parameters. As importantly, densities of golden mice often are low, making them difficult to evaluate statistically. Little has been published on age at maturity for golden mice, lifetime reproductive success, or the distribution of age classes in nature. Nevertheless, even early studies provide some useful information focusing on the natural history of this species (e.g., Linzey 1968, McCarley 1958). In this chapter, I summarize studies in which information on one or more parameter(s) is presented, standardize the results as much as possible, and attempt to uncover patterns for populations in one region (e.g., Kentucky, Illinois, Tennessee) to compare with populations from another region (e.g., Florida, Georgia, Texas).
Money and Politics: A Review of Ackerman & Ayres, Voting with Dollars

In "Voting with Dollars", Bruce Ackerman and Ian Ayres of the Yale Law School propose a new method of financing federal election campaigns. First, Ackerman and Ayres criticize what they call the "old paradigm" of campaign finance reform - one that relies on limiting the amount of money that individuals and organizations can donate and directs a modest amount of public money toward candidates for federal office. Their view is that these methods of command-and-control regulation are bound to fail in their goal of limiting the baneful influence of private money on federal campaigns and, thereby, on public policy. Then, Ackerman and Ayres argue in favor of two related reforms: a Patriot-dollar account that every registered voter may allocate to candidates and a secret donation booth for private contributions to candidates for public office. This review finds much to admire in the Ackerman-Ayres reform proposal. But it criticizes some minor administrative details of the reforms and raises two broader concerns: that the injection of up to $5 billion in public money into each campaign cycle might lead not to more deliberative democracy but to even more mind-numbing, trivial campaigns and that the amount of private money in federal campaigns may not be, after all, so large as to excite concern.