cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antipsychotic Medication Treatment Patterns in Adult Depression

Objective To characterize the role of antipsychotic medications in the community treatment of adult depression. Methods We identified adults (aged 18-64 years) with new episodes of depression treatment (ICD-9-CM 296.2, 296.3, 300.4, or 311) in US national Medicaid data (2001-2010). Patients with alternative ICD-9-CM antipsychotic indications, such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, were excluded. Each patient was followed for at least 1 year to characterize antipsychotic and antidepressant treatment and emerging alternative antipsychotic indications. For patients without alternative indications through day 45 following start of antipsychotic treatment, antipsychotics were considered to be intended for treatment of depression. Among this group, we determined whether antipsychotic initiation was preceded by minimally adequate treatment with antidepressants, defined as active antidepressant treatment for ≥ 31 days prior to and including the day of antipsychotic initiation. Results Within 1 year following onset, 14.0% of patients started an antipsychotic medication. A total of 41.3% of antipsychotic initiators developed an antipsychotic indication other than depression through day 45 following antipsychotic initiation, most often bipolar disorder or depression with psychotic features. The remaining 58.7% of antipsychotic initiators presumably started antipsychotics for nonpsychotic depression. Of these, 71.3% did not have minimally adequate antidepressant treatment prior to starting the antipsychotic medication. Conclusion Antipsychotic medications are used in approximately 1 in 7 patients with a new episode of depression. For 1 in 12 patients, the antipsychotic was considered to be intended for nonpsychotic depression. Almost three-quarters of these patients did not receive minimally adequate treatment with antidepressants prior to antipsychotic initiation. This pattern suggests potentially inappropriate and premature initiation of a drug class with substantial adverse effects and medical risks.
Teaching vs. Research--Optimizing Your Contribution for Society's Well-Being

For students, good teaching is key to understanding and unlocking a promising future. For career academicians, we must grapple with our role's innate duality: through teaching we affect the future, but through research we best secure our own.
Abstract 2678: Novel host-pathogen interactions of Helicobacter pylori and their implications to gastric cancer

About 20% of the cancer incidences worldwide have been estimated to be associated with infections. There is a strong correlation of some pathogens with various cancer types. Although presence of commensal microbiome helps chemotherapy to be more effective, pathogenic microbiota increases the cancer risk. Invading pathogens interact with the host mainly through proteins. To subvert host defense, pathogens hijack host pathways by mimicking the binding surfaces (interfaces) of host proteins. This similarity in interfaces permits the pathogenic protein to compete with host proteins to bind to a target protein, alter the physiological signaling and cause persistent infections as well as cancer. Detection of host-pathogen interactions (HPIs) and mapping the re-wired HPI network - along with its structural details - is critical for in-depth understanding of the underlying pathogenesis mechanisms of infections and pathogen-triggered cancers, and developing efficient therapeutics. Here, we developed a novel computational approach to identify novel HPIs by employing “interface mimicry”, We applied this approach to Helicobacter pylori, dominant species in gastric microbiome that greatly increases the gastric cancer risk in order to understand how they modulate host immunity and lead to tumorigenesis. We found that its proteins interfere with the functioning of host apoptosis pathway, cytokine and chemokine pathways, and also cell-cell adhesions. Our results shed light on the molecular mechanisms of resistance to apoptosis, immune evasion and loss of cell junctions that are seen in Helicobacter pylori-infected host cells. In conclusion, HPIs can help us unravel which human pathways are targeted by the pathogenic proteins and how they contribute to pathogenesis of infections and pathogen-triggered cancer. With a better grasp on immunomodulatory strategies of pathogens, we can develop better therapies against them. Citation Format: Emine Guven Maiorov, Ruth Nussinov, Chung-Jung Tsai. Novel host-pathogen interactions of Helicobacter pylori and their implications to gastric cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2678. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-2678
Covered in ink: tattoos, women and the politics of the body

Historically tattoos were considered a masculine domain, often associated with hyper-masculine cultures, such as prison or the military. Covered in Ink: Tattoos, Women and the Politics of the Body,...
Effects of incorporating age-specific traits of zooplankton into a marine ecosystem model

Abstract Morphological, physiological, behavioral, and life-history traits of zooplankton are vital when assessing their roles in marine ecosystem. A recent study has shown that certain traits of marine copepod change with life stage, where fast growing young nauplii have low N:P ratio, selecting for P rich-food and excreting at high N:P; while older, slow growing copepodites are characterized by higher N:P, selecting for N-rich food and excreting at low N:P. We developed a simple model for incorporating these age-specific traits within the European Regional Seas Ecosystem Model framework to test the importance of these traits in the marine ecosystem. Our results suggest that copepod’s community growth is limited by different factors in different life stages: nauplii population is limited by prey’s food quality; copepodites population is limited by food quality as well as aging-related reduction in assimilation rate. We also show that age-specific traits of zooplankton have impacts on nutrient cycling especially on the elemental stoichiometry of large particulate organic matter.
A Review of the Fatigue Properties of Additively Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V

Various additive manufacturing (AM) technologies have been used to fabricate Ti-6Al-4V. The fatigue performance of Ti-6Al-4V varies from process to process. In this review, fatigue properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloys made by different AM technologies and post-fabrication treatments were compiled and discussed to correlate with the materials’ characteristic features, primarily surface roughness and porosity. Microstructure anisotropy and porosity effects on fatigue crack growth and fatigue life are also presented and discussed. A modified Kitagawa–Takahashi diagram developed from current available fatigue data was used to quantify the influence of defects on fatigue strength. This review aims to assist in selecting/optimizing AM processes to achieve high fatigue resistance in Ti-6Al-4V, as well as provide a better understanding of the advantages and limitations of current AM techniques in producing titanium alloys.
Children's Spirituality: Past and Future

One hundred years of research related to children's spirituality and religion are surveyed for key themes, with the conclusion that serious theological work is needed to complement existing researc...
Assessment of Depression and Health-Related Quality of Life in Veterinary Medical Students: Use of the 2-Item Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders Questionnaire (PRIME-MD PHQ) and the 8-Item Short Form-8 Survey (SF-8)

Depression and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) are major concerns affecting veterinary students' well-being. Shorter versions of instruments to assess depression and HRQOL are timesaving and...
Hypertension knowledge, heart healthy lifestyle practices and medication adherence among adults with hypertension

Objective: To assess patients’ knowledge about hypertension and its association with heart healthy lifestyle practices and medication adherence. Methods: We conducted a cross sectional survey of 385 adults with hypertension treated at 2 primary care clinics in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. We used an 11-item measure to assess hypertension knowledge and obtained self-reports on dietary changes, engagement in aerobic exercise and medication adherence. Results: Approximately 85% of patients properly identified high blood pressure, but more than two-thirds were unaware that hypertension lasts a lifetime once diagnosed; one-third were unaware that hypertension could lead to renal disease. Patients with low hypertension knowledge were less likely to reduce their salt intake (OR=0.44 [95% CI: 0.24-0.72]) and eat less to lose weight (OR=0.48 [95% CI: 0.26-0.87]) than patients with high hypertension knowledge. Conclusion: In general, patients were knowledgeable about hypertension, but most were unaware that hypertension is a lifelong condition and could lead to kidney disease. High knowledge of hypertension was associated with healthy lifestyle practices including eating less to lose weight and dietary salt reduction. Practice Implications : Intensifying education strategies to improve patients’ knowledge of hypertension may enhance their engagement in heart healthy lifestyle practices for optimal blood pressure control.
Connecting the Dots: Molecular Machinery for Distributed Robotics

Nature is considered one promising area to search for inspiration in designing robotic systems. Some work in swarm robotics has tried to build systems that resemble distributed biological systems and inherit biology's fault tolerance, scalability, dependability, and robustness. Such systems, as well as ones in the areas of active self-assembly and amorphous computing, typically use relatively simple components with limited computation, memory, and computational power to accomplish complex tasks, such as forming paths in the presence of obstacles. We demonstrate that such tasks can be accomplished in the well-studied tile assembly model, a model of molecular self-assembly that is strictly simpler than other biologically-inspired models. Our systems use a small number of distinct components to find minimal-length paths in time linear in the length of the path while inheriting scalability and fault tolerance of the underlying natural process of self-assembly.
Acute synchronous appendicitis and obstructing ureterolithiasis

This is an unusual case of a patient presenting to the Emergency Room with right-sided abdominal pain and subsequently 2 acute diagnoses were made. The patient had both acute appendicitis and acute ureterolithiasis.
Dynamic and Electronic Polarization Corrections to the Dielectric Constant of Water.

The standard approach to calculating the dielectric constant from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations employs a variant of the Kirkwood–Frohlich methodology. Many popular nonpolarizable models of water, such as TIPnP, give a reasonable agreement with the experimental value of 78. However, it has been argued in the literature that the dipole moments of these models are effective, being smaller than the real dipole of a liquid water molecule by about a factor of eel, or roughly 2. If the total or corrected dipole moment is used in calculations, the dielectric constant comes out nearly twice as large, i.e., in the range of 160, which is twice as high as the experimental value. Here we discuss possible reasons for such a discrepancy. One approach takes into account dynamic corrections due to the dependence of the dielectric response of the medium producing the reaction field on the time scale of dipole fluctuations computed in the Kirkwood–Frohlich method. When dynamic corrections are incorporated into the co...
Spinal Cord Infarction: Clinical and Imaging Insights from the Periprocedural Setting (P3.246)

Objective: To describe the range of procedures associated with spinal cord infarction (SCI) as a complication of a medical/surgical procedure and define clinical and imaging characteristics that could be applied to help diagnose spontaneous SCI, where the diagnosis is often less secure. Background: SCI results in disabling neurologic deficits; although treatment options are limited, it is important to distinguish from other treatable causes of acute myelopathy. Given the often challenging diagnosis, it is possible that prior case series actually include patients with alternative etiologies of acute myelopathy. This limitation can be reduced by focusing on patients with SCI in the periprocedural setting. Design/Methods: We used an institution-based search tool to identify patients evaluated at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN from 1997–2016 with a periprocedural SCI. We performed a descriptive analysis of clinical features, MRI and other laboratory findings, and outcome. Results: Seventy-five patients were identified with SCI related to an invasive or non-invasive surgery including: aortic aneurysm repair (49%); other aortic surgery (15%); and a variety of other procedures (e.g., cardiac surgery, spinal decompression, epidural injection, angiography, nerve block, embolization, other vascular surgery, thoracic surgery) (36%). Deficits were maximal at first post-procedural evaluation in 61 patients (81%). Impaired dorsal column function was common on initial examination. Imaging features included owl eyes or anterior pencil sign on MRI (70%), but other T2-hyperintensity patterns were also seen. Gadolinium enhancement of the SCI and/or cauda equina were also common. Some cases demonstrated T2-hyperintensity of the anterior spinal artery, suggesting the presence of thrombus. Six patients (10%) had an initial normal MRI despite a severe deficit. Conclusions: SCI can occur as a complication of a variety of procedures other than those of the aorta. The characteristic clinical and radiologic findings that we describe with SCI may be used in future studies to help distinguish from alternate causes of acute myelopathy. Disclosure: Dr. Zalewski has nothing to disclose. Dr Rabinstein has nothing to disclose. Dr. Krecke has nothing to disclose. Dr. Brown has nothing to disclose. Dr Wijdicks has nothing to disclose. Dr. Weinshenker has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Novartis, Alexion, MedImmune, Caladrius Biosciences, Brainstorm Therapeutics. Dr. Doolittle has nothing to disclose. Dr Flanagan has nothing to disclose.
Fundamental clinical skills of adult cardiopulmonary bypass: results of the 2017 national survey.

Introduction:Training students to become entry-level perfusionists requires evaluation and assessment of their clinical skills. While our professional organizations have compiled resources which id...
Staff Uniforms and Uniform Policy

Personnel in contact with patients or equipment and textiles should always use the hospital’s work attire. It includes anyone handling food, medicines, textile, waste or cleaning tools. By caring, treating, examining and transporting patients, there will be direct contact between own work clothes and the patient’s cloths/bedding or skin. The same is true when working with used patient equipment such as bedpans, toilet chairs, beds and other aids and working in patient rooms, toilets and bathrooms or when handling bedding and bandages, giving physiotherapy, etc. The work uniform is particularly exposed to organic matter and microbes, for example, in ambulances, in emergency services, in restless and anxious patients and children, during sampling and examination/treatment, etc. In acute wards, the staff is often exposed to splashes from patients, especially blood but also vomit, sputum, pus, faeces and urine. This chapter is focused on practical measures to prevent transmission of infections via contaminated staff uniforms.
Approach and avoidance strategies in health goal pursuits: The moderating role of weight status

Abstract Healthy eating strategies can be based on approach (foods one should eat) or avoidance (foods one should not eat). The current research examines whether weight status moderates the effectiveness of approach and avoidance strategies in goal pursuit. Across three studies, using an ideal weight goal context, I show that approach strategies motivate goal-consistent behaviors among people with poor weight status by increasing the perceived attainability of the goal. Avoidance strategies are more motivating among people with good weight status because they decrease the perceived progress toward the goal, which increases the perceived need for additional effort in the form of goal-consistent behaviors to ensure timely attainment.
Validated Computational Framework for Evaluation of In Vivo Knee Mechanics.

Dynamic, in vivo evaluations of knee mechanics are important for understanding knee injury and repair, and developing successful treatments. Computational models have been used with in vivo experiments to quantify joint mechanics, but they are typically not predictive. The current study presents a novel integrated approach with high-speed stereo radiography, musculoskeletal modeling, and finite element (FE) modeling for evaluation of subject-specific, in vivo knee mechanics in a healthy subject performing a seated knee extension and weight-bearing lunge. Whole-body motion capture, ground reaction forces, and radiography-based kinematics were used to drive musculoskeletal and predictive FE models for load-controlled simulation of in vivo knee mechanics. A predictive simulation of knee mechanics was developed in four stages: (1) in vivo measurements of one subject performing a lunge and a seated knee extension, (2) rigid-body musculoskeletal modeling to determine muscle forces, (3) FE simulation of knee extension for knee-ligament calibration, and (4) predictive FE simulation of a lunge. FE models predicted knee contact and ligament mechanics and evaluated the impact of cruciate ligament properties on joint kinematics and loading. Calibrated model kinematics demonstrated good agreement to the experimental motion with root-mean-square differences of tibiofemoral flexion-extension <3 deg, internal-external <4 deg, and anterior-posterior <2 mm. Ligament reference strain and attachment locations were the most critical properties in the calibration process. The current work advances previous in vivo knee modeling through simulation of dynamic activities, modeling of subject-specific knee behavior, and development of a load-controlled knee model.
Delivery of Accurate Timing to Subsea Instruments via Optical Modem Technology with the Added Benefit of Optical Range Measurement

The deployment duration of ocean bottom seismometers (OBS) is limited by non-optimum timing brought about by large and non-linear clock drifts that increase with deployment duration. Precise and accurate timing is a requirement not only for measuring earthquake locations and spatio-temporal migration rates, but also for measuring temporal changes in rock velocity indicative of stress changes that can be indicators of near-term rupture. Engineers at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) have developed the capability for complete data retrieval from autonomous OBS using a high-speed optical telemetry modem capable of sustained transfer rates of 10 Mbits/second from a variety of platforms, including fully autonomous underwater vehicles. In addition to retrieving data, the offset of the OBS clocks relative to GPS-referenced time can be accurately measured and logged via the optical link. We've expanded the concept of the Optical Modem as an appliance concept by letting the user feed a Pulse-per-Second (PPS) signal into the Master optical modem that will be recovered on the Slave modem and delivered to the remote equipment with minimal additional jitter (40ns RMS). The tradeoff between jitter and remote timing lock is field-configurable. A Network Time Protocol (NTP) server is used to capture and transfer the vehicle time-of-day. Using this new advancement in WHOI Optical Modem technology, the OBS clock is able to compare its own clock drift to the freshly disciplined vehicle clock without perturbing the data offload capacity, at a slight cost of available bandwidth. To achieve this, the Optical Modem Physical Layer (PHY) has been modified to interleave measurement and configuration data frames, referred to as Out-of-Band (OOB) frames, alongside the legacy payload frames. Those new frames provide a direct deterministic, bottom-level communication channel for optical modems to exchange link information. The PPS recovery mechanism estimates the transmission (time-of-flight) and modem processing delay by measuring the time, in Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) clock cycles, between a determined point in the frame transmission process and the correlation peak of the frame detector on both sides of the optical link, exchanges that information over the Out-of-Band channel and feeds it to a local tracking loop. This local loop, independent from the reference optical modem can accommodate a fairly big frequency error between master and slave FPGA clocks. Because the only variable delay is the time light takes to travel between the two optical modems, a side benefit of the work done to make the timing transfer possible, is the ability to optically measure range between optical modems. While the raw resolution is quite poor expressed in FPGA clock increments, the measurement distribution is observed to be Gaussian, and the sampling frequency is 100Hz, thus the estimated range can be easily improved with averaging.
Application of Symmetry Functions to Large Chemical Spaces Using a Convolutional Neural Network.

The use of machine learning in chemistry is on the rise for the prediction of chemical properties. The input feature representation or descriptor in these applications is an important factor that a...
Abstract P438: The Impact of a Yearlong Diabetes Prevention Program-based Lifestyle Intervention on Cardiovascular Health Metrics

Introduction: The AHA created “Life’s Simple Seven” metrics to measure progress toward the goal of improving the cardiovascular (CV) health of all Americans, classifying each metric as “ideal”, “in...
Effect of a monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 synthesis inhibitor on fibroblasts from patients with carpal tunnel syndrome.

Abstract Background Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is an idiopathic fibrotic disorder. Fibrosis in the subsynovial connective tissues (SSCT) of CTS and many other fibrotic diseases is mediated by Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β). Recently monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) a cytokine involved in cellular recruitment has been suggested to regulate TGF-β activity. It is related to the onset of diseases which are caused by fibrosis, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, renal fibrosis, and systemic scleroderma. In this study, we evaluated the effect of the MCP-1 synthesis inhibitor, Bindarit, on primary cultures of fibroblasts from the SSCT of five CTS patients. Methods Fibroblasts were treated with Bindarit (10 μM, 50 μM, 100 μM, or 300 μM). Responses to inhibitors were evaluated by regulation of CTS fibrosis-associated genes, fibrosis gene array and Smad luciferase reporter assay. We also assessed the combination effect of Bindarit and SD208, a TGF-β receptor type 1 inhibitor on TGF-β signaling. Results Collagen type III A1 (Col3), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and SERPINE1 expression were significantly down-regulated by Bindarit (300 μM) compared to vehicle control. In the fibrosis array, expression of inhibin beta E chain precursor (INHBE), beta actin (ACTB), endothelin 1 (EDN1) and hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HPRT1) were significantly down-regulated, and integrin beta-3 (ITGB3) was significantly up-regulated by Bindarit (300 μM). Smad signal transduction activation was significantly down-regulated by Bindarit (300 μM) and/or SD208 (1 μM) with TGF-β1 compared to vehicle control with TGF-β1. Conclusions These results suggest that Bindarit in combination with SD208 may be beneficial as medical therapy for the SSCT fibrosis associated with CTS.
Post-transplant Leukocyte Motion in Human Skin Microvasculature by Noninvasive Reflectance Confocal Video Microscopy

We explore the potential of reflectance confocal video microscopy of human skin microvasculature to noninvasively track immune cell activity following hematopoietic cell transplantation. In three patients, we tracked leukocyte-endothelial interactions over time.
Exercise Essay: “A Progression for Teaching Place of Articulation”

Arguably, one of the primary tasks of the speech teacher is to help acting students identify current habitual patterns of speech production and execute speech sounds in new, non-habitual ways that ...
"Doing the Right Thing": Family Caregivers Managing Medical and Nursing Tasks in the Postacute Home Health Care Setting.

Family caregivers often manage complex medical and nursing tasks (MNTs) for older adults transitioning from hospital to home. To explore caregivers’ experiences managing MNTs in the postacute home ...
A modified Weibull model for design of oscillated high hydrostatic pressure processes

Abstract During high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) processing, pressure can be applied in a single cycle of pressurization, pressure holding, and depressurization or multiple cycles. The latter is called oscillated HHP (OHHP) processing. In this study, it was hypothesized that the pressure gradient during HHP processing is positively related to the lethal rate, based on which a modified Weibull model was developed to describe the microbial inactivation rate as a function of pressure and pressure gradient. The model provided good fits to published survival data of Salmonella Enteritidis, Escherichia coli, and Listeria innocua, as indicated by small RMSE values being less than 0.33 log. Using the obtained parameters, the model showed good performance in predicting microbial survival ratios in independent tests, the absolute errors being less than 0.27 log, and both accuracy and bias factors being fairly close to 1. Based on the developed model, the pressurization rate must be higher than a critical value to make an OHHP process more efficient than a single-cycled one, and an optimal OHHP process should involve the highest pressurization and depressurization rates and no pressure holding time. Finally, a web-based software tool was developed to implement the modified Weibull model for design of OHHP processes.
유럽안정화기구(European Stability Mechanism) 구제금융제도의 WTO 보조금협정상 평가 (A Reappraisal of European Stability Mechanism Bailout Programmes Under the WTO Subsidy Rules)

Korean Abstract: EU 재정안정체제의 근간을 형성하고 있는 ESM 구제금융제도는 다양한 금융지원 프로 그램들을 통해 심각한 경제 위기에 직면한 유로존 국가들이 국내 금융부문을 안정화시키 고 국가 재정 건전성을 개선하는 것을 지원한다. ESM 구제금융 조치는 대상 회원국의 재정위기 상황이 공적 채무의 증가 또는 재정 정책의 실패 등 공공 부문에서 기인한 것인지 혹은 금융시장 메커니즘의 손상 등 민간 부문에서 비롯된 것인지를 불문하며 예외적인 경우 해당 국가에 대한 긴급 자금 공여가 아닌 금융시장에 대한 직접적인 자본 투입방식으로 시행되기도 한다. 이러한 구제금융의 효과는 중·장기적으로 국내 경제 및 산업 부문으로 집중되어 특정 취약 산업의 지지 또는 취약 기업의 경쟁력 강화를 통해 상품 또는 서비스 시장에서의 간접적인 무역증대 효과를 발생시킬 수 있다. WTO 보조금협정이 정부의 특정 국내 기업 또는 산업에 대한 시혜적 재정지원 조치를 엄격하게 규율하고 있다는 점을 고려할 때 ESM 구제금융제도와 WTO 보조금협정 간 규범적 접점이 존재하는지 확인함으로써 ESM 조치의 통상법적 규율 가능성을 검토할 필요성이 제기된다. 이에 본 논문은 융자, 예방적 금융지원, 자본재조정지원, 채권발행시장 지원기금, 채권유통시장 지원기금 등 다양한 ESM 구제금융 조치들의 주요 내용 및 운용 방식 등을 구체적으로 살펴보고 각각의 조치들이 WTO 보조금협정 하에서 어떻게 평가되는지 보조금의 구성요건 별로 개별적으로 면밀하게 검토함으로써 ESM 구제금융제도의 법적 성격에 관한 이론적 명확성을 제고하는 것을 목표로 하였다. English Abstract: The European Stability Mechanism (ESM) serves to underpin the structural framework and buttress the functional effectiveness of the overarching comprehensive financial stability system in the European Union. The ESM provides financial supports in the cash or non-cash form exclusively for eurozone countries in a situation of economic emergency through various bailout programmes such as loans, precautionary financial assistance, direct and indirect recapitalization, primary market support facility, and secondary market support facility. Specifically, the ESM bailout programmes assist eurozone countries undergoing, or faced with the imminent threat of, an economic crisis in restoring a disrupted or destabilized domestic financial system where there is no available self-help means for dealing with it. An underlying concern over the operation of ESM programmes arises from the perspective of the normative interface between international trade law and international financial law. The controversial question can be raised whether, and how, the mechanics of how the ESM programmes work interacts with the WTO subsidy rules. Consider that a particular ESM bailout programme has a wide range of economic effects that ultimately end in extending over domestic industries and conferring direct or indirect economic benefits upon specific ailing companies and industries. This program, albeit disputably, would be deemed a form of financial contribution by a public body of the EU and further fall within the meaning of a trade-distortive subsidy under the WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures. With this mind, this article provides a pioneer multidimensional anatomy of legal and regulatory landscape of ESM bailout programmes. Thus, the article is aimed at providing an in-depth investigation of the full spectrum of functional and structural framework of the ESM bailout mechanism and an unprecedented legal analysis of its compatibility with the WTO subsidy rules.
Implications for the Physical Design of the Postnatal Care Unit from a Targeted Analysis of Issues With Accessing the Bathroom at Night in the Acute Setting: A Secondary Analysis:

Assessing hospital environment conditions is necessary for healthcare providers and patients to coordinate safe care. The aims of this research included: a) identifying patterns in hospital visit f...
Sentanyl: a comparison of blood fentanyl concentrations and naloxone dosing after non-fatal overdose

Non-pharmaceutical fentanyl and its analogs have driven striking increases in opioid-associated overdose deaths. These highly potent opioids can be found at low concentrations in biological specime...
Coding and Reimbursement for Bariatric Surgery

The American health-care system has a system for assigning value for care services delivered. While health-care providers have historically worked on a fee-for-service basis, there was a need for standardization of cost per level of service. The process of assigning a Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) code and the associated valuation for a given service is at the core of the reimbursement process. This chapter reviews the basics of the CPT and Relative Value Update Committee (RUC) process and methodology to understand why and how a code is created and assigned a value. We will also look at the roles of CMS and private payers in determining coverage for procedures and assigning actual reimbursement. Lastly, we will address the challenges of provider and hospital reimbursement in a field as rapidly developing as Bariatric surgery.
Probabilistic modelling of tephra dispersion

Depending on their magnitude and location, volcanic eruptions have the potential to become major social and economic disasters (e.g. Tambora, Indonesia, 1815; Vesuvius, Italy, AD 79; Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat, 1995–present). One of the challenges for the volcanology community is to improve our understanding of volcanic processes so as to achieve successful assessments and mitigation of volcanic hazards, which are traditionally based on volcano monitoring and geological records. Geological records are crucial to our understanding of eruptive activity and history of a volcano, but often do not provide a comprehensive picture of the variation of volcanic processes and their effects on the surrounding area. The geological record is also typically biased towards the largest events, as deposits from smaller eruptions are often removed by erosion. Numerical modelling and probability analysis can be used to complement direct observations and to explore a much wider range of possible scenarios. As a result, numerical modelling and probabilistic analysis have become increasingly important in hazard assessment of volcanic hazards (e.g. Barberi et al. 1990; Heffter & Stunder 1993; Wadge et al. 1994, 1998; Hill et al. 1998; Iverson et al. 1998; Searcy et al. 1998; Canuti et al. 2002). Reliable and comprehensive hazard assessments of volcanic processes are based on the critical combination of field data, numerical simulations and probability analysis. This paper offers a detailed review of common approaches for hazard assessments of tephra dispersion. First, the main characteristics of tephra dispersion and tephra hazards are recounted. A critical use of field data for a quantitative study of tephra deposits is also discussed. Second, numerical modelling typically used for hazard assessments of tephra accumulation is described. Finally, the most common probability analyses applied to hazard studies of tephra dispersion are presented.
Genotypic and Phenotypic Responses of a Riverine Microbial Community to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Contamination

The phenotypic and genotypic adaptation of a freshwater sedimentary microbial community to elevated (22 to 217 μg g [dry weight] of sediment−1) levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was determined by using an integrated biomolecular approach. Central to the approach was the use of phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles to characterize the microbial community structure and nucleic acid analysis to quantify the frequency of degradative genes. The study site was the Little Scioto River, a highly impacted, channelized riverine system located in central Ohio. This study site is a unique lotic system, with all sampling stations having similar flow and sediment characteristics both upstream and downstream from the source of contamination. These characteristics allowed for the specific analysis of PAH impact on the microbial community. PAH concentrations in impacted sediments ranged from 22 to 217 μg g (dry weight) of sediment−1, while PAH concentrations in ambient sediments ranged from below detection levels to 1.5 μg g (dry weight) of sediment−1. Total microbial biomass measured by phospholipid phosphate (PLP) analysis ranged from 95 to 345 nmol of PLP g (dry weight) of sediment−1. Nucleic acid analysis showed the presence of PAH-degradative genes at all sites, although observed frequencies were typically higher at contaminated sites. Principal component analysis of PLFA profiles indicated that moderate to high PAH concentrations altered microbial community structure and that seasonal changes were comparable in magnitude to the effects of PAH pollution. These data indicate that this community responded to PAH contamination at both the phenotypic and the genotypic level.
The stereotyping of science: superficial details influence perceptions of what is scientific

Previous research indicates that superficial details can influence judgments about science. The current research investigated whether the content of research influences judgments about whether research is scientific. In Experiment 1, participants judged topics and equipment associated with natural science to be more scientific than topics and equipment associated with behavioral science. Experiment 2 found that natural science topics combined with natural science equipment were rated as more scientific than all other combinations. Experiment 3 replicated these findings and found that research using natural science topics and natural science equipment was also judged to be more important. Thus, although science is defined by its method, the topic being investigated and the equipment being used influence judgments about what is scientific.
Fast time-domain symbolic simulation for synthesis of sigma-delta analog-digital converters

This work presents a fast time-domain simulation method for automated synthesis of /spl Sigma/-/spl Delta/ ADC. At the system-level, the method uses a symbolic description of the ADC netlist. Building blocks in the netlist are macromodels, which include circuit non-idealities and nonlinear behaviour. As compared to existing simulation methods for /spl Sigma/-/spl Delta/ ADC, this technique is fully automated and uses more complex circuit macromodels.
Design of spread spectrum sequences using chaotic dynamical systems with Lebesgue spectrum

We construct a family of optimal spreading sequences for an asynchronous DS-CDMA system by filtering the sequences generated by dynamical systems with Lebesgue spectrum. The BER, code acquisition performance, and user capacity of the system by using this family of sequences are shown to be superior than those of Gold codes.
Social Class and Parenting: Classic Debates and New Understandings

Many scholars pinpoint the family as one of the most important loci of class differences and see parenting in particular as a mechanism for the reinforcement and reproduction of class variation. In this article, the authors explore the role of educational background, occupations, family resources, state surveillance, and culture in explaining how and why parenting practices vary by class backgrounds. The article reviews research that focuses on class-based cultural norms and values, as well as research that argues that structural conditions and access to resources are more important than culture in influencing parenting norms, beliefs, and outcomes. The authors then discuss recent research that suggests that rather than seeing culture and structure as dichotomous, in fact, culture and structure are intertwined and it is through seeing them as mutually reinforcing factors that we can best make sense of class-related parenting differences.
Dynamic generation of database tables for genetic data

In this paper, the development of a software tool that will accept an XML file containing genetic data and dynamically generate database tables in which to load the data is reported. Development of the tool is due to two recent developments. First is the increasing number of traditional clinical researchers who want to access to genetic data. Secondly, researchers want the ability to load the genetic data into a relational database for querying purposes. In addition, genetic data stored in relational databases can easily be joined with other related data stored in table form.
Neurotransmitters, Electrochemical Detection of

In this article, various electrochemical methods used in neuronal cell studies are examined. Electrochemical methods useful for investigating neuronal communication directly in the brain and in ex vivo brain slices are discussed. Additionally, we describe how voltammetric methods can be used to make intracellular and extracellular measurements at single cells. Technical aspects of each method are emphasized and selected applications are highlighted. Although techniques such as electron microscopy and patch clamp can be used to visualize and monitor cellular events, electrochemical methods can provide chemical information about neurotransmitters being released and transported in brain tissue or even at single cells. The main competing technique for in vivo measurements of neurotransmitters is microdialysis. Although microdialysis coupled to separation techniques can be more selective and more sensitive than electrochemical methods, the latter methods are considerably faster and more accurate in determining the in vivo concentration. At single cells, electrochemistry provides extremely small probes compared to microdialysis thus facilitating measurements of single-cell events. Here, again, the response time associated with electrochemical methods is important for measurements of millisecond exocytosis events. Electrochemical methods are clearly a powerful means to measure rapid changes in neurotransmitters that are electroactive and found in tissue or cellular microenvironments.
Panel Discussion: the Nature of High-Redshift Objects

The panel discussion at the Tetons III conference was held July 6, 1992 on the topic of “High-Redshift Objects”. A number of questions were posed to the panelists, and these four astronomers and the audience spent two hours debating these and other issues. The written versions of their presentations follow in the next articles.
Influence of Enzyme Levels on the Toxicity and in Vitro Metabolism of 2,2′,5-Trichlorobiphenyl in Houseflies

Adult female houseflies (Musca domestica) were topically dosed with 10, 15, and 20 micrograms of 2,2',5-trichlorobiphenyl (PCB-18) in acetone at 1, 5, and 15 days following emergence. These doses caused a significant decrease in the mean survival time in 5-day-old flies. LT50's (time for 50% death) were dramatically reduced in 5-day-old flies, whereas no significant difference was found at any treatment level in 15-day-old flies. Abdomenal microsomal enzyme levels were determined by the rate of O-dealkylation of (p-nitrophenyl)ethyl ether for 1-, 5-, 11-, and 15-day-old female houseflies. The highest levels were found in 5-day-old flies and the lowest in 15-day-old flies. The greatest metabolism of PCB-18 by housefly microsomes also occurred in 5-day-old flies. The enzyme levels, metabolism, and toxicity suggest that PCB-18 is bioactivated to a product(s) which reduces the mean survival time of houseflies.
A New Method for Preparation and Luminescence of YBO3 :Eu3+ Phosphor

The pure phase red phosphor yttrium borate doped with Eu3+ was prepared by a new solid state reaction named high temperature ball milling method. The phosphor was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and luminescence spectra. The results show that the single phase YBO3:Eu3+ phosphor was obtained at 600°C, which is obviously decreased in contrast to conventional solid state reaction method. The particles are approximately nanometer size with narrow distribution range and spherical morphology. In emission spectra, the strongest peak at 597nm is due to the transition 5D0→7F1 of Eu3+ ions under 394nm monitoring wavelength. The luminescent properties of YBO3:Eu3+ phosphor with 25 mol% doping concentration of Eu3+ is optimal.
The isolation of mRNA encoding the alpha subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin.

Summary MRNA was prepared from first trimester placentae and translated in a wheat germ cell-free system. A major synthesized product had an apparent molecular weight of about 16,000. Tryptic fingerprint analysis revealed that this protein contained peptides overlapping with peptides from authentic alppha subunit of hCG. Since the protein portion of alpha has a molecular weight of 10,600, the data suggest the synthesis of a precursor. No synthesis of the beta subunit was detected. With first trimester RNA, 4–5 times more of the alpha protein was synthesized than with term RNA. Thus, it appears that the larger amounts of hCG-alpha produced in first trimester placenta is due to an increased proportion of the corresponding mRNA.
Pregnancy following ileal pouch-anal anastomosis

Of 92 women undergoing proctocolectomy with ileal “J” pouch-anal anastomosis, between January 1981 and May 1983, six have successfully conceived and carried a pregnancy to term. Three patients had transient deterioration of anorectal function during the third trimester of pregnancy which resolved after delivery. Four patients delivered vaginally without perceptible alteration in subsequent continence. Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis is compatible with normal childbearing postoperatively. The route of delivery should be individualized in these patients.
Influence of draining on soil phosphorus forms and distribution in a constructed wetland

Abstract Seasonal water-table fluctuations in wetlands can result in flooded and drained conditions in the surface soil. In constructed wetlands water level drawdown and soil drainage are used in management to consolidate detrital materials, accelerate soil build up, and provide easy access for other management operations. A greenhouse study was conducted using intact peat soil cores to evaluate the changes in bioavailable P and other fractions following draining and reflooding. Measurements of floodwater dissolved reactive P (DRP) indicated that draining and soil exposure could result in large P flux to the overlying water column. Phosphorus flux in soils drained for 6 weeks was 10-fold higher (334 mg P m −2 day −1 ) than in soils drained for 3 weeks (33 mg P m −2 day −1 ). Soil exposure also resulted in an increase in bioavailable inorganic P (estimated by KCl extraction) at the expense of labile organic P pool. The KCl-P pool, which was initially less than 2% of total P (TP), increased to 3% and 13% of TP after 3 and 6 weeks draining, respectively. Results suggest that various soil P fractions, particularly those in newly accreted materials, were highly unstable and could be released in a more available form when newly accreted soils undergo drying. Water level drawdown and reflooding could result in significant P release, a possible stimulation of algal blooms and other water quality problems. Therefore, soil characteristics and chemistry and their impact on water quality should be a major consideration when one adopts the flood-drain technique in wetland management.
A major cell wall lipopeptide of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.

Abstract Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), the causative agent of Johne disease in cattle and other ruminants, is proposed to be at least one of the causes of Crohn disease in humans. MAP and Mycobacterium avium subspecies avium, a closely related opportunistic environmental bacterium, share 95% of their genes and exhibit homologies of more than 99% between these genes. The identification of molecules specific for MAP is essential for understanding its pathogenicity and for development of useful diagnostic tools. The application of gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance led to the structural identification of a major cell wall lipopeptide of MAP, termed Para-LP-01, defined as C20 fatty acyl-d-Phe-N-Me-l-Val-l-Ile-l-Phe-l-Ala methyl ester. Variations of this lipopeptide with different fatty acyl moieties (C16 fatty acyl through C17, C18, C19, C21 to C22) were also identified. Besides the specificity of this lipopeptide for MAP, the presence of an N-Me-l-valine represents the first reported N-methylated amino acid within an immunogenic lipopeptide of mycobacteria. Sera from animals with Johne disease, but not sera from uninfected cattle, reacted with this lipopeptide, indicating potential biological importance.
An explicit model for the NMR coupling constant of the hydrogen molecule and the breakdown of INDO-FPT

Abstract We have previously obtained explicit equations, which are based on the ideas of finite perturbation theory (FPT), for calculating NMR proton-proton coupling constant. Using this model and the INDO formalism, a simple closed-form expression for the coupling constant of the hydrogen molecule is developed. This expression has several unique features: it shows that the convergence criteria for the iterative calculation is ¦ x ¦ x = HH /ΔϵX and it allows the H 2 coupling constant to be expressed directly in terms of the semiempirical parameters, showing specifically how each parameter affects the coupling constant. In this way the formalism of semiempirical SCF Theory lends itself to the construction of a model for coupling constants which is not purely numerical in nature. An INDO-FPT calculation is developed for the hydrogen molecule. As long as parameters are chosen for which ¦ x ¦ x ¦ > 1, the UHF calculation breaks down, the extremum corresponding to symmetrical molecular orbitals no longer being the minimum.