cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enkephalin reduces calcium action potentials in Rohon-Beard neurons in vivo

Rohon-Beard neurons of the Xenopus spinal cord develop somatic Ca++- dependent action potentials at early embryonic stages. Because many Ca++-dependent events are blocked or reduced by enkephalin in other neuronal systems, we tested the effect of met-enkephalin on the Ca++ spikes of Rohon-Beard cells. Our results indicate that met-enkephalin, which has no effect on the resting membrane potential or conductance in these cells, reversibly and specifically shortens their Ca++ action potentials, probably by decreasing the Ca++ conductance. Enkephalin has a similar effect on Xenopus dorsal root ganglion cells in vivo. Examination of Rohon-Beard cells at various stages of development shows that enkephalin shortens Ca++ spikes from the earliest times that the spikes appear (approximately 21 hr after fertilization) to the latest times they are detectable (7 to 9 days). This very early response suggests either that enkephalin binds directly to the Ca++ channels or that an “enkephalin receptor” is among the earliest neuronal phenotypes to appear in these cells.
Different management practices are associated with mesophilic and thermophilic spore levels in bulk tank raw milk

Abstract Bacterial endospores (also referred to as spores) present in raw milk are capable of surviving pasteurization and other adverse conditions encountered during dairy powder production. Therefore, requiring low spore levels in raw ingredients (e.g., raw milk) may be necessary for producing dairy powders with low spore counts. To identify potential associations between management practices and spore levels in raw milk, we sampled bulk tank raw milk from 33 farms throughout New York State every other month for 1yr. Following spore pasteurization (80°C for 12min), samples were incubated at 3 different temperatures to enumerate psychrotolerant (6°C for 10 d), mesophilic (32°C for 48h), and thermophilic (55°C for 48h) spores. An additional enrichment procedure was used to detect spores present at low levels (
Friendship, Negative Peer Experiences, and Daily Positive and Negative Mood

We examined the effect of negative peer experiences (NPEs; peer victimization and exclusion) on mood (depressed, angry, positive). Seventy-seven (43 female) fifth graders from elementary schools located in a small town in the Midwest completed a friendship quality measure, in addition to daily reports (seven school days) of mood and peer experiences. Multilevel modeling showed that children who had NPEs in which no one intervened had more negative and less positive mood. For negative mood, this result was attenuated if the child had a friend who was generally helpful. The results demonstrate the positive role of bystanders during NPEs and highlight the protective role of high-quality friendships.
Cocaine binges differentially alter striatal preprodynorphin and zif/268 mRNAs

Abstract Several studies have demonstrated that cocaine increases preprodynorphin, c- fos , and zif /268 mRNAs in rat dorsal striatum. Multiple, closely spaced exposures to cocaine appear to elicit the greatest increases in dynorphin. However, the response of preproenkephalin, c- fos and zif /268 mRNAs to such a dosing regimen is unknown. Therefore, we used a ‘binge’ paradigm to evaluate changes in mRNA for preprodynorphin, preproenkephalin, c- fos and zif /268. Male Wistar rats received three hourly i.p. injections of saline or 10 or 20 mg/kg cocaine for 1, 5, or 10 days. Although cocaine-induced locomotor and stereotypical behaviors were significantly increased as compared to saline on days 1, 5 and 10, these behaviors were significantly less on day 10 than on days 1 and 5. One hour after the last injection on days 1, 5, or 10, the rats were anesthetized and decapitated for quantitative in situ hybridization histochemistry. C- fos mRNA was undetectable in all treatment groups whereas zif /268 mRNA in the dorsal striatum was increased in a dose-dependent manner (20 mg/kg > 10 mg/kg) but the intensity of hybridization signal decreased over time (1 day ⪢ 5 days > 10 days) as compared to that in saline-treated controls. In contrast, 10 mg/kg cocaine binges caused an increase in preprodynorphin, but not preproenkephalin, mRNA in the dorsal, but not ventral, striatum in a time-dependent manner (day 10 ⪢ day 5 > day 1) whereas 20 mg/kg cocaine binges caused an increase in striatal preprodynorphin that was greater on day 1 and day 5 than on day 10. These data indicate that (1) c- fos , zif /268 and preprodynorphin mRNAs are differentially regulated in dorsal striatum, (2) behavioral tolerance results from chronic binges with 10 and 20 mg/kg cocaine and (3) the preprodynorphin genomic response exhibits tolerance to chronic high dose, but not low dose, cocaine binges.
Working through: In-session processes that promote between-session thoughts and activities.

This study examined whether clients' ratings of the working alliance as well as their perception of cognitive-behavioral (CB) and psychodynamic-interpersonal (PI) techniques (delivered by therapists who used both) were associated with clients' intersession processes (i.e., their thoughts about therapy and therapeutic activity between sessions). Seventy-five clients who were currently in therapy at a large university counseling center participated in the current study. Multilevel regression analyses demonstrated that alliance and clients' perceptions of their therapists' use of PI techniques were positively associated with clients' general thoughts about therapy between sessions. Also, stronger alliances were associated with more therapeutic activities between sessions and more positive (and less negative) thoughts about therapy between sessions. In addition, clients at later sessions who described their therapists as using more PI techniques also reported engaging in more therapeutic activities between sessions (after controlling for the variance in the other variables, such as use of CB techniques). Clients' perceptions of their therapists' use of CB techniques in the most recent session were not related to thinking about therapy or therapeutic activities after controlling for the variance in the other variables.
Role of survivin and its splice variants in tumorigenesis.

Survivin, a unique member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) protein family, is highly expressed in cancer but is undetectable in nonproliferating normal adult tissues, suggesting a potential role in tumorigenesis. Differential splicing of survivin pre-mRNA results in three new survivin variants, survivin-ΔEx3, survivin-2B, and survivin-3B. Loss of survivin-2B expression was found in the later stage of cancer development, while survivin and survivin-ΔEx3 are not, suggesting a differential role of them in tumour development. In this minireview, the author intends to summarise and discuss the current data relevant to the role of survivin and its splicing variants in tumorigenesis, which may facilitate further investigation in this interesting area.
Genome-Wide Transcriptional Response of Silurana (Xenopus) tropicalis to Infection with the Deadly Chytrid Fungus

Emerging infectious diseases are of great concern for both wildlife and humans. Several highly virulent fungal pathogens have recently been discovered in natural populations, highlighting the need for a better understanding of fungal-vertebrate host-pathogen interactions. Because most fungal pathogens are not fatal in the absence of other predisposing conditions, host-pathogen dynamics for deadly fungal pathogens are of particular interest. The chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (hereafter Bd) infects hundreds of species of frogs in the wild. It is found worldwide and is a significant contributor to the current global amphibian decline. However, the mechanism by which Bd causes death in amphibians, and the response of the host to Bd infection, remain largely unknown. Here we use whole-genome microarrays to monitor the transcriptional responses to Bd infection in the model frog species, Silurana (Xenopus) tropicalis, which is susceptible to chytridiomycosis. To elucidate the immune response to Bd and evaluate the physiological effects of chytridiomycosis, we measured gene expression changes in several tissues (liver, skin, spleen) following exposure to Bd. We detected a strong transcriptional response for genes involved in physiological processes that can help explain some clinical symptoms of chytridiomycosis at the organismal level. However, we detected surprisingly little evidence of an immune response to Bd exposure, suggesting that this susceptible species may not be mounting efficient innate and adaptive immune responses against Bd. The weak immune response may be partially explained by the thermal conditions of the experiment, which were optimal for Bd growth. However, many immune genes exhibited decreased expression in Bd-exposed frogs compared to control frogs, suggesting a more complex effect of Bd on the immune system than simple temperature-mediated immune suppression. This study generates important baseline data for ongoing efforts to understand differences in response to Bd between susceptible and resistant frog species and the effects of chytridiomycosis in natural populations.
Recent Concepts of Retinal Color Mechanism.*† I. Contributions from Psychophysics

Since Konig, experiment has yielded 6 different sets of 3 “primary processes” for tricolor vision in the fovea. Their variation with test method, and conflict with other data, suggest only an indirect relation to the absorption curves of receptors. Blue and yellow in the retinal periphery, in the central fovea, and in transient effects, act as if coupled physiologically. Yellow proves independent of red and green, and blue has many characteristics of rod function.To adjust the Helmholtz view of deficiency to modern observations, new mechanisms for white and hues are needed in the cortex. The Muller theory adds black and locates in the retina this inner zone; but likewise fails to assign it a physiological mechanism. Recent experiments confirm the retinal location of both yellow and black mechanisms; hence an opponents theory seems unavoidable. The psychophysical evidence calls for unsymmetric synaptic connections before the “primary processes,” and also after them to create hues and luminosity separately.
1185 PLASMA FATTY ACIDS (FA) IN VERY-LOW-BIRTH-WEIGHT (VLBW) NEONATES RECEIVING 10% SAFFLOWER OIL

Five VLBW neonates with mean birthweight 908g (range .8-1.0kg) all had the pathologic triene (5, 8, 11 eicosatrienoic acid) present in sera by a mean age of 10 days (range 7-13) while receiving fat-free parenteral nutrition. Three had elevated triene/tetraene ratios (T/T) (>.2) indicative of essential fatty acid deficiency. Plasma FA were studied before and after 2 weeks of TPN including 10% safflower oil which provided mean fat dosage (2.4g/Kg/d) range (1.9-2.8). Linoleic acid contributed between 8-30% of calories and linolenic .1% of calories are supplied from linolenate there is inhibition of conversion of linoleic to arachidonic. However, from this data we conclude that as seen with soybean emulsion, linoleic and arachidonic may be competitive.
Grafting of acrylates and vinyl chains onto collagen with ceric initiator

To determine the scope of the grafting reaction, over 30 monomers were grafted to steer hide collagen and collagen films using ceric ammonium nitrate as initiator. High yields of apparent graft polymer were obtained with most acrylate and methacrylate esters. Yields were not changed greatly by employing the higher homologues. Moreover, monomers containing such diverse substituents as hydroxy, cyano, chloro, trifluoroethyl, or glycidyl groups may be grafted onto collagen. The presence of these functional groups in the products provides potential reaction centers to further modify the collagenous surface. Presence of vinyl polymer was confirmed by IR spectra. The large number of monomers of varying polarity which were found to undergo apparent grafting makes it possible to vary widely the surface properties of collagen. It was shown that certain monomers impart water and oil repellency to collagenous surfaces, whereas others increased the hydrophilicity or oleophilicity of the substrate. Thus, by proper selection of monomers, the desired degree of hydrophilic to hydrophobic or oleophilic to oleophobic balance of the collagen surface to suit specific applications can be obtained.
On competition for listings

Abstract We construct a model whereby stock exchanges take a new role as an information intermediary, notably absent in their roles. We show that exchanges differentiate themselves at subgame perfect equilibrium and will not race to the top or to the bottom.
Physiological and behavioral effects of prior aversive stimulation (preshock) in the rat.

Abstract Physiological and behavioral measures were assessed in rats that had been previously exposed to unsignaled inescapable intense shock (preshock). Animals subjected to such prior aversive stimulation exhibited greater adrenocortical steroid response compared to nonpreshocked controls when subsequently tested in the open field. An increment in defecation was also observed, with ambulation and rearing behavior being markedly inhibited in the preshocked rat during these sessions.
The DNA sequence of the simian varicella virus genome.

In nonhuman primates, simian varicella virus (SVV) causes a natural disease which is clinically similar to human varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infections. The SVV and VZV genomes are similar in size and structure and share extensive DNA homology. This report presents the complete DNA sequence of the SVV genome. SVV DNA is 124,138 bp in size, 746 bp shorter than VZV DNA, and 40.4% G + C. The viral genome includes a 104,104-bp unique long component bracketed by 8-bp inverted repeat sequences and a short component composed of a 4904-bp unique short region bracketed by 7557-bp inverted repeat sequences. A total of 69 distinct SVV open reading frames (ORFs) were identified, including three that are duplicated within the inverted repeats of the short component. Each of the SVV ORFs shares extensive homology to a corresponding VZV gene. The only major difference between SVV and VZV DNA occurs at the leftward terminus. SVV lacks a VZV ORF 2 homolog. In addition, SVV encodes an 882-bp ORF A that is absent in VZV, but has homology to the SVV and VZV ORF 4. The results of this study confirm the relatedness of SVV and VZV and provide further support for simian varicella as a model to investigate VZV pathogenesis and latency.
High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of enrofloxacin and its primary metabolite ciprofloxacin in canine serum and prostatic tissue.

A simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the determination of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in canine serum and prostatic tissue. Sample preparation consisted of mixing canine serum with a 1:1 dilution of acetonitrile and 0.1 M sodium hydroxide followed by ultrafiltration through a 10 000 molecular mass cut-off filter. Prostatic tissue was sonicated with the same solution prior to ultrafiltration. Separation of these two quinolones in the ultrafiltrate was accomplished by ion-paired liquid chromatography using a reversed-phase analytical column eluted with an acetonitrile-methanol-water solution. Enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were detected by a photometric ultraviolet-visible detector set at 278.6 nm and confirmed by a photodiode array detector operating from 230 to 360 nm. The limits of detection for enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were 4 and 2 ng/ml, respectively.
The Complexity of Almost-Optimal Simultaneous Coordination

The problem of fault-tolerant coordination is fundamental in distributed computing. In the past, researchers have considered achieving simultaneous coordination under various failure assumptions. It has been shown that doing so optimally in synchronous systems with send/receive omission failures requires NP-hard local computation. This paper studiesalmost-optimal simultaneous coordination, which requires processors to coordinate within a constant additive or multiplicative number of rounds of the coordination time of an optimal protocol. It shows that achieving such coordination also requires NP-hard computation.
Additivity of near work-induced transient myopia and its decay characteristics in different refractive groups.

Purpose To determine the additive effect, if any, of NITM after 1 and 2 hours of reading in different refractive groups. Methods Fifteen early-onset myopes (EOMs), 14 late-onset myopes (LOMs), and 15 emmetropes (EMMs), as well as progressive myopes (PMs) and stable myopes (SMs), were tested. Subjects read binocularly for 2 hours at a distance of 35 to 40 cm. Distance refractive state of the right eye was assessed every 2 seconds for 30 seconds after the first hour of reading, and then every 2 seconds for 120 seconds after the second hour of reading. NITM was calculated as the difference in posttask distance refractive state compared with the pretask distance refractive state after each hour. Results Initial NITM values (mean +/- SE) recorded at the end of the near work tasks were 0.22 +/- 0.03 D and 0.29 +/- 0.03 D for the EOMs, 0.14 +/- 0.02 D and 0.20 +/- 0.03 D for the LOMs, 0.14 +/- 0.02 D and 0.15 +/- 0.02 D for the EMMs, 0.20 +/- 0.03 D and 0.27 +/- 0.03 D for the PMs, and 0.09 +/- 0.04 D and 0.20 +/- 0.05 D for the SMs, after the first and second hours of reading, respectively. After the second hour, only in the EOMs and LOMs was NITM significantly greater than that found after the first hour. Seventy percent of the myopes (EOMs and LOMs) but only 47% of the EMMs exhibited increased NITM in the second hour compared with the first hour. Only EOMs exhibited longer decay duration after the second hour of reading. NITM was increased in progressive myopes (PMs), but not in stable myopes (SMs), after the first hour of reading only. Within the PMs, NITM was increased after the second hour compared with the first hour. The time constant for decay was greater in the PMs than in the SMs. Lastly, many myopes (up to 46%) did not experience decay to baseline after the near task over the 120-second posttask period. Conclusions EOMs and LOMs demonstrated larger NITM than the EMMs and exhibited NITM additivity, but the EOMs also exhibited prolonged decay of NITM compared with the EMMs and LOMs. PMs, but not SMs, exhibited additivity of NITM. These findings may be attributed to impaired sympathetic function in the subjects with myopia. It is speculated that with repeated cycles of near work, residual NITM may contribute to the progression of permanent myopia.
Photoreactions of ferrocene with visible light in micellar solution

Abstract Photooxidation of ferrocene by CCl 4 and other organic oxidants is brought about by visible light in micellar solutions.
Multifunctional PEG encapsulated Fe3O4@silver hybrid nanoparticles: antibacterial activity, cell imaging and combined photothermo/chemo-therapy

A class of multifunctional hybrid nanoparticles (NPs) that can integrate a magnetic core, silver (Ag) nanocrystals, and a biocompatible poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) shell were synthesized and characterized and their applications as antibacterial agents, optical labels for cellular imaging and drug carriers were tested. The synthetic strategy involves a one-step solvothermal synthesis of Fe3O4@PEG template NPs (∼60 nm) with magnetic Fe3O4 nanocrystals in the core and porous PEG as the shell, followed by loading and in situ reduction of Ag+ ions to form Ag nanocrystals in the shell. The size and number of the Ag nanocrystals embedded in the PEG shell can be readily controlled via a simple reaction condition change, resulting in different nanostructures and properties of the hybrid NPs. Such designed Fe3O4@Ag–PEG hybrid NPs can combine the properties and functions from each component. While the Fe3O4 core provides an easy magnetic separation and targeting and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast ability, the Ag nanocrystals provide stable strong fluorescence and antibacterial activity. The porous PEG shell with excellent stability in water and non-cytotoxicity can be used as a drug carrier for combined photothermo/chemo-therapy. The small hybrid NPs can enter the intracellular region and light up the mouse melanoma B16F10 cells. This class of hybrid NPs with rational integration of functional building blocks should offer broad opportunities for external magnetic manipulation, imaging diagnostics, antibacterial applications and as drug carriers.
The Effects of Ocean Disposal of Sewage Sludge On the Relative Abundance of Benthic Megafauna

Abstract Disposal of sewage sludge in the New York Bight Apex (12-Mile Dump Site) ceased at the end of December 1987. Previous efforts to quantify the effects of sludge were hindered by the inability to obtain true replication. the cessation of dumping afforded the opportunity to apply the technique of replication in time, also known as a Before/After, Control/Impact design. Conditionally, this method allows one to separate treatment effects from the natural differences that confound many environmental impact studies. the Environmental Processes Division of the Northeast Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Service sampled the benthic environment of the New York Bight Apex from June 1986 through September 1989 using a sample design based on the technique of replication in time. Three dominant species (rock crab, Cancer irroratus; little skate; Raja erinacea; and winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus) and total demersal finfish, collected by otter trawl, showed no statistically significant ...
Science leadership: Is it what you know, who you know or who you are?

This paper examines the factors associated with the attainment of leadership positions of men and women academic scientists. Based on the literature, we develop hypotheses for three determinants of leadership: social relationships, reputation, and gender. Social relationships concern the importance of the network connections; reputation recognizes the importance of science ability; characteristics include individual traits such as gender. We test the resulting model on the likelihood of attaining three different types of academic science leadership - center leadership, university administrative leadership, and discipline leadership. Regression analysis uses data from a National Science Foundation funded survey of scientists in which social network, attitudinal and behavior data were collected to understand how social networks affect career trajectories of men and women. Findings show that while science reputation is strongly associated with center and discipline leadership, it is less strongly associated with administrative leadership. Also, large dense collaboration networks are important for center leadership, but the opposite is true for administrative leadership. Women are more likely to be in discipline leadership positions and less likely to be a leader of a research center or have an administrative university leadership position. Finally, having more women in the network reduces the likelihood of attaining discipline or center leadership positions. Conclusions interpret findings for policy and theory.
Preferential detection of the Lehmann discontinuity beneath continents

We perform a global survey for the presence of the Lehmann discontinuity using ∼20,000 long-period SS precursors. This data set is highly sensitive to upper mantle reflectors and the coverage is more complete than in previous studies. Our survey indicates that the Lehmann discontinuity is a local feature that is observed under continents more than twice as often as it is observed under oceans. We observe significant variations in travel times and waveforms associated with this shallow mantle reflector, indicating its complexity and lateral depth variations. Little signal is detected on the continent-scale stacks of the SS precursors, which provides further evidence for the intermittent and variable nature of the Lehmann discontinuity.
Alumina substrates with cylindrical parallel pores

Abstract Alumina foils incorporating parallel, cylindrical pores, of about 180 A diameter, were prepared by anodizing thin (2.5–250 μm) aluminum sheets in oxalic acid at room temperature. Electron micrographs show that pores with narrow size distribution were formed. Such samples may be useful for characterizing mass transport with reaction in catalyst pores in single pellet reactors.
Drug Evaluations: Drug Evaluation Central & Peripheral Nervous Systems: ‘Seroquel’ (quetiapine): Preclinical and clinical findings of a new atypical antipsychotic

This article first briefly reviews the preclinical findings of ‘Seroquel’ (quetiapine, Zeneca Pharmaceuticals), a novel dibenzothiazepine antipsychotic agent in late-stage clinical development, especially with respect to its potential as an atypical antipsychotic with a pharmacological profile similar to clozapine, but without the significant side-effects associated with clozapine. The rest of the article is a detailed review of the clinical studies of quetiapine completed to date. These include three placebo-controlled studies (Studies 4, 6, and 8), one open-labelled study (Study 5), and one study in which quetiapine was compared to chlorpromazine (Study 7). Details of the study designs and the efficacy, safety, and tolerability analyses are provided, and a summary of the results of each study is presented. Based on the findings in these five studies, quetiapine appears to be an effective antipsychotic agent for the treatment of both the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia, with efficacy that...
Mechanism of Generation of Spontaneous Miniature Outward Currents (SMOCs) in Retinal Amacrine Cells

A subtype of retinal amacrine cells displayed a distinctive array of K+ currents. Spontaneous miniature outward currents (SMOCs) were observed in the narrow voltage range of −60 to −40 mV. Depolarizations above approximately −40 mV were associated with the disappearance of SMOCs and the appearance of transient (Ito) and sustained (Iso) outward K+ currents. Ito appeared at about −40 mV and its apparent magnitude was biphasic with voltage, whereas Iso appeared near −30 mV and increased linearly. SMOCs, Ito, and a component of Iso were Ca2+ dependent. SMOCs were spike shaped, occurred randomly, and had decay times appreciably longer than the time to peak. In the presence of cadmium or cobalt, SMOCs with pharmacologic properties identical to those seen in normal Ringer's could be generated at voltages of −20 mV and above. Their mean amplitude was Nernstian with respect to [K+]ext and they were blocked by tetraethylammonium. SMOCs were inhibited by iberiotoxin, were insensitive to apamin, and eliminated by nominally Ca2+-free solutions, indicative of BK-type Ca2+-activated K+ currents. Dihydropyridine Ca2+ channel antagonists and agonists decreased and increased SMOC frequencies, respectively. Ca2+ permeation through the kainic acid receptor had no effect. Blockade of organelle Ca2+ channels by ryanodine, or intracellular Ca2+ store depletion with caffeine, eradicated SMOCs. Internal Ca2+ chelation with 10 mM BAPTA eliminated SMOCs, whereas 10 mM EGTA had no effect. These results suggest a mechanism whereby Ca2+ influx through L-type Ca2+ channels and its subsequent amplification by Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release via the ryanodine receptor leads to a localized elevation of internal Ca2+. This amplified Ca2+ signal in turn activates BK channels in a discontinuous fashion, resulting in randomly occurring SMOCs.
Passing the Red Pen: EvoS Journal Offers an Early Education in Peer Review

EvoS Journal: The Journal of the Evolutionary Studies Consortium is the open-access, peer-reviewed journal borne of the EvoS (Evolutionary Studies) Consortium movement. The journal has two separate, yet related goals: to publish scholarly articles regarding the intersection of higher education and evolutionary theory, and to publish articles written and reviewed by undergraduates that incorporate an evolutionary perspective. Undergraduates who publish and review for EvoS Journal get the chance to see their work published alongside that of experts within the field of evolutionary studies, and to see the interdisciplinary and widespread applications of evolutionary theory to human life and beyond. The current study examines whether the interdisciplinary nature of EvoS Journal and its initiation of students into the peer-review process set EvoS Journal apart from more traditional undergraduate journals. EvoS Journal was compared to other journals listed by the Council for Undergraduate Research. While EvoS Journal mirrors many traditional undergraduate journals in their employment of student reviewers and publishing work originating from any U.S. institution, it differs by both its interdisciplinary focus and by serving as an outlet for both student and professional publications. The implications are discussed in terms of the benefits of interdisciplinary and peer-review training to students in the classroom, including improvements in writing, interpersonal relations, and real-world skills.
Effects of certain lipid compounds on growth and asexual multiplication of Mesocestoides corti (Cestoda) tetrathyridia

Abstract The effects of Williams and Law mixture (W-L), farnesol (juvenile hormone mimics), ecdysterone (molting hormone analog), cholesterol, and stigmasterol on growth and asexual reproduction of Mesocestoides corti larvae in vivo and in vitro were studied. W-L and ecdysterone stimulated an increase in larval asexual reproduction under in vivo conditions, however, cholesterol had no effect on the larvae in vivo. In vitro, cholesterol stimulated a slight increase in reproduction but had no effect on growth; stigmasterol appeared to be somewhat detrimental to the larvae. In vitro, W-L, farnesol, and ecdysterone stimulated by varying amounts an increase in growth (as measured by larval size) and asexual reproduction. Lipid extraction of M. corti larvae and Hymenolepis diminuta adults, followed by a series of thin-layer chromatograms, yielded 2 compounds (I-B and I-D) which affected M. corti larvae in vitro. These 2 compounds stimulated increased growth of the M. corti larvae and to some extent an increase in asexual reproduction.
How Latin America fell behind : essays on the economic histories of Brazil and Mexico, 1800-1914

Contents 1. HABER STEPHEN 2. LEFF NATHANIEL H. 3. CARDENAS ENRIQUE 4. SUMMERHILL WILLIAM 5. MARICHAL CARLOS 6. HABER STEPHEN 7. CHOWNING MARGARET 8. SALVUCCI RICHARD J. 9. HABER STEPHEN KLEIN HERBERT S. 10. ENGERMAN STANLEY L. SOKOLOFF KENNETH L.
Performance characteristics of the Indiana University Medical Center endometrial sampler (Tao Brush) in an outpatient office setting, first year's outcomes: recognizing histological patterns in cytology preparations of endometrial brushings.

Following successful hysterectomy-controlled trials, Tao brush endometrial cytology with liquid fixation was offered to clinicians for office use. This report recounts our first year's cytology and correlative histology outcomes. One hundred thirteen cases were accrued. Correlative tissue examinations comprising Pipelle (Prodimed, Neuilly-en-Thelle, France) biopsy, hysteroscopy and biopsy, dilatation and curettage, and hysterectomy were available at this institution for 59 cases. In 42 cases, cytology diagnoses could be compared to histology diagnoses. Twenty-five of 63 normal brushings were followed up. Fourteen were normal. Eleven Pipelle biopsies of cytologically atrophic endometrium were quantitatively limited and insufficient for diagnosis. Thirty-seven cases were abnormal, and 15 of these showed nuclear anaplasia. Twenty-eight of the abnormal cases were followed up. All correlative tissue examinations confirmed an abnormality. All 15 cases with nuclear anaplasia showed significant histopathology comprising atypical endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia (EIN), endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma (EIC), and invasive adenocarcinoma. There were 13 inadequate endometrial brushings. Three cases had insufficient cellular material. The remaining 10 cases were cellular but were chiefly cervical/endocervical samples. Two of the cellular cases resulted from clinicians failing to replace the protective sheath over the brush bristles before removing the Tao brush from the endometrial cavity. The remaining 11 cases resulted from inaccessibility of the uterine cavity due to a tight or stenotic cervix. The Tao brush is a reliable uterine sampling device that performs well as a diagnostic tool for outpatient assessment of the endometrium of women with patent cervices. An advantage of endometrial cytology is that it accurately represents atrophic endometrium, and it is an effective case-finding tool for EIN and EIC. Women with tight or stenotic cervices are poor candidates for endometrial brushing, and may experience pain if the procedure is attempted. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2000;22:186–195. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Issues in the Computer-based Assessment of Collaborative Problem Solving

Collaborative problem solving skills are considered necessary skills for success in today's world of work and school. Collaborative learning refers to learning environments in which small groups of...
Performance Prediction of a Vanadium Redox Battery for Use in Portable, Scalable Microgrids

Vanadium redox batteries (VRBs) have proven to be a viable energy storage technology for portable microgrids due to their rechargeability and high energy density. VRBs exhibit parasitic load loss during operation due to pumping of electrolyte across the membrane during charging and discharging cycles, as well as required temperature control in the form of heating, ventilation and air conditioning. This paper focuses on empirically characterizing VRB efficiency based on known climatic operating conditions and load requirements. A model is created to determine system performance based on known climatic and load data collected and analyzed over an extended time period. A case study is performed using known data for a week time period to characterize system performance, which was compared to actual system performance observed during this same time period. This model allows for appropriate sizing of the PV array and discretionary loads based on required energy density of the system.
Middle Cerebral Artery Embolectomy and Prolonged Widespread Vasospasm

Cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage due to ruptured aneurysms has been discussed extensively during the past decade. Spasm involving the cerebral arteries also has been described in severe head injuries, infections, hypertensive encephalopathy and migraine. However, it has not been reported in cerebral embolism or following reconstructive cerebrovascular operations. Widespread and prolonged cerebral vasospasm was recently observed angiographically in a 40-year-old patient two weeks after a middle cerebral artery embolectomy. Although the repaired artery was patent, the patient's neurological recovery was slow and incomplete. With the increasing interest in cerebral microvascular procedures, more examples of vasospasm may be seen in the future. Its frequency and possible ill effects on neurological recovery and patency of the repaired artery, nevertheless, cannot be evaluated with certainty unless early postoperative angiograms are carried out.
Untransformed first observation problem in regression model with moving average process

This paper shows the impact of underestimation of variance of an estima-tor when first observation is left untransformed to simplify the computational procedure. In fact, the bias of the variance is not diminishing even for large sample size for the model considered. By partitioning the covariance matrix into two parts, this paper explains why least square estimator with untrans-formed first observation shows such a consequence. To demonstrate this, an exact GLS estimator is developed by modifying an approximate estimator. Nonetheless, the computational simplicity remains same.
Analytical Response for the Prototypic Nonlinear Mass-Spring-Damper System

In this paper, a procedure to analytically develop an approximate nonlinear solution for the prototypic nonlinear mass-spring-damper system based on multi-dimensional convolution expansion theory is offered. An analytical nonlinear step response is also conducted to characterize the overall system response. The developed analytical step response provides an illumination for the source of differences between nonlinear and linear responses such as initial departure time, differences in settling times and steady value, and non-symmetric response. Feasibility of the proposed implementation is assessed by a numerical example. The developed kernel-based model shows the ability to predict, understand, and analyze the system behavior beyond that attainable by linear-based model.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Market-based collaborative control of distributed multiple product development projects

Due to the widespread availability of the Internet large scale distributed projects in manufacturing are becoming popular. We present a distributed, collaborative, and adaptive control approach for distributed multiple product development projects (DMPDP), which is a representative project environment in modern e-enterprises. In DMPDP environment, multiple project groups share and compete for limited resources to achieve their own goals. On the other hand, the shared resource divisions try to utilize their resources efficiently. We suggest that this kind of situation can be well modeled and efficiently solved by using two novel approaches: multiagent based information infrastructure and market-based control mechanism. In this paper, we formalize the DMPDP control problem, and propose a market-based negotiation mechanism called sequential market clearing (SMC) protocol. For clear presentation, some of information system design and implementation issues are also presented.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Biochemical Balance and Synchronized Cell Cultures

IN cell biochemistry, it is desirable to have criteria for identifying abnormal changes resulting from experimental manipulation, especially during the induction of synchrony. For this purpose, use has been made of the concept of unbalanced growth, first introduced by Cohen and Barner1, to explain the death of a thymine-requiring mutant of Escherichia coli as a result of continued cytoplasmic synthesis in the absence of proportional DNA synthesis. Most people who use this concept are doubtless aware that its foundation must be in the biochemical processes within individual cells and that the fundamental definition of “balance” should be at the cellular level. There are, however, examples in the literature in which it is concluded, on the basis of changes in the gross composition of mammalian cell cultures in which the age distribution of cells is changing, that growth is “unbalanced” without proper consideration of the possibility that the changes might result merely from redistribution of individual cells in the several phases of the life cycle, rather than from significant changes in their composition.
Endoscopic ultrasound–guided fine-needle injection

With the development of linear array echoendoscopes and the ability to perform endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided fine-needle aspiration, the delivery of therapeutic agents with fine-needle injection (FNI) emerged. EUS-guided FNI is an attractive delivery system because of its minimal invasiveness and low complication rate. This approach is effective in performing celiac plexus neurolysis for pain relief in patients with pancreatic cancer. The most exciting area of interest involves the delivery of antitumor agents in patients with locally advanced cancer, such as cancer of the pancreas or esophagus. The involvement of EUS-guided FNI in tumor therapy adds a host of potential new applications that continue to swing the pendulum of EUS from a diagnostic to a therapeutic modality.
Protein Synthesis in Tomato Fruit Pericarp Tissue During Ripening. Characteristics of Amino Acid Incorporation

Summary Incorporation of radioactive amino acids into TCA-insoluble fractions of tomato fruit pericarp tissues declined throughout the period from immature green to the fully-ripe stage. Incorporation was strongly inhibited by 7.5μ/ml cycloheximide and little affected by 100μ/ml chloramphenicol in both mature-green and ripe tissues, suggesting that protein synthesis in mature tomato fruit tissue is largely directed by cytoplasmic ribosomes. Uptake of labeled amino acids and specific activity of 14 C-ethylene produced from 14 C-methionine also declined with ripening, but not as greatly as did incorporation. It was concluded that lower uptake could not account for the lower incorporation and that an overall decline in protein synthesis occurred during ripening. Autoradiographs, from two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of extracts from tissues labeled with 35 S-methionine, showed a large array of polypeptides ranging from low to high molecular weight. A computerized analysis of gel autoradiographs indicated changed labeling patterns at each stage between immature-green and red stages. Labeling in certain proteins was constant, while others were labeled to lesser or greater extent, and some new proteins were synthesized during ripening. The results suggest that ripening involves new or enhanced gene expression, as well as repression of other genes.
Glucose-6-Phosphatase Activity in Various Sheep Tissues.∗

SummaryGlucose-6-phosphatase activity was estimated in various sheep tissues. It was appreciable in liver and kidney, detectable in intestine and salivary gland, but negligible in brain, muscle, stomach, rumen epithelium and mammary gland. The results suggest the relative importance of these tissues in contributing glucose to the blood in sheep. They indicate particularly the relatively small potential role of sheep intestinal wall as a source of blood glucose.
Selective inhibition of the anchorage-independent growth of myc-transfected fibroblasts by retinoic acid.

Selective inhibition of the anchorage-independent growth of myc-transfected fibroblasts by retinoic acid
The history of cardiovascular magnetic resonance.

The most beautiful experience we can have is the mysterious. It is the fundamental emotion that stands at the cradle of true art and true science …Albert Einstein ([1][1]) Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has developed progressively during the past 3 decades. It began in the 1970s as a
Clinical entity recognition using structural support vector machines with rich features

Named entity recognition (NER) is an important task for natural language processing (NLP) of clinical text. Conditional Random Fields (CRFs), a sequential labeling algorithm, and Support Vector Machines (SVMs), which is based on large margin theory, are two typical machine learning algorithms that have been widely applied to NER tasks, including clinical entity recognition. However, Structural Support Vector Machines (SSVMs), an algorithm that combines the advantages of both CRFs and SVMs, has not been investigated for clinical text processing. In this study, we applied the SSVMs algorithm to the Concept Extraction task of the 2010 i2b2 clinical NLP challenge, which was to recognize entities of medical problems, treatments, and tests from hospital discharge summaries. Using the same training (N = 27,837) and test (N = 45,009) sets in the challenge, our evaluation showed that the SSVMs-based NER system required less training time, while achieved better performance than the CRFs-based system for clinical entity recognition, when same features were used. Our study also demonstrated that rich features such as unsupervised word representations improved the performance of clinical entity recognition. When rich features were integrated with SSVMs, our system achieved a highest F-measure of 85.74% on the test set of 2010 i2b2 NLP challenge, which outperformed the best system reported in the challenge by 0.5%.
A study of the 1s core region of atomic magnesium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Abstract The 1s core region of atomic magnesium has been measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy using AlKα (1486.6 eV) radiation in order to determine the energy and intensity of the main satellite corresponding to 3 s → 4 s excitation accompanying core ionization. It was found to lie at 11.56 eV higher bonding energy than the main 1s−1 peak, with a relative intensity of 17%. The accent ab initio Cl calculation of Kosugi and Kuroda gives a separation which is in good agreement with experiment but somewhat overestimates the relative intensity.
The challenge of modeling interglacial CO2 and CH4 trends

Abstract A vigorous debate about the early anthropogenic explanation of greenhouse-gas increases in the late Holocene has been underway for years, but what about the current status of natural explanations for the gas trends? Modelers have called on a wide range of natural factors to explain the Holocene gas increases but have not yet converged on an explanation. No model has yet reproduced both the upward gas trends during the Holocene and the downward gas trends during previous interglaciations.
Rock Physics As the Basis For Inverting Geophysical Observations

This is the first in a series of papers demonstrating the application of rock physics as the linchpin in inverting geophysical measurements to predict engineering and geologic rock and fluid properties. This paper establishes the importance of having accurate rock physics models for inversion. It highlights many of the effects that need to be incorporated into an analytical rock physics model, which is our preferred embodiment. The papers following this one (Baechle et al., 2008; Chen et al., 2008a; Chen et al., 2008b; Deffenbaugh et al., 2008; Xu et al., 2008) discuss in more detail aspects of the rock physics model in carbonates, its use in 4-D applications, and its validation with computational rock physics techniques.
Modal Parameter Estimation for Piezostructures

This paper is motivated by the need for consistency between piezostructure measurements and existing modal analysis approaches. Fundamental relationships are developed which reveal that the existing framework of traditional modal analysis approaches can be used to estimate modal parameters which describe the piezostructure dynamics. The modal analysis technique is a frequency domain method where the relationship between pole-residue models for conventional structures and piezostructures is developed. Since typical arrangements of piezoelectric sensors and actuators for modal testing lead to ambiguous mode shape estimates, the use of sensoriactuator transducers provides critical drive-point response information. Also, the existence of a transformation between the structure's modal matrix and the piezostructure's electromechanical coupling matrix is shown. It is shown that combining the results of a traditional modal test and a piezostructure modal test enables a modal filtering operation which produces experimental measurements of the electromechanical coupling matrix. This method of modal analysis of a piezostructure is demonstrated numerically for a cantilevered beam.