cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitation of O6-ethyldeoxyguanosine in ENU alkylated DNA by polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies.

Rabbit polyclonal and mouse monoclonal antibodies were developed against O6-ethylguanosine conjugated with keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) and a modified enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) were established for the determination of antigen-antibody binding and quantitation of potentially mutagenic O6-ethyldeoxyguanosine (O6-EtdGuo) in DNA treated with ethylnitrosourea (ENU) in vitro and in vivo. Optimum as well as reproducible antibody binding could be observed with conjugate concentrations at 0.1 ng/well immobilized by overnight drying at 37 degrees C. RIA was several-fold more sensitive than ELISA in detecting inhibition with O6-EtdGuo requiring 0.1 pmol for the 50% inhibition of tracer-antibody binding. In competitive inhibition assays with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, a linear dose resonse relation was obtained with DNA hydrolyzates alkylated in vitro with increasing concentrations of ENU. Significantly lower modification levels, e.g., 16.0 fmol O6-EtdGuo, at an O6-EtdGuo/dGuo molar ratio of 2.6 X 10(-7) in a hydrolyzate of 80 micrograms rat liver DNA ethylated in vivo with 10 micrograms ENU/g body weight was determined immunologically. The rate of elimination of O6-EtdGuo determined in human fetal kidney epithelial cells treated with 0.65 mM ENU showed that 50% of initial O6-EtdGuo was removed within 1 h followed by a slow phase of repair with 23% remaining at 8 h post-treatment.
The urban hydrology and hydraulic engineering at the classic maya site of Palenque

This research explores a new method for the study of urban hydrology and hydraulics at the ancient Maya site of Palenque in Chiapas, Mexico. The conceptual hydrologic framework together with modern digital terrain, landcover class and soils are used to create virtual assessments of how various climate and landuse scenarios may have impacted the long-term hydrology and streamflow conditions for the Palenque watershed and urban center. The utility of understanding how landscape alteration and climate affect a watershed’s function and output is a critical component of modern and ancient water management studies. In this study we evaluate the hydraulic design of the water management features at Palenque against extreme meteorological events over 100 year periods during Maya occupation. We pose the question: How successful were the Maya in coping with droughts, floods and water supply that evolve from their own hydraulic designs and urban hydrologic manipulations? The hydroarchaeological method demonstrated here is shown to be a plausible strategy for evaluating the impact of Maya water manipulation strategies on urban development.
Third-harmonic nonlinear reflection from a liquid with adjustable momentum matching

Abstract A laser beam is refleted from a liquid whose refractive index is tuned by anomalous dispersion. An increased third harmonic signal is observed near the critical angle when the liquid is momentum matched. A comparison with theory is given.
Software-Directed Data Access Scheduling for Reducing Disk Energy Consumption

Most existing research in disk power management has focused on exploiting idle periods of disks. Both hardware power-saving mechanisms (such as spin-down disks and multi-speed disks) and complementary software strategies (such as code and data layout transformations to increase the length of idle periods) have been explored. However, while hardware power-saving mechanisms cannot handle short idle periods of high-performance parallel applications, prior code/data reorganization strategies typically require extensive code modifications. In this paper, we propose and evaluate a compiler-directed data access (I/O call) scheduling framework for saving disk energy, which groups as many data requests as possible in a shorter period, thus creating longer disk idle periods for improving the effectiveness of hardware power-saving mechanisms. As compared to prior software based efforts, it requires no code or data restructuring. We evaluate our approach using six application programs in a cluster-based simulation environment. The experimental results show that it improves the effectiveness of both spin-down disks and multi-speed disks with doubled power savings on average.
Computational results with a primal-dual subproblem simplex method

The two main ideas implemented are a primal-dual subproblem simplex method and a compact matrix storage scheme to speed up linear programming solution times. Two classes of problems are solved: crew-pairing optimization and cutting stock. The matrix storage schemes are different for these two problem classes, and the one for cutting stock is a hybrid using dynamic programming ideas.
Induced α Helix in the VP16 Activation Domain upon Binding to a Human TAF

Activation domains are functional modules that enable sequence-specific DNA binding proteins to stimulate transcription. The structural basis for the function of activation domains is poorly understood. A combination of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and biochemical experiments revealed that the minimal acidic activation domain of the herpes simplex virus VP16 protein undergoes an induced transition from random coil to α helix upon binding to its target protein, hTAFII31 (a human TFIID TATA box–binding protein-associated factor). Identification of the two hydrophobic residues that make nonpolar contacts suggests a general recognition motif of acidic activation domains for hTAFII31.
Doing institutional analysis: implications for the study of innovations

The study of institutions and innovativeness is presently high on the agenda of the social sciences. There is increasing concern with how a society's innovativeness is associated with its international competitiveness. And as scholars study why the innovative styles of societies vary there has been increasing concern with how the institutional makeup of a society influences its particular style of innovativeness. However, before there can be significant advance in the study of this problem, it is important that we have a better understanding of what constitutes institutional analysis. Every social science discipline – with the exception of psychology – has at least one distinctive strategy for doing institutional analysis. And it is because of the lack of consensus as to the appropriate boundaries and content of institutional analysis that we have limited ability to make theoretical advances in understanding how the institutional makeup of a society impacts on its innovativeness. Recognizing that this is ...
Dimethyl Sulfoxide Suppresses NMDA- and AMPA-Induced Ion Currents and Calcium Influx and Protects against Excitotoxic Death in Hippocampal Neurons

Abstract Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is widely used in neuroscience research as a solvent for various pharmacological agents in both cell culture and in vivo studies and is also used in humans to treat musculoskeletal problems and pain. We now report that concentrations of DMSO to which neurons are typically exposed in experimental studies and in human patients (0.5–1.5%) inhibit glutamate responses in hippocampal neurons. DMSO suppresses, in a rapidly reversible manner, electrophysiological responses and calcium influx induced by glutamate, N -methyl- d -aspartate, and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate. Moreover, DMSO can prevent excitotoxic death of the neurons. These findings have important implications for the use of DMSO as a solvent in studies that involve glutamatergic neurotransmission. Our data also identify a mechanism that might explain clinical effects of DMSO on both peripheral and CNS neurons and suggest a potential use for DMSO in the treatment of excitotoxic neurodegenerative conditions.
Ethanol tolerance: Evidence of “protective” effects on brains of adult rats

Previous research with two biochemical markers of acute ethanol damage (sialic acid and 2-deoxyribose) raised the possibility that tolerance developed by chronic ingestion of ethanol could protect brain cells from "damaging" effects of large, acute doses of ethanol. However, this hypothesis required demonstration that chronic consumption was not damaging. This issue was investigated histologically in adult rats that voluntarily consumed massive doses of ethanol daily (range of 11 to 18 gm/kg/rat/day) for 28 days. By all indices (thickness measures of neocortex, hippocampus, and cerebellar molecular layer; and specific cell counts of neocortex and cerebellum), none of the ethanol-exposed rats, even those with intentional nutritional deficiencies, revealed any physical sign of damage compared to control rats. Language: en
Cellular and subcellular localization of 3H-estradiol or its metabolites in the pituitary of the neonatal female rat.

Bei 2 Tage alten Ratten wurde markiertes Oestradiol-17β injiziert. Im Hypophysenvorderlappen waren weniger als 10% der Zellkerne markiert. Diese Zellen befanden sich vorwiegend in der Peripherie. Im Zwischen- und Hinterlappen fanden sich keine markierten Zellen. Eine Vorbehandlung mit nicht markiertem Oestradiol hemmte die nukleare Aufnahme der Radioaktivitat, was beweist, dass diese mit Oestradiol oder dessen Metaboliten verbunden sein muss.
Loss of functional sperm entry into Xenopus eggs after activation correlates with a reduction in surface adhesivity.

Abstract In Xenopus, the plasma membrane of the unactivated egg is receptive to sperm only in the animal hemisphere ( R. Grey, M. Bastiani, D. Webb, and E. Schertel, 1982, Dev. Biol.89, 475–487 ). The reinsemination experiments of investment-free eggs reported in this paper demonstrate that functional sperm entry is lost after activation. Supernumerary sperm were excluded even though the fertilization envelope was absent and the membrane potential had returned to the level found in the unfertilized egg. Even when the electrical block to polyspermy was suppressed by 40 mM NaI (which reduces the membrane potential), polyspermy could be induced only if denuded eggs were initially inseminated in this medium. We estimate that the loss of functional sperm entry, independent of the electrical block, occurs during the first 10 min following fertilization. Sperm readily adhere to the surface of the animal hemisphere of unactivated eggs divested of their extracellular coats, but they do not adhere to the surface of activated eggs. Denuded eggs also adhere to each other, with the surface of the animal hemisphere of unactivated eggs exhibiting the greatest degree of adhesivity. We used electric field-induced fusion (EFIF), without prior dielectrophoresis, to quantify the regional and temporal adhesiveness of eggs. At electric field strengths greater than 8 V/cm, the probability of fusion during EFIF is highest with the animal hemisphere of unactivated eggs, moderate with both the vegetal hemisphere of unactivated eggs and the animal hemisphere of activated eggs, and lowest with the vegetal hemisphere of activated eggs. When pairs of eggs are constructed with different hemispheres in contact, the fusion characteristics of the pair are similar to the more adhesive member of the pair. The regional and temporal differences in the adhesiveness of the Xenopus egg surface correlate with its receptivity to sperm and could possibly account for the plasma membrane's activation-induced loss of functional sperm entry.
Experimental comparison of flow-injection analysis and air-segmented continuous flow analysis

Abstract A miniature continuous flow analyzer that can be configured for either air-segmented continuous flow analysis (c.f.a.) or flow-injection analysis (f.i.a.) was used to compare the performance of the two techniques in terms of sampling rates, samples and reagent consumption factors and analtical precision. Details of simply dye dispersion experiments and spectrophotometric chloride determinations are presented. Chloride determinations at rates of up to 360 determinations per hour could be achieved with either technique; sample and reagent consumption was less for the air-segmented flow system than for flow-injection systems equipped with either coiled open tubular reactors (0.05 cm i.d.) or single-bead-string reactors. The advantages of single-bead-string reactors for determinations by merging-zones f.i.a. are demonstrated. The c.f.a. and f.i.a. techniques are shown to be complementary, and the relative merits of each for various applications are discussed.
Linear Control of a Markov Production System

This paper presents a model of a facility that processes many jobs. Each job requires a sequence of activities. The sequence of activities required by a job is random because each activity ends with a test, and the outcome of that test determines the activity that must be performed next. Evolution from activity to activity is Markovian, i.e., is determined by transition probabilities. A few e.g., six different types of job can share this facility, each type having its own transition probabilities between the activities. Each activity takes place in a designated sector. Several activities can share a sector. Each sector has a capacity, and buffers of inventory serve to decouple the sectors. In this paper, we introduce a family of linear control rules that smooth the flow through each sector and regulate the amount of inventory in each buffer. The operating characteristics of each linear control rule are computed. These include the mean and variance of the flow into each sector, the inventory in each buffer, the throughput of the systems, and the cycle time. These operating characteristics are optimized by a convex nonlinear program.
Concordant eye movement and motion parallax asymmetries in esotropia

The role of eye movements in the perception of depth from motion was investigated in esotropia. Elevated motion parallax thresholds have been shown in strabismus [Thompson, A. M., & Nawrot, M. (1999). Abnormal depth perception from motion parallax in amblyopic observers. Vision Research, 39, 1407-1413] suggesting a global deficit in depth perception involving both stereopsis and motion. However, this motion parallax deficit in strabismus might be better explained by the role that eye movements play in motion parallax [Nawrot, M., & Joyce, L. (2006). The pursuit theory of motion parallax. Vision Research, 46, 4709-4725]. Esotropia is associated with asymmetric pursuit and optokinetic response eye movements [Demer, J. L., & von Noorden, G. K. (1988). Optokinetic asymmetry in esotropia. Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 25, 286-292; Schor, C. M., & Levi, D. M. (1980). Disturbances of small-field horizontal and vertical optokinetic nystagmus in amblyopia. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 19, 851-864; Tychsen, L., & Lisberger, S. G. (1986). Maldevelopment of visual motion processing in humans who had strabismus with onset in infancy. The Journal of Neuroscience, 6, 2495-2508; [Westall, C. A., Eizenman, M., Kraft, S. P., Panton, C. M., Chatterjee, S., & Sigesmund, D. (1998). Cortical binocularity and monocular optokinetic asymmetry in early-onset esotropia. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 39, 1352-1360.]. The first experiment demonstrates that the motion parallax deficit in esotropia mirrors the pursuit eye movement asymmetry: in the direction of normal pursuit, esotropic observers had normal depth from motion parallax. A second set of experiments, conducted in normal observers, demonstrates that this motion parallax deficit is not a secondary problem due to the retinal slip created by inadequate pursuit. These results underscore the role of pursuit eye movements in the perception of depth from motion parallax.
The Geriatric Patient with Central Nervous System Dysfunction

The clinical manifestations of central nervous system dysfunction (CNS) in geriatric patients present a serious challenge to all health care providers. As professionals knowledgeable in the neurophysiological basis of CNS dysfunction, physical and occupational therapists have a unique responsibility to upgrade the quality of rehabilitation services provided to the severely disabled elderly. Although the most well known neurophysiological approaches utilized by therapists have traditionally been applied to children with developmental disabilities, these therapeutic approaches can be effectively adapted to the geriatric patient with CNS dysfunction. In this article, Rood's sensorimotor approach, based upon neurophysiological and developmental concepts, is applied to sensorimotor problems commonly encountered by therapists in geriatric patients: poor weight bearing function, abnormal postures and movements, and flexor tightness leading to contracture. Intervention strategies are developed from the tonic/phas...
Aortic cholesterol accumulation correlates with systemic inflammation but not hepatic and gonadal adipose tissue inflammation in low-density lipoprotein receptor null mice

Abstract Inflammation is a major contributor to the development of atherosclerotic plaque, yet the involvement of liver and visceral adipose tissue inflammatory status in atherosclerotic lesion development has yet to be fully elucidated. We hypothesized that an atherogenic diet would increase inflammatory response and lipid accumulation in the liver and gonadal adipose tissue (GAT) and would correlate with systemic inflammation and aortic lesion formation in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor null (LDLr−/−) mice. For 32 weeks, LDLr−/− mice (n = 10/group) were fed either an atherogenic (high saturated fat and cholesterol) or control (low fat and cholesterol) diet. Hepatic and GAT lipid content and expression of inflammatory factors were measured using standard procedures. Compared with the control diet, the atherogenic diet significantly increased hepatic triglyceride and total cholesterol (TC), primarily esterified cholesterol, and GAT triglyceride content. These changes were accompanied by increased expression of acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 5, CD36, ATP-binding cassette, subfamily A, member 1 and scavenger receptor B class 1, and they decreased the expression of cytochrome P450, family 7 and subfamily a, polypeptide 1 in GAT. Aortic TC content was positively associated with hepatic TC, triglyceride, and GAT triglyceride contents as well as plasma interleukin 6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 concentrations. Although when compared with the control diet, the atherogenic diet increased hepatic tumor necrosis factor α production, they were not associated with aortic TC content. These data suggest that the LDLr−/− mice responded to the atherogenic diet by increasing lipid accumulation in the liver and GAT, which may have increased inflammatory response. Aortic TC content was positively associated with systemic inflammation but not hepatic and GAT inflammatory status.
Optimizing post-combustion CO2 capture in response to volatile electricity prices

Abstract Flexibly operating CO 2 capture at power plants allows a temporary increase in electrical output, which could help maintain grid reliability, meet peak demand, or improve profitability when electricity prices are high. This article presents a versatile optimization model that maximizes profits at a fossil-based power plant with CO 2 capture by operating in response to volatile electricity prices. The model is demonstrated for a 500 MW coal-fired unit using 7 molal monoethanolamine for post-combustion CO 2 capture. The importance of modeling electricity price volatility when valuing flexible capture is demonstrated by comparing model results to those from a first-order electricity dispatch model that does not incorporate price volatility. CO 2 emissions and plant economics are then compared for operation under three 20-year CO 2 price paths and four facility configurations: no CO 2 capture, inflexible CO 2 capture, flexible CO 2 capture that vents CO 2 at partial load, and flexible capture that uses solvent storage to mitigate venting at partial load. Flexible capture improves investment value over inflexible capture while maintaining substantial CO 2 emissions reductions, but economic benefits are greatest at low CO 2 prices where CO 2 capture investment might still be unjustifiable. Flexibility provides the greatest economic advantage if CO 2 prices are $40–50 per metric ton of CO 2 for a substantial portion of plant economic life. Solvent storage permits greater operating profits and lower CO 2 emissions than a venting-only flexible capture facility, but benefits can be offset by increased capital costs.
Ultrasonic wave propagation in temperature gradients

Ultrasonic methods are being developed for sensing and control of high temperature material processes such as welding and solidification. One of the problems in these methods is distortion of the sound field caused by the change in material properties due to temperature gradients. This paper describes two methods for calculating the effects of temperature on ultrasonic propagation in such systems. The first is a ray‐tracing method in which the material is conceptually divided into a number of plane layers. The refraction at each layer boundary is calculated from Snell's law using the sound speeds determined from the temperatures of the adjacent layers. The time required for an ultrasonic pulse to traverse each layer is also calculated, allowing the determination of the total time through a particular part. The method has been successfully applied to calculating the time of arrival of echoes from various interfaces around a molten weld pool. The second method numerically solves the partial differential equ...
NF-κB Induces cAMP-response Element-binding Protein Gene Transcription in Sertoli Cells

Abstract Spermatogenesis is dependent upon Sertoli cells, which relay hormonal signals and provide factors required for the differentiation and proliferation of germ cells. NF-κB transcription factors are constitutively expressed in the nuclei of Sertoli cells in rodent testis. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated that Sertoli NF-κB proteins specifically bind to κB enhancer motifs within the promoter of the cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) gene, an important mediator of hormonal signals that control spermatogenesis. Overexpression of NF-κB proteins in primary Sertoli and NIH 3T3 fibroblast cells induced the CREB promoter in transient transfection assays. Stimulation of Sertoli cells with tumor necrosis factor-α, an NF-κB-activating cytokine produced by round spermatids located adjacent to Sertoli cells, stimulated the elimination of IκB, the translocation of additional NF-κB to the nucleus, and increased NF-κB binding to CREB promoter κB enhancer elements. Tumor necrosis factor-α also stimulated transcription from the CREB promoter. These data demonstrate that NF-κB contributes to the up-regulation of CREB expression in Sertoli cells and raises the possibility that NF-κB may induce other Sertoli genes required for spermatogenesis. Furthermore, the CREB promoter is also inducible by NF-κB in NIH 3T3 cells suggesting that NF-κB may be a general regulator of CREB in non-testis tissues.
Follistatin-like 1, a Secreted Muscle Protein, Promotes Endothelial Cell Function and Revascularization in Ischemic Tissue through a Nitric-oxide Synthase-dependent Mechanism

Myogenic Akt signaling coordinates blood vessel recruitment with normal tissue growth. Here, we investigated the role of Follistatin-like 1 (Fstl1) in the regulation of endothelial cell function and blood vessel growth in muscle. Transgenic Akt1 overexpression in skeletal muscle led to myofiber growth that was coupled to an increase in muscle capillary density. Myogenic Akt signaling or ischemic hind limb surgery led to the induction of Fstl1 in muscle and increased circulating levels of Fstl1. Intramuscular administration of an adenoviral vector expressing Fstl1 (Ad-Fstl1) accelerated flow recovery and increased capillary density in the ischemic hind limbs of wild-type mice, and this was associated with an increase in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation at residue Ser-1179. In cultured endothelial cells, Ad-Fstl1 stimulated migration and differentiation into network structures and inhibited apoptosis under conditions of serum deprivation. These cell responses were associated with the activating phosphorylation of Akt and eNOS. Conversely, transduction with dominant-negative Akt or LY294002 blocked Fstl1-stimulated eNOS phosphorylation and inhibited Fstl1-stimulated cellular responses. Treatment with the eNOS inhibitor NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester also reduced endothelial cell migration and differentiation induced by Ad-Fstl1. The stimulatory effect of Ad-Fstl1 on ischemic limb reperfusion was abolished in mice lacking eNOS. These data indicate that Fstl1 is a secreted muscle protein or myokine that can function to promote endothelial cell function and stimulates revascularization in response to ischemic insult through its ability to activate Akt-eNOS signaling.
Fluent and Hesitation Pauses as a Function of Syntactic Complexity

The effect of syntactic complexity on fluent and hesitation pause durations was investigated. The stimuli consisted of five recorded sentences within which the words lost and contact were manipulat...
IκBγ, a 70 kd protein identical to the C-terminal half of p110 NF-κB: A new member of the IκB family

Abstract A cDNA corresponding to the 2.6 kb NF-κB mRNA species present in a variety of lymphoid cell lines has been molecularly cloned. The deduced 607 amino acid sequence is identical to the sequence of the C-terminal region of 110 kd NF-κB protein. A 70 kd protein can be identified in lymphoid cells using antibodies raised against the C-terminal region of p110 NF-κB. Comparison of the two-dimensional tryptic peptide maps of the 70 kd protein expressed in cells and the in vitro translated product encoded by the cDNA display extensive homology. The 70 kd protein expressed in bacteria prevents sequence-specific DNA binding of p50–p65 NF-κB heterodimer, p50 homodimer, and c-rel. p70 also interferes with transactivation by c-rel and prevents its nuclear translocation. The 70 kd protein, predominantly found in lymphoid cells, is a new member of the IκB family of proteins and is referred to as IκBγ.
Should we really avoid giving oxygen to mothers with concerning fetal heart rate patterns

We challenge a provocative article entitled "Oxygen for intrauterine resuscitation: of unproved benefit and potentially harmful" by Hamel et al in the August issue of the Journal. The authors contend there is no good evidence that oxygen administration to the mother of a fetus with a concerning fetal heart rate pattern prevents acidosis and that in theory such oxygen administration may actually or potentially do harm to the fetus. It is clear that oxygen is administered quite often to women in labor, especially to those with category II fetal heart rate patterns and, because more than 80% of women in labor have these patterns and the majority of these patterns are unlikely to be associated with significant fetal hypoxia, that such oxygen administration is greatly overused. We describe in this article evidence that oxygen given to the mother actually does improve fetal oxygenation, especially in hypoxemic fetuses, and make arguments that there really is no substantial evidence that, except in theory, maternal oxygen administration causes any harm to the fetus.
Ornithine-ketoacid transaminase activity in human skin and amniotic fluid cell culture.

Abstract l -Ornithine-2-oxoacid aminotransferase activity was detected in human diploid cells cultured from control skin biopsies, from amniotic fluids, and from the skin biopsy of a patient with the type of hyherornithinemia associated with homocitrullinuria and hyperammonemia. The potential usefulness of finding this enzyme activity in cultured human cells is discussed.
Workload Shaping to Mitigate Variability in Renewable Power Use by Data Centers

This paper explores the opportunity for energy saving in data centers using the flexibility from the Service Level Agreements (SLAs) and proposes a novel approach for scheduling workload that incorporates use of renewable energy sources. We investigate how much renewable power to store and how much workload to delay for increasing renewable usage while meeting latency constraints. We present an LP formulation for mitigating variability in renewable generation by dynamic deferral and give two online algorithms to determine optimal balance of workload deferral and power use. We prove the feasibility of the online algorithms and show that their worst case performances are bounded by constant factors with respect to the offline formulation. We validate our algorithms by trace-driven simulation on MapReduce workload and collected and publicly available wind and solar power generation data. Results show that the algorithms give 20-30% energy-savings compared to the naive 'follow the workload' policy.
Labor, Capital, and the State in Nasserist Egypt, 1952–1961

In the decade before the military coup of July 23, 1952, an increasingly militant workers' movement was an important component of the social and political upheaval that undermined the monarchy and ended the era of British colonialism in Egypt. The ebbs and flows of the labor movement coincided with successive upsurges of the nationalist movement. Working class participation in the nationalist struggle infused the movement for full independence and evacuation of British military forces with a radical social consciousness, and since workers’ strikes and demonstrations were often directed against foreign enterprises, the labor movement was commonly considered to be a component of the nationalist movement. The working class was a social battering ram destabilizing the old regime, and many nationalists encouraged and legitimized labor militancy.
Infection with Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii leading to a pulmonary cryptococcoma and meningitis.

Summary A patient who lived in Ohio, U.S.A., developed a large pulmonary cryptococcoma and meningitis as the result of infection with Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii , an organism of subtropical and tropical distribution. He had no obvious predisposing illness or condition associated with increased susceptibility to cryptococcosis. Although he was found to have cutaneous anergy, his lymphocytes showed significant transformation responses in vitro when cultured both with mitogens and with killed cryptococci. The meningitis responded to intrathecal amphotericin B. The crytptococcoma, however, did not resolve in response to vigorous antifungal therapy during a period of more than 4 months. Eventually, the cryptococcoma was surgically removed. This case is unusual both for the finding of C. neoformans var. gattii outside its apparent endemic area as well as for the clinical features of the disease.
Cocaine-induced sensitization correlates with testosterone in male Japanese quail but not with estradiol in female Japanese quail.

Abstract Research has indicated that gonadal hormones may mediate behavioral and biological responses to cocaine. Estrogen, in particular, has been shown to increase behavioral responding to cocaine in female rats relative to male rats. The current study investigated the effect of cocaine on locomotor activity and hormonal correlates in male and female Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). In Japanese quail, circulating hormone levels can be manipulated without surgical alterations via modifying the photoperiod. Male and female quail were housed on either 8L:16D (light:dark) or 16L:8D (light:dark) cycle for 21 days. Blood samples were taken prior to the beginning of the experiment and assays were performed to determine the levels of testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2). Quail were given injections of saline or cocaine (10 or 20 mg/kg) once a day for 10 days. Immediately after each injection, birds were placed in open field arenas and distance traveled was measured for 30 min. Results showed that male quail housed under long-light conditions exhibited cocaine-induced sensitization to 10 mg/kg cocaine which was correlated with the high levels of plasma T. Female quail housed under short-light conditions demonstrated sensitization to 10 mg/kg cocaine, but this was not correlated with the levels of plasma E2. The current findings suggest that cocaine-induced locomotor activity was associated with T in males but not with E2 in females.
The Role of Family History in Personal Prevention Practices among US Women Physicians

Objective: To document the role of physicians’ family history of cancer in terms of personal use of cancer preventive services and in recommending that patients receive such service
Expressive Speech Animation Synthesis with Phoneme-Level Controls

This paper presents a novel data-driven expressive speech animation synthesis system with phoneme-level controls. This system is based on a pre-recorded facial motion capture database, where an actress was directed to recite a pre-designed corpus with four facial expressions (neutral, happiness, anger and sadness). Given new phoneme-aligned expressive speech and its emotion modifiers as inputs, a constrained dynamic programming algorithm is used to search for best-matched captured motion clips from the processed facial motion database by minimizing a cost function. Users optionally specify ‘hard constraints’ (motion-node constraints for expressing phoneme utterances) and ‘soft constraints’ (emotion modifiers) to guide this search process. We also introduce a phoneme–Isomap interface for visualizing and interacting phoneme clusters that are typically composed of thousands of facial motion capture frames. On top of this novel visualization interface, users can conveniently remove contaminated motion subsequences from a large facial motion dataset. Facial animation synthesis experiments and objective comparisons between synthesized facial motion and captured motion showed that this system is effective for producing realistic expressive speech animations.
A Mysterious Meteorite

THE photograph here reproduced is of a meteoritic stone which was recently obtained by Mr. A. S. Kennard from a curio-dealer in Beckenham, Kent. All that could be discovered of its history was that it had been purchased at the sale of the effects of a local auctioneer named Harris. Hitherto also all efforts definitely to fix the locality given on the label have failed. Any help in the solution of the mystery will be welcomed by me.
Relationship Between Subsurface Damage and Wear of Dental Restorative Composites

Pin and disc wear measurements were made on a commercial dental composite over a stress range from 2.5 to 20 MPa. The wear rates were found to increase suddenly during wear at times which tended to decrease with increasing stress. The results are interpreted in terms of wear mode conversion which results from the build-up of subsurface damage during wear. Micrographs showing damaged layers are compared with those from restorations worn in vivo.
Solution of the gauge hierarchy problem

Abstract We propose a novel solution to the gauge hierarchy problem in theories with softly broken supersymmetry. Quantum effects can resuscitate classically sick theories, producing the large scale from the small supersymmetry breaking scale. We use this mechanism to construct realistic SU(6) and SU(5) GUTs which do not suffer from gauge hierarchy or fine tuning problems.
Confirmation From Family Members: Parent and Sibling Contributions to Adolescent Psychosocial Adjustment

Two studies examined the relationship between confirmation (i.e., validation, acceptance) by family members and adolescent psychosocial adjustment (i.e., self-esteem, strength of self-concept, and autonomy). Study 1 showed confirmation by parents was positively related to mid-adolescents' psychosocial adjustment. Study 2 showed that although late-adolescents perceived mothers as exhibiting greater confirmation than both fathers and siblings, a simultaneous assessment of mother, father, and sibling confirmation revealed that confirmation from both mothers and siblings significantly predicted psychosocial adjustment. Further, specific results from study 2 revealed that individual family members' confirmation may be related to different dimensions of adolescents' psychosocial adjustment.
TH-E-230A-07: Estimate of Radiobiological Parameters From Clinical Data for Treatment Planning of Liver Irradiation

Purpose: Several different dose fractionation regimens are being developed in clinical trials for liver irradiation. For example, RTOG is initiating a new hypofractionation regimen (RTOG 0438) to treatlivercancer patients. To evaluate the radiobiological equivalence between different regimens, which is useful in the design of these trials, requires reliable radiobiological parameters. The purpose of this work is to estimate a plausible set of such parameters for livertumor based on published clinical data. Method and Materials: A phenomenological expression inspired by the linear‐quadratic (LQ) formalism was developed to fit a series of clinical survival data for radiotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma patients. The data are from different institutes using different fractionation (e.g., 1.5, 1.8 or 4.88 Gy). The phenomenological expression consists of 6 fitting parameters including radiosensitivity parameters α and α/β, potential doubling time Tb, and clonogenic cell number K. The expression considers the prescription dose,dose per fraction, overall treatment time and the elapsed time at which the survival data were collected. We have developed an algorithm to take into account the tumor cell repopulation during the elapsed time. Results: The newly developed phenomenological expression was found to fit well to the available clinical data. Based on the fitting, we have estimated a set of plausible radiobiological parameters for livertumor: α/β = 12.8 ± 1.0 Gy, α 0.013 ± 0.002 Gy, the potential doubling time: 123 ± 9 days, and colonogenic cell number: 1302 ± 47. Using this set of parameters we have calculated a series of dose fractionation regimens that are biologically equivalent based on BED. Conclusion: A plausible set of radiobiological parameters have been obtained based on clinical data. These parameters may be used for radiation treatment planning of livertumor, in particular, for the design of new treatment regimens aimed for dose escalation.
Fish hypersensitivity. II: Clinical relevance of altered fish allergenicity caused by various preparation methods

In double-blind, placebo-controlled, oral food challenges with fish, a 12-fold higher false-negative rate was found compared with other food antigens. In an effort to elucidate this discrepancy, cooked lyophilized fish extracts (used in double-blind, placebo-controlled, oral food challenges) were compared with cooked, nonlyophilized fish extracts (used in open challenges) by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunoblot, and ELISA-inhibition assays. Altered fish allergenicity as a result of food processing was examined with canned tuna and salmon. Forty-five children and young adults with food allergies, including 18 patients with IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to fish, were challenged with canned tuna. All 45 challenges with canned tuna were negative. Two of these patients are allergic to salmon and also have negative reactions to challenges with canned salmon. In vitro investigation by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of tuna and salmon extracts revealed a striking loss of definable protein fractions in the canned fish extract when compared with raw and cooked fish extracts, and immunoblot analyses demonstrated minimal IgE-specific binding to the canned fish extracts. In addition, decreased allergenicity of the canned tuna and salmon was demonstrated by ELISA-inhibition assay and by negative oral challenges with canned salmon in two patients allergic to salmon. Collectively, these findings suggest that some of the major allergens responsible for IgE-mediated food allergy to fish are more labile than previously recognized.
Exploitable actions of believers in the “law of small numbers” in repeated constant-sum games

Abstract In repeated fixed-pair constant-sum games with unique equilibria in mixed strategies, such as matching pennies, the subgame perfect equilibrium is repeating the stage-game mixed-strategy equilibrium action. In such games rational players avoid strategies that are exploitable , in that current actions either deviate systematically from the equilibrium action probabilities or fail to be serially independent of past actions. I revisit classic experiments and find that subjects’ actions are sometimes exploitable because they are serially dependent. Subjects have difficulty in producing serially independent actions and in recognizing serially dependent sequences due to a bias called local representativeness.
Interrogating Conformationally Dependent Electron-Transfer Dynamics via Ultrafast Visible Pump/IR Probe Spectroscopy

We demonstrate for the first time the utility of time-resolved visible pump/mid-infrared (IR) probe spectroscopy to interrogate directly, and provide unique infomation regarding, conformationally dependent photoinduced ET dynamics and the subsequent structural evolution of the resulting charge-separated (CS) state. Exemplary polarized visible pump/IR probe experiments involving N-[5-(10,20-diphenylporphinato)zinc(II)]-N‘(octyl)pyromellitic diimide (PZn-PI) and [5-[4‘-(N-(N‘-octyl)pyromellitic diimide)phenyl)ethynyl]-10,20-diphenylporphinato]zinc(II) (PZn()PI) show that it is possible to assess the mean PZn-to-PI interplanar torsional angle of electronically excited structural conformers that undergo ET within the sub-ps time domain for both of these donor−spacer−acceptor (D-Sp-A) systems. Further transient specroscopic experiments carried out on PZn()PI determine how this angle evolves with time. Because vibrational transition moments are often known and typically localized, this work underscores that pol...
The GNU Ada runtime library (GNARL)

The GNu Ada Runtime Library (GNARL) is an implementation of Ada 9X tasking. It is designed to support the Gnu-NYU Ada Translator (GNAT), and is part of the GNAT distribution. This report describes the design of the interface which GNARL presents to compiler-generated code, some of the alternatives considered, and the motivation for choosing the current design. It also discusses the GNARL implementation, how it is intended to be layered over the services of an off-the-shelf commercial operating system, and the expected compiler translation of various Ada 9X tasking constructs.
Novel mechanism of regulation of the non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase Csk: insights from NMR mapping studies and site-directed mutagenesis.

Csk (C-terminal Src kinase), a protein tyrosine kinase, consisting of the Src homology 2 and 3 (SH2 and SH3) domains and a catalytic domain, phosphorylates the C-terminal tail of Src-family members, resulting in downregulation of the Src family kinase activity. The Src family kinases share 37 % homology with Csk but, unlike Src-family kinases, the catalytic domain of Csk alone is weakly active and can be stimulated in trans by interacting with the Csk-SH3 domain, suggesting a mode of intradomain regulation different from that of Src family kinases. The structural determinants of this intermolecular interaction were studied by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and site-directed mutagenesis techniques. Chemical shift perturbation of backbone nuclei (H′ and 15N) has been used to map the Csk catalytic domain binding site on the Csk-SH3. The experimentally determined interaction surface includes three structural elements: the N-terminal tail, a small part of the RT-loop, and the C-terminal SH3-SH2 linker. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that mutations in the SH3-SH2 linker of the wild-type Csk decrease Csk kinase activity up to fivefold, whereas mutations in the RT-loop left Csk kinase activity largely unaffected. We conclude that the SH3-SH2 linker plays a major role in the activation of the Csk catalytic domain.
White-light optical speech spectrogram generation.

A white-light optical processing technique of generating speech spectrogram is presented. The speech spectrograms thus generated are frequency color-coded resulting in easier visual discrimination. The temporal-to-spatial conversion of speech signal is accomplished by means of density modulation with a CRT scanner. The scaling procedure of the speech spectrogram as well as the frequency resolution limit of the system is discussed. Experimental demonstrations of the proposed frequency color coded speech spectrograms generated by the proposed white-light optical processing technique are given.
Capacity limitations in short-term memory in schizophrenia: tests of competing hypotheses.

Background. Capacity limitation theories have proved to be surprisingly resilient in characterizing some of the cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. However, this perspective has not generally been applied to short-term verbal memory tasks. We explored this issue by first attempting to ascertain if gross misallocations of processing resources might explain impairments in short-term memory in schizophrenia on a classic digit span task and in a second study by attempting to determine what effects delay and memory set size had on a divided attention short-term verbal memory paradigm. Methods. In the first study 16 patients with schizophrenia and 21 normal controls received 40 trials of a three digit task and 20 trials of a six digit span task. As the absolute number of digits presented and duration of presentation in two conditions were identical, subjects thus had equivalent ‘opportunities’ to make errors if distraction, in the sense of misallocation of cognitive resources, were at the root of poor performance. In the second study 15 patients with schizophrenia and 15 normal controls were tested in conditions in which two, four or six words were presented and in which rehearsal was prevented by an interference task (colour naming) for delays of 5, 10 or 15 s. Results. Patients had disproportionate difficulty on the six digit rather than the three digit condition, suggesting that deficits in the verbal working memory short-term store may not be the result of attentional factors. In the second study, patients' performance was differentially worsened by the interference task, by memory set size (i.e. a capacity limitation) and by delay, a measure of decay rate. Conclusions. In concert, these studies demonstrate that schizophrenia patients have difficulties on verbal short-term memory span tasks not because of misallocation of resources, but rather because of limitations in ‘representational capacity’ and maintenance of information over delays.
U3 Region in the HIV-1 Genome Adopts a G-Quadruplex Structure in Its RNA and DNA Sequence

Genomic regions rich in G residues are prone to adopt G-quadruplex structure. Multiple Sp1-binding motifs arranged in tandem have been suggested to form this structure in promoters of cancer-related genes. Here, we demonstrate that the G-rich proviral DNA sequence of the HIV-1 U3 region, which serves as a promoter of viral transcription, adopts a G-quadruplex structure. The sequence contains three binding elements for transcription factor Sp1, which is involved in the regulation of HIV-1 latency, reactivation, and high-level virus expression. We show that the three Sp1 binding motifs can adopt different forms of G-quadruplex structure and that the Sp1 protein can recognize and bind to its site folded into a G-quadruplex. In addition, a c-kit2 specific antibody, designated hf2, binds to two different G-quadruplexes formed in Sp1 sites. Since U3 is encoded at both viral genomic ends, the G-rich sequence is also present in the RNA genome. We demonstrate that the RNA sequence of U3 forms dimers with characteristics known for intermolecular G-quadruplexes. Together with previous reports showing G-quadruplex dimers in the gag and cPPT regions, these results suggest that integrity of the two viral genomes is maintained through numerous intermolecular G-quadruplexes formed in different RNA genome locations. Reconstituted reverse transcription shows that the potassium-dependent structure formed in U3 RNA facilitates RT template switching, suggesting that the G-quadruplex contributes to recombination in U3.