cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Methods for quantifying diplopia

Purpose: Methods for quantifying diplopia include 1) the Goldmann diplopia field, 2) the Cervical Range of Motion (CROM) method, evaluating 10 specific positions of gaze and 3) a Diplopia Questionnaire addressing 7 positions of gaze (rating diplopia as always, sometimes or never). We investigated how patients’ subjective perception of the severity of their diplopia (percent impact) related to scores obtained using each of these methods. Methods: 28 patients with acquired binocular diplopia due to strabismus were asked to rate the percent impact of their diplopia, based on all daily activities. Diplopia was also quantified using the Goldmann perimeter, CROM method and Diplopia Questionnaire. Scores were scaled from 0 to 100, where 0 was no diplopia and 100 was diplopia in all measured positions. Correlations between percent impact and diplopia measures were assessed using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) and mean values compared using t-tests. Results: Across all patients, the mean self-rated percent impact was 40% (range 0 to 100%). Mean scores using the CROM and Questionnaire were similar to percent impact (39% and 38% respectively), whereas Goldmann scores significantly overestimated severity when compared to perceived impact (51%, p<0.05). Percent impact was most closely correlated to the Questionnaire score (ICC=0.75). The most frequent reason for a higher Goldmann diplopia score was scoring of diplopia beyond 30 degrees. Conclusions: Quantifying diplopia using the CROM method and Diplopia Questionnaire better represents the perceived impact of patients’ diplopia than scores obtained on the Goldmann perimeter. The CROM method and Diplopia Questionnaire may prove useful instruments for clinical evaluation of diplopic patients and in future clinical trials.
Forward modeling of GPS multipath for near-surface reflectometry and positioning applications

Multipath is detrimental for both GPS positioning and timing applications. However, the benefits of GPS multipath for reflectometry have become increasingly clear for soil moisture, snow depth, and vegetation growth monitoring. Most multipath forward models focus on the code modulation, adopting arbitrary values for the reflection power, phase, and delay, or they calculate the reflection delay based on a given geometry and keep reflection power empirically defined. Here, a fully polarimetric forward model is presented, accounting for right- and left-handed circularly polarized components of the GPS broadcast signal and of the antenna and surface responses as well. Starting from the fundamental direct and reflected voltages, we have defined the interferometric and error voltages, which are of more interest in reflectometry and positioning applications. We examined the effect of varying coherence on signal-to-noise ratio, carrier phase, and code pseudorange observables. The main features of the forward model are subsequently illustrated as they relate to the broadcast signal, reflector height, random surface roughness, surface material, antenna pattern, and antenna orientation. We demonstrated how the antenna orientation--upright, tipped, or upside-down--involves a number of trade-offs regarding the neglect of the antenna gain pattern, the minimization of CDMA self-interference, and the maximization of the number of satellites visible. The forward model was also used to understand the multipath signature in GPS positioning applications. For example, we have shown how geodetic GPS antennas offer little impediment for the intake of near-grazing reflections off natural surfaces, in contrast to off metal, because of the lack of diversity with respect to the direct signal--small interferometric delay and Doppler, same sense of polarization, and similar direction of arrival.
Chamber-specific Regulation of Heme Oxygenase-1 (Heat Shock Protein 32) in Right-sided Congestive Heart Failure

Heme oxygenase (HO)-1 is a stress protein (HSP 32) and, together with HO-2, catalyses oxidation of the heme molecule to generate carbon monoxide, a gas with vasodilatory properties, and bilirubin, an antioxidant. Right-sided heart failure (RHF) resulted in a two-fold increase in the HO-1 transcript (;1.8 kb) in the right ventricle (RV) of RHF dogs compared to that of controls. In contrast, the left ventricle showed no increase in HO-1 mRNA in RHF. The change in HO was unique to HO-1, because neither the HO-2 transcripts (;1.3 and 1.9 kb) nor the HSP 70 mRNA was altered in either ventricle. This increase in HO-1 mRNA in RV was accompanied by a two-fold increase in immunoreactive HO-1 protein, as judged by Western blot analysis, as well as by a significant increase in cGMP levels. There was, however, no significant increase in RV total nitric oxide synthase activity in RHF. Furthermore, since norepinephrine infusion also increased HO-1 transcript and protein levels, the HO-1 system probably was induced in RHF by the increased interstitial norepinephrine levels known to occur in failing myocardium. This differential regulation and induction of HO-1 gene in the failing ventricle might be one of the defense mechanisms by which the heart attempts to protect from stress caused by congestive heart failure.
Leaf litter processing in aquatic systems. A two variable model

A negative exponential model with one independent variable, days or accumulated time, was examined for adequacy as a descriptive equation for aquatic leaf litter processing. The effect of adding a second independent variable, degree days or accumulated temperature, to the model was also examined. The two variable negative exponential model was shown to have two advantages over the single variable model. The expanded model provided an adequate fit of litter processing data for more cases than the single variable model. Also, the two variable model allowed determination of rate coefficients corresponding to each temperature level of the experiment rather than assuming a single, constant rate coefficient as with the one variable model. The trends of the temperature dependent rate coefficients were useful for examining processing differences between experiments for different sites and seasons.
MO‐F‐BRC‐04: Is the External Point/marker a Good Surrogate for the Breast Surface Motion during the Left Breast DIBH Treatment?

Purpose: The ideal way of treating left breast DIBH is through direct breast surface matching. Many DIBH techniques, however, rely on a surrogate—external point/marker motion. We try to quantify the predictability of the breast surface motion using external point/marker. Methods: AlignRT Beam Hold system is applied to perform real‐time surface matching and the external point/marker tracking simultaneously. The skin rendering of breath hold CT scan is served as the reference. During the treatment, the patient surface is monitored and registered to the reference to calculate the corresponding distance (S(t)). Radiation beam is turned on when this distance is within a preselected threshold. The external point/marker tracking is implemented by tracking the vertical amplitude of a point in the center part of the left breast skin. The real‐time distance (P(t)) of the selected point to the corresponding reference point is calculated. A model is built to predict S(t) using P(t). Statistical and computational complexityanalyses are conducted. Results: 5 patients are included in this study. Based on our statistical analysis, S(t) can be modeled as a proportioned P(f). For each patient, the ratio is calculated for the first treatment day and applied on the subsequent days. The difference between the prediction and the true S(t) is calculated. The average standard deviations of the difference over all the treatment days are 1.69–2.85mm for different patient, which corresponds to 3.8%–14.6% error rate for 3mm threshold. The biggest standard deviation is from the patient with the largest breast. The computational complexity of the fast ICP based surface matching algorithm is O(N), and of the point/marker tracking is O(1). Conclusions: The breast surface motion and external point/marker tracking result do have strong correlation. Surface matching is more accurate at the price of higher computational complexity.
Decomposing geographic accessibility into component parts: methods and an application to hospitals

While many studies define and measure the geographic accessibility of facilities, research has failed to explain why the accessibility is high or low, except to conjecture that it has to do with (1) the number of facilities or (2) the locations of these facilities. We demonstrate that accessibility may also be low in a region because (3) the transportation network is inefficient or (4) the population distribution is difficult to serve with few facilities. This paper also develops measures for the degree each of these four factors affect accessibility using p-median and GIS techniques. An example is provided using hospital locations in four southern US states.
Analytic derivative couplings in time-dependent density functional theory: Quadratic response theory versus pseudo-wavefunction approach

We revisit the formalism for analytic derivative couplings between excited states in time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT). We derive and implement these couplings using quadratic response theory, then numerically compare this response-theory formulation to couplings implemented previously based on a pseudo-wavefunction formalism and direct differentiation of the Kohn-Sham determinant. Numerical results, including comparison to full configuration interaction calculations, suggest that the two approaches perform equally well for many molecular systems, provided that the underlying DFT method affords accurate potential energy surfaces. The response contributions are found to be important for certain systems with high symmetry, but can be calculated with only a moderate increase in computational cost beyond what is required for the pseudo-wavefunction approach. In the case of spin-flip TDDFT, we provide a formal proof that the derivative couplings obtained using response theory are identical to those obtained from the pseudo-wavefunction formulation, which validates our previous implementation based on the latter formalism.
How do voters form positive economic beliefs? Evidence from the Survey of Americans and Economists on the Economy

Beliefs about normative economics appear to be primarily determined by sociotropic rather than egocentric variables. (Sears & Funk, 1990; Citrin & Green, 1990) Using the Survey of Americans and Economists on the Economy, the current paper finds that the same holds for positiveeconomic beliefs in most – but not all – cases. This hinges on whether a question is “causal” or “non-causal”: Causal beliefs depend on sociotropic variables, especially education and ideology; non-causal beliefs, in contrast, depend on egocentric variables, with income growth playing the leading role. This is consistent with a cognitive model where actors answer easier questions using personal experience, and harder ones with ``off-the-shelf" theories.
Community Service Projects in Interior Design Curricula

This paper discusses the role of community service projects in interior design curricula, describes the theoretical context and benefits of experiential learning, and explores the relationship of community service projects to objectives of interior design curricula accredited by the Foundation for Interior Design Education Research (FIDER). In addition, the paper identifies and discusses problems and benefits related to including community service projects in interior design curricula, as well as project management, implementation, and evaluation issues. A case study of a successful community service project involving the rehabilitation of a multistory building into women's transitional housing is included to illustrate the theoretical, curricular, evaluative, and logistical issues related to community service projects.
Augmentation mammaplasty and breast cancer: A five year update of the Los Angeles study

Abstract We have previously reported on the risk of breast cancer in women during the first few years following cosmetic augmentation mammaplasty and are now presenting results after longer exposure. Long term carcinogenicity of breast implants in humans has not been previously assessed. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 3112 patients with a median of 10.6 yr of post-implant experience (range 0.1–31.7). Patients were enrolled from surgeons' records and cancer outcomes were monitored by the population-based cancer registry serving Los Angeles County. Due to confidentiality concerns, there was no direct patient contact. Twenty-one breast cancers were observed among the implant patients as compared to 31.7 expected, based on Los Angeles County incidence rates (standardized incidence ratio (SIR) = 66%, 95% confidence limits (CL): 41% and 101%). For all other malignancies combined, 45 were observed and 50.0 were expected (SIR = 90%, CL: 66%, 120%). Although the numbers of cases were very small, increased frequencies of lung and vulvar cancers were observed. Based on the evidence to date, we conclude that there is no increase in breast cancer incidence following augmentation mammaplasty.
Recent Insights into the Cell Biology of Bladder Smooth Muscle

Much of current biomedical research is focused on the development of 'targeted therapies' based on detailed knowledge about the signals that mediate aberrant cellular behavior in a given disease. Although this concept has been used most widely in cancer treatment, the same strategy applies to nonmalignant conditions such as pathologic tissue expansion in the genitourinary tract. A rigorous understanding of the key molecular events and pathways that underlie normal and pathologic activity of the bladder would allow us to identify potential targets for rational drug design. In this review, I will summarize our current understanding of cell signaling in bladder smooth muscle and highlight potential targets for drug-based treatment of tissue remodeling in the lower urinary tract.
Cross-layer optimization for OFDM wireless networks-part I: theoretical framework

In this paper, we provide a theoretical framework for cross-layer optimization for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) wireless networks. The utility is used in our study to build a bridge between the physical layer and the media access control (MAC) layer and to balance the efficiency and fairness of wireless resource allocation. We formulate the cross-layer optimization problem as one that maximizes the average utility of all active users subject to certain conditions, which are determined by adaptive resource allocation schemes. We present necessary and sufficient conditions for utility-based optimal subcarrier assignment and power allocation and discuss the convergence properties of optimization. Numerical results demonstrate a significant performance gain for the cross-layer optimization and the gain increases with the number of active users in the networks.
Electrodeless direct current dielectrophoresis using reconfigurable field‐shaping oil barriers

We demonstrate dielectrophoretic (DEP) potential wells using pairs of insulating oil menisci to shape the DC electric field. These oil menisci are arranged in a configuration similar to the quadrupolar electrodes, typically used in DEP, and are shown to produce similar field gradients. While the one-pair well produces a focusing effect on particles in flow, the two-pair well results in creating spatial traps against crossflows. Uncharged polystyrene particles were used to map the DEP force fields and the experimental observations were compared against the field profiles obtained by numerically solving Maxwell's equations. We demonstrate trapping of a single particle due to negative DEP against a pressure-driven crossflow. This can be easily extended to trap and hold cells and other objects against flow for a longer time. We also show the results of particle trapping experiments performed to observe the effect of adjusting the oil menisci and the gap between two pairs of menisci in a four-menisci configuration on the nature of the DEP well formed at the center. A design parameter, Θ, capturing the dimensions of the DEP energy well, is defined and simulations exploring the effects of different geometric features on Θ are presented.
Relationships between MMPI measures of psychopathology and WAIS subtest scores and intelligence quotients.

This study investigated relationships between MMPI scale elevations and WAIS subtest deviation scores and Full Scale intelligence quotients in 272 psychiatric patients. Analysis indicated few signi...
Thoracolumbar junction injuries after rollover crashes: difference between belted and unbelted front seat occupants

Motor vehicle collision (MVC) is one of the most common causes of thoracolumbar junction (TLJ) injury. Although it is of no doubt that the use of seatbelt reduces the incidence and severity of MVC-induced TLJ injury, how it is protective for front-seat occupants of an automobile after rollover crashes is unclear. Among 200 consecutive patients with a major TLJ (Th11-L2) injury due to high-energy trauma admitted from 2000 to 2004, 22 patients were identified as front-seat occupants of a four-wheel vehicle when a rollover crash occurred. The 22 patients were divided into two groups: 10 who were belted, and 12 who were unbelted. Patients’ demographics including the mean Injury Severity Score (ISS), incidence of neurologic deficit, level of TLJ injury, and type of TLJ injury according to the AO fracture classification were compared between the two groups. Neurologic deficit was present exclusively in the unbelted group, and the difference in the incidence was statistically significant (P = 0.04). Similarly, AO type B/C injury was present exclusively in the unbelted group. The belted group had a significantly lower mean ISS than the unbelted group (P < 0.01). Comparison between the ejected and non-ejected victims within the unbelted group revealed no statistical difference in the incidence of neurologic deficit or type of injury. It is likely that the high incidence of neurologic deficit in the unbelted group was due to the high incidence of AO type B/C injury. This study indirectly proves the efficacy of seatbelt in reducing the severity of rollover-induced TLJ injury. Because of the limited number of cases, it is uncertain whether ejection from vehicle, which occurs exclusively in the unbelted victims, is a crucial factor in determining the severity or type of injury after rollover crashes.
Sea-ice effects on climate model sensitivity and low frequency variability

A change in a sea-ice parameter in a global coupled climate model results in a reduction in amplitude (of about 60%) and a shortening of the predominant period of decadal low frequency variability in the time series of globally averaged surface air temperature. These changes are global in extent and also are reflected in time series of area-averaged SSTs in the equatorial eastern Pacific Ocean, the principal components of the first EOFs of global surface air temperature and sea level pressure, Asian monsoon precipitations and other quantities. Coupled ocean-atmosphere-sea ice processes acting on a global scale are modified to produce these changes. Global climate sensitivity is reduced when ice albedo feedback is weakened due to the change in sea ice that makes it more difficult to melt. The changes in the amplitude and time scale of the low frequency variability in the model are traced to changes in the base state of the climate simulations as affected by modifications associated with the changes in sea ice. Making sea ice more difficult to melt results in increased sea-ice area, colder high latitudes, increased meridional surface temperature gradients, and, to a first order, stronger surface winds in most regions which strengthen near-surface currents, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere, and decreases the advection time scale in the upper ocean gyres. Additionally, in the North Atlantic there is enhanced meridional overturning due to increased density mainly in the Greenland Sea region. This also contributes to an intensified North Atlantic gyre. The changes in base state due to the sea ice change result in a more predominant decadal time scale of near 14 years and significantly reduced contributions from lower frequencies in the range of 15–40 year periods.
CONTRAST‐ENHANCED COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AS A PREOPERATIVE INDICATOR OF VASCULAR INVASION FROM ADRENAL MASSES IN DOGS

The purpose of this study was to determine if contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) accurately reflected vascular luminal invasion by adrenal masses in dogs. Medical records of 15 dogs with 17 adrenal masses that underwent preoperative CT imaging were reviewed. Presence or absence of vascular invasion was confirmed by surgery or necropsy/histology. Vascular invasion was identified correctly using contrast-enhanced CT in 11/12 dogs. The sensitivity and specificity of contrast-enhanced CT for vascular invasion compared with surgery or necropsy was 92% and 100%, respectively. The positive predictive value and negative predictive value of contrast-enhanced CT was 100% and 90%, respectively. The accuracy was 95%. In one dog, invasion of the phrenicoabdominal vein was not identified on CT images. Six of eight masses with vascular invasion where a histologic diagnosis was obtained were malignant. Four of four pheochromocytomas invaded adjacent vasculature. Contrast-enhanced CT provided accurate preoperative assessment of adrenal masses. Vascular invasion by adrenal masses in this study occurred by way of the lumen of the phrenicoabdominal vein with subsequent intraluminal extension into other veins, rather than by erosion through vessel walls.
Organic solvent-free synthesis of Cy39 iodide

The iodide salt of the pyrylium dye Cy39 (Cy39I, 1) has been suggested as an alternative of its perchlorate salt, which is widely used for biolabeling applications. A new efficient organic solvent-free procedure for synthesis of 1, allowing for a greener approach to the cyanine dyes, is suggested. The unique combination of solubility and thermostability of both the starting materials and the target Cy39 salt made the performance of the synthesis in an aqueous solution as well as reusing of unreacted starting materials possible.
The dynamic regulation of NAD metabolism in mitochondria

Mitochondria are intracellular powerhouses that produce ATP and carry out diverse functions for cellular energy metabolism. Although the maintenance of an optimal NAD/NADH ratio is essential for mitochondrial function, it has recently become apparent that the maintenance of the mitochondrial NAD pool is also of crucial importance. The biosynthesis, transport, and catabolism of NAD and its key intermediates play an important role in the regulation of NAD-consuming mediators, such as sirtuins, poly-ADP-ribose polymerases, and CD38/157 ectoenzymes, in intra- and extracellular compartments. Mitochondrial NAD biosynthesis is also modulated in response to nutritional and environmental stimuli. In this article, we discuss this dynamic regulation of NAD metabolism in mitochondria to shed light on the intimate connection between NAD and mitochondrial function.
Another “Great Debate”: The National Interest of the United States.

The controversy which has arisen on the occasion of Ambassador Kennan's and my recent publications differs from the great historical debates on American foreign policy in two significant respects. It raises an issue more fundamental to the understanding of American foreign policy and of all politics than those with which the previous “great debates” were concerned, and it deals with the issue largely in terms which are not conducive to understanding.The great debates of the past, such as the one over intervention vs. neutrality in 1793, expansion vs. the status quo before the Mexican and after the Spanish-American War, international cooperation vs. isolation in the 'twenties, intervention vs. abstention in the late 'thirties—all evolved around clear-cut issues of foreign policy. In 1793 you were in favor of going to war on the side of France or of remaining neutral. In the 1840's you approved of the annexation of Texas or you did not. At the turn of the century you supported overseas expansion or you were against it.
Functional Connectivity in Single and Multislice Echoplanar Imaging Using Resting-State Fluctuations

A previous report of correlations in low-frequency resting-state fluctuations between right and left hemisphere motor cortices in rapidly sampled single-slice echoplanar data is confirmed using a whole-body echoplanar MRI scanner at 1.5 T. These correlations are extended to lower sampling rate multislice echoplanar acquisitions and other right/left hemisphere-symmetric functional cortices. The specificity of the correlations in the lower sampling-rate acquisitions is lower due to cardiac and respiratory-cycle effects which are aliased into the pass-band of the low-pass filter. Data are combined for three normal right-handed male subjects. Correlations to left hemisphere motor cortex, visual cortex, and amygdala are measured in long resting-state scans.
On-line estimation of inlet and outlet composition in catalytic partial oxidation

Abstract An estimation strategy is presented for determining inlet and outlet composition of catalytic partial oxidation (CPOX) of methane over rhodium catalyst using simple, fast measurements: temperature, and thermal conductivity. A 1-D high fidelity simulation model for CPOX studied in Ref. [1] for a portable fuel cell application is developed and enhanced for transient experiments. Process dynamics are analysed to demonstrate how solid temperatures along the axes of the reactor reflect the endothermic/exothermic interplay of reactions during a process upset. Model reduction is then used to obtain a low complexity model suitable for use in a moving horizon estimator with update rates faster than 0.02 s. System theoretic observability analysis is then conducted to predict the suitability of different measurement designs and the best locations for temperature measurements for estimating both inlet and outlet gas mole fractions for all species. Finally, a Moving Horizon estimator is implemented and simulation experiments are conducted to verify the accuracy of the estimator.
Stochastic Migration and Maintenance of Genetic Variation in Sink Populations

We explore the effect that demographic parameters and different patterns of migration have on the maintenance of genetic variability in a single sink population that receives migrants from a source population and whose size changes with time. We use, as a measure of genetic variability, the expected number of nucleotide differences between two genes randomly sampled from the sink. We assume that changes in the environment are translated into changes in the number of individuals arriving at the sink. We show that the pattern of migration from source to sink affects the amount of genetic variation maintained within the sink. The level of heterozygosity maintained within the sink is negatively correlated with the migrational variance, being lowest under stochastic migration patterns that lead to long runs of no migration events. If migration is indeed stochastic, a purely deterministic treatment of this process will be highly misleading in particular cases and will generally result in some loss of useful inf...
With All My Relations: Counseling American Indians and Alaska Natives within a Familial Context.

Statistics show that two thirds of American Indians and Alaska Natives (AIs/ANs) live outside of tribal areas, and 50% of those individuals who seek counseling services will not use tribal resource...
A logistics integrated service model in Taiwan FTZ for foreign key components supply of bicycle industry

It is well known that Taiwan bicycle industry plays an important role in global bicycle supply chain. In the procurement process of bicycle components, most bicycle manufacturers ask the foreign key component suppliers to deliver the components in door-to-door service. In general, the foreign key component suppliers adopt the consolidation of components with various specifications to fulfill the orders from different bicycle manufacturers under the consideration of transportation efficiency and required delivery dates. Undoubtedly, it is a heavy workload and often brings high logistics cost for most foreign suppliers. In this paper, we proposed an integrated logistics service model to motivate the foreign bicycle key component suppliers to establish distribution centers in Taiwan's FTZ (free trade zone). In this model, a new delivery policy for key components of standard specification is designed based on the levels of safety inventory. And, a FTZ “store in the front, factory in the back” business model is introduced to implement postponement strategy for component customization until receiving an order from bicycle manufacture in Taiwan. After finishing the customization process, the 3PL which providers logistics service for foreign supplies in FTZ can deliver the components to the Taiwan bicycle manufacture in JIT policy to enhance the overall supply chain performance and reduce the components inventory in the bicycle manufacture. This paper also shows a real case of applying this logistics service model in Taichung FTZ.
Response of electrochemical sensors to ionizing radiation in high-temperature aqueous environments.

Abstract A high-energy electron linear accelerator (LINAC) generated intense electromagnetic bremsstrahlung that approximated the gamma dose rate in the core of a boiling water nuclear reactor (BWR). Experiments with polymer-free platinum, pH, and silver/silver chloride electrodes at BWR operating temperatures in a stainless steel (SS) autoclave showed reversible, stable voltage offsets that depended on water chemistry and radiation intensity. These changes occurred slowly, and the potentials required several minutes to attain a steady state. Even with a remote reference, it is not possible to determine unequivocally the magnitude and direction of the shift for a specific electrode, but these measurements are most consistent with substantial (100 mV) offsets for silver/silver chloride electrodes, and relatively stable operation for zirconia-membrane pH electrodes. Radiation had no significant effect on high-temperature conductivity. Chemical interactions with radiolytic species offer the simplest explanat...
Sex Education for Parents.

DOCUMENT RESUME CG 005 355 Looft, William R. Sex Education for Parents. American Personnel and Guidance Association, Washington, D.C.; Wisconsin Univ., Madison. Dept* of Educational Psychology. 23 Mar 70 14p.; Paper presented at the American Personnel and Guidance Association Convention, New Orleans, Louisiana, March 23-26, 1970 EDRS Price MF-$0.25 HC-$0.80 Education, *Educational Responsibility, Family Role, Parent Attitudes, *Parent Education, *Parent Reaction, *Parent School Relationship, *Sex Education, Social Change The family is no longer an effective transmitter of many important kinds of knowledge. As a result, many of the family's traditional functions have been taken over by other social agencies. From this perspective it seems certain that comprehensive sex education programs will soon become a reality in our schools. It is imperative that a positive approach be taken toward the outrage and protests of many concerned parents. There is a need for greater awareness of and sensitivity to the sources of this concern. The following three procedures could be beneficial in calming the fears of parents: (1) programs and courses on sex education for parents should be implemented. Such courses would help the adult understand his own sexuality; (2) there should be close parental involvement in the establishment and content of the sex education courses; and (3) means should be provided for wide dissemination of information about resources and materials on sex education. (Author/RSM) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT. POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS r.. STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDUCATION POTION OR POLICY, 4.0 LC\ C71% SEX EDUCATION FOR PARENTS
Crack surface contact of surface and internal cracks in a plate with residual stresses

The problem of a mode I surface or internal crack in a plate with residual stresses is examined. The emphasis in this study is in accounting for crack surface contact. The importance of such problems is realized in both crack detection and in the stress intensity factor calculations. The line spring model is used to iteratively determine the border of the closed portion of the crack and the stress intensity factors along the open portion. It is demonstrated that the model is very versatile for solving contact problems. Examples for both surface and internal cracks are given. It is shown that if crack contact is ignored, the stress intensity factor may be significantly underestimated.
Message encoding and decoding through chaos modulation in chaotic optical communications

Chaos modulation for message encoding and decoding is investigated using two chaotic optical communication systems. With a message injected into the chaotic dynamics of the transmitter in chaos modulation, the complexity of the chaos is found to increase. Meanwhile, the synchronization quality is not influenced by the message encoding. The effect of channel noise is investigated and the bit error rate is calculated as a function of the signal-to-noise ratio for both systems.
Birds of a Feather: A Response to the McCold Critique of Community Justice

This essay responds to McCold’s critique of community justice (McCold, 2004, this issue). First, McCold fails to define or portray community justice accurately, especially by failing to acknowledge seminal writings about the concept. His distorted portrait becomes a ‘straw man’ that exaggerates differences between community justice and restorative justice. Second, I identify several ways in which the models are complementary, and identify how community justice may support and enhance restorative practices. Finally, I argue that their commonalities far outweigh differences, and that the proper focus of action should be on both models’ differences with the traditional, retributive court.
Strategic light manipulation as a restoration strategy to reduce alien grasses and encourage native regeneration in Hawaiian mesic forests

Question: Is there a light level at which alien grass biomass is reduced while still supporting growth and survival of native woody species, allowing for native species regeneration in abandoned pastures? Location: Island of Hawaii, USA. Methods: In a two-part study we examined the effect of light availability on common native woody and alien grass species found in secondary forests in Hawaii. A field survey was conducted to examine the relationship between light availability and canopy type (open pasture, planted canopy and secondary forest) on understory grass biomass and litter accumulation. We then experimentally manipulated light levels to determine the effect of light availability on growth and survival of six native woody species and three alien grasses. Low-light (5%), medium-light (10%) and high-light (20-30%) treatments were created using shade structures erected beneath the existing secondary koa canopy. Results: In the field survey, alien grass biomass was greatest under the open pasture and lowest in the secondary forest. There was a positive correlation between understory light availability and alien grass biomass. In the experimental study, large reductions in relative growth rates were documented for all of the grass species and four of the six woody species under the lowest light level. Although growth at 5% light is substantially reduced, survival is still high (84-100%), indicating that these species may persist under closed canopy. Conclusion: Low-light conditions result in the greatest reduction in alien grass biomass while creating an environment in which native woody species can grow and survive.
Equivalence checking for behaviorally synthesized pipelines

Loop pipelining is a critical transformation in behavioral synthesis. It is crucial to producing hardware designs with acceptable latency and throughput. However, it is a complex transformation involving aggressive scheduling strategies for high throughput and careful control generation to eliminate hazards. We present an equivalence checking approach for certifying synthesized hardware designs in the presence of pipelining transformations. Our approach works by (1) constructing a provably correct pipeline reference model from sequential specification, and (2) applying sequential equivalence checking between this reference model and synthesized RTL. We demonstrate the scalability of our approach on several synthesized designs from a commercial synthesis tool.
ASSESSING DIFFERENTIAL PREDICTION BIAS IN THE DEVELOPING COGNITIVE ABILITIES TEST ACROSS GENDER, RACE/ETHNICITY, AND SOCIOECONOMIC GROUPS

This study investigated the differential predictive validity of the Developing Cognitive Abilities Test (DCAT) in a heterogeneous sample of 863 sixth-grade students. Bias was assessed across gender, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic dimensions. Level H of the DCAT was administered during the students’ sixth-grade year, and selected subtests from the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills (ITBS) were administered 8 months later during their seventh-grade year. Overall, results indicated a general lack of bias in the DCAT in predicting ITBS scores across gender, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic groups.
Duplicated Kiss1 receptor genes in zebrafish: distinct gene expression patterns, different ligand selectivity, and a novel nuclear isoform with transactivating activity

The kisspeptin (Kiss1) and Kiss1 receptor (Kiss1r) pathway plays a central role in the neuroendocrine control of reproduction. In contrast to humans and mammals that have a single Kiss1 gene and a single Kiss1r gene, multiple Kiss ligand and receptor genes are found in nonmammalian vertebrates. Their functional relationship, however, is poorly understood. Here, we report that the duplicated zebrafish kiss1r genes have evolved a distinct gene expression pattern, different ligand selectivity, and novel nuclear isoforms. While a single kiss1ra mRNA was detected exclusively in the brain, 5 kiss1rb transcripts were found in many peripheral tissues. Functional assays showed that kiss1ra encodes a receptor activated by both Kiss1 and Kiss2, while kiss1rb encodes a receptor that has a preference for Kiss1. The four alternatively spliced kiss1rb mRNAs encoded 4 truncated isoforms, denoted kiss1rb-derived protein (KRBDP)1-4. When their subcellular localization was examined, KRBDP3 and KRBDP4 were found in the nucleus in cultured mammalian cells and in zebrafish embryos. One-hybrid transcription activation assays revealed that KRBDP3, but not KRBDP4, possesses ligand-independent transactivation activity. These findings highlight how the duplication of Kiss1r genes may facilitate their adaptation of specialized functions. The discovery of a nuclear Kiss1r isoform raises the possibility of novel function of Kiss1r in the nucleus.
Electrophoretic Separation of Salt-Soluble Proteins of Poultry Meat

Abstract Hudspeth and May (1967) and Parkes and May (1968) found less emulsifying capacity in light than dark poultry meat, even though total protein and salt-soluble protein (S.S.P.) was greater in light meat. McCready and Cunningham (1971) reported similar results and suggested that the higher pH of dark meat (6.5) over light meat (5.9) may relate to the greater emulsifying capacity of dark meat. It is postulated in the present study that differences in pH between light and dark poultry meat affect certain protein fractions and that these fractions are directly related to emulsifying ability. Previous investigations of chicken muscle extracts using electrophoresis have related tenderness and possible alterations in muscle proteins during aging. Weinberg and Rose (1960) reported extraction of proteins from chicken breast muscle with phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) in 0.4M KCl. Diffusion electrophoresis patterns of their pre-rigor extracts resulted in separation of two peaks corresponding to those of…
Anthropological Theories of Disability

Anthropology has provided a theoretical context for the study of disability. Social and cultural anthropology and medical anthropology have enriched our understanding of disability. Anthropological interpretations of disability feature concepts of “the other,” deviance, and stigma that can expand our interpretations of human behavior in the social environment.
Laser arterial disobstructive procedures in 148 lower extremities

Abstract Preoperative arteriographic findings in immediate postoperative results as well as follow-up studies of treatment with argon and YAG lasers have been evaluated in 148 lesions found in 137 patients. Preoperative arteriography revealed a solitary lesion in 42 of 148 legs (28%) examined, and a combined lesion was found in the remaining 106 legs (72%). Incapacitating intermittent claudication, rest pain, tissue loss, or a combination of these was an indication for laser arterial reconstruction. None of the argon laser—treated lesions was treated with balloon dilatation, but since March 1988 all appropriate YAG laser—treated lesions were immediately followed by laser-assisted balloon angioplasty. The lesions in 64 of 89 legs (72%) treated by argon and 42 of 59 (71%) treated by YAG were successfully recanalized. However, successful angioplasty was performed in 44 of 89 (49%) and 34 of 59 (58%) lesions, respectively. The recanalization depended on the type of lesion (tight stenosis vs occlusion) and the length of lesion (localized vs total-length occlusion). However, the success rate of recanalization was almost the same as the success rate when both laser systems were used. Argon laser treatment proved successful in 19 of 20 (95%) segmental occlusions in popliteal arteries, whereas YAG laser treatment proved successful in four of five (80%) short segmental ( J Vasc Surg 1989;10:169–77.)
Two loop bosonic contribution to the electron electric dipole moment

We calculate the complete set of two-loop diagrams in the multi-Higgs-doublet model for the electron electric dipole moment including both the vertices $H\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ and $\mathrm{HZ}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ induced by the unphysical-charged-Higgs-boson and the $W$ contributions. These additional amplitudes modify the result previously studied by Barr and Zee.
Prediction of Traffic Complexity and Controller Workload in Mixed Equipage NextGen Environments

Controller workload is a key factor in limiting en route air traffic capacity. Past efforts to quantify and predict workload have resulted in identifying objective metrics that correlate well with subjective workload ratings during current air traffic control operations. Although these metrics provide a reasonable statistical fit to existing data, they do not provide a good mechanism for estimating controller workload for future air traffic concepts and environments that make different assumptions about automation, enabling technologies, and controller tasks. One such future environment is characterized by en route airspace with a mixture of aircraft equipped with and without Data Communications (Data Comm). In this environment, aircraft with Data Comm will impact controller workload less than aircraft requiring voice communication, altering the close correlation between aircraft count and controller workload that exists in current air traffic operations. This paper outlines a new trajectory-based complexity (TBX) calculation that was presented to controllers during a human-in-the-loop simulation. The results showed that TBX accurately estimated the workload in a mixed Data Comm equipage environment and the resulting complexity values were understood and readily interpreted by the controllers. The complexity was represented as a "modified aircraft account" that weighted different complexity factors and summed them in such a way that the controllers could effectively treat them as aircraft count. The factors were also relatively easy to tune without an extensive data set. The results showed that the TBX approach is well suited for presenting traffic complexity in future air traffic environments.
Breastfeeding Among Low-Income, High-risk Women

Data from a state supported project providing multidiscipline (clinical social work, nursing, nutrition, obstetrics, and pediatrics) assistance to low-income women judged to be at high perinatal risk by medical and social history were analyzed regarding infant feeding decisions. Data from 2,124 subjects delivered from 1976 to 1985 were available for analysis. The population tended to be single (77%), black (66%), poorly educated (63% less than a high school education), and young (mean age 21.8 years). Thirty-six percent were primiparas. The decision to breastfeed was associated with white race, older maternal age, higher educational level, marriage, and earlier utilization of prenatal care.Prenatal infant feeding plans were compared with actual postpartum decisions for 1,168 women. Only 3 percent of those initially planning to bottle feed changed their minds postpartum and breastfed although 31 percent of those initially planning to nurse ultimately chose artificial feeding. Ten percent of women were init...
Renal oxygen delivery: matching delivery to metabolic demand.

SUMMARY 1 The kidneys are second only to the heart in terms of O2 consumption; however, relative to other organs, the kidneys receive a very high blood flow and oxygen extraction in the healthy kidney is low. Despite low arterial–venous O2 extraction, the kidneys are particularly susceptible to hypoxic injury and much interest surrounds the role of renal hypoxia in the development and progression of both acute and chronic renal disease. 2 Numerous regulatory mechanisms have been identified that act to maintain renal parenchymal oxygenation within homeostatic limits in the in vivo kidney. However, the processes by which many of these mechanisms act to modulate renal oxygenation and the factors that influence these processes remain poorly understood. 3 A number of such mechanisms specific to the kidney are reviewed herein, including the relationship between renal blood flow and O2 consumption, pre- and post-glomerular arterial–venous O2 shunting, tubulovascular cross-talk, the differential control of regional kidney blood flow and the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism. 4 The roles of these mechanisms in the control of renal oxygenation, as well as how dysfunction of these mechanisms may lead to renal hypoxia, are discussed.
Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection

Globally, hepatitis C virus (HCV) has infected an estimated 130 million people, most of whom are chronically infected. HCV-infected people serve as a reservoir for transmission to others and are at risk for developing chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It has been estimated that HCV accounts for 27% of cirrhosis and 25% of HCC worldwide. HCV infection has likely been endemic in many populations for centuries. However, the wave of increased HCV-related morbidity and mortality that we are now facing is the result of an unprecedented increase in the spread of HCV during the 20th century. Two 20th century events appear to be responsible for this increase; the widespread availability of injectable therapies and the illicit use of injectable drugs.
Perspectives on the Teaching of Pedagogy to Doctoral Students

Doctoral courses devoted to teaching about pedagogy in communication sciences and disorders should take a broad view of their charge. Important student needs would be filled if classes included per...