cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Security measurement on a cloud-based cyber-physical system used for Intelligent Transportation

Modern wireless technology opens the door for several new Intelligent Transportation applications. In an academic environment, students use transit bus system on a daily base. El-Tawab et al. [1] introduced a cyber-physical system to monitor the quality of service for transit buses around an academic campus. This cyber-physical system detects the number of riders waiting for the bus system at each bus station and number of riders on each bus. In this paper, we examine the security and vulnerability of the bus data collection system and provide remedies. Smart units are used to collect data (e.g., Media Access Control (MAC) Addresses) to uniquely identify students' smart phone waiting times for the bus at each station. The goals of this system are to identify the average waiting times at each bus station, route optimization and dynamic routing. Several security concerns occur with the collection, transmission, and storage of data in the Cloud (e.g., Man in the middle attacks, unauthorized access, denial of services, theft, etc). We analyze some of these cyber-attack vectors and provides mitigation techniques, cyber hygiene best practices, and suggest ways to balance security versus convenience.
Epidemiology of axial spondyloarthritis: an update.

Purpose of reviewTo provide an update of the prevalence and incidence of axial spondyloarthritis in the general population and in patients with spondyloarthritis-related conditions, environmental risk factors for ankylosing spondylitis, progression from nonradiographic axial spondyloarthritis to ank
Photofragment imaging and electronic spectroscopy of Al2.

A combination of photodissociation spectroscopy, ion imaging, and high-level theory is employed to refine the bond strength of the aluminum dimer cation (Al2+) and elucidate the electronic structure and photodissociation dynamics between 38 500 and 42 000 cm−1. Above 40 400 cm−1, structured photodissociation is observed from an extremely anharmonic excited state, which calculations identify as the double minimum G 2Σ+u state. The photodissociation spectrum of the G 2Σ+u ← X 2Σ+g transition in Al2+ gives an average vibrational spacing of 170 cm−1 for the G 2Σ+u state and ν0 = 172 cm−1 for the ground state. Photofragment images of G 2Σ+u ← X 2Σ+g transitions indicate that once the Al (4P) + Al+ (1S) product channel is energetically accessible, it dominates the lower energy, spin-allowed pathways despite being spin-forbidden. This is explained by a proposed competition between radiative and non-radiative decay pathways from the G 2Σ+u state. The photofragment images also yield D0 (Al+–Al) = 136.6 ± 1.8 kJ/mol, the most precise measurement to date, highlighting the improved resolution achieved from imaging at near-threshold energies. Additionally, combining D0 (Al+–Al) with IE (Al) and IE (Al2) gives an improved neutral D0 (Al–Al) = 136.9 ± 1.8 kJ/mol.A combination of photodissociation spectroscopy, ion imaging, and high-level theory is employed to refine the bond strength of the aluminum dimer cation (Al2+) and elucidate the electronic structure and photodissociation dynamics between 38 500 and 42 000 cm−1. Above 40 400 cm−1, structured photodissociation is observed from an extremely anharmonic excited state, which calculations identify as the double minimum G 2Σ+u state. The photodissociation spectrum of the G 2Σ+u ← X 2Σ+g transition in Al2+ gives an average vibrational spacing of 170 cm−1 for the G 2Σ+u state and ν0 = 172 cm−1 for the ground state. Photofragment images of G 2Σ+u ← X 2Σ+g transitions indicate that once the Al (4P) + Al+ (1S) product channel is energetically accessible, it dominates the lower energy, spin-allowed pathways despite being spin-forbidden. This is explained by a proposed competition between radiative and non-radiative decay pathways from the G 2Σ+u state. The photofragment images also yield D0 (Al+–Al) = 136.6 ± 1.8 kJ/mo...
Do Parent-Adolescent Discrepancies Predict Deviant Peer Affiliation and Subsequent Substance Use?

Recent evidence suggests parent-adolescent discrepancies regarding adolescent disclosure can provide insight into parent-child relations and adolescent adjustment. However, pathways linking discrepancies to adjustment are not well known. We tested a model linking parent-adolescent discrepancies in disclosure to adolescent substance use through affiliation with deviant peers. Using three annual waves of data from a community-based study (N = 357; 91% African American; 53% female; Mage = 13.13 years, SD = 1.62 years at baseline), findings revealed that adolescent-reported secrecy and deviant peer affiliation were positively associated with substance use one and two years later, respectively, but there was no evidence of mediation. The results highlight associations of adolescent secrecy and adjustment, and the role peers play in adolescent substance use behaviors.
Nudging People Away from Privacy-Invasive Mobile Apps through Visual Framing

Smartphone users visit application marketplaces (or app stores) to search and install applications. However, these app stores are not free from privacy-invasive apps, which collect personal information without sufficient disclosure or people’s consent. To nudge people away from privacy-invasive apps, we created a visual representation of the mobile app’s privacy rating. Inspired by “Framing Effects,” we designed semantically equivalent visuals that are framed in either a positive or negative way. We investigated the effect of the visual privacy rating, framing, and user rating on people’s perception of an app (e.g., trustworthiness) through two experiments. In Study 1, participants were able to understand the intended meaning of the visual privacy ratings. In Study 2, we found a strong main effect for visual privacy rating on participants’ perception of an app, and framing effects in a low privacy rating app. We discuss implications for designing visual privacy ratings, including the use of positive visual framing to nudge people away from privacy-invasive apps.
Logic Gates and Introduction to Computer Architecture

The basic components of an Integrated Circuit (IC) is logic gates which made of transistors, in digital system there are three basic logic operations and they are called AND, OR and NOT.
Lending limits and the availability of credit to agricultural borrowers

Over the past three decades, the market share of farm debt owed to commercial banks has declined sharply. One of the potential reasons for the loss in market share is related to the legal lending limits on the maximum that banks can loan to individual borrowers;The purpose of this study is twofold: (1) to develop a simple theoretical market model that incorporates and investigates the effect of legal lending limits on the availability of credit to agricultural borrowers; and (2) to provide empirical evidence of this phenomenon;In the development of the theoretical model, an excess loan demand equation is formed, in which the effects of lending limits and such factors as average farm size and prices paid and received by the farm sector are investigated. To empirically test the effects of these variables on excess loan demand, a statistical model is developed which modifies the theoretical model by employing agricultural banks' responses to a survey undertaken by the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago concerning lending limits. The question posed to the banks asked: "Compared to five years ago (end of 1974 compared to end of 1979), is the number of actual or potential farm customers in your area whose credit needs exceed your bank's individual legal lending limit higher, lower, or unchanged?";Bank survey response is then used as a 0, 1 dependent variable (0 if the response is less, or no change in the number of farm customers, and 1 if the response is more farm customers) and is regressed on a bank's eligible capital account, average farm size in the area serviced by a rural bank, market value of agricultural products sold in the area serviced by a rural bank, agricultural production expenses in the area serviced by a rural bank, utilization of capacity of farmland in the area serviced by a rural bank, and a dummy variable for bank type to see if differences exist between unit and branch banks;The results show that eligible capital account and the dummy variable for bank type are highly significant in explaining bank survey response. The agricultural-production-expenses variable is also found to be significantly related to bank survey response, but none of the other variables reflecting farm credit requirements are found to be significant.
Caveolins in Tumor Angiogenesis

Angiogenesis is essential for tumor growth and metastasis. Caveolin proteins, in particular Caveolin-1, are increasingly recognized for their ability to regulate multiple signaling pathways in various tissues and cell types. A large body of evidence based on mouse models of tumor-induced angiogenesis in vivo as well as in vitro assays of angiogenesis along with relevant endothelial cell signaling, all point to the importance for Caveolin-1 in angiogenesis. Clinical data correlating Caveolin-1 expression with tumor microvascular density and progression further support the notion that Caveolin-1 may play an important role in tumor angiogenesis. Although direct evidence is lacking, there is a limited amount of data implying that Caveolin-2, which is the major interacting partner of Caveolin-1, could potentially also be involved in modulating tumor angiogenesis. The purpose of this chapter is to summarize existing basic and clinical research studies examining the role of caveolins, in particular Caveolin-1 in tumor angiogenesis.
Selection of Bioreactor Media for Odor Control

The support media is one of the most critical elements of a biofiltration system. In this chapter, biofilters and biotrickling filters will be referred to as “biofilter”, and this distinction will be discussed later in this chapter. The support media’s main function is to provide contact between the gas-phase contaminants and active microbial cultures either immobilized within and/or attached as a biofilm on the media’s surface. Other functions of the media are to distribute the gas flow evenly within the bed’s cross-sectional area with minimal gas-phase pressure drop, distribute any liquid nutrients sprayed on the bed’s surface, and prevent accumulation of biomass to prevent clogging, which would eventually lead to channeling of the gas and liquid. Biofilter media can be classified based on its mass-transfer mechanism, and then sub-classified according to other characteristics, as listed below: 1. Diffusive: contaminants diffuse towards and into the media perpendicular to the gas flow. 1.1 Naturally Bioactive 1.2 Synthetic 1.2.1 Randomly packed 1.2.1.1 Adsorbing 1.2.1.2 Non-Adsorbing 1.2.2 Structured 1.2.2.1 Adsorbing 1.2.2.2 Non-Adsorbing 1.3 Synthetic Encapsulating 1.4 Membrane Systems (Flat sheet, hollow fibers) 2. Convective: contaminants and gas flow through the biofilm and media.
Trends and Racial Disparities in Mono, Dual, and Poly Use of Tobacco Products Among Youth.

Introduction We examined racial disparities in mono, dual, and poly use of tobacco products including whether racial disparities changed over time. Methods We analyzed data on high school students from the North Carolina Youth Tobacco Survey collected in 2011, 2013, and 2015. Dual and poly use included use of two and three or more tobacco products, respectively, in the past month. Multinomial regression models assessed racial differences and changes over time in mono, dual, and poly use. Data include product combinations most commonly used by youth from different racial groups. Results In total, 24% (in 2011) and 26% (in 2013 and 2015) of students used tobacco products. No significant changes over time were observed in mono (12%) or dual use (6%). Poly use was 6%, 8%, and 7% in 2011, 2013, and 2015, respectively. Relative to nonuse of tobacco, White students had a higher relative risk than Blacks for mono use. Whites and Hispanics had a higher relative risk than Blacks for dual and poly use. Observed racial differences in tobacco use did not change over time. Types of tobacco products used varied by year and race. In 2015, e-cigarette was the most commonly used product among mono users from all racial groups. Conclusions Substantial racial variation persists over time in mono and multiple tobacco product use among North Carolina youth, including racial variation in the types of tobacco products used. Research and policy efforts should examine and eliminate factors that drive multiple tobacco use and racial disparities in use among youth. Implications This study reports on racial disparities in mono and multiple tobacco product use among youth. White and Hispanic youth have higher relative risk for dual and poly use of tobacco products than Black youth. In addition, significant racial variation exists in the types of tobacco products used among youth mono, dual, and poly users, with cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco, and e-cigarettes being the most commonly used products. Patterns of multiple tobacco product use vary by race and may warrant tailored prevention efforts. Strengthening tobacco control regulations for other tobacco products than cigarettes is critical to reduce multiple tobacco product use among youth.
The Additive Advantage and Bilingual Programs in a Large Urban School District

The current study analyzes the relationship between elementary school reading achievement and participation in the following language acquisition programs—transitional bilingual, developmental, two...
Parent challenges, perspectives and experiences caring for children who are deaf or hard-of-hearing with other disabilities: a comprehensive review.

Objective: The purpose of this literature review was to explore parent challenges in caring for children who are deaf or hard of hearing with other disabilities and discuss implications for audiolo...
Molecular architecture of the zebra finch arcopallium

The arcopallium, a key avian forebrain region, receives inputs from numerous brain areas and is a major source of descending sensory and motor projections. While there is evidence of arcopallial subdivisions, the internal organization or the arcopallium is not well understood. The arcopallium is also considered the avian homologue of mammalian deep cortical layers and/or amygdalar subdivisions, but one-to-one correspondences are controversial. Here we present a molecular characterization of the arcopallium in the zebra finch, a passerine songbird species and a major model organism for vocal learning studies. Based on in situ hybridization for arcopallial-expressed transcripts (AQP1, C1QL3, CBLN2, CNTN4, CYP19A1, ESR1/2, FEZF2, MGP, NECAB2, PCP4, PVALB, SCN3B, SCUBE1, ZBTB20, and others) in comparison with cytoarchitectonic features, we have defined 20 distinct regions that can be grouped into six major domains (anterior, posterior, dorsal, ventral, medial, and intermediate arcopallium, respectively; AA, AP, AD, AV, AM, and AI). The data also help to establish the arcopallium as primarily pallial, support a unique topography of the arcopallium in passerines, highlight similarities between the vocal robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA) and AI, and provide insights into the similarities and differences of cortical and amygdalar regions between birds and mammals. We also propose the use of AMV (instead of nucleus taenia/TnA), AMD, AD, and AI as initial steps toward a universal arcopallial nomenclature. Besides clarifying the internal organization of the arcopallium, the data provide a coherent basis for further functional and comparative studies of this complex avian brain region.
Criticism in the age of global disruption

All landscape is reuse, whether through the intervention of human action or through the earth’s continual formation in a process that, in the words of geologist James Hutton, ‘has no vestiges of a ...
Schisis of the Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer in Epiretinal Membranes.

Purpose To describe schisis of the retinal nerve fiber layer (sRNFL) associated with epiretinal membranes (ERMs) seen on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) prior to vitreoretinal surgery. Areas of sRNFL (size and location) were noted during preoperative planning. Spectral-domain OCT scans were obtained to study the inner retinal morphology postoperatively. Design Retrospective observational consecutive case series. Methods Pre- and postoperative spectral-domain OCT and en face images of 41 eyes with ERMs that had undergone vitrectomy by a single surgeon were analyzed to record the presence of sRNFL. The extent of sRNFL was classified as focal or diffuse. Other characteristics such as involvement of the papillomacular bundle and areas of fibrillary protrusion of sRNFL above the internal limiting membrane (ILM) were documented. Color fundus photographs were reviewed to correlate with the spectral-domain OCT images. Results Mean patient age and length of follow-up were 69.3 years (range 52-82 years) and 6.8 months (range 0.25-21 months), respectively. Mean preoperative and postoperative central thicknesses were 477 μm and 387 μm, respectively (P 1 disc diameter) in 90.5% (19/21 eyes). Protrusion of sRNFL through the ILM was present in 76.2% (16/21 eyes) and occurred in areas of dehiscence of the adjacent ILM. sRNFL was best visualized on spectral-domain OCT and en face imaging at the vitreoretinal interface and sometimes correlated with areas of retinal whitening. sRNFL resolved in all cases postoperatively. Conclusions sRNFL was a relatively common occurrence in ERMs, correlated frequently with areas of dehisced ILM intraoperatively, and resolved postoperatively in all cases.
Effects of oxidative stress on sex-specific gene expression in the copepod Tigriopus californicus revealed by single individual RNA-seq

Oxidative stress reflects the imbalance of pro-oxidants and antioxidants. Prolonged oxidative stress can induce cellular damage, diseases and aging, and the effects may be sex-specific. Tigriopus californicus has recently been proposed as an alternative model system for sex-specific studies due to the absence of sex chromosomes. In this study, we used comparative transcriptomic analyses to assess sex-specific transcriptional responses to oxidative stress. Male and female individuals were maintained separately in one of three treatments: 1) control conditions with an algae diet, 2) pro-oxidant (H2O2) conditions with an algae diet or 3) decreased antioxidant conditions (reduced carotenoids due to a yeast diet). Single individual RNA-seq was then conducted for twenty-four libraries using Ligation Mediated RNA sequencing (LM-Seq). Variance in gene expression was partitioned into 62.3% between sexes, 26.85% among individuals and 10.85% among treatments. Within each of the three treatments, expression was biased toward females. However, compared to the control treatment, males in both pro-oxidant and decreased antioxidant treatments differentially expressed more genes while females differentially expressed fewer genes but with a greater magnitude of fold change. As the first study of copepods to apply single individual RNA-seq, the findings will contribute to a better understanding of transcriptomic variation among individuals as well as sex-specific response mechanisms to oxidative stress in the absence of sex chromosomes.
Andrew W. Lo, Adaptive Markets: Financial Evolution at the Speed of Thought

Abstract. In 1973, Burton Malkiel published A Random Walk Down Wall Street , unquestionably the best-selling book in financial economics written for the popular press. Prior to its publication, it was common among the general public and financial market practitioners to advocate trading strategies that generated super-normal returns for various asset classes. Malkiel synthesized the prevailing academic research that indicated stock returns followed a random-walk, a statistical process that indicates information and events are random, and it is random information announcements behind stock return variation. Keywords. Financial economics, Adaptive markets, Stock market. JEL. B26, C58, D53, G00, G12.
Identification of mRNAs differentially expressed in quiescence or in late G1 phase of the cell cycle in human breast cancer cells by using the differential display method.

The decision for a cell to enter the DNA synthesis (S) phase of the cell cycle or to arrest in quiescence is likely to be determined by genes expressed in the late G1 phase, at the restriction point. Loss of restriction point control is associated with malignant cellular transformation and cancer. For this reason, identifying genes that are differentially expressed in late G1 phase versus quiescence is important for understanding the molecular basis of normal and malignant growth. The differential display (DD) method detects mRNA species that are different between sets of mammalian cells, allowing their recovery and cloning of the corresponding cDNAs. Using this technique, we compared mRNAs from synchronized human breast cancer cells (21PT) in quiescence and in late G1. Six mRNAs differentially expressed in late G1 or in quiescence were identified. One mRNA expressed 10 hr after serum induction showed 99% homology to a peptide transporter involved in antigen presentation of the class I major histocompatibility complex (TAP-1) mRNA. Another mRNA expressed specifically in quiescence and down-regulated 2 hr following serum induction showed 98% homology to human NADP+-dependent cytoplasmic malic enzyme (EC1.1.1.40) mRNA, which is an important enzyme in fatty acid synthesis and lipogenesis. Three others showed high homology to different mRNAs in the GeneBank, corresponding to genes having unknown functions. Finally, one mRNA revealed no significant homology to known genes in the GeneBank. We conclude that DD is an efficient and powerful method for the identification of growth-related genes which may have a role in cancer development.
Clinical application of the new classification of periodontal diseases: Ground rules, clarifications and "gray zones".

Background Successful dissemination of the new classification of periodontitis is facilitated by emphasis on the basic ground rules, clarification of ambiguities, and identification of "gray zones" where thoughtful application of the guidelines by an informed, experienced clinician is paramount to arrive at a correct Stage and Grade. Methods Highlighted ground rules are (1) Stage is a patient-based, not a tooth-based concept, therefore, a single Stage is assigned per patient; (2) Stage can shift upward over time, if the periodontal status deteriorates, but the initially assigned Stage is retained even after improvement post-therapy; (3) the complexity factors that determine Stage must be evaluated collectively, not in isolation, to arrive at a clinically meaningful assessment; (4) a single Grade is assigned to a patient based on a deliberate evaluation of the "biological fabric" of the case, in terms of history of/risk for further progression, interplay of risk factors, and the two-way effects of periodontitis or its treatment on general health; (v) shift of Grade over time is possible towards either direction, after thorough, collective, evaluation of changes in the above parameters. Exemplified gray zones include a radiographically intact patient with minimal attachment loss in older age; presence of "frank" periodontitis affecting a single tooth; and assessment of factors that do/do not lead to increased complexity of therapy. Conclusion Differentiating between Stage I/II versus Stage III/IV periodontitis is relatively uncomplicated; further distinction between Stages and correct assignment of Grade requires nuanced, thorough interpretation of a broad array of findings by a knowledgeable clinician.
National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale Item Profiles as Predictor of Patient Outcome External Validation on Safe Implementation of Thrombolysis in Stroke–Monitoring Study Data

Background and Purpose— National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) item profiles that were recently proposed and validated may prove useful for clinical prognostication and research studies. We aimed to validate the NIHSS item profiles in hyper-acute stroke patients who received thrombolysis treatment (tissue-type plasminogen activator). Methods— We applied the latent class analysis probabilities of the profile membership generated from the derivation study onto NIHSS data from the Safe Implementation of Thrombolysis in Stroke–Monitoring Study (SITS-MOST). We separately considered NIHSS data collected within 3 hours and at ≈24 hours after stroke onset to obtain 2 sets of symptom groupings. The discrimination and calibration of both sets of symptom profiles were assessed from their association with outcomes. The outcome measures included modified Rankin Scale (mRS; using full distribution and dichotomized, mRS 0–1 or back to baseline) at day 90 and mortality by 90 days. Results— We obtained data for 6843 patients. Ordinal analysis of mRS showed odds of better outcome across the profiles, for each set of symptom profiles, adjusted for age, sex, and prestroke mRS. Dichotomized outcomes mirrored the ordinal findings. There were significant differences in prognostic discrimination ability for the dichotomized outcome measures between the 2 sets of symptom profiles, with the latter set (ie, 24-hour symptom profiles) performing better. Conclusions— The NIHSS item profiles are individually associated with functional outcome and mortality in acute stroke patients treated with tissue-type plasminogen activator. Considering profiles of NIHSS subscores rather than only the total score is informative for prognostication, particularly for assessments collected 24 hours after stroke onset.
Using Cognitive Load Theory to Improve Teaching in the Clinical Workplace.

Introduction Cognitive load theory (CLT) views working memory as the primary bottleneck for learning, as it is limited in both capacity and retention. CLT delineates three types of activities that ...
Communication for Development: Looking Backward, Looking Forward

The chapter will relay partly on the author’s fifty years working in international communication research and development communication and a review of the history of the latter field. In Section One he recounts his early training and experience in working on three large field project over the course of his work at Stanford and later at the University of Texas at Austin. These large projects in communication for development and social change were possible with funding available during the period of about thirty years (from mid-1960s), but is no longer available as sources have changed. The current focus is less for outside planners and more for indigenous researchers and planners. Section Two addresses the history of the beginnings of both the official field of communication study in universities as well as development communication applications from the late 1940s to the late 1970s. The figure of Wilbur Schramm was associated with the first graduate program in communication at the University of Illinois in 1947 while UNESCO promoted communication media for change in their member countries from the early 1950s. Later in 1960 Schramm helped to report on countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America planning on their uses of communication media for national development. The MacBride Report in 1980 began to show the cracks in the first paradigm of development communication that lead to more critical study of both communication and development. Section Three addresses the United Nations Millennium Development Goals after 2000. It reviews the major project that Jeffrey Sachs led between 2005–2015 with the different reactions to its success. It introduces the discussion of economists as to the value of large projects and small and suggests that the Noble Laureats in economics for 2019 have found ways to use smaller projects with greater effect. The author shows how one university center has tried to help smaller social startups in developing areas succeed. Section Four provides three examples from the previous section for analysis. Section Five discusses how innovative ideas for small communication for development projects might engage local university faculty and students in their field work.
Changing the World One Meme at a Time: The Effects of Climate Change Memes on Civic Engagement Intentions

The risks that animals and humans face from climate change are frequently featured in climate change memes. Although memes may appear to some as silly jokes, little is known of the impact they may ...
High-Impact Educational Practices' Influence on the Emerging Values Model: Group Work Impact.

This research examines the impact of various high-impact educational practices integrated in different group elements (groups course, in-class group activities, and a learning community) on student perceived group work experience related to the Emerging Values model. The Emerging Values model found academic group work to be beneficial for students, specifically associated with peer value and group work values. Different types of high-impact educational practices related to groups are examined using the Emerging Values model. Implications for teaching group work and personal and professional growth in group work are examined. The integration of group work in the higher education classroom and application to professional environments is discussed extensively.
The constituent components and local indicator variables of social vulnerability index

Social vulnerability index (SoVI) has been widely used to measure the extent to which people or places are socially vulnerable. The SoVI is an aggregate composite index that linearly combines a few principal components resulted from the principal components analysis on a number of selected social vulnerability indicator variables, and it can quantify the relative level of overall social vulnerability but cannot inform the specific local social indicators that contribute to the vulnerability in various degrees. The specific social indicators that either attenuate or amplify local social vulnerability are of much need in policy making to reduce social vulnerability. This study explores the differential contributions of the constituent components of SoVI and investigates how the local indicator variables have evolved over time and across the Greater Houston metropolitan area in the USA using the geographically weighted principal components analysis. It found that the overall social vulnerability as measured by SoVI has exhibited persistent spatial patterns in the Greater Houston area since 1970; however, the spatial patterns of the SoVI are not equally constituted by the components of the SoVI. In particular, the high social vulnerability of suburban areas is mainly the result of one principal component that highly correlates with the percentage of mobile homes. It also found that the indicator variables of social vulnerability have exhibited great spatial heterogeneity and dependence at local scale, and they vary over time but persist on disadvantages in economic condition, mobility, and family structure.
Associations of age at menopause with postmenopausal bone mineral density and fracture risk in women.

CONTEXT Menopause before age 45 is a risk factor for fractures, but menopause occurs at age 45 or later in ~90% of women. OBJECTIVE To determine, in women with menopause at age 45 or later, whether: 1) years since the FMP is more strongly associated with postmenopausal bone mineral density (BMD) than chronological age; and 2) lower age at FMP is related to more fractures. DESIGN AND SETTING The Study of Women's Health Across the Nation, a longitudinal cohort study of the menopause transition (MT). PARTICIPANTS A diverse cohort of ambulatory women (pre- or early perimenopausal at baseline, with 15 near-annual follow-up assessments). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES 1) Postmenopausal lumbar spine (LS) or femoral neck (FN) BMD (N=1,038); 2) Time to fracture (N=1,554). RESULTS Adjusted for age, BMI, cigarette use, alcohol intake, baseline LS or FN BMD, baseline MT stage, and study site using multivariable linear regression, each additional year after the FMP was associated with 0.006 (p<0.0001) and 0.004 (p<0.0001) g/cm 2 lower postmenopausal LS and FN BMD, respectively. Age was not related to FN BMD independent of years since FMP. In Cox proportional hazards regression, accounting for race/ethnicity, BMI, cigarette use, alcohol intake, prior fracture, diabetes status, exposure to bone-modifying medications/supplements, and study site, the hazard for incident fracture was 5% greater for each one-year decrement in age at FMP (p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS Years since the FMP is more strongly associated with postmenopausal BMD than chronological age, and earlier menopause is associated with more fractures.
Young patient with recurrent unexplained syncope

Eine junge Patientin mit rezidivierenden Synkopen, die trotz mehrfacher kardiologischer und neurologischer Abklarung unklar blieben, stellte sich zur weiterfuhrenden invasiven Abklarung inkl. Loop-Rekorder-Implantation vor. In einer sorgfaltigen Anamnese konnte die Diagnose gestellt werden, weitere Untersuchungen beschrankten sich auf eine Kipptisch-Untersuchung, lediglich zur Bestatigung der Diagnose.
The Final Phase

Palliative care aims to improve the quality of life of patients and their families facing life-threatening illness. An overall treatment strategy not only includes prevention, assessment, and treatment of pain and other symptoms but also integrates psychological, social, emotional, and spiritual problems of the patient and his/her relatives. The large majority of patients being managed in palliative medicine are suffering from incurable, far-advanced, and progressive cancer. Pain is the major source of anxiety and distress at the end of life, particularly in cases of end-stage cancer. As in any stage of the disease, cancer pain treatment requires standardized guidelines adapted to the WHO’s three-step ladder of cancer pain relief (WHO 1996). Burdens and suffering of patients and relatives should be minimized, and physical, psychosocial, and spiritual symptoms must be treated even in the terminal phase.
Site-directed Anti-peptide Antibodies Define the Topography of the β-Adrenergic Receptor

Abstract Molecular cloning has revealed the primary structure of a number of G-protein-linked receptors. The organization and topography of these proteins predicted to have seven hydrophobic membrane-spanning domains, in contrast, have not been established. Antibodies were prepared against 11 peptides corresponding to each of the hydrophilic sequences of the hamster beta 2-adrenergic receptor. Each of the anti-peptide antibodies displayed immunoreactivity for its synthetic peptide antigen and beta 2-adrenergic receptor (Mr 65,000) on blots of cell membranes and of purified receptor. All but three anti-peptide antisera also displayed immunoreactivity toward human placental and rat fat cell beta 1-adrenergic receptors, reflecting the level of sequence identity that exists between the two subtypes, Chinese hamster ovary cells stably transfected with an expression vector harboring the cDNA encoding the hamster beta 2-adrenergic receptor provided a cell type with 2 million receptors/cell, suitable for in situ localization of the sequences used as antigens. Indirect immunofluorescence of intact and permeabilized cells performed with these site-directed anti-peptide antibodies permitted the assignment of the general topography of each of the hydrophilic sequences of this G-protein-linked receptor. The results support the predictive value of hydropathy analysis for one class of membrane proteins with multiple transmembrane-spanning domains.
Design and performance of a current transformer for efficient liner implosions

Summary form only given. Proton radiography offers several advantages in the analysis of convergent geometry hydrodynamic experiments when compared to the more usual flash X-ray radiography and laser shadowgraphy. However, such an experiment must be fielded at the proton beam line source. This requirement places severe constraints on the size and thus the efficiency of an electrical pulsed power driver. Turchi suggested using a current transformer with a minimum inductance toroidal secondary, with the inner wall of the toroid as the liner. Work is presented showing the design and performance of such a small (/spl sim/18cm diameter) current transformer capable of delivering over 5MA to a 4g, 2.4 cm radius, liner. Such a liner will be accelerated to over 4km/sec before impacting a target at a radius of 0.5cm. These parameters are similar to experiments done on the Pegasus pulsed power facility using a large capacitor bank with a total system inductance of 28-34nH, depending on load geometry. The system presented here is able to achieve this performance with a compact, portable, capacitor bank storing 2500 at 100kV. The entire pulsed power driver consist of 3 Marxed pairs of Atlas capacitors connected via a fuse to the current transformer/liner, all mounted on a portable platform.
Domestic Support for the U.S. Rice Sector and the WTO: Implications of the 2002 Farm Act

The U.S. rice sector is expected to receive some of the largest relative support under the 2002 Farm Act. USDA's rice baseline model is used to compute marketing loan benefits, while direct payments and counter-cyclical payments are estimated from endogenous prices and exogenous policy parameters. Alternative scenarios of reduced marketing loan benefits suggest that projected annual average sector revenue could decline by 4 to 27 percent.
Monitoring and Processing of the Pupil Diameter Signal for Affective Assessment of a Computer User

The pupil diameter (PD) has been found to respond to cognitive and emotional processes. However, the pupillary light reflex (PLR), is known to be the dominant factor in determining pupil size. In this paper, we attempt to minimize the PLR-driven component in the measured PD signal, through an Adaptive Interference Canceller (AIC), with the H∞ time-varying (HITV) adaptive algorithm, so that the output of the AIC, the Modified Pupil Diameter (MPD), can be used as an indication of the pupillary affective response (PAR) after some post-processing. The results of this study confirm that the AIC with the HITV adaptive algorithm is able to minimize the PD changes caused by PLR to an acceptable level, to facilitate the affective assessment of a computer user through the resulting MPD signal.
Preference and avoidance pH of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis and brown trout Salmo trutta exposed to different holding pH

The goal of this study was to determine if short-term exposure of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis and brown trout Salmo trutta to a lower pH than found in their source stream results in a shift in preference or avoidance pH. The lack of a shift in preference or avoidance pH of adult S. fontinalis and S. trutta suggests that these species can be held at a pH different from the source waterbody for a short period of time without altering preference or avoidance pH behaviour.
The progress of the periodontal syndrome in the rice rat: I. Morphometric and autoradiographic studies

The effects of a diphosphonate, dichloromethylene diphosphonate (C12MDP) were studied using the rice rat as a model of periodontal bone loss. C12MDP was given in daily subcutaneous injections at dosages of 0 (control), 0.1, 1.0, or 10.0 mg/kg/day; these treatments were continued for periods of 6, 12, or 18 weeks. The amount of alveolar bone was increased over age matched controls at the 1.0 and 10.0 mg/kg/day doses at 6 weeks; at 12 and 18 weeks, all doses including 0.1 mg/kg/day showed increases in bone over controls. Due to increased connective tissue fibrosis, the CI2MDP treated animals had fewer vascular spaces. Also, the amount of destroyed tissue in the interdental test site was increased in animals given 10.0 mg/kg/day of C12MDP. The number of fibroblasts per mm of bone surface decreased slightly at 6 weeks, but was otherwise not different from controls in treated animals at 12 and 18 weeks. Numbers of osteoblasts decreased greatly at all doses at both 12 and 18 weeks time. There were no significant differences between treated and control animals in the number of osteoclast nuclei per mm bone surface. Also, the numbers of inflammatory cells residing at the bone surface increased at all time periods in the 10.0 mg/kg/day dose group. Finally, the proliferative activity of PDL fibroblasts decreased dramatically at all time periods in the 10.0 mg/kg/day dose group. The response of the proximal tibia to C12MDP was compared to the alveolar bone response in these animals by measuring amounts of bone in respective areas. While the dose response curves are similar, the tibiae showed greater increases in bone mass.
Diffuse ionized gas in nearby Galaxies

We discuss the distribution and spectral characteristics of diffuse ionized gas in nearby galaxies. The diffuse gas has been mapped in both edge-on and more face-on galaxies providing information on the radial and vertical distributions. Emission from diffuse ionized gas is strongest around star forming regions. The vertical distribution appears related to the radio continuum thick-disk emission. We also briefly discuss ionization mechanisms and the connection between star formation characteristics and morphology of the interstellar medium.
Deformation and metamorphic history of the Western Blue Ridge–Eastern Blue Ridge terrane boundary, southern Appalachian Orogen

[1] The Western–Eastern Blue Ridge boundary involved formation by premetamorphic thrusting of an oceanic fragment/accretionary wedge/island arc upon Laurentian basement and metasedimentary cover. Detailed outcrop-scale mapping, structural and petrographic analysis reveal both terranes experienced the same deformation at the same metamorphic grade. Early F1 and F2 isoclinal folds are overprinted by F3 open to tight folds; F3 transposes S2 to an axial planar cleavage (S3), the youngest penetrative feature. Prekinematic to synkinematic (relative to S2) Barrovian metamorphism attained kyanite grade in the Western Blue Ridge (WBR), upper amphibolite facies in the Eastern Blue Ridge (EBR), and anatexis in both terranes. Postkinematic M2B is characterized by appearance of fibrolite throughout the kyanite zone, coarsening to granular sillimanite and identification of a kyanite-sillimanite isograd in the WBR. D3 strain was accommodated by dynamic recrystallization of quartz, neocrystallization, folding, and basal slip of micas, pressure solution of plagioclase, folding of kyanite, and fracturing of garnet. Scattered lower greenschist-facies M4 static retrograde metamorphism resulted in replacement of kyanite and garnet by sericite and chlorite, respectively. Although the juxtaposition of two lithologically distinct terranes implies a fault relationship, polymetamorphism and deformation obliterated any microfabrics, mineral assemblages, or structures that might have developed during premetamorphic thrusting. The boundary cannot be an extension of a continent-scale, dextral strike-slip fault system inferred to have developed along Laurentian margin in the Devonian.
Fair Efficient Call Admission Control Policies for Heterogeneous Traffic Streams in a Packet Routing Server Using the DTM Technology

The issue of fairness has new prominence in multi-service networks where the diverse service characteristics can result in a very unfair resource allocation unless the issue is considered explicitly at the design stage. In this paper, we study the fairness issue of a Packet Routing Server (PRS) architecture based on the Dynamic synchronous Transfer Mode (DTM) access technology. DTM provides a dynamic bandwidth allocation scheme to support various types of telecommunications applications. However, this flexibility also promotes within DTM a lack of fairness concerning medium utilization as no enforcement scheme has been implemented in the DTM access technology. We demonstrate the unfairness of the DTM access scheme and provide resource reservation schemes to ensure that each type of traffic has its relatively fair share of the medium. Our results show that the dynamic resource reservation achieves a better medium utilization and a fair access of the resource in the DTM PRS.
Are quantum waves observable

An experiment has been proposed to test whether an objective physical reality can be granted to probability amplitudes. We consider an idealized version of the experiment and show that quantum mechanics predicts a null result.
Motivations, Attitudes, and Expectations of Growers, Contractors, and Independent Hog Produ

Contract hog production has been a growing portion of the pork industry especially during the past few decades. Production contracting involves an agreement between at least two parties. The agreement specifies the division of resources-which will be used in hog production. They can vary by type of production, by type of contract, and responsibilities of each- contract party. Contractors, who are usually owners -of the hogs, generally provide the feeder pigs or breeding stock along with the feed necessary for production. Growers, those, working in the production of .animals, typically provide the facilities and labor and^ are compensated for their time and resources involved. Expenses -such as veterinary costs or utilities can be paid by the grower, owner, pr shared as contracts vary. Growers are usually compensated on a per head or per pound of gain basis,-.though other types of agreements do exist.
Using second moment information in stochastic scheduling

We present a scheduling heuristic for the stochastic job shop. In a stochastic job shop, operation processing times may vary randomly, or machines may fail at random intervals, or both. Dispatching rules based on substituting expected values for random quantities are often used for scheduling in this uncertain environment. The scheduling heuristic we propose performs restricted dynamic updating of an initial schedule for the shop, using limited distribution information about the random quantities. In particular, we allow general dependence among the stochastic quantities and require at most two moments of each distribution function. Our objective is to minimize expected tardiness. We investigate the benefits of the scheduling heuristic versus a dispatching rule using a simulation study.
Do Immigrants Have Freedom of Speech

The Department of Justice (DOJ) recently argued that immigrants who have not been legally admitted to the United States have no right to claim protections under the First Amendment. This Essay explores the complicated and conflicted case law governing immigrants’ free speech rights, and argues that, contrary to the DOJ position, all people in the United States are protected by the First Amendment. Moreover, it argues that for reasons that have not been widely appreciated, Citizens United v. FEC offers significant doctrinal support for immigrant speech rights because it articulates a strong rule against speech discrimination based on identity rather than content.
“Contacts with the opposition”: American foreign relations, the Iranian student movement, and the global sixties

Iranian students amassed one of the most impressive movements of the 1960s. Through diligent and efficient transnational organizing in the United States and Western Europe, oppositionist students wedded their rejection of the US-supported regime of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi with a broader, more inclusive internationalism that thrived in the late 1960s. This essay situates the Iranian student movement abroad -- both its challenges to the Washington-Tehran alliance and its internationalism -- within the context of US international history. Rather than establish and maintain systematic contacts with the opposition abroad to formulate a more dynamic and less myopic foreign policy, the Johnson and Nixon administrations interpreted Iranian student protest as an impediment to forging a stronger alliance with the Shah of Iran.