cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement and Analysis of Spyware in a University Environment.

Over the past few years, a relatively new computing phenomenon has gained momentum: the spread of “spyware.” Though most people are aware of spyware, the research community has spent little effort to understand its nature, how widespread it is, and the risks it presents. This paper is a first attempt to do so. We first discuss background material on spyware, including the various types of spyware programs, their methods of transmission, and their run-time behavior. By examining four widespread programs (Gator, Cydoor, SaveNow, and eZula), we present a detailed analysis of their behavior, from which we derive signatures that can be used to detect their presence on remote computers through passive network monitoring. Using these signatures, we quantify the spread of these programs among hosts within the University of Washington by analyzing a week-long trace of network activity. This trace was gathered from August 26th to September 1st, 2003. From this trace, we show that: (1) these four programs affect approximately 5.1% of active hosts on campus, (2) many computers that contain spyware have more than one spyware program running on them concurrently, and (3) 69% of organizations within the university contain at least one host running spyware. We conclude by discussing security implications of spyware and specific vulnerabilities we found within versions of two of these spyware programs.
Energy-aware partitioning for multiprocessor real-time systems

In this paper, we address the problem of partitioning periodic real-time tasks in a multiprocessor platform by considering both feasibility and energy-awareness perspectives: our objective is to compute the feasible partitioning that results in minimum energy consumption on multiple identical processors by using variable voltage earliest-deadline-first scheduling. We show that the problem is NP-hard in the strong sense on m /spl ges/ 2 processors even when feasibility is guaranteed a priori. Then, we develop our framework where load balancing plays a major role in producing energy-efficient partitionings. We evaluate the feasibility and energy-efficiency performances of partitioning heuristics experimentally.
Performance comparison of different motion correction algorithms used in cardiac SPECT imaging

We evaluate the performance and accuracy of different motion correction algorithms used in nuclear cardiac imaging. Three algorithms used in automated tracking techniques are the diverging square (DS); diverging circles (DC); and self-adaptive masking methods (SM). The observation of the tracking process over the images acquired (specifically for this study with introduced patient motion) in nuclear cardiac laboratory showed that the DC and SM algorithms perform better when compared with the DS algorithm. It was shown that the SM method gains a good tolerance of low signal to noise ratio (SNR) images and is also robust in the presence of abrupt motion.
Israel’s ‘Constitutional Revolution’: The Legal Interpretation of Entrenched Civil Liberties in an Emerging Neo-Liberal Economic Order

Deregulation of domestic markets, recommodification of public services, and the gradual transition toward a more "flexible" market structure have become worldwide phenomena during the last twenty years. These processes have been described by legislators and bureaucrats as inevitable steps in the constant battle of capitalist markets, especially those in small trade-dependent countries, to remain competitive and viable in the global economy. In many countries, the gradual adoption of more flexible production conditions has been accompanied by the rise of a neo-liberal ideology emphasizing extreme social atomism, by the emergence of an international stock-exchange culture, and by placing the values of efficiency, flexibility, and economic rationality in the highest possible esteem. In the legal arena, many countries have enacted provisions to facilitate the adaptation of domestic markets to the demands of the global market, and have revived a laissez-faire interpretation of labor law as well as economic and social rights. In short, a new economic and legal order has been establishing itself in the arenas of production, labor, and social entitlement. This wide-ranging process has not left the Israeli polity untouched. There are five main particularities of its impact that make the Israeli case interesting: the long tradition of "Hebrew labor" and collectivism as central values of Zionism; the historical role of the Labor Movement and especially the Federation of Jewish Labor in Israel (hereinafter, the Histadrut) in the formation of the state; the deeply collectivist roots of Jewish ethno-republicanism underlying the country's political culture; Israel's involvement in a fragile reconciliation process with its neighbors; and the accompaniment of the
Non-invasive Thermal Modeling Techniques Using Ambient Sensors for Greening Data Centers

Previous research has demonstrated the potential benefits of thermal aware load placement and thermal mapping in cool-intensive environments such as data centers. However, it has proved difficult to apply existing techniques to live data centers because of models that are either unrealistic, require extensive sensing instrumentation, or because their creation is disruptive to the data center services. The work presented in this paper discusses techniques and their associated challenges with respect to creating an adaptive and non-invasive method of creating realistic and low-complexity thermal models using built-in and ambient sensors. Uses of these techniques can vary from assessing the thermal efficiency of the data center to designing a thermal-aware job scheduler to lower total cost of ownership (TCO). Specifically, this paper proposes: i) a non-invasive thermal modeling software architecture that uses on-board, ambient and software sensors ii) and four different ways of leveraging the gathered data from an experimental application of the architecture to improve the greenness of the data center and our understanding of the thermal behavior of a data center.
Where we've been, where we are, and where we're going: emergency medicine--past, present, and future.

Summary The challenge to emergency medicine for the future is to maintain the intensity of attraction and appeal that the specialty currently enjoys through the next decade and beyond. This will only be accomplished by attracting some of this bright young talent into full-time academic emergency medicine for research and teaching activities. Currently there are unfilled academic positions in the department at LAC/USC Medical Center and across the country in emergency medicine. This is because the salaries are not competitive, and most physicians completing their residencies with indebtedness for their education have the need of high income for a period after residency training. However, few return to academic medicine after becoming accustomed to a higher standard of living. This trend must change if we are to maintain the cutting edge of clinical emergency medicine and become the academic equivalent of the other specialties. The 12 physicians who founded ABEM, and especially the remaining six founding members who will be leaving the Board in a few days, feel honored that you selected us to serve. I am deeply grateful that you selected me to give the Kennedy Lecture, though I must admit to moments of anxiety and panic these last few weeks and days. Also, I would like to thank all the candidates for Board certification whom it was my privilege to examine during a delicate and stressful moment of their professional lives. It is really they who make the job worthwhile. Hopefully, we have laid a good foundation so that we can legitimately say the “ball” is yours now, “run with it.”
The Past and the Future of Violence Against Women

The most important thing we have learned about violence against women over the past 20 years is that violence is gendered and learned and can only be understood in the context of gender inequality. Most violence is male, and although some violence is done by females, it is far from equal and often done for very different reasons. Among other major findings is that children from violent households tend to grow up to be problematic, which means that a major method of curbing juvenile delinquency in 10 years is to stop violence against women today.
Ar ion laser assisted chemical etching of via holes in tungsten sheets in air

Ar ion laser assisted chemical etching of 150 μm thick annealed tungsten sheets in air is reported. The material removal mechanism involves local heating by the laser to temperatures in the range of 1000–1500 °C that causes rapid oxidation of the W to WO3 which volatilizes readily. Holes with straight walls and slightly enlarged entrances near the surface were drilled with etch rates as high as 11.5 μm/s at 13.8 W, and a minimum hole diameter of 21 μm at 8.1 W. The diameters of the holes and the etch rates were measured and found to increase as a function of the laser power. It was found that by increasing the laser power above 11–12 W, no change was observed in the hole diameters which remained constant at about 31 μm, whereas the etch rates continued to increase even faster than at low powers. Distinct adjacent holes of 25 μm diameter could be drilled with their centers separated by as little as 60 μm. This is therefore also the etching resolution in the present study.
Exact and approximate solutions of a chemically reacting nonequilibrium flow problem

Abstract By studying a two-dimensional flow problem, the consequences of employing approximation methods in ignition problems are elucidated. Asymptotic and local similarity solutions are obtained for flows over an adiabatic plate and over a perfectly conducting plate. The governing partial differential equations are transformed into a single integral equation in Von Mises space which is amenable to solutions by the Laplace method and by the assumption of a slowly varying function. To apply the technique of local similarity to the present problem, the usual boundary layer similarity transformation is used. The results are compared with an available exact numerical solution.
Effect of parathyroid hormone on energy metabolism ofskeletal muscle

Clinical states with primary or secondary hyperparathyroidism are associated with muscle dysfunction, suggesting that parathyroid hormone (PTH) may affect muscle metabolism. The present study examined the effect of 1-84 PTH and its amino-terminal fragment (1-34 PTH) on energy production, transfer, and utilization by skeletal muscle. Rats weighing 150 to 200 g were injected intraperitoneally with 1-84 or 1-34 PTH, 200 U/day, for 4 days, and control animals received vehicle only. The effect of the simultaneous administration of a calcium channel blocker, verapamil, was examined also. The muscle content of inorganic phosphorus, creatine phosphate, and adenine nucleotides were significantly (P less than 0.01) lower in the PTH-treated rats than in control animals. The hormone significantly reduced mitochondrial oxygen consumption without altering ADP:0 ratio, indicating reduced phosphorylation. Both 1-84 and 1-34 PTH produced significant (P less than 0.01) reduction in the activities of mitochondrial and myofibrillar CPK, and mitochondrial MgATPase. 1-84 PTH reduced the activity of myofibrillar CaATPase as well. There was a significant (P less than 0.01) increment in muscle uptake of 45Ca in the 1-84 PTH-treated rats. Verapamil abolished all the effects of PTH. Our data demonstrate that both 1-84 and 1-34 PTH impair energy production, transfer, and utilization. These biochemical derangements may, at least in part, underlie the myopathy observed in conditions associated with excess PTH.
Parameters affecting the efficiency of Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of Colletotrichum graminicola

We have developed an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT) protocol for the plant pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum graminicola, the cause of anthracnose leaf blight and stalk rot of corn. The ATMT results in higher transformation efficiencies than previously available polyethylene glycol-mediated protocols, and falcate spores can be used instead of protoplasts for transformation. Various experimental parameters were tested for their effects on transformation efficiencies. The parameters with the greatest influence were the A. tumefaciens strain used and the Ti-plasmid it carried, the ratio of bacterium to fungus during cocultivation, and the length of cocultivation. Southern analysis demonstrated that most transformants (80%) contained tandem integrations of plasmid sequences, and at least 36% had integrations at multiple sites in the genome. In a majority of cases (70%), the whole Ti-plasmid, and not just the T-DNA, had integrated as a series of tandem repeats. Tandem integrations, especially of the whole plasmid, make it difficult to rescue DNA from both flanks of the integrations with standard PCR-based approaches. Thus, ATMT may be unsuitable for insertional mutagenesis of C. graminicola without further modification.
Rickettsial skin disease: uncommon presentations

Rickettsioses occurring worldwide show a significant morbidity and mortality when not properly treated. Early diagnosis is mandatory for better outcome. Clinical symptoms and patient's history are essential, but uncommon presentation of these arthropod-borne diseases may be a challenge.
Analytical characterization of sample entraining multi-electrode plasma sources for atomic emission spectroscopy-I. Preliminary studies

Abstract The analytical capabilities of several multi-electrode plasma sources are evaluated. Multi-electrode plasma sources use electrodes to shape the plasma in order to entrain a sample stream in the center of hot plasma over long periods of time, in a process similar to an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) source. By moving the electrodes, the residence time can be readily adjusted during plasma operation to accommodate various types of aerosol samples. Generally, less than 61/min of argon gas is required to operate the plasma. In this study, the influence of several experimental variables is reported on the spatial profiles of Mg atom and ion emission intensities and the line-to-background (L/B) ratios. These variables include the length of plasma, the current, sample carrier gas flow rate, plasma gas flow rate, position of the tip of the sample introduction tube, and the observation height. The spatial emission characteristics of the multi-electrode plasma sources are similar to those observed in an ICP. With the vertical 4-electrode plasma source, 4–5 orders of magnitude of linear dynamic range are obtained and detection limits for some elements are comparable to those obtained with an ICP. The residence time of an analyte species in the observation zone is about 2.3 ms with a plasma length of 25 mm. The short term stability of the plasma is less than 2 %, when expressed as the relative standard deviation of the signal from a blank solution. These results suggest that these adjustable vertical multi-electrode plasma sources show great promise as new and versatile sources of excitation for atomic emission spectroscopy.
Circadian variation in ventricular arrhythmias in hypertensive men.

Abstract Circadian patterns have been observed for various cardiovascular functions and events including sudden cardiac death. This study examined whether ventricular arrhythmias could be a pathophysiologic explanation for the increase in prevalence of sudden cardiac death observed between 6 A.M. and noon. Hypertensive men 35 to 70 years of age and without a history of symptomatic cardiac disease were withdrawn from diuretic treatment and received 1 month of oral electrolyte repletion with both 40 mmol of potassium chloride and 400 mg of magnesium oxide daily. Then continuous 24-hour Holter monitoring was performed and ventricular arrhythmias were classified by 6-hour time intervals. The interval from 6 A.M. to noon revealed a higher prevalence of complex or frequent ventricular arrhythmias than the interval from midnight to 6 A.M., as well as a higher mean number of ventricular premature complexes per hour. The differences were statistically significant (p
Digital Compensation of Fiber Nonlinearities

Recent progress in nonlinearity compensation using coherent detection and digital signal processing will be presented. Efficient algorithms toward real-time implementation and polarization effects for polarization-multiplexed WDM transmission will be emphasized in this presentation.
Thermal degradation of polymers with phenylene units in the chain. III. Polyarylates

The thermal decomposition of three aromatic polyesters was studied in vacuo. The degradation products were analyzed by mass spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Breakdown mechanisms are proposed. Primary cleavage of the ester linkages appears to take place either between the carbonyl and the oxygen or between the oxygen and the ring, yielding carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in varying ratios. Another major decomposition product is a sublimate which seems to consist mainly of the phenolic component of the polyester. A polyester with a 2,2-propylene linkage showed, as expected, early loss of methane. A pendent pentyloxy chain in one of the polymers is removed almost completely below 350°C with formation of alkanes and alkenes. Lack of oxygen in the fragments indicates that the main cleavage must occur between the ether oxygen and the aliphatic chain or with in the aliphatic chain.
Human papillomavirus and bladder cancer

Human papillomavirus (HPV) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has been originally detected in urothelial carcinomas of the bladder in immunocompromized patients. Studies from the general population showed a variable incidence of high risk HPV DNA which ranged from 2.5% to 81%, with HPV 16 DNA occurring more frequently. HPV DNA was detected in both papillary and invasive cancers, although in our experience the overall incidence was low. Most HPV positive cases were of high grade and stage with significant reduced survival or increased recurrence rate after transurethral resection. These results indicate an additional prognostic value of viral infection in bladder cancer. In addition, molecular studies suggest that the HPV related oncoproteins E6 and E7 play a role in bladder carcinogenesis via inactivation and/or degradation of p53 and pRb suppressor gene-associated proteins. The purpose of this review is to provide a brief summary of what is known about HPV and bladder cancer, and to address issues germane to the translation of this information to patient management.
Commensurate and incommensurate vortices in two-dimensional xy models.

Simple, nearest-neighbor $\mathrm{XY}$ models on unfrustrated lattices with competing ferromagnetic $[cos(\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\theta})]$ and nematic $[cos(2\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\theta})]$ interactions are studied. For sufficiently strong competition, this model exhibits four phases in spatial dimension $d=3$ and five in $d=2$, including in both cases a new phase with extensive zero-point entropy. As a result of this zero-point entropy the system does not acquire perfect order even in the zero-temperature limit. The model has vortices of both irrational and integer winding number; in $d=2$ their unbinding mediates the phase transitions, which are all of the Kosterlitz-Thouless type.
TAT Peptide and Its Conjugates: Proteolytic Stability

The proteolytic cleavage of TATp, TATp-PEG1000-PE conjugate (TATp-conjugate), and TATp as TATp-conjugate in mixed micelles made of TATp-conjugate and PEG5000-PE (2.5% mol of TATp-conjugate, TATp-Mic) were studied by HPLC with fluorescent detection using fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC) labeling and by MALDI-TOF MS analysis. The cleavage kinetics were analyzed in human blood plasma and in trypsin-containing phosphate buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4, to simulate the proteolytic activity of human plasma. The trypsinolysis of free TATp, TATp-conjugate, and TATp-Mic revealed that the main initial fragmentation is an endocleavage at the carboxyl terminus resulting in an Arg-Arg (RR) dimer. The trypsinolysis followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The cleavage of the free TATp was relatively fast with a half-life of a few minutes (t1/2 ∼ 3.5 min). The TATp-conjugate showed more stability with about a 3-fold increase in half-life (t1/2 ∼ 10 min). TATp in TATp-Mic was highly protected against proteolysis with an o...
Comparative effects of DL-glyceraldehyde, 6-mercaptopurine, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil on the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in vivo.

Female white Swiss mice bearing the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma were treated with 6-mercaptopurine, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil and DL-glyceraldehyde, alone and in combination. DL-glyceraldehyde was more effective against Ehrlich ascites tumor, as judged by 30-day post-inoculation survival time, than any of the three compounds with which it was compared. Combination of glyceraldehyde and 5-fluorouracil resulted in a slight potentiation of carcinostatic effect. DL-glyceraldehyde at carcinostatic dose levels was shown to have little toxic effect when administered for several days to white Swiss control mice. On a traite des femelles de souris Suisse blanches porteuses d'un epithelioma ascitique d'Ehrlich au moyen de mercapto-6 purine, de methotrexate, de fluoro-5 uracile et de DL-glyceraldehyde, ces substances etant employees seules ou en association. D'apres la proportion des animaux survivants 30 jours apres l'inoculation, le produit qui s'est montre le plus efficace de tous est le DL-glyceraldehyde. L'association de glyceraldehyde et de fluoro-uracile a legerement potentialise l'effet carcinostatique. Aux doses carcinostatiques, le glyceraldehyde administre pendant plusieurs jours a des souris temoins identiques n'a eu qu'une faible action toxique.
Dr. Phil and Psychology Today as Self-Help Treatments of Mental Illness: A Content Analysis of Popular Psychology Programming

Many people with a diagnosable mental illness do not receive professional treatment. Instead, they may turn to media mental health professionals for diagnosis and treatment recommendations. This study content analyzed episodes of Dr. Phil and issues of Psychology Today to determine what mental disorders are covered and treatments are recommended, and to determine whether their coverage of mental disorders corresponds to the national prevalence of mental disorders. Both sources provide content about depression more than about any other mental illness. Both also make recommendations for psychotherapy more than they recommend other forms of treatment. The study also found no relation between the proportion of times that mental disorders were discussed and the prevalence of the disorders among American adults. This research helps to lay a foundation for future research addressing the relations among mental disorders, self-treatment, and the media's role in mental health.
Evaluation of Covering, Dry Matter, and Preservative at Ensiling of Alfalfa in Bunker Silos

Abstract In 1978, alfalfa at 30 or 40% dry matter was ensiled in four bunker silos. Propionic acid (.02% wet basis) was applied to one bunker of each dry matter. Bunkers were covered with black plastic. Dry matter recovery, temperatures during storage, and weight gain of heifers fed these silages were similar between treatments. In 1979, alfalfa (44% dry matter) was ensiled in four bunker silos of which two were not covered. Two silos, one covered and one not, were treated with propionic acid (.02% wet basis). Average temperatures during storage (7 wk) 34.1, 36.4, 42.6, and 50.3°C and dry matter recovery 84.1, 96.2, 86.3, and 68.0% were recorded for treated-covered, covered, treated-uncovered, and uncovered silos. Heifers gained more when fed untreated and covered silages. In 1980, alfalfa (32% dry matter) was ensiled in two bunkers. One silo was covered and untreated (covered), and the other was treated topically (treated) with a 100% propionic acid solution. Average temperatures during storage (7 wk) were 33.7 and 43.0° C, dry matter recovery 86.2 and 77.6%, average daily gain .58 and .44kg/day, and dry matter consumption 7.3 and 5.8kg/dry matter per day for silages or heifers fed covered and treated silages. In general, covering with black plastic was as effective as or more effective than treatment with propionic acid for preserving alfalfa stored in bunker silos.
STAT6 rabbit monoclonal antibody is a robust diagnostic tool for the distinction of solitary fibrous tumour from its mimics

Recurrent NAB2-STAT6 gene fusions have recently been identified in solitary fibrous tumour by next generation sequencing. Our aim was to examine the sensitivity and specificity of STAT6 immunohistochemistry for solitary fibrous tumour versus other morphologically similar soft tissue tumours. STAT6 expression was evaluated in 54 solitary fibrous tumours of various sites and 99 soft tissue tumours in the histological differential diagnosis. We used a rabbit monoclonal STAT6 antibody (1:100), which has not been reported by others, on formalin fixed, paraffin embedded whole sections and tissue microarray slides. Only nuclear staining of STAT6 was considered positive. Distribution of staining was scored as: 0 (no staining), 1+ (1-25%), 2+ (26-50%), 3+ (>50%). Intensity was scored as weak, moderate or strong. Nuclear STAT6 staining was present in all SFT cases tested (54/54, sensitivity 100%), regardless of histology, anatomical site or CD34 status. The majority of cases showed 3+ and strong staining. All tested cases of cellular angiofibroma (0/9), myofibroblastoma (0/10), spindle cell lipoma (0/10), benign fibrous histiocytoma (0/13), dermatofibrosarcoma protruberans (0/9), low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma (0/7), schwannoma (0/8), desmoid-type fibromatosis (0/8), monophasic synovial sarcoma (0/11), malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour (0/7), and mesenchymal chondrosarcoma (0/7) were negative for STAT6 (specificity 100%). Our study further supports the utility of STAT6 immunohistochemistry as an adjunct in the diagnosis of solitary fibrous tumour.
[123I]β‐CIT SPECT imaging demonstrates reduced density of striatal dopamine transporters in Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy

In vivo imaging of the dopamine transporter (DAT) with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is a quantitative biomarker for Parkinson's disease (PD) onset and severity. This study has examined and compared the loss of striatal DAT in PD and multiple system atrophy (MSA) using [123I]β-CIT SPECT imaging. One hundred and eighty-three patients (157 PD and 26 MSA) were studied. Clinical rating scales (Hoehn and Yahr stage and Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale [UPDRS] scores) demonstrated that the MSA patients were more severely impaired than the PD patients. The striatal [123I]β-CIT SPECT uptake was markedly reduced in both the PD and MSA groups. In addition, MSA patients showed more symmetric DAT loss compared with the PD patients, consistent with the more symmetric clinical motor dysfunction observed in MSA. While the loss of DAT was significantly reduced in all regions in both MSA and PD, comparison of the relative loss of the DAT did not significantly improve diagnostic accuracy in distinguishing between PD and MSA. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
Abnormal endogenous amino acid release in brain slices from vitamin B-6 restricted neonatal rats.

Abstract The basal and potassium-evoked efflux of glutamate, glycine, taurine, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was measured in brain slices from vitamin B-6 restricted and sufficient 14-day-old rats. The results indicate a reduced level of basal glutamate, taurine, and GABA efflux in hippocampal slices and taurine and GABA in cortical slices from vitamin B-6 restricted animals. In the presence of depolarizing potassium concentrations, there was a reduced level of GABA efflux in hippocampal and cortical slices, and a marked reduction in the release of glutamate in cortical slices from B-6 restricted rats. The abnormalities in the secretion process of these neuroactive amino acids may be related to the neurological sequelae associated with neonatal vitamin B-6 restriction.
An editorial on research and development in and with educational technology

For the sake of the framework presented here, we offer these definitions: Education is aimed at developing knowledge, skills, and attitudes to enable a person to be an effective problem solver, an independent critical thinker, a lifelong learner, and a responsible member of society; education includes formal education (elementary, secondary, and tertiary), informal education (planned, incidental, lifelong learning, etc.), and training (on-the-job, professional development, etc.). Technology involves the disciplined application of knowledge to achieve a practical purpose valued by a group or a society; technologies may involve tangible devices as well as the systematic knowledge involved in the creation of a variety of benefits to groups and society. Learning involves a stable and persisting change in what a person or a group of people knows and is able to do; the processes that result in learning (e.g., learning activities) can be and often are distinguished from the products of learning (e.g., learning outcomes). Instruction is that which is designed to facilitate and support learning; instruction can be direct, as in a lecture or structured presentation, or more indirect, as in guided practice with feedback, inquiry-based methods, and exploratory learning. Performance refers to how well a person or a group is able to successfully complete a designated task; performance factors typically include accuracy, speed, consistency, and the ability to transfer knowledge and ability to a more challenging set of tasks. Knowledge refers to beliefs that are well grounded in theory, evidence and experience; knowledge involves information that has been validated by others and which is widely accepted as validated and reliable. These definitions are generally consistent with the elaborated definitions in Educational Technology: A Definition with Commentary (Januszewski & Molenda 2007) and the Encyclopedia of Terminology for Educational Communications and Technology (Richey 2013); the reader is referred to those volumes which contain more detailed explanations of nuances and issues and along with excellent references.
A Cross-Layer Communications Framework for Tactical Environments

In this paper we propose a cross-layer approach for information and resource sharing between the routing, transport and application-level components in tactical networks. Our approach is different than traditional cross-layer strategies for MANETs in that it focuses on the interaction of each layer (MAC and NET) directly with the overlying applications (or middleware), as opposed to the traditional interactions between neighbor layers in the OSI model. In this work, `applications' are abstracted by a data-aware communication framework that resides on top of the transport layer and interacts will all sub-layers. The paper describes the requirements for cross-layer integration, and introduces our proposed approach. A proof-of-concept implementation is presented for the Agile Computing Middleware and the OLSR routing protocol.
Behavioral changes in the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio (Holthuis), induced by the parasitic isopod, Probopyrus pandalicola (Packard)

Abstract Preliminary observations indicated that the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio , parasitized by the isopod, Probopyrus pandalicola , captured significantly fewer prey items ( Daphnia ) and exhibited reduced activity compared to unparasitized conspecifics. Further research focused on elucidating the factors involved in altering the shrimp’s behavior. When viewed from above in an opaque container, activity levels of parasitized shrimp were considerably lower than unparasitized shrimp; however, when viewed from the side in a glass container, differences in activity were also seen, but not under all circumstances. In response to the observer above, the parasitized shrimp reduced their activity disproportionately. When (in the opaque tank) prey capture of Artemia was examined, there was no difference between parasitized and unparasitized shrimp’s capture rate. This is attributable to the greater activity of Artemia, which makes them more likely than Daphnia to encounter a relatively inactive predator. There was not a significant difference in prey capture when Cyprinodon larvae were used as prey and tanks were not observed from above. When predator avoidance was studied using mummichogs ( Fundulus heteroclitus ), we expected that the more conspicuous parasitized shrimp would be preyed upon more, but this was not the case. Their lowered activity in the presence of a predator apparently reduced their conspicuousness, so that they were not preyed on more than the unparasitized shrimp.
Formation of π–π Complexes between Phenanthrene and Model π-Acceptor Humic Subunits

Pi-pi interactions may play a role in association of aromatic compounds with natural organic substances. Complexation in aqueous solvents was studied between the pi donor, phenanthrene (PHEN), and model pi-acceptor species (quinones and N-heteroaromatic cations) that represent certain functional units of humic substances. Charge-transfer bands in the UV and ring-current shifts in the proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum confirmed the face-to-face, pi-pi donor-acceptor nature of the bond. Complexation constants were obtained by the solubility enhancement method; solubility enhancements up to 2500 were found. Ruled out as predominant causes of solubility enhancement were monomer desolvation (i.e., "hydrophobic" effects), partitioning into micelles, pi-cation interactions, and pi-hydrogen bonding. Acceptor self-stacking and formation of higher-stoichiometry acceptor-donor complexes had to be considered in evaluating donor-acceptor equilibria in some cases. The affinity of acceptor for PHEN followed the order of increasing pi-acceptor strength and varied strongly with the degree of ring overlap with PHEN. Complexation between PHEN and the free solution faces of an acceptor was less favorable than intercalation of PHEN between two acceptor units in a stack. A positive hydrophobic effect on complexation was evident in water mixtures with acetone or methanol and found to correlate with the number of faces of PHEN requiring desolvation to form the complex. When hydrophobic effects are subtracted out, the pi-pi complex actually becomes favored as the solvent water content and polarity decline. The results suggest that phenanthrene, and by implication other donor aromatic compounds, are capable of forming pi-pi interactions with appropriate humic fragments.
17β-Estradiol stimulates regeneration of sciatic nerve in female mice

In ovariectomized mice with and without estrogen replacement, regeneration of the sciatic nerve after crush injury was studied. Functional recovery, quantified with sciatic functional index was significantly accelerated in estrogen-treated mice throughout the regeneration. On semi-thin sections of sciatic nerves in estrogen-treated mice we registered a greater total number of regenerating nerve fibers at the first week, and a higher mean axonal area at the third week of regeneration. Our results demonstrated that estrogen treatment enhances regeneration of the sciatic nerve.
Should tracheostomy practice in the setting of trauma be standardized

Purpose of review Trauma is a common predisposing condition in patients developing acute respiratory failure. Selection criteria for tracheostomy use in trauma remain poorly defined. The purpose of this review is to discuss contemporary knowledge regarding the benefits and risks of tracheostomy and to highlight potential strategies to standardize practice. Recent findings A number of studies have examined the effects of tracheostomy timing on clinically important end points. In general, these studies have produced conflicting findings, and are difficult to apply clinically. As a result, tracheostomy practice varies considerably. An approach to standardizing tracheostomy practice is presented, whereby decision for tracheostomy is based, in part, on a patient's clinical trajectory. The attractiveness of such an approach is that it attempts to match use of tracheostomy to patients with a need for continued ventilatory support. Summary Variation in clinical practice is costly. To the extent that variation in tracheostomy practice reflects suboptimal use of this procedure, greater understanding of tracheostomy utility has the potential to enhance the quality of care and more effectively target resources.
Electrochemical Formation of CdSe Monolayers on the Low Index Planes of Au.

The electrochemical analog of atomic layer epitaxy (ALE) is being studied. ALE is a method for growing thin films of materials using a cycle of surface limited reactions. The surface limited reactions control the deposition by limiting the growth to an atomic layer at a time. In electrochemistry, a surface limited deposition is generally referred to as underpotential deposition (UPD), and UPD is used to form the atomic layers in electrochemical ALE (ECALE). The work presented here is an atomic level study of the deposition of the first few monolayers of CdSe via ECALE: by the alternated UPD of atomic layers of Se and Cd on the low index planes of Au. UPD of Se resulted in the formation of ordered structures on each of the low index planes of Au, as observed by low energy electron diffraction (LEED) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The subsequent UPD of Cd resulted in CdSe deposits which exhibited 1:1 stoichiometry, as determined by coulometry and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). The following LEED patterns were observed for the CdSe monolayers: Au(111)(√7×√7)R19.1°, Au(111)(3×3), Au(110)(2×3), and the Au(100)(√2×2√2)R45°. Similar LEED patterns were observed on each surface for deposits formed using up to three ECALE cycles. In situ STM studies of Cd deposition on Se-covered Au(111) indicated the formation of a (3×3) structure, consistent with LEED results, and with previous TEM studies. The same LEED patterns were also observed for CdSe monolayers where Cd was deposited as the first atomic layer. AES indicated that the element deposited first remained on the bottom, and that deposited second remained on top.
Observation and analysis of maser activity in a tokamak plasma.

High-resolution spectral measurements of electron plasma-frequency emission from alcator C tokamak reveal a level of coherence indicative of maser activity (\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\omega}/\ensuremath{\omega}=6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}6}$). A full-wave theoretical analysis yields the complete mode structure of the electromagnetic fields as well as the dispersion relation. This analysis shows that for wave frequencies near the central plasma frequency the waves are highly localized and thereby the plasma forms a high-Q cavity for these waves.
Lifestyle factors and risk of restless legs syndrome: Prospective Cohort study

Introduction We conducted a prospective study to examine the association between lifestyle factors (i.e., obesity, physical activity, smoking, intake of alcohol and caffeine, and overall diet quality) and the risk of developing restless legs syndrome (RLS). Materials and methods The study population included 12,812 men participating in Health Professionals Follow-up Study and 42,728 women participating in the Nurses’ Health study II, free of RLS at baseline (2002 for the HPFS and 2005 for the NHS II) and free of diabetes and arthritics through follow-up. RLS was assessed via a set of questions recommended by International Restless Legs Syndrome Study group. The Information was collected on height, weight, level of physical activity, dietary intake, and smoking status via questionnaires. Results During 4–6 years of follow-up, we identified 1,538 incident RLS cases. Participants with normal weight, and who were physically active, non-smoker, and with some alcohol consumption tended to have a lower risk of developing RLS. When we combined the effects of these four factors together, we observed a dose response relationship between the increased number of healthy lifestyle factors and a low risk of RLS: the adjusted pooled relative risk was 0.60 (95% CI: 0.42–0.86) for 4 vs.0 healthy factors ( P trend = 0.01), after adjusting for age, depression, and other potential confounders. In contrast, we did not observe significant associations between caffeine consumption, diet quality, as assessed by the Alternate Healthy Eating Index, and altered RLS risk in men and women. Conclusion Several modified lifestyle factors may play an important role in RLS risk. Acknowledgements Funding by government grant: 5R01NS062879-02 (PI: Xiang Gao). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
Mental nerve palsy in malignant lymphoma.

Mental nerve palsy in malignant lymphoma represents a clinical syndrome which has never been described previously. Eight cases are presented that have been observed and collected over a period of several years. Mental nerve palsy is a peripheral neuropathy: palpable masses or cervical lymphadenopathy were recorded as associated findings in 6 of the 8 cases and, in all probability, could be implicated as the etiology by producing direct pressure on either the inferior dental or mental nerve. Diffuse central nervous system involvement, when present, appeared to be coincidental rather than a causative factor, as reflected in the lack of response of the mental nerve to adequate brain stem irradiation, to which all other abnormally functioning cranial nerves responded. From the prognostic viewpoint, mental nerve palsy represents a hallmark of highly aggressive, rapidly progressive, and inexorably fatal malignant lymphoma. Radiation therapy is the treatment of choice. It produces prompt regression of all associated lymph node masses and other soft-tissue infiltrations, and a demonstrable improvement in the mental nerve palsy. Treatment should be directed to the entire course of the inferior dental and mental nerves for the reasons discussed.
Vector migration and dispersal rates for sylvatic Trypanosoma cruzi transmission

Abstract The spread of vector-borne diseases are greatly increased by a vector's ability to migrate. Recent studies of sylvatic Trypanosoma cruzi transmission have motivated the study of vector migration across geographic regions. Due to the natural mechanisms in which vector-borne diseases are transmitted between vectors and hosts, vector dispersal among different host populations is a critical factor in the ability of the parasite to be spread across large regions. In this study we develop a general framework for deriving large-scale, discrete-space migration rates from small-scale, continuous-space dispersal data. We identify three defining characteristics of vector migration: distance, preferred direction of dispersal, and strength of preference for a particular direction. We consider several migration scenarios in which vectors may have no preference for dispersal in a particular direction or may disperse with a preferred direction, such as northeast. We examine what effect preferred direction has on the migration rate, as well as use the local to global framework to calculate numerical estimates for vector migration rates for the primary vectors in the southeast U.S. and northern Mexico, Triatoma sanguisuga and Triatoma gerstaeckeri, based on biological and experimental data. Results from this study can be applied to metapopulation models for species that migrate.
SUPPRESSION OF CREATINE KINASE-CATALYZED PHOSPHOTRANSFER RESULTS IN INCREASED PHOSPHORYL TRANSFER BY ADENYLATE KINASE IN INTACT SKELETAL MUSCLE

The kinetics of creatine kinase (CK) and adenylate kinase (AK) activities were monitored in intact diaphragm muscle by 18O phosphoryl oxygen exchange to assess whether these two phosphotransferases provide an interrelated function integral to high energy phosphoryl metabolism. This possibility was examined by quantitating the net rates of CK- and AK-catalyzed phosphoryl transfer in comparison to the total cellular ATP metabolic rate when CK activity in the intact diaphragm muscle was progressively inhibited by 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene. In noncontracting muscle from untreated rats, net rates of CK- and AK-catalyzed phosphotransfer were equivalent to 88 and 7%, respectively, of the total ATP metabolic rate. These results were compared with reported 31P NMR analyses of total creatine phosphate flux to estimate that each creatine phosphate molecule produced undergoes about 50 unidirectional CK-catalyzed phosphotransfers in transit to an ATP consumption site in the intact muscles. Graded inhibition by 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene of intracellular CK activity by up to 98% resulted in a progressive shift in phosphotransferase catalysis from the CK to the AK system; the sum of the net rates of phosphoryl transfer by combining the increasing AK and decreasing CK activities continued to approximate the total cellular ATP metabolic rate. These results indicate that in diaphragm muscle CK and AK operate as interrelated cellular high energy phosphoryl transfer systems through which the majority of newly generated ATP is processed prior to its utilization.
Densification, stand-replacement wildfire, and extirpation of mixed conifer forest in Cuyamaca Rancho State Park, southern California

Abstract A century of fire suppression culminated in wildfire on 28 October 2003 that stand-replaced nearly an entire 4000 ha “sky island” of mixed conifer forest (MCF) on Cuyamaca Mountain in the Peninsular Range of southern California. We studied the fire affected Cuyamaca Rancho State Park (CRSP), which represents a microcosm of the MCF covering approximately 5.5 × 106 ha (14%) of California, to evaluate how fire suppression unintentionally destabilizes this ecosystem. We document significant changes in forest composition, tree density, and stem diameter class distribution over a 75-year period at CRSP by replicating ground-based measurements sampled in 1932 for the Weislander Vegetation Type Map (VTM) survey. Average conifer density more than doubled, from 271 ± 82 trees ha−1 (standard error) to 716 ± 79 ha−1. Repeat aerial photographs for 1928 and 1995 also show significant increase in canopy cover from 47 ± 2% to 89 ± 1%. Changes comprise mostly ingrowth of shade-tolerant Calocedrus decurrens [Torr.] Floren. in the smallest stem diameter class (10–29.9 cm dbh). The 1932 density of overstory conifer trees (>60 cm dbh) and 1928 canopy cover at CRSP were similar to modern MCF in the Sierra San Pedro Martir (SSPM), ∼200 km S in Baja California, Mexico, where fire suppression had not been practiced, verifying that the historical data from the early twentieth century represent a valid “baseline” for evaluating changes in forest structure. Forest successions after modern crown fires in southern California demonstrate that MCF is replaced by oak woodlands and shrubs. Post-fire regeneration in severely burned stands at CRSP includes abundant basal sprouting of Quercus chrysolepis Liebm. and Quercus kelloggii Newb., but only few seedlings of Abies concolor [Gord. and Glend.] Lindl (average 16 ± 14 ha−1), while whole stands of C. decurrens, Pinus lambertiana Dougl., and Pinus ponderosa Laws. were extirpated. Prescribed burning failed to mitigate the crown fire hazard in MCF at CRSP because the low-intensity surface fires were small relative to the overall forest area, and did not thin the dense understory of sapling and pole-size trees. We propose that larger, more intense prescribed understory burns are needed to conserve California's MCF.