cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Leveraging program equivalence for adaptive program repair: models and first results

Software bugs remain a compelling problem. Automated program repair is a promising approach for reducing cost, and many methods have recently demonstrated positive results. However, success on any particular bug is variable, as is the cost to find a repair. This paper focuses on generate-and-validate repair methods that enumerate candidate repairs and use test cases to define correct behavior. We formalize repair cost in terms of test executions, which dominate most test-based repair algorithms. Insights from this model lead to a novel deterministic repair algorithm that computes a patch quotient space with respect to an approximate semantic equivalence relation. This allows syntactic and dataflow analysis techniques to dramatically reduce the repair search space. Generate-and-validate program repair is shown to be a dual of mutation testing, suggesting several possible cross-fertilizations. Evaluating on 105 real-world bugs in programs totaling 5MLOC and involving 10,000 tests, our new algorithm requires an order-of-magnitude fewer test evaluations than the previous state-of-the-art and is over three times more efficient monetarily.
Heavy-light physics using NRQCD-staggered actions

Abstract One leading source of uncertainty in the lattice computation of semi-leptonic form factors in B decay, and to a lesser extent B meson decay constants, comes from the extrapolation of the light quark mass to the physical up/down mass. This talk presents first explorations of simulating the light quark with staggered fermion actions, which are free of the spurious zero modes that effect Wilson-like Dirac operators and are less costly. Methods for fitting to Euclidean-time NRQCD-staggered meson propagators are discussed, and some preliminary spectrum results are presented.
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 matrix protein assembles on membranes as a hexamer

The membrane-binding matrix (MA) domain of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) structural precursor Gag (PrGag) protein oligomerizes in solution as a trimer and crystallizes in three dimensions as a trimer unit. A number of models have been proposed to explain how MA trimers might align with respect to PrGag capsid (CA) N-terminal domains (NTDs), which assemble hexagonal lattices. We have examined the binding of naturally myristoylated HIV-1 matrix (MyrMA) and matrix plus capsid (MyrMACA) proteins on membranes in vitro. Unexpectedly, MyrMA and MyrMACA proteins both assembled hexagonal cage lattices on phosphatidylserine-cholesterol membranes. Membrane-bound MyrMA proteins did not organize into trimer units but, rather, organized into hexamer rings. Our results yield a model in which MA domains stack directly above NTD hexamers in immature particles, and they have implications for HIV assembly and interactions between MA and the viral membrane glycoproteins.
Experiments on active isolation using distributed PVDF error sensors

A control system based on a two-channel narrow-band LMS algorithm is used to isolate periodic vibration at low frequencies on a structure composed of a rigid top plate mounted on a flexible receiving plate. The control performance of distributed PVDF error sensors and accelerometer point sensors is compared. For both sensors, high levels of global reduction, up to 32 dB, have been obtained. It is found that, by driving the PVDF strip output voltage to zero, the controller may force the structure to vibrate so that the integration of the strain under the length of the PVDF strip is zero. This ability of the PVDF sensors to act as spatial filters is especially relevant in active control of sound radiation. It is concluded that the PVDF sensors are flexible, nonfragile, and inexpensive and can be used as strain sensors for active control applications of vibration isolation and sound radiation.
Magnetic resonance studies of the binding of oligonucleotide substrates to mutants of staphylococcal nuclease.

By a combination of NMR docking and model building, the substrate binding site on staphylococcal nuclease was found to accommodate a trinucleotide and to consist of three subsites, each interacting with a single nucleotidyl unit of DNA. Binding of the essential Ca2+ activator and substrate cleavage occur between subsites 1 and 2. Hence, catalytically productive binding would span subsites 1 and 2 while nonproductive binding would span subsites 2 and 3. Lys-49 is near subsite 1, and Lys-84 and Tyr-115 interact with substrates at subsite 3 [Weber, D.J., Gittis, A.G., Mullen, G.P., Abeygunawardana, C., Lattman, E.E., Mildvan, A.S. Proteins 13:275-287, 1992]. The proposed locations of these subsites were independently tested by the effects of the K49A, K84A, and Y115A mutations of staphylococcal nuclease on the binding of Mn2+, Ca2+, and the dinucleotide and trinucleotide substrates, 5'-pdTdA, dTdA, and dTdAdG. These three mutants have previously been shown to be fully active and to have CD and 2D NMR spectra very similar to those of the wild-type enzyme (Chuang, W.-J., Weber, D.J., Gittis, A.G., Mildvan, A.S. Proteins 17:36-48, 1993). All three mutant enzymes and their pdTdA and dTdA complexes (but not their dTdAdG complex) bind Mn2+ and Ca2+ more weakly than the wild-type enzyme by factors ranging from 2 to 11. The presence of a terminal phosphate as in 5'-pdTdA raises the affinity of the substrate for staphylococcal nuclease and its three mutants by two orders of magnitude and for the corresponding enzyme-metal complexes by three to four orders of magnitude, suggesting that the terminal phosphate is coordinated by the enzyme-bound divalent cation. Such complexation would result in the nonproductive binding of 5'-pdTdA at subsites 2 and 3. Accordingly, the K84A and Y115A mutations significantly weaken the binding of 5'-pdTdA and its metal to staphylococcal nuclease by factors of 2.2 to 37.8, while the K49A mutation has much smaller or no effect. Such nonproductive binding explains the low activity of staphylococcal nuclease with small substrates, especially those with a terminal phosphate. Similarly, the K84A and Y115A mutations weaken the binding of dTdA and its metal complexes to the enzyme by factors of 3.4 to 13.1 while the K49A mutation has smaller effects indicating significant nonproductive binding of dTdA. The trinucleotide dTdAdG binds more tightly to wild-type and mutant staphylococcal nuclease and to its metal complexes than does the dinucleotide dTdA by factors of 2.4 to 12.2, reflecting the occupancy of an additional subsite.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
QCD corrections to the charged-Higgs-boson decay of a heavy top quark

It is shown that up to an overall scale the lowest-order QCD corrections to [ital t][r arrow][ital H][sup +][ital b] and to [ital t][r arrow][ital W][sup +][ital b] are the same in the heavy-top-quark limit. Asymptotically, they are given by [minus](4[alpha][sub [ital s]]/3[pi]) [[pi][sup 2]/3[minus]5/4], resulting in a reduction in the decay rate by about 9%, rather than 6% reported previously in the literature. This is verified explicitly by an analytic calculation. The application of the equivalence theorem to this process is also discussed.
The Role of Perceived Control in Alcohol Prevention Campaigns

Optimistic bias provides a framework in this study to consider college students' knowledge about and perceptions of control over the effect of alcohol consumption on genes and health. Participants were 339 college students who completed a survey on genetics in the spring of 2001. This study confirmed that there is a significant relationship between knowledge and perceived control. In addition, the prediction that there are no differences between heavy and light drinkers with respect to their perceived knowledge and perceived control was supported. These results suggest the need to reconsider how prevention programs promote control over alcohol's use and effects because of the perceptions of invulnerability that may accompany feelings of control.
Factors determining dietary intakes of heterocyclic amines in cooked foods.

The identification of heterocyclic amines (HCAs) in cooked foods has focused attention on the potential health effects from their consumption in the diet. Recent studies have estimated daily dietary intakes of HCAs that vary 10-fold and implicated different cooked meats as the prime source of HCAs in the diet. These varied estimates can be attributed to the different dietary assessment methods used in these studies, as well as the different levels of HCAs ascribed to the most commonly consumed cooked meats. Epidemiological studies utilizing information on dietary practice and food intake have found higher risks for several cancers among individuals consuming the highest levels of HCAs. These studies have highlighted the importance of using information on cooking methods in addition to food intake to accurately estimate dietary exposure to HCAs.
Evaluation of a direct personal coarse particulate matter monitor

Abstract One aspect of the North Carolina Adult Asthma and Environment study (NCAAES) was to evaluate personal exposures to coarse particulate matter (PM10−2.5) and their associated variability. As part of this, we examined the ability of a community-based monitor to act as a surrogate for an individual's true exposure to this size fraction in linked health effect studies. To assess personal exposures to various particulate matter (PM) size fractions, a personal PM monitor was evaluated. This monitor featured a multi-stage cascade impactor that allowed for the simultaneous collection of PM10−2.5 and PM2.5 size fractions. The monitor was evaluated for collocated bias and comparability with a dichotomous (dichot) sampler (device for dividing aerosol PM population into two size fractions during sampling) at an outdoor monitoring site. Results of this evaluation indicated that the prototype was capable of agreement within ±20% of that provided by the reference methodology as well as 20% daily precision for PM10−2.5 mass measurements.
A novel method for determining the melting behavior of ultrathin films

Experiments were performed on ultrathin (ca. 35 nm thick) Langmuir-Blodgett films of a double-bond-containing material (vinyl tetracosanoate). The melting/flow point of this deposited material, before and afterin situ polymerization by means of electron beams, was determined by using a Mettler FP5/52 hot stage in conjunction with a polarizing microscope. The melting/flow point observed in the deposited films was found to be higher than the bulk melting point as determined by the capillary method or differential scanning calorimetry. This apparent violation of the principle that a given substance's melting point becomes lower as the sample becomes thinner is explained in terms of the fact that the thin-film process observed is really a combination of two processes, initial melting and subsequent de-wetting, whereas the bulk process involves melting alone.
Wounds of the portal venous system.

During a 23-year interval, 83 patients with wounds of the portal and/or superior mesenteric veins underwent emergency laparotomy. Six (7%) of the injuries were due to blunt trauma, while penetrating wounds accounted for the remaining 77 (93%). With one exception, associated organ injuries were routinely present and involved 120 other major vascular structures in 59 (71%) of the patients. Five patients with both portal and superior mesenteric vein injury and 3 others with isolated portal venous injury exsanguinated before repair could be accomplished. Lateral phleborrhaphy gave survival in 24 of 34 patients so treated. End-to-end reanastomosis of the portal vein was successful in only 1 of 3 patients on whom it was attempted, while the single portacaval shunt led to a metabolic death. Of the initial 17 patients having vein ligation as a desperation measure, there were 7 survivors. Subsequent immediate application of this technique whenever lateral repair was impossible or impractical was successful in 17 of 20 so managed. Death resulted from hemorrhagic shock (20), its attendant coagulopathy (7), or renal failure (2) in 29 patients. Two deaths were the result of failure to over-transfuse appropriately when portal venous ligation or thrombosis with its attendant splanchnic sequestration led to significant peripheral hypovolemia. The overall mortality rate was 41%, with individual mortality rates of 46% and 27% for the portal and superior mesenteric veins, respectively. There was no survival if both veins had been injured.
How to count and measure features on slides

Abstract This review describes how to count and measure features of interest to diagnostic pathologists on microscopic slides. The description of counting focuses on mitotic counts in tumour pathology but also describes some other forms of counting, such as Johnsen counts in testicular biopsies, Ki67 proliferation index, oestrogen receptor counts and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) counting. The description of measurement focuses on linear measurement, particularly the use of the Breslow system in cutaneous melanoma. The final sections describe two specialized uses of histomorphometry in skeletal muscle biopsies and in metabolic bone biopsies.
Radar altimetry of South Tharsis, Mars

The paper discusses Martian altitudes measured by radar during the oppositions of 1971 and 1973 using the 64-m antenna at Goldstone, Calif. The resultant topographic profiles substantiate a zonal classification of the volanic flows blanketing the south flanks of Arsia Mons, and they confirm the existence of a secondary, parasitic shield, attached from the SSW to the main Arsia shield. The secondary shield is about 400 km in diameter at its base and at least 4 km high at its center. The distribution and orientation of the lunar mare - like ridges in Sinai Planum appear to be independent of the regional gradients. Segments of the chaotic terrain at the eastern terminus of Valles Marineris are located down to 6 km below the level of the surrounding plains.
Persistence and count-rate nonlinearity in the HST WFC3 IR detector

We now know that the flux of a source measured with HgCdTe arrays is not a simple, linear function, but depends on the count-rate as well as the total number of counts. In addition to the count-rate non-linearity (and probably related to the same physical mechanism), HgCdTe detectors are also susceptible to image persistence. Most of the persistence image fades in a few minutes, but there is a longer-term component that can result in faint afterimages in the next orbit, approximately 45 minutes later. For sources saturated at ~100 times full-well, the afterimages can persist for hours afterwards. This report describes results from ground and on-orbit tests to characterize the persistence and the count-rate non-linearity in the WFC3 IR detector during its first year of operation.
Northeast United States and Southeast Canada natural mercury emissions estimated with a surface emission model

Abstract Most mercury emission inventories only include anthropogenic emissions and neglect the large contribution of the natural mercury cycle due to difficulty in spatially estimating natural emissions and uncertainties in the natural emissions process. The Mercury (Hg) Surface Interface Model (HgSIM) has been developed to estimate the natural emissions of mercury, for inclusion in a more complete mercury emissions inventory. The model used a 3422 cell, 36 km on each side, gridded domain and 1 h time steps. The emissions over land are modeled as a function of the land cover, evapotranspiration, and temperature. The emissions over water are modeled as a function of the concentration gradient, the mixing of the air and water, and the temperature. The spatially distributed model is shown to account for the extreme spatial variability across the Northeast (NE) US and Southeast (SE) Canada. Estimates of natural mercury flux from uncontaminated surfaces are presented for a 2 week period in July. The total natural emissions for the domain, 4,434,912 km 2 , was 2101.5 kg over the 2 week simulation. The highest total natural emissions were 820 ng m −2 from the Atlantic Ocean in the SE part of the domain and the lowest total natural emissions were 74 ng m −2 in the urban areas with little vegetation. The flux estimates from vegetation canopies, averaged over the 14 days, ranged from 0.0 ng m −2 h −1 during the night time hours when transpiration ceased to 4.46 ng m −2 h −1 during the afternoon in a mixed deciduous–coniferous forest. The range of the air-water flux was between 0.5 and 2.73 ng m −2 h −1 over the model domain with the higher emission rates corresponding to windier and warmer areas. The soil emissions ranged from near 0 to 2.3 ng m −2 h −1 with the higher rates corresponding to warmer agricultural regions.
The politics of asking women's questions: Voice and value in the poetry of Adrienne Rich

This essay explores the relationship between cultural feminism and poetic form exemplified in the work of the contemporary American feminist poet Adrienne Rich. Rich accomplishes her feminist agenda and contributes to the revitalization of poetry as a communicative medium through several interconnected strategies which subvert and challenge modernist/masculine poetic conventions that separate poetic discourse from everyday life. By writing in open “conversational”; forms, featuring feminine self‐enactment as her principal subject matter, and reconfiguring social values through poetic consciousness‐raising, Rich is able to “de‐naturalize”; the patriarchal social order and promote a feminist model of community life founded on mutual openness and dialogue.
Sexual Violence and the Call to Consciousness.

AbstractLegislation and initiatives at the state and federal levels are challenging colleges and universities to review their approach to issues of sexual violence. This article addresses issues of compliance and beyond.
Structural effects in the reaction between carbon dioxide and coke doped with various potassium bearing catalytic precursors

The rate of reaction between carbon dioxide and coke with and without the additions of KCN, KOCN, and K2CO3 was studied using thermogravimetry. Since both potassium and carbon are lost during the reaction, the concentration of potassium in the coke samples was determined as a function of the extent of the reaction by atomic absorption spectrometry. The changes in the specific surface area due to the reaction were studied by the nitrogen adsorption technique. The changes in the pore structure of coke were investigated by mercury porosimetry and scanning electron microscopy. The distribution of potassium in the coke structure was examined as a function of the reaction time by the energy dispersion X-ray technique. Furthermore, since sulfur is known to influence the rate of the C-CO2 reaction, the sulfur content of the coke samples with or without the addition of catalytic precursors was monitored as a function of the extent of reaction. The influences of the structural parameters and the concentration of potassium on the rate of the coke-CO2 reaction were determined. The rate data were analyzed on the basis of a structural model to examine the contributions of the chemical reaction and the pore diffusion on the overall rate of the coke-CO2 reaction.
Secularization and the politics of traditionalism: The case of the right-to-life movement

Research on the traditionalist movement against abortion needs alignment with currents in historical sociology, the theory of social movements and the sociology of politics. The religious (specifically, Christian) basis of the right-to-life movement has attracted considerable attention in the literature. The movement is seen as a traditionalist bloc claiming to oppose secularization and return to customary restrictions. However the “tradition” in question appears to be a recent social construction. There is slim warrant in the actual traditions of Western religion for asserting a categorical right to life. As a result, the movement's ideology is best approached as the product of—rather than the antidote to—secularizing processes (including the demographic transition, discourse about rights, markets for symbolic entrepreneurs and the separation of church and state) and possibly as an unintended import from non-Western religion. Implications for traditionalism, the functions of religion, and the study of countermovements are explored. This case illustrates the value of attending to historical sequences and the external cultural environments of social movements.
EXTRACTION OF CESIUM NITRATE FROM CONCENTRATED SODIUM NITRATE SOLUTIONS WITH 21-CROWN-7 ETHERS: SELECnVITY AND EQUILIBRIUM MODELING

ABSTRACT The extraction of cesium nitrate from a high concentration of sodium nitrate by a family of 21-crown-7 ethers in 1,2-dichloroethane has been investigated. Dibenzo-21-crown-7 (DB21C7) and bis[4(5),4′(5′)-rm-butylbenzo]-21-crown-7 (BtBB21C7) ethers have higher selectivity for cesium but lower extraction efficiency than dicyclohexano-21-crown-7 (DC21C7) ether. As measured by the distribution coefficient ratio Dcs/DNa, the cesium selectivity averaged 78 and 93 for DB21C7 and BtBB21C7, respectively. However, in the case of DC21C7, the cesium selectivity was lower and decreased approximately three-fold from 10 to 3 as cesium loading increased. Alkyl substitution on the benzo group has only a small effect on the extraction behavior. It was shown by use of the equilibrium modeling program SXLSQI that the extraction of sodium and cesium could be adequately modeled by augmenting the previously determined cesium nitrate equilibrium model with a 1:1 Na+:crown organic-phase complex. No evidence for a mixed-me...
Identification of a gene unique to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and application to diagnosis of paratuberculosis.

Mycobacterium aviumsubspeciesparatuberculosis(M. paratuberculosis) is the etiologic agent of paratuberculosis (Johne's disease), a chronic granulomatous enteritis in ruminants. Currently, there is a need for improved diagnostic tests because of the lack of methods for accurate, rapid and reliable detection ofM. paratuberculosisinfection. AM. paratuberculosisgene (hspX) was cloned, sequenced, and a 30 bp species-specific oligonucleotide was synthesized. As an internal control to identify mycobacterial strains, a 33 bpMycobacteriumgenus-specific oligonucleotide was synthesized based on the conserved 5 terminus of the mycobacterialrecAgene. Dioligonucleotide hybridization (dOH) analysis identified 28/28 (100%) mycobacterial strains and specifically identified 14/14 (100%) reference (ATCC 19698), bovine, ovine and human isolates ofM. paratuberculosis.TheM. paratuberculosis-specific oligonucleotide distinguishedM. paratuberculosisisolates from related mycobacteria, including all closely related members of theMycobacterium aviumcomplex (MAC) tested in this study. The members of MAC tested in this study includedMycobacterium aviumsubspeciesavium(M. avium),M. paratuberculosis,Mycobacterium aviumsubspeciessilvaticum(M. silvaticum) andMycobacterium intracellularestrains. Hybridization was not observed with DNA extracted from a selected group of other bacterial pathogens. The experiments indicate that the dOH analysis is a useful diagnostic tool to detect mycobacterial infection, specificallyM. paratuberculosis.The dOH method could be a good alternative to existing assays and will be adapted for specific identification ofM. paratuberculosisfrom faecal samples, mixed bacteriologic cultures, tissue specimens and whole blood.
Genus g graphs have pagenumber O( square root g)

A book embedding of a graph consists of a linear ordering of the vertices along the spine of a book and an assignment of edges to pages so that edges on the same page do not intersect. The minimum number of pages in which a graph can be embedded is its pagenumber. The following results are presented: (1) any graph of genus g has pagenumber O( square root g); and (2) most n-vertex d-regular graphs have pagenumber Omega ( square root dn/sup 1/2-1/d/). >
Consumer Rankings of Risk Reduction Methods

When a buyer perceives risk in a purchase he can pursue different strategies of risk resolution. This article presents research findings which indicate that consumers have preferences for different...
Antigenicity of clones of mouse prostate cells transformed in vitro.

New cell-surface antigens were detected on nineteen of twenty-four malignant lines of 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA)- or MCA-epoxide-transformed cells derived from cloned C3H mouse prostate cells. Exhaustive cross-tests between lines derived from single control clones showed that in all but two lines these antigens were individually distinct and did not cross-react. Eight spontaneously transformed cell lines were also examined but only two of these were antigenic. The remaining six lines appeared to be non-immunogenic in syngeneic mice, although cell surface alloantigens were detectable. Non-transformed cells were not immunogenic in syngeneic hosts, whether or not they had been treated with MCA.
The final phases of the Viking mission to Mars

Abstract Of the four spacecraft that the Viking Project put into operation at Mars in the summer of 1976, one continues to acquire data periodically. The missions of the two orbiters were terminated by the depletion of their attitude-control gas: Orbiter 2 in July 1978 and Orbiter 1 in August 1980. Lander 2 was shut down in April 1980 because of degradation of its batteries. Lander 1 is programmed to continue acquiring a modest number of imaging, meteorology, and ranging data periodically until December 1994. During its final year Orbiter 1 continued to produce excellent data from its full complement of instruments—two cameras, two infrared instruments (thermal mapper and water vapor detector), and the radio subsystem. The major emphasis was on photography, with 10,000 images being acquired. These included two very large swaths of high-resolution contiguous coverage of the Martian surface and the completion of the moderate-resolution mapping of nearly the entire surface, as well as miscellaneous other observations. The majority of these images has not been processed and examined, but the others have revealed many previously unobserved features and have greatly enhanced the base for a geological understanding of the planet. The history of Viking mission operations is brought up to date.
Dual Mechanisms of Ion Uptake in Relation to Vacuolation in Corn Roots

Absorption isotherms for chloride and rubidium ions have been determined through a wide concentration range for nonvacuolate root tips, and for vacuolate subapical sections of corn root. In the range 0 to 0.5 mm, chloride absorption is hyperbolic with concentration in both tips and proximal sections. At high concentrations, 1 to 50 mm, a second multiple-hyperbolic isotherm for chloride is noted in vacuolate tissue, while the isotherm for nonvacuolate tips rises exponentially. A linear to exponentially rising isotherm is taken to signify diffusive permeation. The same distinction between tip and subapical tissue characterizes Rb absorption. Rb uptake is indifferent to the nature of the counterion at all concentrations in the tip, while the counterion exerts a predictable influence on Rb absorption in proximal tissue. The effect of a poorly absorbable anion on Rb uptake is greater in the high concentration range. Evidence is presented for the metabolic nature of ion transport into nonvacuolate root tips. Verification is offered that ion uptake is mediated by dual mechanisms, and the thesis is developed that the high-affinity (low K s ) system mediates ion passage through the plasma membrane while the low-affinity (high K s ) system implements transport through the tonoplast.
Modeling and simulation with INSIGHT

The INSIGHT simulation language describes systems in a quick, simple, and compact fashion using a network representation. This description can be entered and simulated using novel interactive facilities that relieve the user of needing to know specific syntax, while promoting a greater understanding of model behavior. Statistics summarizing the simulation are produced automatically, but can be greatly enhanced by various input models and output analysis mechanisms. Use of the language does not require programming and complex models use the descriptive features of simple ones, incorporating more elaborate specifications and more sophisticated concepts. INSIGHT is available for most computers and is portable across machines. The language has been extensively applied and its scope of applications has ranged from manufacturing to service environments. Using INSIGHT the process of simulation modeling and the results from the simulations combine to provide “insight” into problem solving.
Sex Differences in the Association between Physical Exercise and IQ

Previous research suggests that physical exercise may have beneficial effects on cognitive performance in children and the elderly, but little research has yet examined these associations in healthy adults. It was hypothesized that self-reported frequency and duration of physical exercise would correlate positively with measured intelligence on the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence in healthy young to middle aged adults (25 men, 28 women). Although there was a modest positive association between physical exercise and intelligence (IQ) for the group as a whole, when examined separately by sex, greater physical activity was associated with higher intelligence scores for women, whereas exercise level was essentially unrelated to intelligence among men. These associations remained consistent even after controlling for demographic and socioeconomic factors. The association between exercise and IQ appears to be moderated by sex in healthy adults, possibly through its effects on glucoregulation, insulin...
Prediction of postpneumonectomy pulmonary function using quantitative macroaggregate lung scanning.

A simple, practical method is described for estimating unilateral lung function. Overall lung function is multiplied by right-left fractional perfusion estimated from a quantitative technetium ferric hydroxide macroaggregate lung scan. The calculated function attributed to the lung to be resected is then subtracted from the overall pulmonary function. The data from 13 patients indicate that the following postpneumonectomy functions can be predicted: forced vital capacity, forced expiratory one second volume, maximum voluntary ventilation, functional residual capacity, total lung capacity and diffusing capacity. The precedures described are available in most hospitals and represent a practical alternative to classic bronchospirometry, xenon radiospirometry and unilateral pulmonary artery balloon occlusion in the estimation of split lung function.
Isolation and Characterization of Multiple Forms of Friabilin

Abstract The control of endosperm texture in wheat grain is poorly understood at the molecular level. This study reports the isolation and partial characterization of multiple forms of friabilin, a starch granule protein associated with endosperm softness. Starch granule proteins were isolated from water-washed wheat starch using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), NaCl, propan-2-ol or NaCl plus propan-2-ol. SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under conditions revealed the presence of at least three components of what we call the M r 15k complex, i.e. starch granule proteins of ca. M r 15k, which have been considered previously to be the single protein, friabilin. Based on selective extraction from starch, a fourth component may also be present. One of these four components may be an alpha -amylase inhibitor reported previously. N-terminal amino acid sequence data suggest that major components of the M r 15k complex may be similar to Triton X-114-extractable proteins, termed puroindoline, isolated from wheat flour. Members of the M r 15k complex shared similar dehydration-denaturation characteristics based on selective acetone precipitation. The results indicate that the operational use of friabilin as a discrete, single protein associated with endosperm texture, and possibly involved in texture control, must be re-evaluated. Nevertheless, friabilin remains a useful, though enigmatic, biochemical marker for grain softness.
SavorPhos as an all-natural phosphate replacer in water- and oil-based marinades for rotisserie birds and boneless-skinless breast

Abstract As consumer demand for all-natural marinades increases, the need to replace phosphate with a natural product that can produce equivalent or improved yield in products such as but not limited to rotisserie chickens (whole birds without giblets) and boneless/skinless breast (BSB) is a challenge for processors. The objective of this study was to determine if using an all-natural nonphosphate blend (SavorPhos-200, SP) in water-based (WB) and oil-based (OB) marinades would perform better than a commercial phosphate blend (PB). The treatments included WB+PB (water, 0.4% phosphate, 0.7% salt), WB+SP (water, 0.5% SavorPhos-200, 0.7% salt), OB+PB (water, 3% oil, 0.4% phosphate, 0.7% salt), and OB+SP (water, 3% oil, 0.5% SavorPhos-200, 0.7% salt). The rotisserie chickens and BSB were injected with a multineedle injector to 20% (wt/wt) pickup at a constant pressure (103–138 kPa). The parameters measured were marinade pickup %, 20-min and 24-h marinade retention %, and cook loss %. Color, tenderness, total moisture, and sensory test were conducted on BSB. Data were analyzed within marinade type (WB and OB). Rotisserie birds picked up and retained the same yield in WB marinades. In OB marinades, SP had higher yields postinjection and lower cook loss % than the PB, while retaining the same yield over 24 h. For BSB, the cook loss was lower in SP than the PB in WB marinades. Higher yields postinjection were achieved with OB, but had the same retention 20 min and 24 h postinjection and cook loss % as the PB. No differences were observed for total moisture or L* (lightness) within marinade type and treatment. Texture was lower, indicating increased tenderness (P
Our Evolving View of Childhood

Combining findings on evolution, maturation, socialization, and culture, Konner offers a broad-based explanation of how biology underlies "normally developing social behavior."
An overview of bacterial skin disease in the dog.

Abstract Pyodermas are a common cause of skin disease in the dog. Despite their frequency of occurrence, many pyodermas are misdiagnosed or improperly managed. Misdiagnosis is often associated with the pleomorphic nature of canine pyodermas and resultant difficulty in recognition. Therapeutic failures or partial successes in the management of other pruritic dermatoses may be due to the failure to diagnose a secondary pyoderma. Veterinary surgeons may be satisfied with the presumptive diagnosis of another disease such as atopy, seborrhea, flea allergy, or food allergy and overlook the presence of a secondary pyoderma. When pyodermas occur in conjunction with other diseases in which self-trauma is a component, lesions of pyoderma may be obscured. Common pitfalls in the management of pyodermas may be avoided if the veterinary surgeon is cognisant of the various possible predisposing factors, utilises a logical classification scheme, and builds a therapeutic plan based on this information.
Compression and Bending Strength of Steamed, Treated Hardwoods

A study was designed to examine the practical effects on bending and compression perpendicular to the grain of heating and treatment with preservative agents. Red oak and sweetgum were steamed to an internal temperature of 71 °C. Samples were subsequently treated with creosote or ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate (ACZA) while still hot. Samples were tested in bending and compression perpendicular to the grain using ASTM standards. The data indicate no severe reduction in bending properties of red oak or of the compression properties of sweetgum or red oak heated and then treated with ACZA or creosote.
First-order transition induced by cubic anisotropy

A two-component spin system with cubic anisotropy sufficiently large to remove the renormalization-group fixed point is investigated using differential recursion relations. An explicit free energy is constructed and it is verified explicitly that the loss of a fixed point corresponds to a first-order transition to the system's ordered state. A tricritical point is located and scaling properties of the first-order transition are investigated close to it.
Finite phased arrays of rectangular microstrip patches

Finite phased arrays of rectangular microstrip patch antennas are analyzed. Reflection coefficient magnitudes, element patterns and efficiency (based on power lost to surface waves) are calculated for various sized arrays on substrates of practical interest and are compared with previous infinite array solutions. Measured element patterns and mutual coupling data for a small array are presented and compared with calculations.
Sublinear scaling of fracture aperture versus length: An exception or the rule?

[1] Observations of natural fracture dimensions have sparked a continuing debate as to the nature of the fundamental relationship between fracture aperture (maximum opening) and length. On the basis of theoretical fracture mechanics, some have argued aperture-to-length scaling should be linear. This relationship implies that all fractures in a given population have the same driving stress regardless of fracture length, arguably a state that is difficult to reconcile with fracture propagation criteria. Also, some field observations indicate sublinear aperture-to-length scaling that is apparently inconsistent with the linear elastic fracture mechanics theory. In this work, a nonlinear aperture-to-length relationship is derived, still based on linear elastic fracture mechanics in a homogeneous body, but incorporating subcritical and critical (equilibrium law) fracture propagation criteria. The new hypothesis postulates that fractures of different lengths preserved in a body of rock are all in the same condition with respect to propagation (i.e., they all have the same stress intensity factor). This requires that fractures have driving stresses that vary inversely with the square root of fracture length, producing fracture apertures that scale with length to the 1/2 power. Under these conditions, fracture aspect ratio (aperture/length) decreases with increasing fracture length to the negative 1/2 power. Linear aperture-to-length scaling is still considered a possibility but is attributed to a relaxed, postpropagation mechanical state. Deviations in fracture aperture-to-length relationships from these idealized models can result from mechanical fracture interaction, fracture segmentation into en echelon arrays, and three dimensional effects in stratabound fractures.
Effect of pulp pH on solid phase fermentation of fodder beets for fuel ethanol production

The pH of fodder beet pulp was varied to see how this affected solid phase fermentation by yeast. The process is for fuel ethanol production. When pulp was adjusted to a pre-inoculation pH of 3.0–3.5, ethanol yields (78–85% of theoretical, averaging 8.9% v/v) and fermentation efficiencies (97–99%) were greatest, the fermentation time was the shortest (30–39 h) and no bacterial contamination occurred.
Pediatric low-grade glioma

Childhood brain tumors constitute 20–25 % of all childhood cancers diagnosed in the USA with the most common central nervous system (CNS) tumors being astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, and ependymoma. Glial tumors make up 56 % of all CNS tumors in children under the age of 14 and 45 % of all CNS tumors in adolescents. In both age groups, gliomas represent two thirds of all CNS tumors. Low-grade gliomas (LGG) include a heterogeneous group of tumors that not only have some common features, but also have characteristics that can be important for management decisions. It is important to have a multidisciplinary approach in the diagnosis and management of these young patients since most will be expected to have a long-term survival. In this article, the characteristics, diagnosis, management options, and outcomes for pediatric LGG will be reviewed.
Tip-splitting solutions to a Stefan problem.

Tip-splitting solutions are found to a Stefan problem corresponding to solidification in the absence of surface tension.
Organizing Government Structure and Governance Functions in Metropolitan Areas in Response to Growth and Change: A Critical Overview

Articles and books have recently appeared on a wide variety of regionalism issues. Some writers have attempted to refocus the discussion of the topic from government to governance, while others hav...
Management of infants with potentially misshapen heads.

To the Editor .— The evaluation and management of infants with potentially misshapen heads need not present “challenges” and usually need not involve a pediatric subspecialist.1 As indicated in the accompanying article by Jimenez et al,2 a long narrow head with a “keel” is caused by sagittal stenosis. Unilateral or bilateral coronal stenosis is readily recognizable based on the craniofacial deformities they produce. The closure of the sutures can be confirmed radiologically and referred to a pediatric neurosurgeon. Unilateral or bilateral lamboid stenosis is, on the other hand, very rare and presents with unilateral or bilateral flattening of the posterior quadrant of the head. A far, far more common cause of occipital flattening is positional plagiocephaly attributable to the “Back to Sleep” program. The same flattening can also be seen in hypotonic infants who do not move their …
Optimizing Soybean Plant Population for a Short‐Season Production System in the Southern USA

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production systems that utilize short-season cultivars for double cropping and late sowing often have insufficient time to establish a complete canopy prior to reproductive development. Our objectives were to evaluate plant population as a tool to manage crop growth, maximum biomass (BM), the time required for canopy closure, and yield. Field tests were sown on 8 July 1997 and 26 June 1998 at Keiser, AR (35 degrees 67' N, 90 degrees 83' W) in 0.19-, 0.57-, and 0.95-m rows with maturity group IV soybean cultivars Asgrow 4922 (A4922) and Manokin. Yield from irrigated and nonirrigated treatments increased as population density increased from 7 to 134 plants m-2, except when lodging occurred. Populations recommended for early-season sowing (25-35 plants m-2) resulted in many plots not achieving 90% light interception (LI), especially in 1998 when weather was hotter and drier than in 1997. The time required after emergence to begin linear crop growth (t(b)) was dependent on LI, and as density increased, t(b) decreased. The values of t(b) varied from 16 to 27 d in 1997 and 22 to 37 d in 1998, with up to 12 d difference in achieving >90% LI. In this short-season production system, yield, crop growth rate between R1 and R5, BM, and t(b) were dependent upon the early establishment of a high LI. Losses attributable to excessive delays in canopy establishment and slow crop growth could be minimized by using high populations in narrow rows. Our research indicates that higher populations than are traditionally recommended provide a way to optimize grain yields in time-constrained systems.
The time interval from antenatal steroid exposure to delivery does not affect neonatal outcome in less than 1500 gm infants

LIMIT OF VIABILITY JUDETTE LOUIS, HUGH EHRENBERG, MARC COLLIN, BRIAN MERCER, MetroHealth Medical Center at CWRU School of Medicine, Maternal Fetal Medicine, Cleveland, OH OBJECTIVE: To evaluate perinatal morbidity andmortality near the limit of viability over time, and the impact of aggressive obstetric and neonatal intervention on neonatal outcomes. STUDY DESIGN: Liveborn infants delivered at 23-26 weeks gestation (EGA) at our urban center from 1990-2001 were identified. Maternal and neonatal charts were reviewed for clinical data, perinatal course, and neonatal outcomes such as respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), sepsis, periventricular leucomalacia (PVL), and mortality. Subjects were divided into two groups (G1:’90-95; G2:’96-01). Obstetricians’ willingness to intervene for infant benefit (OI), neonatal resuscitation (NR), infant mortality, and morbidities were compared, stratified by gestational age (EGA). Multivariate analysis controlled for OI, NR, EGA, and cohort. RESULTS: 255 newborns of 217 gravidas were analyzed (G1 = 131; G2 = 124). Over time (G2 v G1), documented OI increased (89 v 71% p< .001); significant at 24 weeks (96 v 71% p = .03), as did antenatal steroid administration (62 v 7% p< .001) and cesarean for malpresentation (42 v 20% p< .001). There was no change in NR (97 v 95% p = .54), but aggressive NR with surfactant increased (73 v 39% p< .001). Survival improved with advancing EGA (28,49,65,86% at 23,24,25,26 wks p < .001), and in G2(71 v 53% p< .01); significant at 25 weeks (79 v 50% p = .02). After controlling for EGA, obstetrician willingness to intervene, and NR with surfactant, we found no reductions in RDS, IVH, Sepsis, NEC, PVL or BPD in survivors over time. CONCLUSION: Increasing obstetrical intervention and aggressive neonatal resuscitation over time for infants born near the limit of viability, is associated with improved survival but not reduction of morbidity in survivors. Aggressive prolongation of pregnancy may improve survival between 23 and 26 weeks, but will not substantially reduce morbidity in survivors.
Differential oxygen utilization in the stomach during vasopressin and tourniquet ischemia

Abstract The effects of comparable grades of gastric ischemia induced either by intraarterial infusion of vasopressin or by tourniquet occlusion of the arterial supply were assessed in 12 anesthetized dogs. An ultramicro-electrode technique was used to determine intracellular oxygen tension and transmembrane potential difference in mucosal epithelial cells; total gastric oxygen consumption was calculated as the product of total gastric blood flow and arteriovenous oxygen content difference. At equivalent grades of gastric ischemia, the tourniquet method reduced oxygen tension and potential difference significantly more than did the vasopressin method. Conversely, total gastric oxygen consumption was significantly inhibited by vasopressin ischemia, but not by tourniquet ischemia, at 50 and 25% of baseline gastric blood flow. Our results suggest that, during tourniquet ischemia, blood flow in the stomach is redistributed away from the mucosal epithelium. Vasopressin, on the other hand, maintains mucosal oxygenation and metabolism relatively well, possibly at the expense of total gastric oxygen consumption. We conclude that the two methods of producing gastric ischemia should not be used interchangeably to study gastric mucosal ulceration during severe stress states.
Onset of abrasive wear of boundaries in concentrated suspension flow

Abstract A predictive model for abrasion of boundaries by a flowing suspension is developed. The basis of the model is that wear arises when the local normal stresses exerted by particles in the shear flow exceed the material strength of the boundary. From this threshold stress, one deduces an onset shear rate at which abrasion will be observed for a given particle loading and liquid viscosity. An apparatus was designed to examine the effect of particle concentrations of 30–50% by volume particles at varying flow rates using materials of varying surface yield strengths. This provided a wide range of conditions to study the model predictions, using soft substrates. Agreement of model and experiment is good.
RACE DOESN'T MATTER, RACE MATTERS

This enthographically-based essay uses the case of Starbucks and the company's diversity policies and relationship with Magic Johnson to explore the desire for postracialism in post Civil Rights—post Martin Luther King, Jr. and post protest—mainstream America. Where did this desire come from and how did corporate America package this desire? What is the relationship between the selling of postracialism and voting for Barack Obama? What are the implications of these marketing moves? What do they tell us about business and about ourselves?