cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bonding of column 3 and 5 atoms on GaAs (110)

Abstract Experimental data, in strong disagreement with current theoretical work, shows that the bonding of column 3 elements to GaAs (110) is mainly nondirectional (metallic), with no significant change in GaAs surface lattice reconstruction. Adsorbed Sb, however, is characterized by highly directional bonding. Based on these conclusions, a model of the mechanism of molecular beam epitaxy is presented.
Oxidation of carbon monoxide over barium cuprate catalysts

Catalytic activities of BaCuO2, Ba2Cu3O5 and CuO for CO oxidation were investigated. At 250 ° C, BaCuO2 was found to be about 7 times more active than CuO, while Ba2Cu3O5 was found to be only slightly more active than CuO. This result also demonstrates that expensive rare earth elements such as La and Y are not necessary for a cuprate to have good activity for CO oxidation. After sintering at 940 ° C in air, the conversion substantially decreased for CuO. At steady state, both barium cuprates exhibited higher activity than in the fresh state. Based on the absence of significant changes in the XRD spectra, the change in catalytic activity is attributed to changes at the surface and possibly slight reduction of Cu2+. Reaction orders of CO were found to be 1.2 and 0.3, and reaction orders of O2 were found to be 0 and 0.3 for BaCuO2 and Ba2Cu3O5, respectively.
A 12,500 MW protein is coded by region E3 of adenovirus.

Abstract There is an open reading frame between ATG 291 and TGA 612 in the early region E3 transcription unit of adenovirus 2 (Ad2) that could encode a protein of 12,500 MW (12.5K). To address whether this protein is synthesized, we generated an antiserum against a TrpE-12.5K fusion protein which was expressed in Escherichia coli . This antiserum immunoprecipitated a doublet of about 12.5K apparent MW from [ 35 S]Cys-labeled cells infected with Ad2, Ad5, and various mutants in other E3 genes. Mutants in the 12.5K gene did not produce this protein, and an in-frame deletion mutant showed a protein with a corresponding decrease in size. Cell-free translation of hybridization-purified RNA indicated that 12.5K is coded by E3 mRNA i . mRNA i is relatively scarce, and 12.5K is synthesized in correspondingly small amounts. The 12.5K protein was synthesized at early and late stages of infection in comparable amounts. Pulse-chase experiments indicated that 12.5K has a half-life of about 10 hr. The function of 12.5K is unknown, and the 12.5K gene can be deleted without affecting virus growth in cell culture. However, 12.5K is likely to be important in vivo because the gene is highly conserved in both Ad2 and Ad5 (group C adenoviruses), and also in Ad3 (group B).
An Evolutionary Conservation & Rigidity Analysis Machine Learning Approach for Detecting Critical Protein Residues

In proteins, certain amino acids may play a critical role in determining their structure and function. Examples include flexible regions which allow domain motions, and highly conserved residues on functional interfaces which play a role in binding and interaction with other proteins. Detecting these regions facilitates the analysis and simulation of protein rigidity and conformational changes, and aids in characterizing protein-protein binding. We present a machine-learning based method for the analysis and prediction of critical residues in proteins. We combine amino-acid specific information and data obtained by two complementary methods. One method, KINARI-Mutagen, performs graph-based analysis to find rigid clusters of amino acids in a protein, and the other method uses evolutionary conservation scores to find functional interfaces in proteins. We devised a machine learning model that combines both methods, in addition to amino acid type and solvent accessible surface area, to a dataset of proteins with experimentally known critical residues, and were able to achieve over 77% prediction rate, more than either of the methods separately.
Effect of ether-soluble serum components in vitro on the behavior of immature cerebellar cells in weaver mutant mice

Abstract The reassociation and migration behaviors of dissociated cerebellar cells from weaver mutant mice were investigated with a new microwell tissue culture system. Single cell suspensions from 6- and 7-day-old homozygous weaver ( wv/wv ) and normal littermates (+/+) reassembled at comparable rates into reaggregates of similar size. Whereas normal cerebellar cells subsequently extended cables consisting of fiber bundles between the cellular reaggregates, few such cables were formed by reaggregated weaver cells. In addition, granule cell degeneration and a relative absence of migrating granule cells along flat cells attached to the culture substratum were characteristic of weaver cerebellar cell microwell cultures. These altered cell behaviors of weaver cerebellar cells were corrected in a medium supplemented with ethanol-ether extracted horse serum.
The same geometry textbook does not mean the same classroom enactment

Textbooks are often used in classroom instruction in quite different ways, leading to potential differences in students’ opportunities to learn. This paper explores the enactment of the topic of congruence by 12 teachers using the same geometry textbook. We highlight variations in the number and nature of lessons taught or skipped, in expectations for homework, and in instructional style. For instance, teachers taught between 60 and 100 % of the lessons on congruence but often skipped content focused on unique applications. The number of minutes of homework assigned varied from 16–30 min per night to 46–60 min per night. Ten of the 12 teachers spent at least 50 % of class time each week in whole-class instruction. Only one-third used dynamic geometry software and one used no calculator or computer technology in the congruence chapters. The results provide detailed insights into differences in upper secondary teachers’ use of textbooks, an area where less research exists than at elementary or lower secondary levels.
Tracheal disruption from invasive pretracheal lymphadenopathy.

An 80-year-old man presented to the emergency department with cough, hoarseness, and midsternal chest pain. His medical history was notable for angioblastic T cell lymphoma that had previously been treated with low-dose prednisone. Recently he was found to have radiographic progression mediastinal lymphadenopathy thought to be related to his lymphoma. He developed a dry cough 2 weeks before presentation. This cough progressed and became persistent and painful. In the hours preceding presentation, the cough had become intractable and he noted worsening hoarseness and chest pain. His oxygen saturation was 93% on 10 L of supplemental oxygen. He was dyspneic and hoarse between paroxysms of coughing. He had no neck or chest wall crepitance. Computed tomography revealed that a pretracheal
Effect of Thermal Damage and Biaxial Loading on the Optical Properties of a Collagenous Tissue

Thermal denaturation can induce marked changes in the optical and mechanical properties of collagenous tissues. The optical properties are important in both therapeutic and diagnostic applications of lasers in medicine. Although mechanical stress can be caused by collagen shrinkage in laser-based therapies, how the mechanical loading state affects the optical properties is not well understood. We used a new computer-controlled biaxial testing system to subject bovine epicardium to various loading conditions both before and after multiple levels of thermal damage. An integrating sphere technique was used to measure transmittance and diffuse reflectance, from which absorption and scattering coefficients were calculated using a Monte Carlo method. Results showed that the scattering coefficient increased with increasing mechanical load but decreased as the degree of thermal damage increased. There was no significant change in the absorption coefficient due to thermal damage over the ranges studied.
RP2 and RPGR Mutations and Clinical Correlations in Patients with X-Linked Retinitis Pigmentosa

We determined the mutation spectrum of the RP2 and RPGR genes in patients with X-linked retinitis pigmentosa (XLRP) and searched for correlations between categories of mutation and severity of disease. We screened 187 unrelated male patients for mutations, including 135 with a prior clinical diagnosis of XLRP, 11 with probable XLRP, 30 isolate cases suspected of having XLRP, and 11 with cone-rod degeneration. Mutation screening was performed by single-strand conformation analysis and by sequencing of all RP2 exons and RPGR exons 1–14, ORF15, and 15a. The refractive error, visual acuity, final dark-adapted threshold, visual field area, and 30-Hz cone electroretinogram (ERG) amplitude were measured in each patient. Among the 187 patients, we found 10 mutations in RP2, 2 of which are novel, and 80 mutations in RPGR, 41 of which are novel; 66% of the RPGR mutations were within ORF15. Among the 135 with a prior clinical diagnosis of XLRP, mutations in the RP2 and RPGR genes were found in 9 of 135 (6.7%) and 98 of 135 (72.6%), respectively, for a total of 79% of patients. Patients with RP2 mutations had, on average, lower visual acuity but similar visual field area, final dark-adapted threshold, and 30-Hz ERG amplitude compared with those with RPGR mutations. Among patients with RPGR mutations, those with ORF15 mutations had, on average, a significantly larger visual field area and a borderline larger ERG amplitude than did patients with RPGR mutations in exons 1–14. Among patients with ORF15 mutations, regression analyses showed that the final dark-adapted threshold became lower (i.e., closer to normal) and that the 30-Hz ERG amplitude increased as the length of the wild-type ORF15 amino acid sequence increased. Furthermore, as the length of the abnormal amino acid sequence following ORF15 frameshift mutations increased, the severity of disease increased.
Quality Changes in Carrot Slices, Sticks and Shreds Stored at Various Temperatures

Quality changes in carrot slices, sticks, and shreds were not similar during storage at 0°, 5° and 10°C. The surface area per gram of tissue, respiration rate, and weight loss were greater with shreds than with slices or sticks. The total microbial count increased on all cuts during storage and the greatest increase was on shreds. Shear force of the sticks was greater than that of slices and shreds throughout storage. Chroma values for all types of cuts generally decreased during storage. These results indicate that carrot shreds quality cannot be maintained as well as that of slices and sticks during low temperature storage.
Occurrence of cardiac malformations in relatives of children with transposition of the great arteries.

Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is the most common cyanotic cardiac malformation, representing 5–7% of all cardiac malformations. Previous estimates of the frequency of cardiac malformations in sibs of probands range from 0–1.7%. This study ascertained the frequency of congenital cardiac malformations in relatives of 271 probands with TGA, who were grouped according to the type of TGA present. These include dextro (d-TGA), levo (l-TGA), complex TGA, and asplenia with TGA. In the d-TGA cases there were 369 sibs, one of whom had a cardiac malformation (0.27%). There were 50 sibs in the l-TGA group, with one sib having a cardiac malformation (2.00%). Cardiac malformations were found in 2 of 143 (1.40%) sibs of the complex TGA index cases, and 1 of 50 (2.00%) sibs in the asplenia with TGA group. The overall recurrence risk of cardiac malformations in sibs of TGA probands was 0.82%. Cardiac malformations in parents of probands were found in 0.29% of d-TGA, 0% of l-TGA, 1.54% of complex TGA, and 0% of asplenia with TGA, giving an overall parental occurrence of 0.55%. This is the first study to provide information on the different types of TGA in evaluating sib occurrence. It provides necessary genetic counseling information for families of probands with TGA. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Impairment of cerebral autoregulation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in newborn lambs

ABSTRACT: This study was designed to evaluate the effect of normothermic partial bypass, or venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), on cerebral autoregulation. Fourteen newborn lambs, 1–7 d of age, were randomized into two groups: control (ligation of right carotid artery and jugular vein without ECMO; n = 7) and ECMO (ligation with placement on routine venoarterial ECMO at 120–150 mL/kg/min; n = 7). After 1 h of ECMO or stabilization in controls, cerebral autoregulation was evaluated by lowering cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) by increasing intracranial pressure through infusion of artificial cerebrospinal fluid into the lateral ventricle. Four ranges of CPP were evaluated: 1) baseline, 2) 55–40, 3) 39–25, and 4) < 25 mm Hg. In ECMO animals, cerebral blood flow (CBF) decreased from baseline (39 ± 7 mL/100 g/min) to 23 ± 7 and 12 ± 2 at CPP of 39–25 and < 25 mm Hg. In the control group, CBF was unchanged from baseline (48 ± 11 mL/100 g/min) until CPP was < 25 mm Hg, at which time it decreased to 27 ± 16 mL/100 g/min. Cerebral oxygen consumption decreased from baseline (4.2 ± 1.1 mL/100 g/min) to 4.0 ± 0.7 and 3.2 ± 1.3 mL/100 g/min at CPP of 39–25 and < 25 mm Hg, respectively, in the ECMO group. In the control group, cerebral oxygen consumption was unchanged from baseline (4.2 ± 1.1 mL/100 g/min) until CPP was reduced to < 25 mm Hg (3.2 ± 1.3 mL/100 g/min). When CBF autoregulation was altered, i. e. when total CBF decreased, right-left hemispheric CBF differences were noted in both groups. These findings show that venoarterial ECMO, at flow rates of 120–150 mL/kg/min, alters cerebral autoregulation in healthy newborn lambs and that, if CBF is decreased by an increase in intracranial pressure, carotid artery ligation can result in lower CBF on the ipsilateral side.
The Anchor Effect and the Problem of Relevance in the Judgment of Shape

(1963). The Anchor Effect and the Problem of Relevance in the Judgment of Shape. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 69, No. 1, pp. 147-161.
The relationship of the charasome to chloride uptake in Chara corallina: physiological and histochemical investigations.

A possible role of the charasome in terms of chloride transport into Chara corallina Klein ex. Willd., em. R.D.W. is examined. The branches of Chara contain the most charasome material and are shown to be very effective in acquiring Cl- to support continued shoot growth. The early maturation of the branches, the rather large Cl- fluxes into these cells, and their ability of translocate Cl- to growing cells of the shoot indicate a special role of these branches in Cl- accumulation. The structure of the charasome, with its extensive periplasmic space, appears especially suited as a site for H+−Cl- cotransport (influx). We show, by histochemical assay, that the charasomes of mature cells contain ATPase activity; such activity is absent in growing charasomes of very young cells. ATPase activity is also associated with the plasmodesmata of C. corallina. Charasome ATPase activity and Cl- uptake are both inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzenesulfonic acid (1 mM) or diethylstibestrol (40 μM; 45 min). The anion transport inhibitor, 4,4-diisothiocyano-2,2-disulfonic acid stilbene (1 mM) had no effect on Cl- transport and inhibited ATPase activity only when applied after chemical fixation of the cells. Results of an attempt to demonstrate the presence of Cl- within the cytoplasmic tubules of the charasome, using a silver precipitation technique, proved difficult to interpret because of a reaction between the silver and a cellular substance produced in the light.
Moving-Wave Gas Seal

This paper presents a new concept for a self-acting, rotating-shaft gas seal. One of the seal faces is elastically distorted to provide a converging tilt and wavy shape on the face. The tilt enhances hydrostatic load support while the waviness enhances hydrodynamic load support. By moving the wave slowly elastically, this unique shape is preserved in spite of any wear. Leakage is essentially blocked by a continuous sealing dam around the seal. Advantages claimed are low leakage and tolerance to liquid contamination. Theory is presented for the operation of the seal. A model is developed to predict performance. Friction, leakage, film thickness, and relative wear rate are predicted. The predictions show that load support is adequate under pressurized operation. Friction is very low. When operating at zero pressure differential, a very smooth surface (low roughness) is necessary so that waviness can produce enough hydrodynamic load support to lift off. Seal leakage is very low and is insensitive to speed. E...
Design and performance of an ESI interface for selective external ion accumulation coupled to a Fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometer.

The coupling of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR MS) with electrospray ionization has advanced the analysis of large biopolymers and provided the basis for high-throughput protein characterization (e.g., for rapid "proteome" analyses). In this work, the combination of high-performance capillary liquid chromatography with FTICR mass spectrometry and external ion accumulation has been shown to increase both sensitivity and analysis duty cycle. Instrument versatility is further improved by ion preselection followed by ion accumulation in an external linear quadrupole ion trap. The interface was tested with a 3.5-T FTICR mass spectrometer and evaluated with a number of peptides and proteins whose molecular weights ranged from 500 to 66000. A significant increase in the sensitivity, duty cycle, and dynamic range over that of the previously used accumulated trapping was achieved, exhibiting a detection limit of approximately 10 zmol (approximately 6000 molecules) for smaller proteins such as cytochrome c. Capillary LC external accumulation interface with FTICR was successfully applied for the study of whole-proteome mouse tryptic digests.
The Ultrascalar processor-an asymptotically scalable superscalar microarchitecture

The poor scalability of existing superscalar processors has been of great concern to the computer engineering community. In particular the critical-path lengths of many components in existing implementations grow as /spl Theta/(n/sup 2/) where n is the fetch width, the issue width, or the window size. This paper presents a novel implementation, called the Ultrascalar processor, that dramatically reduces the asymptotic critical-path length of a superscalar processor. The processor is implemented by a large collection of ALUs with controllers (together called execution stations) connected together by a network of parallel-prefix tree circuits. A fat-tree network connects an interleaved cache to the execution stations. These networks provide the full functionality of superscalar processors including renaming, out-of-order execution, and speculative execution. The Ultrascalar's critical-path length due to gate delays is /spl tau//sub gates/=/spl Theta/(log n). The wire delays and chip size depend on the provided memory bandwidth and the layout. If the provided memory bandwidth is M(n) memory operations per clock cycle then, using an H-tree VLSI layout, the critical-path length due to wire delay (speed-of-light delay) is /spl tau//sub wires/={/spl Theta/(n/sup 1/2/) if M(n) is O(n/sup 1/2-/spl epsiv//) for /spl epsiv/>0, [optimal]; {/spl Theta/(n/sup 1/2/log n) if M(n) is /spl Theta/(n/sup 1/2/), [near optimal]; and {/spl Theta/(M(n)) if M(n) is /spl Omega/(n/sup 1/2+/spl epsiv//) for /spl epsiv/>0, [optimal] (with M suitably constrained.) The area is the square of the wire delay.
On the uniqueness of supersymmetry for the cancellation of quadratic divergences

Abstract We show in a large class of renormalizable quantum field theories that if there occurs a cancellation of quadratic divergences for each independent scalar-boson mass, then the only interaction structure allowed is that of supersymmetry.
Scientific reasoning and epistemological commitments: Coordination of theory and evidence among college science students

Reasoning skills are major contributors to academic and everyday life success. Epistemological commitments (ECs) are believed to underlie reasoning processes and, when considered, could do much in delineating the complex nature of scientific reasoning. This study examined the relationship between ECs and scientific reasoning among college science students. Prior knowledge (PK) was factored in as an intervening variable. Participants were 139 college students enrolled in two physics courses in a large Midwestern university. They completed an online questionnaire, which assessed their PK regarding buoyancy in liquids and EC to the consistency of theory with evidence. Responses to the online questionnaire were used to select 40 participants with varying levels of PK and EC. These participants were divided into four groups, each with 10 students, representing four conditions: High PK-High EC, High PK-Low EC, Low PK-High EC, and Low PK-Low EC. These groups allowed using a 2 � 2 factorial quasi-experimental design to examine the relationship between participants' reasoning and ECs, accounting for their PK. The quality of participants' reasoning was assessed during individual interviews, which presented them with four problem-solving tasks involving objects immersed in water. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated the absence of interaction between PK and EC. The results showed that the higher the ECs were, the higher the quality of reasoning was for comparable levels of PK. Additionally, it was found that PK impacted reasoning more strongly when ECs were weaker. 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 47: 1064-1093, 2010
Evaluation of automated blood pressure measurements during exercise testing

Abstract Measurements of systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure were made at rest and during symptom-limited exercise with an automated blood pressure measuring device (EBPM). Comparisons were made between the EBPM readings and those made with a mercury manometer. Correlations were high (SBP r = 0.92, DBP r = 0.80) when readings were made in the same arm, but were less satisfactory when the cuffs were on different arms (SBP r = 0.80, DBP r = 0.46). The correlation between two mercury manometer readings was SBP r = 0.90, and DBP r = 0.75. Comparison between EBPM and intra-arterial measurements were similar (SBP r = 0.74, DBP r = 0.79) to comparison between mercury manometer and intra-arterial measurements (SBP r = 0.81, DBP r = 0.61). The EBPM detected SBP at consistently higher levels than did physicians, which may be an advantage in the noisy environment of an exercise test. There was a definite tendency for physicians to record blood pressure to the nearest 10 mm Hg, whereas the frequency distribution curve for EBPM measurements was smoother. The EBPM operated satisfactorily at rest and during maximal exercise and gave as reliable measurements as a physician using a mercury manometer and, in the small number of available cases, detected exertional hypotension more often than the physician.
Response of conservation tillage sorghum to growing season precipitation

Abstract In earlier crop rotation studies in which grain sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) followed winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) after a 10- to 11-month fallow period during which the wheat residues were managed by different tillage methods, sorghum yields increased in response to increases in soil water content at sorghum planting time. Similar results were obtained when residues were placed on the surface at the start of the fallow period. The soil water contents at planting time were positively correlated with amounts of wheat residue maintained on the soil surface during fallow. The studies also suggested that sorghum responded positively to growing season precipitation when increasing of residue remained on the soil during the growing season. The objective of this study was to evaluate this response to growing season precipitation through statistical analyses of data from five earlier tillage and residue placement studies. Regression analyses of data from the studies showed that sorghum grain yields increased with increasing amounts of surface residues at planting time. Differences in response of grain yield to precipitation were greatest in the vegetative period. For the period, grain yields increased 0.014 Mg ha −1 per mm of precipitation when residue amounts ranged from 0 to 0.4 Mg ha −1 per mm of precipitation when residue amounts ranged from 0 to 0.4 Mg ha −1 , and 0.027 Mg ha −1 per mm of precipitation when residue amounts were ⪢ 3.2 Mg ha −1 . Differences in response to rainfall in the heading and grain filling period were lower or negligible. High responses for the vegetative period were attributed to the residues which increased infiltration and reduced evaporation before canopy development. Lower responses during heading and lack of responses during grain filling were attributed to: (1) canopy development, which minimized the effect of residues on imfiltration and evaporation; (2) soil cracking, which resulted in similar infiltration with all treatments; and (3) residue decomposition, which minimized differences among residue amounts on the soil with different treatments.
Lisofylline, an inhibitor of unsaturated phosphatidic acid generation, ameliorates interleukin-1 beta-induced dysfunction in cultured rat islets.

Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) causes rat islet cell dysfunction through mechanisms that involve inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). However, IL-1 beta also activates several lipid pathways, including those generating phosphatidic acid (PA). Lisofylline (LSF), a water-soluble, nontoxic, selective inhibitor of the PA-1 alpha subspecies, which is stimulated by IL-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, has been shown to prevent cytokine-induced cytotoxicity in in vivo animal models. To evaluate the effect of LSF on acute IL-1 beta-induced islet dysfunction, rat islets were exposed to IL-1 beta (0.1 ng/ml) with or without LSF (100 microM) for 24 h, followed by 25 mM glucose (G) stimulation, measurement of rat insulin by RIA, and calculation of the insulin secretion rate. In other experiments, rat islets were precultured for 48 h, then treated for 48 h in 25 mM G with or without IL-1 beta (0.1 ng/ml) and LSF (400 microM), and aliquots of medium were removed at 0, 24, and 48 h for measurement of rat insuli...
Correlation of Obesity With Patient-Reported Outcomes and Complications After Hip Arthroscopy

Purpose This study aimed to evaluate patient-reported outcomes and complications after hip arthroscopy in an obese population compared with a matched nonobese control group with a minimum 2-year follow-up, using the Modified Harris Hip Score (MHHS) and Nonarthritic Hip Score (NAHS). Methods Data were analyzed from 21 consecutive obese patients (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 30) and 18 nonobese patients (BMI Results Traction times were similar between obese and nonobese patients at 48 and 45 minutes ( P = .51), respectively. Operative times were also similar at 54 and 51 minutes ( P = .79), respectively. Each group had a statistically significant improvement in MHHS from baseline to final follow-up: 45 to 79 ( P P P P Conclusions Hip arthroscopy in the obese patient population leads to improved short- to mid-term patient-reported outcomes similar to those seen in nonobese patients. Obese patients, however, are at a significantly increased risk of postoperative complications such as DVTs and worsened hip pain. Level of Evidence Level IV, therapeutic case series.
Giant-cell fibroma.

Abstract A previously undescribed benign fibrous tumor of the oral cavity is reported. Its clinical and histopathologic features are discussed. It is found most commonly on the gingiva in young people and is characterized histologically by stellate, mononuclear, and multinuclear giant cells. Evidence is presented suggesting that these characteristic cells are large atypical fibroblasts.
Training Vision Screening Behavior to Children with Developmental Disabilities.

Abstract The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends vision screening of all children between 3 and 5 years of age, and states have mandated vision screening for all school children. Participants were three 4–6-year old school children with either a developmental delay or autism who scored “could not test” on the state required vision screening. Participants’ screening performance indicated both a visual discrimination skill deficit and escape/avoidance behavior. Discrimination training procedures included preference assessment, match-to-sample discrimination discrete trials training, transfer of stimulus control procedures, differential reinforcement, and choice making. Escape/avoidance was treated by fading-in the aversive sensory stimulus (i.e., duration of wearing glasses), escape extinction, and reinforcement of alternative behavior. Following training, two children passed their vision screening and compliance generalized to their hearing screening. The third child met the performance criterion for the two vision screening behaviors trained.
Reasons for Actions and Desires

It is an assumption common to many theories of rationality that allpractical reasons are based on a person's given desires. I shall callany approach to practical reasons which accepts this assumption a `Humean approach'. In spite of many criticisms, the Humean approach has numerous followers who take it to be the natural and inevitable view of practical reason. I will develop an argument against the Humean view aimingto explain its appeal, as well as to expose its mistake. I focus on just one argument in favour of the Humean approach, which I believe can be constructed as the background idea of many Humean accounts: the argument from motivation. I first present the argument from motivation and explain why it seems so compelling. However, I then develop an equally compellingobjection to desire-based approaches to reason, showing that they cannot accommodate the justificatory role of reasons. I show that this objection suggests that at least one of the premises of the argument from motivation must be false. And, finally, I argue thatwe should reject the premise that claims that only desires can explain actions. This result is fatal for desire-based views of practical reason. My conclusion is that practical reasons should be based not on desires, but on values.
Improving VoIP call capacity over IEEE 802.11 networks

The expected VoIP call capacity in a one hop IEEE 802.11b network with G.711 voice codec is about 85 simultaneous calls, but the actual observed capacity is only 5 calls even at the highest data rate and under zero loss conditions. In this paper we analyze the reasons behind this inferior performance of VoIP traffic. We also present algorithms at the medium access control layer to improve the observed call capacity. Finally, using ns-2 based simulations, we evaluate the algorithms and show that performance improvements of up to 300% can be achieved.
URBAN SPATIAL COGNITION: A CASE STUDY OF GUANGZHOU, CHINA

The objective of this study is to investigate the quantity and quality of knowledge of the urban environment possessed by Guangzhou residents. Sketch maps constructed by 146 first-year college geography majors are categorized on the basis of accuracy and dominant elements. Factors contributing to the frequency and type of elements included on maps are considered. Relationships among map coverage, map detail, the urban environment, and respondent characteristics are discussed. The absence of detail, distinct information distance-decay effects, and the fragmented character of maps reflect early stages of information processing by new urban arrivals and restricted travel fields of respondents.
Conversion of 3D distorted elements into meshless particles during dynamic deformation

This paper presents a description of an algorithm to automatically convert 3D distorted elements into meshless particles during dynamic deformation. It also includes an improved (invariant) particle algorithm that allows for a more accurate treatment of boundaries and interfaces. These new 3D algorithms have been incorporated into an explicit Lagrangian code that includes both elements and particles. They provide for increased capability and accuracy for Lagrangian computations involving severe distortions. Several 3D examples are included to demonstrate the new technique.
Sham surgery and genuine standards of care: can the two be reconciled?

(2003). Sham Surgery and Genuine Standards of Care: Can the Two be Reconciled? The American Journal of Bioethics: Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 61-64.
Static Equilibrium of Spatial Mechanisms With Cylindrical Joints

The components of force and torque acting on a joint of a link in static equilibrium are partitioned according to the type of joint so that the equations of static equilibrium can be set up automatically by computer where the type of each joint has been specified in the input data. Special attention is given to the cylindrical joint, and the implications of the geometry of an intermediate link with a cylindrical joint on both ends are examined. While the methodology is demonstrated for the RCCC mechanism, which features a revolute input joint and cylindrical intermediate and output joints, it is adaptable to closed-loop mechanisms of binary links with any kind of joint in any position.
Conformation and aggregation of melittin: Effect of pH and concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate

The conformation of melittin, a surface-active polypeptide, in solution was studied by CD spectra between 190 and 240 nm. The molecule was essentially unordered (possibly with a trace of helix) in water without salt at neutral pH. Upon deprotonation of four of the six cationic groups at pH 12 the polypeptide became partially helical (about 35%). The addition of NaDodSO4 to an aqueous melittin solution first caused the solution to become turbid but it became clear again in excess surfactant solution. The conformational changes depended on the molar NaDodSO4/melittin ratio, R. With R from 2.34 to 23.4, the melittin solution was turbid and the polypeptide conformation was probably a mixture of α-helix and β-sheets. This was supported by the ir spectrum of the turbid solution, which indicated the presence of both conformations. With R = 46.8 or 468 (1 or 10 mM NaDodSO4) the polypeptide conformation was characteristic of an α-helix, about 70–80% of the molecule, regardless of whether the surfactant was above or below its critical micelle concentration. This compared well with the x-ray results of 92% helix in crystals. The lower helicity of melittin in NaDodSO4 solution might be attributed to the end effects that destabilize the first and last turn of an helix at its N- and C-terminus, respectively.
Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Colonial British North America:The Place of the American Revolution in the Origins of US Capitalism

Social and economic historians have debated whether the rapid growth of agricultural and industrial commodity production in the United States was a continuation of or a radical break with the economic and social patterns of British colonial North America. At issue is whether the social and economic preconditions for capitalist industrialization existed before, or emerged only after the American Revolution and the establishment of an independent US state.The two major interpretive models – the ‘staples/commercialization’ and ‘frontier/demographic’ models – provide insights into the process of economic development in colonial North America. However, their inability to root their analyses in specificities of different forms of social labour leave them inadequate. This essay attempts to root the patterns of economic growth and development in the dynamics and transformation and preservation during the American Revolution of different social property relations (independent household production, petty-commodity production, plantation slavery) in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
Noble gas-carbon dioxide thermal diffusion factors: Anomalous behavior for Ar/Co 2

Thermal diffusion factors for equimolar mixtures of neon and argon with carbon dioxide have been measured in the temperature range from 250 to 700 K. The data were obtained in a 20-tube trennschaukel, or “swing separator.” The Ne/CO2 system demonstrated the expected increase α T with increasing temperature as predicted by the Chapman-Enskog theory using spherically symmetrical interaction potentials and elastic collisions. The thermal diffusion factor for Ar/CO2, however, demonstrated an inverse temperature effect which is not explained by the simplified kinetic-theory model used for the calculation. While this effect has ben observed by other workers, the present data exhibit a less precipitous decrease with temperature. Using interaction potentials available in the literature, it was possible to calculate theoretically accurate values of α T for Ne/CO2 but not for Ar/CO2. In the latter case the small mass difference produced very small values of α T, the peculiar behavior of which undoubtedly lies in nonnegligible asymmetric and inelastic effects not taken into account in the calculations.
Pair creation of extremal black holes and Kaluza-Klein monopoles.

Classical solutions describing charged dilaton black holes accelerating in a background magnetic field have recently been found. They include the Ernst metric of the Einstein-Maxwell theory as a special case. We study the extremal limit of these solutions in detail, both at the classical and quantum levels. It is shown that near the event horizon the extremal solutions reduce precisely to the static extremal black hole solutions. For a particular value of the dilaton coupling, these extremal black holes are five-dimensional Kaluza-Klein monopoles. The Euclidean sections of these solutions can be interpreted as instantons describing the pair creation of extremal black holes and/or Kaluza-Klein monopoles in a magnetic field. The action of these instantons is calculated and found to agree with the Schwinger result in the weak-field limit. For the Euclidean Ernst solution, the action for the extremal solution differs from that of the previously discussed wormhole instanton by the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy. However, in many cases quantum corrections become large in the vicinity of the black hole, and the precise description of the creation process is unknown.
Suppression of muon backgrounds generated in the ILC beam delivery system

Muon background suppression at the ILC collider detectors was studied by MARS 15 Monte Carlo simulation with a detailed description of the ILC BDS beam line and tunnel of 1.6-km length. Muon suppressions of about 1/5 and 1/50 were obtained for the donut- and wall-shape muon-spoilers, respectively.
Evolution Education: Seeing the Forest for the Trees and Focusing Our Efforts on the Teaching of Evolution

Evolution is the underlying framework upon which all biology is based; however, when it comes to learning evolutionary concepts, many students encounter obstacles. There are many reasons as to why these obstacles occur. These reasons deal with evolution being treated as a discrete topic among many within a biology curriculum, misunderstanding the nature of science, and personal difficulties with understanding due to evolution’s seemingly abstract nature. In this article, we propose a different way of thinking about and teaching evolution in grades K-12, and it surrounds four core areas essential to the understanding of evolution: variation, selection, inheritance, and deep time. Possibilities for how these areas can affect learning are described and implications for assessment are also discussed.
Characterization of carotid artery atherosclerotic plaques with transcutaneous ultrasound

Atherosclerotic plaques causing internal carotid artery stenoses with diastolic velocities exceeding 140 cm/s have a 20% chance of causing an embolic stroke. Currently, surgical removal of such plaques is recommended because the surgery reduces the chance of stroke by at least a factor of 2. 80% of those patients subject to the surgery have no benefit because they would remain stroke free without the surgery. Morphology of the carotid plaque may identify those patients who will stroke.
Remote satellite amplifier predistortion using the indirect learning architecture

Power amplifiers (PAs) are inherently nonlinear devices that introduce intermodulation to the amplifier output, which can exceed regulatory frequency mask limits and degrade demodulated constellation quality. One solution is to operate the PA in a highly backed-off state to achieve quasi-linear performance. A more effective, low-cost solution is to apply digital predistortion which pre-compensates for the harmful nonlinear effects. This technique is frequently researched with accessible, i.e. ground-based, PAs in mind. This article instead pertains to the many nonlinear PAs on-board orbiting communication satellites that could significantly benefit from such compensation, but are not accessible. We propose a remote version of digital predistortion, which is based upon the indirect learning architecture. Several additional complications arise in the remote version including uplink/downlink additive noise, signal accessibility, time-varying satellite round-trip delay, and predistorted uplink signal restrictions. A monostatic and bistatic remote predistortion architecture are shown to address these issues and provide significant in-band improvement.
The removal of Cu(II) from dilute aqueous solutions by Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Biosorption of Cu(II) by virgin or treated unicellular yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was studied. Cu(II) adsorption is strongly affected by pH. A given amount of protein is released from live cells upon interactions with metal ions. This decreases the amount of Cu(II) uptake and is most pronounced at high pH values. Adsorption takes place on multisites and can be analyzed by Scatchard plots. Cu(II) uptake by live yeast was biphasic and consisted of an initial, rapid surface binding of Cu(II) followed by a second, slower intracellular uptake of Cu(II). Cu(II) uptake by dead yeast and Cd(II), Pb(II) uptake by live yeast takes place only via surface binding. In a total of 30 μmol/g Cu(II) uptake by live yeast, 7 μmol/g can be attributed to the intracellular uptake. A sand column with immobilized S. cerevisiae can completely remove metals before the breakpoint. After the breakpoint, a significant amount of Cu(II) removal over a long period was observed. This is thought to be the result of intracellular uptake. Strong acid can be used to strip the Cu(II)-laden column for reuse. The result shows that a Cu(II)-laden column can be stripped of adsorbed Cu(II) with one volume of acid (5 × 10−3 M HClO4) per 20 volumes of Cu(II) containing solution.
Interview: The challenges and future of adult and pediatric ADHD

Joseph Biederman is Chiefof the Clinical and Research Programs in PediatricPsychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, and Director of theAlan and Lorraine Bressler Clinical and Research Program forAutism Spectrum Disorders at the Massachusetts GeneralHospital (MA, USA), as well as a Professor of Psychiatry at theHarvard Medical School (MA, USA). He has been inductedinto the Children and Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ‘Hall of Fame’. He has also beenselected every year since its inception into ‘The Best Doctorsin America’. He is on the editorial board for multiple journalsand has served as a grant reviewer in the Child Psychopathology and TreatmentReview Committee of the National Institute of Mental Health. Biederman is theauthor and coauthor of over 700 scientific articles, 650 scientific abstracts and70 book chapters. In 2000, he pioneered and established the Stanley FoundationCenter at the Massachusetts General Hospital, which is dedicated to the treatmentof pediatric bipolar disorder. In ...
Investigation of hard magnetic silicone elastomer thin films

The hard magnetic materials with a high remnant magnetic moment, Mr, have the unique advantages that can achieve bi-directional (push-pull) movement in an external magnetic field. This paper presents the results on fabrication and testing of the novel hard magnetic silicone elastomer thin films. The micro-size hard ferrite powder, NdFeB powder and different silicone elastomers have been used to fabricate the various large elongation hard magnetic thin films. The uniform thin films range from 40 μm to 216 μm and they are successfully fabricated. Three different fabrication processing have been investigated and the mechanical properties, like Young’s modulus and deflection force, have been evaluated. The simulation results with ANSYS match the experimental data. In comparison to electrostatic or piezoelectric actuation, the magnetic actuation can provide stronger forces and larger deflections. The large elongation hard magnetic thin film provides an excellent diaphragm material, which plays an important role in the micro pump or valve. This film movement has been tested in the external magnetic field, and proved to have large deflections and high performances.
Genetic algorithm based approach for file allocation on distributed systems

Abstract One of the important features of distributed computing systems (DCSs) is the potential of high reliability. When the hardware configuration of a DCS is fixed, the system reliability mainly depends on the allocation of various resources. One of the important resources used in a DCS are various files. In this paper, we have developed a reliability oriented file allocation scheme for distributed systems. In this scheme various files are allocated to different nodes of a DCS so that the reliability of executing a program which requires files from remote node(s) is maximized. Several variations of this problem are solved to illustrate the Genetic Algorithm based solution approach. The paper also provides the relation between degree of redundancy of files and the maximum achievable reliability of executing a program. The proposed method is compared with optimal solutions to demonstrate the accuracy of the solution obtained from Genetic Algorithm based methodology.
Drown versus New York: The Rashomon of Delivering Mental Health Services in the 1990S

This article examines a case study of one homeless mentally ill woman in New York City to show the differing perspectives on mental illness among mental health consumers, family members, mental health professionals, and advocates. Different issues emerge, and different priorities for care become clear. The social worker as case manager must design intervention strategies based on these differing perspectives, a crucial challenge for the profession. This article reviews the current literature on case management and suggests a holistic approach that better meets the needs of mentally ill people, their family members, and the community.