cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
O2 reduction and denitrification rates in shallow aquifers

[1] O2 reduction and denitrification rates were determined in shallow aquifers of 12 study areas representing a wide range in sedimentary environments and climatic conditions. Zero- and first-order rates were determined by relating reactant or product concentrations to apparent groundwater age. O2 reduction rates varied widely within and between sites, with zero-order rates ranging from 100 μmol N L−1 yr−1; >0.36 yr−1) occur when changes in lithology result in a sharp increase in the supply of electron donors. Denitrification lag times (i.e., groundwater travel times prior to the onset of denitrification) ranged from 80 yr. The availability of electron donors is indicated as the primary factor affecting O2 reduction rates. Concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and/or sulfate (an indicator of sulfide oxidation) were positively correlated with groundwater age at sites with high O2 reduction rates and negatively correlated at sites with lower rates. Furthermore, electron donors from recharging DOC are not sufficient to account for appreciable O2 and nitrate reduction. These relations suggest that lithologic sources of DOC and sulfides are important sources of electrons at these sites but surface-derived sources of DOC are not. A review of published rates suggests that denitrification tends to occur more quickly when linked with sulfide oxidation than with carbon oxidation.
Expression and the course of life: studies of emotion, personality, and psychopathology from a social-functional perspective.

In this paper I discuss how expressive behavior relates to per- sonality and psychopathology, integrating recent findins from my labora- tory and the insights of Charles Darwin on this topic. In the first part of the paper I challenge the view, in part espoused by Darwin, that humans are equipped to convey only a limited number of emotions with nonverbal behavior. Our lab has documented displays for several emotions, including embarrassment, love, desire, compassion, gratitude, and awe, to name just a few states that previously were thought not to possess a distinct display. I then present an argument for how individual differences in emotion, al- though fleeting, shape the social environment. This argument focuses on the functions of nonverbal display: to provide information to others, to evoke responses, and to serve as incentives of preceding or ensuing social behavior. This reasoning sets the stage for the study of the relationships be- tween personality, psychopathology, and expressive behavior, to which I turn in the final part of the paper. Here I show that basic personality traits (e.g., extraversion, agreeableness) and psychological disorders (e.g., exter- nalizing disorder in children, autism) have expressive signatures that shape social interactions and environments in profound ways that might perpetuate and transmit the trait or disorder.
Drug delivery and toxicity of adjuvant chemotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): Washington University experience

To the EditorSeveral randomized trials utilizing platinum baseddoublet regimens have shown a survival benefit foradjuvant chemotherapy for non-small cell lungcancer (NSCLC) [1 5]. Adjuvant chemotherapy isincreasingly used in the USA following the publica-tions of the above mentioned studies. To our knowl-edge, there have been no reports on delivery andtoxicity of adjuvant chemotherapy for NSCLC out-side the clinical trial setting. We performed an auditof all patients with NSCLC who underwent surgicalresection and received adjuvant chemotherapy atWashington University School of Medicine betweenJanuary 2003 and December 2005. A total of 40patients were identified to have received adjuvantchemotherapy for NSCLC. The median age in thisgroup was 57 years (range 40 73). The majority ofpatients (68%) were Caucasian with African Amer-icans representing 27% of the population. Men andwomen were represented in equal proportions. Over90% of the patients had a favorable (0 1) Adultcomorbidity evaluation score-27 (ACE-27) at thetime of surgery. The median time from surgery tothe start of cycle 1 of chemotherapy was 49 (range16 118) days. Cisplatin with docetaxel was the mostfrequently used (43%) adjuvant chemotherapy regi-men during the study period followed by carboplatinand paclitaxel (17%), carboplatin and docetaxel(17%), and carboplatin and gemcitabine (15%).Of the 40 patients, 16 (40%) had received theintended dose (all the scheduled cycles without anydose modifications or delays). Seven patients (18%)did not receive the planned cycles of chemotherapywhile 21 (53%) patients had dose reductions and3 (8%) had dose delays (Table I). Adjuvant therapywas discontinued without completion of the sched-uled number of cycles due to toxicities in 6 (15%).Seventeen patients (42%) reported grade 3/4 toxi-cities, most commonly neutropenia and fatigue.Neutropenic fever occurred in two patients. Therewere no deaths resulting from adjuvant chemo-therapy.Most of the current data regarding delivery andtolerability of adjuvant chemotherapy for NSCLCare obtained from prospective studies [4,6 9] cis-platin and docetaxel, 11 (65%) received full doses ofchemotherapy without dose reduction, delays oromission. Grade 3/4 neutropenia in our studyoccurred in 25% of the patients as opposed to 36%in the CALGB 9633 trial, 17.5% (grade 4 alone) inthe IALT trial and 85% in the ANITA trial [2,4,7].This report provides the first ‘‘real life’’ experienceregarding the chemotherapy delivery and toxicity inpatients with resected non-small cell lung canceroutside the context of clinical trials.
Quark-gluon plasma in 4 GeV/c antiproton annihilations on nuclei

Abstract Recent data on strange particle production in 4 GeV/ c antiproton annihilations on Ta can be successfully interpreted if quark-gluon plasma formation is assumed along with a simple reaction model in which antiprotons deposit energy in the forward cone of nuclear matter within the target nucleus. The observed spectra and total abundances of lambdas and kaons are consistent with the hypothesis that (super cooled) quark matter phase has been formed at a rather modest temperature T ≲60 MeV. The spectra can then be successfully interpreted both with reference to their form and relative abundance.
Fish oil slows prostate cancer xenograft growth relative to other dietary fats and is associated with decreased mitochondrial and insulin pathway gene expression.

Fish oil slows prostate cancer xenograft growth relative to other dietary fats and is associated with decreased mitochondrial and insulin pathway gene expression
High sensitivity C-reactive protein in clinical practice.

As a growing number of patients with low low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels are diagnosed with atherosclerosis, research has shifted toward markers of inflammation in an attempt to improve global cardiovascular risk prediction. These markers include cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, and acute phase reactants like high sensitivity C-reactive protein, an innate immune response protein. When measured with new high-sensitivity assays, levels of high sensitivity C-reactive protein have proven to predict future cardiovascular risk at all levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, at all levels of the Framingham Risk Score, and at all levels of the metabolic syndrome. Among apparently healthy men and women, levels of high sensitivity C-reactive protein of 3 mg/L distinguish between those at low, moderate, and high risk for future cardiovascular disease, respectively. In clinical practice, high sensitivity C-reactive protein should be used along with lipid evaluation as part of global risk assessment. Improved knowledge of cardiovascular risk should lead to improved compliance with both lifestyle and pharmacologic interventions designed to prevent future cardiovascular events.
Tunable diode laser spectroscopy of helium clusters

Helium clusters, HeN-X, containing a probe molecule, X, are studied by infrared spectroscopy for the size range N≈1∼100. Spectra are observed using a supersonic jet expansion and a tunable diode laser source operating in a rapid-scan (sweep integration) mode. The pulsed jet uses a dilute gas mixture of the probe molecule in helium, with relatively high backing pressures (5–50 bar), and a cooled (80–295 K) nozzle. Sensitivity is enhanced by multi-passing the laser beam through the jet with a toroidal mirror system. The clusters are larger than van der Waals dimers and trimers, but smaller than those encountered in the field of helium nanodroplets (N≈103–105). Furthermore, individual cluster sizes are resolved here, but not with nanodroplets, and infrared absorption is detected directly (change in transmitted laser intensity), rather than indirectly (change in cluster fragmentation). Trends in the spectra are described for five probe molecules, X=CO, SiH4, OCS, N2O, and CO2. Superfluid effects dominate for clusters larger than N≈8. Notable results include the unexpected observation of broad oscillations in the effective rotational constants as a function of cluster size.
Ventral horn synaptology in the rat.

The synaptology of the normal ventral horn of the rat was studied. Presynaptic boutons were classified as S (spherical vesicles), F (flattened vesicles), and G (predominance of 700–1200 A granular vesicles). In addition, Cf, Cs, M, and T synaptic complexes were defined and quantitated. Synaptology was studied on α-motoneuron somata, α-motoneuron primary dendrites, peripheral dendrites and interneuron somata. In addition, organelles were quantified for the pre- and postsynaptic members of the synaptic complex. All counts were made on coded material and these data were analyzed statistically. Motoneuron somata had significantly more (P < 0.01) F (58%) than S (33%) boutons. This was also the case for the motoneuron primary dendrite (P < 0.01; F, 61%; S, 37%). The small dendrites had more (P < 0.05) S (56%) than F (44%) boutons. More Cf bulbs (P < 0.01) were found on motoneuron somata (9%) than on motoneuron primary dendrites (2%) or interneuron somata (3%). The C complex presynaptic bouton contained spherical (Cs) or flattened (Cf) synaptic vesicles which were attributed to the fixation employed. Cf bulbs were not observed on small dendrites. G bulbs were observed (< 1%) only on small dendrites. M bulbs were not observed on any postsynaptic structure. The boutons of the motoneuron primary dendrites (15% of total afferents) and peripheral dendrites (14% of total afferents) were frequently branched whereas there was significantly (P < 0.01) less branching of boutons on motoneuron and interneuron somata. Small postsynaptic subsurface cisterns were associated with boutons of both the S and F type on all structures. In addition, these cisterns were observed in motoneuron somata (4%) and interneuron somata (2%) without an accompanying bouton. C postsynaptic organelles were observed in motoneuron somata (3%) and primary dendrites (1%) with an overlying neuroglial cell process and no presynaptic bouton. The synaptology of the rat ventral horn is comparable to that in the cat and monkey. However, M (R) and P bulbs were not observed in the rat. This could be due to the sampling method which indicated that synapses with less than 1% occurrence fall at the level of statistical resolution in quantitative electron microscopy. The presence of postsynaptic specialization usually associated with presynaptic boutons with no presynaptic component may be a reflection of the dynamics of normal bouton renewal in the rat ventral horn.
a Gauge-Invariant Fluid Description of Primordial Density Fluctuations of Collisionless Particles

Formulas are derived for describing the evolution of fluctuations in the density of collisionless particles in the expanding universe using the gauge-invariant fluid description. The formulas use the “gauge-invariant” variables proposed by Bardeen to describe cosmological perturbations. These variables are hydrodynamic in nature and we show the behavior of the equations when the particles have streaming lengths large compared to the scales of interest. We also show how these equations couple gravitationally when other species of matter are present in significant densities. Using the “fourteen moment” approximation for the particle distribution function, we get a simple set of ordinary differential equations which are much easier to use than a direct integration of the Boltzmann equation. This formulation is especially useful when we are considering universes with more than one cosmologically significant component of matter density. An example of a numerical integration of the evolution equations is presented for comparison of this method to other work. A formula for calculating fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background radiation is also given.
Pediatric Stroke Presenting as a Seizure

Background. Childhood arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) is rare and may be difficult to diagnose. Management of acute stroke in any age group is time sensitive, so awareness of the manifestations and appropriate diagnostic procedures for pediatric AIS is vital to establishing care. We present a pediatric case of arterial ischemic stroke that presented to the emergency department (ED) after two seizures. Case Report. A five-year-old female with an existing seizure disorder presented to a pediatric ED after having two seizures. Postictal upon arrival, she underwent a computed tomography (CT) scan of her head. Family reported that she had complained of a severe headache and vomited; her seizures were described as different from those she had experienced in the past. Loss of grey white matter differentiation on the CT warranted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which demonstrated a right-sided stroke. After a complicated course in the hospital, the patient was discharged to a rehabilitation hospital. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? It is important that emergency physicians recognize that a seizure may be the initial symptom of a pediatric stroke regardless of an established seizure history. Pediatric seizures are relatively common; however consideration of the diagnosis of pediatric stroke may prevent unnecessary delays in treatment.
Excitation of surface electromagnetic waves on water.

Excitation of surface electromagnetic waves (SEW) on water was studied using optical coupling techniques at microwave frequencies. Excitation of SEW was also achieved using direct horn antenna coupling. The transmitted SEW power was increased by adding acid and salt to water. The horn antenna gave the maximum excitation efficiency 70%. It was increased to 75% by collimating the electromagnetic beam in the vertical direction. Excitation efficiency for the prism (0 degrees pitch angle) and grating couplers were 15.2% and 10.5% respectively. By changing the prism coupler pitch angle to +36 degrees , its excitation efficiency was increased to 82%.
Accelerated partial breast irradiation using the MammoSite device.

This Viewpoint compares MammoSite® brachytherapy with other forms of partial breast irradiation. Although very few reports on clinical efficacy have been published, indications so far are that the MammoSite® catheter is technically simple, adequately spares normal tissues, and is associated with a favorable cosmetic outcome and toxicity profile. The choice of the optimal irradiation method remains complex and requires input from both treating physicians and their patients.
Review Essay Rural America in the 21st Century

Saving America's Countryside: A Guide to Rural Conservation. Samuel N. Stokes, A. Elizabeth Watson, Genevieve P. Keller, J. Timothy Keller.
Assessment of diabetic foot ulcers with diffuse near infrared methodology

A pilot human study was conducted in order to demonstrate the efficacy of diffuse near infrared (NIR) methodology for in vivo assessment of diabetic foot ulcers. Nine patients were evaluated using diffuse NIR methodology to assess their wound healing process over time. Absorption and scattering coefficients of the wound site were determined over time and compared to those of a control site. The results validate the model wound healing developed during our animal studies of wound healing with NIR, and indicate that differences in optical properties can be seen between wounds with different healing behaviors.
Security of the distributed electronic patient record: a case-based approach to identifying policy issues

The growth of managed care and integrated delivery systems has created a new commodity, health information and the technology that it requires. Surveys by Deloitte and Touche indicate that over half of the hospitals in the US are in the process of implementing electronic patient record (EPR) systems. The National Research Council has established that industry spends as much as $15 billion on information technology (IT), an amount that is expanding by 20% per year. The importance of collecting, electronically storing, and using the information is undisputed. This information is needed by consumers to make informed choices; by physicians to provide appropriate quality clinical care; and by health plans to assess outcomes, control costs and monitor quality. The collection, storage and communication of a large variety of personal patient data, however, present a major dilemma. How can we provide the data required by the new forms of health care delivery and at the same time protect the personal privacy of patients? Recent debates concerning medical privacy legislation, software regulation, and telemedicine suggest that this dilemma will not be easily resolved. The problem is systemic and arises out of the routine use and flow of information throughout the health industry. Health care information is primarily transferred among authorized users. Not only is the information used for patient care and financial reimbursement, secondary users of the information include medical, nursing, and allied health education, research, social services, public health, regulation, litigation, and commercial purposes such as the development of new medical technology and marketing. The main threats to privacy and confidentiality arise from within the institutions that provide patient care as well as institutions that have access to patient data for secondary purposes.
Critical transport parameters for porous media subjected to counterflow

Experimental and theoretical studies have been conducted to determine critical parameters at the onset of nonlinear counterflow in He II below the lambda point of He-4. Critical temperature differences have been measured in porous media for zero net mass flow and for Darcy permeabilities in the order of magnitude range from 10 to the -10th to 10 to the -8th sq cm. The normalized critical temperature gradients, which covered the liquid temperature range of 1.5 K to the lambda temperature, are found to vary with T proportional to the ratio of the superfluid density to the normal fluid density. This liquid temperature dependence appears to be consistent with duct data which are limited at low temperature by a Reynolds number criterion.
An eye-specific Gβ subunit essential for termination of the phototransduction cascade

HETEROTRIMERIC G proteins couple various receptors to intracellu-lar effector molecules. Although the role of the Gα subunit in effector activation, guanine nucleotide exchange and GTP hydro-lysis has been well studied1–4, the cellular functions of the Gα subunits are less well understood5,6. Gβγ dimers bind Gα subunits and anchor them to the membrane for presentation to the receptor7–9. In specific systems, the Gβ subunits have also been implicated in direct coupling to ion channels and to effector molecules10–19. We have isolated Drosophila melanogaster mutants defective in an eye-specific G-protein β-subunit (Gβe), and show here that the β-subunit is essential for G-protein-receptor coupling in vivo. Remarkably, Gβ mutants are also severely defective in the deactivation of the light response, demonstrating an essential role for the Gβ subunit in terminating the active state of this signalling cascade.
Long-term fracture risk among infertile women: a population-based cohort study.

Nulliparity has been linked to bone loss and fractures, but the contribution of infertility is unclear. The purpose of this study was to assess the long-term risk of fractures among infertile women. In a population-based retrospective cohort study, all 658 Olmsted County, Minnesota, women with infertility (failure to conceive after 1 year despite intercourse without contraception) first diagnosed at Mayo Clinic in 1935–1964 were followed for fractures. Risk was assessed by comparing new fractures of each type to the number expected from sex-specific and age-specific fracture rates in the general population (standardized incidence ratios [SIR]). During 18,130 person-years of follow-up, 184 women experienced at least one fracture when 291 would have been expected on the basis of fracture incidence rates in the general population (SIR 0.6, 95% CI 0.5-0.7). There was no increase in proximal femur fractures (SIR 1.0, 95% CI 0.6-1.6) and a statistically significant decrease in the risk of distal forearm fractur...
Putrescentiae and Lepidoglyphus destructor in normal dogs and dogs with atopic dermatitis

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the threshold concentration for the storage mites Tyrophagus putrescentiae and Lepidoglyphus destructor in intradermal testing of healthy and atopic dogs, and to compare the incidence of positive reactions in the two groups. Twenty-one healthy dogs and twenty-six atopic dogs were tested intradermally with T. putrescentiae and L. destructor extracts at 1000, 500, 250, 125, 63, 32 and 16 PNU mL−1. Reactions were evaluated objectively and subjectively. A Mann–Whitney U-test was used to determine differences in grade of reaction to storage mites between healthy dogs and dogs with atopic dermatitis. Positive reactions to storage mite extract were most common at 1000 PNU mL−1, with approximately one-third of normal and atopic dogs showing a positive reaction to T. putrescentiae and an even higher number to L. destructor. No positive reactions were seen in normal dogs at a concentration of 63 PNU mL−1 of L. destructor extract and 32 PNU mL−1 of T. putrescentiae extract. There was no significant difference in the incidence of positive reactions between normal versus atopic dogs for any of the Tyrophagus or Lepidoglyphus extract concentrations. Based on the findings in this study, the preliminary recommended concentrations for intradermal testing with T. putrescentiae and L. destructor extract are 16 and 32 PNU mL−1, respectively. Storage mite extracts were provided by Heska Corporation, Fort Collins, CO.
"Is it theirs, mine, or ours?" Ownership, collaboration, and cultures /spl lsqb/collaborative work/spl rsqb/

Document ownership attributions often have direct consequences for evaluation, in both classrooms and workplaces. But when writers work collaboratively, ownership attributions are not straightforward. This study, about how and why collaborative writers make such attributions, reports that interviewed workplace writers emphasized product criteria (quality and liability), while surveyed student writers emphasized process criteria (teamwork and workload). A review of previous research suggests that such a difference may result from cultural differences between the academy and the workplace. That analysis further suggests how both instructors and practitioners could help newcomers make successful transitions to professional writing, by foregrounding ownership attitudes. >
Stable splittings of classifying spaces of metacyclic p-groups, p odd

Abstract We determine the stable decompositions of the classifying spaces of all metacyclic p-groups, p odd, into wedges of indecomposable spectra. Furthermore, we determine the stable decompositions of classifying spaces of finite groups which have a metacyclic p-Sylow subgroup.
Development of the PRE-HIT instrument: patient readiness to engage in health information technology.

Background Technology-based aids for lifestyle change are becoming more prevalent for chronic conditions. Important “digital divides” remain, as well as concerns about privacy, data security, and lack of motivation. Researchers need a way to characterize participants’ readiness to use health technologies. To address this need, we created an instrument to measure patient readiness to engage with health technologies among adult patients with chronic conditions.
Modulation of the alveolar macrophage respiratory burst by hydroperoxides.

Abstract Exposure of alveolar macrophages to hydroperoxides (ROOH) inhibits subsequent stimulation of O2·− production (the respiratory burst). Previous studies (under nonoxidant stress conditions) have shown that elevation of intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]i) participates in both initiation and termination of O2·− production. In this investigation, the effects of sublethal ROOH exposure on [Ca2+]i and the respiratory burst of rat alveolar macrophages were compared. Exposure to a sublethal range of H2O2 or tert-butylhydroperoxide (10–100 pmol/106 cells; initially 10–100μM under the experimental conditions) for 15 min resulted in dose-dependent effects on the respiratory burst stimulated by various agents, ADP, ATP, zymosan-activated serum, and phorbol myristate acetate. Low concentrations of the ROOH (10 or 25 pmol/106 cells) were found to enhance stimulation, whereas exposure to 75 or 100 pmol/106 cells resulted in significant inhibition for all of the stimuli. All concentrations of ROOH caused a rapid elevation in [Ca2+]i. For those concentrations of ROOH that produced enhancement of subsequent stimulation of the respiratory burst, [Ca2+]i returned to near baseline before the end of the 15-min preincubation. The temporal- and concentration-dependent effects of ROOH on [Ca2+]i correlate with subsequent enhancement or inhibition of stimulated O1·− production. Similarities between the ROOH-induced changes in [Ca2+]i and the effect of [Ca2+]i changes in physiological regulation of the respiratory burst suggest a potential relationship.
Nutritive Values of Whole-crop Wheat Hay and Silage and Effect of Microbial Inoculants on In vitro Gas Production

Abstract Kilic, U. 2010. Nutritive values of whole-crop wheat hay and silage and effect of microbial inoculants on in vitro gas production. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 37: 67–71. The aim of this study was to determine the nutritive value and in vitro gas production kinetics of wheat hay (WH) and wheat silage (WS) by using in vitro gas production technique and to determine the effects of microbial inoculant (Maize-All) on rumen fermentation and gas production parameters. There were no significant differences between WH and WS in terms of in vitro gas production kinetics and estimated parameters such as metabolizable energy (ME), net energy lactation (NE L ) and organic matter digestibility (OMD). WH without Maize-All had higher ME, NEL and OMD values compared to WH with Maize-All. However, this difference was not found between WS without Maize-All and WS with Maize-All. The crude protein degradability of WH was significantly higher than that of WS (P<0.01). No difference in in vitro gas production between WH and ...
International justice and domestic politics: post-Tudjman Croatia and the international criminal tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

(2003). International justice and domestic politics: post-Tudjman Croatia and the international criminal tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. Europe-Asia Studies: Vol. 55, No. 7, pp. 1117-1142.
Studies on calciferol metabolism. I. Production of vitamin D metabolite 4B from 25-OH-cholecalciferol by kidney homogenates.

Abstract Incubations of 26, 27- 3 H-25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-vitamin D 3 ) with kidney homogenates produced significant amounts of a compound which was chromatographically identical with and had biological activity equivalent to intestinal Metabolite 4B. Thus, the kidney appears to be a major site of synthesis of Metabolite 4B, the proposed biologically active form of cholecalciferol in the intestine.
Experimental investigation of the augmentation of forced convection heat transfer in a circular tube using spiral spring inserts

Results of the experimental investigation of a class of spiral spring coil used as a tube side heat transfer augmentative device for a single phase cooling mode operation are presented. SAE 10 engine oil flowing inside the tube is cooled by water flowing outside the tube. This spiral spring insert is inexpensive but it can increase the tube side heat transfer coefficient significantly. Thus its use as an augmentative device is effective. Application of this device in the design of oil coolers is discussed.
Analysis of linkage disequilibrium in an island model

Linkage disequilibria for two loci in a finite island model were parameterized. The total linkage disequilibrium was decomposed into three components, gametic, demic, and population, for which corresponding unbiased estimators were established. Other statistics encountered provided measures of differentiation corresponding to the hierarchical structure of the ecological model. Under the assumption of linkage equilibrium, the variances and covariances of these estimators and statistics were formulated in terms of descent measures, functions of gene frequencies, and the numbers of individuals, demes, and populations sampled. The functions of gene frequencies fall into two classes, one representing the differentiation of genes at each locus, and the other representing the association of genes between the loci. For a neutral model with extinction, migration, and linkage, transition equations were derived for the descent measures which also take into account deme size and numbers of dems within the population. With the addition of unequal mutation rates for a finite number of alleles at each locus, the transition equations were solved for the descent measures in the equilibrium state. This permitted the exact numerical evaluation of the effects of the sampling and ecological dimensions and of extinction, migration, and mutation rates in any parameter range. Some numerical results were presented for the effects of linkage, extinction, migration, and sampling on the variances of various measures of linkage disequilibrium and genetic differentiation. Also, some results were compared with the approximate numerical results of Ohta which agreed fairly well in the parameter ranges she considered, but not so well in other ranges.
A study on the friction and wear behavior of PTFE filled with alumina nanoparticles

Abstract A solid lubricant composite material was made by compression molding PTFE and 40 nm alumina particles. Prior to compression molding the constituent powders were blended using a jet milling apparatus. Composites from 0 to 20 wt.% were prepared. These composites were tested against a polished stainless steel counterface on a reciprocating tribometer. The experimental conditions were a contact pressure of 6.4 MPa, a stroke length of 50 mm, and a sliding speed of 50 mm/s. The friction coefficient of the composite increased over unfilled samples from roughly μ =0.15 to μ =0.2. At filler concentrations of 20 wt.%, the wear resistance improved 600×. The wear resistance of this composite increased monotonically with increasing filler concentration and no optimum filler fraction was found.
Stakeholders in sustainable tourism development and their roles: applying stakeholder theory to sustainable tourism development

Sustainability has become an important topic and concept in relation to tourism planning and development. For sustainable tourism development to be successful stakeholders must be involved in the process. The questions that should be considered though are: (1) who should be considered stakeholders in tourism development, and (2) how should planners and developers involve stakeholders in the development of tourism? In order to provide answers to these questions this paper investigated sustainable tourism development and how stakeholder inclusion and involvement are incorporated in the basic concept of sustainable tourism development. This investigation was accomplished by reviewing and drawing conclusions from the literature. The discussion includes thoughts from both management and public participation perspectives. So who should be involved in the sustainable tourism development process? Based on the definitions that are used for sustainability and sustainable tourism four distinct groups are identified; the present visitors, future visitors, present host community, and future host community.
Generation of airborne Listeria innocua from model floor drains.

Listeria monocytogenes can colonize floor drains in poultry processing and further processing facilities, remaining present even after cleaning and disinfection. Therefore, during wash down, workers exercise caution to avoid spraying hoses directly into drains in an effort to prevent the escape and transfer of drain microflora to food contact surfaces. The objective of this study was to examine the extent to which an inadvertent water spray into a colonized floor drain can cause the spread of airborne Listeria. Listeria innocua was used to inoculate a polyvinyl chloride model floor drain, resulting in approximately 108 cells per ml of phosphate-buffered saline and 104 attached cells per square centimeter of inner surface. Each model drain was subjected to a 2-s spray of tap water at 68.9 kPa from a distance of 1 m. Drains were sprayed while filled and again after emptying. Airborne cells were collected by using sedimentation plates containing Listeria selective agar which were placed on the floor and wall...
Solid-Propellant Combustion Instability Suppression Devices.

Abstract : A program has been performed to develop design criteria and design methods which may be used to ensure effective operational use of suppression devices to prevent acoustic modes of combustion instability in solid-propellant motors. The program comprised analytical studies and laboratory experimental studies, with T-burners and acoustic models being employed for the experimental work. Analytical studies of the stabilization processes brought about by the suppression devices have been performed. Problems relating to the manufacturing, durability, and installation are being investigated. Experimental studies of the stabilization processes have been made; acoustic models and a variation of the T-burner have been utilized for this purpose. (Author)
Cytolethality of hemolytic Escherichia coli to primary human renal proximal tubular cell cultures obtained from different donors

Abstract Objectives In earlier experiments, we confirmed epidemiologic studies demonstrating the prominence in acute pyelonephritis of Escherichia coli expressing P fimbriae and hemolysin, produced the disease with pyelonephritogenic strains in an an imal model, and developed in vitro assays using human renal proximal tubular cells that demonstrated bacterial adherence by P fimbriae and killing of the renal cells by he molysin. In the present series of experiments, we sought to determine whether P fimbriated hemolytic E coli killed human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells obtained from different human donors. Methods Human renal proximal tubular cells, putative target cells for bacteria causing acute pyelonephritis, were cultured from 9 donors and cell death was measured by two methods. Results We showed that the E coli strain was significantly more cytolethal for renal cells of all donors than its hemolysin-negative mutant. Conclusions This work suggests that the pathogenesis of acute pyelonephritis by P-fimbriated hemolytic E coli , characteristics of the causative organism in about 50% of human cases, may be at least in part through killing of human renal epithelial cells by hemolysin.
First use of (18)F-labeled ML-10 PET to assess apoptosis change in a newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme patient before and early after therapy.

Objectives The authors present the first use of the novel positron emission tomography (PET) apoptosis tracer 18F-labeled 2-(5-fluoro-pentyl)-2-methyl-malonic acid (18F-ML-10) for early-therapy response assessment of a newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patient. Case report A 71-year-old male with a newly diagnosed GBM received 18F-ML-10 PET scans prior to therapy initiation (baseline) and after completing 3 weeks of whole-brain radiation therapy with concomitant temozolomide chemotherapy (early-therapy assessment, ETA). The baseline 18F-ML-10 PET scan showed increased tracer uptake at the site of the GBM, with highest activity toward the central portion of the tumor. At the ETA time point, a new distribution of tracer uptake was observed compared to baseline. Normalized pixel-by-pixel subtraction of baseline from ETA was used to quantify change in tracer distribution between 18F-ML-10 PET imaging time points. Results of this analysis showed reduction in 18F-ML-10 uptake at the site of greatest baseline uptake, but increased uptake around the periphery of the tumor at the early-therapy time point. Conclusion The changing patterns of 18F-ML-10 uptake between baseline and ETA are suggestive for therapy-induced tumor cellular apoptosis.
The effects of d-amphetamine on the automaintained key pecking of pigeons.

Three food-deprived pigeons were initially exposed to an automaintenance procedure in which 8-s response key illuminations were followed by food delivery without regard to the subject's behavior. The percentage of occasions on which key illumination was followed by food delivery was then successively reduced from 100 to 50, 25, 10, and 2.5%. Despite the lack of a programmed contingency between key pecking and food delivery or key illumination, key pecking occurred under all automaintenance conditions. Mean responses per 8-s key illumination during non-drug sessions varied from over 15 to less than one, with the 100 and 50% pairing conditions engendering the highest rates and the 2.5% pairing condition the lowest. Under all automaintenance conditions, d-amphetamine in doses of 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg decreased responding in a dose-dependent fashion. Rate-dependent effects were not evident despite the appreciable differences in mean response rates engendered by the various conditions.
A comparison of the safety and efficacy of lomefloxacin and ciprofloxacin in the treatment of complicated or recurrent urinary tract infections

Abstract The efficacy and safety of two fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agents, lomefloxacin and ciprofloxacin, were compared in a randomized, investigator-blinded, multiple-dose study that enrolled 150 adult outpatients with complicated or recurrent urinary tract infections. A total of 75 patients were treated with 400 mg of lomefloxacin once daily for 10–14 days; an equal number of patients received 500 mg of ciprofloxacin every 12 hours for 10–14 days. Both groups of patients were comparable in terms of demographics and distribution of underlying conditions. The most frequently occurring pathogens in both groups were Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae . A total of 142 patients met the criteria for efficacy evaluation, 72 in the lomefloxacin group and 70 in the ciprofloxacin group. Eradication of the initial pathogen (post-treatment culture of ≤10 4 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL) was noted in 97.2% of patients treated with lomefloxacin and in 95.7% of ciprofloxacin-treated patients. Clinical success (disappearance or amelioration of presenting signs and symptoms) occurred in 98.6% of lomefloxacin-treated patients and in 95.7% of patients treated with ciprofloxacin. The differences in outcome between the two treatment groups were not statistically significant. Both drug regimens were well tolerated. There were no clinically significant changes in clinical laboratory values during treatment. In the lomefloxacin group three patients reported nausea, one nervousness, and one pruritus; in the ciprofloxacin group, two patients reported nausea and three pruritus. Two lomefloxacin-treated patients (3%) and four patients treated with ciprofloxacin (5%) withdrew from treatment because of adverse events. A single daily dose of 400 mg lomefloxacin was comparable to 500 mg ciprofloxacin every 12 hours for the treatment of complicated or recurrent urinary tract infections.
Treatment of common warts using the infrared coagulator.

background. The infrared coagulator (IRC) is an instrument that delivers a narrow beam of noncoherent infrared light to the skin surface. objective. The purpose of the study was to determine the utility of the infrared coagulator in treating common warts of the hands and feet. METHODS. Forty-four warts in 21 patients were treated with 1.25-second pulse durations. Thirty-one of the warts were recurrent after previous electrosurgery or cryosurgery. Average follow-up time was 11 months. results. Overall, 25 warts (57%) resolved after one treatment, 6 warts (14%) regressed and cleared with additional treatment, and 13 warts (30%) recurred, giving an overall cure rate of 70%. Eleven of the 21 patients (52%) were cleared of all their treated warts. conclusion. The IRC is a useful therapeutic modality for common warts.
Changing IT Skills: The Impact of Sourcing Strategies on In-House Capability Requirements

The increasingly global sourcing of IT work and other socio-economic trends are prompting fundamental changes in the availability of IT skills needed in both client and vendor organizations. This article analyzes the results of a survey conducted in 2005, in which IT executives were asked to describe the skills they felt were critical to keep in house now and in 2008. The top ten current skills included three in project management, five in business domain and three in technical. In 2008, the top five emerging skills are almost all business domain while the top five exiting skills are all technical. Our findings indicate that the critical skills to keep in-house are primarily client-facing skills, even when they are technical. Findings indicate that IT professionals need to have a balance that demonstrates a foundation in the traditional â€œhard skillsâ€ and experience with â€œsofterâ€ business-oriented skills.
Laser-induced collisional detachment.

A theoretical study is presented of the process of photodetachment of a negative ion by sub-threshold-frequency radiation in the presence of a simultaneous collision. Calculations are carried out for the H/sup -/-He case and the resulting cross section is compared with other competing processes, such as two-photon photodetachment and nonradiative collisional detachment.
Cathepsin L plays an active role in involution of the mouse mammary gland.

Involution of the mammary gland after weaning occurs in two stages. The first stage is reversible, whereas the second stage is characterized by the irreversible collapse of the alveolar structure. A differential display analysis using cDNAs from tissues obtained at various times after forced weaning of pups identified cathepsin L as up-regulated during early involution. Levels of cathepsin L mRNA were dramatically increased within 24 hr after weaning. Cathepsin L protein detected by immunoblot was also increased during involution, reaching near maximal levels by 36 hr after weaning. In situ immunohistochemistry detected pronounced cathepsin L protein in the cytoplasm and cell periphery. Mice treated with a specific inhibitor of cathepsin L exhibited substantially reduced numbers of apoptotic cells at times up to 72 hr after weaning when compared with untreated animals. The cathepsin L inhibitor did not alter levels of cathepsin L detected in immunoblots or influence molecular weight of the cathepsin L species detected. These data suggest that cathepsin L plays a regulatory role early in the process of mammary gland involution.
The impact of musical training and tone language experience on talker identification

Listeners can use pitch changes in speech to identify talkers. Individuals exhibit large variability in sensitivity to pitch and in accuracy perceiving talker identity. In particular, people who have musical training or long-term tone language use are found to have enhanced pitch perception. In the present study, the influence of pitch experience on talker identification was investigated as listeners identified talkers in native language as well as non-native languages. Experiment 1 was designed to explore the influence of pitch experience on talker identification in two groups of individuals with potential advantages for pitch processing: musicians and tone language speakers. Experiment 2 further investigated individual differences in pitch processing and the contribution to talker identification by testing a mediation model. Cumulatively, the results suggested that (a) musical training confers an advantage for talker identification, supporting a shared resources hypothesis regarding music and language and (b) linguistic use of lexical tones also increases accuracy in hearing talker identity. Importantly, these two types of hearing experience enhance talker identification by sharpening pitch perception skills in a domain-general manner.
New perturbative calculation of the fermion-boson mass ratio in a supersymmetric quantum field theory.

We apply a recently proposed graphical perturbative calculational scheme to a two-dimensional supersymmetric model. Elsewhere, we reported the results of a second-order calculation of the ground-state energy density E in this model with the result that E = 0. Here, we calculate the boson-fermion mass ratio R to second order in this new perturbation theory. As in the previous calculation, there is a detailed cancellation between classes of graphs which leads to the unbroken supersymmetric result R = 1. .AE
Extracting maximal information about sets of minimum cuts

There are two well-known, elegant, compact, and efficiently computed representations of selected minimum edge cuts in a weighted, undirected graphG=(V, E) withn nodes andm edges: at one extreme, the Gomory-Hu cut tree [12] represents $$\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}c} n \\ 2 \\ \end{array} } \right)$$ minimum cuts, one for each pair of nodes inG; at the other extreme, the Picard-Queyranne DAG [24] represents all the minimum cuts between a single pair of nodes inG. The GH cut tree is constructed with onlynź1 max-flow computations, and the PQ DAG is constructed with one max-flow computation, plusO(m) additional time. In this paper we show how to marry these two representations, getting the best features of both. We first show that we can construct all $$\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}c} n \\ 2 \\ \end{array} } \right)$$ DAGs, one for each fixed pair of nodes, using onlynź1 max-flow computations as in [12], plusO(m) time per DAG as in [24]. This speeds up the obvious approach by a factor ofn. We then apply this approach to an unweighted graphG, to find all the edge-connectivity cuts inG, i.e., cuts with capacity equal to the connectivity ofG. Matula [22] gave a method to find one connectivity cut inO(nm) time; we show thatO(nm) time suffices to represent all connectivity cuts compactly, and to list all of them explicitly. This improves the previous best time bound ofO(n2m) [3] for listing the connectivity cuts. The connectivity cuts are central in network reliability calculations. We then show how to find all pairs of nodes that are separated by at least one connectivity cut inO(nm) time.