cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Teaching Of Electronics to Scientists

Publisher Summary This chapter explores that there are changes in the philosophy of teaching electronics. In the past, electronics has been regarded primarily a domain of the physicist; now it is a major engineering discipline. The teaching of electronics to scientists has increasingly swung away from “the study of the fundamentals” and more toward the pragmatic “applications and uses” point of view. This chapter illustrates that more useful approach for scientists today consists of circuit design using specification sheets of some of the myriads of system devices available on the market as the starting point. The chapter argues that the most appropriate education in electronics for a scientist involves exposure to a large number of high-level devices, the design of function-oriented circuits using the specification sheets of those devices, and acceptance of working circuits which satisfy the original need. A scientist should know how to program the mini or microcomputer in order to control data logging devices, experimental and instrumental controls, and perhaps communications systems. This chapter concludes that the experience and confidence gained in learning how to use the devices of today can be useful when learning how to use those of tomorrow.
Hepatic dysfunction in ambulatory patients with heart failure: application of the MELD scoring system for outcome prediction.

Objectives This study evaluated the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score and its modified versions, which are established measures of liver dysfunction, as a tool to assess heart transplantation (HTx) urgency in ambulatory patients with heart failure. Background Liver abnormalities have a prognostic impact on the outcome of patients with advanced heart failure. Methods We retrospectively evaluated 343 patients undergoing HTx evaluation between 2005 and 2009. The prognostic effectiveness of MELD and 2 modifications (MELDNa [includes serum sodium levels] and MELD-XI [does not include international normalized ratio]) for endpoint events, defined as death/HTx/ventricular assist device requirement, was evaluated in our cohort and in subgroups of patients on and off oral anticoagulation. Results The MELD and MELDNa scores were excellent predictors for 1-year endpoint events (areas under the curve: 0.71 and 0.73, respectively). High scores (>12) were strongly associated with poor survival at 1 year (MELD 69.3% vs. 90.4% [p < 0.0001]; MELDNa 70.4% vs. 96.9% [p < 0.0001]). Increased scores were associated with increased risk for HTx (hazard ratio: 1.10 [95% confidence interval: 1.06 to 1.14]; p < 0.0001 for both scores), which was independent of other known risk factors (MELD p ¼ 0.0055; MELDNa p ¼ 0.0083). Anticoagulant use was associated with poor survival at 1 year (73.7% vs. 86.4%; p ¼ 0.0118), and the statistical significance of MELD/MELDNa was higher in patients not receiving oral anticoagulation therapy. MELD-XI was a fair but limited predictor of the endpoint events in patients receiving oral anticoagulation therapy. Conclusions Assessment of liver dysfunction according to the MELD scoring system provides additional risk information in ambulatory patients with heart failure. (J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;61:2253–61) a 2013 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation
Exploring the emotional intelligence of Florence Nightingale.

Objective: Emotional intelligence (EI) within nursing appears to be a growing interest as evidenced by the expanding number of literature reviews conducted on the subject. The inquiry for this historical research is to understand the work and characteristics of Florence Nightingale and EI. Methods: The assumption is that nurses who are emotionally intelligent are the most likely to not only survive the nursing profession but to thrive and make compassionate future leaders. Nightingale's letters, pictures and other writings were used to evaluate her viewpoints as an inspirational nurse and leader. Results: Nightingale was a catalyst for change; internally motivated to be a great nurse and had the zeal to develop others as well. Conclusions: Exploring Nightingale's characteristics of EI such her confidence, determination, integrity and compassion, her teachings and beliefs can transcend time to mold successful nurses more than a century later. The voice of a leader. It is as resounding as the heart it encourages, as far-reaching as the change it invokes. It is tuned by its keen sense of the voices around it and speaks back in a language they can understand. Its breath enters all that truly hear it, and when it no longer speaks, it can still be heard. -Mae Taylor Moss
Cruel Compassion: Psychiatric Control of Society's Unwanted

In this short work, Dr. Szasz takes aim at conventional psychiatry, and at the attendent system of courts, hospitals, and psychiatrists who confine patients against their will. The focal point is a Supreme Court case involving a man forcibly committed to a Florida asylum for 14 years. In refuting the widely held notion that the Donaldson case represents an advancement in the rights of mental patients, Dr. Szasz has put the American legal establishments on trial.
Laser Vaporization and Photoionization Studies of Tin and Lead Clusters

Molecular beams of bare metal clusters containing up to 30–40 atoms of either tin or lead are prepared by laser vaporization in a pulsed nozzle source. Laser photoionization mass spectra of these clusters are characterized by magic number patterns. Laser wavelength and power dependence studies, and comparisons to previous electron impact data, probe stability in both neutral and cation clusters.
Producing change and stability: A scalar analysis of Paraguayan bilingual education policy implementation

Abstract Research on educational language policy has faced the perennial question of how to conceptualize and analyze the relationships between what are often seen as macro-level policy and micro-level practices. Recent work on social identification and language in globalization demonstrates, however, that analysis of complex social phenomena requires attention to multiple and heterogeneous scales of time and space ( Blommaert, 2010 , Canagarajah, 2013 , Wortham, 2006 ). Drawing on this work, this paper uses the notion of scales to examine how both change and stability were produced in the appropriation of a national policy to incorporate Guarani into instruction in Paraguay. The analysis shows how the policy was appropriated in ways that left rural, Guarani-dominant children marginalized while benefitting urban, Spanish-dominant children. The scalar frame is productive not only for explaining patterns of appropriation and policy effect, but also in pointing to ways that we might make policy more effectively support language minoritized students.
Interaction between phosphodiesterases in the regulation of the cardiac β-adrenergic pathway.

In cardiac myocytes, the second messenger cAMP is synthesized within the β-adrenergic signaling pathway upon sympathetic activation. It activates Protein Kinase A (PKA) mediated phosphorylation of multiple target proteins that are functionally critical to cardiac contractility. The dynamics of cAMP are also controlled indirectly by cGMP-mediated regulation of phosphodiesterase isoenzymes (PDEs). The nature of the interactions between cGMP and the PDEs, as well as between PDE isoforms, and how these ultimately transduce the cGMP signal to regulate cAMP remains unclear. To better understand this, we have developed mechanistically detailed models of PDEs 1–4, the primary cAMP-hydrolyzing PDEs in cardiac myocytes, and integrated them into a model of the β-adrenergic signaling pathway. The PDE models are based on experimental studies performed on purified PDEs which have demonstrated that cAMP and cGMP bind competitively to the cyclic nucleotide (cN)-binding domains of PDEs 1, 2, and 3, while PDE4 regulation occurs via PKA-mediated phosphorylation. Individual PDE models reproduce experimentally measured cAMP hydrolysis rates with dose-dependent cGMP regulation. The fully integrated model replicates experimentally observed whole-cell cAMP activation-response relationships and temporal dynamics upon varying degrees of β-adrenergic stimulation in cardiac myocytes. Simulations reveal that as a result of network interactions, reduction in the level of one PDE is partially compensated for by increased activation of others. PDE2 and PDE4 exert the strongest compensatory roles among all PDEs. In addition, PDE2 competes with other PDEs to bind and hydrolyze cAMP and is a strong regulator of PDE interactions. Finally, an increasing level of cGMP gradually out-competes cAMP for the catalytic sites of PDEs 1, 2, and 3, suppresses their cAMP hydrolysis rates, and results in amplified cAMP signaling. These results provide insights into how PDEs transduce cGMP signals to regulate cAMP and how PDE interactions affect cardiac β-adrenergic response.
Multiple Molecular Determinants for Allosteric Modulation of Alternatively Spliced AMPA Receptors

Positive allosteric regulation of glutamate AMPA receptors involves conformational changes that can attenuate receptor desensitization and enhance ion flux through the channel pore. Many allosteric modulators (e.g., cyclothiazide and aniracetam) preferentially affect the flip (i) or flop (o) alternatively spliced isoform of AMPA receptors, implicating residues in the flip-flop domain as critical determinants of splice variant sensitivity. Indeed, previous mutational analyses have demonstrated that the differential sensitivity to cyclothiazide and aniracetam depends on a single amino acid, Ser (flip) and Asn (flop), suggesting that this residue may be solely responsible for differences in modulation of AMPA receptor isoforms. The present studies tested this hypothesis by investigating the molecular determinants of modulation of AMPA receptor splice variants by a structurally distinct compound, LY404187, which displays strikingly different and opposing kinetics of allosteric regulation characterized by a time-dependent enhancement in potentiation of homomeric GluR1-GluR4i and a time-dependent reduction in potentiation of GluR1-GluR4o. Site-directed mutagenesis of residues in the flip-flop domain of GluR2 revealed that, although exchange of Asn775 for Ser in GluR2o was sufficient to confer the GluR2i phenotype of potentiation, the corresponding mutation, Ser775Asn, in GluR2i did not impart the GluR2o response. In fact, the GluR2o kinetics of modulation depended on a novel set of substitutions in GluR2i, including Thr765Asn, Pro766Ala, and Val779Leu in combination with Ser775Asn. Collectively, these results show that, unlike cyclothiazide and aniracetam, the residues that confer splice variant differences in modulation by LY404187 are not identical and indicate that allosteric regulation of AMPA receptors can arise from multiple molecular determinants.
Multidisciplinary team legislative language associated with elder abuse investigations.

Professionals from different disciplines providing care and services to persons at risk for or victims of elder abuse have formed various multidisciplinary teams (MDTs). The purpose of the study was to identify the adult protective services–related statutory trends in presence of MDT content and to determine the association of MDT legislation on the rates of reported, investigated, and substantiated domestic elder abuse. Aggregate reports of elder abuse and state statutes for 1999 and 2007 were retrieved from 50 states and the District of Columbia. Statutes of eight states in 2000 and nine in 2008 included text about MDTs. In 2007, investigation rates for those states having MDT text in the statutes were significantly higher than those states without. The incidence of MDTs in the country is unknown. Legislative text is but one factor associated with differences in elder abuse report, investigation, or substantiation rates.
Self-Assembling Cyclic Peptides: Molecular Dynamics Studies of Dimers in Polar and Nonpolar Solvents†

The self-assembly of cyclic d,l-α-peptides into hollow nanotubes is a crucial mechanistic step in their application as antibacterial and drug-delivery agents. To understand this process, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed on dimers of cyclic peptides formed from cyclo [(-l-Trp-d-N-MeLeu-)4-]2 and cyclo [(-l-Trp-d-Leu-)4-]2 subunits in nonpolar (nonane) and polar (water) solvent. The dimers were observed to be stable only in nonpolar solvent over the full 10 ns length of the MD trajectory. The behavior of the dimers in different solvents is rationalized in terms of the intersubunit hydrogen bonding, hydrogen bonding with the solvent, and planarity of the rings. It is shown that the φ and ψ dihedral angles of a single uncapped ring in nonane lie in the β-sheet region of the Ramachandran plot, and the ring stays in a flat conformation. Steered MD (SMD) simulations based on Jarzynski's equality were performed to obtain the potential of mean force as a function of the distance between the two r...
Improving the quality of telephone reference service

Although the telephone constitutes an important aspect of reference service in many libraries, it is frequently taken for granted or overlooked by both patrons and professional staff alike. Often, it is seen by librarians as merely an adjunct service, or even something of a nuisance. In this view, telephone reference is considered secondary and subordinate to serving on-site patrons.
Ginzburg-Landau theory of microstructures: Stability, transient dynamics, and functionally graded nanophases

The stability, transient dynamics, and physical interpretation of microstructures obtained from a Ginzburg-Landau theory of first-order phase transformations are studied. The Jacobi condition for stability fails numerically, thus an alternative exact stability criterion, based on critical (most destabilizing) fluctuations, is developed. The degree-of-stability parameter is introduced to quantify the physical stability of long-lived unstable microstructures. For nanofilms, the existence of functionally graded nanophases is demonstrated. Numerical simulations indicate that graded nanophases can be produced by dissolving material from both surfaces of a nanofilm. Stability under finite fluctuations and post-bifurcation microstructure evolution are investigated numerically.
Are stocks dumped or neglected by analysts' inferior investments to covered stocks? ☆

Abstract We compare the long-term stock price and operating performance of firms that are followed by analysts to those that are not over the period of 1994–2005. While analysts are skillful in identifying quality firms for coverage, the market is efficient in pricing both covered and neglected stocks such that risk-adjusted stock returns are compatible between the two groups. However, dumped stocks consistently outperform covered stocks with significant risk-adjusted returns across different market conditions and regulatory environments. Hence, investors might earn better returns by investing in dumped stocks, but the higher returns may represent compensation for greater search costs and information risk associated with investing in these stocks.
Relative use of municipal street trees by birds during summer in state college, Pennsylvania

Relationships between street-tree characteristics, including habitat features, and use by urban birds were investigated from May to July 1980 in State College, Pennsylvania. Bird presence or absence was sampled in 1278 individual street trees of 24 species. Log-linear analysis of tree species, height class and bird occurence determined that pin oak (Quercus palustris), American elm (Ulmus americana) and honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis) were used more frequently by birds (P<0.05), and there was a linear relationship between height class and bird occurrence. Relative use of tree species by a group of three exotic bird species was highly correlated with that of the remaining native bird species (P<0.01). Logistic-regression analyses of bird occurrence on 10 habitat variables and tree characteristics showed that tall street trees located in areas with little other deciduous tree cover were more attractive to both the native and exotic bird groups (P<0.05). In addition, native birds were observed more often in trees planted in residential areas with little vehicular traffic, whereas exotic birds were more frequent in business areas with greater traffic volume. Because of the interest in bird watching among urban residents, municipal arborists should be aware that street trees may differin their attractiveness to birds.
Review of intravenous selenium infusions for the critically ill patient

Attempts to improve mortality for patients with sepsis, severe sepsis, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and septic shock continue to challenge health care professionals. This review will explore how the antioxidant, and possibly pro-oxidant, properties of selenium may benefit critically ill patients. Literature examining improvements in clinical outcomes from intravenous (IV) selenium infusion therapy will be discussed. Although there is not an overwhelming amount of knowledge about IV selenium and its effect on morbidity and mortality, this review will outline recent research evaluating the use of IV selenium infusions and its potential to decrease morbidity and mortality for different critically ill patient populations.
Cystic fibrosis pathogenesis and the role of biofilms in persistent infection

Recent work has presented definitive evidence that the Pseudomonas cells that infect the lung in cystic fibrosis grow in the biofilm phenotype. These unequivocal data establish this chronic infection of compromised hosts as the archetypal biofilm infection, which is both refractory to antibiotic therapy and barely affected by host defenses.
Effect of microstructure and thickness on the friction and wear behavior of CrN coatings

Abstract One of the most commonly used tribological thin-film coatings is chromium nitride (CrN), typically deposited by physical vapor deposition. Examples of current applications of this coating include cutting and forming tools, dies and automotive components, such as injection valves and piston rings for diesel engines. In selecting coatings for different tribological applications, one of the critical parameters is the coating thickness. In the present work, the effects of microstructure and coating thickness on the friction and wear behavior of CrN coatings were determined under unidirectional sliding conditions. Tests were conducted with a dry ball-on-flat contact configuration using ∼1-, 5-, and 10-μm thick coatings deposited on a hardened H-13 steel substrate by plasma enhanced magnetron sputtering. The ball specimen was made of WC. The friction behavior was observed to be strongly dependent on coating thickness and microstructure, especially at relatively low loads (5 N). At higher loads, however, the thinnest coating (1 μm) was quickly worn through, while the thicker ones (5 and 10 μm) remained intact. Wear in both the counterface WC ball material and the coatings also depended on coating thickness and microstructure. In all coatings, there was localized damage but minimal wear. Additional tests were done with Si 3 N 4 and 52100 steel balls, and the results indicated different wear and friction behavior from that for WC balls. The observed effect of coating thickness on tribological behavior is attributed to differences in the microstructure and mechanical behaviors of CrN coatings as a function of thickness.
Surface grafted antibodies: controlled architecture permits enhanced antigen detection.

The attachment of antibodies to substrate surfaces is useful for achieving specific detection of antigens and toxins associated with clinical and field diagnostics. Here, acrylated whole antibodies were produced through conjugation chemistry, with the goal of covalently photografting these proteins from surfaces in a controlled fashion, to facilitate rapid and sensitive antigenic detection. A living radical photopolymerization chemistry was used to graft the acrylated whole antibodies on polymer surfaces at controlled densities and spatial locations by controlling the exposure time and area, respectively. Copolymer grafts containing these antibodies were synthesized to demonstrate two principles. First, PEG functionalities were introduced to prevent nonspecific protein interactions and improve the reaction kinetics by increasing solvation and mobility of the antibody-containing chains. Both of these properties lead to sensitive (pM) and rapid (<20 min) detection of antigens with this surface modification ...
Description Logic-Based Approximate Joke Comparison

Computational recognition of humor in texts is an aspect of natural language processing. How to algorithmically recognize humorous texts is not clear. Humor recognition in semantically untagged text may be easier with a humor ontology. Our speculation is that once such an ontology is created, an unmarked text may be analyzed using concepts in this ontology to determine whether the text is humorous. Such an ontology can be created from a set of central jokes, taken from the Internet or from books. Each joke of the central set can be described using description logic. Jokes often appear to be similar to each other. The similarity value of two jokes can be measured using one of the humor theories. New jokes can be recognized by comparison to the central set, if it contains jokes that are similar to the new ones.
Critical Issues in the Residential Care of People with Autism.

There is an ever-growing need to expand both the number and range of residential services for individuals with autism while developing strategies for assuring the quality of these programs. Future program development will be facilitated by an empirical approach to the critical elements that have been identified throughout the articles in this issue.
Performance Effects of Thinking You're More (or Less) Socially Skilled Than Others Think You Are

Although employees' social skill is likely positively related to job performance, nearly all of the research published in the organizational literature examining social skill has relied solely on self-ratings to assess employees' social skill. Much research suggests that individuals often fail to accurately rate their own skill. Therefore, I examined the relationship of self- and coworker-rated social skill on job performance. I found that self- and coworkers-rated social skill had interactive nonlinear effects on job performance. My findings suggest that self-rated social skill has a more complex relationship to job performance than has been previously considered.
Purification of lipoamide dehydrogenase from Ascaris muscle mitochondria and its relationship to NADH:NAD+ transhydrogenase activity☆

Abstract Lipoamide dehydrogenase (NADH:lipoamide oxidoreductase EC 1.6.4.3) has been isolated from Ascaris suum muscle mitochondria. This activity has been purified to apparent homogeneity from both the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and from 150,000g mitochondrial supernatants which were devoid of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity. The enzymes from both sources exhibited similar kinetic, catalytic, and regulatory properties and appear to be identical as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The native enzyme acts as a dimer, containing 2 mol of FAD, and has a subunit molecular weight of 54,000, as estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel chromatography. The enzyme also possesses substantial NADH:NAD+ transhydrogenase activity. Heat denaturation and differential solubilization experiments imply that the transhydrogenase activity previously reported is, in fact, associated with the lipoamide dehydrogenase moiety of the Ascaris pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Whether or not this activity functions physiologically in hydride ion translocation, as previously suggested, remains to be demonstrated.
Effect of Varying Calcium and Phosphorus Level on Manganese Utilization

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of varying levels of excess Ca and P on manganese (Mn) utilization. The criterion used to study the Mn-antagonizing effects of excess Ca and P was the regression of total tibia Mn on supplemental Mn intake. In Experiment 1, high supplemental levels of Mn were fed (0, 500, and 1,000 mg Mn per kg); in Experiment 2, lower Mn levels were fed (0, 50, and 100 mg Mn per kg). Supplements were added to a corn-soybean meal diet containing 1.1% Ca, .7% (.5% available) P, and 37 mg Mn per kg. In Experiment 1, a 3 x 3 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments (four replicates) was used. Treatments were as follows: 0, .5, and 1.0% excess Ca as feed-grade ground limestone; 0, .4, and .8% excess P as KH2PO4; and 0, 500, and 1,000 mg Mn per kg as MnSO4.H2O. Total tibia Mn was depressed by P (P less than .0001) but not by Ca (P greater than .05). Compared with the standard (no added P), .4% P reduced Mn utilization by 22%, whereas .8% P reduced it by 38%. Manganese supplementation was found to ameliorate the growth-depressing effect of .8% supplemental P. Results of Experiment 2 agreed with the results in Experiment 1, providing evidence that bioavailability estimates obtained from experiments containing high levels of Mn can be extrapolated to diets containing lower levels. Results from Experiment 2 indicated that, relative to the standard (no added P), .22, .44 and .88% excess P reduced Mn utilization by 16, 22 and 31%, respectively.
Thermisch resistente Polymere

Temperaturbestandige Polymere gewinnen wachsend an Bedeutung. Es werden neuere Arbeiten uber anorganische oder „halb”-anorganische Polymere zusammengefast, fur die Brauchbarkeit bis zu etwa 550°C angestrebt wird.
An Experiential Framework For International Interior Design Education

The purpose of this paper is, first, to present an experiential framework for an international interior design course and, second, to determine if this framework assisted the students in attaining the course goals. The course, European Design, is a study-tour of five major cities in Europe. The experiential framework is based on Greenberg's (1978) four constructs of experiential learning as well as a fifth construct based on the authors' experience with international study programs. These constructs are well-planned experiences, serious study, opportunities for reflection, interchange with other learners, and use of a design focus in each city to guide learning. The goals of the course are to increase students' knowledge of European design characteristics and their sensitivity to culturally based design. Data were collected from students who participated in the European Design course over the past ten years. Statistical analysis showed that the two hypotheses (1) use of the experiential framework increased student knowledge about European design characteristics, and (2) use of the experiential framework increased student sensitivity to culturally based design, were not rejected. This finding provides support for use of the framework for experiential international interior design education. The need for interior design students to participate in international education and experiential learning also is discussed.
VOTEPOW: A computer program for the measurement of voting power using roll call data

VOTEPOW uses combinatiorial mathematics to generate three a posteriori measures for the power in voting bodies, based on a model created by Brams (l972) of New York University. Using roll-call data as input, the program produces a measure of individual voting power and two measures of conditional or relational voting power (Kushner & Urken, 1973). Output. The first piece of output generated by VOTEPOW is a listing of individual voting power ratings for all actors of a voting body. The individual voting power of an actor is defined as that probability that the preference of an actor, i, will agree with the majority outcome across a set of roll calls, i.e., P(i). For example, an actor who votes with the majority on nine out of nine roll calls would have an individual voting power of 1.00, since the voter's chance agrees with the majority outcome on all roll calls. The second measure [pairwise probabilistic power (PDIFF)] generated by VOTEPOW is a conditional or relational measure of voting power. This measure represen ts the influence of pairwise agreement or disagreement with other actors on an actor's chances of being on the winning side, i.e., voting with the majority. Thus, conditional probability gauges the extent to which the actors i and j sustain majority outcome, given that they agree (AG) with each each other [P(i,j I AGi,i)] ; and conditional probabilities that, given that i and j disagree (DG) with each other, i votes with the majority [P(i I DGi,i)], or j votes with the majority [PO I DGi,i)] . These conditional probabilities enable us to obtain a measure which represents the difference that agreement or disagreement makes on each actor's chances of being on the winning side. For example, for Actor i,
Detail-preserving paint modeling for 3D brushes

Recent years have witnessed significant advances in 3D brush modeling and simulation in digital paint tools. Compared with traditional 2D brushes, a 3D brush can be both more intuitive and more expressive by offering an experience closer to wielding a real, physical brush. To support popular media types such as oil and pastel, most previous 3D brush models have implemented paint smearing and mixing. This is generally accomplished by a simple repeated exchange of paint between the 3D brush and 2D canvas, with the paint picked up by the brush typically mapped directly onto the brush surface. In this paper we demonstrate that both repeated exchanges and direct mapping of paint onto brush surfaces are sub-optimal choices, leading to excessive loss of color detail and computational inefficiencies. We present new techniques to solve both problems, first by using a canvas snapshot buffer to prevent repeated paint exchange, and second by mapping brush paint onto a 2D, resolution-matched pickup map that sits underneath the brush, instead of mapping onto the 3D brush itself. Together, these act to minimize resampling artifacts, helping to preserve fine streaks and color details in strokes, while at the same time yielding improved efficiency by never sampling the brush more densely than necessary. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method in a real-time paint system implemented on the GPU that simulates pastel and oil paint. Our method is simple and effective, and achieves a level of realism for these two media not attained by any previous work.
Deciding for others: The ethics of surrogate decision‐making

Buarachanan A. E. & Brock D. W. (Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, 1990), 368 pages, $49.50 hardback; $16.95 paperback.
The Social Role and Evolution of the Teaching Profession in Historical Context.

The Standing Working Group for the History of Early Childhood Education, meeting with the International Standing Working Conference for the History of Education in Joensuu, Finland in July 1988, included 30 participants from 12 countries who presented papers on the history of the professional preparation of preschool teachers. Many similarities were noted, with the majority of the formalized programs opening in the late 1800s and incorporating Froebelian methodology as a further unifying element. Contributions of pioneering educators were described and contemporary issues were shared by participants. The next meeting of the group will be in Oslo, Norway, August 9–12, 1989.
Thermoflow multiplicity in a cooled tube

The coupling between the momentum and energy balances and the change of physical properties with temperature can give rise to situations in which the pressure drop vs. flow rate curve is nonmonotonic. This can lead to thermoflow multiplicity—the existence of different flow rates in a tube under the same overall pressure drop. A two-dimensional model is used to analyze the conditions leading to thermoflow multiplicity for an incompressible non-Newtonian fluid flowing in a cooled tube. First, the multiplicity features of various limiting models are determined. These results are later used to gain an understanding of the asymptotic multiplicity features of the general model. The results show that the temperature sensitivity of the viscosity necessary for thermoflow multiplicity to occur decreases with increasing Brinkman number or β (modified Stanton number), or with decreasing cooling temperature, Biot number, or power law parameter. Multiple flow rates for a prescribed pressure drop are unlikely to occur in heat exchangers in which the Brinkman numbers are usually low and Biot numbers are high but may be found in polymer processing applications.
Probabilistic uncertainty description for an ETFE estimated plant using a sequence of multi-sinusoidal signals

This paper generalizes a probabilistic frequency-domain uncertainty description for an Empirical Transfer Function Estimate (ETFE) model developed by Bayard by using an input signal that is composed of a sequence of distinct multi-sinusoidal signals, instead of a single fixed multi-sinusoidal signal. Each signal in the sequence may have different sinusoidal amplitudes, number of signal periods, and fundamental frequency. The corresponding aggregate ETFE plant estimate for the sequence of multi-sinusoidal signals is developed as well. Besides their usefulness for robust control design, the plant and uncertainty expressions enable the use of adaptive algorithms for input signal adjustment during experimental testing in system identification. The use of adaptive signal algorithms also allows the opportunity to improve plant estimates, shape the probabilistic uncertainty description, and reduce input signal duration based on information learned during identification testing. A series of illustrative examples are included to show the relationship between the properties of the multi-sinusoidal signals in the input sequence and the plant uncertainty description.
Dispelling myths about acne

Virtually no one escapes adolescence and early adulthood unscathed by acne. However, advanced methods of therapy are now available to deal with all but the most recalcitrant forms of the condition. Unfortunately, stereotypical notions about causes and treatments still persist, and as Dr Landow points out, patient education to dispell these myths is an important part of management.
Optimization of the array mirror for time reversal techniques used in a half-space environment

Time reversal (TR) utilizes an array of transducers, a time reversal mirror (TRM), to locate sources. Here TR is applied to simple sources using steady-state waveforms in a numerical, point source model in a half-space environment. It is found that TR can effectively localize a simple source broadcasting a continuous wave, depending on the angular spacing. Furthermore, the angular spacing and the aperture of the TRM are the most important parameters when creating a setup of receivers for imaging a source. This work optimizes a TRM when the source's location is known within a region of certainty.
Proliferative response to conserved epitopes of the Chlamydia trachomatis and human 60-kilodalton heat-shock proteins by lymphocytes from women with salpingitis

Objective: Our objective was to determine whether an upper genital tract Chlamydia trachomatis infection sensitizes lymphocytes to heat-shock protein epitopes expressed in both the human and chlamydial 60 kd heat-shock protein. Study Design: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from women with or without a prior documented salpingitis and tested for their ability to proliferate in response to the recombinant C. trachomatis heat-shock protein and to five synthetic peptides corresponding to conserved epitopes expressed in both the human and chlamydial heat-shock proteins. Results: Among 22 healthy women with no history of chlamydial infections or salpingitis and 10 women seen for complaints other than a C. trachomatis infection, none had positive lymphocyte responses to any of the peptides and only one responded to the chlamydial heat-shock protein. Among nine women with a single episode of salpingitis none responded to the chlamydial heat-shock protein and one exhibited a positive lymphocyte response to a single peptide. This woman was also positive for C. trachomatis in the cervix. In contrast, among the 10 women with two or more episodes of salpingitis four (40%) had proliferation in response to the chlamydial heat-shock protein and five (50%) had positive lymphocyte responses to one of the peptides; two of these women also had C. trachomatis detected in their cervices. Conclusion: In women with a history of C. trachomatis upper genital tract infections, infection with C. trachomatis or other microorganisms can induce a lymphocyte proliferative response to the chlamydial 60 kd heat-shock protein and to epitopes present in the human heat-shock protein.
Observations of Outer Planet Satellites

A regular natural satellite observing program has been in operation at McDonald Observatory since late 1972. The observation type has been direct astrometric photography from which the positions of the satellites may be measured with respect to the background star field. Effort has been devoted to the satellite systems of Saturn, Uranus and Neptune as well as the faint outer satellites of Jupiter. To obtain a suitable reference frame, use is being made of the National Geographic-Palomar Sky Survey glass copies as field plates. Through the courtesy of the NASA Skylab SO19 experimenters, the high speed PDS microdensitometer system at the University of Texas at Austin has been made available for our plate measures. The absolute positions of the satellites are determined by the accuracy of the reference frame adopted since catalog star positions are far less accurate than the measures which are obtained. Using SAO catalog positions, for example, we can obtain uncertainties for absolute positions of about 0".3–0".6. Eliminating the dependence on the reference frame by considering only relative satellite measures improves the quoted uncertainties substantially.
The effects of environmental factors on rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax embryos and larvae

Experiments were conducted to identify environmental factors that influence the survival of rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax during their early life stages. Developing rainbow smelt embryos and yolk-sac larvae were cultured under controlled conditions with different dissolved oxygen (DO; 1·09, 2·18, 4·37 and 6·55 mg l−1, pH (4·0, 4·5, 5·0, 5·5, 6·0 and 7·0), nitrate (0·7, 3·6, 7·3, 14·6 and 29·2 mg l−1), phosphate (0·04, 0·21, 0·42, 2·08 and 4·17 mg l−1) and salinity (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30) levels. Rainbow smelt embryos were also incubated with simulated tidal salinity fluctuations (2–28), ultraviolet radiation (irradiances of 2·8, 6·2 and 5·1 W m−2) and under natural conditions in two rainbow smelt spawning rivers. In the laboratory, hatch was only impaired under the lowest DO and pH conditions (0 and 13% hatch, respectively) and at highest constant salinity levels (0% hatch). Larval survival was only affected by pH levels ≤5·0. The experiment that compared hatch under natural conditions was terminated when embryos became covered with silt and fungus. These results suggest that water acidification, sediment and fungal growth may affect rainbow smelt survival during their early life stages.
Non-impact, blast-induced mild TBI and PTSD: Concepts and caveats

Primary objective: A volumetric blood surge (rapid physical movement/displacement of blood) is hypothesized to cause the non-impact, mild TBI and battlefield PTSD induced by a blast over-pressure wave.Research design: Systematic review of the literature.Methods and procedures: Articles relating to the fields of blast injury, brain injury and relevant disorders were searched between the years 1968–2010 for keywords such as ‘brain injury’, ‘post-traumatic stress disorder’ and ‘blast pressure wave’. Articles found through journal and internet databases were cross-referenced.Main outcomes and results: The blood surge, which is driven by elevated overall pressure in the ventral body cavity after exposure of the torso to blast wave, may move through blood vessels to the low-pressure cranial cavity from the high-pressure ventral body cavity. It dramatically increases cerebral perfusion pressure and causes damage to both tiny cerebral blood vessels and the BBB.Conclusions: Three factors may be critical to the ind...
Effect of green tea flavonoids on Maillard browning in UHT milk

Abstract The ability of green tea flavonoids to control Maillard browning was investigated. Epicatechin (EC) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) were added at levels of 0.l and 1.0 mmol/l to a glucose/glycine model system as well as into milk that was then thermally processed in a Microthermics processing system. Samples were assessed with (1) front-face fluorescence spectroscopy for Maillard browning, (2) Hunter L*, a*, and b*; and (3) sensory analysis. In the model gluocose/glycine system, EC and EGCG reduced Maillard fluorescence at the 0.1 mmol/l level, while fluorescence was negligible with added flavonoids at 1.0 mmol/l. When these flavonoids were added to milk, they reduced the production of Maillard associated fluorescence with UHT processing. EC and EGCG also reduced the ΔE (Total color difference) during thermal processing. Throughout shelf-life testing, these compounds reduced Maillard associated fluorescence in milk. Milk samples processed with these extracts were monitored by sensory analysis during extended storage. The sensory evaluation found the green tea milk samples to be of similar liking to the control milk. These flavonoids may be of use to the food industry to control Maillard browning.
Cognitive Profile of Children with Neurofibromatosis and Reading Disabilities

A large percentage of children with Neurofibromatosis Type 1(NF-1) have learning disabilities, often in the realm of reading. Previous studies have indicated that children with NF-1 show a neuropsychological profile similar to idiopathic reading disabilities (IRD); however, studies typically have not subdivided children with NF-1 into those who do and do not have RD (NF+RD and NFnoRD, respectively). The current study examined the cognitive profile of children with NF-1 with and without RD and compared them to children with IRD as well as to typically developing readers (Controls). Findings showed that children with NF+RD performed similarly to children with IRD on phonological, rapid naming, and reading comprehension measures; however, children with NF+RD displayed pronounced visual-spatial deficits as compared to IRD and Control groups. In addition, when comparing the NF-1 groups to each other as well as to the control and IRD groups, the current study reported that there were no oral language differences; lack of findings in the realm of oral language was attributed to the fact that groups were equated on IQ. Overall, findings suggest that a more refined classification of children with NF-1 may be helpful for tailoring academic interventions.
SYSTEMIC AMYLOIDOSIS PRESENTING AS CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS. A CASE STUDIED WITH CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION.

Abstract A case of systemic amyloidosis and plasmacytosis is presented. Both on clinical observation and cardiac catheterization, the features of this case simulated those of constrictive pericarditis. The pertinent literature is reviewed.
The Role of Self-Schema in Linking Intentions with Behavior:

It was hypothesized that self-schema would moderate the relationship between dieting female undergraduates' dieting intentions and their behavior. The predicted pattern was found: Schematics showed a significant correlation between their intentions and theirdietingbehaviorover8 weeks, but aschematics did not. This finding held even when dieting experience was taken into account. Although the groups showed similar stability of specific dieting intentions, schematics had more stable general dieting intentions. The pattern of correlations over time showed that schematics and aschematics were comparable in initial attempts to act on their intentions, both lapsed during semester break, but only schematics recovered from their lapse. Implications for the role of the self in the implementation of "costly" intentions are discussed.
Anesthesia patient monitoring and control in wireless-based systems

This paper investigates impact of noise and signal averaging on patient control in anesthesia applications in wireless connected systems. Such systems involve communication channels which introduce noises due to quantization, channel noises, and have limited communication bandwidth resources. Usually signal averaging can be used effectively in reducing noise effects when remote monitoring and diagnosis are involved. However, when feedback is intended, we show that signal averaging will lose its utility substantially. To explain this phenomenon, we analyze stability margins under signal averaging and derive some optimal strategies for selecting windows size. A typical case of anesthesia depth control problems is used in this development.
Stripping potentiometric measurements of copper in blood using gold microelectrodes

Abstract A rapid, reliable, sensitive and simple stripping potentiometric method for the determination of copper in blood samples, based on a bare (mercury-free) gold fiber microelectrode is described. The method involved a 1:40 dilution of the 50 μl whole blood sample with 0.8 M hydrochloric acid, a short (60 s) deposition at −0.40 V, and a constant stripping current of 0.5 μA. The analytical performance is not compromised by replacing the traditional mercury electrodes with the gold microsensor. The detection limit is 1.5 μg/1 (1 min deposition) and the relative standard deviation for 80 repetitive blood assays is 4.1%. Good agreement with target reference values and flame atomic absorption measurements is reported for both whole blood and blood serum samples, indicating that the total copper content is being monitored. By obviating the needs for mercury plating or disposal, solution stirring, oxygen removal or sample pretreatment, the prospects for on-site monitoring of blood copper levels are greatly improved.
Two Doors and a Goat

The Monty Hall Problem The Remarkable Story of Math's Most Contentious Brain Teaser by Jason Rosenhouse Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2009. 208 pp. $24.95, £13.99. ISBN 9780195367898. Rosenhouse presents a perspective on probability focused on the Monty Hall problem and the controversies surrounding it.
The effect of head tilt on meridional differences in acuity: Implications for orientation constancy

Horn and Hill (1969) and others have reported that a small number of units in the cat visual cortex undergo changes in receptive field orientation associated with body tilt. Such units reportedly compensate for tilt and may represent a mechanism for human orientation constancy. To test this, we measured meridional differences in visual acuity for head-vertical and head-tilted viewing conditions. The results of Experiment 1 did not directly support or refute the involvement of tilt-compensatory units. The results of Experiment 2, in which we controlled for countertorsion of the eyes, showed that meridional acuity differences correspond to the retinal and not the spatial orientation of the stimulus. We conclude that tilt-compensatory cortical units are not involved in human orientation constancy. The physiological evidence indicating the existence of tilt-compensatory units in the visual cortex is also reexamined.
Decapitation of a 5' capped RNA by an antisense copper complex conjugate

Abstract This report presents the synthesis and 5' cap reactivity of an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide equipped with two equivalents of an analog of N-(2-mercaptopropionyl)glycine (MPG). MPG is a peptide derivative which coordinates to copper(II) in solution as a monomeric species via the thiol, amide, and carboxylate groups. Decapitation of a complementary 5' capped RNA was observed for the oligonucleotide-ligand conjugate coordinated to copper.