cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ureteroscopic Fragmentation Followed by Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy: A Treatment Alternative for Selected Large or Staghorn Calculi

AbstractUreterorenoscopic fragmentation followed by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL**Dornier Medical Systems, Inc., Marietta, Georgia.) is proposed as an addition to the alternatives of percutaneous nephrostolithotomy alone or with ESWL, or ESWL monotherapy for treatment of large (greater than 500mm.2) or staghorn calculi. Six patients who failed percutaneous tube placement and 2 additional patients, all of whom had fragile-appearing, large volume (greater than 500mm.2) renal calculi, were treated by primary ureteroscopy with semirigid or flexible instruments, fragmentation of the stone with the pulsed dye laser, ureteral stenting and subsequent ESWL. There were 2 instances of acute pyelonephritis and 2 of steinstrasse. A total of 2.76 procedures was performed per patient and the average anesthesia time was 160 minutes (excluding ESWL). Median hospitalization was 3.5 days (average 7.5). Of the 8 patients 7 became stone-free. One patient has sterile urine and a residual fragment smaller than 5 ...
Bilanzierung nach kaufmännischen Grundsätzen

Die KHBV schliest sich bei der Bewertung und Abschreibung der Gegenstande des Betriebsvermogens von Krankenhausern sowie bei der Bilanzierung der Passivposten den bewahrten aktienrechtlichen Regelungen an (§ 4 Abs. 3 KHBV), und zwar ohne Rucksicht auf die Tragerschaft bzw. die Rechtsform.
ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF CHANGING INSTITUTIONAL AID POLICY

Since 1994, enrollments of nonresident students have been declining at The University of Iowa. Since nonresident students pay over three times as much tuition as resident students, have historically comprised 35 to 40% of each fall's incoming class, and the enrollment declines are disproportionately among high-ability students, this trend is particularly troubling. In an attempt to reverse this decline, administrators decided to offer a new scholarship to selected nonresident students. This article demonstrates how the effects of this policy proposal were modeled in an attempt to provide decision makers with timely and useful information.
Case of acute paraspinal pyomyositis in an elderly diabetic secondary to spread from urinary tract infection.

A 73-year-old woman with medical history of diabetes and hypertension presented with right-sided back pain and night sweats of 1 month duration. On physical examination, there was costovertebral angle tenderness and her urinalysis was indicative for urinary tract infection. She was admitted and managed with intravenous antibiotics. On initial imaging, there was a right-sided retroperitoneal mass adjacent to right kidney. This was investigated further with MRI, which showed diffuse inflammation of right paraspinal muscles with two loculated abscesses. The abscesses were aspirated and the culture sent grew Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus) and the patient was treated with 6-week course of intravenous antibiotics.
The Use of Wearable Activity Trackers Among Older Adults: Focus Group Study of Tracker Perceptions, Motivators, and Barriers in the Maintenance Stage of Behavior Change

Background: Wearable activity trackers offer the opportunity to increase physical activity through continuous monitoring. Viewing tracker use as a beneficial health behavior, we explored the factors that facilitate and hinder long-term activity tracker use, applying the transtheoretical model of behavior change with the focus on the maintenance stage and relapse. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate older adults’ perceptions and uses of activity trackers at different points of use: from nonuse and short-term use to long-term use and abandoned use to determine the factors to maintain tracker use and prevent users from discontinuing tracker usage. Methods: Data for the research come from 10 focus groups. Of them, 4 focus groups included participants who had never used activity trackers (n=17). These focus groups included an activity tracker trial. The other 6 focus groups (without the activity tracker trial) were conducted with short-term (n=9), long-term (n=11), and former tracker users (n=11; 2 focus groups per user type). Results: The results revealed that older adults in different tracker use stages liked and wished for different tracker features, with long-term users (users in the maintenance stage) being the most diverse and sophisticated users of the technology. Long-term users had developed a habit of tracker use whereas other participants made an effort to employ various encouragement strategies to ensure behavior maintenance. Social support through collaboration was the primary motivator for long-term users to maintain activity tracker use. Short-term and former users focused on competition, and nonusers engaged in vicarious tracker use experiences. Former users, or those who relapsed by abandoning their trackers, indicated that activity tracker use was fueled by curiosity in quantifying daily physical activity rather than the desire to increase physical activity. Long-term users saw a greater range of pros in activity tracker use whereas others focused on the cons of this behavior. Conclusions: The results suggest that activity trackers may be an effective technology to encourage physical activity among older adults, especially those who have never tried it. However, initial positive response to tracker use does not guarantee tracker use maintenance. Maintenance depends on recognizing the long-term benefits of tracker use, social support, and internal motivation. Nonadoption and relapse may occur because of technology’s limitations and gaining awareness of one’s physical activity without changing the physical activity level itself.
Combined Anterior Cruciate Ligament and Medial Collateral Ligament Knee Injuries: Anatomy, Diagnosis, Management Recommendations, and Return to Sport.

Purpose of review The diagnosis and management of combined anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and medial collateral ligament (MCL) injuries have been a controversial topic for several decades. No single approach has proven optimal for treatment and there is no consensus between most specialists. This review seeks to describe and clarify the current state and the future of management. Recent findings Most authors agree on reconstructing of the ACL with non-operative management of the MCL in grade I and II injuries, respectively. However, controversy still exists about the optimal method of treating a combined ACL with higher grade MCL injuries. Management should be customized based on acuity, injury grade, and specific goals for each patient. Future research with clinical outcomes may facilitate creating guidelines to optimize recovery.
Conclusion to Part II: The Future of the Belgian Car Industry

Part II closes with this chapter, which provides summary data on annual car production in Belgium, focusing on its post-1989 decline due to the closure of the Renault, General Motors, and Ford factories. The final section speculates on the country’s near-term prospects for car production (during the 2020s).
Driving/riding after alcohol and marijuana use among young adults: Is residing with family protective?

Objective: Driving while impaired by alcohol or drugs increases the risk of motor vehicle fatalities, the leading cause of death among young adults. The current study documented the prevalence of d...
Migration cinema and Europe’s ‘unguarded door’

Italy’s status as Europe’s ‘unguarded door’ in terms of arriving migrants and refugees has both altered and intensified long-standing divisions – within Italy, as well as between Italy and ...
An Improved Protocol for the Synthesis and Purification of Yariv Reagents

Yariv reagents are glycoconjugate tris-azo dyes widely used in plant biology. These reagents are synthesized by diazo coupling between phloroglucinol and a para-diazophenyl glycoside. Despite their synthetic accessibility, well-defined protocols for obtaining pure Yariv reagents, and their complete compound characterization data, have not been reported. We report here optimized protocols used to synthesize, purify, and characterize a panel of six Yariv reagents and suggest approaches that could be valuable for the purification and characterization of other glycoconjugates as well.
Journal club exams: A unique approach in an evidence-based health care course for student pharmacists.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this article is to reflect on the use of journal club exams in an evidence-based health care course for student pharmacists. Description Three journal club exams were developed and administered: one on a randomized controlled trial, one on an observational study, and one on a meta-analysis. Prior to each exam, students were given about one week to evaluate a study on their own and in collaboration with their peers. The exam consisted of 25 multiple-choice questions that were specific to the study. Students completed the exam on an individual basis, while referring to an unmarked copy of the study. After each exam, a journal club presentation on the study was given by the instructor. Analysis/interpretation An analysis of the experience provided valuable insights. Journal club exams seemed to promote students' thorough reading of studies, extensive discussion of studies with peers, and active engagement during journal club presentations. However, the exams created some concerns for students and required a high workload for the instructor. Conclusions Journal club exams may be a useful tool to teach evaluation of primary literature in an evidence-based health care course for student pharmacists. Implications Faculty who are interested in this unique approach should carefully consider the advantages and disadvantages that were described in this reflection.
THE FUNDAMENTAL SOLUTION IN THE THEORY OF STEADY MOTION OF A SHIP

The paper presents a simplified new expression for the fundamental solution (the Green function) in the theory of steady motion of a ship, that is, the linearized disturbance velocity potential of the steady, inviscid free-surface gravity flow due to a unit source in an oncoming uniform stream, sometimes also referred to as the "Havelock source potential."
Algorithmic Reformulation of Polynomial Problems

Abstract : This paper considers the problem of existential quantifier elimination for real algebra (QE). It introduces an algorithmic framework for exploring reformulations of QE problems, with the goal of finding reformulations that make difficult problems tractable for QE implementations, or for which these implementations find simpler solutions. The program qfr is introduced, which implements this approach, and its performance on some example problems is reported.
Cutting through the confusion: a measurement study of homograph attacks

Web homograph attacks have existed for some time, and the recent adoption of International Domain Names (IDNs) support by browsers and DNS registrars has exacerbated the problem [Gabr02]. Many international letters have similar glyphs, such as the Cyrillic letter P (lower case 'er,' Unicode 0x0440) and the Latin letter p. Because of the large potential for misuse of IDNs, browser vendors, policy advocates, and researchers have been exploring techniques for mitigating homograph attacks [=Mozi05, Appl05, Oper05, Mark05]. There has been plenty of attention on the problem recently, but we are not aware of any data that quantifies the degree to which Web homograph attacks are currently taking place. In this paper, we use a combination of passive network tracing and active DNS probing to measure several aspects of Web homographs. Our main findings are four-fold. First, many authoritative Web sites that users visit have several confusable domain names registered. Popular Web sites are much more likely to have such confusable domains registered. Second, registered confusable domain names tend to consist of single character substitutions from their authoritative domains, though we saw instances of five-character substitutions. Most confusables currently use Latin character homographs, but we did find a non-trivial number of IDN homographs. Third, Web sites associated with non-authoritative confusable domains most commonly show users advertisements. Less common functions include redirecting victims to competitor sites and spoofing the content of authoritative site. Fourth, during our nine-day trace, none of the 828 Web clients we observed visited a non-authoritative confusable Web site. Overall, our measurement results suggest that homograph attacks currently are rare and not severe in nature. However, given the recent increases in phishing incidents, homograph attacks seem like an attractive future method for attackers to lure users to spoofed sites.
The Effect of Turbulence on the Hydrocarbon Emissions from Combustion in a Constant Volume Reactor

A cylindrical combustion bomb with dynamic charging system and electro-hydraulic sampling valve is used to study the effects of turbulence on hydrocarbon (HC) emissions from a quench layer and from artificial crevices. The turbulence level is varied by changing the delay time between induction of combustible charge and ignition. Propane-air mixtures were studied over an initial pressure range of 150 to 500 kPa and equivalence ratios of 0.7 to 1.4. Sampling valve experiments show that quench-layer fuel hydrocarbons are extensively oxidized within 5 ms of flame arrival under laminar conditions and that turbulence further reduces the already low level. Upper limit estimates of the residual wall layer HC concentration show that residual quench layer hydrocarbons are only a small fraction of the exhaust HC emission. Artificial crevice experiments show that the exhaust HC emission is directly proportional to crevice volume and that the initial equivalence ratio strongly influences the species distribution in the exhaust. However, the experiments show little effect of turbulence on the HC emission from these crevices.
Resonant and multi-mode operation of flying capacitor multi-level DC-DC converters

Multi-level converter architectures have been explored for a variety of applications including high-power DC-AC inverters and DC-DC converters. In this work, we explore flying-capacitor multi-level (FCML) DC-DC topologies as a class of hybrid switched-capacitor/inductive converter. Compared to other candidate architectures in this area (e.g. Series-Parallel, Dickson), FCML converters have notable advantages such as the use of single-rated low-voltage switches, potentially lower switching loss, lower passive component volume, and enable regulation across the full V DD -V OUT range. It is shown that multimode operation, including previously published resonant and dynamic off-time modulation, form a single set of techniques that can be used to extend high efficiency over a wide power density range. Some of the general operating considerations of FCML converters, such as the challenge of maintaining voltage balance on flying capacitors, are shown to be of equal concern in other soft-switched SC converter topologies. Experimental verification from a 24V:12V, 3-level converter is presented to show multimode operation with a nominally 2:1 topology. A second 50V:7V 4-level FCML converter demonstrates operation with variable regulation. A method is presented to balance flying capacitor voltages through low frequency closed-loop feedback.
Science Weighs In on the Scales of Justice

Laws of Men and Laws of Nature The History of Scientific Expert Testimony in England and America. by Tal Golan. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2004. 335 pp. $49.95, £32.95, €46.10. ISBN 0-674-01286-0. Laboratory of Justice The Supreme Court's 200-Year Struggle to Integrate Science and the Law. David L. Faigman. Times Books, New York, 2004. 432 pp. $27.50, C$41.95. ISBN 0-8050-7274-8. In these two thoughtful histories of the fitful relationship between science and the law, Golan focus on trials where the legal battles began and Faigman on the arena where a select few were concluded.
Estimation of the Cost of Using Chemical Protective Clothing

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, either directly or through its Superfund contractors, is a major user of chemical protective clothing. The purpose of the study was to develop estimates for the cost of using this clothing. These estimates can be used to guide purchase decisions and use practices. For example, economic guidelines would assist in decisions pertinent to single-use versus reusable clothing. Eight cost elements were considered: (1) purchase cost, (2) the number of times an item is used, (3) the number of items used per day, (4) cost of decontamination, (5) cost of inspection, (6) cost of maintenance, (7) cost of storage, and (8) cost of disposal. Estimates or assumed inputs for each of these elements were developed based on labor costs, fixed costs, and recurring costs. The cost elements were combined into an economic (mathematical) model having the single output of cost/use. By comparing cost/use for various use scenarios, conclusions are readily reached as to the optimum economics for purchase, use, and reuse of the clothing. In general, clothing should be considered disposable if its purchase cost is less than its average cost/use per use for the anticipated number of times it will be reused.
CO-induced inversion of the layer sequence of a model CoCu catalyst

Abstract Experimental X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and theoretical density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal the electronic and structural properties of CoCu catalysts before and after CO adsorption. DFT calculations show that, prior to CO adsorption, CoCu has a high tendency to self-assemble into a Co@Cu core-shell structure, which is in accordance with previous atom probe tomography (APT) results for CoCu-based systems and the known mutually low miscibility of Co and Cu. We demonstrate that Co and Cu are electronically immiscible using a density of states (DOS) analysis wherein neither metal's electronic structure is greatly perturbed by the other in “mixed” CoCu. However, CO adsorption on Co is in fact weakened in CoCu compared to CO adsorption on pure Co despite being electronically unchanged in the alloy. Differential charge density analysis suggests that this is likely due to a lower electron density made available to Co by Cu. CO adsorption at coverages up to 1.00 ML are then investigated on a Cu/Co(0001) model slab to demonstrate CO-induced segregation effects in CoCu. Accordingly, a large driving force for a Co surface enrichment is found. At high coverages, CO can completely invert the layer sequence of Co and Cu. This result is echoed by XPS evidence, which shows that the surface Co/Cu ratio of CoCu is much larger in the presence of CO than in H 2 .
Focal effects of mononuclear leukocyte transendothelial migration: TNF-alpha production by migrating monocytes promotes subsequent migration of lymphocytes.

In many inflammatory diseases, mononu- clear leukocytes (MNLs) accumulate as focal infil- trates in perivascular spaces. We postulated that MNLS migrating through endothelium modify the microenvironment to promote the subsequent migra- tion of additional MNLS into the same area. We found that as monocytes adhere to and migrate spontane- ously through an endothelial monolayer, they secrete tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) and interleukin- 1. These cytokines stimulate endothelial cell expression of CD54 (intercellular adhesion molecule-b) and CD1O6 (vascular cell adhesion molecule-b). Conse- quently, when freshly isolated MNLs are added to that endothelial monolayer four or more hours later, significantly greater numbers of lymphocytes bind to and migrate through these endothelial monolayers. In addition to its ability to activate endothelial cell adhesion molecules, TNF-a induced directed migra- tion of lymphocytes through collagen pads. These results illustrate a potential amplification mechanism by which MNLS moving through a vessel wall may secrete TNF-a, leading to the recruitment of addi- tional leukocytes into the same perivascular locus. J. Leukoc. Rio!. 60: 129-136; 1996.
The Rise of Female Leaders

Abstract: The pace of women's rise into high-level leadership roles is accelerating in many postindustrial societies. Although women still face some discrimination in attaining roles with substantial authority, prejudicial reactions appear to be decreasing. In terms of Eagly and Karau's (2002) role incongruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders, women's rise is accounted for by three factors: (a) a redefinition of the qualities required by many leadership roles to include androgynous and feminine attributes as well as masculine attributes, (b) masculine shifts in women whereby they have adopted agentic and other masculine attributes consistent with their labor force participation, and (c) women's favoring of competent, androgynous leadership styles that help finesse the still remaining incongruity between leader roles and the female gender role.
Evaluating the Efficacy of the Prodigy Prevention Program across Urban and Rural Locales

Comorbid juvenile offenders are an overlooked, vulnerable population which tend to present with a more diagnostically serious picture. Their arrest rates have dramatically increased over the last 10 years, yet there is a dearth of prevention and intervention programs available. This study examined the effects of the Prodigy Cultural Arts Program on at-risk and adjudicated youth in a rural and an urban locale. Results suggest a significant improvement in family functioning overall as well as statistically significant changes in mental health symptoms including Depression/Anxiety, Somatic, and Suicidal symptoms for both males and females at urban and rural locales. Females appeared to especially benefit from the program. The findings here extend our knowledge regarding viable alternatives for juvenile offenders with mental health symptoms, particularly females.
Monte Carlo Simulations of Raman Scattering from Bone within a Multi-Layered Tissue Model

A Monte Carlo model of photon transport in layered biological tissue predicted the detected Raman signal from an underlying bone layer. Simulations quantified the effect of each tissue layer’s optical properties on the detected signal.
A New Type of Continuous Countercurrent Extraction: An Extractor with Two Continuous Phases

Abstract A continuous countercurrent extractor in which both solvent phases move as continuous streams was constructed and studied. Fibrous strands, e.g., cotton-rayon yarn, were utilized as “wall-less” tubings for the hydrophilic solvent (heavy phase) and the light phase mov d in a countercurrent manner through the annular spaces of the column. With the model system, caffeine-water-ethyl acetate, the highest efficiency demonstrated was HETS = 1.1 in. A mixture of caffeine and nicotinamide (β = 4) can be separated to a purity of 4000:1 or higher in the solvent system of ethyl acetate: water by the use of a specially designed feed stage located at the middle of the column. A colorful demonstration of this process utilized two dyes, Sudan black B (purple) and p-phenylazophenol (yellow) in the solvent system of toluene:n-hexane (1:3) vs methanol: water (4:1). The extractor is free of emulsion problems as demonstrated by the inclusion of Tween 80 in the heavy phase of the ethyl acetate-water system. The extra...
Mathieu Function Solutions for the Photoacoustic Effect in Two- and Three-Dimensional Structures and Optical Traps

The wave equation for the photoacoustic effect in a three-dimensional spherically symmetric, or two-dimensional structure where the compressibility or density varies sinusoidally in space reduces to an inhomogeneous Mathieu equation. As such, exact solutions for the photoacoustic pressure can be found in terms of either Mathieu functions, integer order Mathieu functions, or fractional order Mathieu functions, the last of these being of importance for problems pertaining to structures of finite dimensions. Here, frequency domain solutions are given for a spherical structure with material properties varying radially, and a two-dimensional structure with material variations in one direction. Solutions for the acoustic pressure are found that give closed form expressions for the resonance frequencies. It is also shown that Mathieu functions give solutions for the motion of an optically levitated sphere trapped in an intensity modulated, Gaussian laser beam. By determining the frequencies at which the motions of the sphere are largest, that is, where the Mathieu functions become unstable, it is shown that the trap can act to determine the radiation force relative to the gravitational force on the sphere.
Quantifying lead-time bias in risk factor studies of cancer through simulation.

Abstract Purpose Lead-time is inherent in early detection and creates bias in observational studies of screening efficacy, but its potential to bias effect estimates in risk factor studies is not always recognized. We describe a form of this bias that conventional analyses cannot address and develop a model to quantify it. Methods Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) data form the basis for estimates of age-specific preclinical incidence, and log-normal distributions describe the preclinical duration distribution. Simulations assume a joint null hypothesis of no effect of either the risk factor or screening on the preclinical incidence of cancer, and then quantify the bias as the risk-factor odds ratio (OR) from this null study. This bias can be used as a factor to adjust observed OR in the actual study. Results For this particular study design, as average preclinical duration increased, the bias in the total-physical activity OR monotonically increased from 1% to 22% above the null, but the smoking OR monotonically decreased from 1% above the null to 5% below the null. Conclusions The finding of nontrivial bias in fixed risk-factor effect estimates demonstrates the importance of quantitatively evaluating it in susceptible studies.
Broker of Information, the "Nation's Most Important Commodity": The Library of Congress in the Neoliberal Era

This article examines the Library of Congress in the context of the neoliberal information economy in order to apprehend the limits to the Library's support of democratic principles and participation. Situating the Library of Congress within Foucauldian approaches to studying public institutions while building upon them, the article provides a broad overview of Library of Congress policies and actions since 1985 that signal a neoliberal turn. It also offers an analysis of some of the reports on knowledge organization issued and commissioned by the Library. The article calls for further critical analysis of the Library of Congress's policies and strategies.
Signaling defects in anti‐tumor T cells

The immune response to cancer has been long recognized, including both innate and adaptive responses, showing that the immune system can recognize protein products of genetic and epigenetic changes in transformed cells. The accumulation of antigen-specific T cells within the tumor, the draining lymph node, and the circulation, either in newly diagnosed patients or resultant from experimental immunotherapy, proves that tumors produce antigens and that priming occurs. Unfortunately, just as obviously, tumors grow, implying that anti-tumor immune responses are either not sufficiently vigorous to eliminate the cancer or that anti-tumor immunity is suppressed. Both possibilities are supported by current data. In experimental animal models of cancer and also in patients, systemic immunity is usually not dramatically suppressed, because tumor-bearing animals and patients develop T-cell-dependent immune responses to microbes and to either model antigens or experimental cancer vaccines. However, inhibition of specific anti-tumor immunity is common, and several possible explanations of tolerance to tumor antigens or tumor-induced immunesuppression have been proposed. Inhibition of effective anti-tumor immunity results from the tumor or the host response to tumor growth, inhibiting the activation, differentiation, or function of anti-tumor immune cells. As a consequence, anti-tumor T cells cannot respond productively to developmental, targeting, or activation cues. While able to enhance the number and phenotype of anti-tumor T cells, the modest success of immunotherapy has shown the necessity to attempt to reverse tolerance in anti-tumor T cells, and the vanguard of experimental therapy now focuses on vaccination in combination with blockade of immunosuppressive mechanisms. This review discusses several potential mechanisms by which anti-tumor T cells may be inhibited in function.
New International Law: Silence, Defence or Deliverance?

The meaning of international law is conveyed in the act of interpretation. The meaning consists of both the semantic content and the significance of the applied norms in an actual situation. This is because international law is not a physical fact, not a thing, but a human phenomenon. Even sceptics have to yield to some sort of understanding of meaning if they try to articulate their scepticism. In human phenomena the two the meaning-content and the meaning as significance have to be considered together. Every legal claim in the international environment has a significance and a semantic meaning which depend on each other. Both are present in the making and in the perception of a claim. They are the two sides of the same coin. The semantic meaning and the significance of international law become known only through an act of interpretation. This is the actuality character of international law. Norms complete with meaning and significance do not exist a priori as independent objects which could be picked up by whomever, whenever. They come into existence in a network of actual factors. The practitioner of international law knows this from experience. There is no book or store where he could find universally applicable norms and put them to use as they are. That is why he has to keep on struggling with those hard cases, no matter how many of them he already has on the record. Time after time he has to choose and compromise anew, taking into account the circumstances, possible consequences of his interpretation and semantic possibilities. In fitting together norms and particular circumstances, the practitioner cannot separate the meaning-content and the significance. The significance is reflected in the search for the right meaning-content. The mind
Disposition of the hepatotoxin α-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) in the rat

Abstract The disposition of ANIT was investigated in the rat by examining quantitatively the tissue, organ, and subcellular distribution as well as the excretion pattern, of 14C at selected times after ANIT-14C administration. Approximately 70% of the radioactive material was absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract within 24 hr and was found widely distributed in all body tissues. Absorption of the drug from the gastrointestinal tract was significantly affected by the dose of ANIT. The liver, kidney, adipose tissue, and blood contained relatively greater accumulations of 14C when compared with the remaining organs and tissues. Differential centrifugation of liver homogenates failed to demonstrate any preponderance of radioactivity in any single fraction. Radioactivity was found in all excretion products examined. Approximately 80% of the administered dose was recovered 72 hr after ANIT-14C administration from the urine (40%), expired gases (30%), and feces (10%). The finding of 14C in the expired gases provides direct evidence that ANIT undergoes biotransformation. In addition, the temporal aspects of ANIT-14C disposition correlate well with the temporal aspects of previous reports of acute ANIT hepatotoxicity.
Toward broad community collaboration in geoinformatics

A Town Hall meeting at the upcoming AGU Fall Meeting will be held under the theme “Envisioning the future of Earth science data and knowledge access through a broad national geoinformatics collaboration.” Geoinformatics (GI) is understood as a distributed, integrated digital information system and working environment that provides innovative means for the study of the Sun-Earth system and other planets through the use of advanced information technologies. It is an emerging science and technology frontier, and it is increasingly recognized as a relevant part of the broader cyberinfrastructure for the sciences (see U.S. National Science Foundation Blue Ribbon Panel Report at http://www.nsf.gov/od/oci/reports/toc.jsp), both within the academic and applied Earth and planetary science and computer science communities as well as in federal and state agencies.
Polychaetes and amphipods as commensals with pagurids from the Alaska shelf

Abstract Polychaetous annelids and/or amphipod crustaceans were associated with a total of 1715 (20.0 %) out of 8594 pagurids examined from the continental shelf of Alaska. Ten species of polychaetes (Eunoe depressa, E. nodosa, E. senta, Arctonoe vittata, Gattyana ciliata, Cheilonereis cyclurus, Eusyllis blomstrandi, Polydora commensalis, Lanassa venusta, and Crucigera zygophora) and at least three species of amphipods (Melita spp., Parapleustes pugettensis, and Podoceropsis nitida) were recorded with the following pagurids: Pagurus aleuticus, P. capillatus, P. confragosus, P. ochotensis, P. rathbuni, P. setosus, P. trigonocheirus, Elassochirus cavimanus, and Labidochirus splendescens. Eunoe depressa, Cheilonereis cyclurus, Polydora commensalis and Podoceropsis nitida have been previously reported with pagurids. A decrease in the frequency of occurrence of commensals with pagurids from the northeastern Gulf of Alaska to Norton Sound and an increase from the latter region to the southeastern Chukchi Sea wa...
Liquid Walls: The Digital Art of Tamiko Thiel

You find yourself in a room, with rice-paper walls and bamboo mats, a Japanese house standing on stilts in middle of the sea. Wooden stairs lead down to the surface of the water, and on the water floats a boat. You descend the staircase and you are in the boat and you sail into the sea in this boat drawn by seahorses, as golden icons float upwards overhead like self-similar fractals, products of some iterated function system, or air bubbles from some invisible leviathan. You are Mariko Horo, Mariko the Wanderer, or you are seeing the world through her eyes, and the time is some point, or many points, between the twelfth and twentysecond centuries. You sail westward to a land that alternately appears as Paradise, Purgatory, Limbo, and Inferno; you reverse Marco Polo’s travels, discovering and dreaming Venice as an exotic Occident. Ghosts of Palladio and Dante haunt these islands, as do darker specters of a more recent past, of Vietnam and Abu Ghraib, of the Virgin Mary as Guan Yin, of Byzantine frescos and Tibetan tankas swirling in a fiery Court of Final Judgment. 1 Like her creation Mariko Horo, the digital artist Tamiko Thiel is a border-crosser and an explorer of virtual space. She recalls: growing up mixed race in the U.S.A. at a time when the media did not admit of non-white Americans. Although born in the U.S., my first memories are from Japan (where I lived from ages two–five . . .), and my first impressions of the U.S. were of a strange, empty land filled with tall, pale people. As a child, growing up outside the Japanese American community in a white, working-class neighborhood in Seattle, since I could not “see” myself in the images of America, I maintained that I was Japanese—until I turned fourteen, that Age of Enlightenment, and realized that I was not socially Japanese, would not fit into Japanese society and would not want to do so. 2
Individual cells in the nucleus basalis--diagonal band complex have restricted axonal projections to the cerebral cortex in the rat.

Abstract Cells in the nucleus basalis-diagonal band complex provide a largely cholinergic projection to all parts of the telencephalon, including the olfactory system, amygdala, hippocampus and neocortex. Experiments using fluorescent dyes as double retrograde axonal tracers indicate that although the projection as a whole is very widespread, the projection of individual cells is limited to a very restricted area within the cortex, not more than 1–1.5 mm in diameter.
Coronary sinus thrombosis after cannulation during cardiopulmonary bypass

Coronary sinus thrombosis was found at autopsy of a boy who had undergone intracardiac repair of tetrology of Fallot. During the operation persistent left superior vena cava was cannulated through the right atrium via the coronary sinus. There was also evidence of myocardial infarction in the region of the interventricular septum.
Structural properties of InN films grown on GaAs substrates: observation of the zincblende polytpe

Abstract We report the first observation of the zincblende polytype of the InN semiconductor. InN films were grown on vicinal (100) GaAs substrates by plasma enhanced molecular beam epitaxy. Transmission electron microscopy showed the InN films to be highly defective with both zincblende and wurtzite domains being present. The zincblende domains were epitaxially oriented to the substrate. The wurtzite InN had its c axis normal to the 〈111〉 zincblende planes which suggests stacking faults as the nucleation mechanism of the hexagonal phase. X-ray diffractometry measured a lattice constant a = 0.498 ± 0.001 nm for the zincblende InN polytype and a = 0.36 + 0.01 nm and c = 0.574 ± 0.001 nm for the wurtzite polytype.
Organ-specific alterations in RARα:RXRα abundance regulate rat Mrp2 (Abcc2) expression in obstructive cholestasis

Abstract Background & Aims: Obstructive cholestasis is associated with adaptive changes in expression of hepatocyte transport proteins. These include a significant reduction in hepatic expression of Mrp2 (Abcc2), the principal canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter. Renal Mrp2 expression is preserved under these conditions. We have recently reported that the rat Mrp2 promoter is activated by RARα:RXRα, and that interleukin 1β (IL-1β) repressed promoter activity via this element. We hypothesized that cytokines, which are up-regulated in obstructive cholestasis, would reduce nuclear RARα:RXRα levels, and that this would be associated with suppression of hepatic Mrp2 expression. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to bile duct ligation (BDL) or sham surgery, and liver and kidney RNA and protein were isolated. Primary rat hepatocytes were treated with bile acids, retinoids, or cytokines, and RNA and protein were isolated. Mrp2 and RARα:RXRα protein abundance and activity were assessed by using electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) and immunoblots. IL-1β abundance was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RARα, RXRα, and Mrp2 RNA levels were determined by using ribonuclease protection assays (RPA). Results: Mrp2 down-regulation and IL-1β up-regulation were observed in liver after BDL. This was temporally associated with down-regulation of liver RARα:RXRα nuclear protein levels and binding to the Mrp2 promoter cis element. Renal RARα:RXRα and Mrp2 expression were preserved under these conditions. IL-1β treatment of primary hepatocytes reduced Mrp2 and RXRα expression. Conclusions: Organ-specific regulation of Mrp2 expression in obstructive cholestasis is associated with cytokine-dependent alterations in RARα:RXRα nuclear receptors. Preservation of renal Mrp2 expression may permit urinary excretion of toxic organic anions and xenobiotics under conditions in which biliary excretion is impaired. GASTROENTEROLOGY 2002;123:599-607
An Office-Based Scale for Assessing Control in Intermittent Exotropia

Introduction. Although intermittent exotropia may deteriorate with time, there are no widely accepted criteria for measuring progression in this disorder. The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate a new scale for assessing the level of control in children with intermittent exotropia. Methods. Thirty consecutive pediatric patients (< 14 years) with intermittent exotropia were prospectively evaluated from July 1, 2004 through June 30, 2005 using a new scale to assess the level of control for both distance and near fixation. The distance score (0 to 5) was combined with the near score (0 to 5) to yield an overall control score from 0 to 10. Results. The 30 patients were examined at a median age of 72 months (range, 15 months to 13 years). The level of control at distance was worse than or equal to the near level of control in all 30 patients. The control scores ranged from 0 to 5 for distance and 0 to 4 for near, with an overall control score ranging from 0 to 8 (median of 3). Conclusions. This...
Density functional study of a μ-1,1-carboxylate bridged Fe(III)-O-Fe(IV) model complex. 2. Comparison with ribonucleotide reductase intermediate X

Using broken-symmetry density functional theory, we have studied an experimentally proposed model for ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) intermediate X, which contains a single oxo bridge, one terminal H2O or OH- ligand, a bidentate carboxylate from Glu115, and a mono-oxygen bridge provided by Glu238. For the models proposed here, the terminal H2O/OH- ligand binds to site Fe1 which is closer to Tyr122. The diiron centers are assigned as high-spin Fe(III)Fe(IV) and antiferromagnetically coupled to give the Stotal = 1/2 ground state. Calculations show that the model with a terminal hydroxide in the antiferromagnetic {SFe1 = 2, SFe2 = 5/2} state (Fe1 = Fe(IV), Fe2 = Fe(III)) is the lowest energy state, and the calculated isomer shift and quadrupole splitting values for this cluster are also the best among the four clusters studied here when compared with the experimental values. However, the DFT-calculated 1H proton and 17O hyperfine tensors for this state do not show good agreement with the experiments. The cal...
Nuclear magnetic resonance of 3 He adsorbed submonolayers on Grafoil and argon-coated Grafoil. I. Low coverages

Continuous-wave (cw) nuclear magnetic resonance measurements have been made at 5.5 MHz of 3He adsorbed on Grafoil and on argon (monolayer)-coated Grafoil at coverages x⩽ 0.40 (x = 1 corresponds to one monolayer), in the temperature range 0.35–4.21 K. To determine the fractional coverages, the adsorption area of the Grafoil and the monolayer coverages were determined from observations of argon and 3He adsorption isotherms. The results indicate that the adsorbed 3He is highly mobile and behaves as a two-dimensional nonideal Fermi gas. Relative magnetic susceptibilities determined from the NMR lines indicate that the onset of Fermi degeneracy is delayed by spin-independent 3He-3He interactions, as shown by the fit to the data of the quantum second virial coefficient expansion for the magnetic susceptibility. It is established that the residual (coverage-independent) linewidth is largely determined by spin-diffusion through local field gradients in voids in the Grafoil.
IC-P2-139: Longitudinal fMRI demonstrates loss of hippocampal function associated with clinical decline in non-demented older subjects

Background: Our previous cross-sectional functional MRI (fMRI) research has demonstrated hippocampal dysfunction in MCI subjects, suggesting there may be a phase of paradoxically increased hippocampal activation in early stages of MCI, while more impaired MCI subjects demonstrate decreased hippocampal activation similar to clinical AD patients. In this study, we utilized longitudinal fMRI studies over 2 years to investigate whether clinical decline is associated with increased activation at baseline and loss of hippocampal function over time. Methods: Fiftyone non-demented older subjects (CDR 0 21; CDR 0.5 30; age 74.8 /-5.4) underwent clinical assessments and fMRI during an associative memory paradigm at baseline and at 2-years. MRI data were acquired on a 3T Siemens Trio and were analyzed in SPM2 with whole brain activation maps and hippocampal regions-of-interest (ROI). Results: At 2-year follow-up, 15 subjects were classified as Stable CDR 0 (no change in CDR Sum of Box); 12 as Stable CDR 0.5 (no change in SB); 11 as SlowDecliners (CDR 0/0.5 SB change .5) and 13 as Fast-Decliners (CDR 0/0.5 SB change of 1). Fast-Decliners also demonstrated a significant decline in verbal memory performance (p 0.024). Repeated measures whole brain and ROI analyses demonstrated no change over 2 years in Stable CDR 0, minimal change in Stable CDR 0.5 and Slow-Decliners, but a significant decrease in hippocampal activation in Fast-Decliners (p 0.001). Across all 51 subjects, change in CDR-SB correlated change in hippocampal activation (R -.34; p .014. Interestingly, greater baseline hippocampal activation was associated with greater decline on CDR-SB (R .37; p .008) and greater loss of hippocampal signal (R .70; p 0.001). Preliminary volumetric analyses did not demonstrate a significant contribution of atrophy to the observed fMRI findings. Conclusions: These longitudinal fMRI data provide evidence that loss of hippocampal function is associated with clinical decline, and that hippocampal hyperactivation early in the course of MCI may be a harbinger of impending hippocampal failure and rapid clinical decline. The stability of fMRI activation in older subjects who remained cognitively stable compared to the loss of hippocampal activation in those subjects who declined suggests that fMRI may prove a useful technique for tracking brain function in prodromal AD.
Ultrastructural observations on Helvellaceae (Pezizales, Ascomycetes). V. Septal structures in Gyromitra

Ultrastructure of septa in asci, ascogenous hyphae, paraphyses, and excipular cells in selected species of Gyromitra is described. Electron-opaque, conical structures are found in the basal pores of young asci and with age bear V-shaped striations. In certain species, the pore plug is overgrown by secondary wall material. Pores of the ascogenous hyphae have a matrix of electron-dense material with a very dense zone of material around the border of the pore. Septal pores of paraphyses and excipular cells have extremely elongate, rectangular Woronin bodies in the surrounding cytoplasm. Internal striations within these bodies suggest a proteinaceous nature. Pores of the paraphyses and excipular cells may also become occluded with a matrix of electron-dense material often with striations referred to as laminate structures. Septal structures in the species of Gyromitra investigated are compared to those of Helvella and members of other families of Pezizales. Phylogenetic implications of these data are discussed.
Rapid solution hardening at elevated temperatures by substitutional Re alloying in MoSi2

Abstract The mechanical properties of solidification processed polycrystalline MoSi2 and ternary (Mo, Re)Si2 alloys were evaluated by compression testing at elevated temperatures. Rhenium is found to be a potent solid solution hardening addition to C11b MoSi2 at temperatures up to 1600°C (highest temperature used in the study). Dislocation microstructures, characterized by electron microscopy, are consistent with the significant hardening exhibited by Re containing alloys. The high hardening rate cannot be explained by the classical substitutional solid solution hardening theories for metals based on atomic size misfit and elastic moduli mismatch. Since rhenium “disilicide” is semiconducting and has a Si-deficient stoichiometry of ReSi1.75, the addition of Re to MoSi2 may lead to the formation of constitutional Si vacancies which may pair with Re substitutionals to form point defect complexes. A model that describes the elliptical strain field (tetragonal distortion) around these point defects is used to interpret the rapid hardening by Re in MoSi2. Small additions of Re may provide the necessary high temperature strength in MoSi2-based structural intermetallic alloys for very high temperature applications (∼1200–1600°C).