cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Hierarchical Electromagnetic-Circuit Technique for Statistical Analysis of RF Circuits in the Spectral Domain

Spectral domain statistical analysis of RF circuits, combining a circuit simulator, which models the circuit part and a full-wave field solver, which models the passive elements, is presented in this paper. This paper first illustrates the importance of the knowledge of correlation information in accurately modeling the probability density functions (PDFs) of eventual objective functions using a simple transmission line paradigm. Next, this paper looks at the statistical study of on-chip RF passives using the spiral inductor as an example. It is shown that larger process variations necessitate modeling by means of a quadratic response surface to preserve accuracy. This results in nonindependent non-Gaussian nonclosed-form PDFs for the equivalent-circuit parameters of the passives. This paper then proposes a hierarchical technique to perform statistical analysis of RF circuits based on y-parameter representation for the circuit and the passive element parts. The proposed technique obviates the need for optimization steps to derive the equivalent-circuit parameters for the electromagnetic objects and the need to compute the correlation matrix between the circuit equivalent elements, while maintaining accuracy. The proposed approach is illustrated for the statistical analysis of an RF amplifier and its differential version operating at 15.78 GHz. PDFs of various quantities of interest are derived and yield measures are computed.
Iterative equalization with hard and soft decisions for ISI-constrained channels

Although iterative equalizers are well-known for mitigating inter-symbol interference (ISI), recent results have shown that the schemes perform poorly in the presence of severe ISI, particularly when coding rates are high. Other equalization schemes, such as the non-iterative canonical decision-feedback equalizer (CDFE), have been shown to be asymptotically optimal on any channel. However, the scheme exhibits very high latency. To trade off between performance and latency, we propose an equalizer structure that iterates with both hard- and soft-decisions. In prior works, hard- decision iterative equalizers were seen to perform poorly, chiefly due to error-propagation in the feedback loop. However, the scheme proposed in this paper outperforms the linear turbo equalizer in both strong and weak ISI. On channels with weak ISI, the equalizer outperforms both the CDFE as well as the ideal DFE with perfect feedback. Simulation results on well- known ISI channels support the findings.
Network Structure and Knowledge Transfer: The Effects of Cohesion and Range:

This research considers how different features of informal networks affect knowledge transfer. As a complement to previous research that has emphasized the dyadic tie strength component of informal...
Modifications of histone cores and tails in V(D)J recombination

The organization of chromatin and modifications to the tails of histone proteins are thought to be important in regulating the rearrangement of V, D and J gene segments, which encode immunoglobulins and T-cell receptors. A recent study shows that methylated lysine 79 in the core region of histone H3 also plays a role by providing a euchromatic 'mark' that may regulate access of the V(D)J recombinase.
Exploring web browsing context for collaborative question answering

Collaborative Question Answering (CQA) sites such as Yahoo! Answers and recent real-time CQA sites such as Aardvark, provide a promising approach for information seeking. Yet, the behavior of the answerers, especially the factors influencing the quality and timeliness of the answers, are not well understood. We hypothesize that the information context of the answerer at the time a question is received is an important factor in the effectiveness of CQA systems. As a first step in exploring this hypothesis, our study shows that the relevant web browsing context can have significant positive effects on the answerers' reported ability, effort, and willingness to answer questions.
Avian B Cell Development

Development of B cells in chickens proceeds via a series of discrete developmental stages that includes the maturation of committed B cell progenitors in the specialized microenvironment of the bursa of Fabricius. The bursa has been shown to be required for the amplification of the B cell pool and selects for cells with productive immunoglobulin rearrangement events. Other events regulating chicken B cell development such as lymphocyte trafficking and apoptosis are just beginning to be elucidated. Within the bursa, the variable regions of immunoglobulin genes of B cell progenitors are diversified by a process of intrachromosomal gene conversion, where blocks of sequence information are transferred from pseudo-V regions to the recombined variable regions of the immunoglobulin genes. Recently gene conversion has been determined to play a role in the diversification of the immune repertoire in other species. In this review we focus on the current understanding and recent advances of B cell development in the chicken.
Internet Protocol over Satellite: Insights for telecommunications systems managers

Although numerous methods have attempted to resolve the internet connectivity problem associated with rural and otherwise isolated locations, most have failed to provide a complete solution for the vast array of external constraints that make such situations difficult to resolve. Satellite technology solutions have attempted to approach this problem with moderate levels of success. Limitations such as inadequate satellite footprints, proprietary sender and receiver protocols, and the fact that the use of IP had not been specifically addressed as the main transmission vehicle for packets of data, only highlighted the flaws of such systems. Internet Protocol over Satellite (IPoS) as developed by Hughes Network Systems®, is a proprietary technology that was later ratified as a Telecommunications Industry Association open standard, which has the objective of providing a true next hop solution for the movement IP datagrams. It attempts to serve as an additional link for the overall Internet framework. The following document attempts to provide a brief introduction to IPoS, how it works, and overview the current business applications for this technology. There is extensive emphasis on how IPoS distinguishes itself from other existing solutions for rural and geographically isolated connectivity problems. A brief mention of threats to IPoS's business growth is also made.
Linifanib (ABT-869), enhances cytotoxicity with poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor, veliparib (ABT-888), in head and neck carcinoma cells.

Summary Objectives PARP inhibitors (PARPi) may provide an opportunity to gain selective killing of tumor cells which have deficiencies in cellular DNA repair systems. We previously demonstrated linifanib (ABT-869), a multi-receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor of VEGF and PDGF receptor families, radiosensitized Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma cells (HNSCC) via inhibiting STAT3 activation. Given that STAT3 can modulate DNA damage response (DDR) pathway, in this study, we evaluate the effects of linifanib to enhance cytotoxicity with the PARPi, veliparib (ABT-888), in HNSCC. Materials and methods UMSCC-22A and UMSCC-22B cells were treated with linifanib (ABT-869) and veliparib (ABT-888). Cell viability, cytotoxicity, apoptosis induction, DNA single strand break (SSB) and double strand break (DSB) damages were examined by MTT assay, colony formation assay, flow cytometry and comet assay. In addition, the expression of DNA homologous recombination repair protein Rad51, γH2AX, a double strand break marker and cleaved PARP, an apoptotic cell death marker, were assessed using western immunoblotting. Results Combination treatment resulted in more cell growth inhibition, induction of apoptosis, DNA damages and double strand breaks, lower expression of Rad51, increase γH2AX expression and PARP cleavage. Conclusion These data suggest the possibility of combining targeted therapeutic such as linifanib with veliparib to augment the inhibition of cell growth and apoptosis via synthetic lethality in HNSCC cells. Thus, it may provide a novel therapeutic strategy and improve efficacy and outcome in HNSCC.
First-pass angiography in mice using FDG-PET: a simple method of deriving the cardiovascular transit time without the need of region-of-interest drawing

In this study, we developed a simple and robust semi-automatic method to measure the right ventricle to left ventricle (RV-to-LV) transit time (TT) in mice using 2-[/sup 18/F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET). The accuracy of the method was first evaluated using a 4-D digital dynamic mouse phantom. The RV-to-LV TTs of twenty-nine mouse studies were measured using the new method and compared to those obtained from the conventional ROI-drawing method. The results showed that the new method correctly separated different structures (e.g., RV, lung, and LV) in the PET images and generated corresponding time activity curve (TAC) of each structure. The RV-to-LV TTs obtained from the new method and ROI method were not statistically different (p=0.20; r=0.76). We expect that this fast and robust method is applicable to the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases using small animal models such as rats and mice.
Lipophilicity of opioids determined by a novel micromethod

The lipophilicity of various mu-selective opioids was determined by measuring their distribution between n-octanol and Tris.HCl buffer, pH 7.4, by a procedure requiring submicromolar concentrations (submilligram amounts) of the compounds. After partitioning at 25 degrees C, the concentrations of opioids in the aqueous phase was quantified by their displacement of bound [3H]Tyr-Ala-Gly-(Me)Phe-Gly-ol (DAMGO) from opioid receptor in brain membranes. The obtained distribution coefficients (log Papp) agreed well with respective values determined previously with other, less sensitive or more cumbersome, methods of quantitation. The procedure is precise and versatile, and offers the routine assessment of lipophilicity as part of the in vitro characterization of opioids frequently available in limited quantities. In principle, the method is applicable to any compound whose binding to its receptor is quantifiable.
Enabling expressive aspect oriented modular reasoning by translucid contracts

Making assertions about the program's control flow is important for reasoning purposes, e.g. ensuring that an advice proceeds to the original join point. Obliviousness of the base modules to the aspects in aspect oriented languages, like AspectJ, makes it difficult to make such assertions in a modular manner. Base-aspect interfaces like crosscutting interfaces (XPIs), augmented with blackbox behavioral contracts save modularity of the reasoning process to some extent, but are not expressive enough to specify base-aspect control interactions in their full generality. Translucid contracts are proposed to specify and enforce typical control flow properties.
Teaching for Successful Intelligence: Principles, Procedures, and Practices:

In this article, we discuss the theory of successful intelligence as a basis for identifying gifted children, teaching such children, and assessing their achievement. First, we briefly review the theory of successful intelligence. Then, we describe how to teach and assess for successful intelligence. Next, we discuss and answer potential objections to teaching for successful intelligence. Then, we present some data based on teaching for successful intelligence. Finally, we draw some conclusions.
FUNCTIONAL‐MORPHOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS IN SARGASSUM POLYCERATIUM (PHAEOPHYTA): PHENOTYPIC AND ONTOGENETIC VARIABILITY IN APPARENT PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND DARK RESPIRATION1

Phenotypic and ontogenetic changes in apparent photosynthesis and dark respiration for Sargassum polyceratium Mont. were related to the differential allocation of resources into blades, stems, vesicles, and fertile branches as well as anatomical parameters of surface area, volume, and blade density from a population in the Content Keys, Florida. Three divergent phenotypes were evaluated during four phases of ontogeny: maximum growth (October), peak reproduction (December), senescence (April), and stasis (July). Photosynthetic and respiratory rates changed throughout the year, at different stages of morphogenesis, and among different phenotypes. Photosynthesis was highest during active growth, decreased during reproduction and senescence, and was lowest during stasis. In contrast, respiration was higher during peak reproduction and stasis. Temporal, phenotypic, and ontogenetic changes in apparent photosynthesis were best explained by interactions among anatomical features, growth stages, and source-sink relationships of metabolic reserves and pigments. Surface area: volume (SA:V) ratios played a secondary role. Photosynthetic performance of mature axes decreased with the allocation of resources away from blades to air bladders and fertile branches. Apparent productivity and development of fertile branches on phenotypes were not correlated. High respiratory rates, SA:V ratios, blade areas, and low blade densities occurred on developing axes and were consistent with adaptations to low light fields. Sargassum polyceratium, because of its morphological differentiation, is a relatively complex, physiologically variable alga.
Lightness and Retinex Theory

Sensations of color show a strong correlation with reflectance, even though the amount of visible light reaching the eye depends on the product of reflectance and illumination. The visual system must achieve this remarkable result by a scheme that does not measure flux. Such a scheme is described as the basis of retinex theory. This theory assumes that there are three independent cone systems, each starting with a set of receptors peaking, respectively, in the long-, middle-, and short-wavelength regions of the visible spectrum. Each system forms a separate image of the world in terms of lightness that shows a strong correlation with reflectance within its particular band of wavelengths. These images are not mixed, but rather are compared to generate color sensations. The problem then becomes how the lightness of areas in these separate images can be independent of flux. This article describes the mathematics of a lightness scheme that generates lightness numbers, the biologic correlate of reflectance, independent of the flux from objects
Caffeine consumption and methotrexate dosing requirement in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis

Background Recent animal and human studies have suggested that the therapeutic benefit of methotrexate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis may be substantially reduced in patients who are concomitantly consuming caffeine. Here, we aimed to investigate the effect of caffeine consumption on the methotrexate dosing requirements in patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Methods One hundred and fifty patients with diagnoses of psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis were surveyed for their current weekly methotrexate dosage and their usual daily consumption of caffeine. Results Seventy-five of the patients given the survey responded; of these, 11 were eliminated because they did not report their methotrexate dosage or were no longer taking methotrexate. Of the remaining 64 patients, no correlation was found between the methotrexate dosage needed for disease maintenance and the amount of caffeine consumed. Conclusions Our findings suggest that caffeine does not affect methotrexate dosage requirements in patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. These results do not rule out an effect of caffeine in other inflammatory diseases treated with methotrexate.
Ticks Parasitizing Dogs in Northwestern Georgia

From January 1998 through September 1999, 324 dogs in three northwestern Georgia counties were examined for ticks. Six species of ticks were recovered. The three most commonly collected ticks were the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say) (310 ♂♂, 352♀♀; prevalence, 97%; mean intensity 2.1); the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille) (118♂♂, 119♀♀, 38 nymphs; prevalence, 22%; mean intensity, 3.8); and the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.) (8♂♂, 26♀♀, 2 nymphs; prevalence, 5%; mean intensity, 2.4). Other ticks recovered were Ixodes cookei Packard (3♀♀); the Gulf Coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum Koch (2♂♂); and the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis Say (1♀). Another adult female specimen of I. scapularis was recovered from a cat, further reinforcing that this medically important tick is present in northwestern Georgia.
Identification of equal affinity MDMX/MDM2-p53 interaction small molecule inhibitors

A208 MDMX is related to MDM2 and is an important regulator of the p53 pathway. It is believe that MDMX can interact with p53 at the promoters of p53-target genes and suppress transcriptional activation. A variety of human tumors with wild type p53 have genetic amplifications of the MDMX gene and increased MDMX protein expression. Some of the tumor types that have been characterized to date with MDMX amplifications include retinoblastoma, breast, colon, prostate and lung cancers as well as leukemia and soft tissue sarcomas. The goal of our research is to identify small molecule inhibitors of the MDMX-p53 interaction in order to induce p53-mediated cell death in tumors with wild type p53. Ideally, we would like to identify a single drug candidate that can inhibit both MDM2 and MDMX to more efficiently induce programmed cell death in tumor cells. We have developed two biochemical assays, fluorescence polarization and alphascreen, to perform high-throughput screening of large chemical libraries to identify lead compounds that can inhibit MDMX-p53 and MDM2-p53 interactions. In a series of pilot experiments using 6,000 bioactive compounds we optimized each assay and identified several small molecules that can inhibit both MDMX-p53 and MDM2-p53 at low micromolar concentrations. This is the first report of an MDMX/MDM2 inhibitor with equal affinity for both proteins.
Empowering fourth-year medical students: the value of the senior year

In this issue of Academic Medicine, Wolf et al explore the purposes and value of the senior year of medical school as viewed by graduating students at their institution. Using data from student focus groups and questionnaires, they report that students all found there to be significant value in but identified different purposes for the fourth year. The authors of this commentary believe that study adds to the discussion of fourth-year curriculum reform an important voice that has been lacking-that of students.Previous articles focusing on the perceived lack of clarity of educational purpose in the senior year curriculum have reflected a faculty perspective and have led some to call for increasing the structure of, decreasing the elective time in, or even completely eliminating the fourth year. In this commentary, the authors ask for a pause in this debate to consider the implications of the student perspective as well as important trends in the medical education continuum that affect the senior student (e.g., milestones that will set new expectations for first-year residents, increasing pressure associated with matching to a residency). They propose that providing students with time for career exploration and for focusing on areas of interest would allow them to individualize their preparation for residency and to be more sure of their career choices. They share the University of Washington School of Medicine's planned new fourth-year approach as an example of a flexible, individualized senior year curriculum.
Racial differences in dietary changes and quality of life after a colorectal cancer diagnosis: a follow-up of the Study of Outcomes in Colorectal Cancer Survivors cohort

BACKGROUND Substantial racial disparities exist in colorectal cancer (CRC) survival. OBJECTIVE This was an exploratory study to assess the racial differences in dietary changes in relation to quality of life (QoL), recurrence, and survival after a CRC diagnosis. DESIGN Four hundred fifty-three stage II CRC patients were enrolled in the cohort study through the North Carolina Central Cancer Registry. Self-reported diet, physical activity, treatment, comorbidities, demographic characteristics, and QoL were collected at diagnosis and 12 and 24 mo after diagnosis. QoL was assessed with the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Colorectal (FACT-C) and the Medical Outcomes 12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) inventories. An overall dietary index score was calculated. Generalized estimating equations and logistic regression models were used to explore potential associations. Statistical power for this study was ∼50%. RESULTS African Americans (n = 81) were more likely to increase intakes of reduced-fat milk, vegetables, and fruit and decrease intakes of regular cheese, red meat, fried food, fast food, and fat (P < 0.05) than were Caucasians (n = 184) 24 mo after diagnosis. The least-squares means ± SEs for changes in dietary index were 6.05 ± 0.40 and 4.07 ± 0.27 for African Americans and Caucasians, respectively (P < 0.001). African Americans exhibited higher scores on portions of the FACT-C (colorectal cancer subscale: β = 1.04; 95% CI: 0.26, 1.82) and the SF-12 (Physical Component Summary: β = 2.49; 95% CI: 0.51, 4.48). Those who improved their dietary quality over 24 mo had lower risk of recurrence and mortality combined (OR: 0.42; 95% CI: 0.25, 0.72). CONCLUSIONS African Americans made more healthful changes in diet and had a higher QoL than did Caucasians in this underpowered study that used self-reported dietary data. No racial differences in recurrence or survival were evident, although improvements in dietary quality did reveal survival benefits overall. More prospective research on racial disparities in health behavior changes after diagnosis is desperately needed.
Security Protection System Design Ideas for Smart Hydropower Plants

This paper first introduce the security protection situation in the present domestic hydropower plants.Focusing on solving the existing problems for example: imperfect Security protection,lack of multi-system linkage,and etc,the Security protection design for future Smart hydropower plants is presented;different levels and related module role and function for Security protection system are described.Besides,this paper gives a detailed design from the transverse distribution of the power system two Security regions and the longitudinal through of six big systems for example,access control,fire protection,industrial TV and etc.It provides a new idea for Security protection construction in smart hydropower plants.
Repetitive firing properties of phrenic motoneurons in the cat.

1. Using both rectangular- and ramp-shaped intracellularly injected currents, the repetitive firing properties of 23 antidromically identified phrenic motoneurons were determined in anesthetized, p...
Synchronous Presentation of Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumor and Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Case Report

AbstractThe synchronous presentation of 2 separate neoplasms is extremely unusual. We report a case of a synchronous nonseminomatous germ cell testicular tumor and renal cell carcinoma.
Coccidioidomycosis of the Prostate Gland and its Therapy

Abstract: A case of disseminated coccidioidomycosis was diagnosed from a prostatic biopsy. Patients with sterile pyuria, prostatic nodules or symptoms of prostatitis who have lived in or traveled through an endemic area need careful evaluation of the lower genitourinary tract. Immunological treatment with a transfer factor currently is under investigation. Miconazole may offer a promise for future treatment of this fungal infection and, particularly, for patients with impaired renal function.
Point-of-care ultrasonography in a physiatric foot clinic

BACKGROUND Few reports are available for the utility of diagnostic point-of-care (POC) ultrasonography for foot and ankle pain and diagnostic POC ultrasonography in physiatric practice has not yet been demonstrated. AIM To describe POC musculoskeletal ultrasonographic (US) findings by location of pain among patients presenting to a foot pain clinic and to evaluate the concordance rate between clinical diagnoses and US findings by region of the foot. DESIGN Retrospective chart review. SETTING Outpatient clinic. POPULATION A total of 111 patients with foot and ankle pain. METHODS Retrospective chart review of clinical notes and data from POC US evaluation of patients who presented to the foot pain clinic between November 2013 and January 2015. US evaluations were performed by two physiatric ultrasonographers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The concordance rate of clinical diagnosis and findings from US imaging based on the location of foot pain. RESULTS One hundred eleven patients out of 205 patients who presented to the foot clinic (54.1%) had POC US evaluation during the initial visit. The data was analyzed for patients with a single location of pain excluding 21 patients with pain more than one location. The mean age was 55.1±14.3 years with 86.5% being female. The most common location of pain was the hindfoot/ankle (N.=71), followed by forefoot (N.=13) and midfoot (N.=6). The overall concordance rate between clinical and ultrasonographic diagnoses was 62.2% (56/90) with a higher concordance rate in the hindfoot (67.6%) compared to the rest of the foot (50% in midfoot, 38.5% in the forefoot, P=0.042). The most common reasons for discordance (N.=34) were failure to reveal abnormality on US (N.=20, 58%) followed by unexpected US findings (N.=7, 20.6%). CONCLUSIONS Concordance between clinical evaluation and POC US findings varies depending on the location of foot pain and often no US abnormalities were found in spite of clinical symptoms particularly in forefoot region. CLINICAL REHABILITATION IMPACT These new findings will enhance the selective application of POC US and improve its clinical utility in physiatric practice.
Dos crisis, dos desenlaces: retos y realidades del empresario organizado colombiano en los años cincuenta y noventa

El empresariado organizado nacional enfrenta principalmente dos tensiones: por un lado, la contradiccion entre una estructura gremial formada por el regimen proteccionista de la politica industrial de mitad de siglo pasado y las exigencias, retos y oportunidades para el empresariado organizado que ofrece una economia que se adentra en un mundo globalizado.
Myth and Legitimacy in the Soviet Union and Post-Soviet Russia

In 1991 the Soviet Union dissolved, ending over seven decades of existence. Although scholars have conducted numerous postmortems on the Soviet state, most have neglected the role of symbolic discourse in explaining the dramatic Soviet collapse. Under perestroika, the opening of public space permitted the emergence of heterodox reconstructions of the Soviet past that challenged the legitimacy of the Soviet regime and state. These insurgent narratives nurtured a powerful if loosely aligned opposition that undermined the Soviet Union from within and without, strongly contributing to its demise.
Complications of Aesthetic Blepharoplasty and Revisional Surgeries

Blepharoplasty has traditionally been one of the most common aesthetic procedures performed and remains so today. Blepharoplasty is performed by a variety of surgeons with different training levels of experience including plastic surgeons, ophthalmologists, otolaryngologists, cosmetic surgeons, and dermatologists. Although relatively straightforward, complications ranging from mild skin blemishes to vision-threatening emergencies can arise postoperatively. Many of these complications can be prevented with careful preoperative evaluation and proper surgical technique. When complications do arise, their significance can be diminished by appropriate treatment and/or referral consultation when necessary.
Facies-independent reservoir characterization of the micropore-dominated Word field (Edwards Formation), Lavaca County, Texas

Micropore-dominated carbonate reservoirs remain challenging for accurate hydrocarbon evaluation and production as conventional reservoir models using depositional textures and petrophysical properties to distribute porosity and permeability cannot be applied. Nevertheless, understanding the distribution of pore systems and predicting the fluid flow behavior of microporous reservoirs is fundamental as micropores constitute a significant percentage of the total porosity and storage capacity. We present the results from an integrated study on the producing micropore-dominated Word Field characterized by a facies independent, diagenetically controlled pore system that approaches 100% microporosity. Four cored wells through the Albian Edwards Formation were described and correlated using stacking patterns and vertical facies trends; pore type characterization was done through thin section petrography, routine core analyses, SEM and MICP data. This study is an example of a permeable reservoir in which intergrain pores are cemented during burial diagenesis and micropores, being more resistant to cementation, remain open to depths greater than 4000 m (13,000 ft). A unique relationship exists between porosity, permeability, median pore-throat size and microcrystalline textures, independent of facies and fabrics. Cumulative gas production data show there is a correlation between the total porosity and the structural position of the wells – wells high on the structure have the highest production. We demonstrate that an equally well-connected micropore network exists in mud-dominated rocks via the matrix, and via grain-to-grain contacts in grain-dominated rocks. The here described intragrain micropore network through grain-to-grain contacts in cemented grainstones is a new carbonate flow path that will likely become more important as more unconventional carbonate reservoirs are explored.
Building Resilience Through Prevention

Resilience is a key concept in child mental health and is related to vulnerability discussed in Chap. 1. Although vulnerability can be difficult to change, children and adolescents can improve their ability to cope with problems. Determining how resilient a child is can be known only when encountering stressors and the degree of adaptation can be seen. Virtually, all mental health professionals have had or known of cases where a child is exposed to multiple or chronic stressors but is able to function quite well, thus being described as being “resilient.” Conversely, many children have significant emotional and behavioral problems, but come from environments that are not significantly atypical and do not present severe stressors. There is no universally accepted definition of “resilience,” but the definition proposed by Rutter (1990) provides a basis for its study and the implications for its development in children and youth. Rutter defines resilience as “maintaining adaptive functioning despite serious risk hazards” (p. 209). This definition implies that the resilient person is able to handle stress with minimal negative effects, although several people who are exposed to the same stressors may not be as able to adapt, i.e., they are less resilient. The factors that make some people more or less resilient than others are a combination of genetic, biological, and environmental variables.
Cardboard Commentary: A Qualitative Analysis of the Signs From America’s Streets

The article focuses on a thematic analysis of 292 cardboard signs collected by artist Willie Baronet over the summer of 2014 in 24 cities in the United States from homeless people. It states a quantitative content analysis was done on the text of the signs which were then double-coded. It talks about the themes underscoring challenges that people experiencing homelessness and poverty face.
Survey of opioid tapering practices of pediatric healthcare providers: A national perspective.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to describe the current opioid tapering practice. Design: Cross-sectional, online, survey research. Participants: Pediatric healthcare providers from a national sample of practicing nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and physicians who participate in five different pediatric pain and/or palliative care list serves. Results: One hundred four participants responded to the survey. The respondents were predominantly physicians (n = 58, 62 percent). The majority of respondents worked in an academic children's medical center (n = 50, 52 percent). The average number of years in pediatric practice was 16 (mean = 16.33, range of 0-45 years). Of the 104 respondents, only 22 (27 percent) had a written protocol for opioid tapering. Use of expert consultants such as pharmacists or pediatric pain management teams varied. The majority of respondents (n = 46, 44 percent) seldom or never consult a pharmacist. Only 22 percent (n = 17) almost always or always consult a pediatric pain team. There was a wide range of personal tapering rate preferences. Conclusions: This study provided a baseline assessment of pediatric opioid tapering practices by pediatric healthcare providers. Results revealed a marked variation in practice patterns that may indicate deficits in the assessment and management of opioid withdrawal in children. The need for the development of assessment-based opioid tapering guidelines for the pediatric population is long overdue.
P450-Mediated Non-natural Cyclopropanation of Dehydroalanine-Containing Thiopeptides.

Thiopeptides are a growing class of ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptide (RiPP) natural products. Many biosynthetic enzymes for RiPPs, especially thiopeptides, are promiscuous and can accept a wide range of peptide substrates with different amino acid sequences; thus, these enzymes have been used as tools to generate new natural product derivatives. Here, we explore an alternative route to molecular complexity by engineering thiopeptide tailoring enzymes to do new or non-native chemistry. We explore cytochrome P450 enzymes as biocatalysts for cyclopropanation of dehydroalanines, chemical motifs found widely in thiopeptides and other RiPP-based natural products. We find that P450TbtJ1 and P450TbtJ2 selectively cyclopropanate dehydroalanines in a number of complex thiopeptide-based substrates and convert them into 1-amino-2-cyclopropane carboxylic acids (ACCAs), which are important pharmacophores. This chemistry takes advantage of the innate affinity of these biosynthetic enzyme...
Criminology: Written in blood

Bloodstain pattern analysis is used by forensic scientists to help reconstruct violent crimes. Efforts are underway to root the often subjective practice in science.
CD3-positive plasmablastic B-cell neoplasms: a diagnostic pitfall

Rare B-cell neoplasms with plasmablastic differentiation may aberrantly express CD3 by immunohistochemical staining, which places a great challenge for diagnosis. We here studied 17 cases of CD3+ plasmablastic B-cell neoplasms, including 12 plasmablastic lymphomas and 5 plasmablastic plasma cell myelomas. All 17 cases occurred in the extranodal sites with a male predominance (13/17). Four cases were initially misinterpreted by outside institutions, among which three were diagnosed as 'peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified' and one was classified as 'poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma'. The plasmablastic cells were present in all 17 cases diffusely or in a subset of tumor cells. CD3 expression was mostly diffuse (12/17) and moderate to strong (11/16) with a cytoplasmic staining pattern (14/16). Other T-cell markers were nearly absent, including CD2 (0/10), CD4 (1/13), CD5 (0/14), CD7 (0/11), and CD8 (0/13). CD138 was positive in all 17 cases and CD79a was variably positive in 8 of 14 cases. Only one case had immunoreactivity to CD20 (1/17) and PAX5 (1/12). CD56 expression and EBV infection were detected in 8/15 and 6/17, respectively. No HHV8 infection was noted in all 11 cases tested. Most cases (11/13) revealed either kappa or lambda light chain restriction. Of the nine cases studied, six had clonal IGH rearrangements but no clonal TRG rearrangements. Our study further emphasizes that the accurate classification of CD3+ plasmablastic neoplasms requires thorough morphologic examination, incorporation of more B-cell and T-cell markers in addition to CD3 and CD20, frequent addition of CD138 staining, and utilization of necessary molecular and genetic studies.
Sensitivity of FFR-CT to manual segmentation

Fractional Flow Reserve (FFR), the ratio of arterial pressure distal to a coronary lesion to the proximal pressure, is indicative of its hemodynamic significance. This quantity can be determined from invasive measurements made with a catheter, or by using computational methods incorporating models of the the coronary vasculature. One of the inputs needed by a model-based approach for estimating FFR from Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA) images (denoted FFR-CT) is the geometry of the coronary arteries, which requires segmentation of the coronary lumen. Several algorithms have been proposed for coronary lumen segmentation, including the recent application of machine learning techniques. For evaluating these algorithms or for training machine learning algorithms, manual segmentation of the lumen has been considered as ground truth. However, since there is inter-subject variability in manual segmentation, it would be useful to first assess the extent to which this variability affects the predicted FFR values. In the current study, we evaluated the impact of inter-subject variability in manual segmentation on computed FFR, using datasets with three different manual segmentations provided as part of the Rotterdam Coronary Artery Evaluation Framework. FFR was computed using a coronary blood flow model. Our results indicate that variability in manual segmentations on FFR estimates depend on the FFR value. For FFR ≥ 0.97, variability in manual segmentations does not impact FFR estimates, while, for lower FFR values, the variability in manual segmentations leads to significant variability in FFR. The results of this study indicate that researchers should exercise caution when treating manual segmentations as ground truth for estimating FFR from CTA images.
Prevalence of Resurgence of Destructive Behavior When Thinning Reinforcement Schedules during Functional Communication Training.

Functional communication training is a well-established treatment for socially reinforced destructive behavior that typically includes differential reinforcement of the functional communication response (FCR) in combination with extinction of destructive behavior. However, when the schedule of reinforcement for the FCR is thinned, destructive behavior may resurge (e.g., Greer, Fisher, Saini, Owen, & Jones, 2016). Currently, data are unavailable on the prevalence and characteristics of resurgence during reinforcement schedule thinning. In this study, we evaluated the prevalence of resurgence during reinforcement schedule thinning on a per-case and per-schedule-step basis and also evaluated the magnitude of resurgence in relation to the functions of destructive behavior. We observed resurgence in 19 of the 25 (76%) applications of reinforcement schedule thinning. In some cases, the magnitude of resurgence exceeded the mean levels of destructive behavior observed in baseline. We discuss these results relative to prior translational and applied research on resurgence.
Approaches Targeting Androgen Synthesis (CYP 17 Inhibitors)

Oral inhibitors of androgen synthesis are a new class of therapy for castration resistant prostate cancer. Their development supports the concept of secondary hormonal manipulation in castration resistant prostate cancer. Abiraterone acetate, the first in class of these therapies to receive multi-national regulatory approval and widespread clinical use, has become a new standard of care in patients with prior docetaxel chemotherapy as well as for a large proportion of patients worldwide who have not received chemotherapy. Considerations in the use of these therapies include the clinical and hormonal milieu of the patient as well as the composition and outcome with prior therapies. While generally non-toxic, there are safety, tolerability, and monitoring issues that must be adhered to by the clinician, and in general there is a requirement for concomitant corticosteroid use. Further research into these agents focuses on their role in combination therapy, earlier disease states, and the mechanisms of resistance to them.
A phase Ib study of BGJ398 in combination with imatinib in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST).

11039Background: Preclinical studies suggest that imatinib resistance (IR) in GIST can be mediated by MAP-kinase activation via FGF signaling. In FGF stimulated GIST cell lines, BGJ398, a pan-FGFR ...
A 4096-Neuron 1M-Synapse 3.8PJ/SOP Spiking Neural Network with On-Chip STDP Learning and Sparse Weights in 10NM FinFET CMOS

A 4096-neuron, 1M-synapse SNN in 10nm FinFET CMOS achieves a peak throughput of 25.2GSOP/s at 0.9V, peak energy efficiency of 3.8pJ/SOP at 525mV, and $2.3\mu \text{W}$ /neuron operation at 450mV. The SNN skips zero-valued activations for up to $9.4\times$ lower energy. Fine-grained sparse weights reduce memory by up to $16\times$. On-chip STDP trains RBMs to de-noise MNIST digits and to reconstruct natural scene images with RMSE of 0.036. A 50% sparse weight MLP classifies MNIST digits with 97.9% accuracy at $1.7\mu \text{J}$ /classification.
The Anti-Clone Wars: Towards a Reinvigoration of the Doctrine of Patent Misuse and the Per Se Illegality of Anti-Cloning Provisions

Patent misuse, a once valuable doctrine used to remove anticompetitive actions enabled by patent grants from the marketplace, has been relatively disfavored by the courts for some time. Recent licensing practices by certain major players within the high-technology marketplace, however, provide an excellent opportunity for the doctrine to be reinvigorated and applied. Apple, Inc., through its attempts to prevent competitors from “cloning” its products, has become an anticompetitive force that appears to have impermissibly leveraged its patent portfolio in order to extract contractual protections of non-patented subject matter through “anti-cloning” provisions, improperly broadening the scope of its patent grants. This Article argues that this improper broadening of the patent grant constrains competition in unpatented subject matter, harms competition, and should be considered by the courts to constitute per se patent misuse or, in the alternative, patent misuse under a rule of reason analysis. As a result, Apple’s patents that are tainted by the anti-cloning provision’s misuse should be held to be unenforceable at least as long as agreements that contain the offending provision are still in force.
Out of Site, Out of Mind: The Evolving Significance of Race in the Story of an Early Quaker-Freedmen School:

This article documents collective memories of the founding, curriculum, and attendees of one of the first (1866) Reconstruction Era Quaker-Freedmen School sites in the Southeastern United States. I...
Teachers as agents of change: positive discipline for inclusive classrooms in Kakuma refugee camp

Refugee children have often witnessed or experienced trauma, violence, and death. While conflict harms the psychosocial well-being and emotional development of children, an inclusive educational en...
Causal Reasoning and Data Analysis in the Law: Definition, Estimation, and Usage of the Probability of Causation

Researchers often need to determine whether a specific exposure, or something else, caused an individual’s outcome. To answer questions of causality in which the exposure and outcome have already been observed, researchers have suggested estimating the probability of causation (PC). However, authors disagree about the proper definitions and identification strategies for PC, and current estimation methods for PC make strong parametric assumptions, or are inefficient and do not easily yield inferential tools. I discuss the definition and identification assumptions of PC, derive a novel estimation method for PC under standard identifiability assumptions under which PC equals the excess risk ratio, and derive an influence-function-based nonparametric estimator for PC, which allows for simple interpretation and valid inference by making only weak structural assumptions. Finally, I present an application of my estimation method.
Maintaining a scientific community while social distancing

Abstract The “Aging Science Talks: Science for the Community” daily online seminar series was established in reaction to the cancellation of a myriad of regional, national, and international meetings focused on the biology of aging due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The inability to attend scientific meetings has far-reaching implications for our field, as we lose the ability to 1) disseminate both published and non-published data through talks and posters; 2) network and establish new collaborations to produce innovative science in the aging field; and 3) continue the career development of early career researchers (ECRs). Through these virtual seminars, we hope to offset the negative effects of these canceled meetings. We established the program rapidly using a “lean” approach, making use of existing technologies broadly available at academic institutions. Here, we provide an initial description of how this program was developed and implemented. We discuss advantages and limitations of this approach, including “real-time” participation and the creation of an on/off-line community of inquiry (CoI). In the future, we hope to formally evaluate the success of this program in building engagement, creating a community, and enhancing the development of ECRs, and to capture metrics associated with the continued progress of science. Our approach to building a CoI may be applied across multiple scientific disciplines during this time of uncertainty, and may offer a valuable example of how to continue to advance science during pandemics or similar events.
Fee Credits as an Economic Incentive for Green Infrastructure Retrofits in Stormwater-Impaired Urban Watersheds

AbstractLow participation rates in existing US stormwater utility fee credit programs indicate that the benefits attributed to credits are not being realized, most notably, the financial incentive ...
Hemostatic Challenges in Pediatric Critical Care Medicine-Hemostatic Balance in VAD

Ventricular assist devices (VAD) are used more in children. Safe and effective anticoagulation is required for successful management of children supported with ventricular assist devices. Developmental hemostasis, device hemocompatibility, plastic to body ratio, surgical variable techniques, lack of knowledge on pharmacokinetics of anticoagulants, and wide variability in anticoagulation protocols have all contributed to increased incidence of bleeding and thromboembolic complications. New collaborative learning networks, such as the ACTION network, provide opportunities to define best practices, optimize, and reduce anticoagulation related adverse events. ACTION was established Dec 2017. It consists of expert clinicians in heart failure, as well as researchers, parents, and patients, with goals to improve outcomes, share data, improve education and standard practice for children with heart failure (, n.d). Changes in pediatric VAD anticoagulation strategy from using mainly heparin to DTI such as bivalirudin have helped reduce bleeding and clotting complications.