cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metabolic rate of the hagfish, Eptatretus stoutii (Lockington) 1878

Abstract 1. 1. The hagfish, Eptatretus stoutii, has a very low metabolic rate, amounting to only about 0·008–0·010 ml O2 consumed/g wet wt/hr at 10°C. 2. 2. We found no relationship between body weight and metabolic rate, within the limits of available sizes. 3. 3. Under the conditions of these experiments there was no significant metabolic adjustment that could be ascribed to thermal history. 4. 4. There is a significant decrease in percentage of body water with increase in size.
Subthalamic nociceptive stimulation in the cat: Effect of secondary lesions and rostral fiber projections

Abstract Twelve cats with chronically implanted bipolar electrodes in the H or H2 fields, or both, learned to escape a painful electrical stimulus of from 0.5 to 4.25 mA by crossing a shuttle-box barrier. When the escape behavior was well established, a lesion was made through both poles of one (if there were two) electrode. After recovery they were retested to determine to what extent the nociceptive escape response had been eliminated. In those animals with bilateral implants, the nonlesion side was stimulated prior to killing to observe if there were any contralateral effects. After the lesions, all animals in this group no longer responded to the stimulus at the prelesion levels. When the nonlesion side was stimulated the animals continued to cross the hurdle. Microscopic silver axonal degeneration studies traced the ascending projections of these regions. A similar procedure was carried out in four additional cats that were poor escape learners. They showed variable postlesion responses and microscopic differences. Nonnociceptive behavior of six other animals with microscopic confirmation of electrode placements is also included.
Selecting the Best Multinomial Cell‐Provided it is Better than a Control

Bechhofer and Turnbull (1978) considered the problems of selecting the best normal population, provided it is better than a standard for the case of known variances or equal but unknown variances. Wilcox (1984) considered the same selection goal for the case of unequal unknown variance and provided the appropriate probability equations and the necessary table. Under the same selection formulation (which we will describe formally in the following sections), this article studies a class of composite inverse sampling procedures for selecting the best multinomial cell that is better than a control cell with unknown cell probability. The procedures guarantee that (a) with probability at least P*0 (specified), no cell is selected when the largest cell probability is sufficiently less than the control and (b), with probability at least P*1 (specified), the cell with the largest probability is selected when its probability is sufficiently greater than the second largest cell probability and the control cell probability.
Must early postoperative oral intake be limited to laparoscopy

PURPOSE: This prospective, randomized study was designed to evaluate whether or not early postoperative feeding (claimed as a unique benefit of laparoscopic surgery) is possible after laparotomy and colorectal resection. METHODS: The trial was performed between July 1, 1992 and October 31, 1992 and included all 64 consecutive patients who underwent laparotomy with either a colonic or an ileal resection. In all cases the nasogastric tube was removed immediately after the operation. Group 1 consisted of 32 patients (age range, 15–81 years; mean, 52 years) who received a regular diet on the first postoperative morning. Group 2 consisted of 32 patients (age range, 15–87 years; mean, 52 years) who were fed in a traditional manner. Regular food was permitted after resolution of ileus as defined by resumption of bowel movements in the absence of abdominal distention, nausea, or vomiting. RESULTS: The rate of nasogastric tube reinsertion for distention with persistent vomiting was 18.7 percent (six patients) in Group 1 and 12.5 percent (four patients) in Group 2. Although vomiting was experienced more frequently by patients in Group 1 (44 percentvs.25 percent, respectively), there was no difference between the two groups with regard to the duration of postoperative ileus (3.6vs.3.4 days, respectively). In the 26 patients from Group 1 who did not require nasogastric tube reinsertion, there was a trend toward shorter hospitalization (6.7vs.8.0 days, respectively). CONCLUSION: Early oral intake is possible after laparotomy and colorectal resection. Thus, the laparoscopic surgeon's claim of early tolerated oral intake may not be unique to laparoscopy.
Interpolation series for fractional derivatives and iterates of functions and operators

Abstract For a class of complex valued functions on the real line a fractional derivative is defined which is an entire function of exponential type of the order. It is shown that these derivatives can be found by a Newton interpolation series. For a class of linear operators, a fractional derivative for their resolvents also is defined. These fractional derivatives and the fractional iterates of these operators are related and both can be found by a Newton interpolation series on the nth-order iterates of the operators.
SU‐E‐T‐32: An Integrated IGART Planning Environment

Purpose: Open Radiological Archiving and Communication System(ORACS) relational research database, which stores images, projections, plans, trials and doses etc, is the backbone for Image Guided Adaptive Radiation Therapy (IGART) Research Project at VCU. Philips Pinnacle3 is being used by this project for IGART adaptive planning of Virtual Clinical Trials (VCT). Therefore, in order to establish a user‐friendly interactive environment and facilitate collaboration between different sub‐projects, seamless integration of these two systems will be a must. Methods: It is well‐known that Pinnacle3 lacks the capacity to interact with a database server. However, we take advantage of Pinnacle's configurability and scripting power to enhance Pinnacle with new GUI controls, which invoke a middleware layer to access ORACS database. Users can import images from ORACS database through remote web services or locally, and save contours and plans and doses and other derived Pinnacle data back to ORACS database by simply clicking these new GUI controls. Moreover, a Pinnacle database can be re‐created easily and entirely from ORACS database through these new GUI controls and the middleware layer. The same technique can be used to create connection between Pinnacle3 and other database servers. Also because ORACS database uses web services for data access, if a specific middleware is created, any Treatment Planning System can access ORACS database interactively. Results: We presented a software infrastructure for seamless integration of ORACS research database and Philips Pinnacle3, which created an integrated virtual clinical trial environment for IGART researchers at our institution. Conclusions: Contemporary IGART research imposes new demands on the IT infrastructure of Radiation Oncology departments. We created a data management system which takes first steps towards managing new and complex tasks of automated analysis of large data sets. NIH Grant P01 CA11602
Strategies that overcome barriers to token economies in community programs for severe mentally ill adults.

The token economy has been found to be an effective strategy for treatment of severe mentally ill inpatients. However, several barriers have prevented facile transfer of token economy strategies from inpatient settings to community programs; these barriers include outpatient access to competing reinforcers, supplemental income that help outpatients, to purchase these reinforcers, weakening of the efficacy of response costs, limited hours of the day in which day treatment contingencies apply, and interference of contingency contracts by family or friends. These barriers can be obviated by avoiding response cost contingencies., providing reinforcers cheaply, and including other systems in the development and implementation of token contingencies.
ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Posttreatment Follow-up of Prostate Cancer

Although prostate cancer can be effectively treated, recurrent or residual disease after therapy is not uncommon and is usually detected by a rise in prostate-specific antigen. Patients with biochemical prostate-specific antigen relapse should undergo a prompt search for the presence of local recurrence or distant metastatic disease, each requiring different forms of therapy. Various imaging modalities and image-guided procedures may be used in the evaluation of these patients. Literature on the indications and usefulness of these radiologic studies and procedures in specific clinical settings is reviewed. The ACR Appropriateness Criteria ® are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed every 2 years by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and review include an extensive analysis of current medical literature from peer-reviewed journals and the application of a well-established consensus methodology (modified Delphi) to rate the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures by the panel. In those instances in which evidence is lacking or not definitive, expert opinion may be used to recommend imaging or treatment.
Community participation in international health: practical recommendations for donor and recipient organizations

This article discusses the need for donor agencies and recipient organizations to involve target communities in the conceptualization, development, monitoring, and implementation of health services and programs in international health. This paper assumes that most donor organizations are based in industrialized countries. Given that resources are finite in both developing and developed countries, the article briefly reviews the current trend of declining public funds for health systems and an increasing role for privately funded health services worldwide. The article calls for community-based international health services that reflect the priorities of target populations, and it also discusses practical steps to involve local populations in community-based health planning and management in international health.
Synthesis and characterization of cyclodextrin/perfluoroalkane inclusion compounds

Abstract Acyclic and cyclic perfluoroalkanes associate with α- and β-cyclodextrins (CD) in aqueous solution to varying extents, depending on the structure of both the perfluoroalkane and the cyclodextrin. β-CD readily forms insoluble inclusion compounds, including a β-CD/C 9 F 19 · complex, prepared from the stable perfluoro-1-ethyl-1,1-diisopropylmethyl radical. Under similar conditions, only trace amounts of inclusion compounds were obtained using α-CD solutions. Three hydrocarbons were compared with the corresponding perfluorocarbons in respect of their tendencies to form inclusion compounds with α-CD and β-CD.
Thermodynamic and kinetic modeling of oxide precipitation in nanostructured ferritic alloys

Abstract The mechanical properties and radiation tolerance of nanostructured ferritic alloys rely on a dense population of nanometer-scale Y–Ti oxides. The stability of these nano-oxides during extended service is critical in high temperature applications. Here, a model framework is developed for the thermodynamics and kinetics of Y–Ti oxide nucleation, growth and coarsening. The model, which is based upon available thermodynamic and kinetic data as well as key density functional theory calculations, shows that nano-oxide nucleation and growth are highly driven and that pipe diffusion is the dominant mode of their coarsening, in agreement with previous analyses of experimental high temperature data. The model predicts that the nano-oxides are thermally stable for 80 or more years below 1175 K. This analysis also provides insights into the effect of O and Ti on nano-oxide sizes, and on optimization of alloy microstructure.
A Distributed Computing Environment for Dynamic Traffic Operations

This study explores distributed computing techniques in the context of dynamic network algorithms for intelligent transportation systems (ITS) applications. ITS technologies such as Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) and Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMS) provide traffic-related information on-line for a new generation of models and methodologies that aim at the real-time enhancement of network performance and efficiency. To address the problem of the severe computational burden of processing network-wide time-dependent traffic-related data (such as volume, speed, occupancy, and classification), the authors investigate two remote procedure call (RPC) - based distributed computing techniques on a network of workstations. Computational results indicate that the distributed implementation performs better than sequential computation, although tradeoffs between communications overheads and computational savings become critical with the number of processors.
Fabrication of Size-Controllable Nanofluidic Channels by Nanoimprinting and Its Application for DNA Stretching

We report a new approach to greatly simplify the fabrication of nanofluidic channels with well-controlled dimensions. It is achieved by imprinting a channel template into a thin polymer film cast on a glass cover slip in a single step, offering a much higher throughput than previous methods. We demonstrated effective DNA stretching in these nanochannels. This method provides a simple and practical solution for low-cost fabrication of nanofluidic channels, which may serve as a useful tool for chemical analysis system on the nanoscale.
Herpes simplex virus protein synthesis in the presence of 2-deoxy-D-glucose.

Abstract The proteins and glycoproteins induced by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) were labeled with [ 14 C]amino acids or [ 14 C]glucosamine in the presence or absence of 2-deoxy- d -glucose (deoxyglucose) and analyzed by slab gel electrophoresis. In the presence of 0.1% deoxyglucose (6.1 m M ), the major envelope glycoprotein (VP123, MW 123,000) labeled with [ 14 C]glucosamine was shifted to a component of an apparent lower molecular weight (VP123′). In the presence of increasing concentrations of deoxyglucose, there was a progressive decrease in the amount of [ 14 C]amino acids incorporated into polypeptides which normally band in the VP123 region. Concomitant with this decrease was an increase in [ 14 C]amino acids incorporated into a polypeptide(s) of greater electrophoretic mobility and of an apparently lower molecular weight. The polypeptide(s) was designated DG92 (MW 92,000) and was found to be predominantly associated with the nuclear fraction of HSV-1-infected cells cultured in the presence of deoxyglucose. The effects of deoxyglucose on HSV-1 polypeptide synthesis could be prevented by the addition of mannose.
Ubiquitous aluminum alkyls and alkoxides as effective catalysts for glucose to HMF conversion in ionic liquids

Abstract Metal halides (chlorides in particular) are employed almost exclusively as Lewis acid catalysts for the homogeneous conversion of glucose (or cellulose) to HMF (5-hydroxymethylfurfural) in ionic liquids (ILs), with CrCl2 being arguably the most effective benchmark catalyst. Reported herein is a discovery that ubiquitous aluminum alkyl or alkoxy compounds are very effective Lewis acid catalysts for the glucose-to-HMF conversion in ILs. Under the current reaction conditions (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [EMIM]Cl, 120 °C, 6 h), simple trialkyl and trialkoxy aluminum species such as AlEt3 and Al(OiPr)3, which are much cheaper than CrCl2 (by a factor of 5 for AlEt3 or 180 for Al(OiPr)3), are at least as effective as CrCl2 to catalyze this conversion process. The molecular structure of [EMIM]+[ClAlMe(BHT)2]−, formed upon mixing the alkylaryloxy aluminum MeAl(BHT)2 and the IL [EMIM]Cl, has been determined by X-ray diffraction; the structure simulates that of the metallate [EMIM]+[CrCl3]−, the proposed active species responsible for the effective glucose to HMF conversion by CrCl2 in [EMIM]Cl. Another significant finding is that a gradual substitution of the chloride ligand on aluminum by the alkyl ligand brings about a drastic enhancement on the HMF yield, from 1.6% by AlCl3 to 7.6% by MeAlCl2 to 17% by Et2AlCl and to 51% by AlEt3, thus showing approximately an overall 32-fold HMF yield enhancement going from AlCl3 to AlEt3.
Turn formats for other-initiated repair and their relation to trouble sources: Some observations from Japanese and Korean conversations

Abstract Intended as a contribution to our understanding of the principles underlying the selection of turn formats used for other-initiated repair (OIR), this study explores the relationship between OIR turn formats involving the “what” token in Japanese and Korean and the types of trouble addressed by them. We focus in particular on the differentiation between “open class repair initiators” ( Drew, 1997 ) and OIR that targets a specific referential element in the trouble-source turn. We show that, while prosody plays an important role in distinguishing the two in Korean, it does not in Japanese. Instead, Japanese speakers rely on grammatical resources, in particular postpositional particles, to accomplish the differentiation. We also discuss one type of OIR turn format in Japanese, nani ga (‘what’ followed by the nominative particle ga ), whose workings deviate from those of all the other OIR turn formats consisting of “what” followed by a postpositional particle. We suggest that nani ga has undergone a process of pragmatic specialization and that, as a result, it is treated by speakers as an unanalyzed chunk used for specific pragmatic purposes.
Urban vegetation mapping using sub-pixel analysis and expert system rules : A critical approach

Since the traditional hard classifier can label each pixel only with one class, urban vegetation (e.g. trees) can only be recorded as either present or absent. The sub‐pixel analysis that can provide the relative abundance of surface materials within a pixel may be a potential solution to effectively identifying urban vegetation distribution. This study examines the effectiveness of a sub‐pixel classifier with the use of expert system rules to estimate varying distributions of different vegetation types in urban areas. The Spearman's rank order correlation between the vegetation output and reference data for wild grass, man‐made grass, riparian vegetation, tree, and agriculture were 0.791, 0.869, 0.628, 0.743, and 0.840 respectively. Results from this study demonstrated that the expert system rule using NDVI threshold procedure is reliable and the sub‐pixel processor picked the signatures relatively well. This study reports a checklist of the sources of limitation in the application of sub‐pixel approaches.
Do environmental pollutants influence the onset of respiratory syncytial virus epidemics or disease severity

Summary The trigger for annual epidemics of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections and the factors contributing to the disappearance of RSV infections in late winter remain obscure. Similarly, there is no adequate explanation for the higher morbidity and admission rates in industrialised as compared with rural areas. It has been suggested that a variety of environmental factors such as temperature, daylight and humidity may influence the onset and waning of the epidemics. However, the few studies assessing these variables fail to support such a link. In many tropical countries the annual epidemic occurs in the summer or autumn, arguing against temperature having a direct influence. A number of studies have suggested that indoor pollutants, including cigarette smoke, are associated with an increased likelihood of being admitted to hospital with severe lower respiratory tract disease. One study exploring the potential role of outdoor pollutants on the pattern of RSV related illness in infancy was unable to identify a clear link between a variety of pollutants and the timing of the epidemic. Nitric oxide levels were higher in winter than during the summer and much higher winter peaks of NO were observe in industrialised areas as compared with urban and rural areas. Whether this or other environmental pollutants contribute to the higher incidence of severe disease in industrialised areas is unclear. Further work is required to explore the possible influence of NO and other environmental pollutants on both the timing and severity of epidemics.
Arthritis patient education. Efficacy, implementation, and financing

Importance capitale de l'education dans la prise en charge de ces patients. Discussion sur la necessite d'un support financier des programmes d'education. Necessite d'etudes supplementaires permettant de confirmer que cette education des patients diminue les depenses de sante sans compromettre l'avenir du patient. Le projet est resume en 3 phases: 1) etablissement de programmes standards d'education, 2) evaluation de ce programme afin de l'ameliorer, 3) obtenir un financement du programme
Face-to-Face Handoff: Improving Transfer to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit After Cardiac Surgery

The goal was to develop and implement a comprehensive, primarily face-to-face handoff process that begins in the operating room and concludes at the bedside in the intensive care unit (ICU) for pediatric patients undergoing congenital heart surgery. Involving all stakeholders in the planning phase, the framework of the handoff system encompassed a combination of a formalized handoff tool, focused process steps that occurred prior to patient arrival in the ICU, and an emphasis on face-to-face communication at the conclusion of the handoff. The final process was evaluated by the use of observer checklists to examine quality metrics and timing for all patients admitted to the ICU following cardiac surgery. The process was found to improve how various providers view the efficiency of handoff, the ease of asking questions at each step, and the overall capability to improve patient care regardless of overall surgical complexity.
The exact bootstrap mean and variance of an L‐estimator

Exact analytic expressions for the bootstrap mean and variance of any L-estimator are obtained, thus eliminating the error due to bootstrap resampling. The expressions follow from the direct calculation of the bootstrap mean vector and covariance matrix of the whole set of order statistics. By using these expressions, recommendations can be made about the appropriateness of bootstrap estimation under given conditions.
Collision kinetics applied to phage synthesis, messenger RNA, and glucose metabolism.

Abstract Elementary collision kinetics is applied to the processes of phage DNA and protein synthesis, messenger RNA combination with ribosomes and glucose metabolism. Except for the case of messenger RNA and ribosomes, the process of collision, with reasonable diffusion constants, is adequately rapid to explain the observed rates. The formation of a temporary complex, which eliminates the requirement of perfect collisions, is shown to be unlikely to slow diffusion very greatly. The case of collision where the numbers are too small to allow the use of the diffusion equation is examined, and it is seen that cells with dimensions in excess of one micron will require some mechanism to guarantee collision. The presence of an activation energy will require that successive reactions be produced in an organized system. It is suggested that the in vitro synthesis of a bacterial cell should be possible if small reaction vessels can be designed.
Model analysis and the design of prestressed concrete nuclear reactor structures

Abstract The use of model analysis in design is discussed. Basic similitude requirements covering response to operational conditions, collapse, and thermal loading are presented together with some of the problems associated with scale effects in the structural system and in the properties of materials.
Stimulus generalization and discrimination along the click-frequency (flutter) continuum in pigeons

Before tests for click-frequency generalization, pigeons had been reinforced for keypecks during one click frequency (S+). Some Ss received S+ training only, whereas other Ss also received unreinforced (S−) trials, during which the clicks were either absent (Experiments 1-3) or presented at some other frequency (faster or slower than S+: Experiment 4). When training included S+ trials only, birds responded approximately equally to all generalization test frequencies (0.0 to 53.5 pulses/sec, pps). Most Ss that had received both S+ and S− training trials responded fastest not during S+ but during click frequencies even further away from S− along the click-frequency dimension (peak shift). Complex bimodal gradients were obtained after training with S+ (1.6 pps) vs S− (0.0 pps); maximal responding generally occurred near S+ and at approximately 14.2 pps. Among other factors, the “nonorthogonality” of click absence (0.0 pps) to the click dimension seems crucially involved in producing these complex effects.
A new clustering algorithm for coordinate-free data

This paper presents the colored farthest-neighbor graph (CFNG), a new method for finding clusters of similar objects. The method is useful because it works for both objects with coordinates and for objects without coordinates. The only requirement is that the distance between any two objects be computable. In other words, the objects must belong to a metric space. The CFNG uses graph coloring to improve on an existing technique by Rovetta and Masulli. Just as with their technique, it uses recursive partitioning to build a hierarchy of clusters. In recursive partitioning, clusters are sometimes split prematurely, and one of the contributions of this paper is a way to reduce the occurrence of such premature splits, which also result when other partition methods are used to find clusters.
UNUSUAL PHENOMENA IN THE LIFE HISTORIES OF FLORIDEAE IN CULTURE(1)

Several Florideae grown in natural seawater media under defined laboratory conditions have interesting and unusual life histories. Antithamnion occidentale males of one generation produced tetraspores that gave rise to nonsporangiate males. The functional females of A. pygmaeum developed spermatangia and tetrasporangia; the tetraspores formed new females. Antithamnion defectum tetrasporophytes of one generation bore spermatangia in addition to tetrasporangia; the tetraspores gave rise to typical gametophytes. Tetraspores from successive generations of Callitham-nion sp. developed into tetrasporophytes and males but no females were produced. Functional female gametophytes of Platythamnion sp. bore abortive tetrasporangia. Field-collected plants of two species of Fauchea produced tetraspores that yielded additional sporangiate plants: those of F. pygmaea being bispo-rangiate and tetrasporangiate, and those of F. lacini-ata being strictly tetrasporangiate. Male plants of Pleonosporium vancouverianum from a running seawater table bore spermatangia and polysporangia when collected. The same plants in unialgal culture produced only spermatangia.
Kinetic modeling of the reduction of nitric oxide in combustion products by isocyanic acid

The RAPRENOx process for NO reduction in combustion products involves reaction of nitric oxide with isocyanic acid. We have developed a mechanism for the gas-phase reaction of isocyanic acid with nitric oxide in the presence of various amounts of O2, H2O, and CO. Kinetics calculations using the mechanism are compared with the experimental data of Siebers and Caton, and the model reproduces all trends of these data. Sensitivity and rate-of-production analyses show that the reactions of HNCO with OH, O, and H play a major role in the NO-removal process and that NO removal occurs primarily by reaction of NO with NCO to form N2O, which subsequently reacts slowly to form N2. The overall reaction is critically dependent on production of radicals. When O2, H2O, and CO are present, the radicals are supplied by the moist-CO chain branching sequence. When any of these species is absent, radicals must be supplied by other reactions, principally the N2O decomposition reaction and the reaction of the NH2 radical with NO.
Blue light drives B-side electron transfer in bacterial photosynthetic reaction centers.

The core of the photosynthetic reaction center from the purple non-sulfur bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides is a quasi-symmetric heterodimer, providing two potential pathways for transmembrane elec...
The Effect of Knee-joint Angle on Harvard Step-Test Performance

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine whether the angle of the knee joint has an effect on the Fitness Index Scores of the HST. Thirty-three young Caucasoid male subjects were used in this study. The HST was administered in four different knee-joint angles. A repeated measures one-way classification analysis of variance, a one-way classification analysis of variance and an analysis of covariance were used to analyse the data obtained during nine weeks. All tests yielded significant F ratios at the 0·01 level of confidence. Based on these findings, persons who perform the HST in different knee-joint angles have indices which are not measuring cardiopulmonary stress on the same scale. The HST based on standardization of the knee-joint angle promises to increase the evaluating or discriminating power of the test.
Global civil society 2007/8: communicative power and democracy (global civil society yearbook)

Global civil society 2007/8: communicative power and democracy (global civil society yearbook), edited by Martin Albrow, Helmut K. Anheier, Marlies Glasius, Monroe E. Price and Mary Kaldor, London,...
Biochemical studies on the potentiation of antitumor activity of cisplatin by adriamycin

Summary The RNA synthesis in vitro by E. coli RNA polymerase was found to be highly sensitive to cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (cisplatin) inhibition. The degree of inhibition was in proportion to the length of time of template preincubation with cisplatin, suggesting that cisplatin-template binding was involved in the inhibition of RNA polymerase. The effect of adriamycin on this inhibition was studied and it was found that adriamycin significantly enhanced the inhibitory effect of cisplatin and that the total effect was greater than the sum of the effects of each drug used individually. This synergistic effect was not observed when the effect of the combination of adriamycin and cisplatin on in vitro DNA synthesis was studied.
Mountains and muses: Tourism development in Asheville, North Carolina

Abstract Asheville, a mid-sized city in the Western North Carolina mountains, has functioned as a tourism center for well over a century, marketing its scenery and climate first to health tourists and then to recreational visitors. In recent decades, city and tourism industry leaders have used marketing and product development strategies, with a particular focus on cultural attractions, to increase overnight visits. They have done so with an eye to maintaining a high quality of life for full-time residents and preserving indigenous natural and cultural resources. Public-private partnerships to promote tourism while avoiding the loss of local identity associated with late stages of the “tourism area life cycle” are explored.
Sulfapyridine metabolites in children with inflammatory bowel disease receiving sulfasalazine

Fifteen children followed as outpatients with chronic inflammatory disease of the colon were given sulfasalazine in doses from 1 to 4 gm/day (22 to 68 mg/kg, or 0.69 to 2.33 gm/m2). No correlation was found between the dose/m2 administered and the total serum sulfapyridine levels. However, 11 of 15 patients achieved SP levels greater than or equal to 17 micrograms/ml, a level approximating that reputedly associated with therapeutic efficacy. Patients who were either slow acetylators or slow hydroxylators of sulfapyridine had total SP levels significantly higher than patients who were both rapid acetylators and hydroxylators (20.0 +/- 1.2 vs 14.6 +/- 1.6). Total SP serum levels were not correlated with the activity of the disease. No toxic levels (greater than 50 micrograms/ml of SP) were encountered. We conclude that a dose of SASP in the range of 1.5 to 2.0 gm/m2 can be safely administered to children and is usually associated with serum SP levels considered in the therapeutic range. Although one-third of children are both rapid acetylators and hydroxylators and will have somewhat lower SP levels, the routine monitoring of SASP therapy with SP levels is not necessary for management of disease.
How to gamble if you're in a hurry

The beautiful theory of statistical gambling, started by Dubins and Savage (for subfair games) and continued by Kelly and Breiman (for superfair games), has mostly been studied under the unrealistic assumption that we live in a continuous world, that money is indefinitely divisible and that our life is indefinitely long. Here, we study these fascinating problems from a purely discrete, finitistic and computational viewpoint, using both symbol-crunching and number-crunching (and simulation just for checking purposes).
Fundamental properties of radiation from a leaky mode excited on a planar transmission line

A normalized leaky-mode radiation field that is applicable to a leaky mode excited by a source on any printed-circuit structure is derived. The general properties of the leaky-mode radiation field are examined in detail for a variety of phase and attenuation constants as well as distances from the source. The results provide a general view of leaky-mode radiation properties independent of the type of planar transmission line that supports such a mode.
Living longer: Information revolution, population expansion, and modern human origins

The dramatic increase in life expectancy and the rising numbers of old people so clearly visible in the 19th and 20th centuries are the result of medical and lifestyle changes that have important social and economic ramifications. Anthropologists have suspected for some time that these recent demographic changes build on a long-term trend that was continuous throughout human evolution. In this issue of PNAS, Drs. Rachel Caspari and Sang-Hee Lee (1) provide powerful evidence to demonstrate the antiquity of this trend toward increasing numbers of older people in society. Furthermore, they show evidence that a dramatic acceleration of this process occurred relatively recently (in evolutionary terms), along with the advent of modern human behavior in the Upper Paleolithic, beginning ≈30,000 years ago. Caspari and Lee base their conclusions on an analysis of a large sample of fossils representing the last 3 million years of human evolution. The trend for more people to live to older age throughout that time period accelerated sharply in the last part of the human evolutionary record, the Upper Paleolithic, when there was a 4-fold increase in the number of adults old enough to be grandparents. There are at least two significant consequences of having more older adults in a population: greater overlap between generations and higher fertility. Caspari and Lee argue that this life-history change had a major impact on human social and cultural life in enhancing the transfer of information between generations as grandparents helped to educate and enculturate the younger generation and contribute to extended families. It also means that adults lived longer in their reproductive years, increasing potential fertility and increasing the opportunity for passing on cultural knowledge. This demographic transformation was associated with major cultural changes (the “creative explosion”) and fueled a dramatic population increase and geographic range expansion of humans …
Influenza immunization with trehalose-stabilized virus-like particle vaccine using microneedles

Morbidity and mortality due to seasonal and pandemic influenza could be reduced by simpler vaccination methods that enable improved vaccination coverage. In this study, solid metal microneedles coated with influenza virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine were inserted into skin for intradermal immunization. Microneedles were applied to the skin by hand and designed for simple administration with little or no training. Inclusion of trehalose in the coating formulation significantly increased vaccine stability during coating by maintaining hemagglutination activity. Mice vaccinated with stabilized microneedles developed strong antibody responses comparable to conventional intramuscular vaccination and were fully protected against subsequent viral challenge. Whereas, coating microneedles with a coating solution lacking trehalose led to only partial protection against lethal viral challenge. Therefore, our results show that microneedles coated with trehalose-stabilized VLP vaccine can be a promising tool for improving influenza vaccination.
Anomaly detection for health management of aircraft gas turbine engines

This paper presents a comparison of different pattern recognition algorithms to identify slow time scale anomalies for health management of aircraft gas turbine engines. A new tool of anomaly detection, based on symbolic dynamics and information theory, is compared with traditional pattern recognition tools of principal component analysis (PCA) and artificial neural network (ANN). Time series data of the observed variables on the fast time scale are analyzed at slow time scale epochs for early detection of anomalies. The time series data are obtained from a generic engine simulation model. Health monitoring of gas turbine engines based on these techniques is discussed.
Family Boundary Ambiguity: A New Variable in Family Stress Theory

The variable, degree of family boundary ambiguity, is increasingly being used in family research to describe and predict the effects of family membership loss and change over time. Boundary ambiguity is defined as the family not knowing who is in and who is out of the system. The family may perceive a physically absent member as psychologically present or a physically present member as psychologically absent. In either case, the family boundary is ambiguous. This review is presented to clarify the meaning of boundary ambiguity and to explore its scope and application as a variable. We focus here on (a) the process of theory development, inductive and deductive, by which the construct of boundary ambiguity was identified and validated as a continuous variable within family stress theory; (b) the historical antecedents of the construct; and (c) the interrelationships of the variable with other factors related to stressed families.
Dysregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells of aged rats

Mitochondrial biogenesis is involved in the control of cell metabolism, signal transduction, and regulation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Despite the central role of mi...
Very large radiative transfer over small distances from a black body for thermophotovoltaic applications

The maximum amount of radiated heat intensity which can be transferred from a black body of refractive index D/sub BB/ to an object of refractive index D/sub OBJ/ located a short distance away is shown to be n/sub smaller//sup 2/ times the free space Planck distribution where n/sub smaller/ is the smaller of n/sub BB/ and n/sub OBJ/, and where n/sub BB/ and n/sub OBJ/ are assumed greater than unity. The implication is that the radiative power spectral density within a thermophotovoltaic cell could be designed to be much greater than the free space Planck distribution. The maximum radiative intensity transferred occurs when the index of the black body matches that of the object at wavelengths where the Planck distribution is sizeable. A simple expression is found for the transferred radiative intensity as a function of the refractive indices of and the distance separating, the black body and the object. This expression is interpreted in terms of the specific black body modes which are evanescent in the space between the black body and the object and which make the largest contribution to the transmission of radiation. The black body, the object, and the region are all modeled as lossless dielectrics.
Ultra-capacitor flexible films with tailored dielectric constants using electric field assisted assembly of nanoparticles

In this study, the chaining and preferential alignment of barium titanate nanoparticles (100 nm) through the thickness direction of a polymer matrix in the presence of an electric field is shown. Application of an AC electric field in a well-dispersed solution leads to the formation of chains of nanoparticles in discrete rows oriented with their primary axis in the E-field direction due to dielectrophoresis. The change in the orientation of these chains was quantified through statistical analysis of SEM images and was found to be dependent on E-field, frequency and viscosity. When a DC field is applied a distinct layer consisting of dense particles was observed with micro-computed tomography. These studies show that the increase in DC voltage leads to increase in the thickness of the particle rich layer along with the packing density also increasing. Increasing the mutual interactions between particles due to the formation of particle chains in the "Z"-direction decreases the critical percolation concentration above which substantial enhancement of properties occurs. This manufacturing method therefore shows promise to lower the cost of the products for a range of applications including capacitors by either enhancing the dielectric properties for a given concentration or reduces the concentration of nanoparticles needed for a given property.
Fractionating the role of executive control in control over worry: a preliminary investigation.

Uncontrollable anxious thought characterizes a number of emotional disorders. Little is known, however, about the cognitive mechanisms that underlie the ability to control these thoughts. The present study investigated the extent to which two well-characterized executive control processesdworking memory and inhibitiondare engaged when an individual attempts to control worry. Participants completed a concurrent assessment of these processes while attempting to control personally-relevant worried and neutral thoughts. To examine the specificity of these effects to attempts to control worry, versus a residual “depletion” effect of having previously engaged in worry, a subset of participants completed the assessment without instructions to control their worried or neutral thoughts. Attempts to control worry engaged working memory and inhibition to a greater extent than did attempts to control neutral thought. This increased engagement was not explained solely by anxious affect, nor was it significantly associated with trait worry. Engagement did not differ by group, suggesting that executive control depletion by worry cannot be dismissed as an alternative explanation of these findings. These results highlight working memory and inhibition as potentially valuable constructs for deepening our understanding of the nature and treatment of worry and its control.
Field Evaluation of Insecticide Rotation and Mixtures as Strategies for Citrus Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Resistance Management in California

Because citrus thrips, Scirtothrips citri (Moulton), develops insecticide resistance so readily, a field trial was undertaken in summer 1987 to evaluate the merits of insecticide rotation and mixtures. In the study, five spray regimes (each with five applications spaced at 2-wk intervals) were compared. Three fluvalinate treatments interspaced with two formetanate treatments performed best in retarding the development of resistance over the season, followed by two fluvalinatetreatments interspaced with three formetanate treatments. Sequential use of either insecticide resulted in the development of resistance and mild crossresistance (<8-fold) to the other insecticide. Rotation was superior to use of mixtures (at half the recommended field rate of each insecticide) in retarding resistance, and both treatments were better than sequential use. In the absence of selection pressure, fluvalinateresistance regressed to levels before selection after one year. Results are discussed with respect to regulatory policy involved in pesticide registration and practical citrus thrips resistance management in the San Joaquin Valley of California.
Genetic diversity of Tn1546-like elements in clinical isolates of vancomycin-resistant enterococci

We have investigated the genetic diversity of Tn1546 among 17 vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) isolates of Enterococcus faecium. Most of these multidrug-resistant strains harboured plasmids of 2 kb to >300 kb in size. The vancomycin resistance marker vanA was located on both the plasmid and the chromosomal DNA. VRE isolates 18 and 22 failed to amplify the orf1-IR(R) and orf2-IR(R) but contained the orf1 and orf2. VRE3 failed to amplify the orf1, orf2, vanR and vanS, but still yielded a larger than expected (4.4 kb vs. 2.3 kb) vanSH amplicon. VRE9, 10, 21 and 22 also yielded larger (5.5 kb) vanSH amplicons; all others yielded 4.0 kb vanSH amplicons. Sequence analysis of the vanSH amplicons from VRE9, 10, 21 and 22 revealed the presence of IS1251 between the vanS and vanH genes in these isolates. The observed vanSH amplicon from VRE3 contained orf31, orf30 and orf29 of the plasmid pRUM followed by the vanHAXYZ region of Tn1546. Translocation of Tn1546 to a pRUM-like plasmid in VRE3 resulted in the loss of its orf1, orf2, vanR and vanS elements and a loss of the orf32 of pRUM, leading to a unique structural arrangement of vanA elements that is hitherto unknown.
Kinetics of fiber heat treatment. III Poly(butylene terephthalate) fibers

Small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS and WAXS), shrinkage, and density experiments were performed on poly(butylene terephthalate) fibers which had been isothermally crystallized at different temperatures, and at constant tension, for times ranging from 100 to 1050 ms. A consistent correlation among WAXS, SAXS, and the kinetic results is demonstrated. Shrinkage results show that the crystallization process prevails over the chain-re-coiling process. Density measurements show that the rate of crystallization increases with temperature. Pinhole X-ray photos show that the orientation of the chains within the crystals remains constant with time and temperature. WAXS diffractometer scans show the development of wide-angle Bragg peaks. SAXS shows the development of small-angle Bragg peaks, as the annealing time is increased. The two-lobe arced pattern is the characteristic pattern. The value for long spacing ranged from 100 to 120 A, increasing with temperature.
Military Necessity and Humanity in International Humanitarian Law: Preserving the Delicate Balance

This chapter examines the international humanitarian law (IHL) principles of military necessity and humanity. It argues that the two principles undergird the entire body of IHL. Therefore, each individual IHL rule represents a delicate balance fashioned by States to accommodate both their legitimate need to be able to fight effectively on the battlefield and their desire to avoid unnecessary harm to combatants and the civilian population. However, the principles do not constitute norms which apply in addition to the existing rules, whether customary or conventional in nature. To interpret them in this manner would skew the balance upon which States have agreed.