cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
p16INK4A and p15INK4B gene deletions in primary leukemias

The 9p21 locus has been deleted at a high frequency in a wide variety of tumors. Recently, two genes, p16INK4A and p15INK4B (also called MTS1 and MTS2), have been localized in close proximity at the 9p21 locus, encoding cyclin-dependent kinases 4/6 inhibitors of relative molecular mass 16 kD and 15 kD, respectively and also found to be deleted at a high frequency in tumor cell lines. We analyzed p16INK4A and p15INK4B genes in 178 cases of primary leukemias including 81 cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), seven of hairy cell leukemia (HCL), seven of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), 43 of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), 27 of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and 13 of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) by Southern blot analyses. The ALL cases showed a relatively high frequency of homozygous deletions (22%, 6 of 27) at the p16INK4A gene locus. Interestingly, of the six cases with p16INK4A homozygous deletions, only three showed homozygous deletions at the p15INK4B gene. In 81 CLL patients, we detected one homozygous and five heterozygous deletions at both the p16INK4A and p15INK4B genes and two heterozygous deletions at the p16INK4A gene alone. Deletion of these two genes in AML cases is relatively low (9%). We did not detect deletions in any of the MDS, HCL, and CML cases examined. Sequence analyses of p16INK4A gene of six CLL cases with heterozygous deletion at this locus showed a 27-bp deletion at the splice acceptor site of intron 1 in one case and changes in the coding sequence in three other cases. The data presented in this report showed that (1) p16INK4A and p15INK4B genes are preferentially deleted homozygously in ALL and heterozygously in CLL cases with frequent mutation in the second allele, and (2) p16INK4A gene appears to be more frequently deleted than p15INK4B gene.
A critical feminist and race critique of Thomas Piketty’s Capital in the Twenty-first Century

AbstractThomas Piketty’s Capital in the Twenty-first Century documents the foreboding nature of rising wealth inequality in the twenty-first century. In an effort to promote a more just and democratic global society and rein in the unfettered accumulation of wealth by the few, Piketty calls for a global progressive annual tax on corporate capital. Employing a critical feminist and race perspective on the political economy, this article examines Piketty’s historical understanding of inequality, and considers how his proposed solution to redistribute corporate profits through a global tax on corporate capital would impact the racialized, gendered, and geographically based inequalities experienced by marginalized girls and women, including access to education, employment, and other basic needs. The article argues that Piketty’s proposed solution would leave corporate strategies for accumulating wealth untouched, and would do little to transform the durable, deeply entrenched inequalities experienced by poor,...
The Use of MitraClip for Symptomatic Patients with Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy

Objectives: Current nonpharmacological therapies for symptomatic patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM), including septal myectomy and alcoh
Multi-scale fractal analysis of pores in shale rocks

Abstract Pore structures is a very critical parameter that affects the physical, mechanical and chemical properties of the reservoir rock. Pore shapes and pore size distributions can impact the transport and storage capacity of the reservoir rocks. This necessitates the adequate knowledge of the pore structures of the rocks. In this paper, we characterized and quantified the pore structures of rock samples from the Bakken Formation which is a typical unconventional shale oil reservoir. Samples of Upper and Middle Bakken were collected and studied based on the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images. First, the threshold of each image was determined from overflow criteria and then the related pores were extracted from the corresponding image. In the next step, the pore microstructures such as pore size, pore shape distributions of different samples were calculated and compared. Finally, we used fractal theory to describe the pore structures of the shale formation and investigated the relationship between fractal dimension and pore structures. The results showed that pores with various sizes and shapes were widely distributed in the shale samples. Compared with samples from Middle Bakken, samples from Upper Bakken Formation with higher clay content showed higher fractal dimension and more complex pore structures. Finally, the fractal dimension was used to quantify the impact of the magnification on the pore structures.
Gangs and Deviant Leisure

The objectives of this study, guided by the principles of the social learning theory, were to explore the participation and motivations of gang members for involvement in deviant leisure activities...
A biochemical sulfur delivery service.

A number of metabolically important enzyme complexes depend on lipoic acid as an essential cofactor. Lipoic acid consists of a chain of eight carbon atoms, terminated at one end by a carboxylate group and at the other by two sulfur atoms appended to the carbons in the sixth and eighth positions. The sulfur atoms can exist as a disulfide-bonded ring or as free thiols. Once attached to a lipoyl carrier protein in an enzyme complex (see the figure), the lipoyl cofactor “arm” roves around, exploiting the redox activity of the sulfurs to facilitate decarboxylation reactions ( 1 ). Deficiencies in the two-step process by which cells make this lipoyl cofactor have been linked to severe and often fatal genetic diseases ( 2 ). On page 373 of this issue, McCarthy and Booker now report insights into lipoyl cofactor biosynthesis that resolve a major conundrum ( 3 ).
A 100-Year Review: A century of dairy heifer research

The years 1917 to 2017 saw many advances in research related to the dairy heifer, and the Journal of Dairy Science currently publishes more than 20 articles per year focused on heifers. In general, nutrition and management changes made in rearing the dairy heifer have been tremendous in the past century. The earliest literature on the growing heifer identified costs of feeding and implications of growth on future productivity as major concepts requiring further study to improve the overall sustainability of the dairy herd. Research into growth rates and standards for body size and stature have been instrumental in developing rearing programs that provide heifers with adequate nutrients to support growth and improve milk production in first lactation. Nutrient requirements, most notably for protein but also for energy, minerals, and vitamins, have been researched extensively. Scientific evaluation of heifer programs also encouraged a dramatic shift toward a lower average age at first calving over the past 30 yr. Calving at 22 to 24 mo best balances the cost of growing heifers with their production and lifetime income potential. Increasingly, farms have become more progressive in adopting management practices based on the physiology and nutrient needs of the heifer while refining key economic strategies to be successful. Research published in the Journal of Dairy Science has an integral role in the progress of dairy heifer programs around the world.
An Innovative Approach for Quick Shopping Using QR-Code for Indian Precinct

In the present scenario life style became too fast and in this rushing life style shoppingbecome hectic for everyone. In the era of technical achievement, there are multiple advancedways available for shopping. In which window shopping, virtual shopping is few commonnames. Present paper elaborated about the advancement in virtual shopping via QR code oversmart phone. we are creating a shopping system which is simple, fast, easily approachableand mutually supported by both customers and merchants. In view of the smartphone havebecome a highly used handheld device, a simple android /IOS application was given to designshopping system run on smart phones, with the help of QR code generation and recognitiontechnology.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Methods for Wind Turbines Performance Analysis

Improving the energy efficiency of wind turbines and capacity factor of wind farms is a continuous research subject in recent years. While the maximum energy conversion efficiency of different wind harnessing machines has a range from 0.59 to 0.70, actual commercial-scale efficiency of these machines is less than 0.5 in the current optimum designs. To improve this value, wind harnessing machine designs with improved efficiency and reliability values in wind farms with high capacity factors in both onshore and offshore applications are needed.
LED lighting for improving trip object detection for a walk-thru roof bolter.

Proper lighting plays a critical role in enabling miners to detect hazards when operating a roof bolter, one of the most dangerous mining machines to operate; however, there has not been any lighti...
Prospects for useful research on coherent structure in turbulent shear flow

Six different flows involving coherent structures are discussed with varying amounts of detail. These are the puff in a pipe, the turbulent spot, the spiral turbulence, the vortex ring, the vortex street, and the mixing layer. One central theme is that non-steady similarity arguments and topology are of the essence of coherent structure. Another is that the Reynolds equations, which are sterile when applied to a structureless mean flow, may be quite productive when applied to a single structure. A third theme is the prospect for at least partial control of technically important flows by exploiting the concept of coherent structure.
Intrinsic Value: Look-Say Ethics

Soulignant la reference a la notion de valeur intrinseque dans la strategie anti-subjectiviste qui s'inscrit dans le debat actuel sur l'avortement, l'euthanasie et l'environnement, l'A. se propose de montrer que la valeur intrinseque possede des caracteristiques subjectivistes qui la rendent inutilisable contre le subjectivisme. Examinant la nature de la valeur intrinseque, l'evidence qui la soutient et l'argument qui la defend, l'A. montre que l'objectivite de la valeur intrinseque est une illusion qui se reduit au relativisme, d'une part, et qui reduit l'ethique au statut de l'evidence de la repetition, d'autre part
Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion in the Management of Stroke in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with a substantially higher risk of thromboembolism, particularly stroke events, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Oral anticoagulation (OAC), while effective in reducing embolic events in AF patients, is associated with an increased bleeding risk. Thus, not all patients with AF are candidates for OAC and some are only candidates for OAC in the short term. Of the available nonpharmacologic strategies for the management of AF, left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) has emerged as a potential approach for reducing the risk of systemic thromboembolism in AF patients eligible for OAC. LAAO can be achieved either surgically or percutaneously using an epicardial, endocardial, or a combined approach. Although available data are limited, currently available LAAO devices, and those being developed, have shown promise in reducing bleeding risk in AF patients because of the reduced overall need for anticoagulation, while maintaining efficacy in preventing thromboembolism. The optimal device will reduce both embolic and hemorrhagic strokes, and other bleeds, with a high implant success rate and a low complication rate. Until that time, anticoagulation remains the gold standard that these devices strive to surpass, and thus LAAO devices are currently indicated in patients with relative contraindication to OAC therapy.
Effect on performance and carcass characteristics of nursery to finisher pigs fed reduced crude protein, amino acid-supplemented diets

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding reduced CP, amino acid (AA)-supplemented diets to pigs from weaning to slaughter weight on growth performance and carcass characteristics. Pigs were fed a 19%-16%-14% CP starter-grower-finisher high-CP sequence of diets, respectively, or a sequence of diets reduced in CP by 4 percentage units (3 percentage units in the finisher period) with or without lysine (LYS), tryptophan (TRP), and threonine (THR) supplementation. Pigs fed the low-CP diets without AA supplementation grew more slowly, were less efficient in feed conversion, and developed carcasses that contained a smaller longissimus muscle, greater, average backfat depths, and a lower percentage of muscle compared with pigs fed the high-CP sequence of diets (P .10). Although pigs fed the low-CP diets supplemented with AA had reduced average and 10th rib backfat depths compared with pigs fed the unsupplemented, low-CP diets (P < .01), these fat depth measures remained greater (P < .05) than those of pigs fed the high-CP diets. Feeding reduced dietary CP, regardless of AA supplementation, resulted in reduced heart (P < .10) and liver weights (P < .01) compared with feeding the high-CP diets.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Cities as Coral Reefs: Using Rugosity to Measure Metabolism across the Urban Interface

Drawing from ecology, this research translates the metric of rugosity to urban and agricultural studies. Typically used to estimate the topography of complex ecosystems, rugosity is an important ed...
Molecular survey of Legionella and Naegleria fowleri in private well water and premise plumbing following the 2016 Louisiana flood

Private wells are a critical drinking water source and are susceptible to contamination from flooding. Opportunistic pathogens (OPs), such as Legionella, are an increasing source of drinking water-related outbreaks, but are poorly characterized in private wells. Here we conducted a molecular survey of OPs in private wells and plumbing systems shortly after the 2016 Louisiana flood. Detection frequency of fecal indicators was not notably high (total coliform 24.8% and Escherichia coli 3.5% in 113 private wells) ten weeks after flooding. Gene markers of Legionella spp., L. pneumophila, and Naegleria fowleri were detected in 77.5%, 15.0%, and 20.0% of a subset of 40 homes that were tested specifically for these OPs, respectively. Legionella spp. varied from 8.4 gc mL−1 to 1.8 × 104 gc mL−1 in first draw and flushed water. Positive detections and levels of Legionella spp., as well as positive detections of L. pneumophila, were correlated with total bacterial numbers (measured as 16S rRNA gene copy numbers), suggesting that total bacterial numbers could be an indicator of OP occurrence under the conditions of private wells, which usually do not have disinfection treatment installed. Further, Legionella spp. positivity in first draw water from cold and hot taps was associated with their detection in flushed water, suggesting that the well itself can be a source of OPs. OP detection was not predictable from total coliform, well characteristics, or observable well damage, but was associated with higher metals in flushed water resulting from plumbing corrosion. Given that the majority of Legionnaires' disease cases are sporadic, private wells merit greater attention as a potential source of exposure.
CXCL13 and Its Receptor CXCR5 in Cancer: Inflammation, Immune Response, and Beyond

It is well-established that the chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 13 (CXCL13) and its receptor, the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) CXCR5, play fundamental roles in inflammatory, infectious and immune responses. Originally identified as a B-cell chemoattractant, CXCL13 exerts important functions in lymphoid neogenesis, and has been widely implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of autoimmune diseases and inflammatory conditions, as well as in lymphoproliferative disorders. Current evidence also indicates that the CXCL13:CXCR5 axis orchestrates cell-cell interactions that regulate lymphocyte infiltration within the tumor microenvironment, thereby determining responsiveness to cytotoxic and immune-targeted therapies. In this review, we provide a comprehensive perspective of the involvement of CXCL13 and its receptor in cancer progression. Studies in recent years postulated novel roles for this chemokine in controlling the cancer cell phenotype, and suggest important functions in the growth and metastatic dissemination of solid tumors. Carcinogens have been found to induce CXCL13 production, and production of this chemokine within the tumor milieu has been shown to impact the proliferation, migration, and invasive properties of cancer cells. Thus, the complex networks of cellular interactions involving tumoral CXCL13 and CXCR5 integrate to promote cancer cell autonomous and non-autonomous responses, highlighting the relevance of autocrine and paracrine interactions in dictating the cancer phenotype. Dissecting the molecular and signaling events regulated by CXCL13 and how this chemokine dynamically controls the interaction between the cancer cell and the tumor microenvironment is key to identify novel effectors and therapeutic targets for cancer treatment.
New Classification of Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer

Staging of pancreatic cancer has gone beyond TNM stage to a clinically relevant staging system of resectable, borderline resectable, locally advanced, and metastatic disease. These clinical categories provide critical information regarding the resectability status of a tumor based on discreet anatomic criteria gleaned from imaging data. Accurate staging at diagnosis allows clinicians to formulate treatment plans that are consistent and seamless between disciplines. A new classification within the locally advanced category (Type A and B) is described herein along with its associated clinical relevance.
Latin American Urbanism after a Right to the City

This essay reviews the following works: Learning from Bogota: Pedagogical Urbanism and the Reshaping of Public Space. By Rachel Berney. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2017. Pp. 190. $40.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9781477311042. Spectacular Modernity: Dictatorship, Space, and Visuality in Venezuela, 1948–1958. By Lisa Blackmore. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2017. Pp. ix + 268. $28.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780822964384. Sao Paulo: A Graphic Biography/Uma biografia graafica. By Felipe Correa. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2018. Pp. 7 + 336. $65.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9781477316276. Shaping Terrain: City Building in Latin America. Edited by Rene Davids. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2016. Pp. xii + 261. $79.95 hardcover. ISBN: 9780813062679. El Mall: The Spatial and Class Politics of Malls in Latin America. By Arlene Davila. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2016. Pp. vii + 215. $29.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780520286856. Improvised Cities: Architecture, Urbanization, and Innovation in Peru. By Helen Gyger. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2019. Pp. xvii + 438. $55.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780822945369.
Identifying occupation-based needs and services for individuals experiencing homelessness using interviews and photovoice.

Background Homelessness can impact society and individuals in many ways. Objective The purpose of this project was to examine the current occupation-based needs and services among persons experiencing homelessness (PEH) in a major city. Methods Researchers conducted semi-structured interviews with eight PEH residing in a homeless shelter. Three questions were asked of each participant: What daily personal activities have been most impacted since undergoing homelessness? Which services have been most helpful to you in overcoming homelessness? What other services might you find helpful to individuals experiencing housing insecurity? Researchers also gathered qualitative data utilizing a Photovoice component in which twelve PEH had the opportunity to photograph one object and provide a quote associated with the meaningful object. Results Under-addressed areas of occupation, services received, and services requested were identified. Findings suggest that areas of occupation most impacted by homelessness include instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), activities of daily living (ADLs), leisure, social participation, and rest and sleep. Services received included case management and often met basic self-care needs of PEH. Services requested included group therapy, restructuring of the shelter to support individualization, and staff training. Conclusions Occupational therapy practitioners have the skill set to assess needed services among PEH. Meaningful objects captured by the clients via Photovoice may relate to past, present and future satisfaction despite being homeless.
Multilevel social factors and NICU quality of care in California.

Our objective was to incorporate social and built environment factors into a compendium of multilevel factors among a cohort of very low birth weight infants to understand their contributions to inequities in NICU quality of care and support providers and NICUs in addressing these inequities via development of a health equity dashboard. We examined bivariate associations between NICU patient pool and NICU catchment area characteristics and NICU quality of care with data from a cohort of 15,901 infants from 119 NICUs in California, born 2008–2011. NICUs with higher proportion of minority racial/ethnic patients and lower SES patients had lower quality scores. NICUs with catchment areas of lower SES, higher composition of minority residents, and more household crowding had lower quality scores. Multilevel social factors impact quality of care in the NICU. Their incorporation into a health equity dashboard can inform providers of their patients’ potential resource needs.
Use of Tobacco for Weight Control across Products among Young Adults in the U.S. Military.

Approximately 17% of young adults currently use tobacco, most commonly cigarettes and/or electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), followed by other products (i.e., cigarillos, pipe/hookah, smokeless t...
The Laboring of Black Politics: Decolonial Meditations on Claudia Jones:

This article examines the role of labor as a political concept within the work of Caribbean thinker and activist, Claudia Jones. It argues for a reformulation of black labor politics. Specifically,...
Power System Stabilization of a Grid Highly Penetrated from a Variable-Speed Wind Based Farm Through Robust Means of STATCOM and SSSC

There has been significant strides to integrate renewable energy sources into our current power system. In this work, we focus on wind farm integration into a weak grid. To ensure that this proposed idea is suitable, we perform tests to ensure that the power system remains stable under some potential scenarios. To facilitate integration and suitable steady state conditions are maintained, the use of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices are employed. In this work, we focus on the transient stability characteristic for power system stability. Specifically, we present how the use of Static Synchronous Compensators (STATCOM) in the first portion of this work, used alongside Static Synchronous Series Compensators (SSSC) to improve voltage stability, also improved transient stability of the wind dominated power system.
The Crisis of Judaism, Faithful Triumph of the Maccabees and the Fall of the Hasomnean Dynasty

The Maccabees Rebellion represented one of the great triumphs of faith and liberty over tyranny in history. However, the original sin of the Maccabee claiming kingly power lead to the corruption and eventual downfall of the dynasty.
PlateGuard: License Plate Privacy Protection for Internet of Vehicles

The prevalence of affordable cameras and computing power has given rise to Automatic License Plate Reader (ALPR) systems that are able to easily collect and catalog license plate (LP) data from passing cars, providing a database of locations for drivers at specific times. These systems are often unsecured and little research has been done to provide a solution for protecting the privacy of citizens. This paper presents a system of encrypting the data gathered by these ALPR systems in a way that is easily implemented and able to reliably retrieve the encrypted data given legitimate cause. To improve the efficiency, reliability and scalability of the system, we design an edge based system to distribute the processing responsibilities of the system, considering that the main use cases require the system to service a large number of cameras in a city. The proposed system is evaluated using a set of metrics considered by the requirements of the system, with results indicating that the system can feasibly protect the privacy of anyone whose data is captured and retrieve specified LP data while maintaining secrecy on unspecified plates in the captured footage.
U.S. college students’ lay theories of culture shock

Abstract As researchers strive to identify the components of effective preparation for study abroad, it is also critical to investigate the beliefs and expectations about intercultural adjustment that students bring to these interventions. A questionnaire assessed the structure and correlates of 149 U.S. undergraduate students’ lay theories of culture shock. Findings indicated that students tended to attribute culture shock to differences in the external environment, such as language, communication, and surroundings, rather than to internal affective or cognitive factors, such as poor stress management, identity confusion, or prejudice. The tendency to attribute culture shock to internal causes was greater for those with higher levels of cultural competence, whereas low travel experience and interest in foreign language learning predicted the tendency to attribute culture shock to external causes. These results are discussed in terms of implications for sojourner adjustment and intercultural training.
On the joint distribution of the supremum functional and its last occurrence for subordinated linear Brownian motion

Abstract In this communication, a convenient Laplace transform of the bivariate supremum and the last time the supremum is attained, is established when the underlying Levy process is subordinate Brownian motion with drift. Explicit integral representations of the Laplace transform of the joint supremum and the last time it occurred are derived in terms of the Levy–Khintchine exponent of the subordinator Laplace exponent. As an example, a subordinator with exponential Levy measure is exploited.
Constructing mental time without visual experience

Across many cultures, people create spatial representations of time. The direction of mental timelines often follows the direction of writing in a person's language. A new study demonstrates that blind participants (who read with their hands) also show mental timelines that follow reading direction.
High speed communicator for fault tolerant systems

A layered architecture for a communicator was presented which allows four COTS processor boards, each in a standard backplane such as VMEbus or CompactPCI, to be networked together to produce a quad-redundant fault tolerant computer. The communicator features a high-bandwidth data exchange making data reliably congruent across the four channels.
GARNET: A Graphical Attack Graph and Reachability Network Evaluation Tool

Attack graphs enable computation of important network security metrics by revealing potential attack paths an adversary could use to gain control of network assets. This paper presents GARNET (Graphical Attack graph and Reachability Network Evaluation Tool), an interactive visualization tool that facilitates attack graph analysis. It provides a simplified view of critical steps that can be taken by an attacker and of host-to-host network reachability that enables these exploits. It allows users to perform "what-if" experiments including adding new zero-day attacks, following recommendations to patch software vulnerabilities, and changing the attacker starting location to analyze external and internal attackers. Users can also compute and view metrics of assets captured versus attacker effort to compare the security of complex networks. For adversaries with three skill levels, it is possible to create graphs of assets captured versus attacker steps and the number of unique exploits required. GARNET is implemented as a Java application and is built on top of an existing C++ engine that performs reachability and attack graph computations. An initial round of user evaluations described in this paper led to many changes that significantly enhance usability.
Cardiotoxic effects of antimony dimercaptosuccinate in schistosomiasis with special reference to coexistent hepatic dysfunction.

Abstract Two-hundred and one electrocardiograms recorded in 38 patients with schistosomiasis who received 42 courses of therapy with antimony dimercaptosuccinate are reviewed; special attention was directed toward the relationship of hepatic dysfunction to cardiac toxicity. Significant electrocardiographic changes, when they occurred, involved the T waves. The electrocardiographic findings were similar to those observed with other antimony compounds, but were less severe in magnitude and incidence. Twenty-six patients showed little or no change in electrocardiogram, 9 had T wave lowering and inversions in more than one lead, and 3 had severe T wave changes in multiple leads with cove-plane T waves. One patient in this last group developed ventricular premature contractions. These electrocardiographic changes did not appear to be dose-dependent. Elevation of SGOT could not be correlated with the T wave changes. Women seemed to be more severely affected than men. The presence of hepatic schistosome granuloma had no effect on the degree of electrocardiographic changes, hut cardiotoxicity from the drug may be increased with liver damage.
Multi-Frequency Measurements for Supply Modulated Transmitters

Transmitters for high peak-to-average power ratio communication are increasingly using supply modulation to improve efficiency. In addition to a dc component, the dynamic supply may contain ac components up to 500 MHz. The low-frequency (LF) dynamic impedance of the supply terminal of a power amplifier (PA) is often unknown and available nonlinear transistor models are unable to predict dynamic LF effects required for design of wideband efficient supply modulators (SMs). This paper describes a technique to calibrate and measure multi-port multi-frequency parameters of a transistor and PA under supply modulation conditions. The measurement setup is used to characterize the complex drain impedance of GaN transistors and PAs in large-signal operation at X-band with 1–500-MHz LF excitation on the drain terminal, over a range of input power levels. In addition, the LF drain impedance of a 10-GHz monolithic microwave integrated circuit PA with 4-W output power and 60% peak power-added efficiency is measured when the PA is connected to a simple switched resonant SM. The main motivation for this work is to obtain knowledge of the dynamic supply-port impedance that can enable improved PA and SM co-design.
The value of PL 480: A fresh look at PL 480, Title II

Abstract The main purpose of US Public Law 480 is to make food available to deficit countries on concessional or credit terms by using domestic US agricultural surpluses. Food aid under Title I is intended to provide a resource transfer to resource-poor countries; Title II (Food for Peace) shipments are intended for famine relief, the alleviation of malnutrition, and are generally targeted at the neediest people, especially children, in poor countries. Under Title III, sales proceeds are earmarked for programmes for agricultural development. The following three articles illustrate differing beliefs held about the effectiveness of PL 480 food aid, and particularly the value of Food for Peace. Table 1 shows the total shipments and budgeted acquisitions under Title II.
Probing the catalytic potential of the hamster arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 catalytic triad by site-directed mutagenesis of the proximal conserved residue, Tyr190

Arylamine N-acetyltransferases (NATs) play an important role in both the detoxification of arylamine and hydrazine drugs and the activation of arylamine carcinogens. Because the catalytic triad, Cys-His-Asp, of mammalian NATs has been shown to be essential for maintaining protein stability, rendering it impossible to assess alterations of the triad on catalysis, we explored the impact of the highly conserved proximal residue, Tyr190, which forms a direct hydrogen bond interaction with one of the triad residues, Asp122, as well as a potential pi-pi stacking interaction with the active site His107. The replacement of hamster NAT2 Tyr190 by either Phe, Ile or Ala was well tolerated and did not result in significant alterations in the overall fold of the protein. Nevertheless, stopped-flow and steady-state kinetic analysis revealed that Tyr190 was critical for maximizing the acetylation rate of NAT2 and the transacetylation rate of p-aminobenzoic acid when compared with the wild-type. Tyr190 was also shown to play an important role in determining the pKa of the active site Cys during acetylation, as well as the pH versus the rate profile for transacetylation. We hypothesized that the pH dependence was associated with global changes in the active site structure, which was revealed by the superposition of [1H, 15N] heteronuclear single quantum coherence spectra for the wild-type and Y190A. These results suggest that NAT2 catalytic efficiency is partially governed by the ability of Tyr190 to mediate the collective impact of multiple side chains on the electrostatic potential and local conformation of the active site.
Pilocarpine and carbachol exhibit markedly different patterns of Ca2+ signaling in rat pancreatic acinar cells

The effects of the partial muscarinic agonist pilocarpine on physiological responses were investigated in rat pancreatic acinar cells and compared with carbachol, a full muscarinic agonist, together with previous results using JMV-180, a partial agonist of CCK-A receptors. Pilocarpine was found to stimulate amylase release from isolated pancreatic acini in a concentration-dependent manner. At a maximal concentration (10 microM), pilocarpine was only capable of stimulating 63% of the secretion stimulated by a maximal concentration of carbachol. Moreover pilocarpine did not induce a decrease in secretion at supramaximal concentrations as does carbachol. In acini loaded with fura-2, superfusion of pilocarpine resulted exclusively in generation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) oscillations at all concentrations tested (0.3 microM-1 mM), in marked contrast to high concentrations of full agonists, which result in a biphasic sustained increase in [Ca2+]i. In common with low concentrations of other secretagogues that stimulate [Ca2+]i oscillations, pilocarpine at all concentrations was only able to stimulate a very small increase in phosphoinositide (PI) hydrolysis. In acini previously incubated with [3H]inositol, pilocarpine was shown to stimulate PI hydrolysis 27% above basal, compared with 872% for carbachol. To ascertain if this small degree of PI hydrolysis seen with pilocarpine is responsible for the generation of [Ca2+]i oscillations, an inhibitor of phospholipase C-linked processes, U-73122, which has been shown to inhibit Ca2+ oscillations induced by carbachol and CCK but not JMV-180 was tested. This agent rapidly inhibited pilocarpine-stimulated oscillations, indicating that in contrast to JMV-180, oscillations induced by pilocarpine are the result of PI hydrolysis.
New approaches to infrared and terahertz generation

This paper provides an extended summary of several new approaches to infrared and terahertz generation. First the issues and the state of the arts are outlined, and then ideas of new approaches and devices are introduced. References are cited for details.
Novel regions of allelic imbalance identified by genome-wide analysis of neuroblastoma.

Several nonrandom chromosomal abnormalities have been associated withneuroblastoma (NB). However, the relationship of each genetic event to the clinical course of disease is not firmly established. We have performed a genome-wide allelic scan of NB to identify regions with frequent allelic imbalance (AI) and correlate the allelotype with clinical features of disease. Nineteen tumors from patients across the spectrum of NB were used. Genome-wide allelotype was performed using 169 fluorescently labeled microsatellite markers from the Weber 9a human screening set (Research Genetics, Huntsville, AL) and 48 independent markers for high-density analysis of selected regions. Eleven chromosomal regions had AI in >25% of tumors including loci known previously to be frequently altered such as 1p36 (10 of 19; 52%), 2p (9 of 19; 47%), 17q (8 of 19; 42%), 11q23 (8 of 19; 42%), 14q32 (7 of 19; 37%), 19q (6 of 19; 31%), 7q (6 of 19; 31%), 9p21 (5 of 19; 26%), and three novel regions of frequent AI at 10p11-p15 (7 of 19; 40%), 12q24.1 (5 of 19; 26%), and 8qcen–q24 (5 of 19; 26%). AI of four regions (8q, 10p, 19q, and 12q) allowed the distinction of two genetic groups that matched clinical significant subgroups of NB. AI at 12q24 and 19q13 was found exclusively in high-risk local-regional tumors, whereas AI at 10p11 and 8q appeared to be specific for stage 4 tumors with MCYN amplification. Spontaneously remitting or quiescent tumors were intact at all of the regions described above.
Aging mothers and daughters: Relationship changes over time

In the midst of health care crises involving older mothers and their adult daughters, health care professionals must attend to the significance of past roles and relationships of aging women. This article explores two concepts that influence aging mothers’ and daughters’ management of a health crisis. The two concepts, Internalizing Female Lineage and Evolving Matriarchs facilitate understanding of the complexities of the mother-daughter relationship over time. These concepts emerged from a grounded theory study of six older mothers who had experienced an acute hip fracture and their adult caregiving daughters. The purpose of this article is to highlight the experiences of these elderly mothers and their adult daughters prior to a health crisis. These aging mothers and daughters reported that understanding who they were as women, their history, their relationship, and sources of strength during health crisis was essential in order to understand their situations during a health crisis. Study findings are presented in the context of the literature about healthy mother-daughter relationship, mother-daughter transition to caregiving, and future direction of research related to multiple generations negotiating a health crisis.
Boronate Oxidation as a Bioorthogonal Reaction Approach for Studying the Chemistry of Hydrogen Peroxide in Living Systems

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydrogen peroxide, are important products of oxygen metabolism that, when misregulated, can accumulate and cause oxidative stress inside cells. Accordingly, organisms have evolved molecular systems, including antioxidant metalloenzymes (such as superoxide dismutase and catalase) and an array of thiol-based redox couples, to neutralize this threat to the cell when it occurs. On the other hand, emerging evidence shows that the controlled generation of ROS, particularly H2O2, is necessary to maintain cellular fitness. The identification of NADPH oxidase enzymes, which generate specific ROS and reside in virtually all cell types throughout the body, is a prime example. Indeed, a growing body of work shows that H2O2 and other ROS have essential functions in healthy physiological signaling pathways.The signal–stress dichotomy of H2O2 serves as a source of motivation for disentangling its beneficial from its detrimental effects on living systems. Molecular imaging of this o...
Glutathione and ischemia-reperfusion injury in the perfused rat liver.

Abstract Using the isolated perfused rat liver, we investigated the relationship of glutathione (GSH) with reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and liver cell damage during ischemia/reperfusion in normal and GSH-depleted conditions. Lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence was used as a sensitive index of tissue ROS generation. After 30 minutes of equilibration, livers were subjected to global ischemia for various times (60 or 90 minutes) and then reperfused for another 120 minutes. Intracellular ROS levels increased sharply at the onset of reperfusion and then declined slowly. After 30 to 60 minutes of reperfusion, ROS levels started to increase progressively in a linear fashion. However, sinusoidal glutathione disulfide release did not increase during referfusion in the same livers, suggesting that intracellular ROS generation is too low to cause a significant increase in GSH oxidation. Pretreatment with phorone (300 mg/kg intrapentoneally [ip]), which reduced hepatic GSH by 90%, did not cause any difference in intracellular ROS generation compared with the control livers. There were also no significant differences in lactate dehydrogenase and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) release between the control and phorone-treated livers during reperfusion after various times of ischemia. These data indicate that ROS generation in the normal isolated perfused liver during ischemia/reperfusion is extremely low and intracellular GSH does not serve as a major intracellular defense system against such a low oxidative stress.
THE FINANCE FUNCTION

THE CONTENT AND EMPHASIS for finance courses have long been areas of disagreement.' Representative texts of the 1920's presented both the "traditional" and the "new" approach to business finance. The Bishop, Dewing, Lyon, and Mead texts2 were based primarily on what is currently called the traditional approach, which emphasized major episodic decisions involved in the promotion and initial organization of the firm, the sale of common stock, large bond issues, mergers, and reorganizations, etc. The Jamison and the McKinsey-Meech texts,3 on the other hand, centered on the day-to-day responsibilities of the financial manager in working capital administration, cash budgeting, capital budgeting, short-term financing techniques, etc. The approach which, taking the view of the "outsider," emphasized crucial financial episodes became dominant by the early thirties, while the other virtually disappeared. The emergence of the "outsider's" view of corporate finance is understandable in the light of financial history in the third and fourth decades of the twentieth century. The wide growth of stock ownership in the twenties made corporate finance a matter of concern to a large number of
Similar long-term results of breast-conservation treatment for Stage I and II invasive lobular carcinoma compared with invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast: The University of Pennsylvania experience.

BACKGROUND The objective of the current study was to determine the long-term results of breast-conservation treatment in women with early-stage, invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast. METHODS Between 1977 and 1995, 1093 women with Stage I and II invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast and 55 women with invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast underwent lumpectomy, axillary lymph node dissection, and radiation treatment. Overall, 49% of the women received adjuvant systemic therapy (chemotherapy and/or hormones). RESULTS The median age was 52 years for patients in the invasive ductal group and 54 years for patients in the invasive lobular group. The median follow-up was 8.7 years and 10.2 years for patients in the invasive ductal and invasive lobular groups, respectively. A comparison of patients who had invasive lobular carcinoma with patients who had invasive ductal carcinoma showed no difference in the 10-year actuarial rates of overall survival (85% vs. 79%, respectively; P = 0.73), cause-specific survival (93% vs. 84%, respectively; P = 0.85), or freedom from distant metastases (81% vs. 80%, respectively; P = 0.76). The 10-year rates of local failure were 18% for patients with invasive lobular carcinoma and 12% for patients with invasive ductal carcinoma (P = 0.24), and the 10-year rates of contralateral breast carcinoma development for the 2 groups were 12% and 8%, respectively (P = 0.40). CONCLUSIONS Breast-conservation treatment yielded similar long-term results for women with early-stage, invasive lobular carcinoma and women with the more prevalent invasive ductal carcinoma. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Perspectives on gender differences in food intake and frequency of disease

Sex differences in many non-reproductive behaviors have been described in rodents and humans. Among the behaviors and responses that are sexually dimorphic in the rat are: activity, aggression, pain, and taste sensitivity, food intake and body weight regulation, learning and retention of certain kind of mazes, avoidance response, taste aversion, and performance on schedule reinforcement. In humans, similar sex differences are seen in verbal fluency, performance of spatial tasks, verbal memory tests, and fine motor skills. Depression and depressive diseases are more common in women while substance abuse and antisocial behavior is more common in men. Immunologically, the female sex is stronger, and there are clear gender differences in outcomes to same treatment modalities. This review examines the sexual dimorphism in non-reproductive behavior. Specifically gender differences in central mechanisms of food intake regulation including gender differences in hypothalamic monoaminergic systems influencing food intake.
Experimental investigation of saturated degenerate four-wave mixing for quantitative concentration measurements.

Degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) line shapes and signal intensities are measured experimentally in well-characterized hydrogen–air flames operated over a wide range of equivalence ratios. We use both low (perturbative) and high (saturating) beam intensities in the phase-conjugate geometry. Resonances in the A2Σ+–X2Π (0,0) band of OH are probed with multiaxial-mode laser radiation. The effects of saturation on the line-center signal intensity and the resonance linewidth are investigated. The DFWM signal intensities are used to measure OH number densities in a series of near-adiabatic flames at equivalence ratios ranging from 0.5 to 1.5. Use of saturating pump intensities minimizes the effects of beam absorption, providing more-accurate number density measurements. The saturated DFWM results are in excellent agreement with OH absorption measurements and equilibrium calculations of OH number density. The polarization dependence of the P1(2) and R2(1) resonances is investigated in both laser intensity regimes. There is a significant change in relative reflectivities for different polarization configurations when saturated.
Use of intraoral digital scanning for a CAD/CAM-fabricated milled bar and superstructure framework for an implant-supported, removable complete dental prosthesis

This report describes a clinical technique for fabricating a maxillary implant-supported, removable complete dental prosthesis by using an intraoral digital scanner to register implant positions and soft tissue morphology. The presented technique uses computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology with a subtractive manufacturing process to fabricate a milled bar (infrastructure framework) and an additive process to fabricate a friction fit, superstructure framework. This digital restorative pathway may decrease patient discomfort and reduce the labor associated with fabricating implant-supported, removable complete dental prostheses.