cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Initial Condition on Subsonic Jet Noise from Two Rectangular Nozzles

Differences in jet noise data from two small 8:1 aspect ratio nozzles are investigated experimentally. The interiors of the two nozzles are identical but one has a thin-lip at the exit while the has a perpendicular face at the exit (thick-lip). It is found that the thin-lip nozzle is substantially noisier throughout the subsonic Mach number range. As much as 5dB difference in OASPL is noticed around Mj =0.96. Hot-wire measurements are carried out for the characteristics of the exit boundary layer and, overall, the noise difference can be ascribed to differences in the boundary layer state. The boundary layer of the quieter (thick-lip) nozzle goes through transition around M(sub j) =0.25 and at higher M(sub j) it remains "nominally turbulent". In comparison, the boundary layer of the thin-lip nozzle is found to remain "nominally laminar". at high subsonic conditions. The nominally laminar state involves significantly larger turbulence intensities commensurate with the higher radiated noise.
Collision cross sections in terms of local observables

Asymptotic relations for matrix elements of quasilocal operators are given which generalize and extend the Lehmann-Symanzik-Zimmermann relations. These relations allow the simulation of a coincidence arrangement of particle detectors in the mathematical frame of the theory and thereby the expression of collision cross sections in terms of expectation values of observables.
Parasitic oscillations, absorption, stored energy density and heat density in active-mirror and disk amplifiers

We present detailed calculations of the absorption, stored energy density, and heat density distributions for these commercial laser glasses of current interest (silicate—ED-2, phosphates—EV-2, LHG-5). The form of the stored energy density distribution is shown to be important in the consideration of parasitic oscillations in active-mirror and disk amplifiers. In active-mirror amplifiers, the application of multilayer dielectric coatings has been found not to affect the threshold for bulk parasitic oscillations. Due to the unique geometry of active mirrors, amplified spontaneous emission rather than parasitics is found to limit energy storage ultimately.
The Word “Scientist” or its Substitute

I HAVE submitted your inquiry to my son, who is a literary critic. He sees no objection to “scientist,” and is rather surprised that it has not been adopted before. He thinks it as well-formed as “artist.” He does not much like words ending in “ist,” but concludes that they cannot be avoided.
From Cycle to Syndrome and Back Again: A Social Work Response to PMS:

Although the validity of a prevalent cyclical syndrome among women is questionable, commercial exploitation causes many women to accept the construct as fact. The issue is not one of health alone; it is a political issue of substantial magnitude. Without ignoring or denying women's negative premenstrual conditions, social workers can resist-and help other women resist-the "medicalization" of the premenstruum. The intent of this article is to open up discussion of the theoretical and practical issues that social workers confront in intervening with women who have various premenstrual conditions.
Design notes on a single board multiprocessor for real-time contour surface display generation

Abstract We present in this study a design for a VLSI multiprocessor capable of generating contour surface displays in real-time (one-thirtieth of a second). We begin by examining an application that requires real-time contour surface display generation. We sketch some outlines for an architecture based on a decomposable algorithm recently published. We then propose an architecture for a single board VLSI contour surface display generator that is pluggable into the Multibus of the Silicon Graphics, Inc. IRIS workstation.
Transport of Patagonian dust to Antarctica

[1] The transport of Patagonian dust to Antarctica is investigated by using the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Atmospheric Model with online aerosol, in combination with trajectory analysis and satellite observations. The southern coastal region of northern Patagonia and the San Julian's Great depression are identified as major sources in Patagonia. Trajectory analysis indicates that only 13%–20% of air masses from Patagonia reach Antarctica within 10 days, with and going to West and East Antarctica, respectively. Almost twice as many trajectories from the San Julian's Great Depression reach Antarctica compared to the more northern Patagonian source. It takes ∼7 days for Patagonian dust to be transported to East Antarctica, and 4–5 days to West Antarctica. The transport to East Antarctica is driven by the low-pressure systems moving eastward in the subpolar low-pressure zone, whereas a dust event going directly southward to West Antarctica typically happens when a high-pressure system blocks the depressions moving through the Drake Passage. Demonstrating these features, respectively, by following the journey of two typical dust plumes from Patagonia to East and West Antarctica, this study clarifies how climatic factors may affect the amount of dust reaching the Antarctic surface.
Temperature-induced activation of freshwater Cyanophage AS-1 prophage

Synechococcus sp. IU 625 is one of the freshwater cyanobacteria responsible for harmful algal blooms (HAB). Cyanophages can serve as natural control agents and may be responsible for algal bloom prevention and disappearance. Cyanophage AS-1, which infects Synechococcus sp. IU 625 (Anacystis nidulans) and Synechococcus cedrorum, plays an important role in the environment, significantly altering the numbers of its hosts. Since seasonal (temperature-dependent) lytic induction of cyanobacterial prophage has been proposed to affect seawater algal blooms, we investigated if the AS-1 lytic cycle could be induced by a shift to high temperature. Our hypothesis was confirmed, as more phages were released at 35°C than at 24°C, with maximal induction observed with a shift from 24 to 35°C. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images provide direct evidence of lysogenic to lytic conversion with temperature shift. Thus, temperature is an important inducer for AS-1 conversion from lysogenic to lytic cycle and could have applications in terms of modulating cyanobacterial populations in freshwater aquatic environments. The study gives insight into the effect of climate change on the interaction between cyanophage and cyanobacteria in freshwater ecosystems.
Characterization of time-varying linear systems

Abstract : It is shown that a versatile description of time-varying linear systems is achieved by the use of a family of eight system functions that includes the G and H transfer functions. This approach is extended to multidimensional systems and to ''vector-time'' systems operating on signals that are specified by a function of several variables. The class of time-varying linear systems that is specified implicitly by a set of nth order linear differential equations in r variables is considered. The explicit form of the impulse response of the system is derived in order to bridge the gap between the differential equation and the system-function specifications of a time-varying linear system. The same basic approach for characterizing deterministic systems leads to procedures for the characterization of randomly varying systems subjected to random inputs. The general case where the system and input are nonstationary is considered for both unidimensional and multidimensional systems. (Author)
Experimental study on Sudoku

This paper presents an experimental study on Sudoku puzzles. Various aspects of Sudoku are studied using computer experiments. The topics include an algorithm to solve the puzzle, test results, run time analysis, performance on difficult puzzles, handling larger size puzzles, finding multiple solutions, and designing puzzles. This study may serve as a source for designing questions, examples, and programming assignments related to Sudoku, recursion, backtracking, and experimentation in courses such as algorithms, data structures, and discrete mathematics.
Hindu-Christian Conflict in India: Globalization, Conversion, and the Coterminal Castes and Tribes

While Hindu-Muslim violence in India has received a great deal of scholarly attention, Hindu-Christian violence has not. This article seeks to contribute to the analysis of Hindu-Christian violence, and to elucidate the curious alliance, in that violence, of largely upper-caste, anti-minority Hindu nationalists with lower-status groups, by analyzing both with reference to the varied processes of globalization. The article begins with a short review of the history of anti-Christian rhetoric in India, and then discusses and critiques a number of inadequately unicausal explanations of communal violence before arguing, with reference to the work of Mark Taylor, that only theories linking local and even individual social behaviors to larger, global processes like globalization can adequately honor the truly “webby” nature of the social world.
High gain monolithic 4H-SiC Darlington transistors

An epi-base, implanted-emitter monolithic 4H-SiC Darlington transistor which shows a peak common emitter current gain of /spl sim/ 450 is reported. The forward drop at 50A/cm/sup 2/ is around 7V. The inter-stage isolation is achieved with trenches filled with oxide. Isolation trench deeper than the base-collector junction is needed to effectively isolate the two BJT stages.
The neurofibromatoses: when less is more

The study of cancer predisposition syndromes presents unique opportunities to gain insights into the genetic events associated with tumor pathogenesis. Individuals with two inherited cancer syndromes, neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) and neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2), develop both benign and malignant tumors. The corresponding genes mutated in these two disorders encode tumor suppressor proteins, termed neurofibromin (NF1) and merlin (NF2), which function in novel ways to regulate cell growth and differentiation. Neurofibromin inhibits cell proliferation, at least in part, by modulating mitogenic pathway signaling through inactivation of p21-ras. In contrast, merlin may act as a membrane-associated molecular switch that regulates cell-cell and cell-matrix signals transduced by cell surface receptors. Significant progress in our understanding of the genetics and biology of NF1 and NF2 has elucidated the roles of these genes in tumor initiation and progression.
The Hyper-Shantytown: Neo-Liberal Violence(s) in the Argentine Slum

Ethnographic observation, archival data, surveys and newspaper reports are combined to depict the social transformation of Argentine shantytowns during the last two decades, focusing on three different kinds of violence that impact the lives and social strategies of their residents: daily interpersonal violence, intermittent state repression, and the structural violence of mass unemployment. These violences are interrelated expressions of the broader socio-economic and institutional changes that have swept Argentina as the country adopted and implemented neo-liberal economic policies. As a consequence of the withering away of the wage-labor economy, the official indifference of the state, and the breakdown of the organizational fabric of these territories, shantytowns run the risk of becoming functionally severed from the larger society.
Iridociliary epithelial tumors in 100 dogs and 17 cats: a morphological study

The morphological features of iridociliary epithelial tumors in 100 dogs and 17 cats were reviewed. Twenty-seven cases were in either Golden Retrievers or Labrador Retrievers. Affected globes were stained for light microscopy with alcian blue, periodic acid Schiff (PAS) and hematoxylin and eosin stains. Selected tissues were examined by immunohistochemistry for vimentin, desmin, cytokeratin, S-100, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP). The presence or absence of hyaluronic acid was recorded by staining with alcian blue before and after digestion of the tissue with hyaluronidase. Canine tumors were divided into papillary and solid tumors based on the pattern of growth. Twenty-eight of 57 papillary tumors exhibited invasive behavior including eight of the 57 which showed infiltration of the sclera. Twenty-nine of 43 solid tumors were invasive including 13 of 43 with scleral invasion. Tumors with scleral invasion were designated adenocarcinoma. Tumors of both types could be pigmented or nonpigmented and often contained smooth basement membranes reminiscent of the inner membrane of the nonpigmented ciliary body epithelial cell. All of the feline tumors were nonpigmented and 14 of 16 feline tumors were solid and two of the tumors were papillary. Eighteen of 20 canine tumors and three of four feline tumors stained positive for vimentin. Cytokeratin stain was positive only in a few of the highly aggressive tumors. The finding of pigmented epithelial cells, thick, smooth basement membrane structures, positive staining for vimentin, S-100, and NSE as well as hyaluronic acid deposition were considered to be features which define iridociliary epithelial tumors in dogs. The positive staining for vimentin and NSE are highly specific markers which help to characterize iridociliary epithelium and distinguish this tumor from metastatic epithelial tumors. The finding of solid nonpigmented tumors with small epithelial cells packeted by thin PAS-positive membranes staining positive for vimentin were considered significant features defining iridociliary epithelial tumors in cats. Follow-up information on survival and cause of death was obtained on 43 canine cases and only two feline cases. The average follow-up interval in dogs was 25 months and only two dogs died with lesions that could have been due to metastasis although neither was confirmed. We concluded that neither iridociliary adenomas nor adenocarcinomas is likely to metastasize.
From scattering parameters to snell's law: A subwavelength near-infrared negative-index metamaterial

A general relation is derived between the band structure of an arbitrary low-loss unit cell and its effective index of refraction. In addition, we determine the maximum unit cell size that defines the ''metamaterial regime'' (D.R. Smith et al., Phys. Rev. E 71, 036617 (2005)). Furthermore, these general rules allow for the design of a subwavelength near-infrared negative-index material, where the negative refractive index is verified by band calculations to be a bulk property. Full-wavelength simulations of prisms consisting of these unit cells suggest behavior consistent with Snell's law in the negative-index regime. does not play a role. The EMW is obliquely incident on the hypotenuse from within the prism, and the refracted beam is detected in the far field. Negative refraction occurs due to the negative phase index, i.e., antiparallel energy velocity and wave vector, rather than anisotropy of the material, accompanied by a positive phase index (13). In Ref. (10), the index determined by the S-parameter method was shown to agreewith Snell's law. In Ref. (11), refractive indices measured on two different prisms (i.e., at two different incidence angles) consisting of the same unit cells were shown to be equal. In this work, we apply photonic band calculations to a near-infrared NIM structure with subwavelength dimen- sions. The negative index obtained from a monolayer of the structure is verified to be a bulk property. We then derive a general relationship between the band structure of an arbi- trary 1D low-loss unit cell and its effective index exhibited in refraction experiments similar to Refs. (10,11). This relationship confirms the negative index for our structure. Full-wavelength simulations on NIM prisms consisting of our structure show negative refraction consistent with pre- dictions from Snell's law. Finally, the role of the small lateral unit cell size unique to the structure is discussed. The NIM unit cell is shown in the inset in Fig. 1(a) .I t consists of 20-nm-thick � 100-nm-wide Au strips, sepa- rated from a 20-nm-thick central continuous Au layer (14) by 15-nm-thick polymer dielectric spacers. The unit cell extends infinitely along the ^ z direction and is replicated in
Social calls used by a leaf-roosting bat to signal location

Social calls in bats have many functions, including mate attraction and maintaining contact during flight. Research suggests that social calls may also be used to transfer information about roosts, but no studies have yet demonstrated that calls are used to actively attract conspecifics to roosting locations. We document the social calls used by Spix9s disc-winged bat ( Thyroptera tricolor ) to actively recruit group members to roosts. In acoustic trials, we recorded two sets of calls; one from flying individuals termed ‘inquiry calls’, and another from roosting bats termed ‘response calls’. Inquiry calls were emitted by flying bats immediately upon release, and quickly (i.e. 178 ms) elicited production of response calls from roosting individuals. Most flying bats entered the roost when roosting individuals responded, while few bats entered the roost in the absence of a response. We argue that information transfer concerning roost location may facilitate sociality in T. tricolor , given the ephemeral nature of roosting structures used by this species.
Apparent viscoelastic anisotropy as measured from nondestructive oscillatory tests can reflect the presence of a flaw in cortical bone.

There is evidence that damage, viscoelastic stiffness properties, and postyield mechanical properties are related in bone tissue. Our objective was to test whether presence of a flaw would have an influence on the apparent viscoelastic properties of bone. Examining the effect of flaw orientation on apparent viscoelastic properties and utilization of dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) as a nondestructive means for detection of damage were our secondary objectives. Cortical bone beams (2 × 2 × 19 mm) machined from the cranial cortex of the radii of six Warhill sheep were used. The specimens were placed in a DMA machine and baseline measurements of storage modulus (E1) and loss factor (tan δ), once for loads in the craniocaudal and once in the mediolateral directions, were performed using a three-point bending configuration for a frequency range of 1–10 Hz. Craniocaudal/mediolateral measurement ratio was calculated as a measure of anisotropy for tan δ and E1. After cutting a thin through-thickness macroscopic notch on the caudal surface at the center of each beam, oscillatory tests were repeated. Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance followed by Tukey's test was used with group (craniocaudal, mediolateral, notched craniocaudal, and notched mediolateral measurements) and frequency as factors. Regression analysis and analysis of covariance were used for examining the relationship between viscoelastic parameters and frequency. Tan δ and E1 were not different between craniocaudal and mediolateral measurements before the flaw was introduced (p > 0.8 and p = 1, respectively). In the presence of the flaw, tan δ was significantly increased (p < 0.003) whereas E1 was significantly reduced (p < 0.001) for craniocaudal measurements. Tan δ and E1 were nearly isotropic in the tested directions before the introduction of a flaw into the bone tissue. Introduction of a flaw resulted in increased tan δ and E1 anisotropy. Presence of a notch resulted in a significant increase in tan δ anisotropy with increasing frequency. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that cortical bone tissue exhibits a different apparent viscoelastic behavior in the presence of a flaw and depending on the flaw's orientation. Our finding that the presence of a notch and its orientation can be detected by nondestructive DMA suggests that in vivo techniques may be developed for detection of cortical bone damage. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 69A: 124–130, 2004
Directed Evolution of a Highly Efficient Cellobiose Utilizing Pathway in an Industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain

Balancing and increasing the flux through an engineered heterologous pathway in a target organism to achieve high yield and productivity remains an overwhelming challenge in metabolic engineering. Here we report a novel strategy combining directed evolution and promoter engineering for rapid and efficient multi-gene pathway optimization. As proof of concept, this strategy was applied to optimize a cellobiose utilizing pathway in an industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain for highly efficient cellulosic biofuels production. The resulting strain exhibited significantly higher cellobiose consumption rate (6.41-fold) and ethanol productivity (6.36-fold) compared to its parent strain. This study also showed that both the ratios and absolute values of the expression levels of the genes in the cellobiose utilizing pathway play an important role in cellobiose uptake, and β-glucose is likely one of the key factors affecting cellobiose metabolism.
Commentary: autologous platelet-rich plasma with fractional laser resurfacing.

Andrei Metelitsa, MD, FRCPC has indicated no significant interest with commercial supporters.
Restoring Native Perennial Grasses by Changing Grazing Practices in Central Coastal California

While burning effects did not persist through time, reinstituting burning at appropriate intervals would be feasible given the abundance of grassy fuel present and positive response of native grasses to burning (Packard and Mutel 1997). If additional knapweed suppression was desired, residual knapweed densities on restored plots remained low enough where hand pulling would be an effective and practical treatment (MacDonald et al. 2013). Our results are most applicable to the restoration of native warm-season grasses on degraded, knapweed-infested sites in the upper Midwest, and demonstrate that these native grasses can effectively suppress knapweed for extended time periods even in the absence of fire. Where the restoration of more diverse native plant communities is an important goal, the inclusion of these native grasses in a broad seed mix may similarly facilitate the gradual suppression of spotted knapweed.
The Concept of Bipolar Disorder in Children: A History of the Bipolar Controversy

Before the last 150 years, the use of the term mania to mean any kind of agitated state and the term childhood to include people up to their early 20s make historical identification of manic-depression in children difficult. Not long after Kraepelin's seminal work was published, similar syndromes were identified in youth, usually adolescents. Interestingly, however, the question of whether preadolescent mania should be broadly or narrowly defined–the so-called bipolar controversy–has been an issue for at least 50 years. Although the question of whether and how a disorder characterized by discrete episodes of mania and depression with periods of relative normality between episodes relates to one characterized by more fluctuating and intense mood lability/dysregulation remains unanswered, the work of researchers in the twenty-first century will be to understand not only symptoms of bipolar disorder but also how it develops and how emotion regulation relates to both the development of bipolar disorder and to other conditions that are characterized by dysregulated emotion.
Targeted gene expression in dopamine and serotonin neurons of the mouse brain.

We used a knock-in strategy to generate two lines of mice expressing Cre recombinase under the transcriptional control of the dopamine transporter promoter (DAT-cre mice) or the serotonin transporter promoter (SERT-cre mice). In DAT-cre mice, immunocytochemical staining of adult brains for the dopamine-synthetic enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase and for Cre recombinase revealed that virtually all dopaminergic neurons in the ventral midbrain expressed Cre. Crossing DAT-cre mice with ROSA26-stop-lacZ or ROSA26-stop-YFP reporter mice revealed a near perfect correlation between staining for tyrosine hydroxylase and β-galactosidase or YFP. YFP-labeled fluorescent dopaminergic neurons could be readily identified in live slices. Crossing SERT-cre mice with the ROSA26-stop-lacZ or ROSA26-stop-YFP reporter mice similarly revealed a near perfect correlation between staining for serotonin-synthetic enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase and β-galactosidase or YFP. Additional Cre expression in the thalamus and cortex was observed, reflecting the known pattern of transient SERT expression during early postnatal development. These findings suggest a general strategy of using neurotransmitter transporter promoters to drive selective Cre expression and thus control mutations in specific neurotransmitter systems. Crossed with fluorescent-gene reporters, this strategy tags neurons by neurotransmitter status, providing new tools for electrophysiology and imaging.
Extracting precise diagnosis of bridging faults from stuck-at fault information

Although the stuck-at fault model is the standard fault model. the frequently occurring faults in some technologies arc unintentional shorts, denoted as bridging faults. We outline a method that utilizes the information from the stuck-at fault model to accurately diagnose the bridging faults that affect two lines. The proposed method exploits the observation that the bridging fault response matches the stuck-at fault responses on the shorted lines for the failing test vectors and generates a candidate list that accounts for all failures. A further reduction in the size of the candidate set is achieved by extracting information from the test vectors that do not fail. The proposed method uses no layout information whatsoever. Nonetheless, the experimental results indicate that the bridging faults can be accurately diagnosed delivering a reduction in the sizes of the ambiguity sets and full capture of the offending bridging fault.
Characterization of cell surface properties in agglutinable and nonagglutinable mutants of Pseudomonas putida.

Cells of an aggressive, root-colonizing isolate of Pseudomonas putida are agglutinated by a root surface glycoprotein. The agglutination phenotype in P. putida isolate Corvallis is lacking in mutan...
Obesity and sepsis.

Obesity has reached epidemic proportions over the last few decades. Obesity is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and cancer and is feared to decrease overall life expectancy over the next few decades. There is a growing body of evidence suggesting that obesity is a chronic inflammatory disease. Obesity is becoming a cause of concern in critically ill patients as well. Sepsis is the number one cause of morbidity and mortality in noncoronary artery disease critical care units all over the world and is associated with a high cost of care. An increase in morbidity in obese septic patients compared with lean people is a cause of growing concern. Laboratory evidence suggests that there is exaggeration in the inflammatory and prothrombogenic phenotype assumed by obese compared with lean septic animals. The exact mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are unknown. This article reviews some of the pathophysiological processes responsible for the unde...
Effects of Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure on Oxygen Body Stores in Patients With Cheyne-Stokes Respiration and Congestive Heart Failure

Study objectives The mechanism(s) by which nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is effective in the treatment of Cheyne-Stokes respiration (CSR) in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) remains uncertain, and may involve an increase in total oxygen body stores (dampening), changes in central and peripheral controller gain, and/or improvement in cardiac function. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of nasal CPAP on total oxygen stores, as measured by the rate of fall of arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation (dSa o 2 /dt), to determine if dampening may play a role in the attenuation of CSR in patients with CHF. Design Prospective controlled trial. Setting University hospital. Patients Nine male patients (mean ± SD age, 59 ± 8 years) with CHF and a mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 16 ± 4%. Interventions and measurements All patients had known CSR, as identified on a baseline polysomnographic study. Patients then underwent repeat polysomnography while receiving nasal CPAP (9 ± 0.3 cm H 2 O). The polysomnography consisted of recording of breathing pattern, pulse oximetry, and EEG. dSa o 2 /dt was measured as the slope of a line drawn adjacent to the falling linear portion of the arterial oxygen saturation (Sa o 2 ) curve associated with a central apnea. All patients underwent echocardiography and right-heart catheterization within 1 month of the study to measure LVEF and cardiac hemodynamics, respectively. Results There was a significant decrease in the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) with nasal CPAP, from 44 ± 27 events per hour at baseline to 15 ± 24 events per hour with nasal CPAP (p = 0.004). When compared to baseline, dSa o 2 /dt significantly decreased with nasal CPAP from 0.42 ± 0.15% to 0.20 ± 0.07%/s (p o 2 , when compared to baseline, significantly increased with nasal CPAP, from 87 ± 5% to 91 ± 4% (p o 2 did not significantly change, from a baseline of 96 ± 2% to 96 ± 3% with nasal CPAP (p = 0.8). When compared to baseline, the apnea duration and heart rate did not change with nasal CPAP. While there was a significant correlation noted between baseline postapneic Sa o 2 and dSa o 2 /dt ( r = 0.8, p = 0.02), no correlation was seen between baseline preapneic Sa o 2 and dSa o 2 /dt ( r = 0.1, p = 0.7). A significant correlation was noted between baseline dSa o 2 /dt and the AHI ( r = 0.7, p = 0.02). With CPAP, there was a significant correlation noted between dSa o 2 /dt and the AHI ( R = 0.7, p = 0.04), but no correlation was noted between dSa o 2 /dt and postapneic Sa o 2 ( R = 0.1, p = 0.8). Conclusion Nasal CPAP significantly decreases dSa o 2 /dt and thus increases total body oxygen stores in patients with CSR and CHF. By increasing oxygen body stores, dampening may be one of the mechanisms responsible for the attenuation of CSR seen with nasal CPAP.
An adaptive multigrid algorithm for simulating solid tumor growth using mixture models

In this paper we give the details of the numerical solution of a three-dimensional multispecies diffuse interface model of tumor growth, which was derived in [S.M. Wise, J.S. Lowengrub, H.B. Frieboes, V. Cristini, Three-dimensional multispecies nonlinear tumor growth-I: model and numerical method, J. Theoret. Biol. 253 (2008) 524-543] and used to study the development of glioma in [H.B. Frieboes, J.S. Lowengrub, S.M. Wise, X. Zheng, P. Macklin, E.L. Bearer, V. Cristini, Computer simulation of glioma growth and morphology, NeuroImage 37 (2007) S59-S70] and tumor invasion in [E.L. Bearer, J.S. Lowengrub, Y.L. Chuang, H.B. Frieboes, F. Jin, S.M. Wise, M. Ferrari, D.B. Agus, V. Cristini, Multiparameter computational modeling of tumor invasion, Cancer Res. 69 (2009) 4493-4501; H.B. Frieboes, F. Jin, Y.L. Chuang, S.M. Wise, J.S. Lowengrub, V. Cristini, Three-dimensional multispecies nonlinear tumor growth-II: tissue invasion and angiogenesis, J. Theoret. Biol. 264 (2010) 1254-1278]. The model has a thermodynamic basis, is related to recently developed mixture models, and is capable of providing a detailed description of tumor progression. It utilizes a diffuse interface approach, whereby sharp tumor boundaries are replaced by narrow transition layers that arise due to differential adhesive forces among the cell-species. The model consists of fourth-order nonlinear advection-reaction-diffusion equations (of Cahn-Hilliard-type) for the cell-species coupled with reaction-diffusion equations for the substrate components. Computing numerical solutions of the model is challenging because the equations are coupled, highly nonlinear, and numerically stiff. In this paper we describe a fully adaptive, nonlinear multigrid/finite difference method for efficiently solving the equations. We demonstrate the convergence of the algorithm and we present simulations of tumor growth in 2D and 3D that demonstrate the capabilities of the algorithm in accurately and efficiently simulating the progression of tumors with complex morphologies.
Selfsourcing personal tasks

Large tasks can be overwhelming. For example, many people have thousands of digital photographs that languish in unorganized archives because it is difficult and time consuming to gather them into meaningful collections. Such tasks are hard to start because they seem to require long uninterrupted periods of effort to make meaningful progress. We propose the idea of selfsourcing as a way to help people to perform large personal information tasks by breaking them into manageable microtasks. Using ideas from crowdsourcing and task management, selfsourcing can help people take advantage of existing gaps in time and recover quickly from interruptions. We present several achievable selfsourcing scenarios and explore how they can facilitate information work in interruption-driven environments.
Who Is the Fairest One of All? How Evolution Guides Peer and Media Influences on Female Body Dissatisfaction

relation between body dissatisfaction and eating disorders. Regarding eating disorders, we focus specifically on anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN). In the first section, we critically review contemporary psychology’s focus on the media as a primary source of body dissatisfaction. In the second, we turn our attention to eating disorders, specifically focusing on secular trends in AN and BN as well as their cross-cultural prevalence. Evidence that these disorders are not “culturally bound” and that they are not increasing dramatically leads us to view skeptically claims that media are an important cause of eating disorders. The third section considers the evidence that peer influences are an important factor in causing body dissatisfaction in women. We consider it valuable to contrast both the evidence and relative focus of psychology on peer and media influences. In the fourth section we move from the research on body dissatisfaction and eating disorders to providing a theoretical explanation of these findings. We do so by briefly reviewing sexual selection theory as it pertains to female intra- and intersexual competition. In the last section, we present a preliminary model that integrates the previous literature reviewed and attempts to explain the complex relationship between media, peers, body dissatisfaction, and eating disorders. Our specific focus is on putative social factors that have intensified the implicit and explicit levels of competition between women and how these may influence body image concerns.
Isolation and characterization of the human gene encoding Ito: further diversity by alternative mRNA splicing.

The transient outward K+ current (I to) in the heart is responsible for the initial phase of repolarization and for setting the plateau voltage of the ventricular action potential. Recently, Kv4.3 ...
Muscarinic stimulation increases basal Ca2+ and inhibits spontaneous Ca2+ transients in murine colonic myocytes

Localized Ca2+ transients in isolated murine colonic myocytes depend on Ca2+ release from inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptors. Localized Ca2+ transients couple to spontaneous transient out...
Retroperitoneal Replacement of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

Infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) disease is a significant cause of mortality in the United States, accounting for over 15,000 deaths annually (Minino et al. 2002). Following FDA approval of commercial stent-graft systems for aortic repair in 1999, a significant proportion of infrarenal AAAs have been repaired using stent-grafts. Despite the popularity of endoluminal repair, traditional open repair remains the gold standard against which all other approaches must be compared.
Echoes from anharmonic normal modes in model glasses

Glasses display a wide array of nonlinear acoustic phenomena at temperatures T ≲ 1 K. This behavior has traditionally been explained by an ensemble of weakly coupled, two-level tunneling states, a theory that is also used to describe the thermodynamic properties of glasses at low temperatures. One of the most striking acoustic signatures in this regime is the existence of phonon echoes, a feature that has been associated with two-level systems with the same formalism as spin echoes in NMR. Here we report the existence of a distinctly different type of acoustic echo in classical models of glassy materials. Our simulations consist of finite-ranged, repulsive spheres and also particles with attractive forces using Lennard-Jones interactions. We show that these echoes are due to anharmonic, weakly coupled vibrational modes and perhaps provide an alternative explanation for the phonon echoes observed in glasses at low temperatures.
Information Asymmetry, Litigation Risk, Uncertainty and the Demand for Fairness Opinions: Evidence from U.S. Mergers and Acquisitions, 1980-2002

In mergers and acquisitions "fairness opinions" are written evaluations of the financial terms of offers for target firms. We use simultaneous equations logit models to identify factors influencing the probabilities of firms obtaining third-party fairness opinions. We find that probabilities are increased by asymmetric information and litigation risk as well as by a variety of uncertainty measures including market values, whether the deal is "friendly" or the terms are "cash," and use of other financial advisory services. We find, in particular, that probabilities have been increased by the Delaware Court's Van Gorkom decision but not by the SEC's Regulation FD.
Determination of Ephedrine Hydrochloride inLaiyangli Cough Syrup by HPLC

Objective To establish an RP-HPLC method for the determination of Ephedrine Hydrochloride in Laiyangli cough syrup.Methods Agilent Extend C18 column was used.The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-0.1% phosphoric acid(0.3% triethyamine)(10∶ 90).The detection wavelength was set at 207 nm.Results A good linearity was obtained in the range of 0.0700 μg to 1.400 μg(r=1.0000).The average recovery was 99.7%.Conclusion This method is simple,accurate,reproducible and can be used for laiyangli cough syrup quality control.
The pressor effect of sodium-volume expansion is calcium mediated.

To investigate the calcium dependence of salt-induced hypertension we concurrently measured blood pressure and serum ionized calcium in conscious normotensive female dogs undergoing five infusions: 1) sodium chloride (0.9%) 2) calcium chloride (10 mg/kg), 3) combined sodium chloride and calcium chloride, 4) nicardipine (1 micrograms/kg/min), and 5) combined sodium chloride and calcium chloride in the presence of nicardipine. While saline and calcium chloride infusions individually did not affect blood pressure, saline combined with calcium chloride significantly and consistently raised mean arterial pressure (MAP) (delta MAP = 7 +/- 2 mm Hg, P less than .001 v baseline). Serum ionized calcium (Caio) levels increased within the normal range with the infusion of calcium alone (1.32 +/- 0.03 to 1.48 +/- 0.01 mmol/L, P less than .005). Extracellular Caio rose less with the combined NaCl-CaCl2 infusion (delta Caio 0.10 +/- 0.01 v 0.16 +/- 0.02 mmol/L, P less than .02). The difference in calcium elevations could not be attributed to volume expansion alone, since saline infusion itself did not affect serum ionized calcium (1.32 +/- 0.3 to 1.31 +/- 0.01 mmol/L, P = NS). Furthermore, nicardipine prevented the pressor effect of the combined saline-calcium infusion. (delta MAP = -2 +/- 3 v 7 +/- 2 mm Hg, P less than .001), and restored the rise in extracellular Caio to that seen with the nonpressor calcium infusion (delta Caio 0.15 +/- 0.01 mmol/L v 0.16 +/- 0.02 mmol/L, P = NS). Altogether, these data demonstrate that the rise in blood pressure and ionized calcium following an acute infusion of sodium and calcium chloride are interdependent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Centromere or telomere: who is the boss?

An hypothesis has been proposed regarding the possible control of centromeric activity by the telomeres of a chromosome.
Critical care education in general surgery residencies.

Surgical critical care (SCC) was recently identified as an essential component of general surgery by the American Board of Surgery (ABS). This survey was developed to determine the changes in critical care education, following the emphasis by the ABS. The survey determined the format for SCC education, the time and resources committed, and the views of the program directors toward SCC. Program directors of all 296 approved general surgery residencies were surveyed, with a 79 % response
Family-focused treatment for childhood depression: model and case illustrations

Although the evidence base for treatment of depressive disorders in adolescents has strengthened in recent years, less is known about the treatment of depression in middle to late childhood. A family-based treatment may be optimal in addressing the interpersonal problems and symptoms frequently evident among depressed children during this developmental phase, particularly given data indicating that attributes of the family environment predict recovery versus continuing depression among depressed children. Family-Focused Treatment for Childhood Depression (FFT-CD) is designed as a 15-session family treatment with both the youth and parents targeting two putative mechanisms involved in recovery: (a) enhancing family support, specifically decreasing criticism and increasing supportive interactions; and (b) strengthening specific cognitive-behavioral skills within a family context that have been central to CBT for depression, specifically behavioral activation, communication, and problem solving. This article describes in detail the FFT-CD protocol and illustrates its implementation with three depressed children and their families. Common themes/challenges in treatment included family stressors, comorbidity, parental mental health challenges, and inclusion/integration of siblings into sessions. These three children experienced positive changes from pre- to posttreatment on assessor-rated depressive symptoms, parent- and child-rated depressive symptoms, and parent-rated internalizing and externalizing symptoms. These changes were maintained at follow-up evaluations 4 and 9 months following treatment completion.
Some Opening Prompts

The book begins with several brief scriptural and quasi-scriptural passages intended to evoke thought regarding some fundamental questions with which religion deals and which this book hopes to address. Whatever your past or present stance is with respect to any religious tradition, I invite you to ask yourself what message you find in each passage, and how you respond to it. RELIGION: AN UNLIKELY SAVIOR The Moral Core of Judaism and Christianity: Reclaiming the Revolution DANIEL C. MAGUIRE (1993) It is not at all obvious at this point in history that the religions of the world have done more good than harm. Alexander Pope said that “the worst of madmen is a saint gone mad.” What is there in religion that makes its saints so mad? Among the ancient offspring of religion we find human sacrifice, magic, witch-hunts, pogroms, crusades, inquisitions, and holy wars. Today's religions look no more promising than yesterday's when we look to Northern Ireland, the Middle East, Afghanistan, or the Punjab. Religion seems more divisive than race. One might well identify with the Latin poet who wondered how “religion could generate so many evils.” Was Lucretius not right in praising Epicurus for saving humankind from the “burden of religion”? A formidable burden of proof rests on anyone who would argue as I shall that a lost revolution of consciousness — one that could have a major, transforming impact on our modernity — is retrievably housed in the classic religions of Judaism and Christianity. Both Judaism and Christianity suffer from advanced decadence, a fact only timidly recognized by the institutional devotees of these religions.
Injection Molding of Ceramics

An injection molding process used to fabricate ceramic flow path components for a turbine engine is described. Both Si3N4 and SiC are amenable to mold forming and subsequent reaction sintering. Fabrication equipment and technique are presented along with a discussion of major accomplishments and problems encountered during molding technology development at Ford.
Midbrain Synchrony to Envelope Structure Supports Behavioral Sensitivity to Single-Formant Vowel-Like Sounds in Noise

Vowels make a strong contribution to speech perception under natural conditions. Vowels are encoded in the auditory nerve primarily through neural synchrony to temporal fine structure and to envelope fluctuations rather than through average discharge rate. Neural synchrony is thought to contribute less to vowel coding in central auditory nuclei, consistent with more limited synchronization to fine structure and the emergence of average-rate coding of envelope fluctuations. However, this hypothesis is largely unexplored, especially in background noise. The present study examined coding mechanisms at the level of the midbrain that support behavioral sensitivity to simple vowel-like sounds using neurophysiological recordings and matched behavioral experiments in the budgerigar. Stimuli were harmonic tone complexes with energy concentrated at one spectral peak, or formant frequency, presented in quiet and in noise. Behavioral thresholds for formant-frequency discrimination decreased with increasing amplitude of stimulus envelope fluctuations, increased in noise, and were similar between budgerigars and humans. Multiunit recordings in awake birds showed that the midbrain encodes vowel-like sounds both through response synchrony to envelope structure and through average rate. Whereas neural discrimination thresholds based on either coding scheme were sufficient to support behavioral thresholds in quiet, only synchrony-based neural thresholds could account for behavioral thresholds in background noise. These results reveal an incomplete transformation to average-rate coding of vowel-like sounds in the midbrain. Model simulations suggest that this transformation emerges due to modulation tuning, which is shared between birds and mammals. Furthermore, the results underscore the behavioral relevance of envelope synchrony in the midbrain for detection of small differences in vowel formant frequency under real-world listening conditions.
Pressure-dependence of the phase transitions and thermal expansion in zirconium and hafnium pyrovanadate

Abstract Low or negative thermal expansion (NTE) has been previously observed in members of the ZrP2O7 family at temperatures higher than their order-disorder phase transitions. The thermoelastic properties and phase behavior of the low temperature superstructure and high temperature negative thermal expansion phases of ZrV2O7 and HfV2O7 were explored via in situ variable temperature/pressure powder x-ray diffraction measurements. The phase transition temperatures of ZrV2O7 and HfV2O7 exhibited a very strong dependence on pressure (∼700 K GPa), with moderate compression suppressing the formation of their NTE phases below 513 K. Compression also reduced the magnitude of the coefficients of thermal expansion in both the positive and negative thermal expansion phases. Additionally, the high temperature NTE phase of ZrV2O7 was found to be twice as stiff as the low temperature positive thermal expansion superstructure (24 and 12 GPa respectively).