cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coarse-Grained Interaction of a Fluid with a Physically-Patterned Solid Surface: Application to Nanodroplet Wetting

We derive coarse-grained potentials to describe the interaction of a physically adsorbed, fluid-phase atom with a solid surface that is patterned with an array of rectangular or cylindrical pillars. The coarse-grained potentials are used in molecular dynamics simulations to probe the wetting of a Lennard-Jones liquid droplet on various patterned solid surfaces. Our results, which indicate that surface patterning can significantly influence wetting, are in agreement with previous studies.
High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Liver Disease

To establish whether there is any significant relationship between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) concentrations and biopsy-documented liver disease, 169 patients had needle biopsies, serum cholesterol, and HDLC evaluated. Twenty-four patients had serial cholesterol, HDLC, prothrombin, and aminotransferase levels and activities examined. In both men and women, HDLC decreased strikingly and significantly in acute alcoholic hepatitis and in acute viral hepatitis, compared to controls (p less than 0.001). Men and women with inactive alcoholic liver disease and chronic active hepatitis showed moderate decreased in HDLC (p less than 0.001). Patients with primary and metastatic hepatic neoplasms also had strikingly decreased HDLC (p less than 0.001). Serial testing showed an excellent direct correlation between HDLC and prothrombin activity, r values ranging from 0.71 to 0.98. Although alcohol intake is known to correlate positively with HDLC concentrations, our data shows that this association is not absolute, and in most cases is reversed once liver disease becomes apparent.
An Extension of the Bivariate Method of Polynomials and a Reduction Formula for Bonferroni-Type Inequalities

LetA1,A2,?,ANandB1,B2,?,BMbe two sequences of events, and let?N(A) and?M(B) be the number of thoseAiandBj, respectively, that occur. We prove that Bonferroni-type inequalities forP(?N(A)?u,?M(B)?v), whereuandvare positive integers, are valid if and only if they are valid for a two dimensional triangular array of independent eventsAiandBj, withP(Ai)=p1andP(Bj)=p2for alliandj. This result allows to derive a formula from which arbitrary Bonferroni-type inequalities of the above type are reduced to the special case of no events occurring. Such methods for proof and similar reduction formula were so far available only for the case of exactlyuandvevents occurring. Several new inequalities are obtained by using our results.
Internetworking of factors affecting successive searches over multiple episodes

Successive information searches are fairly common. To enhance the understanding of the behavior, this study attempted to improve both the descriptive and explanatory power of the Multiple Information Seeking Episodes (MISE) model, a conceptual model characterizing factors affecting successive searches. It empirically observed how the key factors in the information seeking process in the MISE model evolve over multiple search sessions and explained how those factors are affected by other factors associated with searchers, search activity, search context, systems, information attainment, and information-use activities. The validated and enriched MISE model can be extended to serve the basis for future studies in other complex searches process such as multi-tasking and collaborative searches, and can also help identify problems that users face and thus derive requirements for system support.
Functional behavior of nondeterministic and concurrent programs

The functions behavior of a deterministic program segment is a function f:D→D, where D is some set of states for the computation. This notion of functional behavior can be extended to nondeterministic and concurrent programs using techniques from linear algebra. In particular, the functional behavior of a nondeterministic program segment is a linear transformation f:A→A, where A is a free semiring module. Other notions from linear algebra carry over into this setting. For example, weakest preconditions and predicate transformers correspond to well-studied concepts in linear algebra. Using multilinear algebra, programs with tuples of inputs and outputs can be handled. For nondeterministic concurrent programs, the functional behavior is a linear transformation f:A→A, where A is a free semiring algebra. In this case, f may also be an algebra morphism, which indicates that the program involves no interprocess communication. Finally, a model of syntax for programs is studied whose semantics is given using linear algebra. It is shown that in this model, free interpretations (essentially Herbrand universes) do not generally exist.
Developing Decision-Making Skills through the Use of Critical Incidents

(2000). Developing Decision-Making Skills through the Use of Critical Incidents. Journal of Health Education: Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 115-117.
Quinua biosystematics II: Free-living populations

South AmericanChenopodium assignable to sect.Chenopodium subsect.Cellulata (Chenopodiaceae) have been classified on the basis of fruit and leaf blade morphology. Samples representing 99 free-living and domesticated populations were included in a comparative study based on electrophoretic and morphometric data. The resulting patterns of variation indicate that past reliance on the fruit for diagnostic characters has obscured biological relationships. Domesticated and free-living populations of the high Andes, distributed from northwestern Argentina to Colombia, are closely allied and clearly separate from domesticated populations of coastal Chile and free-living populations of Argentina. Circumscription of the ArgentineC. hircinum to include Andean populations is rejected. Specific differentiation among Andean populations, polyphyletic origins forC. quinoa, and the presence of different ploidy levels are not indicated. Free-living Andean types sympatric withC. quinoa are provisionally placed within that species as subsp. milleanum. While the coastal quingua domesticate is clearly distinct from the Andean weed/crop complex, it is provisionally placed within subsp.quinoa to conserve established nomenclature. The overall pattern of morphogenetic variation among South American populations suggests a co-evolutionary relationship between domesticated and free-living populations of the high Andes, with a center of diversity at the southern extreme of the Andean range. Populations ofC. hircinum represent a logical link to the progenitor of the quinua complex, although firm phyletic and systematic alignments will require more information concerning populations of south-central Chile, and further definition of relative affinities among North and South American elements of subsectionCellulata.
Comparison Between In Vivo and In Vitro Cutaneous Penetration of Fenvalerate in Tobacco Budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

In vivo and in vitro penetration of fenvalerate were compared in the 3-d-old fifth-instar tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F). In the in vitro studies, a piece of cuticle was excised and mounted on a diffusion cell, and the amount of radioactivity present in the cuticle and medium was determined at various time intervals. At 24 h, approximately 7.4% of the dose was located in the cuticle, whereas only 1.6% actually penetrated. In the in vivo studies, approximately 7.4% of the radioactivity was recovered from the body after cuticular wash.
Navigating the great learning barrier reef: active training ideas to make learning fun!

There are several types of learners: kinesthetic, auditory, visual and intellectual. In order to successfully convey concepts and information to these learners, it is important to consider the training methods that will guarantee the highest retention. Lecturing may be good for the auditory learner, but what about the others? Visual learners benefit from graphs, pictures and charts, but what about the kinesthetic learner who needs a hands-on experience?Most trainers create an outline of information that they want their participants to know. Next, they display the information as a power point presentation so that it looks pretty, but they still use lecturing as their teaching method. If we were to produce training workshops based on active training models, not only would the sessions be engaging and fun, but they would also have a much higher retention rate. Have you ever considered creating a board game or using a field trip to teach important concepts? How about creating a human network to teach networking concepts.At Grinnell College, we are in the process of redesigning our current student staff workshops in order to make them more active and engaging. The workshops that have been successfully redesigned have produced a higher return on our investment and have received positive reviews from the students. The student staff seems to stay engaged and learn more successfully when they are having fun.
Two-Step Heating Process for the Synthesis of Zeolite Na-Y from Coal Fly Ash

A Two-step heating process for the crystallization of zeolite Na-Y from coal fly ash is investigated with emphasis on the change in the crystallinity of the synthesized zeolite Na-Y. Most of the Si and Al components are effectively transformed into zeolite Na-Y by the first conventional heating, and then the second microwave heating of synthesis mixture dissolves from coal fly ash, and the maximum crystallinity of zeolite Na-Y obtained is 95%. The first conventional heating also plays an important role in enhancing the nuclei formation that Si and Al in the synthesis mixture reacted to form ring-like structures for combining sodalites, and further to small zeolite Na-Y seeds. The second microwave heating increases the crystallization rates from small zeolite Na-Y nucleis to more zeolite Na-Y crystals. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the zeolite Na-Y crystallized by the two step heating process is 139.98 meq/100 g compared to 137.59 meq/100 g for commercial zeolite Na-Y. Test results showed that BET surface area and moisture absorption capacity of zeolite Na-Y synthesized from fly ash is about 839 m2/g and 0.3693 g H2O/g sample, respectively, similar to commercial zeolite Na-Y.
An Anonymous Credit Card System

Credit cards have many important benefits; however, these same benefits often carry with them many privacy concerns. In particular, the need for users to be able to monitor their own transactions, as well as bank's need to justify its payment requests from cardholders, entitle the latter to maintain a detailed log of all transactions its credit card customers were involved in. A bank can thus build a profile of each cardholder even without the latter's consent. In this paper, we present a practical and accountable anonymous credit system based on ecash, with a privacy preserving mechanism for error correction and expense-reporting.
Mechanism of Partial Agonist Action at the NR1 Subunit of NMDA Receptors

Partial agonists produce submaximal activation of ligand-gated ion channels. To address the question of partial agonist action at the NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor, we performed crystallographic and electrophysiological studies with 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACPC), 1-aminocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid (ACBC), and 1-aminocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid (cycloleucine), three compounds with incrementally larger carbocyclic rings. Whereas ACPC and ACBC partially activate the NMDA receptor by 80% and 42%, respectively, their cocrystal structures of the NR1 ligand binding core show the same degree of domain closure as found in the complex with glycine, a full agonist, illustrating that the NR1 subunit provides a new paradigm for partial agonist action that is distinct from that of the evolutionarily related GluR2, AMPA-sensitive receptor. Cycloleucine behaves as an antagonist and stabilizes an open-cleft conformation. The NR1-cycloleucine complex forms a dimer that is similar to the GluR2 dimer, thereby suggesting a conserved mode of subunit-subunit interaction in AMPA and NMDA receptors.
Do extrafloral nectar resources, species abundances, and body sizes contribute to the structure of ant–plant mutualistic networks?

Recent research has shown that many mutualistic communities display non-random structures. While our understanding of the structural properties of mutualistic communities continues to improve, we know little of the biological variables resulting in them. Mutualistic communities include those formed between ants and extrafloral (EF) nectar-bearing plants. In this study, we examined the contributions of plant and ant abundance, plant and ant size, and plant EF nectar resources to the network structures of nestedness and interaction frequency of ant-plant networks across five sites within one geographic locality in the Sonoran Desert. Interactions between ant and plant species were largely symmetric. That is, ant and plant species exerted nearly equivalent quantitative interaction effects on one another, as measured by their frequency of interaction. The mutualistic ant-plant networks also showed nested patterns of structure, in which there was a central core of generalist ant and plant species interacting with one another and few specialist-specialist interactions. Abundance and plant size and ant body size were the best predictors of symmetric interactions between plants and ants, as well as nestedness. Despite interactions in these communities being ultimately mediated by EF nectar resources, the number of EF nectaries had a relatively weak ability to explain variation in symmetric interactions and nestedness. These results suggest that different mechanisms may contribute to structure of bipartite networks. Moreover, our results for ant-plant mutualistic networks support the general importance of species abundances for the structure of species interactions within biological communities.
Mechanisms of inactivation of E-cadherin in breast cancer cell lines

Loss of E-cadherin (CDH1) function is thought to contribute to progression in breast cancer and other solid tumors by increasing proliferation, invasion, and/or metastasis. In some cases, the restoration of CDH1 function may be an important therapeutic option. This possibility will depend on the mechanism by which CDH1 is inactivated. Here we present analyses of CDH1 expression, genetic mutation, and promoter methylation in CDH1 in 10 commonly used breast cancer cell lines. Five cell lines (BT-474, MCF-7, MDA-MB-361, MDA-MB-468, and T-47D) expressed CDH1 and were genetically normal. Five others (SK-BR-3, 600 MPE, MDA-MB-134 IV, CAMA1, and MDA-MB-435) did not express CDH1. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses of each of these cell lines showed evidence for the physical deletion of one allele of CDH1, and three cell lines were found to carry homozygous deletions. SK-BR-3 was deleted from exon 12 through the promoter; exon 6 was deleted in MDA-MB-134 IV cells, and 600 MPE cells carried a 21-bp deletion in the splicing acceptor site for exon 9. CAMA1 seemed to have been inactivated through promoter methylation. No explanation was found for the inactivation of CDH1 in MDA-MB-435.
The profession and the pharmaceutical industry.

The relationship between the medical profession and the pharmaceutical industry, formerly, we naively believed, one of mutual respect and mutual cooperation, striving together toward the welfare of our patients, has recently come under considerable scrutiny—a scrutiny, I would contend, in view of what follows, that is wholly justified. The New England Journal of Medicine afforded this subje ct tw o separa te Editorial comm ents 1,2 wher eas The Guardian, a respected British weekly, reviewed three books devote d to the topi c not so long ago. 3
Empirically based methods to assess the preferences of individuals with severe disabilities

A literature review was conducted to provide a synthesis of 18 years of research on preference assessment with individuals who have severe disabilities (e.g., severe mental retardation, autism, multiple disabilities). Through this synthesis, several procedural variables were identified that may influence the outcome of preference assessment, including context, assessment stimuli, selection response, and format. Recommendations were given for designing preference assessment, and questions were raised for future research.
Crosslinking snapshots of bacterial chemoreceptor squads

The team signaling model for bacterial chemoreceptors proposes that receptor dimers of different detection specificities form mixed trimers of dimers. These receptor “squads” then recruit the cytoplasmic signaling proteins CheA and CheW to form ternary signaling teams, which typically cluster at the poles of the cell. We devised cysteine-directed in vivo crosslinking approaches to ask whether mixed receptor squads could form in the absence of CheA and CheW and, if so, whether the underlying structural interactions conformed to trimer-of-dimers geometry. One approach used cysteine reporters at positions in the serine (Tsr) and aspartate (Tar) receptors that should form disulfide-linked Tsr≈Tar products when juxtaposed at the interface of a mixed trimer. Another approach used a cysteine reporter with trigonal geometry near the trimer contact region and a trifunctional maleimide reagent with a spacer length appropriate for capturing the three axial subunits in a trimer of dimers. Both approaches detected mixed receptor-crosslinking products in cells lacking CheA and CheW. Under these conditions, receptor methylation and ligand-binding state had no discernable effect on crosslinking efficiencies. Crosslinking with the trigonal reporter was rapid and did not increase with longer treatment times or higher reagent concentrations, suggesting that this method produces a short-exposure snapshot of the receptor population. The extent of crosslinking indicated that most of the cell's receptor molecules were organized in higher-order groups. Crosslinking in receptor trimer contact mutants correlated with their signaling behaviors, suggesting that trimers of dimers are both structural and functional precursors of chemoreceptor signaling teams in bacteria.
Pharmacokinetic interactions with calcium channel antagonists (Part II).

Calcium channel antagonists are a diverse class of drugs widely used in combination with other therapeutic agents. The potential exists for many clinically significant pharmacokinetic interactions between these and other concurrently administered drugs. The mechanisms of calcium channel antagonist-induced changes in drug metabolism include altered hepatic blood flow and impaired hepatic enzyme metabolising activity. Increases in serum concentrations and/or reductions in clearance have been reported for several drugs used with a number of calcium channel antagonists. A number of reports and studies of calcium channel antagonist interactions have yielded contradictory results and the clinical significance of pharmacokinetic changes seen with these agents is ill-defined. The first part of this article deals with interactions between calcium antagonists and marker compounds, theophylline, midazolam, lithium, doxorubicin, oral hypoglycaemics and cardiac drugs.
ITERATION OF INVERTIBLE TRANSDUCTIONS

We study iterated transductions defined by a class of invertible Mealy automata over the binary alphabet. It is shown that in some cases the resulting orbit relation is rational and we determine the complexity of several natural computational problems associated with the iterated transductions. In particular, we show how to compute timestamps and coordinates.
Use of a communal roost by Turkey Vultures in northeastern Iowa

Communal roosts are an important aspect of Turkey Vulture ( Cathartes aura) biology, but remain inadequately studied. We observed the use patterns of Turkey Vultures at a communal roost in northeastern Iowa from their arrival on 17 March 2005 to their departure on 19 October 2005. The roost was on a forested hillside and vultures roosted below the forest canopy in 10 live deciduous trees, spending an estimated 10-16 h per day in the roost. The birds also used nearby pre- and postroost perch sites, and formed pre- and postroost kettles near the roost site. The number of vultures using the roost ranged from about 20 early in the season to a peak of 281 on 4 October. The apparent pattern was one of moderate and fluctuating numbers early in the 7-month season, increasing numbers in the middle of the season, and high and fluctuating numbers late in the season. Hatching-year vultures began to appear at the roost during the last week of August. The mean monthly time of departure from the roost ranged from 3 min before sunrise to 131 min after sunrise. Vultures departed the roost significantly later in the morning during the summer (June, July, and August) than during other months (April, May, September, and October), probably due to differences in soaring conditions (longer thermal generation times during the summer) and available foraging time (longer days in the summer).
Mountain Pine Beetle Host Selection Between Lodgepole and Ponderosa Pines in the Southern Rocky Mountains

Recent evidence of range expansion and host transition by mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins; MPB) has suggested that MPB may not primarily breed in their natal host, but will switch hosts to an alternate tree species. As MPB populations expanded in lodgepole pine forests in the southern Rocky Mountains, we investigated the potential for movement into adjacent ponderosa pine forests. We conducted field and laboratory experiments to evaluate four aspects of MPB population dynamics and host selection behavior in the two hosts: emergence timing, sex ratios, host choice, and reproductive success. We found that peak MPB emergence from both hosts occurred simultaneously between late July and early August, and the sex ratio of emerging beetles did not differ between hosts. In two direct tests of MPB host selection, we identified a strong preference by MPB for ponderosa versus lodgepole pine. At field sites, we captured naturally emerging beetles from both natal hosts in choice arenas containing logs of both species. In the laboratory, we offered sections of bark and phloem from both species to individual insects in bioassays. In both tests, insects infested ponderosa over lodgepole pine at a ratio of almost 2:1, regardless of natal host species. Reproductive success (offspring/female) was similar in colonized logs of both hosts. Overall, our findings suggest that MPB may exhibit equally high rates of infestation and fecundity in an alternate host under favorable conditions.
An empirical test of convergent evolution in rhodopsins

Rhodopsins are photochemically reactive membrane proteins that covalently bind retinal chromophores. Type I rhodopsins are found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotic microbes, whereas type II rhodopsins function as photoactivated G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) in animal vision. Both rhodopsin families share the seven transmembrane α-helix GPCR fold and a Schiff base linkage from a conserved lysine to retinal in helix G. Nevertheless, rhodopsins are widely cited as a striking example of evolutionary convergence, largely because the two families lack detectable sequence similarity and differ in many structural and mechanistic details. Convergence entails that the shared rhodopsin fold is so especially suited to photosensitive function that proteins from separate origins were selected for this architecture twice. Here we show, however, that the rhodopsin fold is not required for photosensitive activity. We engineered functional bacteriorhodopsin variants with novel folds, including radical noncircular permutations of the α-helices, circular permutations of an eight-helix construct, and retinal linkages relocated to other helices. These results contradict a key prediction of convergence and thereby provide an experimental attack on one of the most intractable problems in molecular evolution: how to establish structural homology for proteins devoid of discernible sequence similarity.
Linkage Analysis Followed by Association Show NRG1 Associated with Cannabis Dependence in African Americans

Background A genetic contribution to cannabis dependence (CaD) has been established but susceptibility genes for CaD remain largely unknown. Methods We employed a multistage design to identify genetic variants underlying CaD. We first performed a genome-wide linkage scan for CaD in 384 African American (AA) and 354 European American families ascertained for genetic studies of cocaine and opioid dependence. We then conducted association analysis under the linkage peak, first using data from a genome-wide association study from the Study of Addiction: Genetics and Environment, followed by replication studies of prioritized single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in independent samples. Results We identified the strongest linkage evidence with CaD (logarithm of odds=2.9) on chromosome 8p21.1 in AAs. In the association analysis of the Study of Addiction: Genetics and Environment sample under the linkage peak, we identified one SNP (rs17664708) associated with CaD in both AAs (odds ratio [OR] = 2.93, p = .0022) and European Americans (OR = 1.38, p = .02). This SNP, located at NRG1 , a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia, was prioritized for further study. We replicated the association of rs17664708 with CaD in an independent AAs sample (OR = 2.81, p = .0068). The joint analysis of the two AA samples demonstrated highly significant association between rs17664708 and CaD with adjustment for either global ( p = .00044) or local ancestry ( p = .00075). Conclusions Our study shows that NRG1 is probably a susceptibility gene for CaD, based on convergent evidence of linkage and replicated associations in two independent AA samples.
A direct numerical simulation of axisymmetric cryogenic two-phase flows in a pipe with phase change

Abstract An accurate finite-volume based numerical method for the simulation of a cryogenic two-phase flow with phase change heat transfer, consisting of a saturated liquid slug translating in its own superheated vapor in a circular pipe is presented. This method is built on a sharp interface concept and developed on an Eulerian Cartesian fixed-grid with a cut-cell scheme and marker points to track the moving interface. The unsteady, axisymmetric Navier–Stokes equations in both liquid and vapor phases are solved separately. The mass continuity, momentum flux conditions and conservation of energy are explicitly matched at the true boundary between the two phases to determine the interface shape and movement. A quadratic curve fitting algorithm with marker points is used to yield smooth and accurate information of the interface curvatures. It is uniquely demonstrated for the first time with the current method that conservation of mass is strictly enforced for continuous infusion of flow into the domain of computation. The method has been used to compute the velocity, pressure and temperature fields and the deformation of the liquid core. It is also shown that the current method is capable of producing accurate results for a wide range of Reynolds number, Re, Weber number, We, Jakob number, Ja and large property jumps at the interface.
ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES OF LARVAL PARASITOIDS OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)

Three species of Hymenoptera comprise the guild of parasitoids utilizing alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica, larvae in Ohio. Where all three coexist, there has been a yearly increase in parasitization by Bathyplectes anurus and concomitant decreases in Bathyplectes curculionis and Tetrastichus incertus. We conclude that B. anurus dominance is due to its precise synchronization with peak host numbers, its high reproductive capacity, competitive superiority, and rapid search and handling. Domination of ephemeral hosts by such a parasitoid is in agreement with the general conclusions of Force, and Ehler and van den Bosch. B. curculionis and T. incertus compensate for imperfect synchrony with multivoltism and vagility (both spp.), aggregation and rapid search (B. curculionis), or random search and gregarious development (T. incertus).
Commentary by Thomas D. Willett

Donald Lessard has given us a stimulating, insightful contribution. It not only presents a considerable amount of highly useful analysis, but also focuses attention on a major issue that has been relatively neglected in the recent discussions of the international debt crisis—the extent to which various developments associated with the debt crisis have acted to drastically reduce the influence of private sector decisionmaking in the microeconomic allocation of financial resources in the developing countries.
Evidence for a Grain Boundary Grooving Model of Agglomeration in Polycrystalline Tisi2 Thin Films

An equilibrium model for agglomeration based upon the mechanism of grain boundary grooving in polycrystalline thin films is suggested. It involves an energy balance between surface, interface, and grain boundary energies, and predicts parameters which will influence the onset of agglomeration. It has been determined that small grain size, low grain boundary energy, high film surface and interface energies, and growth of single crystal epitaxial layers should promote resistance to agglomeration. Polycrystalline TiSi2 thin films deposited on Si substrates have been observed using cross-section TEM. The micrographs provide evidence that, for these films, the grain boundary grooving mechanism is dominant and most of the modeling assumptions are valid.
Wetland Treatment for Trace Metal Removal from Mine Drainage: The Importance of Aerobic and Anaerobic Processes

When designing wetland treatment systems for trace metal removal, both aerobic and anaerobic processes can be incorporated into the final design. Aerobic processes such as adsorption and ion exchange can successfully treat neutral drainage in overland flow systems. Acid drainage can be treated in anaerobic systems as a result of sulfate reduction processes which neutralize pH and precipitate metals. Test work on both aerobic and anaerobic systems has been conducted in Minnesota. For the past three years, overland flow test systems have successfully removed copper, cobalt, nickel and zinc from neutral mine drainage. Nickel, which is the major contaminant, has been reduced around 90 percent from 2 mg/L to 0.2 mg/L. A sulfate reduction system has successfully treated acid mine drainage for two years, increasing pH from 5 to over 7 and reducing concentrations of all metals by over 90 percent. Important factors to consider when designing wetlands to remove trace metals include not only the type of wetland required but also the size of the system and the residence time needed to achieve the water quality standards.
Fuzzy FTA for River-traversing Oil Pipeline

Based on the statistic data of oil pipelines,a fault tree on the river traversing pipelines was simplified,of which the qualitative analysis result was set as the factor set,while the quantitative analysis result was a set as the value set,then the remark set was composed of the uncertain experience (fuzzy experience) from the pipeline experts and the technicians,therefore,the fuzzy FTA for the traversing pipeline was carried out.The result shows that the history statistics and uncertain data of the traversing pipeline are constructed by the method,and the reliability evaluation for the traversing pipeline is accomplished briefly and easily.It provides a reference for the scientific management for the oil pipeline.
Study on Infrared Extinction Performance of Expanded Graphite

Expanded graphite is a new multi-band passive jamming material.In order to test the IR extinction properties of expanded graphite,based on the analysis of smoke extinction mechanism,the infrared transmittance curves of expanded graphite smoke versus time in the 3～5 mm,8～12 mm two-band IR are tested in the smoke box.The concentrations of expanded graphite smoke at different test period are measured with membrane weighing method.The average mass extinction coefficients of expanded graphite smoke in two-band IR are calculated to be 0.8013 m2×g-1 and 0.6187 m2×g-1 respectively.The results show that expanded graphite has a good smoke interference effect and extinction effect.It has broad application prospects in the field of IR countermeasure.
Fate of Ingested Plant Allelochemicals in Herbivorous Insects

Insect herbivores and higher plants have coexisted for at least 250 million years and during this time many remarkable mutualisms between them have developed. There are also, of necessity, antagonisms in that herbivorous insects eat plants and plants can kill insects (Courtney, 1981; Raffa, Chapter 9 in this text). Not having available to them motility, tooth, or claw, the plants have developed many morphological and anatomical barriers to insect feeding activities, and also rely prominently on chemical defenses. The insects, in turn, being handicapped by very small sizes which impose limits on their energy available for motility and jaw power, have responded with a diversity of biochemical, physiological, and behavioral adaptations which allow them not only to continue to use the plants as food sources but also to take advantage of the plant defenses for purposes of their own, in many cases. This is emphasized by the many instances in which herbivorous insects use for defense, chemicals that they themselves have biosynthesized from intermediary metabolism precursors by pathways and enzyme assemblages similar to those found in plants (Duffey, 1977; Rotschild and Marsh, 1978; Eisner et al., 1986).
Why Busing Failed: Race, Media, and the National Resistance to School Desegregation, by Matthew F. Delmont

For most Americans, the word “busing” conjures up images of White Boston parents in the mid-1970s, throwing rocks at school buses full of Black children. American history books and political discou...
The Open Future Square of Opposition: a Defense

This essay explores the validity of Gregory Boyd’s open theistic account of the nature of the future. In particular, it is an investigation into whether Boyd’s logical square of opposition for future contingents provides a model of reality for free will theists that can preserve both bivalence and a classical conception of omniscience. In what follows, I argue that it can.
Combustion characteristics of ternary fuel Blends: Pentanol, butanol and vegetable oil

Abstract Ternary blends of pentanol, butanol and soybean oil are investigated and compared to binary blends of pentanol/soybean oil and butanol/soybean oil. Ternary blends are examined in an effort to create more intense and longer lasting puffing events and microexplosions, with the overall goal of increasing reaction rates and improving combustion of heavy bio-oils. Several blend ratios were tested for the ternary mixture. All the blends tested exhibit significant puffing events. The size of puffing event is closely linked to the amount of secondary atomization that occurs and therefore the overall shortening of reaction time. An equivolume blend of pentanol, butanol and soybean oil exhibits the most violent microexplosions and leads to the shortest reaction time. A hypothesis is suggested for the difference in combustion behavior between binary and ternary fuel blends.
Differential serotonergic modulation across the main and accessory olfactory bulbs.

Mitral cells (MCs) contained in the main (MOB) and accessory (AOB) olfactory bulb have distinct intrinsic membrane properties but a comparison of the extent of neuromodulation across the two systems is not well explored. Herein, we investigated a widely-distributed CNS modulator, serotonin (5-HT), for its ability to modulate the biophysical properties of MCs across the MOB and AOB, using an in vitro, brain slice approach in postnatal 15–30 day mice. In the MOB, 5-HT elicited three types of responses in 93% of 180 cells tested. Cells were either directly excited (70%), inhibited (10%), or showed a mixed response −first inhibition followed by excitation (13%). In the AOB, 82% of 148 cells were inhibited with 18% of cells showing no response. Albeit located in parallel partitions of the olfactory system, 5-HT largely elicited MC excitation in the MOB while it evoked two different kinetic rates of MC inhibition in the AOB. Using a combination of pharmacological agents, we found that the MC excitatory responses in the MOB were mediated by 5-HT2A receptors through a direct activation. In comparison, 5-HT-evoked inhibitory responses in the AOB arose due to a polysynaptic, slow-onset inhibition attributed to 5-HT2 receptor activation exciting GABAergic interneurons. The second type of inhibition had a rapid onset as a result of direct inhibition mediated by the 5-HT1 class of receptors. The distinct serotonergic modulation of MCs between the MOB and AOB could provide a molecular basis for differential chemosensory behaviours driven by the brainstem raphe nuclei into these parallel systems. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Disability Among Middle-Aged and Older Persons With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection.

Author(s): Johs, Nikolas A; Wu, Kunling; Tassiopoulos, Katherine; Koletar, Susan L; Kalayjian, Robert C; Ellis, Ronald J; Taiwo, Babafemi; Palella, Frank J; Erlandson, Kristine M | Abstract: BackgroundOlder human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults may experience higher rates of frailty and disability than the general population. Improved understanding of the prevalence, risk factors, and types of impairment can better inform providers and the healthcare system.MethodsHIV-infected participants within the AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5322 HAILO study self-reported disability by the Lawton-Brody Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) Questionnaire. Frailty was measured by 4-m walk time, grip strength, self-reported weight loss, exhaustion, and low activity. Logistic regression models identified characteristics associated with any IADL impairment. Agreement between IADL impairment and frailty was assessed using the weighted kappa statistic.ResultsOf 1015 participants, the median age was 51 years, 15% were aged ≥60 years, 19% were female, 29% black, and 20% Hispanic. At least 1 IADL impairment was reported in 18% of participants, most commonly with housekeeping (48%) and transportation (36%) and least commonly with medication management (5%). In multivariable models, greater disability was significantly associated with neurocognitive impairment, lower education, Medicare/Medicaid insurance (vs private/other coverage), smoking, and low physical activity. Although a greater proportion of frail participants had IADL impairment (52%) compared to non-frail (11%) persons, agreement was poor (weighted kappa l0.18, 95% confidence interval, 0.13, 0.23).ConclusionIADL disability occurs frequently among middle-aged and older HIV-infected adults on effective antiretroviral therapy. Potentially modifiable risk factors (smoking, physical activity) provide targets for interventions to maintain independent living. Systematic recognition of persons at greater risk for disability can facilitate connection to resources that may help preserve independence.
Antipyretic Medication Exposures Among Young Children Reported to US Poison Centers, 2000-2015.

This study used the National Poison Data System database to retrospectively analyze the characteristics and medical outcomes of exposures to antipyretic medications involving children younger than ...
What Should Oral Health Professionals Know in 2040: Executive Summary

The "Advancing Dental Education in the 21st Century" project assesses current status and trends to prepare for the future. Section 3 of the project asks what knowledge and skills should dental and advanced dental education learners have to provide dental care in 2040 and how should educators be preparing them. This executive summary of five background articles in this section focuses on predoctoral education, advanced dental education, the provision of medical services within dental practice, the incorporation of oral health services into primary care and medical practice, and interprofessional education and practice. The changing environment and external forces are presented along with their implications for advancing dental education. These forces include changes in population characteristics (e.g., demographics, disease prevalence, health disparities, consumerism), treatment needs and modalities, care delivery, science and technology, educational methods, and medical and dental integration. Future oral health professionals (OHPs) will care for more diverse patient populations, older patients with complex medical and dental needs, and relatively dentally healthy younger cohorts who require fewer complex restorative and prosthodontic treatments. Increasing integration of medical and oral health education and patient care will require OHPs to have more medical knowledge and to practice in intra- and interprofessional teams. OHPs increasingly will be providing patient-centered care as employees in large group practices, health care settings, and safety net clinics with expanded types of OHPs and improved materials and technology. Educators need to implement innovative curricula and educational methods to prepare for and adapt to the disruptive changes that lie ahead.
Vulnerability, the Responsive State, and the Role of Religion

It addresses the growing (and empirically based) perception that the law, politics, and the state itself is failing its most fundamental task of ensuring a just and equitable society. It argues that we must intentionally and attentively construct a system of laws and legal responsibility that is responsive to and recognizes everyone in society has needs as individuals, as well as considering the role that institutions play in individual and collective lives. The following pages sets forth an argument for the intentional and society-centric development of a political and legal ethic of compassion that mandates a more socially responsive state than currently exists in many Western democracies. It does so by first considering the universality of human vulnerability and dependency and subsequently recognizing the responsibility of the state to respond to the implications and consequences of that shared human condition.
Cognitive Computing: Supporting the Third Care Pathway

Citizens and patients are confronted with fragmented systems that they must integrate on their own. Therefore, integrated care, where health and social services are delivered in a coordinated way, shouldn’t be just understood as a service delivery model, but also as a right to which any user should be entitled to. The implementation of Integrated care is frequently understood as a journey that starts either on the health sector or on the social ector. However, successful integrated care could also be achieved by designing right from the beginning a third concrete pathway, where health complexity and social complexity are scored and integrated care guidelines are assigned accordingly. A third pathway, the Integrated Care Pathway, implies amongst others a new market place, new occupational skills, as well as new set of technological capabilities. This presentation presents how cognitive computing can support the evolution of integrated care, proposes some new skills that could help the field of integrated care and open spaces to reflect and discuss together with the participants pros-cons of having a third market place to support the Third Care Pathway, the one for integrated care.
Effect of Bead Size on the Analysis of Proteins and Peptides by High Pressure Liquid Chromatography

The major thrust in the recent past has been on the development of column size and its packing material for the purification of proteins and peptides in low amounts by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) to meet the requirement of amino acid sequence analysis, particularly by gas phase. This has resulted in the availability of smaller columns (microbore and mini) and packing material with different bead sizes (3 µM; 5 µM; 7 µM; 10 µM and 20 µM) and different pore sizes (75A; 80 A; 120 A; 300 A; 500 A and 1000 A). There are a number of reports available comparing the effect of pore size, mobile phase, temperature and column size (Freiser and Gooding, 1987; O’Hare et al. 1982; Liebra et al. 1984; Cohen et al 1984; Bhown and Bennett, 1984; Moore and Walters, 1984) on the separation of proteins, peptides, amino acids, and their derivatives. Use of the microbore column has also been advocated (Wilson, 1988). However, microbore column chromatography is limited, for example, by the need for a special type of solvent delivery system and restriction on the volume of the sample to be injected. In our efforts to search for an alternative to microbore column chromatography, we have investigated and compared the results of elution of protein, peptide and amino acid derivatives by microbore and macrobore columns packed with different bead sizes (3 µM; 5 µM; µM).
Streptococcus pneumoniae: The Prototype of Lung Responses in Pneumonia

Streptococcus pneumoniae causes infections as diverse as meningitis, sepsis, and otitis media, but its species name “pneumoniae” refers to its dominant role in pneumonia. Pneumonia is broadly divided into three classes: community-acquired, hospital-acquired, and pneumonia in an immunocompromised host (Reynolds et al. 2010; Watson et al. 1993). Since its initial identification by Louis Pasteur and George Sternberg over 130 years ago, S. pneumoniae remains the leading causative agent of community-acquired pneumonia worldwide (Watson et al. 1993). Host immune responses must contend with over 90 pneumococcal capsular serotypes. Children <2 years old who lack the ability to mount effective immunoglobulin responses to capsular antigens are the most susceptible to invasive pneumococcal disease (Reynolds et al. 2010). Lobar pneumonia, a classic description in clinical medicine, presents with five cardinal signs: sudden onset chest pain, a shaking chill, cough, fever, and production of blood tinged sputum (Heffron 1939). In pediatric patients, presenting symptoms include fever, cough, labored breathing with grunting, and cyanosis (Tan et al. 1998). In adults, community-acquired pneumococcal pneumonia often presents with opacity in a lobar pattern on chest radiographs (Reynolds et al. 2010). In both children (Don et al. 2010) and adults (Cilloniz et al. 2011), most cases of pneumococcal pneumonia resolve after treatment with a 5 % mortality rate. However, complications such as pleural effusion, empyema, and multi-lobar consolidation can arise (Cilloniz et al. 2011).
Abstract 78: Hippo Pathway and Dystrophin Glycoprotein Complex Regulate Cardiomyocyte Proliferation

Regeneration of mammalian heart is limited due to the extremely low renewal rate of cardiomyocytes and their inability to reenter the cell cycle. The Hippo pathway controls heart size during development and represses postnatal heart regeneration by repressing cardiomyocyte proliferation. Our approach for activating adult heart regeneration is to uncover the mechanisms responsible for repression of cardiomyocyte proliferation. We have previously found that deletion of Salv, a modulator of the Hippo pathway, results in myocardial damage repair in postnatal and adult hearts. Deletion of Salv results in activation of the transcription factor, Yap, which positively regulates cytoskeleton and cell cycle genes. We also found that the components of dystrophin glycoprotein complex (DGC) are the target of Yap and DGC regulates heart regeneration. The dystrophin glycoprotein complex (DGC) is essential for muscle maintenance by anchoring the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix. Disruption of the DGC results in muscular dystrophies, including Duchenne muscular dystrophy, resulting in both skeletal and cardiac myopathies. To explore the connection between DGC and the Hippo pathway, we conditionally deleted Salv in the mdx background, a mouse model of muscular dystrophy. We found that simultaneous disruption of the DGC and the Hippo pathway leads an increased cardiomyocyte proliferation after heart damage. This is associated with increased activity of Yap, suggesting DGC negatively regulate Yap to repress proliferation. We also found that one of the components DGC, dystroglycan directly binds Yap and anchors to the membrane. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanisms leading to heart repair through proliferation of endogenous cardiomyocytes.