cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Childhood Mental Disorders

Abstract This article is intended to provide an overview of the major categories of childhood mental disorders described in the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM), including mood and anxiety disorders, attention-deficit and disruptive behavior disorders, and pervasive developmental disorders. Current knowledge of symptoms and associated characteristics, epidemiology, and developmental course for each disorder will be covered.
The Relationship Between Small- and Large-Scale Movements of Horseshoe Crabs in the Great Bay Estuary and Limulus Behavior in the Laboratory

The overall goal of our research program is to determine the short- and long-term patterns of horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) movements in the Great Bay estuary and then seek an understanding of the endogenous and exogenous processes that give rise to these patterns. Small- and large-scale movement data were obtained from 27 horseshoe crabs tracked using ultrasonic telemetry for at least a year. During mating season animals were most active during high tides, but they did not increase their activity or approach mating beaches during every high tide. During the remainder of the year tidal or daily patterns of activity were less evident, and the extent of their movements gradually decreased as water temperatures dropped in the late fall and winter. During the spring, when water temperatures exceeded 10°C, tagged animals moved several km up into the estuary into shallow water (< 4 m) 1 month prior to spawning. A similar temperature threshold was also evident in laboratory experiments, with little rhythmic behavior expressed at temperatures below 11°C. Mating activity lasted approximately 1 month and was followed by a period of high activity. In the fall, most animals moved downriver into deeper water, where they remained during the colder months. Thus, the majority of Limulus exhibited a seasonal pattern of movement, remaining within a 3 km stretch of the estuary. In the laboratory, animals expressed both daily and tidal rhythms of locomotion. Those with daily rhythms were more likely to be diurnal than nocturnal, but both tendencies were evident. The clock involved in modulating their locomotory activity appears to be separate from the clock controlling their circadian rhythm of visual sensitivity. When animals were exposed to “artificial tides”, created by changing water depth every 12.4 hours, they expressed clear tidal rhythms of activity that were synchronized to the imposed tides. Similar data were obtained from horseshoe crabs in running wheels placed in the estuary. However, if the running wheels were attached to a floating dock, so water depth did not change with the tides, the horseshoe crabs were primarily diurnal. Thus, while endogenous biological clocks are capable of controlling many aspects of horseshoe crab locomotion, the actual patterns manifested in the field are strongly influenced by the water depth changes associated with the tides, as well as light levels and seasonal changes in water temperature.
Sexuality education training as part of the seminary experience

ABSTRACTIn light of the recent worldwide outpouring of disclosures of sexual misconduct, religious leaders need to revisit their moral obligation to be shepherds of a broken flock. Unfortunately, research suggests that most seminaries fail to adequately equip future ministers in the area of human sexuality. Efforts to address this deficiency are now met with another challenge: a reduction in units in many seminary Master's programs such as the Master of Divinity, especially in the United States. This article presents adequate sexuality education as integral to seminary education. It also explores different options for integrating such training into the seminary curricula and into classroom pedagogy. Finally, it offers a biblical, moral summons to ‘restore what is lacking’ in the sexuality education of clergy in training.
Joint Steganography-Source-Channel Coding for Wireless Physiological Signal Transmission

In this paper, we propose a novel Joint Steganography-Source-Channel Coding (JS2C2) scheme for scalable physiological signal transmission in wireless networks. Our goal is to secure patient's confidential data in medical signal by using Unequally Steganography Embedding and progressively transmit it by Joint Source-Channel Coding, limiting the extent of end to end distortion in the received signal, while abating transmission energy. The main contribution of this paper lies in the inherently joint design of the physiological signal steganography coding and transmission by taking advantage of the unequal importance among different segments of the physiological data. Higher steganography coding level and more robust source-channel coding will protect those highly important segments of the physiological data. Therefore, data integrity and transmission efficiency can be achieved in a resilient way. Simulation results demonstrate that USE attains low distortion (Wavelet-based Weighted Percent Root-mean-squared Difference, i.e. WWPRD ङ 0.45 %) as well as high correlation between cover and stego data. Furthermore, low end-to-end Mean-Square-Error (MSE) indicates strong imperceptibility of stego data and ascertains that physiological signal remains diagnosable after JS2C2.
Equivalent Circuit Formulation for Solving AC Optimal Power Flow

In this paper, we formulate and solve the ac optimal power flow (AC-OPF) as an equivalent circuit problem in terms of current, voltage, and admittance state variables. The generator models are represented using conductance and susceptance state variables, and the operational and network constraints are translated to corresponding current/voltage constraints without loss of accuracy or generality. To understand the physics behind the optimality conditions of the optimization problem, we extend the linear adjoint circuit theory to translate them to equivalent circuit domain. It is shown that the operating point that defines the equivalent circuit solution precisely represents an AC-OPF solution. We then further exploit the equivalent circuit representation to use power flow simulation techniques to robustly solve the optimization problem. The efficiency of our approach is demonstrated for several AC-OPF benchmark test cases (up to 70 k buses) under nominal and congested operating conditions, and the runtime and scalability properties are presented.
Controlled Reduction of Genomic Heterozygosity in an Industrial Yeast Strain Reveals Wide Cryptic Phenotypic Variation.

Abundant genomic heterozygosity can be found in wild strains of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from industrial and clinical environments, but notably, the heterozygous alleles present in those strains are not evenly distributed across their genomes. Instead, heterozygosity is often clustered in discrete chromosomal regions, while other stretches are entirely homozygous. This patchwork configuration could be the net result of the interaction between two opposing forces: Genomic instability processes such as mitotic recombination that erode heterozygosis, and natural selection that may disfavor homozygous genotypes. We investigated this possibility in the bioethanol strain PE-2/JAY270, a natural hybrid whose genome is characterized by abundant, yet unevenly distributed, structural and nucleotide polymorphisms between most pairs of homologous chromosomes. This strain is widely adopted by distilleries for its ability to thrive under harsh biotic and abiotic stresses during fermentation. In this study, we set out to explore how changes in genomic heterozygosity can influence the traits of PE-2/JAY270. We manipulated the abundance and distribution of heterozygous alleles through two approaches: Inbreeding and targeted uniparental disomy (UPD). New unique combinations of homozygous alleles in each inbred strain resulted in wide phenotypic variation for at least two important complex traits: Heat stress tolerance and competitive growth kinetics. Genome-wide association analyses allowed the identification of broad genomic regions where genetic polymorphisms potentially impacted these two traits. Interestingly, there was no overlap between the loci associated with each trait. In addition, we adapted an approach to induce bidirectional UPD of three targeted pairs of chromosomes (IV, XIV, and XV), while heterozygosity was maintained elsewhere in the genome. In most cases UPD led to detectable phenotypic alterations, often in opposite directions between the two strains in each UPD pair. Our results showed that homozygosity of specific regions could uncover cryptic phenotypic diversity hiding within the PE-2/JAY270 genome, which if exposed, would likely be acted upon by natural selection. In addition, this study laid a foundation for an experimental pipeline that can be expanded and then applied to the identification of alleles of interest for industrial and clinical applications in this and other hybrid yeast strains.
Intention to Read to Newborns Following a Brief Reading Promotion Intervention among Low-Income Pregnant Women.

Introduction. Reading to children can increase word knowledge andsuccess in school. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommendsbeginning reading at birth. However, children from low-incomefamilies are exposed to less words, including reading exposure, thanchildren from high-income families.Methods.xPregnant women attending a community prenatal educationprogram targeted at high-risk and low-income populationswere recruited into this study. Participants completed a pre-survey,engaged with a brief educational intervention, then completed amatched post-survey. Surveys assessed perceived benefits, intendedbehaviors, and self-efficacy regarding reading to their child.Results. Of 61 eligible participants, 54 (89%) completed the study.Participants reported being Black (33%), White (30%), Hispanic(28%), and other race (9%). Average gestational age at enrollmentwas 27 weeks (range 13 to 38 weeks). The average age of respondentswas 26 years (SD = 7.2); 46% reported being pregnant for the firsttime. Following the intervention, no change in knowledge regardingbenefits of reading was observed, however, baseline knowledge washigh (58% - 94%). At post-test, significantly more women reported itwas important to start reading to their child at birth (83% vs 56%; p< 0.001) and that they planned to start reading to their child at birth(70% vs 50%; p = 0.001).Conclusions. A brief educational intervention showed promise inincreasing pregnant women’s intentions to read to their children andshould be considered in conjunction with other reading promotionprograms. Follow-up to assess actual reading behavior is needed.Kans J Med 2019;12(2):50-52.
Absorbable Fixation Devices for Pediatric Craniomaxillofacial Trauma: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

Background:The purpose of this study was to investigate surgical outcomes with the use of resorbable plating systems for the repair of craniomaxillofacial trauma in the pediatric population.Methods:A systematic review of the literature was performed. A descriptive analysis, operative technical data,
Potential Regulation of UGT2B10 and UGT2B7 by miR-485-5p in Human Liver

The UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) family of enzymes is important in the metabolic elimination of a variety of endogenous compounds such as bile acids, steroids, and fat-soluble vitamins, as well as exogenous compounds including many pharmaceuticals. The UGT2B subfamily is a major family of UGT enzymes expressed in human liver. The identification of novel mechanisms including post-transcriptional regulation by microRNA (miRNA) contributes to interindividual variability in UGT2B expression and is a crucial component in predicting patient drug response. In the present study, a high-resolution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was employed to measure UGT2B protein levels in a panel of human liver microsomal samples (n = 62). Concurrent in silico analysis identified eight candidate miRNAs as potential regulators of UGT2B enzymes. Comparison of UGT2B protein expression and candidate miRNA levels from human liver samples demonstrated a significant inverse correlation between UGT2B10 and UGT2B15 and one of these candidate miRNAs, miR-485-5p. A near-significant correlation was also observed between UGT2B7 and miR-485-5p expression. In vitro analysis using luciferase-containing vectors suggested an interaction of miR-485-5p within the UGT2B10 3'-untranslated region (UTR), and significant reduction in luciferase activity was also observed for a luciferase vector containing the UGT2B7 3'-UTR; however, none was observed for the UBT2B15 3'-UTR. UGT2B10 and UGT2B7 activities were probed using nicotine and 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine, respectively, and significant decreases in glucuronidation activity were observed for both substrates in HuH-7 and Hep3B cells upon overexpression of miR-485-5p mimic. This is the first study demonstrating a regulatory role of miR-485-5p for multiple UGT2B enzymes. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The purpose of this study was to identify novel epigenetic miRNA regulators of the UGT2B drug-metabolizing enzymes in healthy human liver samples. Our results indicate that miRNA 485-5p is a novel regulator of UGT2B7 and UGT2B10, which play an important role in the metabolism of many commonly prescribed medications, carcinogens, and endogenous compounds. This study identified potential miRNA-UGT2B mRNA interactions using a novel proteomic approach, with in vitro experiments undertaken to validate these interactions.
Wing kinematic and aerodynamic compensations for unilateral wing damage in a small phorid fly

To investigate the way in which very small insects compensate for unilateral wing damage, we measured the wing kinematics of a very small insect, a phorid fly (Megaselia scalaris), with $16.7%$ wing area loss in the outer part of the left wing and a normal counterpart, and we computed the aerodynamic forces and power expenditures of the phorid flies. Our major findings are the following. The phorid fly compensates for unilateral wing damage by increasing the stroke amplitude and the deviation angle of the damaged wing (the large deviation angle gives the wing a deep U-shaped wing path), unlike the medium and large insects studied previously, which compensate for the unilateral wing damage mainly by increasing the stroke amplitude of the damaged wing. The increased stroke amplitude and the deep U-shaped wing path give the damaged wing a larger wing velocity during its flapping motion and a rapid downward acceleration in the beginning of the upstroke, which enable the damaged wing to generate the required vertical force for weight support. However, the larger wing velocity of the damaged wing also generates larger horizontal and side forces, increasing the resultant aerodynamic force of the damaged wing. Due to the larger aerodynamic force and the smaller wing area, the wing loading of the damaged wing is 25% larger than that of the wings of the normal phorid fly; this may greatly shorten the life of the damaged wing. Furthermore, because the damaged wing has much larger angular velocity and produces larger aerodynamic moment compared with the intact wing of the damaged phorid fly, the aerodynamic power consumed by the damaged wing is $38%$ larger than that by the intact wing, i.e., the energy distribution between the damaged and intact wings is highly asymmetrical; this may greatly increase the muscle wastage of the damaged side.
Chapter 5 – DNA Extraction

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the DNA extraction process. DNA molecules must be separated from other cellular material before they can be examined. Cellular proteins that package and protect DNA in the environment of the cell can inhibit the ability to analyze the DNA. DNA extraction methods are developed to separate proteins and other cellular materials from the DNA molecules. Several primary techniques for DNA extraction are used in today's forensic DNA laboratory such as organic extraction, Chelex extraction, and FTA or solid-phase extraction. The exact extraction or DNA isolation procedure varies depending on the type of biological evidence being examined. Many laboratories have been moved to various forms of solid-phase extraction, with the desire to automate more steps in DNA analysis. The most widely used solid-phase extraction methods are Qiagen columns, DNA IQ, and PrepFiler. Differential extraction is a modified version of the organic extraction method that separates epithelial and sperm cells. This method is commonly used today by the FBI Laboratory and other forensic crime laboratories to isolate the female and male fractions in sexual assault cases that contain a mixture of male and female DNA. By separating the male fraction away from the victim's DNA profile, it is much easier to interpret the perpetrator's DNA profile in a rape case. When extracting biological materials for the purpose of forensic DNA typing, it is important to try to avoid further degradation of the DNA template, as well as to remove inhibitors of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) where possible. Two PCR inhibitors commonly found in forensic cases are hemoglobin and indigo dyes from denim.
Fluorescence imaging through dynamic scattering media with speckle-encoded ultrasound-modulated light correlation

Fluorescence imaging is indispensable to biomedical research, and yet it remains challenging to image through dynamic scattering samples. Techniques that combine ultrasound and light as exemplified by ultrasound-assisted wavefront shaping have enabled fluorescence imaging through scattering media. However, the translation of these techniques into in vivo applications has been hindered by the lack of high-speed solutions to counter the fast speckle decorrelation of dynamic tissue. Here, we report an ultrasound-enabled optical imaging method that instead leverages the dynamic nature to perform imaging. The method utilizes the correlation between the dynamic speckle-encoded fluorescence and ultrasound-modulated light signal that originate from the same location within a sample. We image fluorescent targets with an improved resolution of ≤75 µm (versus a resolution of 1.3 mm with direct optical imaging) within a scattering medium with 17 ms decorrelation time. This new imaging modality paves the way for fluorescence imaging in highly scattering tissue in vivo. Combining the advantages of ultrasound and light for fluorescence imaging, an imaging technique termed fluorescence and ultrasound-modulated light correlation, or FLUX, that leverages the dynamic nature of the medium is reported to uniquely resolve fluorophore distribution even when the speckles decorrelate fast.
Heavy Metal Antagonists and Miscellaneous Drugs

Abstract This book is intended as a guide to help the clinician determine where a visual problem is a drug-induced ocular side effect. We continually review spontaneous case reports from the National Registry of Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects, the World Health Organization, the US Food and Drug Administration, and the world literature. We have attempted to classify a suspected adverse event with our impression to causality (i.e. certain, probable, unlikely, conditional/unclassified). This chapter discusses heavy metal antagonists and miscellaneous drugs including drugs to treat alcoholism, calcium-regulating drugs, chelating drugs, diagnostic aids, immunosuppressants, retinoids, solvents, and vaccines.
Accountability in Computer Systems

Capturing human values such as fairness, privacy, and justice in software systems is challenging. Values are abstract and may be contested, or at least viewed differently by different stakeholders, meaning they resist both definition and the concrete specification necessary to build machines or engineered systems. Choices in designing systems to embody values are political, and implicate structures beyond the system in question, trading off benefits and costs for different stakeholders. But this does not place computer systems beyond governance: the creators, operators, and controllers of such systems can and must be held accountable for the outcomes their systems effect. Accountability consists of a relationship focused on answerability: one agent or entity is accountable to another for certain outcomes in certain contexts. Operationalizing that accountability relationship requires keeping records – accounts – of how systems operated and were created. The entity to which an agent is held accountable can then determine responsibility, assigning praise or blame for the relevant outcomes and allocating consequences, ascribing moral valence to the agent’s actions and the resultant outcomes. Most abstractly, judgements about responsibility can serve to establish the fidelity of system behaviors to operative social, political, legal, and moral norms. Accountability is the best framework for considering the governance of values in computer systems, providing a concrete and achievable approach to engaging abstract questions around values and ideals.
Risks Associated with the Choice to Teach Online.

This article presents findings from a case study related to the risks associated with the choice of traditional, tenure track faculty to teach online. Education offered at a distance via the World Wide Web is on the rise; so too is the demand for university faculty members who will teach those courses. While traditional academic and professional expectations remain unchanged, the new medium presents a new context in which these faculty members live, work, and balance personal and professional decisions. This study provided a multi-dimensional perspective on one college of education’s faculty and administrators as they seek to negotiate this emerging environment. Interviews with faculty, administrators, and faculty peer reviewers were conducted to provide a more complete, triangulated picture of the case.
Electric field control of magnetism

Electric field control of magnetism is an extremely exciting area of research, from both a fundamental science and an applications perspective and has the potential to revolutionize the world of co...
Circulation to Skeletal Muscle

The sections in this article are: 1 Basal Vascular Resistance and Autoregulation 2 Role of Myogenic Mechanism in Reactive Hyperemia 3 Role of Myogenic Mechanism in Exercise Hyperemia 4 Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 5 Muscle Blood Flow During Exercise 5.1 Oxygen Lack 5.2 Lactic Acid, pH, and CO2 5.3 Potassium 5.4 Inorganic Phosphate 5.5 Osmolarity 5.6 Prostaglandins 5.7 Adenosine and Adenine Nucleotides 5.8 Intrinsic Neurons and Exercise Dilatation 5.9 General Conclusions 6 Mechanical Hindrance to Blood Flow in Skeletal Muscle 7 Reactive Hyperemia 7.1 Are Exercise and Reactive Hyperemia Due to the Same Mechanism(s)? 8 Propagated Vasodilatation 9 Sympathetic Vasomotor Outflow 10 Noradrenergic Innervation of Resistance Vessels in Muscles 10.1 Neuroeffector Junction 10.2 α-Adrenergic Activation 11 Factors that Modulate Transmitter Output From Sympathetic Nerve Endings 11.1 Metabolic Action 11.2 Neurohumoral Action 12 Reflex Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Resistance Vessels by Sympathetic Noradrenergic Nerves 12.1 Carotid and Aortic Baroreflex 12.2 Carotid and Aortic Chemoreflex 12.3 Reflexes From the Heart and Lungs 12.4 Diving Reflex 12.5 Reflex From Receptors in Skeletal Muscles 13 Rhythmic Exercise 14 Isometric Exercise 15 Influence of Sympathetic Noradrenergic Fibers on the Blood Flow to Active Muscles 16 β2-Adrenergic Activation 17 Cholinergic Vasodilator Nerves 17.1 Role of Cholinergic Nerves in the Carotid Baroreflex 17.2 Cholinergic Vasodilatation in Humans 18 Histaminergic Vasodilatation 18.1 Role of Histamine in the Vasodilatation Resulting From Reflex Inhibition of Sympathetic Outflow 19 Conclusions
Evaluation of Specification of Questionnaire Returns

A questionnaire survey of contractors, owners, and private design professionals has indicated that there is a lack of emphasis placed on specifications by many organizations. This lack of emphasis is evidenced by failure to utilize engineers adequately trained in this field and by inadequate budget allowances of dollars and engineering time for this task in the design process. This lack of emphasis is resulting in poorly prepared construction specifications, which increase costs to the owner. The survey also indicated a lack of consideration being given by owners and private design professionals to specifications concepts, such as statistically controlled end-result specifications and sharing of risks with contractors.
The Use and Misuse of Statistical Analyses

Statistical studies can be of significant benefit to guide or confirm theoretical development. For example, the open model of the magnetosphere has suggested numerous correlations between the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) and geophysical phenomena such as substorms, enhanced convection, polar cap size and the like. Conversely, trends and periodicities in experimental data spark progress in magnetospheric theory: for example, the discovery of upward ion beams and conics above the auroral zones has enhanced interest in Xhe theory of ion cyclotron waves.
Influenza virus assembly and budding at the viral budozone.

Publisher Summary Influenza viruses are enveloped viruses, often spherical (80 to 120 nm in diameter) but also filamentous (several micrometers in length). The lipid envelope is derived from the plasma membrane of the cell in which the virus replicates and is acquired by a budding process from the cell plasma membrane as one of the last steps of virus assembly. Inserted into the virion envelope are viral glycoprotein spikes (10 to 14 nm in length). For influenza A and B viruses, the surface spike glycoproteins are hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). The envelope also contains small amounts of a protonselective ion channel (M2 for influenza A virus and BM2 for influenza B virus). Influenza C virus contains only one spike glycoprotein, hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion (HEF). Influenza A, B, and C viruses contain a matrix (M1) protein and it is now virtually dogma that the matrix protein underlies the lipid envelope and provides rigidity to the membrane.
Nanotribology of Ultrathin and Hard Amorphous Carbon Films

One of the best materials to use in applications that require very low wear and reduced friction is diamond, especially in the form of a diamond coating. Unfortunately, true diamond coatings can only be deposited at high temperatures and on selected substrates, and they require surface finishing. However, hard amorphous carbon – commonly known as diamond-like carbon or a DLC coating – has similar mechanical, thermal and optical properties to those of diamond. It can also be deposited at a wide range of thicknesses using a variety of deposition processes on various substrates at or near room temperature. The coatings reproduce the topography of the substrate, removing the need for finishing. The friction and wear properties of some DLC coatings make them very attractive for some tribological applications. The most significant current industrial application of DLC coatings is in magnetic storage devices.
Calcific uraemic arteriolopathy

A 37-year-old African-American woman with end-stage renal disease presumed to be secondary to diabetes mellitus type 2, on daily peritoneal dialysis, was admitted for a painful left lower extremity lesion. Examination revealed a large, dusky, tender region over the left lateral thigh. She was on warfarin for mechanical heart valves. Despite discontinuation of warfarin and placement on heparin, the lesion progressed to extend to the medial left thigh and medial and lateral right thigh. CT scan demonstrated arteriolar medial calcification and vascular calcification of the small subcutaneous vessels, without evidence of abscess or haematoma. The patient declined punch biopsy. Given the known risk factors of high calcium-phosphate and radiological findings, a diagnosis of calcific uraemic arteriolopathy was made. Phosphate-binder therapy was optimised. She was transitioned to daily haemodialysis, and sodium thiosulfate was initiated. Skin lesions demonstrated improvement at her 5 weeks posthospitalisation follow-up.
Complexity Measures on Trees

The work in [5] suggests a methodology for software measures research which emphasizes the interplay between a complexity measure and an order on a set of software documents. Frequently, this order is induced by a partial order on a set of abstractions of the set of documents, such as trees or flow graphs, and the complexity measure is induced by an order-preserving mapping on the set of abstractions. In a related vein, the work in [3], [4], and [6] has described specific complexity measures and suggested possible axioms which should be satisfied by any complexity measure.
Mitochondrial polyadenylic acid-containing RNA: localization and characterization.

Abstract The RNA from the mitochondrial fraction of animal cells contains a polyadenylic acid sequence, approximately 55 nucleotides in length, which migrates at about 4 S in gel electrophoresis and which is attached to high molecular weight RNA. The experiments reported here indicate that: (a) the 4 S poly(A) sequence is found only in the mitochondrial fraction; (b) the RNA containing 4 S poly(A) is located within structures (presumably mitochondria) which protect it from pancreatic ribonuclease; (c) no RNA containing the longer poly(A) of nuclear origin appears to be located in mitochondria; (d) the 4 S poly(A), but not the longer poly(A), is attached to RNA which hybridizes to mitochondrial DNA; and (e) this poly(A) sequence is located at the 3′ end of the RNA molecule. The poly(A)-containing RNA can be isolated by affinity to oligodeoxyribothymidylic acid cellulose and resolved into approximately eight distinct species by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. These may correspond to individual mitochondrial messenger RNA molecules.
Choices Among Marital Observation Coding Systems

It is argued that researchers and therapists could benefit from a detailed comparison of marital observation coding systems. The five chosen for comparison are Weiss' Marital Interaction Coding System, Gottman's Couples Interaction Scoring System, Filsinger's Dyadic Interaction Scoring Code, Olson and Ryder's Marital and Family Interaction Coding System, and Raush's Coding Scheme for Interpersonal Conflict. The strengths and weaknesses of each are noted, along with recommendations for their use in clinical situations.
Cocaine-induced changes in glutamate and GABA immunolabeling within rat habenula and nucleus accumbens.

We previously reported that subchronic administration of cocaine for 5 days via slow-release pellets results in pronounced degeneration in the lateral habenula (LHB) and its primary efferent tract, the fasciculus retroflexus [Ellison (1992): Brain Res 598:353–356; Ellison and Switzer (1993): Neuroreport 5:17–20]. The lateral habenula receives both GABA and glutamate afferents. In order to test the hypothesis that the cocaine-induced degeneration of the fasciculus retroflexus may be related to changes in synaptic activity of either GABA or glutamate nerve terminals within the LHB, the density of nerve terminal immunolabeling of either neurotransmitter was quantified after 5 days of chronic drug administration followed by either 1 or 14 days off the drug. The shell of the nucleus accumbens (NACs) was also analyzed, since this area is thought to be associated with the reward aspects of addictive stimulant drug administration and was previously shown not to be associated with fiber degeneration. We found that cocaine treatment resulted in a significant decrease in the density of nerve-terminal GABA immunolabeling located within the LHB in animals taken off the drug for either 1 or 14 days, while there was no change in the density of glutamate immunolabeling. In the NACs, there was a decrease in the density of glutamate immunolabeling within nerve terminals 1 day but not 14 days after cocaine administration. There was no change in the density of GABA immunolabeling within the NACs following the 1 or 14 day-off period. These results suggest that there are long-term changes in the density of GABA immunolabeling within the LHB and that the effects seen in glutamate synapses within the NACs are transitory. The long-term decrease in GABA immunolabeling within the LHB is consistent with the hypothesis that a decrease in inhibitory synaptic activity, leading to increased excitatory influence on LHB neurons, may result in neurotoxicity and the subsequent degeneration of the fasciculus retroflexus. Synapse 30:211–220, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Conductance oscillations periodic in the density of one-dimensional electron gases

Results are reported of a detailed study of the conductance oscillations in one-dimensional (1D) Si inversion layers. A comparison is made with results for GaAs accumulation layers. The conductance oscillates by as much as a factor of 100 and is accurately periodic in the number of electrons per unit length. The period varies randomly from sample to sample, and changes when a single sample is warmed to room temperature and remeasured at low temperature. Multiple periods are often observed, and the amplitude of the individual frequency components can be altered by moving the electron gas from side to side with a transverse electric field. These observations suggest that the period is determined by the distance between charged defects near the 1D channel. Measurements of the temperature dependence indicate that the oscillatory conductance reflects a periodic energy for a thermally activated conductance mechanism as well as a parallel oscillatory tunneling mechanism. The period of the conductance oscillations is found to be surprisingly independent of magnetic field B. However, the random modulation of the amplitude of the oscillations is reduced by a B field normal to the semiconductor surface, as it is by increasing temperature.
Identifying Product Scaling Principles: A Step Towards Enhancing Biomimetic Design

Designers are often faced with the problem of taking a solution at one scale and mapping it to another, often occurring with design-by-analogy and bioinspired design. Despite various scaling laws for specific systems, scaling a solution is a difficult process since different physical principles are often used (causing scaling laws to be invalid) and numerous other changes must be made. This is one of the likely reasons that bioinspired design is difficult. An empirical product study method was used to determine five scaling principles by studying numerous example products. As an initial validation, a design case study applied these principles to a single passenger, low-cost, golf transportation system. Few solutions exist for a single passenger golf transportation system due to difficulties in meeting the customer’s needs, including a portable design which fits in an average sized car trunk at an affordable price. Utilizing the golf bag push cart, full-size two passenger golf cart and scaling principles, a solution was established that fulfilled the design problem. By performing this case study, the general scaling principles are confirmed as a viable aid in product design scaling. This study provides an initial step in creating new innovative designs based on existing solutions in nature or other products that occur at very different scales. Much further work is needed by studying additional products and bioinspired examples. The design principles also need to be more robustly validated.© 2011 ASME
The serum sex steroid-binding protein. Purification, characterization and immunological properties of the human and rabbit proteins.

Abstract This review describes the purification, characterization, and immunological properties of the sex steroidbinding protein (SBP) of human and rabbit sera. Both proteins were purified to homogeneity by the sequential use of ammonium sulfate precipitation, affinity chromatography on 5α-dihydrotestosterone-17β-succinyldiaminoethyl-(1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether)-agarose, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. An agarose gel filtration step was included in the case of rabbit SBP to remove contaminating lipoproteins. Recent observations indicate that attachment of the spacer “arm” at the 17α-position improves the affinity chromatography step. Human and rabbit SBP are glycoproteins having minimal molecular weights of 36,335 and 36,475, respectively. The amino acid compositions are similar, but the carbohydrate content of rabbit SBP is approximately twice that of human SBP (30-vs-18%). Monospecific antibodies prepared against homogeneous human SBP do not cross-react with rabbit, cat, dog, sheep, goat, cow, and calf sera. Cross-reactivity is demonstrated with Macaca nemestrina and Papio cynocephalus (baboon) sera suggesting a structural similarity between human, monkey, and baboon SBPs. The results indicate that these subhuman primates will serve as useful animal models for the study of the physiological role of SBP. Monospecific antibodies prepared against homogeneous rabbit SBP do not cross-react with human, monkey, baboon, cat, dog, sheep, goat, cow, and calf sera.
Alcohol use and initial smoking lapses among heavy drinkers in smoking cessation treatment.

Introduction This study examined alcohol use and its association with initial smoking lapses among heavy nondependent drinkers in smoking cessation treatment. Methods Participants were 236 heavy drinking smokers in a randomized clinical trial testing the efficacy of incorporating brief alcohol intervention into smoking cessation treatment. Results Of the 178 participants who reported a smoking lapse, 41.5% lapsed when drinking alcohol. Those who had alcohol-involved lapses had significantly lower tobacco dependence severity and drank more drinks per week than those who had non-alcohol-involved lapses. The majority of alcohol-involved lapses were in a bar/restaurant, with other people, and when they were in a happy/good mood. In survival analyses with alcohol consumption as a time-varying covariate, moderate drinking days were associated with almost four times greater risk of smoking lapse than non-drinking days, and heavy drinking doubled the risk of lapsing compared with moderate drinking. Discussion Results suggest that alcohol-related lapses are qualitatively different from lapses that do not involve alcohol. Furthermore, among heavy drinkers in cessation treatment, even moderate alcohol use is associated with increased risk of smoking, with heavy drinking further increasing the risk. Smoking cessation treatments for heavy alcohol drinkers should highlight the lapse risk associated with any alcohol consumption and with heavy drinking during a quit smoking attempt.
Basic physics of nuclear magnetic resonance

This review of basic physics of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) discusses precession of magnetic nuclei in a static external field, introduces the concept of the rotating frame, and describes excitation of nuclei by an RF field. Treats subject of T1 and T2 relaxation from the dual viewpoints of (1) phenomena of relaxation times for both the longitudinal and transverse magnetization and (2) relaxation resulting from local field fluctuations. It describes practical ways in which T1 and T2 are measured (i.e., inversion recovery and spin-echo) and gives the value of the nuclear magnetization in thermodynamic equilibrium with a static external field. It discusses the reduction of NMR signal resulting from saturation. These concepts are related to clinical use with a set of four spin-echo images of a human head.
Low-Electron-Energy Cathodoluminescence Study of Polishing and Etching Effects on the Optical Properties of Bulk Single-Crystal Gallium Nitride

Low electron energy cathodoluminescence (LEECL) was used to examine polishing-induced damage in a bulk high-pressure grown GaN single-crystal platelet. The Ga-polarity face of the platelet was mechanically polished; chemically-assisted ion-beam etching (CAIBE) to a depth of 200 nm was performed on a portion of this face. Low-temperature (15 K) CL spectra of the polished-only and polished+CAIBE regions of the Ga-face were taken at 2.8 kV, 5.4 kV, and 10.6 kV (corresponding to average electron penetration depths of 19 nm, 56 nm, and 170 nm). The low-temperature CL spectrum of the unpolished, N-polarity face was taken at 10.6 kV. In the near-band-edge region, all the CL spectra from the Ga-polarity face show a narrow peak near 3.47 eV, ascribed to donor-bound exciton recombination, and several overlapping peaks at lower energy (3.1 eV to 3.4 eV), ascribed to defect-related levels or to donor-acceptor pair recombination. Functional curve-fitting analysis enabled deconvolution of the spectra into the sum of an asymmetric peak (the donor-bound exciton) and several symmetric Gaussian peaks (the lower energy, defect-related or donor-acceptor peaks). The linewidth of the donor-bound exciton peak decreased with increasing penetration depth, and also decreased on going from the polished-only to the polished+CAIBE region. The relative intensity of a defect-related peak at ≈3.325 eV showed a similar decreasing trend with increasing penetration depth or with CAIBE treatment. The LEECL results suggest that the thickness of the polishing damage layer is approximately 400 nm; the 200 nm CAIBE step is thus insufficient to completely remove the damage.
Microbiological Assay of Tetracycline with a Potentiometric CO2 Gas Sensor

Abstract A novel potentiometric method for the determination of the antibiotic tetracycline in pharmaceutical preparations is reported. The method is based on the inhibition of respiration of a suspension of Escherichia cole, which is measured with a potentiometric carbon dioxide sensor. The dose-response curve of carbon dioxide produced versus the logarithm of the tetracycline hydro-chloride concentration is linear from 33 to 167 μg/ml. Good agreement with the label claim was obtained in the assay of a pharmaceutical preparation of tetracycline hydrochloride.
Spin polarized energy band structure of SmCo 5

The electronic energy band structure and magnetic moment of the intermetallic compound SmCo 5 have been determined by a self-consistent spin-polarized APW method. The calculated magnetic moment is in good agreement with the measured value. The calculated energy bands show a striking similarity to those of pure Co. These results form the foundation of a theory of the electronic structure of all the RCo 5 - type intermetallic compounds of the same crystal structure.
Career Planning Personal Tastes and Values

“Unfortunately, there is no necessary relationship between being technically proficient in a particular career and being able to realize satisfaction from it.”
Soft Partons in {QCD}

Abstract The role of partons with momenta much less than the c.m. energy is studied in general n-particle inclusive annihilation cross sections. The cancellation of non-factorizing logarithms associated with these partons is demonstrated in physical gauges. This is seen to be equivalent to cancellation of a set of infrared divergences in the massless limit. Connections with cut vertices and more complicated processes are discussed.
A single institution's 1-year experience with uterine fibroid embolization marketing.

Abstract Purpose To assess the impact of various marketing techniques on the referral pattern for uterine fibroid embolization (UFE) at an academic interventional radiology practice over a 1-year period. Materials and Methods All referrals to the interventional radiology clinic for UFE from January 1, 2009, to December 31, 2009, were retrospectively reviewed. A standard intake sheet was completed by the interventional clinic secretary at the time of initial patient contact that included the source of the referral (radio, television, newspaper, mailing, Internet, physician, friend, other). All patients who proceeded to consultation were seen in the interventional radiology clinic by attending interventional radiologists in a university-based academic center. The referral pattern was analyzed with respect to the number of patients who contacted the clinic, the number of actual clinic visits, the number of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging examinations performed before and after the procedure, the total number of embolization cases performed, and the subsequent downstream revenue. Results During the 1-year period, 344 patients contacted the interventional radiology clinic regarding UFE resulting in 171 consultations and 100 pelvic MR imaging examinations performed before the procedure. Sixty-two patients proceeded to UFE, and 32 patients underwent follow-up pelvic MR imaging. These results show a significant increase from eight cases the previous year and are presumably attributable almost entirely to the directed marketing campaign. The marketing initiative consisted primarily of print and radio advertisements, with the latter being the most effective. The total advertising cost for the year was approximately $24,706, of which $20,520 was for radio advertisements. The radio advertisements generated 69% (237 of 344) of the referrals and 69% (43 of 62) of the UFE procedures. Using Medicare reimbursement rates, the radio advertisements generated $281,994 in UFE technical fees and $50,329 in MR imaging technical fees. Conclusions Direct patient marketing techniques can promote significant growth for a fibroid embolization practice. In our market, radio advertisements proved to be the most cost-effective strategy.
Prognostic value of blood lactate, base deficit, and oxygen-derived variables in an LD50 model of penetrating trauma

Objective: To determine whether blood lactate, base deficit, or oxygen-derived hemodynamic variables correlate with morbidity and mortality rates in a clinically-relevant LD 50 model of penetrating trauma. Design: Prospective, controlled study. Setting: University research laboratory. Subjects: Anesthetized, mechanically-ventilated mongrel pigs (30 ± 2 kg, n = 29). Interventions: A captive bolt gun delivered a penetrating injury to the thigh, followed immediately by a 40% to 60% hemorrhage. After 1 hr, shed blood and supplemental crystalloid were administered for resuscitation. Measurements and Main Results: After penetrating injury, 50.7 ± 0.3% hemorrhage (range 50% to 52.5%), and a 1-hr shock period, seven of 14 animals died, compared with six of six animals after 55% to 60% hemorrhage, and 0 of nine animals after ≤47.5% hemorrhage. Only two of 13 deaths occurred during fluid resuscitation. At the LD 50 hemorrhage, peak lactate concentration and base deficit were 11.2 ± 0,8 mM and 9.3 ± 1.5 mmol/L, respectively, and minimum mixed venous oxygen saturation, systemic oxygen delivery, and systemic oxygen consumption were 33 ± 5%, 380 ± 83 mL/min/kg, and 177 ± 35 mL/min/kg, respectively. For comparison, baseline preinjury values were 1.6 ± 0.1 mM, -6.7 ± 0.6 mmol/L, 71 ± 3%, 2189 ± 198 mL/min/kg, and 628 ± 102 mL/min/kg, respectively. Of all the variables, only lactate was significantly related to blood loss before and after fluid resuscitation in the 16 survivors. However, r 2 values were relatively low (.20 to.50), which indicates that only a small fraction of the hyperlactacidemia was directly related to tissue hypoperfusion. In the whole population of survivors and nonsurvivors, both lactate and base deficit (but none of the oxygen-derived variables) correlated with blood loss. Conclusions: Arterial lactate is a stronger index of blood loss after penetrating trauma than base deficit or oxygen-derived hemodynamic variables. The reliability of arterial lactate depends on several factors, such as the time after injury, the proportion of survivors and nonsurvivors in the study population, and on factors other than tissue hypoxia.
In-depth analysis of power noise coupling between core and periphery power rails

Core and periphery digital blocks often use the same voltage level. Due to the large current drawn by core, shielding periphery power from core power noise is highly desirable. This paper presents various separation schemes and compares pros and cons. Fundamental power noise coupling mechanisms between core and periphery powers are described in detail. Two major sources of power noise coupling are studied: inductive noise coupling and direct current draw through a common share point. Based on this analysis, we propose cost optimized board decoupling schemes.