cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Stigma of Obesity in Women: The Difference is Black and White

This study examined whether there is subcultural variation in the stigma of obesity. Black and White women rated photographs of thin, average, and large Black and White women on a number of evaluative dimensions. The photographs depicted professional models dressed in fashionable clothing. Results showed that White women rated large women, especially large White women, lower on attractiveness, intelligence, job success, relationship success, happiness, and popularity than they did average or thin women. By contrast, Black women did not show the same denigration of large women, and this was especially true when they were rating large Black women. A number of possible explanations are offered for these results, such as the difference in Black and White women's social role models, weight salience, subcultural beliefs concerning obesity, and disidentification from mainstream values.
Inhibition of prostate cancer growth by vitamin D: Regulation of target gene expression

Prostate cancer (PCa) cells express vitamin D receptors (VDR) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)) inhibits the growth of epithelial cells derived from normal, benign prostate hyperplasia, and PCa as well as established PCa cell lines. The growth inhibitory effects of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) in cell cultures are modulated tissue by the presence and activities of the enzymes 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) 24-hydroxylase which initiates the inactivation of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) 1alpha-hydroxylase which catalyses its synthesis. In LNCaP human PCa cells 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) exerts antiproliferative activity predominantly by cell cycle arrest through the induction of IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) expression which in turn increases the levels of the cell cycle inhibitor p21 leading to growth arrest. cDNA microarray analyses of primary prostatic epithelial and PCa cells reveal that 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) regulates many target genes expanding the possible mechanisms of its anticancer activity and raising new potential therapeutic targets. Some of these target genes are involved in growth regulation, protection from oxidative stress, and cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. A small clinical trial has shown that 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) can slow the rate of prostate specific antigen (PSA) rise in PCa patients demonstrating proof of concept that 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) exhibits therapeutic activity in men with PCa. Further investigation of the role of calcitriol and its analogs for the therapy or chemoprevention of PCa is currently being pursued.
Cobalt-rich magnetic phases in Zr–Co alloys

Abstract Zirconium–Cobalt alloys containing the face-centered cubic (FCC) Zr 6 Co 23 phase and Zr 2 Co 11 phase of unknown structure were examined by thermomagnetic analysis (TMA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). Thermomagnetic and microstructural data consistently show that homogenized Zr 16.4 Co 83.6 alloy has a nearly single-phase Zr 2 Co 11 structure, whereas the Zr 6 Co 23 structure was not obtained as a single phase in compositions close to the 6 : 23 stoichiometry. Mechanical crushing of the Zr 2 Co 11 -containing alloys resulted in amorphization of the alloy structure. XRD study of annealed Zr 2 Co 11 powders after crushing suggests that the lattice structure of Zr 2 Co 11 has a close relationship with that of the Zr 6 Co 23 and possibly with an FCC ZrCo 5 structure.
New species of Habracanthus (Acanthaceae) from Ecuador

Four new Ecuadorian species ofHabracanthus,H. asplundii from Pichincha,H. laxus andH. lugonis from Tungurahua, andH. luteynii from Napo, are described, illustrated, and compared with their closest relatives.
SU-FF-P-07: Monitor and Reducing Patient Radiation Exposure From Fluoroscopically-Guided Procedures in a Teaching Hospital

Purpose:Radiationdosimetry information from fluoro‐guided procedures was monitored timely for patient safety and for training of residents. Methods: Fluoro‐guided procedures were regularly conducted in our hospital‐based radiology core area (R/F rooms for GI, BE and other procedures), operating rooms, radiology special procedure suites, cardiac catheterization labs, and out‐patient clinics (ambulatory surgery, orthopedics, pain management, urodynomics, etc). Quality control and patient dosimety programs were managed by medical physicists.Results: Records on fluoro times/techniques for all procedures were reviewed on daily basis, and results discussed with respective attendings/residents who performed the procedure. Analysis of accrued data showed that all residents, after a learning period, were able to complete a general procedure in less than 5 minutes fluoro time. Interventional procedures were found to have some patient exposures at high radiationdoses. Conclusions: Vigilant monitoring and closely interacting with practicing physicians and technologists were essential in helping to improve a physician's technique toward reducing fluoro times necessary. Additional attention was warranted to patient exposure in interventional procedures since some high doses were found.
Adolescents Are Less Satisfied with Inpatient Psychiatric Care than Their Parents: Does It Matter?

Objective Patient satisfaction is a commonly used measure of healthcare quality. Limited research exists among psychiatric inpatients, especially adolescents, who pose unique challenges. This study sought to (1) concurrently assess adolescents’ and parents’ satisfaction with treatment and (2) compare their perspectives’ association with treatment outcomes. Methods This exploratory study assessed discharged adolescents from a specialty psychiatric hospital. Adolescent patients and parents completed the Perceptions of Care survey (POC), a measure of patient satisfaction. Patients also completed the Youth Self-Report measure, while parents also completed the Child Behavior Checklist—both are used as measures of mental health treatment outcomes. Results Adolescents and parents gave favorable overall ratings of care. Adolescents were more critical than their parents, and there was little agreement between them. Adolescents’ ratings on the POC frequently related to outcomes, whereas parents’ ratings rarely did. Conclusions Ratings of satisfaction with adolescent healthcare can vary depending on whether patients or caregivers are assessed. The discrepancy between them contains value: adolescents’ perception may be a better gauge of treatment outcomes and may affect treatment adherence. Future research should examine adolescent-specific concerns in the context of satisfaction with care and relate them to longer term treatment outcomes.
African SMES, networks, and manufacturing performance

Abstract This paper examines the role of private support institutions in determining small and medium enterprise (SMES) growth and performance in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It finds that SMES in SSA get around market failures and lack of formal institutions by creating private governance systems in the form of long-term business relationships and tight, ethnically based, business networks. There are important links between these informal governance institutions and SME performance. Networks raise the performance of “insiders” and, in the sparse business environments of the SSA region, have attendant negative consequences for market participation of “outsiders,” such as indigenous-African SMES. This is indicated through the determinants of access to supplier credit. Policy interventions will be needed to improve the platform for relation-based governance mechanisms and to address the exclusionary effects of tight networks.
Chronic Pain and Opiates: A Call for Moderation

Abstract Harden RN. Chronic pain and opiates: a call for moderation. The prescription of opioid analgesics for chronic, nonterminal conditions continues as one of the most controversial and contentious issues in medicine. We have witnessed a full pendulum swing from the complete nihilism of the 1960s and 1970s to the careless zealotry of the 1990s. Neither extreme is good practice, and one hopes we are witnessing the dawn of a more moderate time of a sane and balanced appraisal of risk versus benefit in using these important tools. Overall Article Objective To present the case for thoughtful attention and moderation in prescribing opioids to treat chronic pain conditions.
Alloying effect of Ni and Cr on irradiated microstructural evolution of type 304 stainless steels

Abstract Life extension of the existing nuclear power plants imposes significant challenges to core structural materials that suffer increased fluences. This paper presents the microstructural evolution of a type 304 stainless steel and its variants alloyed with extra Ni and Cr under neutron irradiation at ∼320 °C for up to 10.2 dpa. Similar to the reported data of type 304 variants, a large amount of Frank loops, ultrafine G-phase/M23C6 particles, and limited amount of cavities were observed in the irradiated samples. The irradiation promoted the growth of pre-existing M23C6 at grain boundaries and resulted in some phase transformation to CrC in the alloy with both extra Ni and Cr. A new type of ultrafine precipitates, possibly (Ti,Cr)N, was observed in all the samples, and its amount was increased by the irradiation. Additionally, α-ferrite was observed in the type 304 steel but not in the Ni or Ni + Cr alloyed variants. The effect of Ni and Cr alloying on the microstructural evolution is discussed.
Correction of random exponential band transmissions for Doppler effects.

The transmission of a randomly spaced array of Lorentz lines whose intensities are exponentially distributed may be simply corrected for doppler effects. Evaluation of the correction exponent requires an integration over the Voigt line profile, which may be done once and for all. The integration is described and results presented in a table. From these results, the mean curve of growth of a single Voigt line in such an array may easily be calculated. Curtis’ approximation, applied to such a band, gives equivalent widths several tens of percent too large in many situations.
Responses to 19 generations of litter size selection in the Nebraska Index line. I. Reproductive responses estimated in pure line and crossbred litters

Our objective was to estimate responses in reproductive traits in the Nebraska Index line (I) after 19 generations of selection for increased litter size. Responses were estimated in dams producing pure line, F1, and three-way cross litters. A total of 850 litters were produced over six year-seasons, including 224 pure line litters, 393 F1 litters produced from I and C females mated with Danbred NA Landrace (L) or Duroc-Hampshire (T) boars, and 233 litters by F1 L x I and L x C females mated with T boars. Contrasts of means were used to estimate the genetic difference between I and C and interactions of line differences with mating type. Farrowing rates of lines I (u = 91.0%) and C (u = 92.8%) did not differ. Averaged across all genetic groups, mean number born alive per litter was 10.1 pigs, and number and weight of pigs weaned per litter, both adjusted for number nursed and weaning age of 12 d, were 9.7 pigs and 34.4 kg, respectively. Averaged across mating types, direct genetic effects of I were greater than C (P < 0.05) for total born (3.53 pigs), number born alive (2.53 pigs), number of mummified pigs (0.22 pig), and litter birth weight (2.14 kg). The direct genetic effect of line I was less than C (P < 0.05) for litter weaning weight (-1.88 kg). Interactions of line effects with crossing system were significant (P < 0.05) for total number born, number of stillborn pigs, number weaned, and litter weaning weight. In pure line litters, I exceeded C by 4.18 total pigs and 1.76 stillborn pigs per litter, whereas the estimate of I-C in F1 litters was 2.74 total pigs and 0.78 stillborn pig per litter. The contrast between I and C for number weaned and litter weaning weight in pure litters was 0.32 pig and -0.28 kg, respectively, compared with 0.25 pig and -2.14 kg in F1 litters. Crossbreeding is an effective way to use the enhanced reproductive efficiency of the Index line.
Tetrahedron model for the dielectric function of amorphous silicon-carbon alloys

A Si- and C-centered tetrahedron model is developed for the determination of the optical dielectric function \ensuremath{\epsilon}=${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{1}$+i${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}$ of amorphous silicon-carbon (a-${\mathrm{Si}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{x}}$) alloys. The Phillips--Van Vechten--Levine dielectric model, along with the scaling procedure of Aspnes and Theeten, is used to obtain predictions for ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{1}$ and ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}$ for the individual Si-${\mathrm{Si}}_{4\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\nu}}$${\mathrm{C}}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ and C-${\mathrm{Si}}_{4\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\nu}}$${\mathrm{C}}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ (\ensuremath{\nu}=0--4) tetrahedra. The tetrahedron model then uses these tetrahedra as the components in the Bruggemann effective-medium approximation to obtain predictions for ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{1}$ and ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}$ for the a-${\mathrm{Si}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{x}}$ alloys. These predictions for ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{1}$ and ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}$, and for the optical energy-gap parameter ${E}_{\mathrm{opt}}$, are obtained for three different types of chemical ordering in the films: (1) no chemical ordering, (2) complete chemical ordering with homogeneous dispersion, and (3) complete chemical ordering with phase separation. The predictions of this model are presented in detail in this paper and are compared with experimental results for ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{1}$, ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}$, and ${E}_{\mathrm{opt}}$ for a series of a-${\mathrm{Si}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{x}}$:H alloys in the following paper.
Integrated after-market solar panel antennas with multi-diversity

Summary form only given. Cube satellites (CubeSat) are in the family of small satellites and typically a 1U CubeSat is a 10x10x10 cm3 cube. In application, 2 or 3 1U CubeSat can be stacked together to form a satellite in order to perform extended science mission that the 1U ones. As the size of a CubeSat is very small, there is an increased challenge due to the competition of solar cells and antennas for surface space. One effective method to resolve this issue is to integrate antennas with solar panels without affecting the solar cell performance. From such an integration perspective, cavity backed slot antennas become very good choice. Although researchers have integrated slot antennas with solar panels, the diversity of the antenna function is limited. This means, one integrated solar panel antenna can only be used for one specific mission. On the other hand, if one can design a solar panel with antennas exhibiting multiple properties, then it is possible to quickly reconfigure a single solar panel for different missions. This will result in an enormous cost reduction in science missions. This paper reports our progress in investigating such an integrated multifunctional solar panel antenna. Such a multifunctional integration is very much feasible for a 2U or 3U solar panel when the antennas operate at S band or 5 GHz range, two frequency bands that are favored by CubeSat communication systems. As achieving different circular polarization and dual band properties have been previously investigated, this study focuses on how to switch between polarizations. In addition to the two frequency bands of interest, a GPS antenna is most often needed by a satellite. Therefore, we report our study on integrating a GPS antenna on solar panel. When multiple ports or switches are employed to generate different diversity, isolation between bands, polarization, and patterns can be an issue. In addition, cavity backed slot antennas have shown relatively lower efficiency because of the loss due to the cavity. We present our progress in investigating and improving the isolation and antenna efficiency.
Inappropriate Word Extensions in the Speech of Young Language-Disordered Children.

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of inappropriate word extensions in the spontaneous speech of young language-disordered children, and how these extensions should be charact...
Effect of Carvacrol on Intake, Rumen Fermentation, Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Growing Lambs

Abstract Koyuncu, M. and Canbolat, O. 2010. Effect of carvacrol on intake, rumen fermentation, growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing lambs. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 38: 245–248. Effect of carvacrol on feed intake, Ruminal fermentation, growth performance and carcass characteristics was determined using 40 male Kivircik lambs fed on diets supplemented with carvacrol at the rate of 0.0, 0.15, 0.30 and 0.45 g/kg of dry matter (DM). Total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations of acetate decreased and propionate and butyrate were increased by carvacrol levels. Inclusion of carvacrol in diets did not alter dry matter intake or average daily gain of lambs.
Defining autism: professional best practices and published case law

Abstract There are clear indications that both the reported incidence of autism in children and litigation involving this developmental disorder are increasing. However, to date there has been a dearth of research analyzing court cases and legal decisions concerning students with autism. The purpose of this review was to examine published hearing/review and court decisions concerning autism eligibility in educational settings in relation to empirically supported best practices in the assessment of autism. A total of 13 cases were identified for inclusion in the review. In general, the results indicated that hearing/review officers and judges neither relied upon nor explicitly acknowledged empirically supported assessment methods in their published eligibility decisions. It appeared that many hearing/review officers and judges relied on expert witnesses, who may or may not have had particular expertise and knowledge regarding current best practices in autism eligibility assessment. Implications of the findings and areas for future research are discussed.
Paramagnetic, Silicon Quantum Dots for Magnetic Resonance and Two-Photon Imaging of Macrophages

Quantum dots (QDs) are an attractive platform for building multimodality imaging probes, but the toxicity for typical cadmium QDs limits enthusiasm for their clinical use. Nontoxic, silicon QDs are more promising but tend to require short-wavelength excitations which are subject to tissue scattering and autofluorescence artifacts. Herein, we report the synthesis of paramagnetic, manganese-doped, silicon QDs (Si_(Mn) QDs) and demonstrate that they are detectable by both MRI and near-infrared excited, two-photon imaging. The Si_(Mn) QDs are coated with dextran sulfate to target them to scavenger receptors on macrophages, a biomarker of vulnerable plaques. TEM images show that isolated QDs have an average core diameter of 4.3 ± 1.0 nm and the hydrodynamic diameters of coated nanoparticles range from 8.3 to 43 nm measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The Si_(Mn) QDs have an r_1 relaxivity of 25.50 ± 1.44 mM^(−1) s^(−1) and an r_2 relaxivity of 89.01 ± 3.26 mM^(−1) s^(−1 )(37 °C, 1.4 T). They emit strong fluorescence at 441 nm with a quantum yield of 8.1% in water. Cell studies show that the probes specifically accumulate in macrophages by a receptor-mediated process, are nontoxic to mammalian cells, and produce distinct contrast in both T_1-weighted magnetic resonance and single- or two-photon excitation fluorescence images. These QDs have promising diagnostic potential as high macrophage density is associated with atherosclerotic plaques vulnerable to rupture.
Low perceived chances for success in life and binge drinking among inner-city minority youth

Purpose: To examine the relationship between low perceived chances for success in life and binge drinking in a sample of economically disadvantaged, predominantly minority, urban adolescents.Methods: A sample of predominantly black and Hispanic students (N = 774) from 13 inner-city schools completed confidential questionnaires in the 7th, 8th, and 9th grades. Eight items measured students' estimation of achieving certain adaptive life goals. Students who reported that they typically drink five or more drinks per drinking occasion were identified as binge drinkers.Results: Chi-square proportional analyses indicated that rates of binge drinking increased and perceived life chances decreased for both boys and girls from the 7th to 9th grade. A cross-lagged path analytic model revealed that higher perceived life chances in the 7th grade predicted less binge drinking in the 8th grade, whereas binge drinking in the 8th grade predicted lower perceived life chances in the 9th grade, controlling for change over time in both variables.Conclusions: Low perceived chances of success in life appear to play a role in the initiation and escalation of binge drinking during early adolescence, with a reciprocal relationship between the two factors developing over time.
A multiscale radar‐stratigraphic analysis of fluvial aquifer heterogeneity

The objective of this study is to use an integrated and multiscale exploration approach to quantify the geometrical parameters that are needed to predict block hydraulic conductivity tensors within fluvial deposits. We use 3‐D ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) data, electromagnetic (EM) surveys, resistivity soundings, and hand‐augered borings to characterize the 3‐D architecture of fluvial deposits on a floodplain of the Piscatiquis River, near South Sebec, Maine. Field‐scale surveys made across the entire floodplain were used to map the depth to the glacially eroded bedrock surface and the thickness of the overlying sediments, which consist of glaciomarine clay, fluvial sands and silts, and overbank deposits. An EM conductivity anomaly in the center of the floodplain defines the position of a ridge in the glaciomarine clay deposit. This ridge separates horizontally bedded sand and silt deposits in the northern half of the floodplain from inclined point‐bar sand and silt deposits in the southern half of the ...
Cost and greenhouse gas emission tradeoffs of alternative uses of lignin for second generation ethanol

Second generation ethanol bioconversion technologies are under demonstration-scale development for the production of lignocellulosic fuels to meet the US federal Renewable Fuel Standards (RFS2). Bioconversion technology utilizes the fermentable sugars generated from the cellulosic fraction of the feedstock, and most commonly assumes that the lignin fraction may be used as a source of thermal and electrical energy. We examine the life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and techno-economic cost tradeoffs for alternative uses of the lignin fraction of agricultural residues (corn stover, and wheat and barley straw) produced within a 2000 dry metric ton per day ethanol biorefinery in three locations in the United States. We compare three scenarios in which the lignin is (1) used as a land amendment to replace soil organic carbon (SOC); (2) separated, dried and sold as a coal substitute to produce electricity; and (3) used to produce electricity onsite at the biorefinery. Results from this analysis indicate that for life cycle GHG intensity, amending the lignin to land is lowest among the three ethanol production options (−25 to −2 g CO2e MJ−1), substituting coal with lignin is second lowest (4–32 g CO2e MJ−1), and onsite power generation is highest (36–41 g CO2e MJ−1). Moreover, the onsite power generation case may not meet RFS2 cellulosic fuel requirements given the uncertainty in electricity substitution. Options that use lignin for energy do so at the expense of SOC loss. The lignin–land amendment option has the lowest capital cost among the three options due to lower equipment costs for the biorefinery’s thermal energy needs and use of biogas generated onsite. The need to purchase electricity and uncertain market value of the lignin–land amendment could raise its cost compared to onsite power generation and electricity co-production. However, assuming a market value ($50–$100/dry Mg) for nutrient and soil carbon replacement in agricultural soils, and potentially economy of scale residue collection prices at higher collection volumes associated with low SOC loss, the lignin–land amendment option is economically and environmentally preferable, with the lowest GHG abatement costs relative to gasoline among the three lignin co-product options we consider.
A comparison of usual care, a patient‐centred education intervention and motivational interviewing to improve medication adherence and readmissions of adults in an acute‐care setting

Aim To compare medication adherence and readmissions in patients who received usual care vs. patient-centred interventions. Background Medication adherence is a complex behaviour that may be improved with patient-centred strategies. Method A non-concurrent convenience sample of 303 hospitalised patients received either usual care (n = 98) or patient-centred interventions (n = 205). Intervention patients received teach-back and medication tools (n = 137) or motivational interviewing (n = 68). Data were collected at discharge (T1), at 48–72 hours (T2) and 30 days after discharge (T3). Results No significant differences were found in medication adherence, therapeutic alliance, patients' experience and readmissions between groups. Patients in the motivational interview group reported lower confidence with medication adherence at T1 (P = 0.01) and T2 (P = 0.00) than the patient-centred intervention group. Motivational interviewing was a significant predictor (β = –1.55, P = 0.01, OR 0.21, 95% CI 0.06, 0.72) of fewer readmissions. Conclusion Overall, patients reported very low levels of non-adherence and very high levels of confidence and importance of medication adherence. Implications for nursing management Medication adherence continues to be an important area for clinical inquiry. For those patients who lack confidence for medication adherence, comprehensive patient-centred strategies such as motivational interviewing may improve treatment outcomes.
NANOPARTICLE AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: AN OVERVIEW

As a new scientific discipline, nanoparticle aerosol science and technology (NAST) deals with the formation, properties and behavior of nanoparticles in gases. Driven by its practical applications in many different fields, NAST has been undergoing rapid development. A conceptual framework of the discipline, with its own basic principles, experimental methods and computational techniques, is now taking shape. This paper presents an overview of the current status and research needs of the new discipline. The presentation begins with a discourse on the relationship among various particle systems, which occur frequently in nature and industry. The properties and behavior of nanoparticle aerosols are then discussed, with emphasis on the key roles played by particle size and morphology. Similar to fluid dynamics, NAST is an enabling discipline in the sense that it has provided the concepts and methodology needed for the development of many other fields. Applications of nanoparticle aerosol science and technology are highlighted in three important areas: (1) aerosol processes for synthesis of nanoparticles, (2) atmospheric nanoparticles and global climate, and (3) dosimetry of inhaled nanoparticles. These fields have features in common insofar as nanoparticle aerosols follow the same basic laws of physics and chemistry.
Characterization of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from children with otitis media.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is the main causative agent of acute otitis media in children. Serotype-based vaccines have provided some protection against otitis media, but not as much as anticipated, demonstrating the need for alternative vaccine options. Pneumococcal otitis media isolates were obtained from children 5 years old or younger from hospitals around Mississippi in the prevaccine era (1999–2000). These isolates were compared by capsular typing, pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) family typing, antibiotic susceptibility, and DNA fingerprinting. Our study shows that there is great genetic variability among pneumococcal clinical isolates of otitis media, except with regard to PspA. Therefore, efforts focused on the development of a PspA-based pneumococcal vaccine would be well placed.
XML schema harmonization: design methodology and examples

The flexible and semi-structured eXtensible Markup Language (XML) is used in various application domains as well as the database field. The proposed XML harmonization system attempts to re-utilize existing markup languages by extracting and integrating them. This idea is analogous to the join operation in the database domain. When new structures are created, new document types are defined. Structures of XML instances can be viewed from various viewpoints, e.g. the relational database or the object-oriented database. In this work, we propose a new way to achieve harmonization, i.e., by defining axioms on atomic elements of the selected data structure. The advantage of using axioms is that it can be extended to other data structures easily. Measurements of harmonization are discussed, and harmonization examples are given to illustrate the axiom-based design principle.
Drones for aerodynamic and structural testing /DAST/ - A status report

A program for providing research data on aerodynamic loads and active control systems on wings with supercritical airfoils in the transonic speed range is described. Analytical development, wind tunnel tests, and flight tests are included. A Firebee II target drone vehicle has been modified for use as a flight test facility. The program currently includes flight experiments on two aeroelastic research wings. The primary purpose of the first flight experiment is to demonstrate an active control system for flutter suppression on a transport-type wing. Design and fabrication of the wing are complete and after installing research instrumentation and the flutter suppression system, flight testing is expected to begin in early 1979. The experiment on the second research wing - a fuel-conservative transport type - is to demonstrate multiple active control systems including flutter suppression, maneuver load alleviation, gust load alleviation, and reduce static stability. Of special importance for this second experiment is the development and validation of integrated design methods which include the benefits of active controls in the structural design.
Effects of Ouabain on Early Ventricular Relaxation in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction

The effects of the administration of ouabain on the peak negative left ventricular (LV) dP/dt were studied in 14 patients with acute myocardial infarction. Prior to administration of ouabain, negative LV dP/dt was lower than previously reported for patients without coronary arterial disease. One hour after administration of ouabain, significant (P
The MEDEX medical occupation concept in subjective medical occupation-profession multidimensional space.

St~mmary.-Members of a MEDEX training staff (N = 13) estimated the similaricy of 16 medical occupations-professions (including the MEDEX concept). Evaluative dimensions utilized by these judges to form their judgments of scale similarity were extracted using a recently proposed multidimensional scaling method-model. Five judgmental factor-dimensions were identified (tentative labels: I. Amount of training-degree of responsibility-prestige; 11. Therapist; 111. Nurse; 1V. Technician; and V. Hospital nursing staff authority) which accounted for up to 86% of the variance of the averaged similariry estimates. These factor-dimensions as well as the methodology employed were discussed. Future research was sugges:ed. Due to the increasing shortage of physicians in the USA, during the past several years, there has been growing interest in the concept of a new medical profession-a "helper" to physicians who can relieve physicians of much routine work not requiring their special knowledge and skills. Many different training programs have been proposed and implemented for training of such professionals (Professional Activities Branch, Division of Physician Manpower, Bureau of Health Professions Education and Manpower Training, 1970). One which has received a great deal of wide publication is the MEDEX concept (Bornemeier, 1970; California Medical Association Bureau of Research and Planning, 1970; Hospitals, 1970; Life, 1970; Medical World News, 1970; Michaelson, 1970; Murata, 1970; Patient Care, 1970; Sewell, 1970; Smith, 1969, 1970). MEDEX programs (in Alabama, California, New Hampshire, North Dakom, Utah, and Washington) have been designed to utilize, as input, the medically trained products of the military services and then further adapt and train them for employment in civilian health-care settings. The word MEDEX is a contraction of mddecin extension and implies "physician's extension." One of the recurring questions (and it has very important ramifications) is where and how the MEDEX concept "fits in" with other medical occupations-professions. The present investigaticn hoped to assess the number and nature of the common psychological evaluation dimensions that would accurately and most parsimoniously account for the training staffs' (involved in a single MEDEX training project) evaluations-perceptions of a number of medical occupations-professions
Ethics in Conflict: Making the Case for a Critical Pedagogy

The past two decades have seen an increased emphasis placed on the relationship between communication and ethics, a subject that philosophers have debated for centuries. An analysis of textbooks as disciplinary artifacts reveals that students enrolled in communication courses across the university are often presented with conflicting or contradictory ethics instruction. Commonly, business and technical communication textbooks advocate a foundational approach toward the subject, whereas interpersonal communication textbooks, as taught within the liberal arts, support a nonfoundational view. Rather than bolstering students’ understanding of the importance of ethical communication, such broad-based contradictions might lead to an overall ambivalence toward the subject. A critical pedagogy—one that acknowledges and explores this tacit disciplinary debate on ethics—would provide students a more comprehensive philosophical and historical basis for determining their own perspectives on ethical communication.
Old wine in a new wineskin: college choice, college access using agent-based modeling

An agent-based model is developed and demonstrated to be a feasible alternative method of analysis for the college choice/college access problem in higher education. The agent-based model captures agent heterogeneity and complex agent interactions in ways that cannot be accounted for through traditional statistical techniques. The agent-based model computer output was based on Patricia McDonough's research using Pierre Bourdieu's sociological theoretical framework.
Arbitrary rate maximum-distance separable wavelet codes

This paper expands on the idea of wavelet coding. It undertakes construction of arbitrary rate error correcting codes using finite-field wavelets and filter banks. We show that a rate K / L code can be constructed by a combination of a K-band trivial analysis bank and an L-band synthesis bank. Several issues regarding these wavelet codes are investigated. Among other results, we develop a methodology to construct maximum-distance separable (MDS) codes using finite-field wavelets. In this method, a rate K / L code is constructed by a direct sum of the K rate 1/L subcodes which have been designed using the Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) bound such that their direct sum generates an MDS code.
Utilization of the Insulin-Signaling Network in the Metabolic Actions of α-Lipoic Acid—Reduction or Oxidation?

α-Lipoic acid is a naturally occurring cofactor of mitochondrial dehydrogenase complexes and a potent antioxidant. It can interchange between a reduced form and an oxidized form, thereby displaying reducing (antioxidant) and prooxidant properties, respectively. It is suggested that α-lipoic acid through its prooxidant properties acutely stimulates the insulin-signaling cascade, thereby increasing glucose uptake in muscle and fat cells. On the other hand, α-lipoic acid appears to protect the insulin-signaling cascade from oxidative stress-induced insulin resistance through its reducing capacities. In addition, α-lipoic acid seems to inhibit hepatic gluconeogenesis by interfering with fatty acid oxidation, as well as to increase peripheral glucose utilization by activating pyruvate dehydrogenase resulting in increased glucose oxidation. These different properties render α-lipoic acid a potentially attractive therapeutic agent for the treatment of insulin resistance. Moreover, given the potential role of oxi...
Can Diabetes I and Early Blindness Be Prevented Using a Tylenol Combination Which Inhibits Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress

Since oxidative/nitrosative stress cause diabetes, can we prevent this chemistry generating the disease? Streptozotocin causes diabetes by entering the pancreatic beta cell generating excessive nitric oxide which reacts with oxygen creating a toxin possibly peroxynitrite, dinitrogen trioxide, dinitrogen tetraoxide and so forth. The toxic compounds damage the DNA causing beta cell death. This prevents insulin synthesis, storage and release. By using antioxidant substances that destroy the nitric-oxide-based toxins (e.g., carboxy-PTIO (oxidizes nitric oxide), polyphenolic-quercetin and monophenolic acetaminophen (Tylenol)) which are oxidation and nitration targets can the diabetes I causing toxins in animals be destroyed? Will this tri-drug combination completely prevent the deleterious effects of diabetes namely poor blood glucose control and blindness from cataracts for the entire length of the experiment (one year). These disease reversal experiments were accomplished in rats where the streptozotocin-diabetic effects were completely thwarted. In vitro experiments were accomplished to provide the scientific basis for the experimental results in animals.
Effects of Companies' Responses to Consumer Criticism in Social Media

Social media is changing the balance of power as well as the dynamics of communication between manufacturers and retailers, their brands, and consumers. In this research we examine the effects of companies' responses to consumer criticism in social media. Our findings indicate that a vulnerable response leads to more positive behavioral consequences without damaging product quality perceptions than a defensive response, and this effect is mediated by perceived appropriateness of the response. Applying the expectation-disconfirmation framework, we further identify brand personality and existing relationship strength as the moderators of consumer responses. Responding to criticism with a sense of vulnerability leads to higher perceived sincerity for more sophisticated brands than for less sophisticated brands, and responding to criticism defensively leads to higher perceived appropriateness for more perfect brands than for less perfect brands. Consumers with a stronger existing relationship with a brand per...
Fabrication of high quality, deep-submicron Nb/AlO/sub x//Nb Josephson junctions using chemical mechanical polishing

A reliable process based on Chemical Mechanical Polishing (CMP) has been developed for the fabrication of high quality, deep-submicron Nb/AlO/sub x//Nb Josephson junctions on 2 inch wafers. The Nb counter electrode is defined using low pressure SF/sub 6/ reactive ion etching (RIE) with a mask of SiO, which is thermally evaporated through a bilayer resist stencil patterned by electron beam lithography. After RIE, the entire wafer is coated with SiO, which is then planarized using CMP (which also removes the etch mask) to expose the counter electrode. This technique has produced high quality (V/sub m//spl sime/60 mV for J/sub c/ of 2 kA/cm/sup 2/) junctions with areas as small as 0.003 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ demonstrating that the process does not degrade the junction quality. Junctions with critical currents of 22 /spl mu/A and areas of 0.006 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ have been fabricated from trilayers with J/sub c/>300 kA/cm/sup 2/. >
A New Look at the Returns and Risks to Pharmaceutical R&D

This study investigates the returns to R&D for 100 new drugs introduced into the United States during the decade of the 1970s. In contrast to prior studies, it incorporates several significant structural changes that have occurred in the pharmaceutical industry during the 1980s. These include higher real drug prices and a greater degree of generic competition. A major finding is that the return on R&D for the average new drug is approximately equal to the 9 percent industry cost of capital. However, the performance of new drugs introduced during the latter half of the 1970s was markedly better than that of early 1970s introductions. This latter finding is consistent with the more rapid rate of industry growth in real R&D expenditures. The study also finds that the variation in returns is highly skewed, with only the top 30 drugs covering mean R&D costs on a fully allocated basis. Finally, it is shown that real drug price increases in the 1980s were necessary for the average new drug introduction to recover its R&D costs.
Occurrence and activity of iron- and sulfur-oxidizing microorganisms in alkaline coal strip mine spoils.

Spoils samples collected from a coal strip mine in southeastern Montana were examined for populations and activities of iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. Spoils examined were of three types: (a) acidic pyrite-rich waste coal, (b) oxidation halo material, and (c) alkaline material, which was the most widespread type. Bacterial numbers, sulfur oxidation, and14CO2 uptake activity declined to low levels in the summer when spoils were dry. Even in wetter spring months pyritic spoils contained relatively low numbers of acidophilic iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, probably indicative of water stress since the same spoils incubated with excess water or dilute mineral salts showed considerably greater bacterial numbers and activity. Certain wells in coal and spoils aquifers contained substantial populations of iron-oxidizing acidophilic bacteria. However, these wells were always of alkaline or neutral pH, indicating that bacterial pyrite oxidation occurred where groundwaters contacted either replaced spoils or coal that contained pyrite or other metal sulfides. Bacterial activity may contribute to trace metal and sulfate leaching in the area.
Inter-Modulated Regenerative CMOS Receivers Operating at 349 and 495 GHz for THz Imaging Applications

This paper introduces an ultra-high frequency inter-modulated regenerative receiver (IRR) that operates beyond the maximum oscillation frequency (fmax) of active devices for terahertz imaging applications. It is accomplished by inter-modulating the fundamental oscillator in a conventional super regenerative receiver (SRR) with a second oscillator to boost the reception frequency. When implemented in 65 nm CMOS technology (fmax = 280 GHz), a maximum reception frequency of 349 GHz is achieved. While in 40 nm CMOS technology (fmax = 350 GHz), the maximum reception frequency increases to 495 GHz. Multiple received bands are also generated at the alternate inter-modulation frequencies, and enable the possibility of false color THz imaging. The prototype IRR consumes 18.2 mW/pixel and occupies 0.021 mm2 of silicon area when implemented in 65 nm CMOS technology; and occupies 0.11 mm2 while consuming 5.6 mW when implemented in 40 nm CMOS technology.
Prevention of symptomatic seasonal influenza in 2005-2006 by inactivated and live attenuated vaccines.

Background The efficacy of influenza vaccines may vary annually. In 2004–2005, when antigenically drifted viruses were circulating, a randomized, placebo-controlled trial involving healthy adults showed that inactivated vaccine appeared to be efficacious, whereas live attenuated vaccine appeared to be less so.
Costs and cost-effectiveness of periviable care

Abstract With increasing concerns regarding rapidly expanding healthcare costs, cost-effectiveness analysis allows assessment of whether marginal gains from new technology are worth the increased costs. Particular methodologic issues related to cost and cost-effectiveness analysis in the area of neonatal and periviable care include how costs are estimated, such as the use of charges and whether long-term costs are included; the challenges of measuring utilities; and whether to use a maternal, neonatal, or dual perspective in such analyses. A number of studies over the past three decades have examined the costs and the cost-effectiveness of neonatal and periviable care. Broadly, while neonatal care is costly, it is also cost effective as it produces both life-years and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). However, as the gestational age of the neonate decreases, the costs increase and the cost-effectiveness threshold is harder to achieve. In the periviable range of gestational age (22–24 weeks of gestation), whether the care is cost effective is questionable and is dependent on the perspective. Understanding the methodology and salient issues of cost-effectiveness analysis is critical for researchers, editors, and clinicians to accurately interpret results of the growing body of cost-effectiveness studies related to the care of periviable pregnancies and neonates.
On greedy geographic routing algorithms in sensing-covered networks

Greedy geographic routing is attractive in wireless sensor networks due to its efficiency and scalability. However, greedy geographic routing may incur long routing paths or even fail due to routing voids on random network topologies. We study greedy geographic routing in an important class of wireless sensor networks that provide sensing coverage over a geographic area (e.g., surveillance or object tracking systems). Our geometric analysis and simulation results demonstrate that existing greedy geographic routing algorithms can successfully find short routing paths based on local states in sensing-covered networks. In particular, we derive theoretical upper bounds on the network dilation of sensing-covered networks under greedy geographic routing algorithms. Furthermore, we propose a new greedy geographic routing algorithm called Bounded Voronoi Greedy Forwarding (BVGF) that allows sensing-covered networks to achieve an asymptotic network dilation lower than 4:62 as long as the communication range is at least twice the sensing range. Our results show that simple greedy geographic routing is an effective routing scheme in many sensing-covered networks.
MULTIMODALITY IN VIVO IMAGING SYSTEMS: Twice the Power or Double the Trouble?

Many different types of radiation have been exploited to provide images of the structure and function of tissues inside a living subject. Each imaging modality is characterized by differing resolutions on the spatial and temporal scales, and by a different sensitivity for measuring properties related to morphology or function. Combinations of imaging modalities that integrate the strengths of two modalities, and at the same time eliminate one or more weaknesses of an individual modality, thus offer the prospect of improved diagnostics, therapeutic monitoring, and preclinical research using imaging approaches. This review discusses the advantages and challenges in developing multimodality imaging systems for in vivo use, highlights some successful combinations that are now routinely used in the clinic and in research, and discusses recent advances in multimodality instrumentation that may offer new opportunities for imaging.