cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Episodic and Chronic Migraine Headache: Breaking Down Barriers to Optimal Treatment and Prevention

Migraine is a common disabling primary headache disorder that affects an estimated 36 million Americans. Migraine headaches often occur over many years or over an individual's lifetime. By definition, episodic migraine is characterized by headaches that occur on fewer than 15 days per month. According to the recent International Classification of Headache Disorders (third revision) beta diagnostic criteria, chronic migraine is defined as "headaches on at least 15 days per month for at least 3 months, with the features of migraine on at least 8 days per month." However, diagnostic criteria distinguishing episodic from chronic migraine continue to evolve. Persons with episodic migraine can remit, not change, or progress to high-frequency episodic or chronic migraine over time. Chronic migraine is associated with a substantially greater personal and societal burden, more frequent comorbidities, and possibly with persistent and progressive brain abnormalities. Many patients are poorly responsive to, or noncompliant with, conventional preventive therapies. The primary goals of migraine treatment include relieving pain, restoring function, and reducing headache frequency; an additional goal may be preventing progression to chronic migraine. Although all migraineurs require abortive treatment, and all patients with chronic migraine require preventive treatment, there are no definitive guidelines delineating which persons with episodic migraine would benefit from preventive therapy. Five US Food and Drug Association strategies are approved for preventing episodic migraine, but only injections with onabotulinumtoxinA are approved for preventing chronic migraine. Identifying persons who require migraine prophylaxis and selecting and initiating the most appropriate treatment strategy may prevent progression from episodic to chronic migraine and alleviate the pain and suffering associated with frequent migraine.
Demonstration of a deflection routing 2*2 photonic switch for computer interconnects

The first reported demonstration of a 2*2 self-routing photonic switch is presented. Output port contention is handled using a deflection routing protocol implemented by a pipelined electrooptic processor. Routing and data bits are encoded in separated multiwavelength channels occupying only a portion of a full packet period. This encoding technique accommodates timing uncertainty, reduces the effective electronic processing rate at the switching node, and maintains a high-link throughput. In the authors' single-node demonstration. The packet header contains two address bits plus one priority bit for contention resolution, and one packet payload is represented by a single bit. Control information is encoded at 830 nm with 3.6 nm channel spacing and data at 1300 nm. The switch, implemented with longer wavelength transmission bands, is an efficient building block for large-scale, wide-area, high-capacity networks. >
Metabolic alterations in the squirrel monkey induced by DDT administration and ascorbic acid deficiency

Abstract A daily po injection of 5 mg of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis( p -chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) given to squirrel monkeys for a 2-wk period produces significant increases in liver weight, microsomal protein, cytochrome P-450 and the in vitro activity of various drug metabolizing enzymes. DDT treatment also significantly alters elimination and storage of radioactivity from 14 C-γ-hexachlorocyclohexane but not from 36 C-DDT. However, the results indicate that ascorbic acid deficiency may significantly impair both the induction of O -demethylase and the stimulation of the glucuronic acid system by DDT. The d -glucuronic/ d -glucaric acid excretion ratio is significantly depressed within 2 days in monkeys fed the ascrobic acid deficient diet. In addition to ascorbic acid deficiency an unknown nutritional factor from the administration of a second lot of the ascorbic acid deficient diet also appears to cause an inhibition of the d -glucuronic/ d -glucaric acid excretion ratio. This study provides evidence that interactions between nutritional status and toxic stress may significantly affect some routes of detoxification in the squirrel monkey.
Disorder-induced transport. I. Simple cubic lattice

Using a VAX 11/780, a random walk motion is studied in a random-field disordered system. A non-monotonic transport behaviour is observed as a function of local field intensity. In contrast to the random walk motion in random percolating fractals, the root mean square displacement here increases as a function of time faster than that of diffusion. A crossover from diffusion to disorder-induced transport is discussed and its spectral dimensionality is estimated.
Tree age and tree species shape positive and negative interactions in a montane meadow

Few studies have considered how interactions between woody and herbaceous species change in direction or magnitude over time or with traits of the dominant woody species. We used a chronosequence approach to explore these interactions in a montane meadow in which Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. and Abies grandis (Dougl. ex. D. Don) Lindl. have established gradually over a period of >70 years. Effects of individual trees (18–73 years old) were quantified by comparing plant community structure and composition under and adjacent to each tree. Trees generally exerted negative effects on cover and richness of resident meadow species and positive effects on colonizing forest herbs. Despite the average decline of meadow species under the canopy, cover was elevated (compared with adjacent meadow) under 33% of trees — most often under younger Pinus. Cover (but not richness) of meadow species declined with tree age, but the rate and magnitude of this decline did not differ under Pinus or Abies. In contrast, the cove...
Strategic alliances by financial services firms

Abstract We examine a sample of strategic alliances made by financial services firms during 1986 to 2003. The market reacts positively to the announcements of alliances and seems to incorporate the information about the value of alliances at the time of alliance announcements. We find no evidence of abnormal stock performance after announcements. Our results also suggest that strategic alliances usually are used as a final form of cooperation rather than as a first step towards closer cooperation between firms. For instance, only about 5% of alliances are followed with joint ventures or mergers of partner firms. Nevertheless, strategic alliance firms are more likely to form joint ventures or merge than randomly selected and matched firms. Furthermore, the market reacts more favorably to the alliance announcements by firms that are subsequently acquired by the alliance partners.
The structure, dynamics, and chemical composition of noneruptive plumes from Mount St. Helens, 1980–1988

Abstract From May 1980 to September 1988, more than 1000 fixed-wing aircraft flights were made with a correlation spectrometer to measure the sulfur dioxide flux from Mount St. Helens volcano. These flights also provided valuable data on the structure and dynamics of noneruptive plumes emanating from Mount St. Helens. During 1980 and part of 1981, an infrared spectrometer was also used to measure carbon dioxide emission rates. At distances up to 25 km from Mount St. Helens, plume widths can range up to 20 km or more, with width/thickness ratios from 3 to about 30. Maximum sulfur dioxide concentrations in these plumes depend on wind speed and are typically under 5 ppm and usually 1 ppm or less. Close examination of the plume data reveals that the characteristics of quiescent plumes from Mount St. Helens are strongly affected by certain meteorological conditions such as thermal and wind stratification in the troposphere, as well as by the topography of the volcano.
Research Utilization: An Overview

Nursing practice needs to be research based, not only to provide the best possible care to patients but also to ensure that nursing as a profession continues to grow. Criteria to help nurses determine how and when to implement research-based practice changes are presented. Forces that facilitate research utilization are discussed, as are barriers to research utilization. Areas of research that are ready to be implemented in women's health, obstetric, and neonatal nursing are presented.
Intracranial meningeal hemangiopericytoma: the role of radiotherapy: report of 29 cases and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND The current retrospective study was undertaken to evaluate the treatment outcomes of patients with meningeal hemangiopericytoma (M-HPC), to define the role of radiotherapy in the management of the disease, and to report on the patterns of failure. METHODS The medical records of 29 patients with nonmetastatic M-HPC treated at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center (Houston, TX) between August 1979 and March 1999 were reviewed. Fifteen patients (52%) underwent macroscopic total resection (‘gross total resection’ [GTR]), 10 (34%) underwent subtotal resection (STR), and 4 (14%) had unknown extent of surgery. Ten of 24 patients received adjuvant radiotherapy. RESULTS The 5, 10, and 15-year overall survival rates were 85%, 68%, and 43%, respectively. The local control rates at 5 and 10 years were 68% and 22%, respectively. Two patients experienced disease recurrence at another intracranial site. Sixteen patients (55%) developed extraneural metastases. Four patients (14%) developed spinal metastases. The 5-, 10-, and 15-year distant metastasis–free survival rates were 80%, 46%, and 21%, respectively. The 5-year local control rates for patients treated with GTR and STR were 84% and 38%, respectively (P = 0.003). Of the 15 patients treated with GTR, 3 received adjuvant radiotherapy as part of their initial treatment. Malignant disease did not recur locally in these three patients. However, the effect of the adjuvant radiotherapy on local control was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS M-HPCs can recur locally or distantly in the neural axis or as extraneural distant metastases. Based on literature review and the patterns of failure in the current series, attempting to perform GTR followed by limited-field radiotherapy appeared to represent a reasonable approach for the initial management of M-HPC. Cancer 2004;100:1491–7. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
MEDIA DEPENDENCY AS INTERACTION Effects of Exposure and Reliance on Political Activity and Efficacy

Recent research on the differential effects of newspapers and television news has offered a wide variety of operationalizations of media exposure, reliance, and dependency. While these operationalizations have been drawn from the same general theoretic domain, they have led to contradictory findings and conceptual difficulties. This article examines media dependency as a complex construct involving the interactions of exposure to television news, exposure to nespapers, and expressions of reliance on one medium or the other. Data are from the 1976 University of Michigan CPS national election study. As hypothesized, reliance on a medium enhances positive associations between exposure to that medium and political efficacy and activity.
Pyrolysis of tetrafluorohydrazine

The pyrolysis of tetrafluorohydrazine has been studied from 578 to 791°K. The stoichiometry has been established as Reaction rates have been measured and the effects of surface area, inert gas pressure, and nitric oxide have been examined. The rate-determining step proposed is and the general rate expression obtained for this is
Preliminary Investigation of the Z-Value Measure of Relative Solvent Polarity in Micellar Solubilization

The Z-value method for determining solvent polarity has been applied to surfactant solutions containing camphor and 2-heptanone. The surfactants used were partially purified polysorbate 80, potassium laurate, and dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride. As the surfactant concentration increased the Z-value decreased, indicating that the solubilized ketones encountered an environment of decreasing polarity. In the polysorbate 80 system 2-heptanone appeared to be solubilized deeper in the micelle interior than camphor. Both ketones in 0.2 M potassium laurate solutions were solubilized in more highly polar environments than in 0.2 M dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride solutions.
A common partitioning strategy for photosynthetic products in evolutionarily distinct phytoplankton species

Summary We compare the nutrient-dependent photosynthetic efficiencies of the chlorophyte, Dunaliella tertiolecta, with those of the marine diatom, Thalassiosira weissflogii. Despite considerable evolutionary and physiological differences, these two species appear to use nearly identical growth strategies under a wide range of nutrient limitation. Using a variety of physiological measurements, we find that, for both species and across all growth rates, 75% of the gross photosynthetic electron flow is invested in carbon fixation and only 30% is retained as net carbon accumulation. A majority of gross photosynthesis (70%) is ultimately used as reductant for biosynthetic pathways and for the generation of ATP. In both species, newly formed carbon products exhibit much shorter half-lives at slow growth rates than at fast growth rates. We show that this growth rate dependence is a result of increased polysaccharide storage during the S phase of the cell cycle. We present a model of carbon utilization that incorporates this growth rate-dependent carbon allocation and accurately captures (r2 = 0.94) the observed time-resolved carbon retention. Together, our findings suggest a common photosynthetic optimization strategy in evolutionarily distinct phytoplankton species and contribute towards a systems-level understanding of carbon flow in photoautotrophs.
Reply to Discussion of An Analysis of the Group Dynamics Surrounding Internal Control Assessment in Information Systems Audit and Assurance Domains

As knowledge-based fields emerge and begin to evolve, the expansion of knowledge and understanding is facilitated most by active discourse. As such, we are very appreciative of the comments and feedback provided by participants in the 1999 University of Waterloo Information Systems Assurance Symposium and in particular the detailed comments from Carla Carnaghan and Tim Leech. Both discussants have put forth numerous issues that expand the research documented in O’Donnell et al. (2000), and we believe the discourse generated by their ideas adds significantly to the efforts toward expansion of the knowledge and understanding of the IS-assurance domain. We appreciate this opportunity to further enhance the clarity of the issues and discuss the challenges facing practitioners and researchers as they venture down this road of new IS-assurance services. Carnaghan (2000) and Leech (2000) raise a number of issues that are important to both practice and future research. Rather than directly address specific items, we will attempt to build a cohesive discussion that should benefit practice and future research by integrating their comments with ours and other authors’ related theories and research findings.
Influence of sodium currents on speeds of traveling wave fronts in synaptically coupled neuronal networks

Abstract The main purpose of this paper is to apply mathematical analysis to investigate the influence of sodium currents on the speeds of traveling wave fronts. The authors use speed index functions to investigate the speeds of traveling wave fronts of some scalar integral differential equations arising from synaptically coupled neuronal networks. The mathematical model equation is u t + f ( u ) = α ∫ R K ( x − y ) H ( u ( y , t − 1 c | x − y | ) − θ ) d y , where 0 c ≤ ∞ , α > 0 and θ > 0 are constants, satisfying the condition 0 2 f ( θ ) α . The function f ( u ) represents sodium currents, the function K denotes synaptic coupling in a neuronal network, and the Heaviside step function H is defined by H ( u ) = 0 for all u 0 , H ( 0 ) = 1 2 and H ( u ) = 1 for all u > 0 .
Decisions of Shoplifting Victims to Invoke the Criminal Justice Process

Relatively little research has addressed issues related to factors affecting the decisions of victims of crimes to report offenses to the police. Since these decisions have important consequences for offenders, and since official police and court statistics are often relied upon to make inferences about characteristics of offenders and offenses, it is crucial to examine the effects of selective mechanisms such as victim behavior. To this end records of shoplifters apprehended by drug and grocery stores in 1963, 1965, and 1968 were examined. Overall, the decisions of victims to refer shoplifters to the police were found to be more closely related to the value of the goods stolen, as well as to what was stolen and how it was stolen, than to the characteristics of the offender.
Control of switching nets.

Switching nets have long been used as models of biological phenomena. In this paper, control properties of switching nets are discussed. Bounds on control parameters for general nets, linear nets and nets with linear inputs are obtained. In particular, bounds are obtained on the maximum distance between two states and on the length of input sequences needed to synchronize two copies of the same net. Bounds on the number of input lines that must be added to an autonomous net to make it controllable are obtained in terms of the number of cycles and transient chains of the net.
Eating Disorders in Asian Populations: A Critique of Current Approaches to the Study of Culture, Ethnicity, and Eating Disorders

There is increasing evidence that eating disorders are present among ethnically diverse populations, and researchers have suggested that investigations in this area may inform the field's understanding of how sociocultural factors are related to the development of eating disorders. Although it is generally accepted that sociocultural factors are key in eating disorder etiology, knowledge on how best to study these influences in diverse groups is still limited. In this article, the authors review how the research literature has explored relationships among culture, ethnicity, and eating disorders in Asian populations and critically examine strategies that have been used to investigate these issues across 1 ethnic/racial group. The methodological challenges encountered in these approaches are identified and considered in the provision of recommendations for future endeavors to improve the field's understanding of how culture is related to eating disorders.
The effect of phenobarbital and 3'-methyl-N,N-dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene administration on catalytic, binding and immunological properties of ligandin subunits in rat liver.

Abstract Following administration of phenobarbital to rats, liver ligandin content, bilirubin binding, glutathione- S -transferase and steriod isomerase activities by 150% and the 22 000-dalton subunit was selectively increased. Following adminstration of 3′-methyl- N , N -dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene, rat liver ligandin content and steroid isomerase decrased by 65%, glutathione- S -transferase incrased by 100%, bilirubin binding was abolished, and the relative proportion of the 22 000- and 25 000-dalton subunits remained unchanged.
Application of the New York State PTCA Mortality Model in Patients Undergoing Stent Implantation

Background —This study applied the New York State conventional coronary angioplasty (PTCA) model of clinical outcomes to evaluate whether it has relevance in the current era of stent implantation. The model was developed in 62 670 patients treated with conventional PTCA from 1991 to 1994 to risk adjust mortality and bypass surgery after PTCA. Since then, stents have become the dominant form of intervention. Whether that model remains relevant is uncertain. Methods and Results —All patients undergoing stenting at the Mayo Clinic from 1995 to 1998 were analyzed for in-hospital mortality, bypass surgery performed after attempted stenting, and longer-term mortality. No patients were excluded. The New York model was used to risk adjust and predict in-hospital and follow-up mortality. There were 3761 patients with 4063 procedural admissions for stenting; 6472 target vessel segments were attempted, and 96.1% of procedures were successful. With the New York multivariable risk factor equation, 79 in-hospital deaths were expected (1.95%); 66 deaths (1.62%) were observed. The New York model risk score in a logistic regression model was the most significant factor associated with in-hospital mortality (OR, 1.86; P 2 =16.64, P =0.0001). Conclusions —Although the New York mortality model was developed in an era of conventional angioplasty, it remains relevant in patients undergoing stenting. The risk score derived from that model is the variable most significantly associated with not only in-hospital but also longer-term outcome.
Effects of halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane on supraventricular and ventricular rate in dogs with complete atrioventricular block.

Complete atrioventricular (AV) block was produced in 32 chloralose-anesthetized autonomically intact dogs to determine the effects of halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane on supraventricular and ventricular rate. Halothane (n = 17), enflurane (n = 6), and isoflurane (n = 9) were administered in three separate experiments in sequential minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) multiples of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 1.5, and 1.0. Supraventricular rate, ventricular rate, and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) were measured and recorded at baseline and after a 20-minute equilibration period of each inhalation anesthetic at each MAC multiple. Increasing concentrations of enflurane and isoflurane significantly decreased supraventricular rate (P < .05). Ventricular rate was not significantly changed by sequential MAC multiples of halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane. Increasing concentrations of halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane significantly decreased MAP with enflurane producing the most significant decrease (P < .05). Ventricular arrhythmias occurred in 5 of 17 dogs anesthetized with halothane and 1 of 9 dogs anesthetized with isoflurane. Inhalation anesthesia can significantly decrease supraventricular rate and MAP, does not alter ventricular rate, and can produce ventricular arrhythmias in dogs with complete AV block.
Carbon dioxide narcosis—induced apnea in a rat model of cardiac arrest and resuscitation

In the clinical literature there are reports of patients failing to breathe and becoming comatose when supplied with 100% oxygen for respiratory distress. This effect has been attributed to a loss of respiratory drive. Recent studies have established that this explanation is incorrect, but have left the phenomenon unexplained. We propose that the apnea and coma reported is due to carbon dioxide narcosis. We have reproduced this effect in an animal model and have documented PCO2 values in excess of 250 mmHg during the apneic period. Our results suggest that this level of PCO2 suppresses both brainstem auditory evoked potentials and spontaneous respiration. The high PCO2 is due to inadequate gas exchange, and is easily remedied by provision of adequate ventilation.
Removing the stiffness from interfacial flows with surface tension

A new formulation and new methods are presented for computing the motion of fluid interfaces with surface tension in two-dimensional, irrotational, and incompressible fluids. Through the Laplace-Young condition at the interface, surface tension introduces high-order terms, both nonlinear and nonlocal, into the dynamics. This leads to severe stability constraints for explicit time integration methods and makes the application of implicit methods difficult. This new formulation has all the nice properties for time integration methods that are associated with having a linear, constant coefficient, highest order term. That is, using this formulation, we give implicit time integration methods that have no high order time step stability constraint associated with surface tension and are explicit in Fourier space. The approach is based on a boundary integral formulation and applies more generally, even to problems beyond the fluid mechanical context. Here they are applied to computing with high resolution the motion of interfaces in Hele-Shaw flows and the motion of free surfaces in inviscid flows governed by the Euler equations. One Hele-Shaw computation shows the behavior of an expanding gas bubble over long-time as the interface undergoes successive tip-splittings and finger competition. A second computation shows the formation of a very ramified interface through the interaction of surface tension with an unstable density stratification. In Euler flows, the computation of a vortex sheet shows its roll-up through the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. This motion culminates in the late time self-intersection of the interface, creating trapped bubbles of fluid. This is, we believe, a type of singularity formation previously unobserved for such flows in 2D. Finally, computations of falling plumes in an unstably stratified Boussinesq fluid show a very similar behavior.
Field theoretic constraint formalism

The constraint formalism of classical mechanics is extended to field theories with gauge groups. Explicit examples of Klein-Gordon and Maxwell fields are presented. The symmetry properties of the Maxwell fields have the unexpcted feature in this formalism of forming a first-class algebra which is not Lie, a situation already encountered in the general theory of relativity.
A general framework for discovering and proving theorems of the Erdos-Ko-Rado type

Abstract A technique for proving the Erdős-Ko-Rado theorem is presented. This technique can be used to prove many generalizations of this theorem.
Auditory VS. Visual Data Link: Relative Effectiveness

Pilots flew a GA simulator based on ATC-instructed maneuvers, while scanning outside for traffic. Various length ATC instructions were delivered through a textual, voice, or redundant data link format. Pilots read back the instructions, then complied with the maneuver. Visual scanning was measured. Results indicated the visual display provided greatest accuracy of communications read back and least disruption of traffic monitoring and flight-path tracking. The voice-only condition was most disruptive, partially because the pilot's eyes were drawn into the cockpit longer while note taking, compared to the two visual text displays. The redundant display never supported better performance than the visual display. This cost resulted, partially because arrival of the discrete auditory communications disrupted flight-path performance. Pilots allocated ∼60% of visual attention to the instrument panel, and communications accuracy was degraded by longer ATC instructions. Results are interpreted referencing mechani...
Stroke in young adults and children.

Data from studies of 337 children and 1606 young adults are summarized to identify the major causes of stroke in these age groups. In children under 15 years of age, stroke occurs in patients with congenital heart disease, nonatherosclerotic vasculopathies, infection, and hematologic defects like sickle cell disease. In patients 15 to 35 years of age, dissection, cardioembolism, nonatheroslerotic vasculopathies, and prothrombotic states cause a significant percentage of strokes. In adults over 35 years of age, traditional atherosclerotic risk factors predominate. Lifestyle choices (eg, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and illicit drug use) can significantly increase the rate of stroke among young adults in a community. Limited access to healthcare may increase the role of infectious disease and peripartum complications.
Photon-induced switching and tunneling phenomena in a YBCO thin film junction

In the persistent photoconductivity (PPC) phenomenon, illumination of a YBa2Cu3O6.5 thin film junction with a 1mW He−Ne laser leads to the decrease of the critical voltage (similar to the threshold voltage). The decrease of the critical voltage was reversed by illumination with incandescent light. The critical voltage across the junction was experimentally decreased and increased by alternating illumination between He−Ne laser and incandescent light. We also observed visible quenching of the photo-induced state using a 5mW He−Ne laser. Finally, the threshold behavior of the junction was destroyed by illuminating it with incandescent light.
Self-Construction in a Small Group Setting Journal Narratives

The interpretive, developmental process of refiguring the ego is examined as it occurs in the perceptions of self, mediated by the cultural milieu of a student group and concretized in the narrations of personal journal writings. Students kept journals for private use; thus the audience for the journal narrative is the self. Narratives were explored for modes or styles of communication. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate not only that self-understandings are concretized through speech acts but that people actively engage in ongoing construction of the self, in the presence of others and through the use of types of communication in everyday language.
Functional evidence for a monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) in strial marginal cells and molecular evidence for MCT1 and MCT2 in stria vascularis.

Abstract The transport of lactate, pyruvate and other monocarboxylates across plasma membranes of metabolically active cells such as strial marginal cells (SMC) may be important under aerobic conditions as well as under ischemic and hypoxic conditions. This study addresses the question whether SMC from the gerbil contain a membrane transport mechanism for monocarboxylates. The type of transporter was identified in functional studies by monitoring uptake of monocarboxylates into SMC through measurement of the cytosolic pH (pH i ) with the pH-sensitive dye 2′,7′-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF). Further, subtypes of the functionally identified transporter which are present in stria vascularis were identified as transcripts by cloning and sequencing the reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) products. All functional experiments were performed under nominally HCO 3 − -free conditions. The monocarboxylates acetate and pyruvate (each 20 mM) induced an acidification of pH i . In contrast, the dicarboxylate malonate (20 mM) had no significant effect on pH i . α -Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate (CHC; 5 mM), a blocker of H + /monocarboxylate − cotransporter (MCT), reduced reversibly the acidification induced by 5 mM pyruvate. In contrast, 1 μ M DIDS, a blocker of band-3 protein, had no significant effect on the acidification induced by 20 mM acetate. The presence of the transcripts for each of the MCT subtypes, MCT1 and MCT2, was determined by RT-PCR of stria vascularis from gerbil. RT-PCR performed with primers for the MCT1 and MCT2 subtypes on total RNA from stria vascularis revealed PCR products of the predicted sizes. Sequence analysis confirmed that amplified MCT1 and MCT2 cDNA fragments encoded a nucleotide sequence of MCT1 and MCT2, respectively. These observations suggest that SMC contain a MCT and that stria vascularis contains RNA for the subtypes MCT1 and MCT2 subtypes.
Prospective evaluation of pulmonary artery pressures during pulmonary angiography performed with low-osmolar nonionic contrast media.

Purpose To determine the effects of pulmonary angiography performed with low-osmolar, nonionic contrast media on pulmonary artery pressures. Patients and Methods In a prospective, uncontrolled clinical trial, pulmonary artery pressures (systolic, diastolic, mean) of 116 patients referred for pulmonary angiography were recorded before and 1 and 5 minutes after injection of contrast material. Results There was a statistically significant rise in systolic, diastolic, and mean pulmonary artery pressure at 1 minute (4.6, 3.4, 4.1 mm Hg, respectively) and 5 minutes (3.8, 2.7, 3.4 mm Hg, respectively) after the initial contrast material injection ( P P Conclusion There is a small but statistically significant rise in pulmonary artery pressure after injection of low-osmolar, nonionic contrast material for pulmonary angiography; it is unlikely to be of clinical significance.
A Hybrid Approach to Survival Model Building Using Integration of Clinical and Molecular Information in Censored Data

In medical society, the prognostic models, which use clinicopathologic features and predict prognosis after a certain treatment, have been externally validated and used in practice. In recent years, most research has focused on high dimensional genomic data and small sample sizes. Since clinically similar but molecularly heterogeneous tumors may produce different clinical outcomes, the combination of clinical and genomic information, which may be complementary, is crucial to improve the quality of prognostic predictions. However, there is a lack of an integrating scheme for clinic-genomic models due to the {\rm P}\gg{\rm N} problem, in particular, for a parsimonious model. We propose a methodology to build a reduced yet accurate integrative model using a hybrid approach based on the Cox regression model, which uses several dimension reduction techniques, {\rm L}_{2} penalized maximum likelihood estimation (PMLE), and resampling methods to tackle the problem. The predictive accuracy of the modeling approach is assessed by several metrics via an independent and thorough scheme to compare competing methods. In breast cancer data studies on a metastasis and death event, we show that the proposed methodology can improve prediction accuracy and build a final model with a hybrid signature that is parsimonious when integrating both types of variables.
Protoporphyrin IX‐Sensitized Photoinactivation of 5‐Aminolevulinate‐Treated Leukemia Cells: Effects of Exogenous Iron

Photodynamic therapy with 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is based on metabolism of ALA to a photosensitizing agent, protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), in tumor cells. Photosensitivity of target cells may be influenced by mitochondrial iron levels because ferrochelatase-catalyzed insertion of Fe2+ into PpIX converts it to heme, a nonsensitizer. To investigate this prospect, we exposed L1210 cells (approximately 10(6)/mL in 1% serum-containing medium) to a lipophilic iron chelate, ferric-8-hydroxyquinoline (Fe[HQ]2, 0.5 microM), prior to treating with ALA (0.2 mM, 4 h) and irradiating with broadband visible light. When Fe(HQ)2 was added to cells immediately or 1 h before ALA, the initial rate of photokilling, as measured by thiazolyl blue (mitochondrial dehydrogenase) assay, was markedly less than that of non-iron controls. The HPLC analysis of cell extracts indicated that ALA-induced PpIX was at least 50% lower after this Fe(HQ)2 treatment, presumably explaining the drop in photolethality. By contrast, cells treated with ALA and light 20 h after being exposed to Fe(HQ)2 contained the same amount of PpIX as non-iron controls and were photoinactivated at nearly the same rate. The 20 h delayed cells contained approximately 12 times more immunodetectable ferritin heavy subunit than controls or 1 h counterparts, which could account for the disappearance of iron's antisensitization effects in the former. Consistent with this idea, the short-term effects of Fe(HQ)2 on ALA-induced sensitization were found to be blunted significantly in ferritin-enriched cells. The Fe(HQ)2 produced strikingly different results when cells were sensitized with exogenous PpIX, stimulating photokilling after short-term contact but inhibiting it after long-term contact while having no significant effect on the level of cell-associated PpIX in either case. Thus, iron can have diverse effects on PpIX-mediated photokilling, depending on contact time with cells and whether the porphyrin is metabolically derived or applied as such.
Electrical stimulation of the arcuate nucleus increases the metabolism of dopamine in terminals of tuberoinfundibular neurons in the median eminence.

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of procedures that alter impulse flow in tuberoinfundibular dopamine (DA) neurons on the metabolism of DA in the median eminence and on the secretion of prolactin from the anterior pituitary. Twenty min following the administration of γ-butyrolactone (GBL, 1000 mg/kg, i.p.) there was a marked decrease in 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) concentrations in the median eminence and an increase in prolactin concentrations in the serum, indicating that a decrease in activity of tuberoinfundibular DA neurons is accompanied by a decrease in DA metabolism in the median eminence and a loss of tonic inhibition of pituitary prolactin secretion. Activation of tuberoinfundibular DA neurons by bilateral stimulation of the arcuate nucleus in GBL-treated rats produced a rapid increase in median eminence DOPAC concentrations and a time-dependent decrease in serum prolactin concentrations. Nomifensine (25 mg/kg, i.p., 30 min), a DA uptake inhibitor, had no effect on median eminence DOPAC concentrations in sham- or arcuate nucleus-stimulated rats, indicating that regardless of the level of activity of tuberoinfundibular neurons, very little DA is recaptured and metabolized in terminals of these neurons in the median eminence. Taken together these results reveal that alterations in impulse flow in tuberoinfundibular DA neurons are accompanied by corresponding changes in the metabolism of DA in the median eminence.
Power phase variation in a commercial server workload

Many techniques have been developed for adaptive power management of computing systems. These techniques rely on the presence of varying power phases to detect opportunities for adaptation. However, little information is available regarding the extent of power phases in real systems. This paper illustrates available power phases ranging from 1 millisecond to 1 second using a commercial workload running on enterprise class hardware. Data is obtained using a server instrumented for power measurement at the subsystem level. The analysis shows that chipset, memory and disk subsystems have the most homogenous phase behavior with greater than 71% of samples within phases of 100 milliseconds or shorter. In contrast, CPU and I/O subsystems have much more variation with only 26% of samples within phases of 10 milliseconds or shorter.
Efficacy of Pre-harvest Fungicide Applications and Cold Storage for Postharvest Control of Botrytis Fruit Rot (Gray Mold) on Red Raspberry

Abstract Applications of the fungicides Elevate 50WG and Switch 62.5WG to red raspberry prior to harvest were evaluated for post-harvest control of fruit rot, caused by Botrytis cinerea. Fungicides...
Classification of 3-(24, 12, 5) designs and 24-dimensional Hadamard matrices

Recently the authors completed the classification of 3-(24, 12, 5) designs up to isomorphism. These designs are closely related to 24-dimensional Hadamard matrices, and the work on designs leads to a classification of the matrices up to equivalence. Hadamard matrices of lower dimension had been determined previously by Hall [2-41. This article described the techniques used in the classification and contains a summary of the results. It provides information from which each of the 129 designs and 59 matrices can be constructed, and it gives the order and orbit lengths of the automorphism group of each design and matrix. An explicit list of the matrices, together with generating permutations for their automorphism groups, may be found in [5]. The corresponding data for designs appear in 161. In general, a 3-(413. + 4, 21 + 2,L) design D = (P, B) is called a Hadamard design (P and B denote the sets of points and blocks, respectively). In such a design the set of 8A + 6 blocks is necessarily closed under complementation [7]; thus, if 6 denotes P a, B consists of 4,l + 3 block pairs 01* = {a, C}, which we term parallel classes. For a E P, we let B, denote the set of blocks containing the point a.
Difficulties in Transperitoneal Laparoscopic Radical Nephrectomy

Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy has gained widespread acceptance as the standard of care for localized renal cell carcinoma. Since its inception, the technique has continued to evolve and, therefore, it is not surprising that variations in technique exist. The chapter describes manuvers to safely perform the procedure.
Gardening Activities and Physical Health Among Older Adults: A Review of the Evidence

Few studies have examined the health-related consequences of gardening among older adults. This scoping review summarizes and characterizes current research that examines the relationship between physical health and participation in planned gardening activities, including establishing, maintaining, or caring for plants. Six databases were searched. Eligible studies were published between 2000 and 2013, were published in English, and assessed different aspects of physical health (e.g., functional ability, energy expenditure, injury) for older adults who had participated in a planned gardening activity. Of the eight eligible studies identified with these criteria, four assessed energy expenditures and four assessed physical functioning. Studies assessing energy expenditures documented that the majority of gardening tasks were classified into low-to-moderate intensity physical activity. The current literature does not provide sufficient evidence of the physical functioning consequences of gardening. Future studies should consider how specific gardening interventions help older adults meet physical activity guidelines.
Markov Transition Functions and Semigroups of Measures

The application of operator semigroups to Markov processes is extended to Markov transition functions which do not have the Feller property. Markov transition functions are characterized as solutions of forward and backward equations which involve the generators of integrated semigroups and are shown to induce integral semigroups on spaces of measures.
Investigation of focused and unfocused transducer beam patterns in moderately nonlinear absorbing media

The novel solution of the KZK equation for acoustic pressure of the second harmonic in slightly focused beam of a circular transducer was obtained in a closed form for moderately nonlinear absorbing media (Gol'dberg numbers ~ 1). The solution is based on the method of slowly changing wave profile in combination with the method of successive approximations. Two pairs of transducers (Valpey-Fisher Corp.) Were compared to investigate the influence of focusing on the applicability of the moderate nonlinearity approach. The first pair was of 0.25' diameter and the second was of 0.5' diameter. Both pairs has one transducer with flat surface and the other geometrically focused at 4'. The central frequency for all transducers was 5 MHz. Measurements were undertaken in the blood-mimicking solution of water and glycerine. The results demonstrated that for slightly focused transducers with circular apertures, the moderate nonlinearity approach is still valid, as it was proved for flat sources with the same source level, despite the higher pressures in the focal region. The peak pressure for the weakly focused system occurs at a shorter range than focal length.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Algorithms for asset replacement under limited technological forecast

Abstract The optimal asset replacement is analyzed when the future course of technological change is known on a limited future horizon. Comparison of factual and desired properties of known replacement methods leads us to the idea of how to improve their efficiency under changing technology reflected in decreasing operating and new asset costs. We introduce new modifications of the economic life and two-cycle variable-horizon methods by correcting their capital recovery factor. Next, we demonstrate that the modified methods deliver solutions equal or close to the infinite-horizon replacement under technological change.
Case-matched analysis comparing outcomes of revisional versus primary laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) is one of the most common approaches used to revise post-bariatric patients with inadequate weight loss or significant weight regain. Previous studies have analyzed the outcomes of open revisional RYGB versus primary RYGB, but no case–control matched analysis comparing revisional LRYGB versus primary LRYGB has been performed. Our cohort includes 37 consecutive patients who underwent revisional LRYGB because of unsatisfactory weight loss or weight regain matched in a 1:2 ratio with 74 control patients who underwent primary LRYGB. Matching included the following parameters: age, gender, preoperative body mass index and comorbidities (diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, and hypertension). The revisional group had longer length of stay compared with the primary group (3.8 vs. 2.4 days, P = 0.02) and a higher conversion to laparotomy rate (10.8 vs. 0 %, P = 0.01). The revisional group had a higher 30-day morbidity compared with the primary group (27 vs. 8.1 %, P = 0.02). There were no deaths in both groups. The two groups had similar 30-day readmission and 30 day reoperation rates. At 3, 6, and 12 months of follow-up, the revisional LRYGB group had significantly lower percent of excess weight loss (EWL) than the primary LRYGB group (3 months, 30 vs. 38.4, P = 0.001; 6 months, 36.3 vs. 52.9, P = 0.001; 12 months, 46.5 vs. 68.2, P = 0.001). Revisional LRYGB is characterized by lower EWL and higher morbidity than primary LRYGB. However, our data suggest that revisional LRYGB is still capable of providing significant weight loss in these high-risk patients.
THE CONTRIBUTION OF DEXTRINS OF BEER SENSORY PROPERTIES PART II. AFTERTASTE

We investigated the possibility that dextrins could contribute to the aftertaste of beer by being broken down to sweet sugars by salivary α-amylase after beer Ingestion. The volume, pH and temperature of beer and saliva present in the oral cavity after swallowing were measured on several subjects and found adequate for the hydrolysis of beer dextrins by salivary amylase. The in vitro hydrolysis of a 6% dextrin solution and of commercial beers by pancreatic α-amylase yielded significant amounts of glucose and maltose in addition to maltotriose. Similarly, the hydrolysis of commercial beers by human saliva produced between 2.7 and 7.4 g/litre of sweet-tasting maltose and glucose, depending on the duration of the hydrolysis (30 sec to 2 min) and the amount of saliva added to 2.5 ml of beer (0.5 or 2 ml). This much sugar, because it is produced over a period of time, may not cause a detectable sweet taste but it might partially mask the bitter aftertaste of beer.
Habitat, CO2 uptake and growth for the CAM epiphytic cactus Epiphyllum phyllanthus in a Panamanian tropical forest

In the tropical forest of Barro Colorado Island, habitat characteristics, diel acidity changes, CO2 uptake and growth were investigated for the epiphytic cactus EpipAlyllbm pkiyllanthlzs (L.) Haw. It occurred most frequently in tree cavities with its roots in canopy soil and was especially abundant on two tree species: Platypodiuim elegai?s J. Vogel and Tabebiia guayacan (Seem.) Hemsl. Its maximum net CO2 uptake rates were low under natural conditions (1.4 itmol m-2 S-1) but were comparable to tlhose of other CAM and C3 epiphytes under wet conditions in a screen- house. Under both natural conditions and in the screenhouse, partial shade enhanced growth and CAM activity. When plants grew under a photosynthetic photon flux of c. 4 mol m-2 d-', their nocturnal acidity increase and total net CO2 uptake were twice as much as for plants growing at lower (an average of 2.4 mol m-2 d-l) and higher (7.7 mol m-2 d-l) photosynthetic photon fluxes. Stem elongation was 27% greater at the intermediate photosynthetic photon flux. Seedlings of E. plyllanthlzis survived three months of drought and responded rapidly to rewetting, recovering fully within three days. Transpiration rates and nocturnal acidity increases also recovered to the values of well-watered plants a few days after rewetting, indicating that this species can take advantage of episodic rainfall during the dry season.