cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Lateral Stability of Aeroplanes: A New Geometrical System of Analysis

The following series of articles presents a new geometrical system of determining the lateral stability of aeroplanes. The method is intended to appeal particularly to engineers on account of two advantages: it is simple and rapid in operation, and gives a clear insight into the several factors governing the stability. Thus, whereas in the classical method stability calculations entail the drawing and analysis of quartic curves, the results are here obtained, and with greater generality, merely by the use of curves of the second degree. Furthermore, the effects of typical changes in design characteristics may easily be assessed with the minimum of effort. The fundamental analysis is essentially mathematical and follows the treatment first laid down by G. H. Bryan in 1911 and since developed by Bairstow, Glauert, Jones and Bryant. Physical explanations are included where possible to amplify the underlying principles.
A Question of Value: Exploring Perceptions of Higher Education Value in Academic and Popular Literature

Research purpose. The pursuit of higher education has, until recently, been viewed as a worthwhile pursuit. However, factors including rising tuition costs, graduate job-readiness, and the associated debt have diminished the perceived value of college degrees at all levels. This research seeks to explore both academic literature and popular publication sources to gain a deeper understanding of the value proposition of higher education in the dynamic 21st century.
Androgen Deprivation Therapy in Men with Prostate Cancer Does Not Affect Risk of Infection with SARS-CoV-2. Reply.

Purpose:TMPRSS2 is a host co-receptor for cell entry of SARS-CoV-2. A prior report suggested that use of androgen deprivation therapy, which downregulates TMPRSS2, may protect men with prostate can...
10-Phenyl-10H-phenoxazine-4,6-diol tetra­hydro­furan monosolvate

In the crystalline state of the title solvate, C18H13NO3·C4H8O, hydrogen-bonding inter­actions between hydroxyl groups on a phenoxazine backbone and the tetra­hydro­furan solvent are observed that suggest the ability for this compound to act as a chelating ligand. The O⋯O donor–acceptor distances for this hydrogen bonding are 2.7729 (15) and 2.7447 (15) A. The three-ring backbone of the phenoxazine bends out of planarity by 18.92 (3)°, as computed using mean planes that encompass each half of the three-ring structure, with the central N and O atoms forming the line of flexion. In the crystal, a π–π stacking arrangement exists between inversion-related mol­ecules, with a centroid-to-centroid distance of 3.6355 (11) A. In the disordered tetra­hydro­furan solvate, all atoms except oxygen were modeled over two positions, with occupancies of 0.511 (8) and 0.489 (8).
The Association Between Digital Media Exposure and Use of Developmental Services, A Population Based Survey of Young Children

BACKGROUND: Excessive Digital Media Exposure (DME) has been shown to negatively impact developmental and health outcomes in young children. Many children receive excess DME, and those with disabilities may be at increased risk of elevated DME. An estimated 1:6 United States (U.S.) children have developmental disabilities necessitating the use of developmental services such as occupational, speech and physical therapy. OBJECTIVE: This study examined the relationship between use of developmental services and digital media exposure among young children (0-5 years) in the U.S. METHODS: Population based, cross-sectional analysis of survey data for …
Sarbanes-Oxley Act §§ 307 and Corporate Counsel: Who Better to Prevent Corporate Crime?

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act was a reaction to spectacular corporate failures that were traceable to fraudulent accounting mixed with naked greed. Statutes enacted as a reaction to unfolding events are rarely well-conceived, and like many laws adopted in response to discrete events, the Act reflects almost a “shoot-first-ask-questions-later” approach that allowed for quick political gain. Has the Sarbanes-Oxley Act curbed corporate crime? Although it is too early to tell, at least initially the law has added significant costs to the operation of virtually every publicly traded corporation and created an extensive cottage industry of consultants and law firm practice groups offering to guide companies in complying with the statute. Since its adoption in July 2002, more corporate misconduct has come to light. In March 2003, HealthSouth Corporation fell prey to many of the same accounting problems that led to the demise of Enron and WorldCom. The company’s former CEO, Richard Scrushy, was the first person charged with violating the certification provisions of the Act. In December 2003, Parmalat SpA, a large Italian conglomerate, fell quickly into bankruptcy after the revelation that a purported $4.8 billion bank account in a
On the Hicks and the Hicks–Hansen Myths About the Creation of the IS-LM Model: How Did it Happen?

Keynes brought all three of the universally recognized elements that are needed to comprise the IS-LM model, the liquidity preference function, the investment function, and investment multiplier, together in Section Four of Chapter 21 of the General Theory. However, this took place only after Section Three, where Keynes had heavily criticized what he termed “…pseudo-mathematical methods of formalizing a system of economic analysis.” Economists most likely stopped reading at the end of Section Three at the top of page 298 because they assumed that Keynes did not believe in formally analyzing a system of equations that supplied an economic analysis. Apparently, the word “pseudo” was overlooked by economists. Keynes excluded his work from such criticisms. As of 2018, the present problem is that it is now considered a “fact” that Hicks, or Hicks and Hansen, developed the IS-LM model. This can be seen below when considering the following test question: 8. Who developed the concept of IS-LM model? a. Hicks and Hansen b. J. M. Keynes c. Adam Smith d. None of the above. Ans. 8 (a) Hicks and Hansen (It was developed by John Hicks in 1937 and later extended by Alvin Hansen). Get this answer online with the Chegg Study. This answer is the wrong answer. The correct answer is b. J. M. Keynes. Unfortunately, like the myth exposed by G. Kennedy that Adam Smith’s analysis in the Wealth of Nations was based on an “Invisible Hand of the Market”, the myth that Hicks developed IS-LM is universally accepted by both the orthodox schools and the heterodox schools of thought. They are both wrong.
Facial nerve schwannoma mimicking acute mastoiditis

Abstract Benign tumors of the temporal bone are extremely rare, with an incidence of 1 in 200,000 individuals. The authors report a case of an 8-year-old girl with facial nerve schwannoma (FNS) involving the mastoid portion of her facial nerve. She initially presented with exam findings of postauricular swelling and tenderness mimicking acute infectious mastoiditis. During mastoidectomy, intraoperative frozen pathology revealed spindle cells consistent with FNS, and surgery was aborted. This is the first report of FNS mimicking acute infectious mastoiditis. Presenting symptoms are reviewed, along with radiographic, laboratory, and intraoperative features.
Decreasing mechanical ventilator support in medically fragile children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia: A step-by-step weaning protocol at a pediatric long term extended care facility

Purpose Prolonged mechanical ventilation (PMV) in medically fragile children is commonly used in pediatric long term extended care facilities (P-LTEC). Currently, PMV weaning is performed in an unstandardized fashion. Without an official protocol, patients are subjected to delayed weaning, infection, increased mortality, and difficulty obtaining placement at adult group homes. A step-wise approach may help these children wean from PMV effectively. Methods A retrospective chart review of five tracheostomized children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia was conducted. Results A 5-step weaning protocol was created using data collected retrospectively. First, pressure control ventilator settings were decreased until rate = 10, fraction of inspired oxygen = 30% and pressure support = 6-10. Second, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) was trialed while awake with ventilator at night. Third, CPAP was continued for 24 hours. Fourth, tracheostomy collar (TC) was trialed while awake, with CPAP at night. Lastly, TC was continued for 24 hours. Advancing to Step 2 required the most time, likely secondary to episodic illnesses, with a mean of 31.2 months. The process required 3.2 months to advance to Step 3, 1.6 months to achieve Step 4, and 2.6 months to attain Step 5. Conclusion Using the data obtained in this case series an official protocol could be created to wean P-LTEC residents from PMV, with reasonable expectations of the process.
Yeast genomic expression patterns in response to low-shear modeled microgravity

The low-shear microgravity environment, modeled by rotating suspension culture bioreactors called high aspect ratio vessels (HARVs), allows investigation in ground-based studies of the effects of microgravity on eukaryotic cells and provides insights into the impact of space flight on cellular physiology. We have previously demonstrated that low-shear modeled microgravity (LSMMG) causes significant phenotypic changes of a select group of Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes associated with the establishment of cell polarity, bipolar budding, and cell separation. However, the mechanisms cells utilize to sense and respond to microgravity and the fundamental gene expression changes that occur are largely unknown. In this study, we examined the global transcriptional response of yeast cells grown under LSMMG conditions using DNA microarray analysis in order to determine if exposure to LSMMG results in changes in gene expression. LSMMG differentially changed the expression of a significant number of genes (1372) when yeast cells were cultured for either five generations or twenty-five generations in HARVs, as compared to cells grown under identical conditions in normal gravity. We identified genes in cell wall integrity signaling pathways containing MAP kinase cascades that may provide clues to novel physiological responses of eukaryotic cells to the external stress of a low-shear modeled microgravity environment. A comparison of the microgravity response to other environmental stress response (ESR) genes showed that 26% of the genes that respond significantly to LSMMG are involved in a general environmental stress response, while 74% of the genes may represent a unique transcriptional response to microgravity. In addition, we found changes in genes involved in budding, cell polarity establishment, and cell separation that validate our hypothesis that phenotypic changes observed in cells grown in microgravity are reflected in genome-wide changes. This study documents a considerable response to yeast cell growth in low-shear modeled microgravity that is evident, at least in part, by changes in gene expression. Notably, we identified genes that are involved in cell signaling pathways that allow cells to detect environmental changes, to respond within the cell, and to change accordingly, as well as genes of unknown function that may have a unique transcriptional response to microgravity. We also uncovered significant changes in the expression of many genes involved in cell polarization and bud formation that correlate well with the phenotypic effects observed in yeast cells when grown under similar conditions. These results are noteworthy as they have implications for human space flight.
The importance of a successful Quality Assurance (QA) program from a research manager's perspective.

One responsibility of an EPA research manager is to ensure that data from research projects are acquired, processed, and reported in accordace with Quality Assurance (QA) requirements established by the Agency. To meet this reponsibility, the research manager should understand Agency QA requirements, require an appropriate, effective Quality Assurance program to ensure that data are of known and acceptable quality for the intended use of the data, and provide support, guidance, and oversight to principal investigators in meeting QA requirements. In addition, the effectiveness of the QA effort can be enhanced if the research manager 1) ensures that principal investigators and other managers are aware that QA is viewed as an essential, integrated component of the research programs; 2) provides adequate resources (people and money) to support an effective Quality Assurance program; 3) encourages cooperative, productive interactions between researchers and Quality Assurance professionals; and 4) maintains ove...
Goals in Environmental Monitoring

Publisher Summary The goals of analyses of data on human environmental impacts vary among investigators. This chapter focuses on the standard “T-value culture” that places emphasis on the detection of impacts rather than estimation of their magnitude or importance. Analyses that aim only at description collect data that are manipulated to display some suggestive patterns. The patterns are taken as demonstrating the effects of interest. Such “survey and explain” studies fail to distinguish the observed patterns from patterns that could have arisen from natural fluctuations or from sampling errors. The formal “confirmatory” statistical methods such as tests of null hypotheses or confidence intervals and regions are very useful. These differ from “exploratory” methods by supplying objective rules for assessing uncertainty in the results using procedures whose long-run properties like the probability of false rejection or of covering the true value are known under plausible assumptions.
Bs0→J/ψϕ Update, Lifetime Difference and Mixing Phase

In this paper we review the results of untagged B s 0 → J / ψ ϕ decays from the CDF and DO detectors at Fermilab, using integrated luminosities of 260 pb −1 and 1.0 fb −1 , respectively. Through a study of the time-dependent angular distributions of the decay products of the J / ψ and ϕ mesons, the even and odd CP components of the B s 0 → J / ψ ϕ decay are separated, and thus the lifetime difference and the CP violating phase are measured. The results are consistent with Standard Model predictions within the measurement uncertainties.
Leptin associations with age, weight, and sex among chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).

Background Leptin is a hormone secreted primarily by adipocytes, a lipostatic signal to the hypothalamus, and is often correlated with adiposity. Associations between leptin, age, and development are unknown in human’s closest evolutionary relative, the common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Methods Serum leptin was assessed cross sectionally in association with age, weight, and sex in healthy captive chimpanzee males (n = 47) and females (n = 49) to test hypotheses related to predicted differences in leptin levels with body mass, development, and sexual dimorphism. Results Leptin increased with age and weight among females, but not in males. Leptin was overall higher in females compared to males. Conclusions Sex differences in leptin were most evident during adolescence and adulthood, despite similar increases in weight in both sexes indicating that sexual maturation is a key divergence point for differential somatic investment in adiposity and leptin levels between male and female chimpanzees.
Development of Resistance to Polyene Antibiotics in Candida albicans

Abstract Hebeka, Elias K. (Rutgers, The State University, New Brunswick, N.J.), and Morris Solotorovsky. Development of resistance to polyene antibiotics in Candida albicans. J. Bacteriol. 89:1533–1539. 1965.—Strains of Candida albicans resistant to the polyenes candidin and amphotericin B, but not to nystatin, were developed by sub-culturing the organism in gradually increasing concentrations of the antibiotic in broth on a shaker, or by repeated transfer on gradient plates. Demonstration of resistance on solid media was best observed when a purified agar, Ionagar no. 2 (Oxoid), was used in preparing the medium. Strains that were 150-fold resistant to candidin, and 4-, 16-, 45-, and 60-fold resistant to amphotericin B were developed. The degree of resistance depended on the strain, the type of medium, and, most importantly, on the antibiotic used. The polyenes candidin, amphotericin B, nystatin, and fungimycin and the nonpolyenes griseofulvin and eulicin were used to extend the scope of study of cross-resistance. Cells rendered resistant to candidin were also resistant to amphotericin B, but not to nystatin, fungimycin, or griseofulvin. Cells rendered resistant to amphotericin B showed cross-resistance to candidin, but not to nystatin, fungimycin, or griseofulvin. Candidinor amphotericin B-resistant strains were more sensitive to eulicin than their parent strains. Increased resistance to candidin or amphotericin B was accompanied by a decrease in virulence for mice, the rate of growth, the ability to reduce bismuth sulfite, and by an increased tendency for filamentation. No change in the ability to form chlamydospores was noticed.
On Extensive Subsets of Convex Bodies

Abstract A subset S of a d-dimensional convex body K is extensive if S \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \pagestyle{empty} \DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6} \begin{document} $$\subseteq$$ \end{document} ∂K and for any p, q ∈ S the distance between p and q is at least one-half of the maximum length of chords of K parallel to the segment pq. In this paper we establish the general upper bound |S| ≤ 3 d — 1. We also find an upper bound for a certain class of 3-polytopes, which leads to the determination of the maximum cardinalities of extensive subsets and their extremal configurations for tetrahedra, octahedra and some other 3-polytopes.
NATURE DESERVES TO BE SIDE BY SIDE WITH THE ANGELS

AbstractThis paper considers the strange role of angelology in contemporary theoretical arguments about naturphilosophie and messianism. Surveying the work of Christian Jambet and Guy Lardreau, maligned for too long as simply cynical members of the nouvelle philosophie movement, the author then uses that work to creatively re-cast the Islamic angelology of the medieval Ismaili theologian al-Sijistâni. In the end nature is no longer an object of knowledge nor is it the object of knowledge that comes to know itself, but itself is the condition for any such dialectic and is itself outside of any of this dialectic as radical immanence underlying the transcendental dialectic.
Public Participatory GIS

Public Participatory GIS (PPGIS) is a very broad field, and because of the direct outgrowth addressing questions raised regarding inequitable access to GIS and its societal impacts, PPGIS has become an exhaustive research area. Over the past two decades, several PPGIS initiatives have taken place in the western and non-western world. Several avenues have opened up, but nonetheless, questions regarding the effectiveness of such initiatives remain to be answered. Current research addressing the societal and political impacts of GIS have witnessed novel use of the technology and specialized spatial data provision such as volunteered geographic information, neogeography, geoweb, and map 2.0 (Goodchild, 2007; Elwood 2010; Sui 2008) and have received increased attention from GIS scholars (Goodchild 2007; Elwood 2009; Sui 2008). A common thread tying such specialized use of technology is the participation by citizens with little or no GIS training, a long standing objective of the PPGIS area of inquiry. So, as we move into an era that is gravitating rapidly toward more specialized use of technology built on a similar foundation, it seems timely to reflect on the effectiveness and sustainability of PPGIS initiatives. This article reviews the history of PPGIS, its genesis, and some of the critical work within the PPGIS research arena. Finally, the paper reflects on where PPGIS stands today.
Total multimedia: The next dimension

New opportunities on the horizon will enable silicon and system vendors to approach the design of next-generation multimedia PCs. For most end users, the focus will be on integrated multimedia solutions. Silicon vendors will play a greater role in providing systems-on-silicon designed to provide graphics, audio, video, and communications functions. Because the components included in systems-level silicon solutions are designed to work seamlessly with one another, OEMs will spend less time in the design cycle and get products to market faster. In addition to OEM benefits, end users will find that "total multimedia" encompassing audio, graphics, video, and fast network access time will be optimized by the integration of these functions in the PC. This paper shows why integration is the key to the total multimedia experience and what system designers need to consider when defining the next-generation multimedia PC. Along the way, though, it is important to remember that integration is not the key for all users.
Transport and Deposition of Ellipsoidal Fibers in Low Reynolds Number Flows

The motion of elongated, ellipsoidal fibers in low Reynolds number flows was studied using a computational modeling approach. The computer model resolved the coupled translational and rotational motion of fibers in laminar flows. The computational model was applied in a circular duct and the transport and deposition of ellipsoidal fibers with different sizes and aspect ratios were simulated. An experimental setup was also developed and deposition of glass fibers in a pipe flow in laminar flow regime was measured. A fiber classifier was used to generate fibers with different aspect ratios in controlled condition. The computational model predictions were compared with the experimental data and good agreement was observed. It was found that the flow shear rate, the fiber aspect ratio, and the particle-to-fluid density ratio significantly affect the transport and deposition of ellipsoidal fibers. It was also found that the computational model should account for the duct flow entrance region in order to provide physically realistic predictions. Attention was given to comparing the effectiveness of using equivalent spheres to approximate the elongated fibers. Several commonly used equivalent spheres were studied, and their suitability for characterizing motion of ellipsoidal fiber particles in the laminar flow was studied.
Maintaining program variants by merging editor scripts

The proliferation of different versions of a program complicates maintenance: a change to the common ancestor of several versions requires a change to all versions. Some software distributors publish editor command scripts to automate these changes, but extensive modifications of the software by a remote installer can invalidate the scripts. This paper describes a program that alleviates this problem by merging editor scripts and shows how it has simplified a substantial version maintenance problem.
Snowboard, wakeboard, dashboard? Isolated fracture of the lateral process of the talus in a high-speed road traffic accident

We present a 23-year-old man who sustained an isolated fracture of the lateral process of the talus (LPT) in a head-on vehicle collision at a combined speed of 200 km/h. The driver of the other vehicle sustained fatal injuries at the scene. The LPT was openly reduced and fixed with successful outcome at 3 months. This case is unusual in the method of injury, in particular in relation to the isolated relatively minor injury sustained.
Efficacy of bowel preparation with the use of a prepackaged, low fibre diet with a low sodium, magnesium citrate cathartic vs. a clear liquid diet with a standard sodium phosphate cathartic.

Summary Background : A colon free of faecal residue is required for accurate diagnostic colonoscopy. Patient tolerance of his/her colonoscopy cathartic regimen affects patient compliance and willingness to undergo repeated examinations. Aim : To determine whether a meal could be consumed during standard bowel preparation. Methods : This was a randomized, endoscopists’ blinded comparison of the tolerability and efficacy of a prepackaged, low-residue diet (NutraPrep) combined with the LoSo Prep bowel cleansing system, which contains magnesium citrate, bisocodyl tablets and a bisocodyl suppository (NP-LS regimen), compared with a clear liquid diet and a double-dose sodium phosphate (Fleet Phospho-soda) regimen (2F regimen). Outcome measures included efficacy of bowel preparation, patient preparation tolerability, side-effects and patient safety. Results : A total of 506 patients completed the study, 222 randomized to 2F and 284 to NP-LS. The NP-LS regimen resulted in significantly better colon cleansing in terms of the proportion with good or excellent results (P = 0.025) and in significantly better patient tolerance and willingness to repeat the cathartic preparation (P < 0.01). Conclusion : The NP-LS regimen proved superior to the 2F regimen.
Inpatient admission for febrile seizure and subsequent outcomes do not differ in children with vaccine-associated versus non-vaccine associated febrile seizures

Abstract Introduction Recent data suggest that the risk factors for febrile seizure (FS) can differ depending on whether the FS was vaccine-associated (VA) or not. As such, there also may be differences in the risk of inpatient admission and/or the incidence of FS-related subsequent outcomes following the index FS depending on whether it was VA or non-vaccine associated (NVA). This could have useful clinical implications including caregiver education and planning for follow-up care. Methods This cohort study consisted of 3348 children who experienced an index FS between 6 months up to 3 years of age from July 1, 2003 through December 31, 2011. The index FS was determined to be VA-FS or NVA-FS; inpatient admission for FS, recurrent FS, and diagnosis of epilepsy were compared between exposure groups. Hazard ratios and relative risk estimates comparing between VA-FS and NVA-FS were estimated by Cox proportional models and Robust Poisson regression models, adjusted for race, sex, age at first FS, birth weight, gestational age, maternal age, and 1- and 5-min Apgar scores. Results The mean age at index FS was 1.5 years; the mean length of follow-up was 2.3 years. Of all index FS, 383 (11.4%) were VA and 2965 were NVA. Among index FS, 264 (7.9%) were admitted as inpatients. Subsequently, 703 (21.0%) children developed at least one recurrent FS, where the number of recurrences ranged from 0 to 9 events. Overall, 144 (4.3%) children were diagnosed with epilepsy during the follow-up period. In adjusted analyses, VA-FS did not differ in the risk for any of the outcomes of interest compared with NVA-FS. Discussion The risk of hospitalization for index FS or select subsequent FS outcomes did not differ between VA or NVA-FS. This suggests that the follow-up care of children with VA-FS does not warrant attention beyond that for NVA-FS.
Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis presenting with acute renal failure and mimicking thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. A case report and review.

We present the case of an elderly female patient presenting with recurrent acute renal failure, fever, altered mental status, abdominal pain, thrombocytopenia and a small number of fragmented red cells on peripheral smear mimicking recurrent thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). Eventually, however, she was diagnosed to have human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE), and after treatment for HGE her clinical and laboratory abnormalities resolved. Ehrlichiosis mimicking TTP, diagnosed at postmortem examination, has been described in a single prior case. As illustrated in this case, there are potential difficulties in diagnosing HGE after plasma exchange, blood transfusion and immunosuppressive therapy. Ehrlichiosis, a potentially curable disease, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of thrombotic microangiopathic disorders.
Animal models of bleeding and tissue repair

While a number of animal models have been developed for human haemophilia, it has been difficult to develop reproducible measures of bleeding in these models. They have also not been extensively utilized to study the complications of haemophilia beyond blood loss. Poor haemostatic function also leads to local haematomas, joint damage and poor wound healing. Some of the abnormalities related to bleeding are because of the deleterious effects of iron deposition in the tissues. Evidence from mouse skin wound and joint haemorrhage models suggests that bleeding and iron deposition initiate a vicious cycle of inflammation, angiogenesis and renewed bleeding. However, there is much yet to be learned about the effects of bleeding on tissue responses, including validating the results of animal studies in clinical trials.
Comparison of vertical morphologic measurements on dentulous and edentulous patients

Through an analysis of cephalometric films, the vertical dimension of occlusion of a group of edentulous patients was compared with the vertical dimension of occlusion in a previously studied group of dentulous patients. In addition, the vertical dimension of occlusion in the edentulous group was measured after 20 years of denture wearing. The results indicated a remarkable correlation in the vertical dimension of occlusion established initially for the endentulous patients when compared with the measurements made for dentulous patients of a similar age range. The mean change in the vertical dimension of occlusion after 20 years of wearing complete dentures was 2.5 mm.
Tuber development phenotypes in adapted and acclimated, drought-stressed Solanum tuberosum ssp. andigena have distinct expression profiles of genes associated with carbon metabolism

A drought screen identified accessions of Solanum tuberosum ssp. andigena that showed varying degrees of physiological acclimation or adaptation to repeated drought stress. The accessions also showed variable tuber phenotypes from small tubers that failed to develop in an accession that showed photosynthetic adaptation to normal tubers in an accession with a phenotype showing some degree of photosynthetic adaptation and acclimation. Using microarray data, we correlated the expression of genes associated with carbon metabolism with the tuber development phenotypes under drought. Genes associated with sucrose and starch metabolism showed responses consistent with starch deficiency in the adapted accession and normal starch deposition in the intermediate accession. Starch phosphorylase and glycogen bound starch synthase were induced in the adapted accession, which had abnormal tuber development. Genes associated with trehalose were induced in the intermediate accession with normal tuber development. Genes associated with respiration were also induced in the intermediate accession, and a pattern compatible with the existence of a 3PGA recovery pathway was revealed. Expression of thioredoxin genes also correlated with tuber development phenotypes under drought stress. The data suggest differential regulation of starch deposition in accessions of Andigena with different abilities to respond to drought stress.
LED package design for high optical efficiency and low viewing angle

Light extraction efficiency of an LED package can be improved by optimizing the cup angle and lens curvature. However, this conventional package is not appropriate for many applications that require low viewing angle and distance view if secondary collimator optics is not used. The use of secondary collimator lens can reduce power output more than 10%. In response to this limitation, we design a low viewing angle and high extraction package based on total internal reflection (HEP- TIR) lens. The HEP-TIR package produces the light output with low dispersion angle without the use of secondary optics and has smaller size than secondary optics while its extraction efficiency is as high as the best conventional package. The total light output of HEP-TIR within 100 degree is 287% higher than that of the conventional package.
A registry framework and Rosetta attributes for distributed science

Information is shared within organizations and between organizations at an ever increasing rate. One system design that enables sharing in a distributed environment is a Virtual Observatory. A Virtual Observatory is built with clearly specified and standardized components. One essential component is a data model for the exchange of metadata. Well designed data models are compatible with the tenets of the ISO-11179 and ISO-20943 standards for metadata registries. Another essential component is the specification for persistent universal identifiers which are used to reference resources provided through the system. Identifiers are used both to link harvested information back to the original resource description and by services to retrieve a resource. Harvested information is maintained in a registry. To harvest information from a set of metadata it is necessary to understand the schema of the metadata. We propose an approach to the formation of universal identifiers which enables one to clearly discern the schema of the source metadata. A primary registry containing a broad set of base information exists in every Virtual Observatory. Specialized Task Oriented Registries (TOR) are typically derived from the primary registry. The schema in a TOR is often flat and items in the TOR can be managed in a similar manner to that prescribed in ISO-11179. The need for interoperability within a data environment and between data environments leads to the identification of broad-based, common attributes we call “Rosetta Attributes” which will enable general cross domain searches. Access to metadata is the final component of a Virtual Observatory. Access is provided by a registry service. A specification for a minimal registry service is presented.
The Relationship between Minority Populations and Police Force Strength: Expanding Our Knowledge

Previous studies testing the percentage minority-police force strength relationship have left out many important variables from their analyses and rarely tested more than one minority population. This study attempts to correct for many of the weaknesses of past studies in this area and also tests the impact of two new minority variables on police force strength: percentage Asian and percentage Native American. Two-stage least squares regression was used to analyze data from all 1,083 U.S. cities with a 1990 population of over 25,000, as well as 114 cities with a population over 100,000 in 1980. This study found that none of the other minority populations had as consistent an impact on police strength as did percentage Black, which had a consistent curvilinear and occasional positive impact. This suggests that percentage Black may have a unique impact on police strength that is not matched by other populations.
SU-E-I-25: Extension of a Real-Time Skin Dose Tracking System to Include Pediatric Fluoroscopic Cardiac Procedures

Purpose: To develop pediatric graphic models for a real‐time skin dose‐tracking system (DTS) and to verify the accuracy of dose and dose‐rate determination with these models for cardiac projections. Methods: A system has been developed to track skin dose during fluoroscopic interventional procedures and to provide a graphic representation of the cumulative dose distribution in real time. Accurate operation of the DTS has been verified for adult patient graphic models. To extend the application of this software to pediatric procedures, a series of 3D pediatric patient graphic models has been developed with varying heights ranging from 60 to 128 cm and with three weight ranges for each height. An open‐source software application was used for graphic development while a commercial software package was used to pose the models with arms up or down. The appropriate graphic model is selected by the operator at the beginning of the procedure to closely match the patient. To verify correct dose calculation for these models, exposures were made for typical cardiac projections using a water‐filled phantom with AP and lateral dimensions of 12 and 19 cm, respectively, corresponding to the torso of a 20 kg child. Dose (rate) was measured at the center of the field using a 6 cc ionization chamber and the readings compared to those calculated by the DTS. Results: The DTS displayed values of cumulative skin dose and of dose rate agreed with the values measured with an ionization chamber within 2 percent over a range of RAO/LAO and CRA/CAU projections on a cardiac C‐arm unit. Conclusion: The patient model size range for the DTS software has been extended to include pediatric patients down to 60 cm in height and 12 kg in weight and the DTS has been shown to be able to accurately track the skin dose for such models. Research supported in part by Toshiba Medical Systems and NIH Grant 2R01EB002873.
Supply management ethical responsibility: reputation and performance impacts

Purpose – There is a lack of extensive research related to the immediate consequences of supply management ethical responsibility (SMER) and the moderating and/or mediating factors that strengthen or weaken its consequences. Although the underlying presumption is that companies no longer have the luxury of ignoring the importance of SMER, the lack of empirical research of SMER's impact on supply management performance (SMP) reflects the need for research that draws on and empirically tests established theories concerning the role of corporate ethics within the context of supply management (SM). Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the impact of SMER and strategic supply management skills on SM perceived reputation and performance.Design/methodology/approach – Structural equation modeling is employed to investigate the hypothesized relationships. A sample of 162 purchasing managers provided the data via survey.Findings – Strategic supply management skills and perceived reputation have a pos...
On time decay estimates of solutions of an equation of a magnetic field in a nonlinear unbounded medium

We consider an initial boundary-value problem for an equation of a magnetic field in an unbounded domain with a noncompact boundary. Estimates for the decay of solutions that depend on the geometry of the domain are established.
Effective mass and spin susceptibility of dilute two-dimensional holes in GaAs

We report effective hole mass (${m}^{*}$) measurements through analyzing the temperature dependence of Shubnikov--de Haas oscillations in dilute (density $p\ensuremath{\sim}7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{10}$ cm${}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$, ${r}_{s}\ensuremath{\sim}6$) two-dimensional (2D) hole systems confined to a 20-nm-wide, (311)A GaAs quantum well. The holes in this system occupy two nearly degenerate spin subbands whose ${m}^{*}$ we measure to be $\ensuremath{\sim}$0.2 (in units of the free electron mass). Despite the relatively large ${r}_{s}$ in our 2D system, the measured ${m}^{*}$ is in reasonably good agreement with the results of our energy band calculations, which do not take interactions into account. We then apply a sufficiently strong parallel magnetic field to fully depopulate one of the spin subbands, and measure ${m}^{*}$ for the populated subband. We find that this latter ${m}^{*}$ is close to the ${m}^{*}$ we measure in the absence of the parallel field. We also deduce the spin susceptibility of the 2D hole system from the depopulation field, and we conclude that the susceptibility is enhanced by about 50$%$ relative to the value expected from the band calculations.
Coordination complexes of beryllium(II) with various antihistaminic substances: Their stabilities and thermodynamic values

Abstract Stepwise formation constants for the Be(II) complexes with adrenaline, antistine, ephedrine, benadryl and pyribenzamine are reported at five different temperature. The Gibbs free energy, entropy and enthalpy values for these reactions are discussed in terms of coordination number of the metal ion, complexing ability and steric hinderance of ligands, and possible tetrahedral structures for these complexes. Results show that all the antihistamines form stable compounds with Be(II), demonstrating thereby the validity of nitrogen-beryllium coordination bond. It is also observed that Be(II)-antihistamine complex formation results in greater free energy change than is associated with the formation of Be(II)-histamine complex. The data from this work substantiates the theory of competitive binding between histamine and antihistamine for the electrophilic site of a metal ion.
A short note on the Aharonov-Bohm effect

We point out that the Aharonov-Bohm effect is a 4-dimensional nonlocal geometric phenomenon. We give two examples which in 3 dimensions appear rather mysterious, but which are easily understood in 4 dimensions. We also discuss why it is integrated effects over fields (potentials) rather than the fields themselves that are important.
The Child Care Trilemma: How Moral Orientations Influence the Field.

The achievement of quality, affordability and availability - what has been called the 'trilemma' of child care - continues to pose relevant, moral challenges for administrators, teachers and parents. These three dimensions of the trilemma are directly related to questions of moral significance related to how the US child care structure affects the families, teachers, and administrators who are intimately involved in the care and education of children. An examination of the trilemma is made to clarify mutually dependent dimensions of this complex system and the inherent moral confounds that accentuate the intra- and interrelated flowing moral tensions. The moral orientations of justice and care are reviewed, not to the exclusion of one another, but to characterize each orientation, the tension between them, and the possibility of moral pluralism. The moral orientations of justice, care and moral pluralism are used as lenses through which to view the perspectives of the three study participants (i.e. a parent, teacher, and administrator) and their exploration, advocacy, and decision making on issues they find salient within the child care trilemma. The perspectives and insights shared by the participants in this study contribute to our understanding about the thinking, decision making and action that surround this inherent moral complexity of the trilemma.
The student equity effects of the public school finance system in Louisiana

Abstract This article investigates the student equity effects of the public school finance program in Louisiana in terms of fiscal neutrality and revenue inequality from 1977–1978 to 1985–1986. The study used regression techniques, as well as the Gini coefficient, to examine the relationship between different measures of local school district wealth (property valuation and sales tax revenues) and per-pupil revenue. In addition, the dispersion in the distribution of per-pupil revenue was analyzed using the following three univariate statistics: coefficient of variation, federal range ratio, and McLoone Index. Overall, Louisiana lost ground with regard to wealth neutrality (the system became less equal) over the time period examined. The distribution of revenue, however, was characterized by less disparity (became more equal).
Patterned Three‐Dimensional Encapsulation of Embryonic Stem Cells using Dielectrophoresis and Stereolithography

Controlling the assembly of cells in three dimensions is very important for engineering functional tissues, drug screening, probing cell-cell/cell-matrix interactions, and studying the emergent behavior of cellular systems. Although the current methods of cell encapsulation in hydrogels can distribute them in three dimensions, these methods typically lack spatial control of multi-cellular organization and do not allow for the possibility of cell-cell contacts as seen for the native tissue. Here, we report the integration of dielectrophoresis (DEP) with stereolithography (SL) apparatus for the spatial patterning of cells on custom made gold micro-electrodes. Afterwards, they are encapsulated in poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogels of different stiffnesses. This technique can mimic the in vivo microscale tissue architecture, where the cells have a high degree of three dimensional (3D) spatial control. As a proof of concept, we show the patterning and encapsulation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and C2C12 skeletal muscle myoblasts. mESCs show high viability in both the DEP (91.79% ± 1.4%) and the no DEP (94.27% ± 0.5%) hydrogel samples. Furthermore, we also show the patterning of mouse embryoid bodies (mEBs) and C2C12 spheroids in the hydrogels, and verify their viability. This robust and flexible in vitro platform can enable various applications in stem cell differentiation and tissue engineering by mimicking elements of the native 3D in vivo cellular micro-environment.
The Sixteenth Party Congress and cross-strait policy: Old wine in old bottles?

The Sixteenth National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party marked the start of the transition from Jiang Zemin, representing the third generation of Chinese leaders, to Hu Jintao of the fourth generation. This paper begins with an assessment of the major changes in cross-strait relations that took place over the course of Jiang’s tenure; mainland policy that evolved in response to these changes; and the elements of that policy that were affirmed and established as the basis for future policy at the Sixteenth Congress. This is followed by an examination of the post-Congress policy implementation as well as a discussion of the possible future directions of mainland policy toward Taiwan. It argues that although developments in both cross-strait and Sino-American relations have resulted in some indications of greater flexibility, the fundamental elements of Beijing’s policy have not changed dramatically.
Clinical pharmacology of bleomycin following intravenous infusion as determined by radioimmunoassay.

The clinical pharmacology of bleomycin administered by continuous intravenous infusion over a 4 to 5 day period was examined in nine patients. Patients receiving 30 units per day attained an average steady state plasma level of 145.8 (± 43.1)ng/ml bleomycin. Elimination of bleomycin was initially described by first order rate kinetics (t1/2 = 1.32 ± 0.39 hour). However, at times greater than 12 hours following termination of infusion, a second elimination phase was observed (t1/2 = 8.9 ± 2.7 hour). There was also a high correlation between renal bleomycin clearance and creatinine clearance. The importance of renal clearance was indicated in a patient with renal impairment. This patient attained a steady state bleomycin concentration of 1046 ng/ml and exhibited a terminal elimination half-life of 33 hours. Overall plasma clearance of bleomycin (Qβ) was generally greater than renal clearance, indicating that a nonrenal clearance mechanism was also important in bleomycin elimination. This nonrenal mechanism became especially apparent during renal failure. Cancer 40:2772-2778, 1977.
Environmental Risks to the Health of American Children

The major environmental health issue for children today is the extremely high prevalence of unacceptable exposure to lead, especially in inner cities, but occurring throughout the country. It is now generally accepted that lead is toxic to the developing nervous system at levels that were thought only a decade ago to be without effect. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead than the adults who live in the same environments. Although lead-based paint is no longer used and lead is now removed from gasoline, children will continue to live in housing with the potential for lead poisoning for perhaps another generation. Research into the prevention of exposure and prevention of the consequences of unavoidable exposure is now under way.
Dose-dependent effects of topical tobramycin in an animal model of Pseudomonas sinusitis.

BackgroundTopical antimicrobials are commonly used to treat Pseudomonas sinusitis after endoscopic sinus surgery. Despite their popularity, there is limited data in the literature to support its us...