cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early Education in Plato's Republic

In this paper, I reconsider the commonly held position that the early moral education of the Republic is arational since the youths of the Kallipolis do not yet have the capacity for reason. I argue that, because they receive an extensive mathematical education alongside their moral education, the youths not only have a capacity for reason but that capacity is being developed in their early education. If this is so, though, then we must rethink why the early moral education is arational. I argue that the reason is rooted in the nature of moral explanations. These sorts of explanations are rooted in the Forms and thus one can only understand those explanations when they have knowledge of the Forms. But this requires preparation – the very sort of preparation that is provided by both the mathematical and moral educations.
Short pulse generation using nonlinear fiber optics for biomedical imaging applications

We discuss soliton-self frequency shift and soliton Cherenkov radiation generation in higherorder-mode (HOM) fibers below 1300 nm. Tunable, energetic femtosecond sources enabled by the HOM fibers are promising for biomedical imaging applications.
Characterization of homogeneous scalar variational problems solvable for all boundary data

It is known that the condition ‘either ∂L (F) ≠ O or there exist υ1,…,υq ∈ Rnsuch thatF ∈ int co {υ1,…,υq} characterizes solvability of the problem with f(·) = 〈F,·〉.We extend this result to the case of lower semicontinuous integrands L : Rn → R.We also show that validity of this condition for all F ∈ Rn is both a necessary and sufficient requirement for solvability of all minimization problems with sufficiently regular Ω and f. Moreover, the assumptions on Ω and f can be completely dropped if L has sufficiently fast growth at infinity.
AIDS vaccine development: Perspectives, challenges & hopes

The worldwide quest for an AIDS vaccine represents an unprecedented scientific and human challenge for the 21st century. Preventive vaccines represent our only long-term hope to stop the epidemic. AIDS vaccines must be seen as the ultimate prevention tool that will complement the existing prevention strategies in place. The acceleration of vaccine development through the parallel exploration of several scientific approaches and implementation of clinical trials are the best and probably only way to reach this goal, and the best vaccines have moved into phase II and efficacy trials. Ideally an AIDS vaccine should induce both neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1 primary isolates and cell-mediated responses. AIDS vaccines could prevent either HIV infection or progression to disease and decrease transmission by reducing the HIV viral load. Most of the vaccine approaches developed so far aim at inducing cell-mediated immune responses. New vector-based vaccines include modified vaccinia Ankara, adeno-associated virus, adenovirus and alpha viruses. Considerable efforts are on to develop vaccines that would induce neutralizing antibodies. All vaccines tested so far in humans have proven to be safe. This long-term endeavour requires strong and renewed political leadership and commitment, flexibility of processes, medical and scientific dedication and collaboration on a mission mode along with community participation for immediate action. Recent developments in India highlight clearly the commitment of the Government of India and the scientific community to a long-term global effort to develop an AIDS vaccine.
Minimum spanning trees in networks with varying edge weights

This paper considers the problem of determining minimum spanning trees in networks in which each edge weight can assume a finite number of distinct values. We use the algebraic structure of an underlying Hasse diagram to describe the relationship between different edge-weight realizations of the network, yielding new results on how MSTs change under multiple edge-weight perturbations. We investigate various implementation strategies for updating MSTs in this manner. Computational results are provided for some challenging test networks.
Intramedullary-wire fixation of mallet finger.

The modification of Pratt's technique used by the author appears to give a high percentage of good results its fresh ruptures and to provide a useful finger, occasionally even a normal finger, in older ruptures. It will probably give better results than open operation in the older ruptures, unless the surgeon is especially skilled and experienced in the treatment of this condition.
Sleep habits of Long Island Rail Road commuters

STUDY OBJECTIVES: We addressed the issue of how commuting affects sleep habits, and its association with general health and potential sleep disorders in individuals on a large, U.S. commuter rail system. DESIGN: Postage-paid mail back questionnaires were distributed to commuters over 6 consecutive weekdays. The questionnaire incorporated previously validated questions regarding sleep habits. SETTING: Questionnaires were dispensed at 15 different rail stations. PARTICIPANTS: 21,000 commuters accepted the questionnaire. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Data was analyzed by total group and length of commute. A total of 4715 (22%) questionnaires were returned. Over 50% of the sample reported difficulty with sleep and wakefulness while only 3% sought professional help. Sleep apnea was suspected in 4.2% of male and 1% of female respondents and was associated with increased reports of excessive daytime sleepiness, and history of hypertension, diabetes and obesity. Total nocturnal sleep time was significantly less in those subjects with long commutes. Seventy percent of respondents reported napping during the commute. Length of commute was associated with hypertension. CONCLUSION: Commuting long distances negatively impacts one's ability to capture adequate sleep. Data suggests that there may be significant numbers of respondents with unrecognized sleep disorders which further impact on general health. Language: en
alpha-Glycerophosphate shuttle in a clonal beta-cell line

It has been proposed that the alpha-glycerophosphate (alpha-GOP) shuttle plays a crucial role in regulation of glycolysis in beta-cells by linking reoxidation of cytosolic NADH to formation of ATP in the electron transport chain (J. Biol. Chem. 265: 8287, 1981). Direct evidence for this suggestion is still lacking, however. In this work the operation of the alpha-GOP shuttle was investigated in the insulin-secreting cell line HIT-T15. The constituent enzymes of the pathway were found to be present in HIT cells. Flavin-linked alpha-GOP dehydrogenase was associated with the mitochondrial fraction, whereas NAD+-dependent alpha-GOP dehydrogenase was localized in the cytosol. In the presence of amobarbital (used to preserve the function of the alpha-GOP shuttle under conditions where oxidation of NADH by the respiratory chain was blocked), glucose increased insulin secretion, O2 consumption, and the cell [ATP]/[ADP] when compared with amobarbital alone. These results indicate that the alpha-GOP shuttle contributes to ATP generation in HIT cells and that its activation may be necessary for the initiation of insulin secretion by glucose.
Make it our time

Data highlight the prevalence of multitasking both within and outside classroom.In-class multitasking was found to be negatively predictive of current college GPA.Multitasking during homework increases time spent studying outside class.Texting emerged as a dominant multitasking activity within and outside classroom.Implications for technology use, practices and policies in academia are discussed. Young adults, especially college students, are consistently engaging in multiple tasks simultaneously. They are texting, reading, and using social media while studying and attending class. While there are a variety of contexts and relationships likely influenced by this, the present research project examines the influence of media multitasking in the context of students in technology-saturated classrooms and how this is impacting learning and academic performance. A survey of college students examined the impact of technology-based multitasking behaviors both within and outside classrooms. Data demonstrate that those who multitask frequently in-class have lower current college GPAs. This relationship remained significant even after controlling for perceived multitasking efficacy and time spent studying outside of class. Texting emerged as a dominant activity both while attending class and while doing homework. Females seem to use technologies more for maintaining mediated interpersonal interactions and social connections. Males seem to use technology more for online information seeking and for consuming online videos. Those who reported multitasking while doing homework spent more time spent studying outside of class, thereby contributing to inefficient study habits. Implications for technology use, best practices and policies in academic settings are discussed.
Impact of Ischnodemus falicus (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) on Photosynthesis and Production of Spartina pectinata Wetlands

Wetlands dominated by the C4 grass. Spartina pectinata (Link), were investigated to quantity the effects of high densities of lsehnodemus falicus (Say) on leaf-level photosynthesis and aboveground biomass production. Photosynthetic rates of plants within heavily infested stands were greatly reduced from that of plants supporting low densities of I. falicus . In early May 1993, photosynthetic rates of S. pectinata with minor I. falicus presence were >30 μmol m−2 s−1 with peak rates of 45 μmo1 m−2 s−1 in mid-June. In nearby infested S. pectinata wetlands, individual plants had rates as low as 5 μmol m−2 s−1 in early May and peak rates of 24 μmol m−2 s−1 in mid-July. Along with reduced photosynthetic rates, plants hosting high insect densities had lower aboveground production than did plants that had low insect densities. In 1994, when insect densities were ubiquitously low, there were no differences in peak photosynthetic rates or biomass accumulation between stands of S. pectinata that had been host to high versus low densities of insects in 1993. Thus, although infestation of I. falicus on S. pectinata had significant short–term effects, the lack of a long–term effect suggests that S. pectinata can successfully deal with periodic insect outbreaks.
ON THE TESTING OF MODELS IN MULTIDIRECTIONAL SEAS

Although traditional model testing of marine structures in long-crested, unidirectional (2D) waves can lead to conservative results in certain applications, modern multidirectional (3D) wave generators can produce more realistic sea conditions, leading to the design of more accurate, cost-effective and safer structures. This paper justifies the requirements for testing in 3D seas.
Glasgow Coma Scale Motor Component ("Patient Does Not Follow Commands") Performs Similarly to Total Glasgow Coma Scale in Predicting Severe Injury in Trauma Patients.

Study objective Trauma victims are frequently triaged to a trauma center according to the patient's calculated Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score despite its known inconsistencies. The substitution of a simpler binary assessment of GCS-motor (GCS-m) score less than 6 (ie, "patient does not follow commands") would simplify field triage. We compare total GCS score to this binary assessment for predicting trauma outcomes. Methods This retrospective analysis of a statewide trauma registry includes records from 393,877 patients from 1999 to 2013. Patients with initial GCS score less than or equal to 13 were compared with those with GCS-m score less than 6 for outcomes of Injury Severity Score (ISS) greater than 15, ISS greater than 24, death, ICU admission, need for surgery, or need for craniotomy. We judged a priori that differences less than 5% lack clinical importance. Results The relative differences between GCS and GCS-m scores less than 6 were less than 5% and thus clinically unimportant for all outcomes tested, even when statistically significant. For the 6 outcomes, the differences in areas under receiver operating characteristic curves ranged from 0.014 to 0.048. Total GCS score less than or equal to 13 was slightly more sensitive (difference 3.3%; 95% confidence interval 3.2% to 3.4%) and slightly less specific (difference –1.5%; 95% confidence interval –1.6% to –1.5%) than GCS-m score less than 6 for predicting ISS greater than 15, with similar overall accuracy (74.1% versus 74.2%). Conclusion Replacement of the total GCS score with a simple binary decision point of GCS-m score less than 6, or a patient who "does not follow commands," predicts serious injury, as well as the total GCS score, and would simplify out-of-hospital trauma triage.
Controlling micro ceramic patterns via multiple/sequential drop-on-demand inkjet printing of dilute colloidal suspensions

Abstract Drop-on-demand (DOD) inkjet printing has great potential for fabricating miniature ceramic devices that are currently constructed by more complicated, time consuming, and costly procedures. In this study, micro La 0.6 Sr 0.4 Fe 0.8 Co 0.2 O 3 (LSFC) patterns are crafted via DOD inkjet printing. A dilute solid-solvent colloidal ink suspension composed of LSFC, a common solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) cathode material, suspended in α-terpineol solvent, was printed with multiple, sequential inkjet passes. Critical process parameters were identified and tuned to achieve acceptable layer to layer deposition accuracy. Micro 0-D dots and micro 1-D lines with x/y dimensions
Chemical characterization and oxidative aging of bio-asphalt and its compatibility with petroleum asphalt

Abstract The objective of this paper is to characterize the elemental composition, chemical compounds, oxidative aging and the compatibility of bio-asphalt modified with bio-oil. A petroleum asphalt was modified with treated and untreated bio-oil at 2%, 5% and 10% by weight to prepare bio-asphalt, respectively. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed to characterize the chemical compounds in the bio-oil. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was utilized to explore the influence of bio-oil on the aging performance of asphalt. The compatibility of bio-oil with petroleum asphalt was investigated using automated flocculation titrimetry (AFT) based on flocculation stability. The elemental composition analysis revealed a higher amount of oxygen in the bio-oil. The GC-MS results showed the presence of chemical compounds with low boiling temperatures, which have potential environmental impacts and health concerns if used in hot mix asphalt. The FTIR results indicated the presence of aromatic and nitrogenous compounds, alcohols, ethers, ketones, carboxylic acids, aldehydes, esters, acyls, alkanes, polymeric O H, NH 2 and water. The AFT results implied a stable and compatible mixture of 2% bio-asphalt. The study also suggested that with an increase in the fraction of bio-oil, the compatibility with petroleum asphalt would decrease.
Survival Outcomes of Patients Receiving Thalidomide-Dexamethasone for Previously Untreated Multiple Myeloma.

Background: In three recent Phase 2 and 3 studies, the combination of thalidomide-dexamethasone (TD) induced responses in 64–72% of patients, including complete responses in 4–16% of patients. However, long term outcomes of patients receiving induction therapy with TD have not been well described. Patients and Methods: In a retrospective fashion, we updated our experience (median f/u of 50 mos.) of 58 patients treated between 7/2000 and 5/2002, with thalidomide at 100mg nightly, increasing by 100mg every 7 days as tolerated to a maximum dose of 400mg (median 200mg), and dexamethasone (20mg/m2) on days 1–4, 9–12, and 17–20 (decreased to days 1–4 only, beginning with cycle 3). Cycles were repeated on day 28 and patients were treated on protocol for a maximum of 4 courses. To prevent thrombosis, 34 patients received therapeutic doses of either warfarin (INR 2–3) or low molecular weight heparin. Results: Of 58 patients, 31 proceeded to myeloablative therapy followed by autologous stem cell support. Another 16 patients received maintenance chemotherapy until disease progression. The median age at enrollment was 60.5 (37–78), and 60% were male. By International Staging System criteria, 41% of patients were stage 1, 33% stage 2 and 26% stage 3. The overall response rate was 72%, including 12% with CR. Median overall survival (OS) of those who received autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) exceeds 59.6 months. Median OS of those who did not receive ASCT was 31.8 months. The observed difference in OS may be partially explained by differences in performance status between the 2 groups. Conclusion: Our survival data with TD induction does not differ significantly from either historical data with alkylating agent based therapy, or from previously noted prolongation of OS after intensive therapy with stem cell support (IFM-90). Further study of the impact of thalidomide and other novel agents as induction therapy in both the ASCT and non-ASCT settings is warranted.
Effect of adding variables on rotational ambiguity in positive matrix factorization solutions

Abstract A major problem that limit the use of the model-free analysis methods, like positive matrix factorization (PMF), for the resolution of multivariate data is that usually, there is rotational ambiguity in the results. Implementing adequate constraints may reduce such ambiguities. In some special cases, non-negativity constraints may serve as a sufficient condition to uniquely resolve profiles. In this study, effect of adding new variables on the extent of rotational ambiguity is investigated, and profiles with lower rotation have been obtained on the basis of data set structure. The displacement (DISP) method of error estimation (EE) for the factor elements incorporated into the US Environmental Protection Agency's version of positive matrix factorization (PMF) has been applied to capture the uncertainty of PMF analyses due to rotational ambiguity. To explore these considerations, results are presented for synthetic including submicron particle size distributions (12–470 nm) measured between January 2008 and December 2010 at the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYS DEC) site in Rochester, NY. Generally, added informative variables can reduce the ambiguity in the profiles. The results of the PMF analysis showed the effect of adding new variables to feasible solutions led to significantly decreased (up to 44%) DISP intervals. More robust results with lower rotational uncertainty became possible and the results were more easily interpreted. This approach can be applied to any other field that utilize quantitative factor analysis methods.
Clinical management of severe therapy-resistant asthma

Introduction: Severe therapy-resistant asthma is an area where there has been recent advances in understanding that is percolating into improvements in management.Areas covered: This review covers ...
Calibration of ARFI displacements using diastolic shear wave speeds for estimating systolic elasticity

ARFI displacements have been shown to share an inverse relationship with shear wave speed — based estimates of tissue elasticity. Both ARFI and shear wave elasticity imaging (SWEI) have been used to track the stiffening and softening of myocardium through the cardiac cycle in open-chest, intracardiac, and Langendorff preparations. In transthoracic imaging, induced shear waves have been observed during diastole, but only ARFI displacements have been accurately measured through both diastole and systole. Because ARFI displacements only map relative elasticity, they cannot be directly used to characterize absolute properties. We propose here a method for using diastolic shear wave speeds to calibrate ARFI displacement magnitudes, allowing ARFI displacements to be independently used to quantify shear wave speed throughout the cardiac cycle.
Literacy success for emergent bilinguals: getting it right in the PreK-2 classroom

Parsing out the title spotlights two of the main ideas that Roberts focuses on in her book. As described in the Preface, she purposefully selected the term Emergent Bilinguals as opposed to a simil...
My Pilgrimage in Mission

This article traces Steve Bevans’s journey as a “global theologian,” from his first encounters with “contextual theology” through his development as a theologian and missiologist at Catholic Theolo...
Review of Game Theory, Alive

Game Theory, Alive is a wonderful book and is to be highly recommended, either for teaching or self-study. By way of comparison, it covers fewer topics and is less advanced than the well known book Game Theory, by M. Maschler, E. Solan, and S. Zamir. For this reason, it seems ideal for a first course on Game Theory at the undergraduate level. Since Game Theory, Alive assumes some basic knowledge of probability theory (in addition to discrete math), students should have some probability theory as a background, though much of the book is still very accessible without it. This reviewer would not be surprised if Game Theory, Alive becomes the standard text for an introductory course on Game Theory. It is very well written and fun to read. The numerous figures, cartoons (see, e.g., Figure 6 on page xxi), photos, anecdotes, and especially, the historical summaries at the end of each chapter as well as the backgrounds of the mathematicians, statisticians, and economists whose results now go into Game Theory, is one of the loveliest features of this book. Wikipedia notwithstanding, we often don't learn enough about the 'players' themselves, their history and/or the evolution of how a result came into being (at least in this reviewer's primary field of study, which is not game theory or even probability theory), and this book very nicely bucks that trend. The most important caveat I should state here is that I am not myself in game theory or combinatorics, so my review of this book cannot be as deep as that of a practitioner in either of these fields. That is unfortunate, but the plus side of this is that I can make the following comment: to me, the most beautiful feature of this book is how nicely-and yet how compactly-the authors convey intuition and motivation, which is the most important thing a textbook can do for someone approaching the field for the first time. And to do so while at the same time presenting everything mathematically-definitions, theorems, proofs-is not easy.
E-066 Treatment of symptomatic venous sinus stenosis demonstrates associated venous waveform morphologic changes

Introduction/purpose Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), otherwise known as pseudotumor cerebri or benign intracranial hypertension, is a syndrome defined by a severe headache in the setting of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) in the absence of an intracranial mass. The pathophysiology of IIH remains poorly understood. However, venous outflow obstruction detected by cerebral venous manometry at the transverse sinus has been recognized as a contributing factor in a subset of patients with IIH, and stent placement in this subset of patients is associated with good clinical outcomes. Surgeons often determine candidacy for stent placement based on the magnitude of the venous pressure gradient across the site of stenosis. Furthermore, there is little known about venous sinus pressure waveform morphology in patients with this condition or how it changes after stenting. The purpose of this study was to prospectively analyze patients’ venous sinus waveforms, their component peaks, and the influence of stenosis or anesthesia on waveform morphology with a goal of ultimately providing insight into the waveform and pathological morphologic changes seen with venous sinus stenosis. Materials and methods Fifteen patients with IIH were enrolled prospectively and underwent waveform recording during catheter venography and manometry. Ten patients (Group A) with venous sinus stenosis and pressure gradient >8 mmHg underwent waveform recording during awake venography and then pre- and post-stent manometry while under general anesthesia. Five control IIH patients (Group B) without a trans-stenosis gradient underwent awake recording only. Results All Group A patients underwent successful stenting with reduction of their gradient from 15.1 (+6.19) mmHg to 1.2 (+0.60) mmHg. This resulted in statistically significant reduction of the transverse sinus amplitude from 8.3 mmHg to 2.8 mmHg (p Conclusion In conclusion, the cerebral venous waveform morphology appears to be influenced by both the intracranial pressure (ICP) waveform and the central venous pressure (CVP) waveform. Additionally, venous sinus stenosis with significant venous outflow obstruction results in morphologic changes to the waveforms. After performing stenting in patients with stenosis, waveforms return to match the control group. Future studies should expand on the qualitative patterns described in this study and place a significant amount of consideration in determining the clinical and hemodynamic ramifications of these findings. Disclosures J. West: None. R. Garner: None. G. Greeneway: None. J. Traunero: None. C. Aschenbrenner: None. J. Singh: None. S. Wolfe: None. K. Fargen: None.
Call invariants

Program verifiers based on first-order theorem provers model the program heap as a collection of mutable maps. In such verifiers, preserving unmodified facts about the heap across procedure calls is difficult because of scoping and modification of possibly unbounded set of heap locations. Existing approaches to deal with this problem are either too imprecise, require introducing untrusted assumptions in the verifier, or resort to unpredictable reasoning using quantifiers. In this work, we propose a new approach to solve this problem. The centerpiece of our approach is the call invariant, a new annotation for procedure calls. A call invariant allows the user to specify at a call site an assertion that is inductively preserved across an arbitrary update to a heap location modified in the call. Our approach allows us to leverage existing techniques for reasoning about call-free programs to precisely and predictably reason about programs with procedure calls. We have implemented the approach and applied it to the verification of examples containing dynamic memory allocations, linked lists, and arrays. We observe that most call invariants have a fairly simple shape and discuss ways to reduce the annotation overhead.
Geriatric Psychiatry Inpatient Primer for Residents.

The authors describe a novel curricular intervention that enhances first- and second-year psychiatry residents’ geriatric psychiatry knowledge while preparing them for overnight call. A brief, four-page document covering evaluation and management of common clinical scenarios in older adults, including agitation, falls, insomnia, chest pain, abnormal vital signs, and review of pharmacologic interventions, was presented to first- and second-year psychiatry residents. The residents completed an anonymous survey including their comfort level in answering pages and knowledge-based questions regarding evidence-based interventions both before and after the intervention. The pre-survey and post-survey were analyzed using the Wilcoxon-signed rank test, paired T test, and Mann-Whitney U test. The residents demonstrated statistically significant changes in first-line medication choices for common clinical scenarios such as non-aggressive agitation and insomnia. They were less likely to choose medications that should be avoided in elderly based on expert panel recommendations. Findings support the need for educational interventions designed to help residents taking call with geriatric patients. The results demonstrated an improvement in clinical knowledge following this brief intervention.
Taxation, the Student Athlete, and the Professionalization of College Athletics

It has become common to hear critics argue that big-time college athletes are being exploited by their institutions and that they should be paid fair market value for their services. This article argues that such a policy, if adopted, could have some unexpected consequences for the colleges. The traditional justification for not taxing athletic income (basically meaning, for most big-time schools, that from football and basketball) is that the participants are student athletes, that the activities are related to the colleges’ overall educational purposes, and that the athletic revenue is therefore not subject to the tax on unrelated business income. Recognizing that the athletes are professionals, and only marginally students, has something to be said for it if the goal is honesty. But openly severing the connection between education and athletics-doing away with the concept of the “student athlete”-could have the effect of treating football at Big State University as an unrelated business, with a potentially large tax bite for the University.
Relationships between disease factors and social support in college students with chronic physical illnesses

Understanding how disease factors impact social support received by college students with chronic health conditions (CHCs) has implications for promoting optimal adjustment. To this end, 121 underg...
Nationwide patterns of hemorrhagic stroke among patients hospitalized with brain metastases: influence of primary cancer diagnosis and anticoagulation.

Brain metastases can contribute to a decreased quality of life for patients with cancer, often leading to malaise, neurologic dysfunction, or death. Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is an especially feared complication in patients with brain metastases given the potential for significant morbidity and mortality. We aim to characterize patients with cancer and brain metastases admitted to hospitals nationwide and identify factors associated with ICH. The 2016 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Inpatient Sample (HCUP-NIS) was queried for all patients with cancer hospitalized with a diagnosis of brain metastases. Admissions with a primary or secondary diagnosis of ICH were further identified. Baseline differences in demographic, clinical, socioeconomic, and hospital-related characteristics between patients with and without ICH were assessed by chi-square, Mann–Whitney U, and ANOVA testing. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with ICH. Weighted frequencies were used to create national estimates for all data analysis. In 2016, a total 145,225 hospitalizations were associated with brain metastases, of which 4,145 (2.85%) had a concurrent diagnosis of ICH. Patients with ICH were more likely to have a longer length of stay (median 5 days vs 4 days, p < 0.001) and a higher cost of stay (median $14,241.14 vs $10,472.54, p < 0.001). ICH was found to be positively associated with having a diagnosis of melanoma (odds ratio [OR] 5.01; 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 3.50–7.61) and kidney cancer (OR 2.50; 95% CI 1.69–3.72). Patients on long-term anticoagulation had a higher risk of ICH (OR 1.49; CI 1.15–1.91). Approximately 3% of patients hospitalized with brain metastases also had a diagnosis of ICH, which was significantly associated with longer length of stay and cost. Patients with melanoma, kidney cancer, and on long-term anticoagulation had a higher risk of ICH. Physicians should consider the risks of anticoagulation carefully for patients with brain metastases, especially those with melanoma and kidney cancer.
Thermodynamics of cesium lead halide (CsPbX3, x= I, Br, Cl) perovskites

Abstract Inorganic cesium lead halide (CsPbX3, X = I, Br, Cl) perovskites have sparked broad interest for photovoltaic applications, which, however, may be plagued by chemical and thermodynamic instabilities. This work reports calorimetric studies on the formation enthalpies of CsPbX3 perovskites, confirming decreasing thermodynamic stability in the order CsPbCl3, CsPbBr3 and CsPbI3. Cesium lead iodide (CsPbI3), one of the most studied inorganic lead halide perovskites, is shown to be only barely stable from a thermodynamic perspective. This order of increasing instability is consistent with the variation of Goldschmidt tolerance factor. The perovskites are high temperature entropy-stabilized phases with respect to low temperature polymorphs, with the thermodynamics of phase transitions reflecting the above thermodynamic trends.
The Cosmopolitan and the Federal Margins of Appreciation

“This paper attempts to explain how the difference between a cosmopolitan and a federal vision of integration is relevant to understanding judicial deference and the margin of appreciation that results from it. It will point out, first, why participation in the convention system invests constitutional law with a cosmopolitan dimension. It then sketches how the cosmopolitan dimension of the convention system gives rise to a particular—possibly even the only defensible—understanding of the margin of appreciation. After contrasting this understanding with the role that such a margin plays within federal contexts, the papers explain why systems of fundamental rights protection remain steeped, necessarily, in indeterminacy. Ultimately, they are based not on law but on mutual trust. This is key to understanding their inherent “pluralism”.“
Asymptotic behaviour in polarized and half-polarized U(1) symmetric vacuum spacetimes

We use the Fuchsian algorithm to study the behaviour near the singularity of certain families of U(1) symmetric solutions of the vacuum Einstein equations (with the U(1) isometry group acting spatially). We consider an analytic family of polarized solutions with the maximum number of arbitrary functions consistent with the polarization condition (one of the 'gravitational degrees of freedom' is turned off) and show that all members of this family are asymptotically velocity term dominated (AVTD) as one approaches the singularity. We show that the same AVTD behaviour holds for a family of 'half-polarized' solutions, which is defined by adding one extra arbitrary function to those characterizing the polarized solutions. (The full set of nonpolarized solutions involves two extra arbitrary functions.) Using SL(2, R) Geroch transformations, we produce a further class of U(1) symmetric solutions with AVTD behaviour. We begin to address the issue of whether AVTD behaviour is independent of the choice of time foliation by showing that indeed AVTD behaviour is seen for a wide class of choices of harmonic time in the polarized and half-polarized (U(1) symmetric vacuum) solutions discussed here.
On the structure sensitivity of and CO coverage effects on formic acid decomposition on Pd surfaces

Abstract Using density functional theory calculations, the Pd-catalyzed vapor-phase formic acid decomposition was studied, with a focus on the structure sensitivity and CO coverage effects. A comprehensive reaction network was developed on both the (111) and (100) facets of Pd, at CO coverages of 0 and 5/9 monolayer (ML). Pd(100) was determined to be more reactive than Pd(111) at both CO coverages. The introduction of 5/9 ML CO decreased the activity of both facets significantly, due to destabilization of the surface intermediates and transition states on the CO-decorated surfaces. Three reaction pathways were explored on the clean surfaces: the formate (HCOO) pathway, the carboxyl (COOH) pathway leading to the formation of CO2, and the COOH pathway leading to the formation of CO (COOH→CO). Based on the DFT-derived energetics alone, it appears that all three pathways contribute to the reaction on clean Pd, whereas the presence of 5/9 ML of CO inhibits the HCOO pathway on both facets and favors the COOH→CO pathway on the (111) facet, but the COOH→CO2 one on the (100) facet. Moreover, at high CO coverages, alternative spectator CO-assisted adsorbate decomposition pathways were discovered, which could potentially play a role in formic acid decomposition on Pd catalysts under realistic reaction conditions.
Consideration of Gut Microbiome in Murine Models of Diseases

The gut microbiome (GM), a complex community of bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi located in the gut of humans and animals, plays significant roles in host health and disease. Animal models are widely used to investigate human diseases in biomedical research and the GM within animal models can change due to the impact of many factors, such as the vendor, husbandry, and environment. Notably, variations in GM can contribute to differences in disease model phenotypes, which can result in poor reproducibility in biomedical research. Variation in the gut microbiome can also impact the translatability of animal models. For example, standard lab mice have different pathogen exposure experiences when compared to wild or pet store mice. As humans have antigen experiences that are more similar to the latter, the use of lab mice with more simplified microbiomes may not yield optimally translatable data. Additionally, the literature describes many methods to manipulate the GM and differences between these methods can also result in differing interpretations of outcomes measures. In this review, we focus on the GM as a potential contributor to the poor reproducibility and translatability of mouse models of disease. First, we summarize the important role of GM in host disease and health through different gut-organ axes and the close association between GM and disease susceptibility through colonization resistance, immune response, and metabolic pathways. Then, we focus on the variation in the microbiome in mouse models of disease and address how this variation can potentially impact disease phenotypes and subsequently influence research reproducibility and translatability. We also discuss the variations between genetic substrains as potential factors that cause poor reproducibility via their effects on the microbiome. In addition, we discuss the utility of complex microbiomes in prospective studies and how manipulation of the GM through differing transfer methods can impact model phenotypes. Lastly, we emphasize the need to explore appropriate methods of GM characterization and manipulation.
Plug and Play: Mechanical Ventilation Utilization During Critical Care Transport of Patients with Advanced Airway

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Healthcare has undergone significant regionalization over the past 20 years, necessitating high quality interhospital transport. Multiple studies have shown that the use of transport mechanical ventilators (MV) in lieu of manual ventilation during such transports provides more consistent ventilation and thus improved clinical outcomes. By analyzing MV use during interhospital transport of patients with advanced airways among diverse neonatal/pediatric/adult transport teams, we sought to describe current practice, identify quality benchmarks, and describe associated performance in relation to other …
“It’s Not Real Life”: Liminality and Summer Camp Employment:

Liminal spaces occur separately from everyday life and are important to human development. Due to increased technological connectivity, young people are rarely separated from their home lives. Unde...
Automated Detection of Liver Steatosis in Ultrasound Images Using Convolutional Neural Networks

The most often used imaging modality for the diagnosis of fatty liver disease is ultrasound imaging. If there is more than 5% fatty hepatorenal steatosis, it is deemed malignant. The traditional procedures for classifying hepatic steatosis mainly need the use of trained radiologists. Methods such as the Hepatorenal Index (HI) and Gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) are routinely employed. A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-based strategy to classifying malignant and benign fatty livers from ultrasound images is presented in this research. The pre-trained Inception Resnet is utilized for transfer learning on B-mode ultrasound liver pictures for categorization. It was first trained on the ImageNet dataset. The softmax activation function is employed as an output layer of the fully connected network to calculate the class-wise probabilities, and the features recovered by the Inception Resnet are provided as input to the fully connected network. We used a 550-image open-source ultrasound liver dataset comprising 170 normal and 380 malignant samples. Our tests revealed that the Inception Resnet has a classification accuracy of 98.48%, whereas the HI and the GLCM methods have accuracies of 90.9 and 85.4 percent, respectively.
Generalized Linear Models

Generalized linear models are a class of models that generalize the linear models used for regression and analysis of variance. They allow for more general mean structures and more general distributions than regression and analysis of variance. Generalized linear models were first suggested by Neider and Wedderburn (1972). An extensive treatment is given by McCullagh and Neider (1989). Generalized linear models include logistic regression as a special case. Another special case, Poisson regression, provides the same analysis for count data as log-linear models. The discussion here involves more distribution theory than has been required elsewhere in this book; in particular, it makes extensive use of the exponential family of distributions and the gamma distribution. Information on these distributions can be obtained from many sources, e.g., Cox and Hinkley (1974). Section 1 presents the family of distributions used in generalized linear model theory. Estimation of the linear parameters is dealt with in Section 2. Model fitting and estimation of dispersion are examined in Section 3; both of these topics involve a version of the likelihood ratio test statistic called the deviance. Section 4 contains a summary and discussion. We begin with a brief review of some ideas from regression and analysis of variance and three examples of generalized linear models.
A Review of the Stratified Charge Engine Concept

This paper presents an overview of stratified charge combustion engines and ties together recent advances with past achievements. A brief historical literature survey of the stratified charge engine concept is first presented. Selected stratified charge engine designs are then presented which represent the varied methods devised to achieve stratified charge combustion. Advantages and disadvantages of the stratified charge concept are then presented. Various topic areas pertinent to the subject are then discussed including hydrocarbon analysis, emissions, alternative fuel operation, modifications to conventional Diesel and rotary engines, and modeling of stratified charge combustion systems are also discussed. This overview summarizes with the current efforts underway to achieve successful stratification. This review is meant to augment existing reviews as well as focus on recent developments in the area.
Maximum Likelihood Motion Estimation in 3D Echocardiography through Non-rigid Registration in Spherical Coordinates

Automated motion tracking of the myocardium from 3D echocardiography provides insight into heart's architecture and function. We present a method for 3D cardiac motion tracking using non-rigid image registration. Our contribution is two-fold. We introduce a new similarity measure derived from a maximum likelihood perspective taking into account physical properties of ultrasound image acquisition and formation. Second, we use envelope-detected 3D echo images in the raw spherical coordinates format, which preserves speckle statistics and represents a compromise between signal detail and data complexity. We derive mechanical measures such as strain and twist, and validate using sonomicrometry in open-chest piglets. The results demonstrate the accuracy and feasibility of our method for studying cardiac motion.
The role of maintenance of certification programs in governance and professionalism.

Formany physicians, the recent controversy surrounding maintenance of certification (MOC) has been a sentinel event, especially with respect to self-regulation and governance. In recent years, physicians have been saddled with added regulatory burden after burden, compelled by numerous regulatory authorities, such as the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, The Joint Commission, and state authorities. These new requirements have substantially increased the administrative obligations of physicians; however, many of these obligations are unrelated to patient care, teaching, or research.
Renegotiating Family Relationships: Divorce, Child Custody, and Mediation

The way in which relationships are renegotiated in the aftermath of divorce is critical to the future well?being of family members. This comprehensive volume presents a state?of?the?art overview of divorce, child custody, and mediation within the context of the latest psychological research and contemporary divorce law. Providing specific techniques and detailed case histories, the author outlines an approach for estranged couples to renegotiate their relationship, defining new boundaries of intimacy and power between the various members of the family. The book illustrates how mediation can keep a large percentage of families out of court, increase parents' satisfaction with the process, encourage the involvement of both parents with the children, and break out of the "win?lose" mentality of the law and negotiate "win?win" settlements instead. This volume will be ideal for a wide range of mental health professionals-psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and family counselors. It will inform legal professionals working with couples trying to renegotiate their relationship. It also serves as a text for graduate courses or advanced undergraduate courses related to either mental health or the law.
Design and Implementation of MPI on Portals 3.0

This paper describes an implementation of the Message Passing Interface (MPI) on the Portals 3.0 data movement layer. Portals 3.0 provides low-level building blocks that are flexible enough to support higher-level message passing layers such as MPI very efficiently. Portals 3.0 is also designed to allow for programmable network interface cards to offload message processing from the host processor. We will describe the basic building blocks in Portals 3.0, show how they can be put together to implement MPI, and describe the protcols of an MPI implementation. We will look at several key operations within an MPI implementation and describe the effects that a Portals 3.0 implementation has on scalability and performance.
"Walk-in" bacteremia

Obtaining blood for culture is an essential part of the diagnostic evaluation of any febrile patient. This is necessary for determining etiology when an infection focus is present and is especially important when the cause of elevated temperature is not obvious. This has been an accepted truism for evaluation of hospitalized patients for a long time, but recently several reports of children with bacteremia well enough to be evaluated in "walk-in" clinics suggest that blood cultures may also be a necessary procedure for febrile patients who are not hospitalized.1-4 In this issue of Pediatrics, McCarthy and co-workers4 report that 117 (6.5%) of 1,783 children who had blood cultures taken in a pediatric outpatient clinic were positive for bacteria.
Edentulous ridge augmentation. Part I.

Edentulous ridge augmentation has evolved from an attempt to control progressive atrophy of both denture-bearing bone and soft tissue. Preprosthetic surgery to reverse these undesirable conditions should only be attempted after other methods, such as proper denture construction, proper patient compliance, and patient management have been unsuccessful. Also a thorough evaluation by both a prosthodontist and an oral surgeon is required. Prosthodontically, the surgical procedure should produce the following features: (1) enlargement of the area of bony support, (2) improved contour of the ridge for denture stability, and (3) elimination of the displacing action of muscle attachments on the complete denture. Ideally we would like to combine all of these distinct features to arrive at the goal of optimum denture retention. The oral surgeon must also be aware of these principles, and in essence, determines the immediate post-surgical results. However, the oral surgeon is also limited by specific patient factors such as systemic conditions, oral health maintanence, and finances. He must recognize these and determine which surgical methods would give the best denture retention and patient service. It is in this context that the prosthodontist and oral surgeon must work together to facilitate total patient care.