cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stress multipliers for the NSTX upgrade digital coil protection system

Conceptual design of the upgrade to NSTX, explored designs sized to accept the worst loads that power supplies could produce. This produced excessive structures that would have been difficult to install and were much more costly than needed to meet the scenarios required for the upgrade mission. Instead, the project decided to rely on a digital coil protection system (DCPS). Initial sizing was then based on the 96 scenarios in the project design point with some headroom to accommodate operational flexibility and uncertainty. This has allowed coil support concepts that minimize alterations to the existing hardware. The digital coil protection system theory, hardware and software are described in another paper at this conference. The intention of this paper is to describe the generation of stress multipliers, and algorithms that are used to characterize the stresses at key areas in the tokamak, as a function of either loads calculated by the influence coefficients computed in the DCPS software, or directly from the coil currents.
Phytoplankton and Macrophyte Response to Increased Phosphorus Availability Enhanced by Rainfall Quantity

Abstract Rainfall patterns are becoming more extreme in the northeastern US and are expected to intensify with an increase in extreme precipitation events and a greater frequency of short-term drought. In Northwest Bay, an undeveloped, primarily forested sub-watershed of Lake George, NY, stream discharge and phosphorus loading in 2006 exceeded that of 2007 by more than 3-fold due to unusually heavy rainfall in 2006 and below average rainfall in 2007. The additional phosphorus loading to the open water positively influenced chlorophyll concentrations in 2006, while porewater soluble phosphorus significantly correlated to precipitation in both 2006 and 2007. The elevated porewater concentrations in early summer of 2006 provided a nutrient advantage that resulted in tissue phosphorus in 3 macrophyte species to more than double while no change in nitrogen or carbon was detected. It is believed that the heavy late spring/early summer rainfall in 2006 saturated soils creating additional stormwater run-off and i...
Congenital Commissural and Lower Lip Pits in the Same Patient: Report of a Case

A case of simultaneous congenital lip and commissural pits is described. To the authors' knowledge, such an occurrence has not been previously reported to exist in the same patient. The need for genetic counseling in patients with lip pits and the surgical treatment of this deformity is discussed.
How to lay out arrays spared by rows and columns

Perhaps the most common fault tolerant architecture configures a nominal t/spl times/at array using bt dedicated spare rows and ct dedicated spare columns. We counterexample an outstanding conjecture by constructively showing how dedicated sparing can be laid out in area proportional to the number of elements. However, we find that dedicated sparing is more costly than homogeneous extraction of a t/spl times/at array from a (1+b)t/spl times/(a+c)t array. i) In the presence of failures whose distribution is worst-case, iid, or clustered, the fault tolerance of either architecture is /spl Theta/(t/sup -1/). ii) At constant proportion of failures, the area of homogeneous arrays is /spl Theta/(exp t), while that of dedicated sparing is /spl Omega/(exp t). iii) The worst-case wirelength of either architecture is /spl Theta/(ct). iv) The best-case wirelength /spl Theta/(1) of homogeneous sparing is less than that /spl Theta/(t) of dedicated sparing. V) Probabilisticaily, homogeneous sparing has O(log t) wirelength, less than that /spl Theta/(t) of dedicated sparing. For large t, moreover, row-column sparing is more costly than local sparing.
5f bonding in thorium metal at extreme compressions : phase transitions to 300 GPa

The 5f element thorium has been studied in a diamond-anvil cell to pressures of 300\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}8 GPa (volume fraction V/${\mathit{V}}_{0}$=0.40) at 300 K by energy-dispersive x-ray diffraction using a synchrotron source and platunum pressure standard. Thorium undergoes a phase transition from its ambient fcc phase to a body-centered-tetragonal (bct) phase near 100 GPa. This bct high-pressure phase of thorium is similar to the one found previously in the 4f lanthanide element cerium above 12 GPa. We suggest that the 5f band which lies above the Fermi energy in thorium at ambient conditions is occupied at megabar pressures and significantly contributes to bonding.
“EYE OF NEWT AND TOE OF FROG”: HERPETOLOGY IN 21ST CENTURY SCIENCE

Herpetology and herpetologists have the potential for forward-thinking leadership in the science of the 21st century. By examining old questions with new tools and by developing new, synthetic questions and approaches, the field continues to advance many areas of biological science and science more generally. At the same time, some paradigms need change, and herpetologists would benefit from greater activism in effecting those changes. Such areas include more integrative approaches to research and education, more effective collaboration in research and in effecting a more unified voice for the meaning and value of science, and more attention to the responsibility to the public that all scientists share.
Uses of Animals and Alternatives in College and Veterinary Education at the University of California, Davis: Institutional Commitment for Mainstreaming Alternatives

The use of animals in teaching for college, veterinary and medical education in the USA has sharply declined in recent decades. Economic disincentives and public discussions have diminished this use of animals, as well as the growing availability of alternative resources for teaching. In the USA, the use of live animals in teaching at the post-secondary level requires a protocol review similar to that used for research, whereas protocols are not required for the use of non-living specimens. Many outstanding alternatives have been created that supplant some uses of animals. Creating alternatives for a comprehensive biological or veterinary curriculum can best be addressed by a long-term commitment of leadership at the institutional level, leading to an incremental development of alternatives. Economic realities and the demonstration of educational results equal to, or exceeding that of the consumptive uses of animals support supplanting the more traditional methods. Committed leadership at the University of California, Davis, has facilitated the development of teaching tools and the mainstreaming of alternatives within the standard undergraduate and veterinary curriculum. The institutional culture supports these resources, and finding further solutions requiring less consumptive uses of animals. We introduce here a web-based tool providing improved access to these resources: www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/Animal_Alternatives/main.htm.
Photodynamic therapy of idiopathic and inflammatory choroidal neovascularization in young adults

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the treatment of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization (CNV) using photodynamic therapy (PDT) with verteporfin (Visudyne; Novartis, Duluth, GA) in young adults. Design Retrospective noncomparative interventional case series. Participants Nineteen eyes of 17 patients with classic, subfoveal CNV treated with PDT using verteporfin, excluding eyes with CNV secondary to age-related macular degeneration, angioid streaks, and myopia. Main outcome measures Snellen visual acuity before and after PDT. Results Nineteen eyes were followed an average of 12.8 months (range, 4–33 months) after PDT. Before treatment, visual acuity measured ≥20/40 in 0 eyes (0.0%), 20/200 in 11 eyes (57.9%), and ≤20/200 in 8 eyes (42.1%). After treatment, visual acuity measured ≥20/40 in four eyes (21.1%), 20/200 in eight eyes (42.1%), and ≤20/200 in seven eyes (36.8%). Six eyes (31.6%) underwent retreatment, with only two eyes retreated twice. Four eyes underwent eventual surgical removal of the CNV after PDT. Conclusions Photodynamic therapy seems to be useful in stabilizing and improving visual acuity in young adults with subfoveal CNV secondary to idiopathic and inflammatory etiologies.
Objective Measures of Tropical Cyclone Structure and Intensity Change From Remotely Sensed Infrared Image Data

An objective technique for obtaining features associated with the shape and dynamics of cloud structures embedded in tropical cyclones from satellite infrared images is described. As the tropical cyclone develops from an unstructured cloud cluster and intensifies, the cloud structures become more axisymmetric about an identified reference point. Using variables derived from remotely sensed data, the technique calculates the gradient of the brightness temperatures to measure the level of symmetry of each structure, which characterizes the degree of cloud organization of the tropical cyclone. The results presented show that the technique provides an objective measure of both the structure and the intensity of the tropical cyclone from early stages, through intensification, maturity, and dissipation.
Sputtering studies of lithiated ATJ graphite by lithium ion bombardment

Sputtering yields of Li+ on ATJ graphite at 45 degree incidence with 700 eV-2000 eV accelerations were studied. Typically, 4 × 1013 ions/(cm2 s) flux of Li+ beam was obtained from LiCl powder in a Colutron ion source. Sputtered particles were collected by a quartz crystal microbalance to determine sputtering yields. The experiment was repeated after lithium was evaporated onto the ATJ graphite target. Suppressed amounts of sputtered particles were observed after lithium treatment. Deuterium saturation treatment for lithiated graphite was also done to simulate actual divertor conditions. The sputtering yield after deuterium saturation does not show distinct differences with non-saturated samples.
Tenascin mediates human glioma cell migration and modulates cell migration on fibronectin

The role of tenascin in mediating tumor cell migration was studied using two cell migration models. In migration/invasion Transwell assays U251.3 glioma cells rapidly migrated through the 8 mu m pore size membranes onto tenascin- and fibronectin-coated surfaces. In this assay the number of cells migrating onto tenascin was 52.2 +/- 9.6% greater than on fibronectin within 4 hours. To assess cell migration rates and cell morphology, U251.3 migration was examined in a two-dimension spheroid outgrowth assay. The radial distance migrated by U251.3 cells from tumor spheroids was found to be 53.8 +/- 4.9% greater on tenascin than on fibronectin. Cells migrating on tenascin display a very motile appearance, while cells migrating on fibronectin spread and maintain close intercellular contacts. Cell migration in the presence of integrin blocking antibodies demonstrated that migration on tenascin and fibronectin is mediated by distinct integrins, alpha2beta1 and alphavbeta5/alphavbeta3, respectively. Since tenascin is coexpressed in malignant tumor matrices with fibronectin, we assessed the effects of tenascin on U251.3 cell migration mediated by fibronectin. Tenascin was found to provide a positive effect on fibronectin-mediated migration by altering cell morphology and enhancing cell motility. These effects of tenascin on fibronectin-mediated cell migration were inhibited by blocking beta1 and alpha2beta1 integrins. The results suggest that tenascin may play a significant role in promoting tumor cell migration and invasiveness by modulating cell responses to normal matrix components.
FGGE Reanalysis at GFDL

Abstract The reanalysis of FGGE (First GARP (Global Atmospheric Research Program) Global Experiment) data for 128 days during two special observing periods has been performed, using an improved data-assimilation system and the revised FGGE level 11 dataset. The data-assimilation scheme features forward continuous (in lime) data injection in both the original and the new systems. However, the major revisions in the new system include a better first guess and a more efficient dynamical balancing for the assimilation of observed data. The results of the implementation of this system are assessed by intercomparisons among the new FGGE analysis of other institutions such as ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) and NMC (National Meteorological Center, Washington, D.C.), and also the original GFDL (Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory) analysis. The quality of the new GFDL analysis is now comparable to those of the other two institutions. However, the moisture analysis appears to be apprec...
Melting of linear alkanes between swollen elastomers and solid substrates.

We have measured the melting and freezing behavior of linear alkanes confined between cross-linked poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) elastomers and solid sapphire substrates. Small molecules are often used as lubricants to reduce friction or as plasticizers, but very little is directly known about the migration or changes in physical properties of these small molecules at interfaces, particularly the changes in transition temperatures upon confinement. Our previous studies highlighted striking differences between the crystal structure of confined and unconfined pentadecane crystals in contact with sapphire substrates. Here, we have used surface-sensitive infrared–visible sum-frequency-generation spectroscopy (SFG) to study the melting temperatures (Tm) of alkanes in nanometer thick interfacial regions between swollen PDMS elastomers in contact with sapphire substrate. We find that confined alkanes show depression in Tm compared to the melting temperature of unconfined bulk alkanes. The depression in Tm is a f...
Association of host cell endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria with the Toxoplasma gondii parasitophorous vacuole membrane: a high affinity interaction

The parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM) of the obligate intracellular protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii forms tight associations with host mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We have used a combination of morphometric and biochemical approaches to characterize this unique phenomenon, which we term PVM-organelle association. The PVM is separated from associated mitochondria and ER by a mean distance of 12 and 18 nm, respectively. The establishment of PVM-organelle association is dependent on active parasite entry, but does not require parasite viability for its maintenance. Association is not a consequence of spatial constraints imposed on the growing vacuole. Morphometric analysis indicates that the extent of mitochondrial association with the PVM stays constant as the vacuole enlarges, whereas the extent of ER association decreases. Disruption of host cell microtubules partially blocks the establishment but not the maintenance of PVM-mitochondrial association, and has no significant effect on PVM-ER association. PVM-organelle association is maintained following disruption of infected host cells, as assessed by electron microscopy and by sub-cellular fractionation showing co-migration of fixed PVM and organelle markers. Taken together, the data suggest that a high affinity, potentially protein-protein interaction between parasite and organelle components is responsible for PVM-organelle association.
The Impact of a Holistic Conditional Cash Transfer Program in New York City on Parental Financial Investment, Student Time Use, and Educational Processes and Outcomes

ABSTRACTThis article examines the impacts of Opportunity New York City–Family Rewards, the first holistic conditional cash transfer (CCT) program evaluated in the United States, on parental financial investments in children, and high school students' academic time use, motivations and self-beliefs, and achievement outcomes. Family Rewards, launched by the Center for Economic Opportunity in the Mayor's Office of the City of New York in 2007 and codesigned and evaluated by MDRC, offered cash assistance to low-income families conditioned on family investments in three areas: children's education, family preventive health care, and parents' employment. Results that rely on a random assignment design find that Family Rewards resulted in statistically significant increases in parental spending and saving on education for all students, and increased savings for those students most academically prepared at baseline and for girls, as well as statistically significant increases in academic time use and achievement ...
A new method for studying aerial dispersal behaviour of eriophyoid mites (Acari: Eriophyoidea)

It is believed that the current method of using sticky glass slides or plates to monitor airborne eriophyoids is inefficient and inappropriate. A new method of sampling airborne mites using shallow pan traps with soapy water and vacuum-filtration on microfilter paper proved far superior to previous methods and resulted in perfect specimens. The method is about five times more effective for trapping mites and 20 times more labor efficient for processing samples. It is a powerful tool for investigation of airborne activity and taxonomic study of eriophyoids and other minute arthropods.
Comments on laser-excited fluorescence of the hydroxyl radical: Relaxation coefficients at atmospheric pressure, appendix 5

The lifetime of the excited state of a atom or molecule is often determined from the rate of fluorescence decay originating as a function of buffer gas pressure, an accurate determination is made of the rates of collision induced transitions away from the excited state. Deconvolution can in principle be employed to resolve fluorescence times shorter than the response times of the system. However, attainable reproducibility and accuracy in actual experiments usually set a limit beyond which no meaningful results are expected. Prudence thus dictates that the results of deconvolution be viewed with extreme caution whenever fluorescence time much shorter than the response of times of the system are indicated.
The chief clinical informatics officer (CCIO): AMIA task force report on CCIO knowledge, education, and skillset requirements

Introduction: The emerging operational role of the “Chief Clinical Informatics Officer” (CCIO) remains heterogeneous with individuals deriving from a variety of clinical settings and backgrounds. The CCIO is defined in title, responsibility, and scope of practice by local organizations. The term encompasses the more commonly used Chief Medical Informatics Officer (CMIO) and Chief Nursing Informatics Officer (CNIO) as well as the rarely used Chief Pharmacy Informatics Officer (CPIO) and Chief Dental Informatics Officer (CDIO). Background: The American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA) identified a need to better delineate the knowledge, education, skillsets, and operational scope of the CCIO in an attempt to address the challenges surrounding the professional development and the hiring processes of CCIOs. Discussion: An AMIA task force developed knowledge, education, and operational skillset recommendations for CCIOs focusing on the common core aspect and describing individual differences based on Clinical Informatics focus. The task force concluded that while the role of the CCIO currently is diverse, a growing body of Clinical Informatics and increasing certification efforts are resulting in increased homogeneity. The task force advised that 1.) To achieve a predictable and desirable skillset, the CCIO must complete clearly defined and specified Clinical Informatics education and training. 2.) Future education and training must reflect the changing body of knowledge and must be guided by changing day-to-day informatics challenges. Conclusion: A better defined and specified education and skillset for all CCIO positions will motivate the CCIO workforce and empower them to perform the job of a 21st century CCIO. Formally educated and trained CCIOs will provide a competitive advantage to their respective enterprise by fully utilizing the power of Informatics science.
Computer-assisted Measurements of Bone Dimensions

I have developed a NEC PC-9801 personal computer software which greatly facilitates the measurement of the dimensions of bones on X-ray photographs.The software includes a simple database of sets of a software for calculations and a sub-routine fine with illustrations to explain how to use.measurements can be done by pressing the X-ray photo film on the computer display and by moving the mouse cursor with clicking at each point of the bone image on the film. Angles, distance, areas and rations can be determined instantly with this operation.In addition this software includes a software to create new sets of calculation software and sub-routine files for measuring dimensions not covered by this software.
Influence of Estrogens on Body Growth and Food Intake.

SummaryThe effects of estradiol and its benzoate ester on body weight and food consumption of immature male rats have been studied in experiments using controls which were either eating ad lib. or pair-fed to the treated animals. In animals eating ad lib., estrogen treatment for 3 weeks or more resulted in a depression of body weight accompanied by a voluntary restriction in food intake: body weight was more greatly depressed than food intake. Restriction of food intake in the controls to amounts eaten ad lib. by the treated animals duplicated the effects of the estrogen on depression of body weight, since the growth curves of pair-fed control and treated groups became parallel.
A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Reaction OH + 2-Butene in the 400-800 K Temperature Range.

We report a combined experimental and theoretical study of the OH + cis-2-butene and OH + trans-2-butene reactions at combustion-relevant conditions: pressures of 1–20 bar and temperatures of 400–800 K. We probe the OH radical time histories by laser-induced fluorescence and analyze these experimental measurements with aid from time-dependent master-equation calculations. Importantly, our investigation covers a temperature range where experimental data on OH + alkene chemistry in general are lacking, and interpretation of such data is challenging due to the complexity of the competing reaction pathways. Guided by theory, we unravel this complex behavior and determine the temperature- and pressure-dependent rate coefficients for the three most important OH + 2-butene reaction channels at our conditions: H abstraction, OH addition to the double bond, and back-dissociation of the OH–butene adduct.
Change of Mind: How Organization Theory Led Me to Move from Studying Educational Reform to Pursuing Educational Design.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is for the author to recount how his use of organizational theory to understand educational reform in the USA led to a change of mind. Design/methodology/approach – My shift resulted from my conclusion, derived from the new institutionalism, that only marginal changes can be made in schools and, thus, fundamental change requires the design and construction of new systems. Findings – I moved from applying organization theory to find ways in which schools could improve academic outcomes for students, generally, and students from underserved communities, specifically to using organization theory to develop conditions that support efforts to design new systems to support learning. Originality/value – This paper’s contribution is that it encourages students of school organization to consider applying their theoretical perspectives to designing innovative social arrangements to foster learning and teaching.
463 BONE MARROW TREATED WITH WNT3A AND WNT5A RESULTS IN A CHANGE IN THE CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION OF DIFFERENTIATED AND UNDIFFERENTIATED INFLAMMATORY CELL TYPES

Background During adult cutaneous wound healing the acute inflammatory stage is essential for proper wound repair. Various conditions dysregulate the inflammatory phase and a chronic inflammatory cycle ensues. Chronic inflammation is characterized by the persistent presence of monocytes, lymphocytes and plasma cells in the injured region. It prevents epithelialization and results in the necrosis of the surrounding tissue. Chronic inflammation is thought to be the etiology for most non-healing wounds. It also remains one of the most elusive problems to characterize at the cellular and molecular level. It is not clear why the inflammatory process becomes dysregulated or exactly what molecular signals have gone awry. One of the candidates for the molecular signals involved in inflammation is the Wnt family of signaling molecules. These glycoproteins regulate proliferation and differentiation of cells by signaling through the Wnt/β-catenin or Wnt/Ca2+ pathways Recent work in our lab suggests that Wnt signal transduction may play a role in wound healing and in the regulation of inflammation during the cutaneous healing process. Our hypothesis is that the Wnt pathway is an adjuvant for inflammatory cell differentiation. Study Design and Methods An in vitro model was used where whole bone marrow was extracted from the femur and tibia of TOPGAL mice and cultured for 24, 48 or 72 hours in conditioned media containing either control, Wnt3a, a mediator of the Wnt/}158}-catenin or Wnt5a which signals through the Wnt/Ca2+ pathway. At the various endpoints the cells were analyzed by FACS for various markers including Gr1, a granulocyte marker; F4/80, a marker of monocytes and macrophages; CD31, and endothelial cell, leukocyte marker; Sca1, a marker of bone marrow stem cells; CD117 a marker of hematopoetic stem cells.. Results Bone marrow cells treated with Wnt3a conditioned media showed decreased numbers of Sca1+ cells at 24 hours (p=0.06) and lower levels of F4/80+ cells at 48 hours (p=0.03) when compared to control. When the bone marrow cells were treated with Wnt5a conditioned media at 24 hours there was a decrease in Sca1+ cells (p=0.06) and an increase in CD117+ cells (p=0.08). At 48 hours there was a decrease in F4/80 (p=0.04), CD31 (p=0.04), Sca1 (p=0.007) and CD117 (p=0.03) cells when compared to control. Conclusion Both Wnt3a and Wnt5a have an effect on the cellular distribution of differentiated and undifferentiated cells in cultured bone marrow.
Small particle column-high performance liquid chromatography UV detection method for the determination of aflatoxins in peanuts

Objective:To establish a column with small particles-high performance liquid chromatography to determine aflatoxin in peanuts.Methods:The sample was broken even after extraction with Bond Elut PH columns,with V(H2O)∶VCH3OH)∶V(CH3CN)=50∶40∶10 as mobile phase,separated by a small particle column,UV detector.Results:Four aflatoxin G2,G1,B2,B1 are well separated.Detection limits were:0.5 μg/kg,0.8 μg/kg,0.2 μg/kg,0.4 μg/kg.Samples of peanut aflatoxin G2,G1,B2,B1 concentration was 0.3 μg/kg～3 μg/kg in the range,the average recovery rate:82%～96%.The relative standard deviation of 1.2%～3.3%.Conclusion:This method can in a short time make peanut aflatoxin G2,G1,B2,B1 are well separated,accurate and efficient than the national standard,worthy of promotion.
DAP-MAC

The long propagation delay of underwater acoustic communications has made traditional handshaking-based medium access control (MAC) protocols inefficient for underwater sensor networks (UWSNs). We envision that this unique feature, although often taken as negative, can be leveraged to improve the parallelism between multiple senders, i.e., transmitting data simultaneously so as to achieve higher channel utilization. In this paper, we propose a novel Delay-Aware Probability-based MAC protocol, DAP-MAC, which eliminates the handshaking process and utilizes concurrent transmissions to significantly improve the network throughput. Compatibility relation among senders based on their distances to the common receiver is derived at run-time. A utility-optimization framework uses this compatibility relation to determine the best transmission strategies for senders. Our extensive simulations demonstrate that DAP-MAC achieves better system throughput than the existing representative underwater MAC protocols.
Determination of organochlorine pesticide and polychlorinated biphenyl residues in fatty fish by tandem solid-phase extraction cleanup.

A rapid, multiresidue solid-phase extraction (SPE) technique for determination of organochlorine pesticide and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) residues in nonfatty fish was modified for use with fatty fish. In the modified procedures, samples are extracted with acetonitrile, and the extract is cleaned up with both C 18 and Florisil SPE columns. Residues are determined by gas chromatography with electron capture detection. The original method was modified for use with fatty fish by reducing the amount of tissue extracted and by using an Improved Florisil SPE cleanup. Recovery data are presented for 24 fortified organochlorine pesticide residues (0.12 ppm) and 3 fortified PCB residues (0.80 ppm) from flounder, bluefish, and shad samples, which contained 0.8, 5.4, and 22.6% fat, respectively. For the 3 types of fish, recoveries of 23 of 24 fortified organochlorine pesticide residues ranged from 55 to 129%, and recoveries of 3 fortified PCB residues ranged from 55 to 104%. There were no significant differences in recovery based on fish species and/or fat content for the majority of residues studied. This SPE method and the official AOAC method yielded comparable results for fish containing incurred organochlorine residues.
Insuring hedged bets with lobbying

Much of the research on organized interests concludes that lobbying has little influence on lawmaking. We argue that businesses often need only small actions from politicians in order to secure profitable outcomes in the marketplace. Case studies show how lobbyists affected the Air Cargo Deregulation Act in the 1970s, the Data Quality Act in the 2000s, and the recent Federal Trade Commission investigation of Herbalife. Hedge funds are particularly well situated to profit from small actions by lawmakers, as those political actions affect market values. As a largely unregulated sector, hedge funds are ideal for testing the idea that businesses lobby for directly profitable actions. Our time series analysis demonstrates that spending on lobbying coincides with the value of assets under management in hedge funds and with increases in the federal budget. Although the time series work cannot directly test our theory, our results do fit with the notion that businesses and financial firms treat spending on lobbying as an investment to protect their interests.
An annotated world catalogue of the millipede order Callipodida (Arthropoda: Diplopoda)

The paper presents the first world catalogue of the millipede order Callipodida (Diplopoda: Helminthomorpha). The order is currently known to comprise 3 suborders, 7 families, 35 valid (sub-)genera and 133 (sub-)species. Furthermore, 10 nominal species, whose taxonomic status has not been considered in any publications other than the first descriptions, are listed as species inquirenda. The synonymy of Paracortina wangi Stoev, 2004 under Angulifemur unidigitis Zhang, 1997 is formalized here. Given for each (sub-)species are the original description with author, year, pages and figures; complete chronological list of subsequent faunistic or taxonomic references; type material and, if known, current repository; type locality; species range; and sometimes additional remarks on its status or distribution. The relevant taxonomic and faunistic literature on Diplopoda was consulted to complete the data presented here. The species list is based on a species index card catalogue housed in the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris (“Fichier iconographiqueBrolemann et successeurs”), with additions from the Zoological Record and various on-line resources. A bibliography containing 286 taxonomic references relevant to the Callipodida is included.
Branding a School-Based Campaign Combining Healthy Eating and Eco-friendliness

Abstract Objective To develop a branding strategy for a campaign to improve the quality of foods children bring from home to school, using a combined healthy eating and eco-friendly approach and for a control campaign focusing solely on nutrition. Methods Formative research was conducted with third- and fourth-grade students in lower- and middle-income schools in Greater Boston and their parents. Phase I included concept development focus groups. Phase II included concept testing focus groups. A thematic analysis approach was used to identify key themes. Results In phase I, the combined nutrition and eco-friendly messages resonated; child preference emerged as a key factor affecting food from home. In phase II, key themes included fun with food and an element of mystery. Themes were translated into a concept featuring food face characters. Conclusions and Implications Iterative formative research provided information necessary to create a brand that appealed to a specified target audience.
UV Resonance Raman Investigation of Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate Solution Photochemistry and Photoproduct Hydrolysis

Ultraviolet resonance Raman spectroscopy (UVRR) is being developed for standoff trace explosives detection. To accomplish this, it is important to develop a deep understanding of the accompanying UV excited photochemistry of explosives, as well as the impact of reactions on the resulting photoproducts. In the work here we used 229 nm excited UVRR spectroscopy to monitor the photochemistry of pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) in acetonitrile. We find that solutions of PETN in CD3CN photodegrade with a quantum yield of 0.08 ± 0.02, as measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The initial step in the 229 nm UV photolysis of PETN in CD3CN is cleavage of an O-NO2 bond to form NO2. The accompanying photoproduct is pentaerythritol trinitrate (PETriN), (CH2ONO2)3CCH2OH formed by photolysis of a single O-NO2. The resulting UVRR spectra show a dominant photoproduct band at ∼1308 cm–1, which derives from the symmetric stretch of dissolved NO2. This photoproduct NO2 is hydrolyzed by trace amounts o...
Theory of planned behavior in the classroom: An examination of the instructor confirmation-interaction model

The current study utilizes the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179–211 Ajzen 1991) to examine an instructor confirmation-interaction model in the instructional communication context to discover a means by which instructors might cultivate positive student attitudes and increase beliefs that interactions with instructors would be beneficial in the future. Specifically, the model examines how teacher confirmation (Ellis 2000) influences students’ behavioral intention to communicate with instructors. Surveys were distributed to 343 college students (41.7% male and 58.1% female) in a basic communication course. Results were primarily consistent with the proposed model; teacher confirmation was significantly related to attitudes toward communicating with an instructor, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. Subjective norms and perceived behavioral control were also positively related to students’ behavioral intention to communicate with the instructor. However, results reveal attitudes toward communicating do not predict students’ behavioral intention to communicate with instructors. It is recommended that future models examine a more contemporary, hi-tech representation of attitude toward student-instructor interactions as it may produce a significant association with students’ behavioral intent to communicate with them. The study concludes with theoretical and practical implications to examine student classroom communication via the confirmation-interaction model and the theory of planned behavior.
Integrated Power Management and Aftertreatment System Control for Hybrid Electric Vehicles With Road Grade Preview

This paper presents a model-based and integrated strategy for hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) power management and aftertreatment control with preview information of road grade. The HEV power management has been well studied for decades to optimize vehicle fuel economy by properly determining the power split ratio between internal combustion engine and electric motor. Meanwhile, the HEV tailpipe emissions have also been decreased, thanks to the implementation of aftertreatment systems, of which selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems have been widely equipped in ground vehicles powered by diesel engines to reduce ${\rm{NO}}_{\rm x}$ emissions. For SCR systems, major efforts are dedicated to design the efficient ammonia dosing strategies for removing ${\rm{NO}}_{\rm x}$ without generating excessive ammonia slip at the tailpipe. By coordinately controlling the HEV power management and aftertreatment systems, it is possible to achieve lower fuel consumption and emissions from tailpipe. In addition, the proposed control strategy incorporates the preview road grade information to calculate the optimal torque–split ratio and ammonia dosing amount such that the overall performance can be improved for the trip. The road grade impacts on vehicle fuel consumption and emissions are investigated in this paper. A model-based controller with an explicit consideration of road grade has been analytically developed and verified in simulation environment. The performance of the proposed controller is evaluated under US06 test cycle and comparison results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed design. Controller's real-time implementation potential is also discussed in this paper.
Smokers who are unmotivated to quit and have a child with asthma are more likely to quit with intensive motivational interviewing and repeated biomarker feedback.

Objective Smokers who are not motivated to quit are an important group for intervention, particularly if they have children with asthma. Research indicates that unmotivated smokers are less responsive to intensive interventions, although motivation-by-treatment interactions have not been tested. This study examines whether motivation to quit moderates the effect of a cessation induction intervention. Method Parents had an asthmatic child requiring urgent care, and did not have to want to quit smoking to be eligible for the study. Two home visits included asthma education, motivational interviewing (MI) for cessation, and feedback on child's secondhand smoke exposure (SHSe). Participants were then randomized (n = 339, 79.6% female) to receive Enhanced-PAM (Precaution Adoption Model; 6 MI calls including SHSe feedback) or PAM (6 contact control calls). Motivation to quit was assessed at baseline and point-prevalence abstinence (ppa) and SHSe outcomes were objectively measured. Results At baseline, 38.9% were not motivated to quit. Those who were not motivated to quit were 3 to 4 times more likely to be abstinent at 6 months in Enhanced-PAM versus PAM (7-day ppa: OR = 3.71, 95% CI = [1.06, 12.99]; 30-day: OR = 4.15, 95% CI [1.20, 14.35]); those receiving Enhanced-PAM achieved quit rates comparable to motivated smokers. Those who were not motivated to quit were more than 4 times as likely to have very low/undetectable SHSe at follow-up in Enhanced-PAM versus PAM (OR = 4.46, 95% CI [1.31, 15.15]). Among motivated smokers, neither outcome significantly differed by treatment arm. Conclusion It cannot be assumed that smokers who are unmotivated to quit will not be responsive to intensive interventions. (PsycINFO Database Record
Glycerol phenylbutyrate for the maintenance treatment of patients with deficiencies in enzymes of the urea cycle

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Urea cycle disorders are rare inborn errors of metabolism resulting in the accumulation of ammonia. Over the last 3 decades, the use of alternative nitrogen excretion pathways has been exploited to improve survival and outcomes for urea cycle disorder patients.Areas covered: Early discovered nitrogen scavengers (sodium benzoate, phenylacetate, and phenylbutyrate) are effective in lowering ammonia. However, they have side effects and administration issues that can reduce compliance to therapy and limit optimal outcomes. Glycerol phenylbutyrate, a pro-drug of phenylbutyrate, was developed to improve therapy for patients with urea cycle disorders. Research with glycerol phenylbutyrate has produced the largest body of controlled study data in urea cycle disorder patients to date.Expert opinion: Glycerol phenylbutyrate is better tolerated than sodium phenylbutyrate and enables patients with urea cycle disorders to reach ammonia and glutamine targets. Maintenance of target ammonia levels a...
Taming the Jungle of Negotiation Theories

To identify the range of issues covered in negotiation theory, this chapter surveys negotiation texts from various disciplines including law, business, economics, labor, international relations, and social sciences. This chapter demonstrates that, although there is considerable overlap between the texts, there is little overall coherence and nothing approaching a consensus about the structure and content of negotiation theory or even a definition of negotiation. It provides a general framework for negotiation theory by synthesizing the content of the texts.
Robotic Arm–Assisted Total Knee Arthroplasty

Abstract Background Robotic arm–assisted total knee arthroplasty (RATKA) has a number of potential advantages. Therefore, in order to more comprehensively assess this technology, we reviewed the (1) accuracy and precision; (2) soft-tissue protection; (3) patient satisfaction; (4) learning curve; and (5) its other potential benefits. Methods A literature review was conducted using PubMed search database for studies reporting clinical outcomes, cadaver results, radiographic outcomes, surgeon experience, and robotic accuracy. Forty articles were included for the final analysis. Results Advantages of RATKA may include greater component accuracy and precision, soft-tissue protection, increased patient satisfaction, a short learning curve, optimal ergonomic design, and less surgeon and surgical team fatigue. The aforementioned advantages might help improve clinical, surgical, and patient-reported outcomes. Conclusion Although there are a number of studies that highlight the potential advantages of RATKA, most of these studies report of short-term outcomes. It is hoped that longer term studies will continue to support the use of this technology in providing higher patient satisfaction and other clinical outcomes.
Long-Range Forecast Trajectories of Volcanic Ash from Redoubt Volcano Eruptions

The Redoubt Volcano in Alaska began a series of eruptions on 14 December 1989. Volcanic ash was often reported to reach heights where, as it moved with the upper-level flow, it could affect aircraft operations thousands of km from the eruption. In an agreement between the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the Federal Aviation Administration, the NOAA Air Resources Laboratory (ARL) was assigned responsibility for providing long-range forecast trajectories of volcanic ash during a volcanic hazards alert. An ARL immediate-response program was implemented for the Redoubt Volcano eruptions. The response products, in the form of tables, maps, and written messages are discussed. An evaluation of the forecast trajectories is included. The evaluation is based on after-the-fact trajectories from analyzed wind fields and on actual ash cloud sightings. For 90% of the cases verified at 300 mb, the average forecast error was less than 25% of the downwind distance from the eruption (this often i...
Determining Learning Disabilities in Students with Low Vision.

Students with low vision who experience academic difficulties despite the incorporation of adaptations, modifications, and specialized instruction in their educational programs may also have undiag...
DNA Repair Enzymes in Mammalian Cells

In the past two decades, considerable strides have been made in understanding the phenomenon of DNA damage and its repair at all levels of biological organization. Studies on living cells using prokaryote models have been extensively reviewed by a number of authors (Town et al., 1973; Setlow and Setlow, 1972; Smith, 1971; Witkin, 1969; Hanawalt, 1968; Howard-Flanders, 1968; Strauss, 1968). In recent years, considerable emphasis has been placed on DNA repair in mammalian systems, and this area of investigation too has been the subject of a number of review articles (Cleaver and Bootsma, 1975; Cleaver, 1974a; Strauss, 1974; Painter, 1970). Closely paralleling these biological studies, there have been significant efforts made to identify, purify, and characterize the numerous enzymatic and nonenzymatic components involved in the molecular mechanisms of DNA repair. These efforts have enjoyed particular success in prokaryote models such as Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, and phage T4-infected E. coli (for recent reviews, see Grossman et al., 1975; Grossman, 1974). The present chapter addresses itself to a review of mammalian cell enzymes that may be significant in DNA repair. Where appropriate, we have discussed aspects of prokaryote enzymology that have not received much attention in the literature, and that are, or may be, directly relevant to mammalian repair systems.
Electrical Torque Addition Mechanism for Engines with High Levels of EGR

Gasoline engines that employ high levels of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) may suffer from slow torque transients during tip-in and tip-out maneuvers. This is due to the residual EGR present in the engine intake manifold. In order to fill these torque holes, we explore the use of a belted alternator starter (BAS) mechanism. The BAS supplements the torque provided by the engine. In the present work, we investigate the operating modes and show that the power and torque levels of the BAS are adequate to add the necessary driveline torque for acceptable tip-in response.
High School Response to Intervention and College Academic Self-Efficacy: Influence of Intervention Experiences:

An increasing number of students enrolling in college engaged in Tier 2 response to intervention (RTI) academic supports in high school to supplement their secondary education. However, few researc...
A novel in vitro model of primary human pediatric lung epithelial cells.

BACKGROUND Current in vitro human lung epithelial cell models derived from adult tissues may not accurately represent all attributes that define homeostatic and disease mechanisms relevant to the pediatric lung. METHODS We report methods for growing and differentiating primary Pediatric Human Lung Epithelial (PHLE) cells from organ donor infant lung tissues. We use immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, quantitative RT-PCR, and single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) analysis to characterize the cellular and transcriptional heterogeneity of PHLE cells. RESULTS PHLE cells can be expanded in culture up to passage 6, with a doubling time of ~4 days, and retain attributes of highly enriched epithelial cells. PHLE cells can form resistant monolayers, and undergo differentiation when placed at air-liquid interface. When grown at Air-Liquid Interface (ALI), PHLE cells expressed markers of airway epithelial cell lineages. scRNAseq suggests the cultures contained 4 main sub-phenotypes defined by expression of FOXJ1, KRT5, MUC5B, and SFTPB. These cells are available to the research community through the Developing Lung Molecular Atlas Program Human Tissue Core. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that PHLE cells provide a novel in vitro human cell model that represents the pediatric airway epithelium, which can be used to study perinatal developmental and pediatric disease mechanisms.
UPDATED META-ANALYSIS OF TESTOSTERONE SUPPLEMENTATION AND RISK OF MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS

Use of testosterone supplementation (TS) for treatment of male hypogonadism (e.g. “low-T”) has increased substantially in the US. However, results of individual reports and meta-analyses of cardiovascular safety of TS have been mixed. A meta-analysis updating published work from Albert & Morley