cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Principles for Measurement of Chemical Exposure Based on Recognition-Driven Anchoring Transitions in Liquid Crystals

The competitive binding of a molecule forming a liquid crystal and a targeted analyte to a common molecular receptor presented at a solid surface possessing nanometer-scale topography is used to trigger an easily visualized surface-driven change in the orientation of a micrometer-thick film of liquid crystal. Diffusion of the targeted analyte from atmosphere to surface-immobilized receptor across the micrometer-thick film of liquid crystal is fast (on the order of seconds), and the competitive interaction of the targeted analyte and liquid crystal with the receptor provides a high level of tolerance to nontargeted species (water, ethanol, acetone, and hexanes). Systems that provide parts-per-billion (by volume) sensitivity to either organoamine or organophosphorus compounds are demonstrated, and their use for imaging of spatial gradients in concentration is reported. This approach does not require complex instrumentation and could provide the basis of wearable personalized sensors for measurement of real-time and cumulative exposure to environmental agents.
Nancy Mead and Software Engineering Education: Advancements through Action

Some researchers have had the good fortune to collaborate with practitioners to see their work applied. Some practitioners have had the opportunity to perform research. Some educators have the opportunity to perform research and apply ideas in the classroom. Few have been able to perform research, work with practitioners, be an educator, and be a practitioner. Nancy Mead has done all these, and software engineering education has been one of the fortunate benefactors. This paper presents an examination of Dr. Meadpsilas contributions to software engineering education, in terms of research and role modeling, by using her security quality requirements engineering (SQUARE) process as an organizing theme.
Discontinuity Mapping for Near-Grazing Dynamics in Vibro-Impact Oscillators

Vibro-impact oscillators may undergo zero-velocity impacts, also known as grazing contacts. Near-grazing dynamics refer to low-velocity impacts. The conventional technique of local stability analysis suffers singularity when applied to grazing dynamics. Discontinuity mapping conceived by Nordmark provides a powerful tool to analyze and predict the plethora of complex phenomena due to grazing. This article intends to help beginners in vibro-impact dynamics better understand the concept of discontinuity mapping through a lucid derivation of the discontinuity mapping. The fundamental approach consists of three steps. First, a Poincare map is introduced for the oscillatory dynamics without impacts. Second, impact dynamics near a grazing contact point are approximated using a series expansion to generate the so-called discontinuity mapping. Finally, the overall oscillations involving low-velocity impacts are analyzed using a combination of the Poincare map and the discontinuity mapping derived in the previous two steps. We first present a transparent derivation of the discontinuity mapping for a generic one-degree-of-freedom vibro-impact oscillator. Then, the approach is applied to a linear mass spring oscillator whose vibrations are restricted by a rigid wall.
Production costs in the short run and long run

In economics, the cost of an event is the highest-valued opportunity necessarily forsaken. The usefulness of the concept of cost is a logical implication of choice among available options. Only if no alternatives were possible or if amounts of all resources were available beyond everyone's desires, so that all goods were free, would the concepts of cost and of choice be irrelevant. Armen Alchian The individual firm plays a critical role both in theory and in the real world. The firm straddles two basic economic institutions: the markets for resources (labor, capital, and land) and the markets for goods and services (everything from trucks to truffles). The firm must be able to identify what people want to buy, at what price, and to organize the great variety of available resources into an efficient production process. It must sell its product at a price that covers the cost of its resources (including the opportunity cost of capital, if not generate an economic profit for its owners), yet allows it to compete with other firms. Moreover, it must accomplish those objectives while competing firms are seeking to meet the same goals. How does the firm do all this? Clearly, firms do not all operate in exactly the same way. They differ in organizational structure and in management style, in the resources they use, and in the products they sell. This chapter cannot possibly cover the great diversity of business management techniques. Rather, our purpose is to develop the broad principles that guide most firms’ production decisions. In the process we develop an alternative explanation for why firms are the sizes they are that complements the theory of firm size in Chapter 8. As with individuals, firms are beset by the necessity of choice which, as Armen Alchian reminds us in the chapter epigraph, implies a cost. Costs are both the result of having to make choices and the obstacles to those choices; they restrict us in what we do. Thus a firm's cost structure (the way cost varies with production) reflects how firms deal with the obstacles of making a profitable production decision in both the short and the long run. Business students should understand a firm's cost structure because firms don't do anything on their own. Managers are the forces behind the firm's activities and the decisions that ultimately determine profitability.
SINGLE BOOK REVIEWS

Do Glaciers Listen? Local Knowledge, Colonial Encounters, and Social Imagination. Julie Cruikshank. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2005. 312 pp.
Differences in microglia morphology are associated with social hierarchy status and social stress

Microglia are resident immune cells of the central nervous system, are activated by neuronal damage due to injury, infection, or stress, and assume a spectrum of morphological states when stimulated. In their activated state microglia are responsible for perpetuating inflammation and neurotoxicity. In the present study, we housed six cohorts of 12 adult male CD-1 mice in an enriched, naturalistic environment for 21 days. Extensive observations of the socially dominant (fighting, chasing, mounting) and subordinate (fleeing, freezing) behaviors of animals were undertaken. We were able to identify the rank of each animal within each social hierarchy dependent upon its relative proportion of aggressive and subordinate behaviors expressed and received. After behavioral characterization, animals were perfused for further brain analysis. We examined microglia morphology using immunohistological techniques in three stress-responsive brain regions (striatum, CA1, medial amygdala) from the top three dominant and three most subordinate mice in each cohort. We describe the association between social status and chronic social stress experienced by mice living in a naturalistic context with individual variation in microglia morphological states.
Prognostic factors in melanoma patients with tumor-negative sentinel lymph nodes

Background Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy for melanoma results in accurate nodal staging, which guides treatment decisions. Patients with a negative SLN biopsy in general have a favorable prognosis, but certain subsets are at increased risk for recurrence and death. This study aimed to identify risk factors predictive of prognosis in patients with a tumor-negative SLN biopsy for cutaneous melanoma. Methods In this post-hoc analysis of data from a multicenter prospective randomized trial, clinicopathologic data of patients with cutaneous melanoma ≥1.0 mm Breslow thickness and tumor-negative SLN were analyzed. Disease-free survival, overall survival (OS), and local and in-transit recurrence-free survival were compared by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Risk factors for worse survival were identified with Cox proportional hazard models. Results This analysis included 1,998 patients with tumor-negative SLN with a median follow-up of 70 months. Ulceration, Breslow thickness, nonextremity tumor location, and age ≥45 years were independent risk factors for worse disease-free survival and OS. Breslow thickness and ulceration were the only factors on multivariate analysis that predicted local and in-transit recurrence-free survival. Estimated 5-year OS rates ranged from 55.5 to 95.4% on the basis of the defined risk factors. Conclusion There is a wide range of prognosis among patients with tumor-negative SLN. Breslow thickness, ulceration, age, and anatomic location of the primary melanoma are important independent factors predicting survival and recurrence among such patients. These factors can be used to stratify prognosis among patients with tumor-negative SLN to formulate rational long-term follow-up strategies as well as identify high-risk, SLN-negative patients for clinical trials of adjuvant therapy.
Mesoporous Carbon for Energy

Ordered mesoporous carbons (OMCs) are of great interest in energy-related research and applications, partly due to their high surface areas, uniform pore channels, and narrow pore size distributions. During the past decades, a number of breakthroughs for the synthesis of OMCs, including hard templating methods and soft templating strategies, have been made by carbon chemists. Thanks to unique properties, OMCs-based supercapacitors are attracting more and more attention around the world in recent years in view of their ultrafast charge-discharge rate, high power capability, low maintenance, and long cycle life. In this chapter, we wish to overview those representative pathways for OMC materials and their performance in supercapacitor application.
The Evolution of an Inpatient Palliative Care Consultation Service in an Urban Teaching Hospital

Background:Research on inpatient palliative medicine reports quality-of-life outcomes and selected “hard” outcomes including pain scores, survival, and readmissions.Objective:This case study report...
Rain and channel flow supplements to subsurface water beneath hyper-arid ephemeral stream channels

Summary In hyper-arid regions, ephemeral stream channels are important sources of subsurface recharge and water supply for riparian vegetation, but few studies have documented the subsurface water content dynamics of these systems. This study examines ephemeral channels in the hyper-arid western Sonoran Desert, USA to determine how frequently water recharges the alluvial fill and identify variables that affect the depth and persistence of recharge. Precipitation, stream stage, and subsurface water content measurements were collected over a three-year study at six channels with varying contributing areas and thicknesses of alluvial fill. All channels contain coarse alluvium composed primarily of sands and gravels, and some locations also have localized layers of fine sediment at 2–3 m depth. Rain alone contributed 300–400 mm of water input to these channels over three years, but water content responses were only detected for 36% of the rain events at 10 cm depth, indicating that much of the rain water was either quickly evaporated or taken up by plants. Pulses of water from rain events were detected only in the top meter of alluvium. The sites each experienced ⩽5 brief flow events, which caused transient saturation that usually lasted only a few hours longer than flow. These events were the only apparent source of water to depths >1 m, and water from flow events quickly percolated past the deepest measurement depths (0.5–3 m). Sustained saturation in the shallow subsurface only developed where there was a near-surface layer of finer consolidated sediments that impeded deep percolation.
Zeolite-catalysed C–C bond forming reactions for biomass conversion to fuels and chemicals

Biomass conversion to fuels requires elimination of oxygenated functionalities along with formation of C–C bonds to help keeping the largest possible amount of carbon in the fuel range (e.g. C7–C15). Acidic zeolites are particularly effective in catalysing C–C bond forming reactions from molecules containing oxygenated functionalities such as carbonyl, carboxylic, and hydroxide groups, including acylation, ketonization, and alkylation. The nature of the active sites and possible reaction mechanisms for these reactions are discussed in this mini-review.
INFLUENCE OF VERBAL SUGGESTION ON THE PAROTID GLAND RESPONSE TO GUSTATORY STIMULI.

SummaryParotid gland secretion rate was measured in a group of 12 subjects selected as being relatively non-amenable to suggestion. Parotid fluid was obtained using a vacuum cup and collected in tubes graduated to 0.1 ml. Secretion rate was determined by measuring the volume secreted during a 10 minute stimulation interval. Solution concentrations were: citric acid—0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 g/100 ml; sucrose—5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40 g/100 ml. After the subjects had experienced the gustatory sensations under control conditions (non-suggestion), and their secretion rate ascertained, they were asked to imagine various experimental (suggestion) conditions. It was observed that the parotid gland secretion rate was greater when the subjects received citric acid without suggestion than when citric acid was suggested to be sweet. The latter, in turn, was greater than the rate obtained when citric acid was suggested to be tasteless. The flow rate obtained when sucrose was suggested to be sour was greater than for ...
Controversy in Biology Classrooms—Citizen Science Approaches to Evolution and Applications to Climate Change Discussions

The biological sciences encompass topics considered controversial by the American public, such as evolution and climate change. We believe that the development of climate change education in the biology classroom is better informed by an understanding of the history of the teaching of evolution. A common goal for science educators should be to engender a greater respect for and appreciation of science among students while teaching specific content knowledge. Citizen science has emerged as a viable yet underdeveloped method for engaging students of all ages in key scientific issues that impact society through authentic data-driven scientific research. Where successful, citizen science may open avenues of communication and engagement with the scientific process that would otherwise be more difficult to achieve. Citizen science projects demonstrate versatility in education and the ability to test hypotheses by collecting large amounts of often publishable data. We find a great possibility for science education research in the incorporation of citizen science projects in curriculum, especially with respect to “hot topics” of socioscientific debate based on our review of the findings of other authors. Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education
“Go ahead and sign”: An experimental examination of Miranda waivers and comprehension.

This research examined whether the protections afforded by Miranda are compromised by two situational factors that may be present during the Miranda administration process. The factors examined were the police tactic of trivializing the importance of a waiver and the stress that accompanies an accusation of serious misconduct. All participants (N = 89) were accused of misconduct on an experimental task and were led to believe that they would have to discuss the incident with the professor in charge of the experiment. In addition, all participants were asked to sign a waiver of their right to have a student advocate present during that meeting, after which their comprehension of the waiver was assessed. To manipulate the police tactic of trivializing a waiver, participants were told that the waiver had important or trivial implications for their future outcomes. To manipulate stress, participants were told that their misconduct was either a serious or minor violation of the experiment. Results indicated that participants were more likely to sign the waiver and had worse comprehension of its content when it was described as trivial versus important. Participants' comprehension of the waiver was also worse when their misconduct was described as a serious versus a minor violation of the experiment. These findings have implications for policy regarding the standardization of Miranda administration protocols as well as for future research aimed at understanding the influence of situational factors on Miranda waivers and comprehension.
Cutis Marmorata Telangiectatica and Chiari Type I

A 10-year-old girl born with telangiectasias of the lip, trunk, extremities, palms, and soles was found to have an asymptomatic Chiari I malformation without syringomyelia on MRI, and is reported from Children’s Hospital, Alabama.
Clinical significance of microRNAs in chronic and acute human leukemia

Small non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) are epigenetic regulators that target specific cellular mRNA to modulate gene expression patterns and cellular signaling pathways. miRNAs are involved in a wide range of biological processes and are frequently deregulated in human cancers. Numerous miRNAs promote tumorigenesis and cancer progression by enhancing tumor growth, angiogenesis, invasion and immune evasion, while others have tumor suppressive effects (Hayes, et al., Trends Mol Med 20(8): 460–9, 2014; Stahlhut and Slack, Genome Med 5 (12): 111, 2013). The expression profile of cancer miRNAs can be used to predict patient prognosis and clinical response to treatment (Bouchie, Nat Biotechnol 31(7): 577, 2013). The majority of miRNAs are intracellular localized, however circulating miRNAs have been detected in various body fluids and represent new biomarkers of solid and hematologic cancers (Fabris and Calin, Mol Oncol 10(3):503–8, 2016; Allegra, et al., Int J Oncol 41(6): 1897–912, 2012). This review describes the clinical relevance of miRNAs, lncRNAs and snoRNAs in the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment response in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute adult T-cell leukemia (ATL).
The cardiotoxic effects of hyperpotassemia and its treatment.

Hyperpotassemia is common and its possible presence should be considered in any patient with electrolyte imbalance, particularly in the presence of renal insufficiency. The clinical diagnosis can be established by the characteristic electrocardiographic findings and confirmed by estimation of serum potassium, Hyperpotassemia kills primarily by its cardiotoxic effect, and a vigorous therapeutic regimen can often be lifesaving. Active therapy includes use of alkalizing solutions, especially molar sodium lactate and calcium; use of glucose and insulin; and removal of potassium by gastric or intestinal suction, cation exchange resins, and dialysis with the artificial kidney.
PolyPUF: Physically Secure Self-Divergence

Physically unclonable functions (PUFs) provide a device-unique challenge–response mapping and are employed for authentication and encryption purposes. Unpredictability and reliability are the core requirements of PUFs: unpredictability implies that an adversary cannot sufficiently predict future responses from previous observations. Reliability is important as it increases the reproducibility of PUF responses and hence allows validation of expected responses. However, advanced machine-learning algorithms have been shown to be a significant threat to the practical validity of PUFs, as they are able to accurately model PUF behavior. The most effective technique was shown to be the XOR-based combination of multiple PUFs, but as this approach drastically reduces reliability, it does not scale well against software-based machine-learning attacks. In this paper, we analyze threats to PUF security and propose PolyPUF, a scalable and secure architecture to introduce polymorphic PUF behavior. This architecture significantly increases model-building resistivity while maintaining reliability. An extensive experimental evaluation and comparison demonstrate that the PolyPUF architecture can secure various PUF configurations and is the only evaluated approach to withstand highly complex neural network machine-learning attacks. Furthermore, we show that PolyPUF consumes less energy and has less implementation overhead in comparison to lightweight reference architectures.
Impact of an Antimicrobial Stewardship Program on Antibiotic Use at a Nonfreestanding Children's Hospital.

Background Pediatric stewardship programs have been successful at reducing unnecessary antibiotic use. Data from nonfreestanding children's hospitals are currently limited. This study is an analysis of antibiotic use after implementation of an antimicrobial stewardship program at a community nonfreestanding children's hospital. Methods In April 2013, an antimicrobial stewardship program that consisted of physician-group engagement and pharmacist prospective auditing and feedback was initiated. We compared antibiotic use in the preintervention period (April 2012 to March 2013) with that in the postintervention period (April 2013 to March 2015) in all units except the neonatal intensive care unit and the emergency department. In addition, drug-acquisition costs, antibiotic-specific use, death, length of stay, and case-mix index were examined. Results Antibiotic use decreased by 16.8% (95% confidence interval, 18.0% to -9.2%; P < .001) in the postintervention period. Vancomycin use decreased by 38% (P = .001), whereas antipseudomonal β-lactam use was unaltered. Drug-acquisition cost savings were estimated to be $67 000/year over the 2-year postintervention period. Lengths of stay and mortality rates were unchanged in the postintervention period after adjusting for case-mix index. Conclusions Implementation of a simple stewardship initiative with limited resources at a community nonfreestanding children's hospital effectively reduced antibiotic use without an overt negative impact on overall clinical outcomes. The results of this study suggest that nonfreestanding children's hospitals can achieve substantial reductions in antibiotic use despite limited resources.
Freshwater Eels and People in France

A quarter of a century ago when addressing where Japanese culture fitted in worldwide terms, Claude Levi-Strauss pointed out that, based on the geographic dimension alone, the respective positions of France and Japan were symmetrical, because they were at either end of the Eurasian landmass. However, in terms of the cultural dimension, the two display an inverse symmetry (Levi-Strauss 1988). The 2011 meeting in Tokyo on eels, and especially this book, gives the opportunity to a natural scientist to evaluate the comments of an anthropologist, on a subject shared by and of great interest to both French and Japanese, the eel.
A Method for Identifying Midlatitude Mesoscale Convective Systems in Radar Mosaics. Part I: Segmentation and Classification

AbstractThis research evaluates the ability of image-processing and select machine-learning algorithms to identify midlatitude mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) in radar-reflectivity images for t...
Waze-inspired spectrum discovery via smartphone sensing data fusion

We study Waze-inspired spectrum discovery, where the cloud collects the spectrum sensing results from many smartphones and predicts location-specific spectrum availability based on information fusion. Observe that with limited sensing capability, each smartphone can sense only a limited number of channels; and further, the more channels each smartphone senses, the less accurate the sensing results would be. To develop a comprehensive understanding, we cast the spectrum discovery problem as a matrix recovery problem, which is different from the classical matrix completion problem, in the sense that it suffices to determine only part of the matrix entries in the matrix recovery formulation. It is shown that the widely-used similarity-based collaborative filtering method would not work well because it requires each smartphone to sense too many channels. With this motivation, we propose a location-aided smartphone data fusion method and show that the channel numbers each smartphone needs to sense could be dramatically reduced. Moreover, we analyze the partial matrix recovery performance by using the location-aided data fusion method, and numerical results corroborate the intuition that with each smartphone sensing more channels, the recovery performance improves at first but then degrades beyond some point because of the decreasing sensing accuracy.
Groundwater of Hard Rock Aquifers of India

About two-thirds geographical area of India is occupied by hard rocks comprising granite, gneiss, schist, quartzite, charnockite, khondalite, banded gneissic complex, basalt and intrusive, etc. Out of the twenty-nine States in the country, in twenty-two States the spread of hard rock areas varies from about 0.3 million km2 to more than 5000 km2, and a number of mega-cities are located in the hard rocks. The occurrence of aquifers in these rocks is heterogeneous, in near-surface weathered zone, in underlying saprolite, in discontinuous fractured zones and along joints, veins and litho-contacts. The abstraction of these aquifers depends on their availability, storage, yielding capacity and water quality. To tap the deeper yielding fractured zone aquifer and obtain higher yield, the borewells are sunk to 200 m depth. The yield from the top weathered zone aquifer within 20–30 m depth ranges from 0.9 to 1.8 cubic metre per hour (m3/h). The cumulative yield from the weathered zone and underlying saprolite may range up to 9–10.8 m3/h. The yielding fractured zones are mostly encountered within 100–150 m depth and could occur deeper also, as observed in Karnataka State in southern part of India, but the frequency of occurrence is meagre. Generally, the weathered zone, saprolite and the yielding fractured zones up to 60–100 m depth are tapped by hand pumps and shallow borewells. The borewell yield less than 3.6 m3/h is termed ‘low’. In India, the groundwater investigation in hard rocks is carried out using surface geophysical surveys generally comprising resistivity sounding, profiling and imaging supported by satellite imageries and lineament maps. Heliborne electromagnetic and magnetic surveys have also been conducted. In several parts, a declining trend in groundwater level is observed, for which artificial recharge methods are adopted. The higher concentrations of fluoride in groundwater are observed in several parts.
Shuttle Multispectral Infrared Radiometer - Preliminary results from the second flight of Columbia

The Shuttle Multispectral Infrared Radiometer (SMIRR) is a spectroradiometer covering the region 0.5-2.5 microns in 10 channels that acquired data from 100 m diameter spots along the subspacecraft ground track. It was flown aboard the second flight of the Space Shuttle Columbia, November 12-14, 1981. Preliminary analysis of data from one of the 17 orbits covered shows that in Egypt, carbonate rocks, kaolinite, and possibly montmorillonite can be identified by their SMIRR spectral signatures in conjunction with limited knowledge of the regional geologic setting. The SMIRR data have made possible the first remote identification of carbonate rocks and clays from orbit.
Implementation of aspect programming using AspectJ

The focus of this tutorial is to define and incorporate the aspect oriented programming (aop) language which might be accomplished in Java, C# or any object oriented language. This tutorial will use Java as the base code and implement AspectJ as the AOP.
Social Network Analysis: Applications to Primate and Cetacean Societies

To better address questions concerning animal sociality, animal behaviorists and behavioral ecologists are increasingly turning to the suite of analytical techniques known as social network analysis (SNA). SNA allows for the quantification of multi-actor interactions, thereby providing a more realistic representation of social patterns and relationships. Here, we provide a brief introduction to SNA, consider some of the challenges in studying sociality, and discuss the application of SNA to studies of animal societies, with a focus on primates and cetaceans. Additionally, we present techniques for network comparison and dynamic network analysis developed in the social sciences with exciting potential applications to the study of animal behavior.
Autoantibodies to the Proliferation-Associated Nuclear Protein CENP-F in Cancer

Publisher Summary Antinuclear autoantibodies (ANAs) are hallmark of systemic autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis (SSc), and Sjogren syndrome. Each of these diseases is associated with a specific ANA profile, which facilitates the use of ANAs as diagnostic probes . In contrast to the autoantibody specificity found in several systemic autoimmune diseases, the ANA response in other disease conditions, particularly in cancer, appears to be highly diverse. ANAs target predominandy protein or nucleic acid components of nuclear structures involved in essential functions, including chromatin, nucleoli, spliceosomes, centrosomes, centromeres, replication and transcription complexes, and coiled bodies. In some cancer patients the antitumor immune response involves the elicitation of ANAs and other autoantibodies that recognize self-antigens expressed in the tumors. These tumor-associated autoantibodies (TAA) target tissue-specific differentiation antigens. This chapter reviews CENP-F a novel proliferation-associated and cell cycle-regulated nuclear protein whose unique subcellular distribution is indicative of an important role in mitosis. The chapter describes subcellular localization and molecular analysis of CENP-F. The molecular characterization of these autoantigens helps in understanding nuclear structure and function. CENP-F has several features that make it an attractive candidate for a marker of cell proliferation in tumors. First, its expression is proliferation-dependent and relatively specific for the G2 and M phases of the cell cycle. Second, its cell cycle-dependent distribution is highly conserved in mammalian cell lines. Third, its association with the nuclear matrix confers resistance to a wide variety of preparation and fixation procedures. The chapter discusses certain studies to confer CENP-F as a marker of tumor cell proliferation.
Using classroom game play in introductory microeconomics to enhance business student learning and lecture attendance

The author examined whether game play improves students’ comprehension, attendance, and exam performance. The author designed three games; 120 students in introductory microeconomics classes partic...
Nutrition is a hard science.

There have been a lot of questions about the reliability of nutritional science. We should respond with an assertive statement: Nutrition is a hard science. By just about any comparison, much of what is known about nutrition and the methods that have built that knowledge is as robust as classical physics, biochemistry and other basic sciences generally recognised as rigorous. We know how people handle hundreds of dietary compounds, understand many of the mechanisms and pathways, and are usually able to predict metabolic responses to lack or excess. If somebody wants to know which foods are good sources of vitamin B12 and how it gets from ingested food into the bloodstream, we can be confident that the answer today will be the same as 50 years from now. The knowledge about this and many other specific nutrition concepts can be justifiably considered mature with low likelihood to change materially. We can also predict with confidence that vitamin B12 stores will decline without any source of vitamin B12, say in a person with a vegan food intake pattern not using dietary supplements, although it may take decades to reach the point of deficiency. It is easy enough to prevent vitamin B12 deficiency with food supplementation for people at risk. Biomarkers like methylmalonic acid (MMA) concentration in plasma help to recognise deficiency when …
Optimal Predictive Maintenance Policy for an Ocean Wave Farm

The levelized cost of electricity for wave energy converters (WECs) is high and one important way to reduce this cost is to employ strategies that minimize the cost of maintenance of WECs in a wave farm. In this paper, an optimal maintenance strategy is proposed for a group of WECs, resulting in an adaptive scheduling of the time of repair, based on the state of the entire farm. The state-based maintenance strategy seeks to find an optimal tradeoff between the moderate revenue generated from a farm with some devices being in a deteriorated or failed state, and the high repair cost that typifies ocean wave farm maintenance practices. The formulation uses a Markov decision process approach to devise an optimal policy, which is based on the count of WECs in different operational states. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is computationally demonstrated on the maintenance of an ocean farm consisting of 30 WECs.
The Role of Negative Online Reviews as Informants and Recommenders: An Abstract

Negative information has been considered more diagnostic and informative than positive ones for product decision making purposes. Although researchers have studied the effect of negative online reviews, there exist unexplored gaps in the literature. One aspect relates to the role of online consumer reviews that provide product information and recommendations (Lee et al. 2007). Informant reviews provide information from the customer’s point of view as opposed to the available product information provided by vendors. In contrast, recommender online reviews make approvals or criticisms by providing a positive or a negative signal of product popularity.
Surgical Techniques for Mitral Valve Repair: A Pathoanatomic Grading System:

Mitral valve surgery has evolved over 4 decades from one based on the principles of prosthetic replacement to a subspecialty with a foundation based on the principles of repair. This review will at...
Diffusion of Nanoparticles in Entangled Poly(vinyl alcohol) Solutions and Gels

We studied the diffusion of gold nanoparticles within entangled solutions and gels formed by high molecular weight (Mw = 89000 g/mol) poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) in water by using fluctuation correla...
Evidence from Consultation Defines the Difference Between Clinical Doctorates and the Ph.D. in Clinical Laboratory Science

Since the inception of the doctorate in clinical laboratory science (DCLS), universities sponsoring educational programs for this new practitioner have struggled with its academic placement. The PhD is considered the highest achievement level and oriented toward research. Practice doctorates are considered applied though still at the doctoral level and classified as terminal degrees for many healthcare professions. Rutgers University, the first to offer the DCLS, opted to launch the educational program for this new practitioner as an advanced practice clinical doctorate, conceiving the practice to be applied and patient/consumer focused. During completion of the first DCLS curriculum, evidence emerged describing an additional curriculum need to augment competencies in clinical research equivalent to competencies associated with the Ph.D. During the DCLS residency year, the Consultation Model was implemented in four clinical settings: Consumer Information (CI), a national consultation network; Diagnostic Management Intervention (DMI), laboratory consultation; Patient Care Intervention (PCI)**, clinical service consultation; and Utilization Review (UR), EHR and LIS review consultation. Data were collected on multiple variables: provider type, diagnosis, diagnostic question, testing cycle phase, treatment phase, and complexity (hand-offs and/or logic steps). Analyses of the consultation variables indicated the need for additional clinical research competencies, particularly data analytics associated with data warehouses built from EHR/LIS elements, and development of diagnostic algorithms supporting treatment paths. Adding these additional research competencies to the DCLS curriculum is underway which will result in a dual degree option, DCLS/Ph.D. Doctoral students will be accepted into either program but must demonstrate aptitude in clinical research to progress to the Ph.D.
Translational Approaches for Antidepressant Drug Development

Abstract While many effective antidepressant drugs treat major depressive disorder (MDD), many patients still suffer from residual depressive/anxiety symptoms, poor sleep, cognitive dysfunction, suicidality, or the lack of significant response. Translational or experimental medicine approaches are required to promote or terminate programs for objective data-driven results. This review will discuss translational paradigms that are agnostic with respect to indication such as target occupancy and are especially useful for antagonists/inhibitors. However, there is less certainty regarding required target occupancy for agonists or positive allosteric modulators (PAMs). Thus a range of functional biomarkers are needed including polysomnography (PSG), measuring biasing of emotional response, cognition, impulsivity, and a speculative discussion on microRNAs (miRs). A number of different examples will be described for how these types of biomarkers can be applied to drug development where the most pressing decision is whether to invest $15–20 million on a Phase 2 proof-of-concept (PoC) trial. These biomarkers may also support clinical meaningful differentiation.
“Can’t Stop Coughing (But I Need to Get Back to the Shelter by 6)”

In this chapter, we will explore a case involving an outbreak of tuberculosis that occurred among men living in a homeless shelter. The case delves into both the public health challenges involved in investigating a disease outbreak in a vulnerable population and the delicate balance of protecting individuals’ autonomy and confidentiality while protecting the public’s health. By the conclusion of the case, learners will be able to apply the socioecological model to tuberculosis, analyze an outbreak of disease using epidemiologic tools, and identify conflicts in balancing autonomy and justice while managing potential public health threats.
Case 1-2020: An 11-Year-Old Boy with Vomiting and Weight Loss

A Boy with Vomiting and Weight Loss An 11-year-old boy was evaluated at the hospital because of ongoing vomiting and weight loss. Endoscopic evaluation revealed erythema of the gastric antrum and m...
HYPERTENSION, OBESITY, DIABETES, AND HEART FAILURE-FREE SURVIVAL: THE CARDIOVASCULAR LIFETIME RISK POOLING PROJECT

Quantification of heart failure (HF)-free survival in the context of risk factor burden in mid-life may improve risk communication and prevention efforts. We conducted a pooled, individual-level survival analysis from the Framingham Heart, Framingham Offspring, Chicago Heart Association Detection
Research on Intelligent Fault Diagnosis of Power Acquisition Based on Knowledge Graph

With the vigorous construction of State Grid Corporation’s ubiquitous power Internet of Things, the access of massive heterogeneous terminals will make the pressure of power grid acquisition and operation increase sharply. The original Fault Operation and Maintenance Knowledge Base for Electric Information Collection System(FOM-KB) based on tree structure design is bound to be unable to meet the requirements of efficient intelligent decision-making under massive operation and maintenance data. Based on knowledge graph technology, this paper establishes a knowledge question-and-answer system for fault diagnosis of Electric Information Collection System, which can realize efficient traversal search of nodes and paths, effectively improve reasoning efficiency, and support the realization of high efficiency and intellectualization of acquisition and maintenance fault diagnosis under the situation of ubiquitous power Internet of things.
Effectiveness of health education on iodine deficiency disorders and drinking-water-borne endemic fluorosis in Xinzhou City Shanxi Province in 2011

Objective To find out whether people in Xinzhou Shanxi know the hazard of both iodine deficiency disorders and drinking-water-borne endemic tluorosis,in Xinzhou Shanxi and to promote people actively participate in prevention of the diseases and to achieve a sustainable development of health education in endemic diseases.Methods Ningwu,Baode,Kelan and Jingle Counties were selected to carry out the.health education program of iodine deficiency disorders and Wutai,Xinfu and Fanshi counties were selected to carry out the health education project of drinking-water-borne endemic fluorosis in Xinzhou City Shanxi Province in 2011.To carry out the base line questionnaire survey,in the beginning and at the end of the project,three townships from each county were chosen,and one primary school was selected from each chosen township,15 housewives were selected from each chosen township and 30 fifth grade students were selected from each primary school.Results ① The baseline survey:a total of 366 pupils of grade 5 and 183 housewives were investigated,and the awareness rate of iodine deficiency disorders was 77.41％ (850/1098) and 80.33％ (441/549),respectively; a total of 270 pupils of grade 5 and 138 housewives were investigated,and the awareness rate of drinking-water-borne endemic fluorosis was 80.74％ (654/810) and 81.40％ (337/414),respectively; ② The effect evaluation:a total of 366 pupils of grade 5 and 181 housewives were investigated,and the awareness rates of iodine deficiency disorders were 91.62％ (1006/1098) and 92.45％ (502/543),which were compared with that of baseline investigation,and the awareness rates were improved significantly (x2 =84.69,34.04,all P ＜ 0.01); a total of 270 pupils of grade 5 and 138 housewives were investigated,awareness rates of drinking-water-borne endemic fluorosis were 93.95％ (761/810) and 93.48％(387/414),which were compared with that of baseline survey,and the awareness rates were improved significantly(x2 =63.94,27.47,all P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions After implementation of health education project on endemic diseases,the self-protection awareness of the fifth grade students and housewives is promoted effectively,awareness of prevention knowledge on endemic diseases is raised,which lays a foundation for controlling and eliminating the endemic diseases. Key words: Endemic diseases; Health Education; Health promotion; Outcome assessment
Mature Retina Compensates Functionally for Partial Loss of Rod Photoreceptors

Loss of primary neuronal inputs inevitably strikes every neural circuit. The deafferented circuit could propagate, amplify, or mitigate input loss, thus affecting the circuit's output. How the deafferented circuit contributes to the effect on the output is poorly understood because of lack of control over loss of and access to circuit elements. Here, we control the timing and degree of rod photoreceptor ablation in mature mouse retina and uncover compensation. Following loss of half of the rods, rod bipolar cells mitigate the loss by preserving voltage output. Such mitigation allows partial recovery of ganglion cell responses. We conclude that rod death is compensated for in the circuit because ganglion cell responses to stimulation of half of the rods in an unperturbed circuit are weaker than responses after death of half of the rods. The dominant mechanism of such compensation includes homeostatic regulation of inhibition to balance the loss of excitation.
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging findings in primary arrhythmogenic left ventricular cardiomyopathy with cardiocutaneous phenotype-Carvajal syndrome.

The current revised task force criteria for diagnosis of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) includes only morphological criteria for right ventricle with no consideration for left ventricle criteria.1 However, accumulating evidence suggests increasing left ventricle involvement in ACM. One such phenotype is Carvajal syndrome, which is a primary left ventricle ACM that is inherited as a familial cardiocutaneous syndrome consisting of woolly hair, palmoplantar keratoderma, and cardiac involvement. High index of clinical suspicion and advanced imaging based on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are key to making the diagnosis. We describe here cardiac MRI findings and scar pattern that led to the diagnosis of Carvajal syndrome in our patient. Key Teaching Points • Arrhythmogenic left-sided ventricular cardiomyopathy (ALVC) is a rare type of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy with a phenotype that is distinct from the traditional arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. • High index of clinical suspicion and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging are key to the diagnosis of ALVC. • A circumferential/ring-like pattern of epicardial or midmyocardial delayed enhancement pattern is increasingly recognized as a hallmark for clinically suspected ALVC with desmosomal mutation (Carvajal syndrome).
Strangers in a New Land: Rural School Personnel’s Perceptions of the Implementation of an International Student Program

Many high schools in the northeastern United States have suffered from declining enrollment due to a declining population of school-age children in the region. Administrators, counselors and teachers perceive many impacts of the implementation of an international student program at a rural high school. This qualitative case study reveals that the rural high school’s unique nature impacts international student programs, international students influence both school culture and programming, and international students suffer from isolation. School leaders would benefit from considerations in the form of professional development both prior to implementation of an international student program and ongoing throughout its duration. It is important for schools to find ways to respectfully honor student cultures and optimize learning experiences. School leaders would be wise to determine desired size of international student programs and make efforts accordingly to achieve that size for optimal effectiveness for the benefit of both host and international students. Implications and recommendations for future research include further exploration of the perceived experiences of European and Chinese international students, understanding the unique nature of rural high schools and international student experiences, and examination of school practices.
Evaluation of canonical choline chloride based deep eutectic solvents as dye-sensitized solar cell electrolytes.

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are beginning to attract interest as electrolyte alternatives to conventional organic solvents and ionic liquids within dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The precise roles played by DES components and whether they simply represent a benign medium for mobilizing charge carriers or present beneficial functionality that impacts device performance remain unclear. To begin to address this deficiency in understanding, we performed a comprehensive characterization of the three “canonical” choline chloride-based DESs (i.e., reline, ethaline, and glyceline) as DSSC electrolytes hosting the iodide–triiodide (I−/I3−) redox couple. The measurement of electrolyte viscosities, determination of triiodide diffusion coefficients, and photovoltaic performances assessed for water contents up to 40 wt. % allow the emergence of several important insights. A comparison to the observed photovoltaic performance arising from the individual components aids in further clarifying the impact of DES chemistry and solution viscosity on photovoltaic and charge carrier diffusion characteristics. Finally, we introduce the DES guaniline—consisting of a 1:1 molar ratio mixture of choline chloride with guanidinium thiocyanate—demonstrating it to be a superior DSSC electrolyte over those formulated from the three most widely studied canonical DESs at all water contents investigated.
RiemannHilbert problem on a hyperelliptic surface and uniformly stressed inclusions embedded into a half-plane subjected to antiplane strain

An inverse problem of the elasticity of n elastic inclusions embedded into an elastic half-plane is analysed. The boundary of the half-plane is free of traction. The half-plane and the inclusions a...