cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three-Dimensional Modeling of Turbid Density Currents in Imha Reservoir, South Korea

AbstractThe propagation dynamics of the turbid density currents of the Imha Reservoir is investigated using the FLOW-3D computational fluid dynamics code. The renormalization group (RNG) κ-e turbulence scheme in a Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) framework was applied for the field investigation. A new particle dynamics algorithm was developed and coupled with the FLOW-3D model to simulate the settling of sediment particles, and the model was tested with field measurements during Typhoon Ewiniar. The coupled model correctly predicted the spatial and temporal evolution of intrusive density currents with plunging flows at a depth of 20 m and interflows propagating downstream at about 0.2 m/s. The simulation results with sediment settling demonstrated that the ratio of transported to initial sediment concentration (C0/Ci) varies as a function of particle size ds and sediment concentration. Density currents can be classified into three regimes: (1) a suspended regime (ds<10 μm), where interflows will ...
Effects of infantile handling on heart rate conditioning and response suppression

Male and female Holtzman rat pups were either handled or left undisturbed during Days 2–5 after birth. When tested at about 55 days of age, there were no differences in heart rate during classical conditioning attributable to the handling treatment. Handling did, however, increase lick suppression during CER extinction.
Cyclotron production of carrier-free gallium-67☆

Medical investigators have indicated that carrier-free 67Ga may be an important radionuclide for locating and imaging certain tumors. This radionuclide has been produced in 100-mCi quantities in the ORNL 86-in. Cyclotron under conditions obtainable with commercial cyclotrons. Production yields, problems, and a chemical-separation procedure from natural zinc-targets are presented.
Mutual information analysis of JPEG2000 contexts

Context-based arithmetic coding has been widely adopted in image and video compression and is a key component of the new JPEG2000 image compression standard. In this paper, the contexts used in JPEG2000 are analyzed using the mutual information, which has a direct link with the compression performance. We first show that, when combining the contexts, the mutual information between the contexts and the encoded data will decrease unless the conditional probability distributions of the combined contexts are the same. Given I, the initial number of contexts, and F, the final desired number of contexts, there are S(I, F) possible context classification schemes where S(I, F) is called the Stirling number of the second kind. The optimal classification scheme is the one that gives the maximum mutual information. Instead of exhaustive search, the optimal classification scheme can be obtained through a modified Generalized Lloyd algorithm with the relative entropy as the distortion metric. For binary arithmetic coding, the search complexity can be reduced by using the dynamic programming. Our experimental results show that the JPEG2000 contexts capture very well the correlations among the wavelet coefficients. At the same time, the number of contexts used as part of the standard can be reduced without loss in the coding performance.
Genetic and Molecular Characterization of a Dental Pathogen Using Genome-Wide Approaches

Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans causes periodontitis, a costly chronic infection that affects a large number of patients. The pathogenesis of this dental infection is a multifactorial process that results in a serious degenerative disease of the periodontium. Although significant progress has been achieved after the identification of this Gram-negative bacterium as the etiological agent of this infection, much remains to be done to understand in detail the bacterial factors and host-pathogen interactions involved in the pathogenesis of this disease. Classic research approaches have resulted in the identification of important virulence factors and cellular processes, although they have provided a rather narrow picture of some of the steps of this complex process. In contrast, a much wider picture could be obtained with the application of tools such as bioinformatics and genomics. These tools will provide global information regarding the differential expression of genes encoding factors and processes t...
Status Of The Hughes Charge-Coupled-Device-Addressed Liquid Crystal Light Valve

This paper discusses the present state of development of the Hughes charge-coupled-device-addressed liquid crystal light valve (CCD LCLV). The device is based on the photoactivated silicon LCLV and is suitable for a range of applications, including adaptive optics and as a programmable mask for optical data processing systems.
The effects of size, clutter, and complexity on vanishing-point distances in visual imagery

The portrayal of vanishing-point distances in visual imagery was examined in six experiments. In all experiments, subjects formed visual images of squares, and the squares were to be oriented orthogonally to subjects' line of sight. The squares differed in their level of surface complexity, and were either undivided, divided into 4 equally sized smaller squares, or divided into 16 equally sized smaller squares. Squares also differed in stated referent size, and ranged from 3 in. to 128 ft along each side. After subjects had formed an image of a specified square, they transformed their image so that the square was portrayed to move away from them. Eventually, the imaged square was portrayed to be so far away that if it were any further away, it could not be identified. Subjects estimated the distance to the square that was portrayed in their image at that time, the vanishing-point distance, and the relationship between stated referent size and imaged vanishing-point distance was best described by a power function with an exponent less than 1. In general, there were trends for exponents (slopes on log axes) to increase slightly and for multiplicative constants (y intercepts on log axes) to decrease as surface complexity increased. No differences in exponents or in multiplicative constants were found when the vanishing-point was approached from either sub-threshold or suprathreshold directions. When clutter in the form of additional imaged objects located to either side of the primary imaged object was added to the image, the exponent of the vanishing-point function increased slightly and the multiplicative constant decreased. The success of a power function (and the failure of the size-distance invariance hypothesis) in describing the vanishing-point distance function calls into question the notions (a) that a constant grain size exists in the, imaginal visual field at a given location and (b) that grain size specifies a lower limit in the storage of information in visual images.
598 THE EFFECT OF VIRAL LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION IN INFANCY ON PULMONARY FUNCTION IN CHILDHOOD PROSPECTIVE STUDY

A group of infants who developed bronchiolitis in the first 18 months of life and a control group of normal infants were followed from birth through six years of age in order to determine the effects of viral infections on long-term lung development. Epidemiologic data concerning family history of atopic disease, breast-feeding and exposure of subjects to cigarette smoke were obtained. At age 5 to 6 years, subjects had detailed pulmonary function testing. Over 70% of the infants with bronchiolitis developed recurrent episodes of wheezing during the study period. No single factor was predictive of the development of bronchiolitis or wheezing. However, breast-feeding, exposure to cigarette smoke in the home and magnitude of cell-mediated immune response to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) at the time of primary RSV infection were strongly predictive of the development of recurrent wheezing and/or number of episodes of wheezing. When tested at 5 to 6 years of age, over 157, of the bronchiolitis group had reduced FEF25-75 and/or reduced FEF50 (less than 60% of expected for age) while none of the controls had such a reduction. RV/TLC ratios were increased (>1.75) in 26% of bronchiolitis patients vs. 4% of controls (0.1>p>0.05). These data indicate that intrinsic as well as environmental factors determine the frequency with which wheezing episodes occur in early childhood and may have some effect on development of the small airway.
Social Media and Nutrition Education: The Food Hero Experience

Social media can be a quick, low-cost, direct way for nutrition educators to broaden the scope of their targeted programs. The authors' viewpoint is that for social media to be effective, strategies for its use should follow “best practices” guidelines. This viewpoint suggests social media best practices based on experience gained from the Food Hero social marketing campaign. Understanding of how nutrition educators can take advantage of social media as a new mechanism for reaching their target audience is needed, including best practices for implementation, management, and evaluation.
Active control of nonlinear dynamic response of space-frames using piezo-electric actuators

Abstract A scheme for active control of nonlinear vibration of space-structures, wherein each member is modeled as a beam-column, is presented. The expressions for shear stresses transmitted to the structural member by the distributed segmented piezo-electric actuators, which are bonded on the surfaces of the member, are derived in the general case in which the structural member is subjected to moments, transverse shear forces and an axial force. Based on the weak form of the governing equations, and a complementary energy approach based on assumed stress fields, the viability of active control of nonlinear dynamic response of lattice-type space structures, using piezo actuators, is studied. Four examples are given to demonstrate the feasibility of the approaches presented in this paper.
Predicting citizen satisfaction with the quality of urban life: A mathematical model for assisting urban decision makers

Abstract In the fall of 1977 and winter of 1978, nearly 7000 citizens living in the Greater Flint Area (Michgan, U.S.A.). were interviewed in depth to assess the community's quality of life. This survey was sponsored by The Charles Stewart Mott Foundation for the purpose of developing an information system usable to grassroots and community-wide decision-making groups. The data were analyzed for each of 42 neighborhoods, as well as for the total area. The purpose of this paper is to explain a predictive model developed by using multiple linear regression techniques. Thirty-eight factors were regressed against two dependent variables : 1. (1) Citizen satisfaction with the quality of life in the Flint area. 2. (2) Citizen satisfaction with the quality of life in the neighborhood. The 38 independent factors used in the modeling represented various social and psychological aspects of community life. It is believed that a knowledge of how these human dimensions contribute to citizens satisfaction with the quality of community life will sensitize leaders to the likely outcomes of their community development policies.
Cultural Relativity and the Logic of Philosophy

This paper is an attempt to elicit some features of one of those areas of investigation which may be designated by the term ‘philosophical logic.’ However, before the topic is more carefully delimited, perhaps it would be illuminating to indicate briefly the wider contexts which are being eliminated as matters of concern. ‘Philosophical logic’ suggests at least three different sorts of inquiry, each of which has been a matter of concern for philosophers. One may take the term to designate a certain kind of logic, the philosophical variety, to be distinguished from other varieties, such as the common-sensical or the mathematical. This may be roughly synonymous with ‘metaphysics’ or ‘ontology.’ One may interpret the term as demarcating a certain collection of problems arising in logic which may or ought to be the objects of philosophical scrutiny. Used in this way, the term is synonymous with ‘the philosophy of logic,’ the critical appraisal of the presuppositions and procedures of logic. This would be the same sort of discipline as the philosophy of science, the philosophy of art, or the philosophy of religion.
Adipose Tissue Lipoprotein Lipase in Chronic Hemodialysis: Role in Plasma Triglyceride Metabolism*

The role of adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in the pathogenesis of hypertriglyceridemia in uremic patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis was evaluated. The fasting level of adipose tissue LPL activity was reduced below normal (3.4 +/- 2.5 microU/106 cells; n = 23; mean +/- SD) in hypertriglyceridemic dialysis patients (1.5 +/- 0.8; P less than 0.01; n = 15) and did not differ from normal in normotriglyceridemic dialysis patients (2.5 +/- 2.4; P = NS; n = 13). The enzyme activity increased as a function of relative body weight in normotriglyceridemic hemodialysis patients (r = 0.21; P less than 0.05) but not in the hypertriglyceridemic group (r = 0.21; P = NS). There was an abnormal response of LPL to feeding in the hypertriglyceridemic dialysis patients. The postprandial level of LPL was significantly lower in hypertriglyceridemic dialysis patients (2.2 +/- 1.0; n = 9) than in normotriglyceridemic dialysis patients (3.9 +/- 1.9; P less than 0.05; n = 10) or normal controls (4.8 +/- 1.8; P less than 0.01; n = 12). Whereas the postprandial change in LPL was inversely related to the fasting enzyme activity in normotriglyceridemic dialysis patients (r = 0.74; P less than 0.02; n = 10) and in normal controls (r = 0.58; P less than 0.05; n = 12), no such relationship existed in hypertriglyceridemic dialysis patients (r = 0.17; P = NS; n = 9). Furthermore, fasting plasma triglyceride levels in the entire group of dialysis patients were a function of the postprandial level of LPL activity (rs = 0.574; P less than 0.02; n = 19). Since the level of LPL 1) is below normal in both the fasted and fed state in the hypertriglyceridemic hemodialysis patients, 2) is normal in both the fasted and fed state in the normotriglyceridemic hemodialysis patients, and 3) in the fed state is inversely correlated with the fasting plasma triglyceride concentration in the entire group of hemodialysis patients, it is proposed that adipose tissue LPL plays a role in the etiology of hypertriglyceridemia in hemodialysis patients.
Service loyalty: implications for service providers

Service industries have been, and will continue to be, largely responsible for much of the domestic and international economic growth in the USA. Service loyalty, which can be obtained by building relationships and providing excellent customer service, is often the key factor that builds competitive advantage for service providers. The main goal article is to provide a conceptual framework for service loyalty, but one that is not based on empirical support. Contends that this framework can assist service providers in determining the type of loyalty conditions that are likely to exist for specific service industries. Offers in addition some guidelines with which to devise appropriate marketing strategies for each service loyalty condition.
Characterization of scannerless ladar

Scannerless laser radar (LADAR) is the next revolutionary step in laser radar technology. It has the potential to dramatically increase the image frame rate over raster-scanned systems while eliminating mechanical moving parts. The system presented here uses a negative lens to diverge the light from a pulsed laser to floodlight illuminate a target. Return light is collected by a commercial camera lens, an image intensifier tube applies a modulated gain, and a relay lens focuses the resulting image onto a commercial CCD camera. To produce range data, a minimum of three snapshots is required while modulating the gain of the image intensifier tube's microchannel plate (MCP) at a MHz rate. Since November 1997 the scannerless LADAR designed by Sandia National Laboratories has undergone extensive testing. It has been taken on numerous field tests and has imaged calibrated panels up to a distance of 1 km on an outdoor range. Images have been taken at ranges over a kilometer and can be taken at much longer ranges with modified range gate settings. Sample imagery and potential applications are presented here. The accuracy of range imagery produced by this scannerless LADAR has been evaluated and the range resolution was found to be approximately 15 cm. Its sensitivity was also quantified and found to be many factors better than raster- scanned direct detection LADAR systems. Additionally, the effect of the number of snapshots and the phase spacing between them on the quality of the range data has been evaluated. Overall, the impressive results produced by scannerless LADAR are ideal for autonomous munitions guidance and various other applications.
Kilometre-scale thermohaline overturn of pore waters in the Louisiana Gulf Coast

Convincing evidence exists for the large-scale convection of sea water through the upper oceanic crust, even at considerable distances from mid-ocean ridges1,2. There has been considerable interest in verifying the existence of convective overturn of pore fluid in large sedimentary basins, a mass-transport process which could profoundly influence the transport of heat, hydrocarbons, metals and diagenetically reactive dissolved constituents3,4. The existence of fluid convection in sediments of the United States Gulf Coast has been inferred on the basis of the large volumes of fluid necessary to account for the observed diagenetic alteration5 and the existence of thermal anomalies that cannot be explained by simple conductive transport of heat3,6. Theoretical Rayleigh–Darcy calculations6,7 support the notion that thermally driven convection is possible. Here I present geochemical and physical evidence for the existence of density inversions in Gulf Coast pore fluids sufficient to drive large-scale convective fluid flow at rates conceivably as high as metres per year. The density inversions are caused in part by the dissolution of salt diapirs and the formation of dense, saline brines at shallow depths.
Follow-UP Report on Modified Earpieces and CROS for High-Frequency Hearing Losses.

Questionnaires were sent to 86 persons with high-frequency hearing losses for whom hearing aids utilizing standard, vented or open earmolds had been recommended. The purpose was to learn whether on...
Neo-clerodane diterpenes from Ajuga turkestanica

The ethyl acetate extract of the aerial parts of Ajuga turkestanica afforded 6 neo-clerodane diterpenes, including two novel compounds, 14, 15-dihydroajugachin B (1) and 14-hydro-15-methoxyajugachin B (2), in addition to the known diterpenoids chamaepitin (3), ajugachin B (4), ajugapitin (5) and lupulin A (6). Structures were established through exhaustive NMR spectroscopic analysis and chemical transformation in the case of 1. The full (1)H and (13)C NMR assignment of the C-15 R and S configurations of 14-hydro-15-methoxyajugachin B and chamaepitin were elucidated.
Concerning the electron density at the Pb nucleus in PbO as a function of bond length

Abstract High resolution measurements on the J = 1 ← 0 transitions of PbO have been performed using a Fourier transform microwave spectrometer. The available transition frequency for the 208 Pb 18 O isotopomer has allowed the rotational molecular field shift parameter for lead, V 01 Pb , in PbO to be determined for the first time. The parameter gives unique insight concerning how the electron density at the Pb nucleus alters as a function of the Pb–O internuclear separation.
Pharmacovigilance in the 21st Century: New Systematic Tools for an Old Problem

The large number of adverse-event reports generated by marketed drugs and devices argues for the application of validated computerized algorithms to supplement traditional methods of detecting adverse-event signals. Difficulties in accurately estimating patient exposure and background rates for a given event in a specific population hinder risk estimation in spontaneous adverse-event databases. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is evaluating a Bayesian data mining system called Multi-item Gamma Poisson Shrinker (MGPS) to enhance the FDA's ability to monitor the safety of drugs, biologics, and vaccines after they have been approved for use. The MGPS computes adjusted higher-than-expected reporting relationships between drugs and adverse events across 35 years of data relative to internal background rates. The MGPS can also adjust for random noise by using a model derived from the data, and corrects for temporal trends and confounding related to age, sex, and other variables by stratifying over 900 categories. Signals can then be compared with or used in conjunction with other sources (e.g. clinical trials, general practice databases) to further study the adverse-event risk. The example of pancreatitis risk with atypical antipsychotics, valproic acid, and valproate is used to discuss the strengths and limitations of MGPS versus traditional methods. Validated data mining techniques offer great promise to enhance pharmacovigilance practices.
The ultrastructure of process formation following treatment with db-cAMP of a Chinese hamster ovary x Chinese hamster brain cell hybrid.

Abstract Scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy studies were performed on a hybrid, resulting from the Sendai-virus fusion of a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) Glycine A (Gly−A) auxotrophic mutant cell [1,2] with a freshly-biopsied suspension of Chinese hamster cerebral cortex cells. In normal growth medium the hybrid differs from the CHO parental cell in displaying a squamous, polygonal, epithelioid appearance with sparse microvilli and ribosome-filled knobs (blebs). Slender filopodia, which sometimes reach a length of 25 μm, extend from interphase cells. Bundles of microfilaments (6 nm diameter) are observed closely associated with the cell membrane and the perinuclear region, arranged more or less in parallel to the glass substrate. The untreated hybrid has a relatively unpatterned arrangement of microtubules and reveals desmosomes at points of cell contact. When treated with N6,O2-dibutyryl adenosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphoric acid (db-cAMP) plus the Synergist testololactone, the response of the hybrid differs markedly from the fibroblastic habitus assumed by CHO [3, 4, 5]. The hybrid cells become stellate, forming processes or cytoplasmic extensions which radiate from a central, microvillus-covered, rounded, cell body. The arborizing processes number 2–8 per cell and form a contiguous network between cells of a colony. Desmosomes are seen at these points of process-to-cell body junctions. Parallel microtubules, 10 nm filaments, and 6 nm microfilaments, as well as organelles of the unstimulated cytoplasm such as free ribosomes, lipid granules, mitochondria, rough ER, and myelin figures are present in the nerve-like extensions. Knobs disappear completely following cAMP treatment. On removal of the db-cAMP, disappearance of the processes is apparent in 1–2 h so that the cell returns to its original morphology. This reversal is accompanied by ruffling activity at the cell borders. The central, rounded portion of the cell returns to the former flattened state somewhat more slowly. These studies demonstrating a cAMP-induced change in morphology and microtubule arrangement, produced in CHO X brain cell hybrids support the previous proposals that: (1) cAMP action is necessary for organization of cellular microtubules to form a pattern; (2) this pattern is a function of the cellular differentiation state and is determined by genetic or epigenetic factors.
Dilaton-assisted Dark Matter

A dilaton could be the dominant messenger between standard model fields and dark matter. The measured dark matter relic abundance relates the dark matter mass and spin to the conformal breaking scale. The dark matter-nucleon spin-independent cross section is predicted in terms of the dilaton mass. We compute the current constraints on the dilaton from LEP and Tevatron experiments, and the gamma-ray signal from dark matter annihilation to dilatons that could be observed by Fermi Large Area Telescope.
Rise of Buoyant Emissions from Low-Level Sources in the Presence of Upstream and Downstream Obstacles

Field and laboratory studies have been conducted to investigate the effect of surrounding buildings on the plume rise from low-level buoyant sources, such as distributed power generators. The field experiments were conducted in Palm Springs, California, USA in November 2010 and plume rise from a 9.3 m stack was measured. In addition to the field study, a laboratory study was conducted in a water channel to investigate the effects of surrounding buildings on plume rise under relatively high wind-speed conditions. Different building geometries and source conditions were tested. The experiments revealed that plume rise from low-level buoyant sources is highly affected by the complex flows induced by buildings stationed upstream and downstream of the source. The laboratory results were compared with predictions from a newly developed numerical plume-rise model. Using the flow measurements associated with each building configuration, the numerical model accurately predicted plume rise from low-level buoyant sources that are influenced by buildings. This numerical plume rise model can be used as a part of a computational fluid dynamics model.
Association cortex lesions and stimulus generalization in cats

Following go/no-go discrimination training, cats with large anterior or posterior association cortex lesions were tested for excitatory and inhibitory generalization of response to line tilt. Frontal Ss were slightly, but insignificantly, impaired in learning the go/no-go discrimination relative to the posterior and control Ss. There were no differences between lesion groups in form or level of generalization gradients. Generalization decrements following excitatory training were much more pronounced than those following inhibitory training, although there was some evidence of inhibitory control.
Three dimensional experimental characterization of a NiMnGa alloy

Magnetic shape memory alloys (MSMAs) are materials that can display up to 10% recoverable strain in response to the application of a magnetic field or compressive mechanical stress. The recoverable strain depends on the magnitude of the stress and magnetic field that is applied to the material. Due to their large strains as well as fast response, MSMAs are suitable for actuation, power harvesting, and sensing applications. Broadening the range of applications for MSMAs requires an understanding of their magneto-mechanical behavior beyond 2D loading cases that have been studied to date. The response of MSMAs is primarily driven by the reorientation of martensite variants. During the reorientation process a change in material’s magnetization occurs. Using a pick-up coil (placed around, or on the side, of the specimen) one may convert this change in magnetization into an electric potential/voltage, making the material act as a power harvester. The magnitude of the output voltage depends on the number of turns of the pick-up coil, the amplitude of the reorientation strain, the magnitude and direction of the biased magnetic field, and the frequency at which the reorientation occurs. This paper presents experimental results for the material behavior under 3D loading conditions, including power harvesting data generated under such loading conditions. The 3D experimental data includes the material’s response to two compressive mechanical stresses, applied in perpendicular directions, simultaneously with the application of a magnetic field applied in the remaining orthogonal direction. The power harvesting data includes magnetic fields in multiple directions and different orientations of the pick-up coil. Results indicate that the presence of a bias magnetic field along the specimen length (i.e. the direction of application of the compressive stress) in addition to that applied normal to the specimen length, leads to an increase in the electric potential output.
Positive versus negative schizophrenia and basic symptoms

In a sample of 71 Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) schizophrenic patients, the relationship among the basic symptoms measured by the Frankfurt Complaint Questionnaire and Andreasen and Olsen's types of schizophrenia was studied. The results do not support an overlap between negative and basic symptoms; rather, basic symptoms appear to be more frequent in patients with positive symptoms. Basic symptoms were consistently correlated to formal thought disturbances, but the values were only moderate (r = .3).
A Personal Commentary on Biological and Bioactive Silicon Systems

We close this special issue of SILICON with a personal commentary on Biological and Bioactive Silicon Systems by the editor-in-chief of the journal SILICON and the guest co-editor of this special issue.
Linkage learning, overlapping building blocks, and systematic strategy for scalable recombination

This paper aims at an important, but poorly studied area in genetic algorithm (GA) field: How to design the crossover operator for problems with overlapping building blocks (BBs). To investigate this issue systematically, the relationship between an inaccurate linkage model and the convergence time of GA is studied. Specifically, the effect of the error of so-called false linkage is analogized to a lower exchange probability of uniform crossover. The derived qualitative convergence-time model is used to develop a scalable recombination strategy for problems with overlapping BBs. A set of problems with circularly overlapping BBs exemplify the recombination strategy.
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Associated with Clozapine Treatment

Although not universally accepted, evidence exists that clozapine treatment may be associated with neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS). To date, 10 cases of NMS associated with the use of clozapine have been reported in the literature. We report two more cases of NMS in patients on clozapine treatment and review the clinical presentations, biochemical features, risk factors, treatment, and rechallenge with neuroleptics in all reported patients who developed NMS while receiving clozapine treatment. An update and critical review of clozapine-induced NMS are also presented. Clozapine treatment can cause NMS similar to that induced by conventional neuroleptics. A history of NMS, existing brain insults, low serum iron concentrations, and being a young male may be risk factors for the development of NMS associated with clozapine treatment. NMS most commonly occurs when clozapine is being used along with other psychotropics. Early recognition of the syndrome and cessation of clozapine when NMS occurs are advised. Supportive care and use of dopamine agonists and dantrolene may be helpful in treating clozapine-associated NMS. These results support the notion that clozapine can cause NMS. However, NMS associated with clozapine treatment is a rare event. When it happens, the clinical presentation, risk factors, and management appear to be similar to those of NMS associated with conventional neuroleptics.
Transmission electron microscopy studies of defects in HgCdTe device structures grown by molecular beam epitaxy

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to evaluate the microstructure of molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) grown (211)B oriented HgCdTe films. TEM analysis of in-situ doped p-on-n and n-p-n device structures will be presented. Under fully optimized growth conditions the substrate-epilayer interface is free of threading dislocations and twins, and a high degree of structural integrity is retained throughout the entire device structure. However, under non-optimal growth conditions that employ high Hg/Te flux ratios, twins can be generated in the p-type layer of p-on-n device structure, resulting in roughness and facetting of the film surface. We propose a mechanism for twin formation that is associated with surface facetting. TEM evaluation of voids, threading dislocations and Te-precipitates in HgCdTe films are also discussed.
Properties of the H-guide at microwave and millimetre-wave regions

Wave propagation in the H-guide is investigated theoretically and experimentally. Relationships are derived to describe the field distribution and to calculate the distribution constants of the single- and double-slab guide. Higher modes are studied. The height of the guide can be increased without introducing undamped higher modes. The attenuation coefficients are calculated and analysed for X-band and millimetre wavelengths. Conduction and dielectric losses are considered. Radiation losses and the corresponding attenuation are calculated. The radiation can be arbitrarily reduced by increasing the height of the guide. The maximum transmitted power at electric breakdown is calculated. Experiments are discussed which confirm the theoretically obtained results. The overall results suggest modifications of the original structure and permit the conclusion that the guide is particularly suitable for the frequency range above 20 Gc/s.
Heregulin-mediated ErbB2-ERK Signaling Activates Hyaluronan Synthases Leading to CD44-dependent Ovarian Tumor Cell Growth and Migration

Heregulin (HRG)-induced cell responses are mediated by the ErbB family of tyrosine kinase receptors. In this study we have investigated HRG activation of ErbB2, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling, and their role in regulating hyaluronan synthase (HAS) activity in human ovarian tumor cells (SK-OV-3.ipl cells). Immunological and biochemical analyses indicate that ErbB2, ErbB3, and ErbB4 are all expressed in SK-OV-3.ipl cells and that ErbB4 (but not ErbB3) is physically linked to ErbB2 following HRG stimulation. Furthermore, our data indicate that the HRG-induced ErbB2·ErbB4 complexes stimulate ErbB2 tyrosine kinase, which induces both ERK phosphorylation and kinase activity. The activated ERK then increases the phosphorylation of HAS1, HAS2, and HAS3. Consequently, all three HAS isozymes are activated resulting in hyaluronan (HA) production. Because HRG-mediated HAS isozyme phosphorylation/activation can be effectively blocked by either AG825 (an ErbB2 inhibitor) or thiazolidinedione compound (an ERK blocker), we conclude that ErbB2-ERK signaling and HAS isozyme phosphorylation/HA production are functionally coupled in SK-OV-3.ipl cells. HRG also promotes HA- and CD44-dependent oncogenic events (e.g. CD44-Cdc42 association, p21-activated kinase 1 activation, and p21-activated kinase 1-filamin complex formation) and tumor cell-specific behaviors in an ErbB2-ERK signaling-dependent manner. Finally, we have found that the down-regulation of HAS isozyme expression (by transfecting cells with HAS1/HAS2/HAS3-specific small interfering RNAs) not only inhibits HRG-mediated HAS phosphorylation/activation and HA production but also impairs CD44-specific Cdc42-PAK1/filamin signaling, cytoskeleton activation and tumor cell behaviors. Taken together, these findings clearly indicate that HRG activation of ErbB2-ERK signaling modulates HAS phosphorylation/activation and HA production leading to CD44-mediated oncogenic events and ovarian cancer progression.
Partitioning of Solutes in Lipid Multilayers

When placed in water, lipid molecules form multilamellar vesicles (MLVs) in which lipid layers are separated by water regions. These interlamellar water regions have thicknesses on the order of 1 to 10 nanometers depending on lipid type. What happens if water contains buffer molecules? Will buffer molecules be taken inside the MLVs? If yes, then to what extent? These questions arise because the physical properties of water regions next to lipid membranes have been shown to differ from bulk water [1]. We would like to know how buffer molecules and other solutes partition between MLVs and the outer solution. To determine this partitioning, we use lipid membranes that sink in pure water but float in buffer solutions of certain concentrations. We then find the exact concentration for which the mass density of the solution matches that of the MLVs. This density matching allows us to calculate the ratio between water and buffer molecules present inside MLVs by using data from small-angle x-ray scattering. For KCl solutions, as well as for solutions of common buffers, we find that solutes are excluded from the interlamellar water regions creating a solute deficit inside the MLVs. [1] Petrache et al., Biophys. J. 86, 2004.
Chronic nicotine differentially alters cocaine-induced locomotor activity in adolescent vs. adult male and female rats

Tobacco use is prevalent in the adolescent population. It is a major concern because tobacco is highly addictive and has also been linked to illicit drug use. There is not much research, however, on the interaction between nicotine and other stimulant drugs in animal models of early adolescence. This study examined the effects of chronic nicotine alone and on cocaine-stimulated activity in male and female periadolescent rats compared to male and female adult rats. During the seven-day nicotine pretreatment period, nicotine increased locomotor activity in all groups compared to vehicle controls. Male and female adult rats and female periadolescent rats developed sensitization to the locomotor-activating effects of nicotine over the 7-day treatment period, while male periadolescent rats did not. All groups treated with nicotine, however, exhibited sensitization to nicotine-induced repetitive motion over the 7-day nicotine treatment period. On day 8, male periadolescent rats pretreated with nicotine were more markedly sensitized to the locomotor-activating effects of cocaine than male adult rats, while female rats pretreated with nicotine were not sensitized to cocaine. In contrast, male and female periadolescent rats, but not adult rats, had increased amounts of repetitive beam breaks induced by cocaine after nicotine pretreatment. Overall, it appears that cross-sensitization to cocaine is greater in periadolescent than in adult rats, and that males are more sensitized than females. Thus, it may be that nicotine use during adolescence carries a greater risk than during adulthood and that male adolescents may be particularly vulnerable to the risk of cocaine abuse after nicotine use. This information should be taken into account so as to help us better understand the development of drug addiction in adolescents compared to adults.
Prognosis in severe heart failure: Relation to hemodynamic measurements and ventricular ectopic activity

To determine the prognosis of severe heart failure and its relation to the level of ventricular dysfunction and ectopic activity, 77 patients with functional class III or IV heart failure were followed prospectively for 12 ± 11 months (range 5 to 40). Survival was computed using life-table methods and related to clinical, hemodynamic, M-mode echocardiographic and 24 hour Holter monitoring data. Hemodynamic evaluation invariably revealed pump dysfunction. Holter monitoring showed a high incidence of ventricular premature depolarizations which were paired in 62%, multiform in 71%, three or more consecutive in 51% and five or more in 39%. Overall survival was 52% at 1 year and 32% at 2 years. Mortality was highest during the initial 4 months, after which annual mortality averaged 20%. Cardiac mortality was due equally to sudden death and heart failure. Cardiac mortality during the first 4 months was related by univariate analysis to functional class (χ2= 11.4, p It is concluded that severe heart failure is associated with a high mortality from both sudden and nonsudden cardiac death. Cardiac mortality is independently related to functional status but not to the level of pump dysfunction, cardiac size or ventricular ectopic activity.
Behavioral and pharmacological modulation of ventral tegmental dendritic dopamine release

The mesocorticolimbic dopamine (DA) system is thought to comprise part of a neural substrate participating in behavioral reinforcement. While much emphasis has been placed on mesolimbic terminal field activity, the existence of somatodendritic DA release has also been established. In the present study, the release of endogenous DA from the ventral tegmental DA cell body region of freely moving rats was measured, using in vivo chronoamperometry after presentation of several environmental stimuli. While presentation of a 9-s moderately intense light stimulus did not significantly modify DA release, palatable food presentation (FD), 3 min of social interaction (SI) with another male rat and a 3-min tail-pinch (TP) produced an increase in electrochemical signal, suggesting an increase in somatodendritic DA release. Mean peak signal increases (calibrated in nM DA concentration) were 104, 135 and 161 nM after FD, SI and TP stimulus, respectively. After daily presentation of all four stimuli, one of four DA active drugs was given s.c. When compared with preinjection baseline, apomorphine (APO) caused a decrease while nomifensine (NOMI), cocaine (COC) and haloperidol (HALO) caused an increase in electrochemical signal. When TP was given 30 min after drug injection, APO, NOMI and COC suppressed the TP-induced signal increase compared with the predrug response. HALO, on the other hand, did not alter TP-induced DA release. These data support the hypothesis that the cells of origin of the mesocorticolimbic system release dendritic DA after physiologically relevant stimuli.
Quantitative analysis of the orthodontic and orthopedic effects of maxillary traction

This article analyzes differences in displacement of ANS and of the upper first molar when different vectors of force are delivered to the maxilla in non-full-banded Phase I mixed-dentition treatment of Class II malocclusion. The sample is identical to that for which we have previously reported differences in change in several key measures of mandibular and facial shape. It includes a cervical-traction group, a high-pull-to-upper-molar group, a modified-activator group, and an untreated Class II control group. Using newly developed computer-conducted procedures, which are described, we have been able to partition the orthodontic and orthopedic components of upper molar displacement and also to isolate treatment effects from those attributable to spontaneous growth and development. In the region of ANS, small but statistically significant and clinically meaningful differences were noted between treatments. When the intercurrent effects of growth and development had been factored out (Table III), orthopedic distal displacement of ANS was significantly greater in the high-pull and cervical groups than in the activator group. Orthopedic downward displacement of ANS was seen to be significantly greater in the cervical group than in the high-pull and activator groups. In the region of the first molar cusp, mean distal displacement of the tooth as an orthopedic effect was found to be almost identical in the cervical and high-pull groups (although variability was greater in the cervical group), but the mean orthodontic effect was significantly greater in the high-pull group than in the cervical group. In the cervical group, where relatively light forces were used for relatively long treatment periods on average, more of the total distal displacement of the upper molar was of an orthopedic character than of an orthodontic character. Conversely, in the high-pull group, in which relatively heavier forces tended to be used for briefer treatment periods, most of the distal displacement at the upper molar was of an orthodontic character. These observations are contrary to expectations from conventional orthodontic theory. In the activator-treated group, roughly equal components of the treatment-associated distal displacement of the upper molar were of the orthodontic and orthopedic types. As concerns changes in the vertical direction in the region of the molar cusp, significant intrusion of both the orthopedic and orthodontic types was seen in the high-pull sample as compared to each of the other groups examined.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Surface analysis of polymeric surge arresters under coastal Florida conditions

Polymeric materials are susceptible to aging and degradation due to environmental stresses (weathering). It is necessary to study the surface changes since they are the primary cause for failures and understanding why things fail is essential to finding ways of minimizing the likelihood of recurrence. This paper presents the surface transitions of polymeric housed surge arresters under accelerated multistress coastal Florida conditions, for six years. 9 KV ethylene propylene silicone blend (EPSB) and silicone rubber (SiR) commercial polymeric arresters were used for this purpose. The EPSB arresters showed slight discoloration, change in hydrophobicity, and reduction in CH/sub 3/ functional groups in the FTIR spectra while the SiR arrester surfaces remained almost intact. Weibull distribution was used to predict the probability of failure of these arresters using reduction in CH/sub 3/ FTIR Peak heights. Good results correlating this prediction and previous research have been obtained, which can be used by utilities for preventive maintenance or condition monitoring.
In Vivo Processing of Ceria Nanoparticles inside Liver: Impact on Free-Radical Scavenging Activity and Oxidative Stress

The cytotoxicity of ceria ultimately lies in its electronic structure, which is defined by the crystal structure, composition, and size. Despite previous studies focused on ceria uptake, distribution, biopersistance, and cellular effects, little is known about its chemical and structural stability and solubility once sequestered inside the liver. Mechanisms will be presented that elucidate the in vivo transformation in the liver. In vivo processed ceria reveals a particle-size effect towards the formation of ultrafines, which represent a second generation of ceria. A measurable change in the valence reduction of the second-generation ceria can be linked to an increased free-radical scavenging potential. The in vivo processing of the ceria nanoparticles in the liver occurs in temporal relation to the brain cellular and protein clearance responses that stem from the ceria uptake. This information is critical to establish a possible link between cellular processes and the observed in vivo transformation of ceria. The temporal linkage between the reversal of the pro-oxidant effect (brain) and ceria transformation (liver) suggests a cause-effect relationship.
Teacher investment in learner identity

From a sociocultural perspective, teacher identity is constructed in relation to others, including other teach ers and students. Drawing on positioning theory and the concept of investment, this study analyzed the case of a secondary English teacher who negotiated his teacher identity in relation to English language learners (ELLs). Findings indicated that the teacher made an investment in ELLs’ identity by positioning them as like any other student. The desired return on the teacher’s investment was a strengthened self-posi tioning as a natural and highly competent teacher. The implications of teacher investment in learner iden tity for teacher practice, learner identity construction, and teacher education are discussed.