cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conformal bootstrap, universality and gravitational scattering

Abstract We use the conformal bootstrap equations to study the non-perturbative gravitational scattering between infalling and outgoing particles in the vicinity of a black hole horizon in AdS. We focus on irrational 2D CFTs with large c and only Virasoro symmetry. The scattering process is described by the matrix element of two light operators (particles) between two heavy states (BTZ black holes). We find that the operator algebra in this regime is (i) universal and identical to that of Liouville CFT, and (ii) takes the form of an exchange algebra, specified by an R-matrix that exactly matches the scattering amplitude of 2 + 1 gravity. The R-matrix is given by a quantum 6 j -symbol and the scattering phase by the volume of a hyperbolic tetrahedron. We comment on the relevance of our results to scrambling and the holographic reconstruction of the bulk physics near black hole horizons.
Heritage Language and Ethnic Identity: A Case Study of Korean-American College Students

The current study explores how heritage language proficiency affects the ethnic identity of four Korean-American college students who have maintained a high level of heritage language proficiency. Findings from in-depth interviews are consistent with previous studies which show close relationships between heritage languages and ethnic identity, yet the study reveals that a high level of heritage language proficiency is not necessarily associated with a heightened sense of ethnic identity for the selected students. Interview data suggest that participants’ perceived expectations from society in general contribute to identity conflicts. A path to maintaining heritage language should start from creating a safe environment, especially in schools where heritage language speakers are protected from negative stereotypes.
Acquiring technological competencies through inter-organizational collaboration: An organizational learning perspective

Abstract Firms are becoming increasingly sophisticated in their technology strategies and are procuring know-how through a variety of collaborative methods including licensing agreements, joint ventures, minority investments, and equity acquisitions. This paper examines the relationship between an organization's learning capability and inter-organizational collaboration in acquiring technological competencies. Organizational learning is posited to be a mediating mechanism through which technological competencies are developed via varying levels of organizational interaction. A general model is developed which suggests an “efficient fit” relationship between an organization's ability to learn, characteristics of the technology, and mode of inter-organizational collaboration. The concept of a “learning gap” is introduced, and managerial implications are suggested. Finally, propositions are developed to facilitate future empirical research.
Health Care Access And Use Among Low-Income Children: Who Fares Best?

In this paper we assess how access to care and use of services among low-income children vary by insurance status. Although 40 percent of low-income children rely on private health insurance, little is known about how this coverage compares with Medicaid coverage in meeting their health care needs. We find that Medicaid and privately insured low-income children appear to have fairly comparable access but that Medicaid-covered children are more likely to receive services and to have more visits when they receive care. Expanding public coverage may not be sufficient to ensure that all low-income children have access to comprehensive and high-quality care. It may require improvements in preventive and dental care for children with private coverage, an area in which states have limited influence.
A Comparison of Two Teaching Strategies to Increase Intelligibility of Young Children's Speech

Abstract Young children whose speech is characterized by severe articulation Problems frequently demonstrate associated problems in production of the intonation patterns and rhythm of the language. It has been suggested that teaching appropriate intonation patterns may facilitate the listener's ability to understand the speech of the child. This study was designed to compare the effects of intonation training and phonological training on the intelligibility of the speech of two severely unintelligible children. The results indicated an increase in intelligibility is facilitated through training in the production of intonation patterns. The implications of the results are discussed in relation to classroom teachers and parents.
A TRANSACTION DATA STUDY OF DAY‐OF‐THE‐WEEK AND INTRADAY PATTERNS IN OPTION RETURNS

In this study common stock, call, and put option returns from 1983 to 1985 are examined by day of the week and time of day. Stock and call return patterns generally are similar, both having relatively low weekend returns and relatively high returns late in the trading day. Put options have high weekend returns, but do not have low returns late in the trading day.
Soft-start low voltage CMOS LDO

The paper presents a soft-start low voltage CMOS LDO. A double-reference bandgap was developed to provide the soft-start feature. The first reference is quicker and drives the start-up circuit, while the second is slower and, after being divided, drives the LDO core. This circuit technique allows the reduction of the supply voltage and the control of the output voltage rise time through an external capacitor in order to reduce the inrush current at start-up. Also, there is no overshoot on the output voltage at start-up, even for large capacitive loads.
Beyond insulin: rethinking cellular metabolism

The latest cancer therapeutics are almost all inhibitors of oncogenes or their downstream mediators. With the exception of imatinib, most such drugs have been disappointing in the clinic. In contrast, existing successful cancer drugs have a therapeutic index because they render the consequences of oncogene activation selectively toxic to the cancer cell. A renewed focus on this type of approach appears warranted and should be considered.
Lessons learned from epidemiologic studies of environmental exposure and genetic disease.

The induction of germ cell mutations with ionizing radiation and chemicals has been clearly demonstrated in experimental animal test systems. Less is known about the effects of environmental and other exposures on human germ cells. Epidemiologic studies of atomic bomb and childhood cancer survivors and their offspring have generally not indicated an excess risk for a variety of adverse reproductive outcomes and childhood diseases, including those due to germ cell mutations. Other epidemiologic studies, including the investigation of cancer among the offspring of fathers employed at the Sellafield nuclear facility in Great Britain and studies of paternal occupation and birth defects, have found associations. This paper reviews these studies and the methodologic problems inherent in the epidemiologic approach to evaluating environmentally induced germ cell mutagenesis in humans. Epidemiologic studies incorporating newly developed techniques for the detection of mutations and abnormalities in sperm may provide the sensitivity needed to determine precisely the magnitude of risk. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Spitzer Space Telescope's performance: getting the most out of a great observatory

The Spitzer Space Telescope was launched on August 25 th , 2003, and has been operating virtually flawlessly for over two years. The projected cryogenic lifetime for Spitzer is currently 5.5 years, substantially exceeding the required lifetime of 2.5 years and the pre-launch prediction of 5 years. The Spitzer Project has made a singular effort to extend Spitzer's lifetime through operational changes to conserve helium. Additionally, many updates to calibration and scheduling activities have been made in order to maximum the scientific return from Spitzer. Spitzer has met its level one science time requirement of 90%, and routinely exceeds it today. All this has been achieved with an operating budget that is substantially smaller than that of NASA's other Great Observatories. This paper will describe the overall performance of the Spitzer Space Telescope Science Operations System and detail the modifications made to increase both the helium lifetime and the science data return. It will also discuss trades made between performance improvements and cost. Lessons learned which can be applied to future observatory operations will be included in the paper. This work was performed at the California Institute of Technology under contract to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Tumors of the mandible and maxilla in children. I. Clinicopathologic study of 46 histologically benign lesions.

A variety of tumor and tumor-like lesions of the mandible and maxilla occurred in children ranging in age from 3 months to 15 years with a mean of 8 years. The sex distribution and involvement of the mandible and maxilla were essentially equal for the entire series, with some differences in the histologic subgroups. Fibro-osseous lesions included fibrous dysplasia, ossifying fibroma, and cementifying fibroma, and together with giant-cell granulomas accounted for 64% of the tumors. The giant-cell granulomas pursued an unpredictable clinical course but they usually became quiescent in early adult life. Only the ossifying fibroma among the fibro-osseous lesions was entirely nonaggressive in its course. Other tumors which tended to recur locally were the ameloblastoma, an aggressive fibroblastic lesion, osteoblastoma, osteoma, and the aneurysmal bone cyst. The only death recorded in this study was a child with an extensive fibrous dysplasia of the mandible which recurred on numerous occasions with death finally from pneumonia.
Fluorescent in situ Hybridization on Mitotic Chromosomes of Mosquitoes

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is a technique routinely used by many laboratories to determine the chromosomal position of DNA and RNA probes. One important application of this method is the development of high-quality physical maps useful for improving the genome assemblies for various organisms. The natural banding pattern of polytene and mitotic chromosomes provides guidance for the precise ordering and orientation of the genomic supercontigs. Among the three mosquito genera, namely Anopheles, Aedes, and Culex, a well-established chromosome-based mapping technique has been developed only for Anopheles, whose members possess readable polytene chromosomes 1 . As a result of genome mapping efforts, 88% of the An. gambiae genome has been placed to precise chromosome positions 2,3 . Two other mosquito genera, Aedes and Culex, have poorly polytenized chromosomes because of significant overrepresentation of transposable elements in their genomes 4, 5, 6 . Only 31 and 9% of the genomic supercontings have been assigned without order or orientation to chromosomes of Ae. aegypti 7 and Cx. quinquefasciatus 8 , respectively. Mitotic chromosome preparation for these two species had previously been limited to brain ganglia and cell lines. However, chromosome slides prepared from the brain ganglia of mosquitoes usually contain low numbers of metaphase plates 9 . Also, although a FISH technique has been developed for mitotic chromosomes from a cell line of Ae. aegypti 10 , the accumulation of multiple chromosomal rearrangements in cell line chromosomes 11 makes them useless for genome mapping. Here we describe a simple, robust technique for obtaining high-quality mitotic chromosome preparations from imaginal discs (IDs) of 4 th instar larvae which can be used for all three genera of mosquitoes. A standard FISH protocol 12 is optimized for using BAC clones of genomic DNA as a probe on mitotic chromosomes of Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus, and for utilizing an intergenic spacer (IGS) region of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) as a probe on An. gambiae chromosomes. In addition to physical mapping, the developed technique can be applied to population cytogenetics and chromosome taxonomy/ systematics of mosquitoes and other insect groups.
Designing Constricted Microchannels To Selectively Entrap Soft Particles

The entrapment of micron-sized particles in microscopic pores is beneficial for the efficient functioning of filtration systems and microfluidic devices for analyzing individual biological cells. To optimize the performance of these systems, it is important to isolate factors that regulate the passage of particles through micron-sized constrictions. Using computational modeling, we investigate the fluid-driven motion of compliant particles through constrictions, which are formed by pillars that extend from the top and bottom walls of a microchannel. The particles are modeled as fluid-filled capsules that have elastic shells and simulate biological cells or polymeric microcapsules. The separation between the pillars is ∼10% larger than the diameter of the undeformed capsules. We introduce an attractive interaction between the capsules and the tops of the pillars and vary the elasticity of both the capsules and pillars. Surprisingly, we find that this simple system shows a selectivity toward capsules of int...
Polymerase Chain Reaction Techniques to Detect Multiple-Nucleopolyhedrovirus in Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Predator Populations in Soybean

The detection of species and strains of baculoviruses in natural field insect populations facilitates ecological studies, risk assessment evaluation and quality control programs where wild type and/or recombinant baculoviruses are used. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was evaluated as a detection tool for determining viral persistence and spread in Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner and predatory hemipteran populations in fields of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merril. Two isolates of the A. gemmatalis nucleopolyhedrovirus (AgMNPV-2D and AgMNPV-D7) were applied individually and mixed in replicated field plots. The insect populations were sampled 1, 10, 15, 30, and 45 d after viral application and taken to the laboratory for PCR analysis. PCR analysis targeted the coding region of the viral polyhedrin gene and the highly variable homologous region 4 (hr4 region). The size of the expected products was 575 base pairs (bp) for the polyhedrin-PCR, and 1,726 bp (AgMNPV-2D) and 1,345 bp (AgMNPV-D7) for the hr4 region. The virus was detected in A. gemmatalis larvae and predators collected on all sample dates by PCR amplification of the polyhedrin region. AgMNPV was detected in the host and predator populations 1–45 d after application in the field. Virus movement into the control plots indicated that AgMNPV dispersed at a rate of 2–3 m per day. PCR amplification of the hr4 region was effective in distinguishing between AgMNPV-2D and AgMNPV-D7 isolates. The polymerase chain reaction proved to be a useful tool in ecological studies of this baculovirus.
The supremum sum-rate loss of quadratic Gaussian direct multiterminal source coding

Wagner et al. recently characterized the rate region for the quadratic Gaussian two-terminal source coding problem. They also show that the Berger-Tung sum-rate bound is tight in the symmetric case, where all sources are positively symmetric and all target distortions are equal. This work studies the sum-rate loss of quadratic Gaussian direct multiterminal source coding. We first give the minimum sum-rate for joint encoding of Gaussian sources in the symmetric case, we than show that the supremum of the sum-rate loss due to distributed encoding in this case is 1/2 log2 5/4 = 0.161 b/s when L = 2 and increases in the order of radic(L)/2 log2 e b/s as the number of terminals L goes to infinity. The supremum sum-rate loss of 0.161 b/s in the symmetric case equals to that in general quadratic Gaussian two-terminal source coding without the symmetric assumption. It is conjectured that this equality holds for any number of terminals.
Mutational studies of protein stability and folding of the hyperstable MYL Arc repressor variant.

Abstract The Arc-MYL variant is hyperstable and has an earlier transition state than wild type as a consequence of replacing the wild-type salt-bridge triad formed by R31, E36 and R40 with hydrophobic interactions formed by M31, Y36 and L40. Amino acid substitution mutations were constructed at 16 positions in the Arc-MYL background and the equilibrium stabilities of the corresponding mutant proteins were determined. At three positions, mutations were found to be less destabilizing in MYL than in wild-type Arc, and, at one position, the opposite result was obtained. The kinetics of refolding and unfolding were determined for a subset of the Arc-MYL core mutants. Three mutations—VA18, LA19 and LA40—had their major energetic effects on the refolding rate. The interactions perturbed by these mutations appear to be substantially formed in the transition state. V18 and L19 are in the N-terminal turn of helix A and L40 is in the center of helix B. The remaining mutations—VA22, MA31, VA33, YA36, VA41, MA42 and FA45—had some effects on refolding but exerted their major effects on the unfolding rate. Approximately 30% of the energetic interactions mediated by these latter side chains seem to be present in the transition state of Arc-MYL.
Teacher and Parent Ratings of Children With Depressive Disorders

The fields of child psychology and psychiatry have not yet established the clinical presentation in school of children and adolescents who have been diagnosed as having a depressive disorder. To address this issue, the authors used teacher ratings on scale oriented to the third, revised edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R). Based on DSM-III- R diagnoses generated from interviews—using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children, Epidemiological Version (K-SADS-E)—of parents and children ages 6 to 18 years old (N = 153), the authors formed three groups of children: Depressed, Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder, and Control. They then used the DSM-oriented scales of Achenbach's Teacher's Report Form and the Child Behavior Checklist, the latter completed by parents, to compare the children in each group.Teacher— parent agreement on the scales was consistent with the results from past studies.Teacher ratings distinguished am...
A Retrospective Review of Patients with Adenoid Cystic Breast Cancer Treated at Mayo Clinic.

Background: Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the breast is a rare type of breast cancer accounting for approximately 0.1% of all breast cancer and less than 200 cases are reported in the literature. Hence, data for treatment and outcome are limited. This retrospective review reports the Mayo Clinic9s experience.Methods: We identified 30 patients between 1971 and 2009 who were diagnosed with adenoid cystic breast cancer at Mayo Clinic Rochester, Arizona or Florida. Median follow-up was 62 months with a range of 1 to 424 months. Data regarding demographics (age, gender, and race), tumor characteristics (size, grade, and margin status), biological features (Estrogen receptor (ER), Progesterone receptor (PR) status, HER2 status) and clinical course (recurrence, secondary treatment) were collected. Disease free survival was calculated using Kaplan Meier estimates.Results: The median age of all patients was 58 (range, 22 – 78 years). All were female. Median tumor size was 1.3 cm (range, 0.6 – 8.5cm). Axillary lymph node sampling (sentinel or complete dissection) was performed in 15 patients. No patient had lymph node positive disease on presentation. The majority of patients had hormone receptor negative disease. Only 3 patients (10%) had weak hormone receptor (1-10%) positivity. No tumors were HER2 positive. Only two patients had high grade disease. Initial surgical data only available in twenty one patients: fifteen (50%) were treated with lumpectomy and adjuvant radiation, and 6 (20%) were treated with mastectomy. There were no local recurrences. Only one patient was treated with adjuvant chemotherapy (with cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and fluorouracil (CMF) followed by tamoxifen) but still suffered a distant recurrence within 5 years. There were a total of five patients that recurred. The 5-year disease free survival (DFS) rate for the entire cohort was 90%, and 10 year DFS was 83%. Median time to recurrence was 47.5 months (Range, 23-77 months). Recurrence occurred almost exclusively in patients with ≥ T2 disease. The primary site of metastases was lung (80%) and bone (20%) but subsequent liver and brain metastases were also seen. Treatments at relapse included surgical resection, radiosurgery and chemotherapy.Conclusion: Adenoid cystic carcinomas of the breast are rare but have overall good prognosis. This review confirms that the majority of these patients present with node negative disease, low to intermediate histologic grade and endocrine unresponsive tumors. Primary treatment is surgery (mastectomy or lumpectomy plus radiation) and there seems to be no role of any adjuvant therapy at the present time. In general, recurrences (80%) occurred with tumors larger than 2 cm and adjuvant chemotherapy and/or targeted therapy could be explored for selected patients in the context of a clinical trial. Overall mortality after recurrence was 50% but median overall survival was variable in years (1-14 years). Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 2055.
Characterizing the potential distribution of the invasive Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) in Worcester County, Massachusetts

Abstract The Asian longhorned beetle (ALB) ( Anoplophora glabripennis ) is an invasive insect pest that has established populations in Worcester County, Massachusetts as of 2008. ALB predominantly targets red maple ( Acer rubrum ), sugar maple ( Acer saccharum ), which are prominent in New England hardwood forests, and Norway maple ( Acer platanoides ), which was planted in built environments as street trees in response to severe weather and invasive insect and pathogen disturbances. Mahalanobis Typicality models related presence locations of ALB presence-only locations in Worcester County towns from 2008 to 2012 to biotic, abiotic, and anthropogenic variables to predict the potential distribution of ALB and to determine locations most characteristic of infestation. k -fold cross-validation and a continuous Boyce Index were employed to validate model performance and to identify threshold values at which continuous models of typicality could be reclassified into categorical maps. Distance-to-roads ( r 2 = 0.19) and probability of maple presence ( r 2 = 0.13) were the most important predictor variables in the ALB model. Locations that were most consistently susceptible to ALB infestation had significant high maple presence ( p p
Frozen ecstasy: visualizing hearing in marketing materials for cochlear implants

In this paper, I analyze marketing materials - principally brochures - from two cochlear implant manufacturers. Cochlear implants occupy a central place in the debates over deafness. Is deafness merely a medical condition that prevents deaf people from fully participating in the (hearing) society at large? Or is Deafness (written with a capital D) the moniker of a minority group, one with its own distinct language (e.g. American Sign Language), history, culture, and values, and thus deserving of the same civil rights afforded to other linguistic minorities? Because implants promise to eradicate deafness, they also threaten to undermine the claims of some deaf people to self-realization as members of a linguistic minority group. Not surprisingly, the marketing materials embrace a medical model of deafness as a stigmatizing deficit to be fixed. But they do so by downplaying the implant's uncertainty (i.e. implants to date can not deliver on the promise to cure deafness for all) and by ignoring the contests within the Deaf community over the place of implants in the lives of d/Deaf people.
Discovery of macrocyclic hydroxamic acids containing biphenylmethyl derivatives at P1', a series of selective TNF-alpha converting enzyme inhibitors with potent cellular activity in the inhibition of TNF-alpha release.

SAR exploration at P1‘ using an anti-succinate-based macrocyclic hydroxamic acid as a template led to the identification of several bulky biphenylmethyl P1‘ derivatives which confer potent porcine TACE and anti-TNF-α cellular activities with high selectivity versus most of the MMPs screened. Our studies demonstrate for the first time that TACE has a larger S1‘ pocket in comparison to MMPs and that potent and selective TACE inhibitors can be achieved by incorporation of sterically bulky P1‘ residues.
Annealing behaviour of amorphous μ- phase alloys of FeW and MoCo

Crystallization in sputter deposited, amorphous FeW and MoCo of μ-phase composition alloys has been studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electrical resistivity and X-ray diffraction. The amorphous alloys exhibit high thermal stability and transform directly to the equilibrium μ-phase with no intermediate metastable phase formation. In FeW, a tungsten-iron solid solution also forms as the alloy composition is actually in a two-phase (μ + solid solution) region. In both alloys, the crystallites form on a very fine scale and the μ-phase is heavily faulted. The crystallization behaviour may be indicative of a marked similarity between the short range structure of the amorphous phase and the μ-phase structure. Changes in electrical resistivity during crystallization are in substantial agreement with the structural changes observed through TEM and X-ray analysis.
Experimental Verification of Models of Nonlinear Stream Aquifer Transients

The phenomenon of stream-aquifer interaction was investigated using a reduced scale sand tank model coupled with mathematical modeling using the Boussinesq equation. The effect of highly fluctuating transient stream level on the subsequent propagation of hydraulic transients in the adjacent aquifer was quantified using solutions to the linearized and the nonlinear Boussinesq equation. The semigroup solution of the linearized equation and the temporal-partial decomposition solution of the nonlinear equation were investigated subject to a transient, large-amplitude, periodic boundary condition. The models were verified with a limited numerical solution to the nonlinear Boussinesq equation and compared and assessed as to their ability to reproduce measured water table hydrographs at different locations in the laboratory model. Results indicated that the linearized solution and the nonlinear model coincided well with the numerical solution and with the observed hydrograph. Using decomposition the derivation o...
The Evolution from E-Commerce to M-Commerce: Pressures, Firm Capabilities and Competitive Advantage in Strategic Decision Making

This study focuses on the isomorphic pressures and firm capabilities that affect strategic decision-making in organizations in the context of m-commerce. The authors take into consideration that the three isomorphic forces set forth by DiMaggio and Powell 1983, mimetic, coercive and normative pressures, work together to impact strategic decisions based on stakeholder influences. This study found that the effects of mimetic pressures seen in results of previous studies may be the result of model misspecification. Findings also indicate that firms want to leverage capabilities gained from e-commerce in the m-commerce wave in order to gain a competitive advantage in the marketplace
Complex refractive index of Martian dust: Wavelength dependence and composition☆

The size distribution and complex refractive index of Martian dust-cloud particles observed in 1971 with the Mariner 9 UV spectrometer are determined by matching the observed single-scattering albedo and phase function with Mie-scattering calculations for size distributions of spheres. Values of phase function times single-scattering albedo are presented for 12 wavelength intervals in the range from 190 to 350 nm, and best-fit values are obtained for the absorption index. It is found that the absorption index of the dust particles increases with decreasing wavelength from 350 to about 210 nm and then drops off shortward of 210 nm, with a structural shoulder occurring in the absorption spectrum between 240 and 250 nm. A search for a candidate material that can explain the strong UV absorption yields TiO2, whose anatase polymorph has an absorption spectrum matching that of the Martian dust. The TiO2 content of the dust particles is estimated to be a few percent or less.
Prevalence of asthma and asthma-like symptoms in inner-city elementary schoolchildren.

American inner-city children are disproportionately affected by asthma. During the 1999–2000 school year, we conducted a survey of 6 Bronx, New York City elementary schools to assess the prevalence of asthma and asthma-like symptoms as reported by parents. Children with probable asthma had symptoms within the last 12 months and parents who indicated that their child had asthma. Children with possible asthma had symptoms within the last 12 months but lacked a diagnosis. Overall, 74% (4,775/6,433) of parents returned completed surveys, identifying 20% (949/4,775) of children as probable asthmatics, and 12% (589/4,775) as possible asthmatics. In multivariate analyses, probable asthma was associated with: Puerto Rican, Black, and white race/ethnicity, male gender, having health insurance, and registration at the poorest school. Possible asthma was associated with lack of health insurance and female gender, but was not associated with any specific race/ethnicity. Our findings support the effectiveness of school-based surveys to identify children at high risk for asthma. The challenge remains to engage children and families in appropriate follow-up care and to manage their illness, either through the use of school-based health centers or stronger links to community services.Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 34:105–111. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On string classification in data streams

String data has recently become important because of its use in a number of applications such as computational and molecular biology, protein analysis, and market basket data. In many cases, these strings contain a wide variety of substructures which may have physical significance for that application. For example, such substructures could represent important fragments of a DNA string or an interesting portion of a fraudulent transaction. In such a case, it is desirable to determine the identity, location, and extent of that substructure in the data. This is a much more difficult generalization of the classification problem, since the latter problem labels entire strings rather than deal with the more complex task of determining string fragments with a particular kind of behavior. The problem becomes even more complicated when different kinds of substrings show complicated nesting patterns. Therefore, we define a somewhat different problem which we refer to as the generalized classification problem. We propose a scalable approach based on hidden markov models for this problem. We show how to implement the generalized string classification procedure for very large data bases and data streams. We present experimental results over a number of large data sets and data streams.
Role of quantum coherence in series resistors.

Landauer's approach which yields the resistance of an obstacle in an otherwise perfect wire due to elastic scattering at the obstacle is augmented by including localized inelastic scatterers within the sample. The inelastic scatterers invoked consist of an electron reservoir coupled via a lead to the wire. The key advantage of this method is that the effect of inelastic scattering can be studied by solving an elastic scattering problem. We investigate the resistance of a series of two (or more) ob- stacles and study the transition from completely coherent transmission through the sample to completely incoherent transmission. For a sample with a small transmission probability, increasing inelastic scattering decreases the resistance. At an intermediate value of inelastic scattering, the resistance reaches a minimum to increase again when inelastic scattering processes start to dominate the resistance.
Geomorphic context of the prehistoric Huastec floodplain environments: lower Pánuco basin, Mexico

Abstract The Huasteca of eastern Mexico is the northern extent of prehistoric Mesoamerican complex culture. In comparison to other major Mesoamerican culture regions, much less is known about the physical environment of the Huasteca. This paper examines the structure, scale, and dynamics of floodplain environments in the lower Panuco basin, the major physical setting in which prehistoric Huastec resided. Data sources included total-station surveying, topographic and historic maps, particle size of floodplain deposits, and analysis of air photos and satellite imagery. Study results illustrate the geoarchaeological significance of spatial changes in floodplain environments. Valley profiles grade from concave to planar in the upper portions of the study area, where the Rio Moctezuma exits the mountains, and are characterized by low floodplain relief and active floodplain reworking. Thus, the narrow valley and dynamic fluvial environment would not have been suitable for sustained habitation. The lower Moctezuma and Panuco valleys have a convex profile with low rates of floodplain reworking, relict meander belts, and floodplain environments that are more prone to flooding. The Panuco valley would have represented a stable environment suitable for habitation along wide natural levees, which are perched above extensive flood prone backswamps with buried relict channels. The absence of multiple oxbow lakes coupled with the association of older Huastec material culture along the active channel suggests that low rates of floodplain reworking have persisted since the late-Holocene, and help to constrain the age of a meander belt for a major river system. Study results provide a framework for future geoarchaeological research within the Huasteca.
Big returns for a little more investment Mapping theory in emergent research

Action researchers can effectively uncover the theory embedded within inquiries by using a combination of analysis approaches and heuristic models already widely known. Presented here is one approach for mapping theory to capture elements of both program theory and theory of practice. Using a case of a Participatory Evaluative Action Research (PEAR), the article demonstrates how data collected over the course of an inquiry can yield extra contributions, in addition to its original usages for informing local actions and decision-making.
Effects of solution conditions, processing parameters, and container materials on aggregation of a monoclonal antibody during freeze–thawing

Freeze-thawing is a potentially damaging stress to which therapeutic proteins can be exposed deliberately during storage of bulk drug substance, and accidentally because of mishandling of commercial product during shipping and/or storage. The primary route of degradation induced by freeze-thawing is protein aggregation. We studied the effects of freeze-thawing on aggregation of an IgG2 monoclonal antibody, examining solution conditions (pH, and the presence or absence of 150 mM KCl), protein concentration, cooling and warming rates, and container type and material. In addition, we determined the effect of pH and KCl on protein tertiary structure and thermal stability with second derivative UV spectroscopy. In general, aggregation of the antibody during freeze-thawing increased with decreasing pH, which correlated well with Tm values. Aggregation was most prevalent at pH 3 and 4, with potential mechanisms involving both the formation of aggregation-prone conformational states as well as adsorption to and denaturation at various interfaces. Although all the parameters examined demonstrated some effect on the formation of soluble aggregates, the effect of container material was especially pronounced. Samples stressed in plastic or glass containers contained low amounts of aggregate. Storage in Teflon or commercial freezing containers, however, led to significantly higher levels of aggregate formation.
Controllability for a class of nondiagonal hyperbolic distributed bilinear systems

This paper studies controllability of the abstract “hyperbolic” control systemu + Au + p(t)Bu = 0 whereA andB are (possibly) unbounded linear operators on an infinite dimensional Hilbert spaceH andp(t) is a real valued scalar control. The paper gives conditions for elements of the underlying state space to be accessible from prescribed initial data (u(0),57-1 Applications to wave equations are provided.
Taxonomy of detection algorithms for hyperspectral imaging applications

A unified, simplified, and concise overview of spectral target detection algorithms for hyperspectral imaging applications is presented. We focus on detection algorithms derived using established statistical techniques and whose performance is predictable under reasonable assumptions about hyperspectral imaging data. The emphasis on a signal processing perspective enables us to better understand the strengths and limitations of each algorithm, avoid unrealistic performance expectations, and apply an algorithm properly and sensibly.
USA: Saving Face—Ethical Considerations for American Judges Using Facebook

(2014). USA: Saving Face—Ethical Considerations for American Judges Using Facebook. Legal Ethics: Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 148-152.
Cognitive guidelines for simplifying medical information: Data framing and perception

In this paper, 1 describe psychological guidelines for simplifying medical information — methods to aid the perception and recognition of abnormalities in medical test reports. These techniques resemble natural human editing strategies outlined in prospect theory. The methods pre-edit data as humans do but to reduce human effort. I review empirical studies assessing these techniques and discuss needs for further research.
Top-down design of a VLSI digital filter bank

Abstract This paper relates theoretical investigations in digital signal processing (DSP) to the design of a VLSI digital filter bank (DFB). Emphasis is on a top-down approach to identify multilevel parallelisms inherent in a generic DSP algorithm and a new VLSI architecture. System level control and communication requirements are examined. Finite word length effects on filter accuracy are identified. The complexity of filter modules is reduced by partitioning large filter functions into a sum of smaller subfunctions. A memory intensive architecture minimizes design time. Up to 100 DRF modules are configured in parallel to perform signal processing up to 20 MHz. This VLSI DFB out performs sequential von Neumann architectures by several orders of magnitude using the same level of VLSI technology.
The rationale for curative radiotherapy for ovarian carcinoma

Abstract An analysis of treatment results in 174 patients with surface epithelial tumors of the ovary treated with resection and postoperative radiotherapy is presented The actuarial survival at five years was 81% for Stage I patients, 55% for Stage II, and 8.6% for patients with Stage III disease. Radiation therapy was curative for many patients with postoperative tumor residual in the pelvis, and for patients with lymphographic or surgical evidence of metastases in retroperitoneal lymph nodes. The possible reasons for the failure to cure some patients is discussed. Also proposed is a rationale for elective irradiation of sites of presumptive metastatic dissemination which have generally escaped the attention of clinicians in the past.
Heterodyne Detection of Ultrasound from Rough Surfaces Using a Double Phase Conjugate Mirror

Ultrasonic excitation of a solid sample (optically opaque) can be detected by directing a laser beam at one of its surfaces. Surface motion causes a transient phase shift upon the scattered light, which has to be demodulated into an intensity variation prior to its detection by a photodetector. Classical reference beam interferometry (homodyne or heterodyne) is a well-known technique for performing this demodulation. It is characterized by a broad detection bandwidth, but is, following the antenna theorem [1], essentially limited to the detection of one speckle, when used on rough surfaces. In order to circumvent this limitation (i.e., in order to increase the etendue of the interferometer), two different approaches for adapting the signal and reference wavefronts have been considered. The first approach proceeds by creating a reference beam that matched the wavefront of the signal beam. This can be done by using a Fabry-Perot (FP) [2] which is a self-reference interferometer and means that the reference beam is generated by the signal beam. It can also be done by using two-wave mixing (TWM) in a photorefractive crystal [3,4]. In this case, the reference beam is created by the diffraction of a plane wave pump beam by the hologram written by both pump and signal beams. Alternatively the signal beam wavefront can be adapted to the reference wavefront, which requires, since the reference beam can usually be approximated by a plane wave, the transformation of the speckled beam to a beam with a plane wavefront. Devices using externally pumped [5] or self-pumped phase conjugate mirrors (SPCM) [6] have been reported.
Lateral atlantoaxial facetal dislocation in craniovertebral region tuberculosis: report of a case and analysis of an alternative treatment

A case of tuberculosis is reported in which there was extensive unilateral destruction of the bones of the craniovertebral junction. A lateral facetal subluxation of the relatively well-preserved contralateral atlantoaxial joint was identified. The patient was treated with unilateral fixation of the subluxated joint using a lateral mass plate and screw method of fixation. The pathogenesis of facetal subluxation and the rationale of the treatment adopted are discussed. A 63-year-old male patient had systemic tuberculosis and had been on drug treatment for 5 months. For about 1 month, he had experienced severe neck pain and progressive quadriparesis. Investigations revealed extensive unilateral destruction of the lateral masses of atlas and axis and occipital condyle. MRI showed altered cord signal at the level of the craniovertebral junction. CT scan showed contralateral lateral subluxation of the facet of atlas over the facet of axis. Unilateral fixation and distraction of the lateral mass of atlas and axis, external orthosis and antituberculous drug treatment resulted in rapid and sustained neurological recovery. Contralateral atlantoaxial facetal subluxation can be a result of osteoligamentous incompetence in cases of tuberculosis where there is unilateral facetal destruction. A coronal CT scan view can be diagnostic in such cases. Atlantoaxial lateral mass fixation can be a rational form of surgical treatment in such cases.
Effect of Presence of a Companion on Speed of Escape from Electric Shock

Does the presence of a companion decrease a human being's drive or arousal in aversive situations? Subjects escaped from electric shocks. For some subjects, the shock was mild, while for others it was aversive. Moreover subjects were either alone or with a companion who also escaped from either mild or aversive electric shocks. Contrary to the notion that “company breeds comfort,” the presence of a companion increased the speed of escape from electric shocks. The results support Zajonc's drive theory of social facilitation. One hypothesis that integrates these findings with those of previous studies of socially mediated stress reduction is that social conditions have different effects on reactions to primary as opposed to acquired sources of noxious stimulation.
Building healthy communities for children: the transportation link.

Two concepts are essential to a definition of a healthy community: social justice and ecological sustainability. These principles must be at the heart of creating healthy communities, cities, and regions. Children and young people are an integral part of socially just and ecologically sustainable communities. Transportation and land-use policies are critical tools for shaping healthy communities, cities, and regions. The health impacts of the private automobile and its full cost to society, including public health and environmental damage costs, need to be clearly understood. The developing physiology of children put them at particular risk to medical impacts of automobile emissions and air pollution. The public health impacts of transportation and land-use policies cannot be divorced from the planning and decision-making process. Transit, bicycle, and pedestrian-oriented transportation modes can serve the transportation needs of children and can stimulate land uses more conducive to a healthy social, economic, and environmental quality of life. This article comments on the combined issues of social justice and ecological sustainability for building the best communities for meeting the needs of children and young adults. 3 refs.
Photography as technology of the self: Matuschka's art and breast cancer

After undergoing a mastectomy in 1991, Matuschka began photographing her nude body, and in these images she often highlighted the scar on her torso. Other women have acted in a similar fashion and have produced representations of their bodies after mastectomies. In this article the role the activity of photography plays in the process of self‐formation of Matuschka is investigated. Borrowing from Michel Foucault's technologies of the self, photography is inscribed in the tradition of art as inquiry and art production as manipulation of the self, and it is argued that the stylistic ways in which Matuschka has represented her body add an ethical dimension to her work. This ethical component shows a desire to fashion a new self by acting on the way her body is seen.
Hydrogeology of the Great Nubian Sandstone basin, Egypt

Summary In Egypt, the strata of major hydrogeological interest are composed of a sandstone complex ranging from Cambrian to Upper Cretaceous in age. This sandstone complex, commonly known as the Nubian Sandstone, has a thickness varying from less than 500 m to more than 3000 m and rests directly on Precambrian basement. This simple picture is complicated by a number of major structural fault and fold axes which traverse the region in a north-easterly direction. The sandstones reach their max-imum development in the Ain Dalla basin, a downthrown structural block SW of Bahariya oasis. Basement features exercise a dominant control on the structural and sedimentological form of the sandstone complex. In spite of the structural complications, the Nubian sand-stone, underlying an extensive area of Egypt, probably con-stitutes a single hydrogeological system to the W of the Gulf of Suez. To the E, on the Sinai peninsula, a second system may exist with some connection to the main western system in the N. The main western system, which extends into Libya and Sudan, comprises a multi-layered artesian basin where huge groundwater storage reserves were accumulated, principally during the pluvials of the Quaternary. The carbonate rocks overlying the Nubian Sandstone complex display karst features locally and are recharged by upwards leakage from the underlying major aquifer. Large-scale development of the Nubian Sandstone aquifer in Egypt has been under consideration since 1960. Latest proposals for the New Valley development project involve exploitation at the annual rate of 156.2 × l0 6 m 3 at El-Kharga, 509.2 at
The Fitted Parse: 100% Parsing Capability in a Syntactic Grammar of English

A technique is described for performing fitted parsing. After the rules of a more conventional syntactic grammar are unable to produce a parse for an input string, this technique can be used to produce a reasonable approximate parse that can serve as input to the remaining stages of processing. The paper describes how fitted parsing is done in the EPISTLE system and discusses how it can help in dealing with many difficult problems of natural language analysis.