cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple Aircraft Tracking System for Coordinated Research Missions

The Multiple Aircraft Position System (MAPS) was developed by the Convective Storms Division of the National Center for Atmospheric Research, in response to the need for aircraft position in the coordination of large field projects involving several research aircraft. Radio interferometer techniques are used to provide rapid, accurate determination of positions for up to 10 aircraft furnished with special airborne radio beacons. Three remote interferometer array sites receive the signals from the airborne beacons, each transmitting at a unique frequency. Each remote site is tuned to one beacon frequency at a time according to a programable polling sequence; several phase difference measurements are made from the received signal. These data then are telemetered to a central control station where they are transferred to a computer that calculates the direction cosines from each remote site to the airborne beacon, and thus determines the position of the beacon. The aircraft positions then are immediately ava...
Beyond Chemical Literature: Developing Skills for Chemical Research Literacy

With the growing availability of electronic databases, online journal publications, and open-access publishing, there is unprecedented access to research materials. Increasingly, these materials are being incorporated into chemistry curricula and being used by undergraduate students in literature research. Internet savvy students can effectively access this information, but the question remains “Do students really know how to use the chemical literature?” Building from basic information literacy skills, we have implemented a series of assignments in organic chemistry to help students evaluate, interpret, and use chemical literature. We refer to these skills as chemical research literacy, which provides a solid foundation for literature research in upper-level courses and undergraduate research.
Simple and efficient generation of marked clones in Drosophila.

Abstract Background: Cell lineage analysis and mosaic analysis of mutations are important techniques that are used to study the development of many organisms. Unfortunately, the methods employed for such analyses are usually inefficient, technically demanding or labor intensive. In Drosophila , the most common methodology used for the generation of mosaic animals is mitotic recombination, which is induced by X-rays. Although this technique is simple, it has the undesirable characteristics of a low efficiency and a high rate of cell death. Furthermore, although a large number of marker systems has been employed to detect mitotic recombinants, none allows easy identification of clones for all cell types. Results: A system is described here that allows a highly efficient generation of clones with the concomitant expression of an easily detectable cellular marker. This method can be applied to cell lineage and mosaic analysis in Drosophila . The site-specific yeast FLP recombinase, under the control of a heat shock-inducible promoter, efficiently catalyses mitotic recombination specifically at the site of a FLP recombination target (FRT). In this system, recombination fuses the α-tubulin promoter to the lacZ gene, allowing transcription of the marker. Recombinant cells and their progeny can, therefore, be detected by standard assays for β-galactosidase. Of particular importance is the fact that only the cells of interest stain, thus allowing their simple detection in any tissue. Conclusions: We demonstrate that, by intermolecular recombination, we can use FLIP recombinase to generate marked clones efficiently in embryonic, larval and adult tissues. This simple and efficient technique is well suited to cell-lineage analysis and can be easily extended to the generation and detection of mutant clones in mosaic animals.
Vlastos on Pauline Predication

In the period following his epoch-making attention to the Third Man Argument' Gregory Viastos was converted to the cause of what he has termed Pauline Predication.2 Sentences such as "Justice is pious" or "Fire is hot" seem, on the surface, to be attributing a characteristic to a Form a situation labelled by Vlastos "ordinary predication" (A S,3 p. 273). But, Viastos suggests, such cases are really to be read as assigning this property to instances of the Form. As applied to putative cases of self-predication,4 "F-ness is F" becomes, from the Pauline perspective, equivalent to "Necessarily, for all x, if x partakes of F-ness, x is F" (AS, p. 273; U VP, p. 235). In UVP (pp. 257-8) Vlastos urges that two notorious candidates for self-predication, "Justice is just" and "Piety is pious," at Prot. 330c and d respectively, must be read in the Pauline fashion. We may or may not agree with him here,5 but Vlastos proceeds to reject his former thesis that, for Plato, all Forms are self-predicative. He will grant (pp. 259-63)
Visual Evoked Responses during Neonatal Respiratory Disorders in Low Birth Weight Infants

Extract: By using a standard electroencephalograph and a signal averager, the visual evoked response (VER) to paired and single light flashes was recorded from the midline occipital scalp regions in 24 low birth weight infants, 13 of whom were studied during periods of respiratory difficulty. Eleven of the latter died in the neonatal period. In seven infants, at the onset and during marked hypoxemia caused by prolonged apnea or airway obstruction, the following VER abnormalities occurred alone or in combination: marked decrease in amplitude of summed responses, absent summed response to first stimulus of the paired flash, and absent summed responses to both stimuli of the paired flash. In six infants, complete loss of VER's and a marked decrease in electroencephalogram (EEG) amplitude were associated with severe hypoxemia. In four of the six, VER's returned to normal following resuscitation, indicating that severe bioelectric abnormalities may be reversible as the blood gases return toward normal and before permanent brain damage occurs. Following repeated or severe and prolonged hypoxemia in these same six infants, isoelectric EEG's and absent evoked responses recorded terminally persisted for 30 min–8 hr prior to cessation of heart activity; during the terminal period, resuscitative efforts resulted in improved blood gas measurements in four of the six but without return of the VER. Abnormalities in VER's were not found in other infants with respiratory distress in whom recordings were obtained prior to the onset of severe hypoxemia. or prolonged apneic episodes. Of 10 infants who had neuropathologic examination, intracranial hemorrhage was found in 9 and intracerebral hemorrhage was found in 6. Five of the latter infants had abnormal neonatal VER's. The exact range of blood gas values associated with abnormal VER's could not be determined in our study, although normal responses were noted at Po2 values as low as 34, 37, and 38 mm Hg in three infants. Normal VER's obtained in the infants without respiratory disorders were not always associated with normal neurologic examination in later infancy. Speculation: The management of low birth weight infants with respiratory disorders is limited by the lack of methods which reliably and quantitatively evaluate neonatal cerebral function. Evoked responses to light flashes recorded from scalp EEG in premature infants and summed by signal averagers permit objective measurement of brain electrical activity. In low birth weight infants with respiratory difficulties, abnormal
The Mouse retinoid-X Receptor-Gamma Gene: Genomic Organization and Evidence for Functional Isoforms

Retinoid-X receptors (RXRs) are a subfamily of the steroid/thyroid nuclear receptor superfamily. There are three RXR genes: alpha, beta, and gamma, each with a distinct expression pattern and chromosomal location. In this study we describe the genomic organization of the mouse RXR gamma gene, identify a second mouse (m) RXR gamma isoform, and map the exons of the two mRXR gamma isoforms on the gene. The new mRXR gamma isoform, called gamma 2, has a unique 5'-untranslated region, and is expressed highly in both cardiac and skeletal muscles, but very little in the liver, while the mRXR gamma 1 is expressed in the brain and muscle. The gamma 2 isoform is also a functional receptor and can transactivate the retinoid response elements of the apolipoprotein-AI and cellular retinol-binding protein-II genes. The mRXR gamma gene spans at least 50 kilobases of DNA on mouse chromosome 1 and has nine introns ranging from 107 basepairs to more than 30 kilobases. From the genomic separation of the two unique 5'-ends of the mRXR gamma isoforms, it is suggested that this gene may have two promoters, similar to those described for the three RAR genes. The results of this study along with those of previously published studies suggest that there may be more than two isoforms of mRXR gamma.
Adaptive control of a subaperture tilt in a phased array telescope: theory and experiment

Abstract Phased array telescopes have been an active area of research in astronomy, imaging, and by the laser propagation community for many years. The phased array telescope function is to synthesize a single large aperture from the combination of separately controlled smaller optical systems. When the aperture is synthesized electronic control is needed to position optical mirrors at closed loop frequency of greater than 1 kHz. The system considered includes all the hardware and software needed to properly control the optical path difference and relative tilt adjacent apertures. The system disturbances such as wind, fluxuation of laser power and deterioration of components would often lead to changes in the system parameters which would not normally be tractable by a constant gain controller. In addition, the traditional constant gain controller could never measure the unmodelled dynamics of the system, and in particular the hardware which performs the optical path difference and tilt correction. Therefore, a new control philosophy which can cope with plant's unmodeled dynamics is employed for continuous maintenance of the telescope's performance. For this purpose, adaptive control has been applied to continuously change the gains of a controller. This control philosophy is known as model-referenced adaptive control which is based on an “ideal” behavior of the system called “reference” model. Then through an iterative mechanism, called the adaptation algorithm, the gains of the controller are adjusted. This paper describes a software and hardware implementation of a model-reference adaptive control for the tilt portion of the phased-array telescope. Simulation results were acquired using a standard, commercially available software package called MATRIXx. Theoretical development, simulations and experimental results of this new control approach for a telescope system are given. The contribution of the application of modern adaptive control techniques for beam control on phased array telescopes is significnat. Now the unexpected disturbances always found when moving outside a laboratory environment into field applications can be taken into account.
Bebop: a path-sensitive interprocedural dataflow engine

Flow-sensitive data analyses can lose precision because they assume that all paths in a control-flow graph are executable (feasible). Path-sensitive dataflow analyses can rule out infeasible paths by tracking correlations between dataflow facts. To track such correlations, in general, requires recording a set of sets of facts per statement in a program. Naive representation of such sets can lead to a very high memory consumption and running time.We reformulate an interprocedural dataflow algorithm by Reps, Horwitz and Sagiv (based on context-free graph reachability) into a traditional interprocedural flow-sensitive dataflow algorithm. We then show how to use Binary Decision Diagrams (BDDs), a data structure from the model checking community, to turn this reformulated algorithm into an interprocedural path-sensitive dataflow analysis algorithm that tracks a set of set of facts per program statement. We have implemented this algorithm in a tool called \bebop.
BWS: balanced work stealing for time-sharing multicores

Running multithreaded programs in multicore systems has become a common practice for many application domains. Work stealing is a widely-adopted and effective approach for managing and scheduling the concurrent tasks of such programs. Existing work-stealing schedulers, however, are not effective when multiple applications time-share a single multicore---their management of steal-attempting threads often causes unbalanced system effects that hurt both workload throughput and fairness.In this paper, we present BWS (Balanced Work Stealing), a work-stealing scheduler for time-sharing multicore systems that leverages new, lightweight operating system support. BWS improves system throughput and fairness via two means. First, it monitors and controls the number of awake, steal-attempting threads for each application, so as to balance the costs (resources consumed in steal attempts) and benefits (available tasks get promptly stolen) of such threads. Second, a steal-attempting thread can yield its core directly to a peer thread with an unfinished task, so as to retain the core for that application and put it to better use. We have implemented a prototype of BWS based on Cilk++, a state-of-the-art work-stealing scheduler. Our performance evaluation with various sets of concurrent applications demonstrates the advantages of BWS over Cilk++, with average system throughput increased by 12.5% and average unfairness decreased from 124% to 20%.
Governmentality, Ontology, Methodology: Re-thinking Political Agency in the Global World

Some critical international relations scholars have adopted theories of governmentality both as a heuristic framework for exploring modalities and functions of power and as a descriptive tool to ex...
Application of machine learning to the maintenance of knowledge-based performance

Integration of machine learning methods into knowledge-based systems requires greater control over the application of the learning methods. Recent research in machine learning has shown that isolated and unconstrained application of learning methods can eventually degrade performance. This paper presents an approach called performance-driven knowledge transformation for controlling the application of learning methods. The primary guidance for the control is performance of the knowledge base. The approach is implemented in the PEAK system. Two experiments with PEAK illustrate how the knowledge base is transformed using different learning methods to maintain performance goals. Results demonstrate the ability of performance-driven knowledge transformation to control the application of learning methods and maintain knowledge base performance.
When it comes to blocking lymphatics, it is all a question of time.

The lymphatic system comprises a group of interconnected, thin-walled vessels that drain lymph from the extracellular spaces into larger collecting tubes that eventually join the blood circulatory system. In addition to regulating extracellular fluids, lymphatics are also responsible for immune homeostasis and absorption of lipids from the intestinal tract and, more recently, have been implicated in obesity. In pathological settings, lymphatics have received attention because of several hereditary disorders that lead to lymphedema and because of their association with metastatic events. The fact that metastatic seeding generally is detected in lymph nodes has supported the notion that metastatic spreading occurs, at least in part, via the lymphatic system. Consequently, understanding the mechanisms that regulate lymphatic expansion has paved the way to translational research aiming at suppression of lymphangiogenesis. Targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C has been a popular option for therapeutic exploration because growth and differentiation of lymphatic vessels appears to be exquisitely dependent on signaling via this pathway. Nonetheless, this advantage is a double-edged sword because the requirement of VEGF-C signaling to normal lymphatics might be equally important. Thus, concerns related to side effects have always clouded the excitement for this approach. A study published in this issue of The American Journal of Pathology1 puts some of these concerns to rest and brings new insights into the regulation of lymphatic growth.
Scalability analysis of grid-based multi-hop wireless networks

We investigate the scalability of grid-based TDMA wireless networks taking into account protocol details such as routing protocol overheads. Unlike prior work that derives asymptotic scaling laws for general wireless networks, our focus is to characterize the exact relationship between the maximum achievable per node throughput and the network size of grid-based networks under specific protocols. Such a characterization enables for answering questions such as: how many nodes can the network scale to given a traffic demand and what is the impact of control overhead on the effective capacity. While grid-based topologies are highly idealized, the analysis developed in this paper is applicable when such topologies can serve as reasonable approximations for a given network. Further, it also forms a basis for analyzing grid-based random networks that are generalizations of regular grid networks. We present closed-form expressions for achievable rates under both unicast and broadcast traffic for degree 4 and degree 8 regular grid networks. The accuracy of our analytical results is validated using extensive packet-level simulations using the NS-3 simulator.
Trajectory-Aware Communication Solution for Underwater Gliders Using WHOI Micro-Modems

The predictable trajectory of underwater gliders can be used in geographic routing protocols. Factors such as drifting and localization errors cause uncertainty when estimating a glider's trajectory. Existing geographic routing protocols in underwater networks generally assume the positions of the nodes are accurately determined by neglecting position uncertainty. In this paper, a paradigm-changing geographic routing protocol that relies on a statistical approach to model position uncertainty is proposed. Our routing protocol is combined with practical cross-layer optimization to minimize energy consumption. Our solution's performance is tested and compared with existing solutions using a real-time testbed emulation that uses underwater acoustic modems.
Prostitutes in history: from parables of pornography to metaphors of modernity.

BEFORE 1980, THE PROSTITUTE was "pornographic." Few historians considered prostitution an important topic, and studies of the subject commonly played to the sensational and salacious.' The small body of significant scholarship concentrated on ideas, social movements, and campaigns to control or abolish prostitution.2 Other serious works focused on cities with red-light districts, emphasizing the most
The passive behavior of 304 stainless steel in dimethoxyethane solutions

Abstract 304 stainless steel, an alloy that is more corrosion resistant in aqueous solutions than carbon steel, was examined to assess the processes involved in forming a passive film in an aprotic, nonaqueous solvent such as dimethoxyethane (DME). Electrochemical tests show that the passive ranges of 304 stainless steel in “dry” DME solutions containing LiAsF 6 , LiClO 4 and TBAP were similar. Breakdown of the passive state occurred above 1700–1800 mV ( sce ). The high anodic potentials were due to the expected superior nature of the air-formed film on 304 stainless steel. Removing the surface oxide film on 304 stainless steel resulted in rapid repassivation in the DME/0.5 M LiAsF 6 solutions at potentials below breakdown. Post-test examinations did not clearly define the passivating mechanism in DME/0.5 M LiAsF 6 solutions but, in DME/saturated LiAsF 6 , evidence indicated repassivation around 1800–2000 mV ( sce ) by salt film formation. Small water additions to DME/0.5 LiAsF 6 solutions caused slight surface activation of the stainless steel, but no premature breakdown of the passive film. Small acid additions or removal of water below 50–100 ppm triggered surface pitting of the 304 stainless steel above the breakdown potential in DME/0.5 M LiAsF 6 solutions. A critical amount of water appears to be required to passivate the stainless steel surface and neutralize acids produced during electrolyte oxidation.
Vibrational assignments for indole with the aid of ultrasharp phosphorescence spectra

A site-selective study of the 3La phosphorescence from indole in solid argon at 20 K has revealed a special site from which the emission is exceptionally sharp (5 cm−1 fwhm). These spectra are compared with well-resolved (5 cm−1 fwhm) fluorescence from the 1Lb origin of indole under cold jet conditions. The results are compared with frequencies and Franck–Condon factors generated from ab initio electronic structure calculations on the ground and excited states. On the basis of the data and calculations, new assignments are made. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 72: 347–356, 1999
Concept for a multiple resolution pushbroom sensor

A general purpose pushbroom sensor will have parameters determined by the needs of the majority of potential users. These parameters may not satisfy the needs of certain users: Agriculture requires a very short return visit interval; cartography requires a very small pixel size; land use and geology would be satisfied with moderate resolution and seasonal return times. The aggregate solution of these needs would produce a sensor with extremely high data rates. A sensor conept is proposed which may meet the combined needs without the extreme data rate.
Annual precipitation and river discharges in Florida in response to El Niño- and La Niña-sea surface temperature anomalies

Abstract Statistical analysis proves that El Nino and La Nina are responsible for up to 40% of annual precipitation variations and up to 30% of river discharge variations in Florida. The analysis is based on 44-year records of precipitation from more than 30 gauge stations and stream discharge from 20 gauge stations distributed all across Florida Peninsula. The cross-correlation coefficients for both the sea surface temperature (SST) and precipitation data series, the SST and river data series are calculated after the SST data series, precipitation and river data series are prewhitened by an autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model (0, 1). The cross-correlations between the SST anomalies and both the precipitation and river discharge are positively significant. The conclusion is that a higher annual precipitation amount (a ‘wet’ year) is expected from an El Nino year, and a lower precipitation amount (a ‘dry’ year) is expected from a La Nina year. Large amounts of fresh water recharge into the estuary in an El Nino year and less fresh water recharges into an estuary in a La Nina year. Also a higher groundwater table is expected in an El Nino year, and a lower ground-water table is expected in a La Nina year. Assuming that SST anomalies are the input signals for a time-series analysis, the impulse response weights of both precipitation and river discharge to SST signals can be calculated due to their positive correlations. The impulse response weights can be used to build the linear transfer functions of precipitation, river discharge and SST signals. The annual precipitation and stream discharge amount therefore can be predicted from the SST anomalies. This can provide some guidance for the water management policy and planning.
Imaging the mind

At the forefront of cognitive neuroscience research in normal humans are the new techniques of functional brain imaging: positron emission tomography (PET) and, more recently, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The signal used by PET is based on the fact that changes in the cellular activity of the brain of normal, awake humans and laboratory animals are accompanied almost invariably by changes in local blood flow. This robust, empirical relationship has fascinated scientists for well over a hundred years. PET provided a level of precision in the measurement of blood flow that opened up the modern are of functional human brain mapping. Further, the discovery with PET that these changes in blood flow are unaccompanied by quantitatively similar changes in oxygen consumption has paved the way for the explosive rise in the use of MRI in functional brain imaging. The remarkable success of this enterprise is a fitting tribute to men like Michel Ter-Pogossian. He pioneered the use of positron emitting radionuclides in biology and medicine when most had abandoned them in favor of more conventional nuclear medicine radionuclides. Importantly, also, he welcomed into his laboratory young scientists with a broad range of talents, many of whom subsequently became leaders in imaging the mind in research centers throughout the world.
Knowledge of the Ordinal Position of List Items in Rhesus Monkeys

What is learned during mastery of a serial task: associations between adjacent and remote items, associations between an item and its ordinal position, or both? A clear answer to this question is lacking in the literature on human serial memory because it is difficult to control for a “naive” subject's linguistic competence and extensive experience with serial tasks. In this article, we present evidence that rhesus monkeys encode the ordinal positions of items of an arbitrary list when there is no requirement to do so. First, monkeys learned four nonverbal lists (1–4), each containing four novel items (photographs of natural objects). The monkeys then learned four 4-item lists that were derived exclusively and exhaustively from Lists 1 through 4, one item from each list. On two derived lists, each item's original ordinal position was maintained. Those lists were acquired with virtually no errors. The two remaining derived lists, on which the original ordinal position of each item was changed, were as diff...
Reaction of niobium with diamond films

Abstract The reaction of niobium with diamond films leads to the formation of Nb 2 C at 700°C and to that of a carbon deficient NbC at 900°C. Both processes seem to be dominated by grain boundary diffusion, so that the growths do not proceed in smooth layers parallel to the substrate, but seemingly homogeneously throughout the thickness of the reacting metal (then Nb 2 C) film. The results of backscattering and X-ray diffraction analyses are discussed in terms of what is known about these two compounds with respect to their thermodynamic, kinetic and structural characteristics. The formation of ordered phases with carbon deficiency such as Nb 4 C 3 , or Nb 6 C 5 , and nucleation processes resulting from this are presumed to hinder the formation of near-stoichiometric NbC.
Sarcoidosis: recurrence of primary disease in transplanted lungs.

PURPOSE: To assess findings of recurrent disease on thin-section computed tomographic (CT) studies and results of bronchoalveolar lavage and transbronchial biopsy (BAL-TBB) procedures performed in adult lung transplant recipients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1990 and 1993, 32 single-lung, 14 double-lung, and three heart-lung transplantation procedures were performed in 47 patients; 176 thin-section CT scans were reviewed, with a mean follow-up of 18.9 months after transplantation. RESULTS: Sarcoidosis was diagnosed after BAL-TBB of the lung allografts 3 and 15 months after transplantation in both patients without symptoms who received transplants for treatment of sarcoidosis. In one patient, diffuse miliary nodules seen on chest radiographs and thin-section CT scans disappeared after administration of an increased dose of corticosteroids; in the other patient, no radiologic finding of sarcoidosis was present. No recurrence was seen in patients who received transplants for treatment of other diseases. C...
Spatially resolved optical emission spectroscopy of a nanosecond pulsed microplasma jet

Recent interests in non-equilibrium microplasma jets for biomedical applications have motivated fundamental studies of these plasmas. This work presents a spectroscopic study of a 500 micrometer-in-width helium microplasma jet that was generated in ambient air with a single needle electrode powered by 4 kV, 5 ns pulses at 500 Hz. Each HV pulse supplied 0.4 mJ of energy per pulse. These pulse characteristics provided a unique set of plasma conditions for spectroscopic evaluation, as the physical and chemical processes that take place within the plasma channel are highly dependent on the HV pulse characteristics. Optical emission profiles were collected at wavelengths that ranged from 200 nm up to 800 nm with a spectral resolution of approximately 0.02 nm. The experimental results identified and yielded information on the optical emission profiles of He*, O*, OH*, N 2 * and N 2 +* as a function of axial position along the jet channel. Evaluation of the optical emission spectrum provided information on the relative emission intensities for each excited species along with rotational, vibrational, and electronic temperatures. These results provide fundamental information needed to understand the complex chemical and physical phenomena occurring in plasma jets.
Antisense RNA to eIF4E Suppresses Oncogenic Properties of a Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Line

Objective The translation initiation factor eIF4E is elevated in all head and neck squamous cell cancers (HNSCCs) and appears to be essential in the progression of solid tumors. Overexpression of eIF4E results in preferential upregulation of two angiogenic factors, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2). We wanted to determine whether reducing eIF4E in a HNSCC cell line could suppress its oncogenic properties and in turn decrease expression of VEGF and FGF-2. Methods Levels of eIF4E protein expression were determined in a panel of HNSCC cell lines. An episomal vector containing antisense RNA to eIF4E was used to reduce the eIF4E level in one of these cell lines, FaDu. After a stable transfection, Western blot analysis was performed to determine the level of eIF4E and FGF-2 reduction, while an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the level of VEGF reduction. In vitro and in vivo experiments were performed to determine whether there was a reversion in the tumorigenic properties of the FaDu cells. Results All six cell lines had elevated levels of eIF4E compared with Detroit 551, a normal cell line. Reducing eIF4E expression via antisense RNA suppressed both the tumorigenic and angiogenic properties of the FaDu cells, as demonstrated by loss of capacity to grow in soft agar, reduced expression of angiogenic factors, and loss of tumorigenicity in nude mice. Conclusions Antisense RNA therapy to eIF4E can potentially be used as adjuvant therapy for head and neck cancers, particularly in cases in which elevated eIF4E is found in the surgical margins.
Psychological Trauma and the Simulated Self

In the 1980s, there was a significant upsurge in diagnoses of Dissociative Identity Disorder. Ian Hacking suggests that the roots of this tendency lie in the excessive willingness of psychologists past and present to engage in the “psychologization of trauma.” I argue that Hacking makes some philosophically problematic assumptions about the putative threat to human autonomy that is posed by the increasing availability, attractiveness, and plausibility of various forms of simulated experience. I also suggest how a different set of axiological and historical assumptions might have led to a less dismissive and possibly more plausible account of this diagnostic trend.
Heterogeneity of supernatant malate dehydrogenase

Abstract A way was found to demonstrate electrophoretically that the supernatant portion of pig heart malate dehydrogenase ( l -malate:NAD oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.37) is heterogeneous. Other pig organs displayed the same pattern of supernatant malate dehydrogenase forms. Heterogeneity of the supernatant malate dehydrogenase from tissues of various laboratory animals was also observed, the patterns showing species differences in each case. The pig heart supernatnat fractions after electrophoresis were not distinguishable from each other by a number of degradative treatments nor by their reaction with several coenzyme analogs. One major form is selectively inactivated by precipitation with ammonium sulfate; also it may be formed through urea or acid inactivation of the other remaining electrophoretic units followed by reactivation steps. Possible structural relationships between the supernatant electrophoretic fractions are discussed.
Formaldehyde oxime nitrosomethane tautomerism.

Formaldehyde oxime ⇌ nitrosomethane tautomerism, isomeric nitrone, and their common cations and anions are studied with Gaussian-2 theory using MP2(full)/6-31G* geometries and with density functional theory using B3LYP/6-311+G**. Geometrical parameters, harmonic vibrational frequencies, relative stabilities, conformational stabilities, and ionization energies are compared with experimental gas-phase data when available. The formaldehyde oxime ⇌ nitrosomethane tautomerism is compared with the amide ⇌ imidol, imine ⇌ enamine, keto ⇌ enol, and nitro ⇌ aci-nitro tautomeric processes. Solvent effects are estimated by the self-consistent isodensity polarizable continuum model (SCIPCM). The influence of hydrogen bonding interactions with the solvent is addressed by including two water molecules. In the final evaluation, formaldehyde oxime is 15.8 kcal/mol more stable than nitrosomethane when the aqueous solvation correction of 3.8 kcal/mol is applied to the G2 energies. Unsolvated formaldehyde oxime is estimated...
Palliative treatment of poor prognosis patients with malignant gliomas.

High-grade gliomas are the most commonly diagnosed malignant brain tumor in adults. Prognosis can be estimated by examining risk factors, including histology, age and performance status. Postoperative radiation therapy is associated with improved survival and standard treatment includes external beam radiotherapy to a dose of 60 Gy in 30–33 fractions. Patients with poor prognostic features have a more limited benefit from radiotherapy. This article reviews the current state of knowledge on risk stratification and analyzes strategies that can be employed to better individualize treatment for poor-prognosis patients.
Investigation of thermal and viscoelastic properties of polymers relevant to hot melt extrusion - III: Polymethacrylates and polymethacrylic acid based polymers

Polymers are a major part of final medicinal drug products prepared by hot melt extrusion (HME). Therefore it is necessary to understand their behavior when subjected to heat and mechanical stresses during the development of the HME processes. The aim of this work was to generate a database of the physicochemical properties for polymethacrylates and polymethacrylic acid based polymers relevant to HME. All six polymers tested were amorphous and had < 2% moisture. In differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) studies, the three homo block copolymers, Eudragit® E PO, Eudragit® RL PO and Eudragit® RS PO, had glass transition temperatures (Tg) of 57°C, 63°C and 64°C, respectively, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed weight loss due to thermal degradation at 250°C, 166°C and 170°C, respectively. Thermomechanical analysis was carried out to investigate the rheological properties of the polymers predicting that the melt extrusion ranges of Eudragit® E PO, Eudragit® RL PO and Eudragit® RS PO would be 127-150, 165-170 and 142-167°C, respectively. In contrast, the hetero block copolymers Eudragit® L 100, Eudragit® S 100 and Eudragit® L 100-55 had Tg values of 195, 173 and 111°C, respectively. Onsets of their degradation, as measured by TGA, were in the range of 173 to176°C. The predicted HME processing temperatures of Eudragit® L 100, Eudragit® S 100 and Eudragit® L 100-55 were greater than 200°C and therefore these polymers cannot be processed by themselves without the addition of plasticizers.
Experimental study of nanoparticle penetration efficiency through coils of circular cross-sections

Nanoparticle penetration efficiencies through five different coils of circular cross-sections were measured as a function of particle size, Dean number, and curvature ratio of coil. Silver particles with diameters ranging from 3 to 50 nm were used, and the Dean number was varied from 21 to 1779. According to the equation of critical Reynolds number for the coil (Ito 1959), all the flows in this study were laminar. The penetration efficiency through coils was found to increase with increasing particle size and also with increasing Dean number. The influence of curvature ratio on penetration efficiency seemed to be negligible when the Dean number was greater than approximately 200. Secondary flow developed due to centrifugal force in the coil is known to increase diffusional particle loss. Boundary layer thickness (δ) of the secondary flow can affect the particle loss in coils, because the average flow velocity of secondary flow within the boundary layer is related to δ. The particle loss in coils is assume...
A Content Analysis of State Education Agencies' Policies/Position Statements on Inclusion

In keeping with the inclusive reform movement, several state education departments have adopted policies/position statements on inclusion. Despite the existence of these policies/ position statements, no studies have been found that have examined their content and characteristics. In light of the potential impact of state education agencies' policies/position statements on inclusive education practices in schools, this study was designed to examine their content and characteristics. Seventeen state education agencies were found to have adopted official policies/position statements on inclusion. Results of the investigation revealed that the state education agencies' policies/position statements on inclusion address a number of factors, including considerations concerning the meaning of the term inclusion, the philosophy of inclusion, laws and court decisions pertaining to inclusion, instructional issues, assessment issues, personnel issues, and placement issues. Implications and limitations of the study a...
Array of planar plasmonic scatterers functioning as light concentrator: erratum

In a previous Letter [Opt. Lett.36, 2569 (2011)OPLEDP0146-959210.1364/OL.36.002569] there is a typographical error in the axes of Fig. 5(c) that has been corrected here.
Lucretia Mott's Heresy: Abolition and Women's Rights in Nineteenth-Century America. By Carol Faulkner. (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011. Pp. 312. $45.00.)

Every biographer faces the Herculean task of capturing the essence of his or her subject while offering a critical analysis of the subject's life. Carol Faulkner has met this challenge with aplomb....
Molecular and functional characterization of Brassica BREVIPEDICELLUS orthologs involved in inflorescence architectureThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in a Special Issue from the National Research Council of Canada – Plant Biotechnology Institute.

The diversity of inflorescence architecture in angiosperms relates to attracting pollinators and allowing the effective dispersal of seeds. Molecular understanding of the genetic factors regulating...
Simple signal path technique for matching circuit in packaged semiconductor diode laser

Improvement in frequency bandwidth of a packaged diode laser is investigated by the circuit impedance matching. To overcome the structural limitation of the electronic package for high frequencies, employing conventional lumped element impedance matching technique in conjunction with the manipulation of signal path of the package connections showed significant enhancement for 3-dB bandwidth to more than 6 GHz.
Maternal toxicity and pregnancy complications in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women receiving antiretroviral therapy: PACTG 316.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate rates of maternal toxicity, pregnancy complications, and peripartum morbidity by type and duration of antiretroviral therapy (ART) during pregnancy. Study design The Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group (PACTG) Protocol 316 (PACTG 316) study evaluated the addition of intrapartum/neonatal nevirapine to background ART to reduce perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1). For this secondary analysis, women were categorized into one of six groups on the basis of ART during pregnancy (monotherapy [monoRx], combination without protease inhibitor [PI], combination with PI), and start time (early: before or during first trimester; late: second or third trimester). Results One thousand four hundred seven women were included: 288 monoRx late, 34 monoRx early, 327 combo, no PI late, 175 combo, no PI early, 320 combo, PI late, and 263 combo, PI early. Symptoms and laboratory abnormalities of moderate grade or more occurred in less than 5% of women. Only gestational diabetes (highest in combo PI early) varied significantly by therapy group. Conclusion In HIV-infected women receiving prenatal care and ART, adverse events were uncommon.
Amplatzer vascular plug closure of a subclavian arteriovenous fistula associated with implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator implantation

Subclavian arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is a rare complication of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) implantation. This report illustrates the case of a subclavian AVF after ICD implantation in a patient with nonischemic cardiomyopathy and the successful closure of this AVF using an Amplatzer vascular occlusion plug. Given the increasing number of ICD implantations, physicians should be made aware of this uncommon complication. In addition, as more percutaneous endovascular techniques are developed to treat peripheral vascular and structural heart disease, iatrogenic AVFs may occur more frequently. The Amplatzer vascular plug should be considered as a potential treatment strategy for AVFs alongside other endovascular and surgical techniques.
Sterols in Germinating Seeds and Developing seedlings of Longleaf Pine, Pinus palustris

Sterols in germinating embryos and young seedlings of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) were identified and quantities determined for different periods after germination. Sterol analyses were performed by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and verified by combination of GLC-mass spectrometry. Campesterol and β-sitosterol were two major sterols which accounted for most of the sterol composition while stigmasterol was present in very small amounts. No cholesterol was revealed by GLC-mass spectrometry although there was a minor peak appearing on the sterol gas-liquid chromatograms with a retention time close to that of authentic cholesterol. By fractionation, three different forms of sterols were obtained: steryl esters, steryl glycosides, and free sterols. The sterols were mainly found in the esterified fraction, while steryl glycosides and free sterols only made up a small portion of the total sterol value. The total sterol content in general increased during seedling development, and this increase reflected mainly a change in steryl esters. The low levels of both free and glycosidic sterols remained nearly unchanged throughout the experimental germination period.
Bisphosphonate use in women and the risk of atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Abstract Background Bisphosphonates are used for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, but there have been concerns about a potential link between bisphosphonate therapy and atrial fibrillation. Data on the effects of bisphosphonate on the risk of atrial fibrillation are conflicting and the association of serious atrial fibrillation (defined as events resulting in hospitalization or disability or judged to be life-threatening) with the use of bisphosphonates is uncertain. Hypothesis We aimed to systematically evaluate the association of bisphosphonate use with the risk of atrial fibrillation. Methods We performed a systematic literature search for clinical trials using bisphosphonates and providing data on the outcome of atrial fibrillation. Four randomized controlled trials and 3 population based case-control studies were included in the final analysis. A meta-analysis was performed with the 4 randomized controlled trials to determine the risk of serious atrial fibrillation. Results For the purpose of meta-analysis, the studies were homogenous; therefore the Mantel-Haenszel fixed-effect model was used to calculate combined relative risk (RR). A two-sided alpha error of less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant ( p p =0.002). Two out of 3 observational studies indicated a statistically significant increase in the risk of atrial fibrillation with bisphosphonate therapy. Conclusions Bisphosphonate use is associated with a significant increase in the risk of serious atrial fibrillation in postmenopausal women.
Double electron–electron resonance shows cytochrome P450cam undergoes a conformational change in solution upon binding substrate

Although cytochrome P450cam from Pseudomonas putida, the archetype for all heme monooxygenases, has long been known to have a closed active site, recent reports show that the enzyme can also be crystallized in at least two clusters of open conformations. This suggests that the enzyme may undergo significant conformational changes during substrate binding and catalytic turnover. However, these conformations were observed in the crystalline state, and information is needed about the conformations that are populated in solution. In this study, double electron–electron resonance experiments were performed to observe substrate-induced changes in distance as measured by the dipolar coupling between spin labels introduced onto the surface of the enzyme on opposite sides of the substrate access channel. The double electron–electron resonance data show a decrease of 0.8 nm in the distance between spin labels placed at S48C and S190C upon binding the substrate camphor. A rotamer distribution model based on the crystal structures adequately describes the observed distance distributions. These results demonstrate conclusively that, in the physiologically relevant solution state, the substrate-free enzyme exists in the open P450cam-O conformation and that camphor binding results in conversion to the closed P450cam-C form. This approach should be useful for investigating many other P450s, including mammalian forms, in which the role of conformational change is of central importance but not well understood.
Analysis of the rapid interchange of thyroxine between plasma and liver and plasma and kidney in the intact rat.

Tissue uptake of intravenously administered 125I-thyroxine (125I-T4) was estimated in liver and kidney after appropriate corrections for tracer T4 associated with plasma proteins in these organs. By simultaneous measurements of 125I-T4 in liver and kidney the kinetics of interchange of T4 between liver and plasma and kidney and plasma could be analyzed in terms of a nonrestricted 3-compartmental system. The unidirectional hepatic clearance of plasma T4 was estimated to be 1.7 ml/min and the unidirectional clearance of plasma T4 by the kidney 0.18 ml/min. The rapid 2-way exchange of T4 between plasma and tissues was not accompaniedaccompanied by the formation of demonstrable metabolic intermediates. Equilibration between plasma and tissue was complete after 10 to 15 min. The exchangeability of tissue T4 was experimentally demonstrated by exchange transfusions. Electrophoretic analysis of tissue homogenates indicated that the ingress of T4 from plasma could not be attributed to high tissue concentrations of...