cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New constraints on composition-dependent interactions weaker than gravity.

Results from two recent ``fifth-force'' experiments disagree when analyzed in terms of a single baryonic interaction. We consider an interaction coupling to ${\mathrm{q}}_{5}$=B cos${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\theta}}}_{5}$+L sin${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\theta}}}_{5}$ where ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\theta}}}_{5}$ has a value that could explain our null Cu-Be data while preserving Thieberger's positive Cu-${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O result. (B and L are baryon and lepton number, respectively.) We present new Al-Be data that rule out this possibility except for a narrow region around ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\theta}}}_{5}$\ensuremath{\approxeq}-63\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} (${\mathrm{q}}_{5}$\ensuremath{\propto}${\mathrm{I}}_{3}$, the third component of isospin), where the ${\mathrm{q}}_{5}$ of terrestrial sources vanishes.
Ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) exploit information about what others can see but not what they can hear

Studies suggest that haplorhine primates are sensitive to what others can see and hear. Using two experimental designs, we tested the hypothesis that ring-tailed lemurs (N = 16) are also sensitive to the visual and auditory perception of others. In the first task, we used a go/no-go design that required lemurs to exploit only auditory information. In the second task, we used a forced-choice design where lemurs competed against a human who would prevent them from obtaining food if their approaches were detected. Subjects were given the choice of obtaining food silently or noisily when the competitor's back was turned. They were also given the choice to obtain food when the competitor could either see them or not. Here, we replicate the findings of previous studies indicating that ring-tailed lemurs are sensitive to whether they can be seen; however, we found no evidence that subjects are sensitive to whether others can hear them. Our findings suggest that ring-tailed lemurs converge with haplorhine primates only in their sensitivity to the visual information of others. The results emphasize the importance of investigating social cognition across sensory domains in order to elucidate the cognitive mechanisms that underlie apparently complex social behavior. These findings also suggest that the social dynamics of haplorhine groups impose greater cognitive demands than lemur groups, despite similarities in total group size.
Deriving effectiveness information for decision-making

As of January 2006, a new drug benefit program, Medicare Part D, will be made available and effective for Medicare enrollees. Given the risk factor and morbidity profiles of the Medicare population...
Sup-norm estimates in Glimm's method

Abstract We give a proof that Total Variation {u0(·)} ⪡ 1 can be replaced by Sup{u0(·) ⪡ 1 in Glimm's method whenever a coordinate system of Riemann invariants is present. The argument is somewhat simpler but in the same spirit as that given by Glimm in his celebrated paper of 1965.
Money-in-the-bank: a model for coral reef fish coexistence

An alternative to the ‘reef fish lottery’ model is proposed for explaining instances of coexistence of reef fishes without apparent spatial resource partitioning. This model is termed ‘money-in-the-bank’ because of a financial analogy used to explain it. It stresses the importance of habitats that can support only one of two or more closely related species that coexist elsewhere. Populations living in such monospecific habitats could, according to the model, produce enough larvae to repopulate these habitats plus an excess that may settle in the multispecific habitats. Possible examples among cardinalfishes are given.
An architecture for electronic field guides

People who classify and identify things based on their observable or deducible properties (called "characters" by biologists) can benefit from databases and keys that assist them in naming a specimen. This paper discusses our approach to generating an identification tool based on the field guide concept. Our software accepts character lists either expressed as XML (which biologists rarely provide knowingly--although most databases can now export in XML) or via ODBC connections to the data author's relational database. The software then produces an Electronic Field Guide (EFG) implemented as a collection of Java servlets. The resulting guide answers queries made locally to a backend, or to Internet data sources via http, and returns XML. If, however, the query client requires HTML (e.g., if the EFG is responding to a human-centric browser interface that we or the remote application provides), or if some specialized XML is required, then the EFG forwards the XML to a servlet that applies an XSLT transformation to provide the look and feel that the client application requires. We compare our approach to the architecture of other taxon identification tools. Finally, we discuss how we combine this service with other biodiversity data services on the web to make integrated applications.
Salt Separation Processes in the Saltcedar Tamarix ramosissima (Ledeb.)

Salt cedars (Tamarix) are invasive halophytic species and heavy water consumers. However, Tamarix possesses interesting characteristics accounting for its opportunistic and resilient abilities: analogous to a miniature photodesalinization machine, it thrives on saline soils toxic to most plants. Here we observe, document, and reveal the salt separation process of T. ramosissima. Specimens were cultivated under controlled artificial conditions, then analyzed by microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. Tamarix ramosissima is shown to produce varied morphologies of salt crystal aggregates from vesiculated trichomes and possess the ability to separate anions and cations. Sodium chloride, potassium chloride (KCl), and potassium sodium sulfate [K2.25Na1.75(SO4)2] were major exuded salt crystal phases, with smaller quantities of other phases present. Compositions of crystals exuded by individual plants were consistent with compositions of the soils they grew on. Although T. ramosissima may be an invasive nuisan...
The fibonacci distribution revisited

The Fibonacci distributions of Shane (1973) are extended to a family of power series distributions having the higher order Fibonacci numbers as coefficients. The distributions possess a waiting time interpretation that generalizes the geometric distribution and, in a special case, solves a waiting time problem in genetics Hazard function and modal behavior is examined In particular, the distributions can have an unlimited number of modes
Public Health Law and the Prevention and Control of Obesity

Context: Obesity constitutes a major public health challenge in the United States. Obesogenic environments have increased owing to the consumption of calorie-dense foods of low nutritional value and the reduction of daily physical activity (e.g., increased portion sizes of meals eaten in and out of the home and fewer physical activity requirements in schools). Policymakers and public health practitioners need to know the best practices and have the competencies to use laws and legal authorities to reverse the obesity epidemic. For instance, statutes and regulations at the federal, state, and local levels of government have been implemented to improve nutritional choices and access to healthy foods, encourage physical activity, and educate consumers about adopting healthy lifestyles. Methods: In an effort to understand the application of laws and legal authorities for obesity prevention and control, in June 2008 the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention convened the National Summit on Legal Preparedness for Obesity Prevention and Control. An outcome of this summit will be the publication of the proceeding's white papers written by eight law and subject-matter experts with substantive contributions from summit participants, which will identify actionable options that sectors and organizations at various jurisdictional levels can consider adopting. Findings: Law has played a critical role in the control of chronic diseases and the behaviors that lead to them. The use of a systematic legal framework—the use of legislation, regulation, and policy to address the multiple factors that contribute to obesogenic environments—can assist in the development, implementation, and evaluation of a variety of legal approaches for obesity prevention and control. Conclusions: Although public health–focused legal interventions are in an early stage and the direct and indirect impact they may have on the obesity epidemic is not yet understood, efforts such as the summit and white papers should help determine potentially viable legal interventions and assess their impact on population-level change.
Quantum Hidden Subgroup Algorithms: The Devil Is in the Details

We conjecture that one of the main obstacles to creating new non-abelian quantum hidden subgroup algorithms is the correct choice of a transversal.
Investigating the effects of color

A laboratory experiment studies the effects of color on a decision maker's ability to extract information from different graphical and tabular presentations. Results indicate color improves time performance for tables, pie charts and bar graphs, and accuracy performance for pie charts and line graphs.
Dynamic Reciprocity in Cell-Scaffold Interactions

Tissue engineering in urology has shown considerable promise. However, there is still much to understand, particularly regarding the interactions between scaffolds and their host environment, how these interactions regulate regeneration and how they may be enhanced for optimal tissue repair. In this review, we discuss the concept of dynamic reciprocity as applied to tissue engineering, i.e. how bi-directional signaling between implanted scaffolds and host tissues such as the bladder drives the process of constructive remodeling to ensure successful graft integration and tissue repair. The impact of scaffold content and configuration, the contribution of endogenous and exogenous bioactive factors, the influence of the host immune response and the functional interaction with mechanical stimulation are all considered. In addition, the temporal relationships of host tissue ingrowth, bioactive factor mobilization, scaffold degradation and immune cell infiltration, as well as the reciprocal signaling between discrete cell types and scaffolds are discussed. Improved understanding of these aspects of tissue repair will identify opportunities for optimization of repair that could be exploited to enhance regenerative medicine strategies for urology in future studies.
Molecular and cellular mechanisms of lymphatic vascular maturation

Lymphatic vasculature is necessary for maintaining fluid homeostasis in vertebrates. During embryogenesis lymphatic endothelial cells originate from the veins as a homogeneous population. These cells undergo a series of changes at the morphological and molecular levels to become mature lymphatic vasculature that consists of lymphatic capillaries, collecting lymphatic vessels and valves. In this article we summarize our current knowledge about these steps and highlight some black boxes that require further clarification.
Tissue Tightening Technologies: Fact or Fiction

Skin laxity is associated with chronological aging and exposure to solar radiation. The authors summarize the advantages and limitations of current laser, light-, and radiofrequency (RF)-based technologies purported to treat skin laxity by effecting heat-induced collagen contraction and subsequent remodeling during the months after treatment. Although penetration of laser or broadband light to the deep dermal layers is limited because of scattering of the light by epidermal melanin, a new device in which broadband infrared light is minimally scattered may overcome these limitations. RF energy offers a treatment alternative that has not only been proven to promote collagen contraction and remodeling but also is not scattered by epidermal constituents. Recently launched devices that use combinations of optical and RF energy achieve clinical benefits at lower and therefore safer levels of energy, with only mild pain and few adverse effects. A combined infrared-RF device takes maximum advantage of both optical and RF technologies to achieve the desired clinical effect. The electrooptical synergy systems have proven to be safe, effective, reliable, and user-friendly. Other more advanced powerful technologies may also be effective in this setting.
Antipredator behavior of American bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) in a novel environment.

Invasive species capable of recognizing potential predators may have increased establishment rates in novel environments. Individuals may retain historical predator recognition and invoke innate responses in the presence of taxonomically or ecologically similar predators, generalize antipredator responses, or learn to avoid risky species in novel environments. Invasive amphibians in aquatic environments often use chemical cues to assess predation risk and learn to avoid novel predators via direct experience and/or associated chemical cues. Ontogeny may also influence recognition; experience with predators may need to occur at certain developmental stages for individuals to respond correctly. We tested predator recognition in invasive American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) tadpoles that varied in experience with fish predators at the population and individual scale. We found that bullfrog tadpoles responded to a historical predator, largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), only if the population was locally sympatric with largemouth bass. Individuals from a population that did not co-occur with largemouth bass did not increase refuge use in response to either largemouth bass chemical cues alone or chemical cues with diet cues (largemouth bass fed bullfrog tadpoles). To test whether this behavioral response was generalized across fish predators, we exposed tadpoles to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and found that tadpoles could not recognize this novel predator regardless of co-occurrence with other fish species. These results suggest that environment may be more important for predator recognition than evolutionary history for this invasive species, and individuals do not retain predator recognition or generalize across fish predators.
Managing network resources for efficient, reliable information systems

Recent advances in public network technology and emerging database interface standards enable the implementation of a new type of distributed database systems and create demand for improved query distribution and query optimization algorithms. A research topic that immediately arises is cost minimization for ISDN usage. Even if policies for charging telephone communications may vary, it is a fair assumption that cost will be proportional to the duration of an ISDN connection, and thus, to the volume of data exchanged. Previous research on distributed database systems has produced results that can be utilized for this purpose. Nevertheless, Intelligent Network and ISDN usage requires current knowledge to be adapted and extended. The current state of telecommunication technology provides a potential for developing efficient distributed heterogeneous database systems, utilizing public data networks such as ISDN. Emerging technology and standards, such as ODBC, make the development of such systems cost effective and their operation flexible. >
Agglomeration of High Calcium Fly Ash for Utilization I. Physical Properties

Inability of the Iowa fly ash industry to meet their demands for fly ash during the peak construction months led the Iowa Fly Ash Affiliates to initiate research into storage alternatives for high-calcium fly ashes. Conventional, closed storage facilities are extremely expensive and currently not cost effective. In addition, the industry is faced with the rising costs of landfill disposal. This paper presents the results of utilizing the rapid self-cementitious properties of high-calcium ashes to agglomerate them into discrete, aggregate size particles for stockpiling. The two fly ashes used in this study contained 25 to 30 percent calcium. Water was used as an agglomerating medium. Agglomeration was accomplished using three types of commercial equipment as follows: continuous rotary pan agglomerator, continuous auger agglomerator and a batch turbine agglomerator. All units produced relatively well graded aggregate material differing primarily in particle shape and texture. Research work discussed includes gradation, strength, and durability of the agglomerates. Agglomerates were also reground using a newlydeveloped, energy efficient, micronizing technique. Research results using the reground ash in concrete and soil stabilization are presented.
Perception of sound and gravity by TMC1 and TMC2

Central to our ability to hear and sense gravity is a cellular process known as mechanotransduction, which is initiated by the opening of mechanosensitive cation channels located near the tips of the stereocilia of auditory and vestibular inner ear hair cells. The molecular identity of the mechanotransduction channels has eluded researchers despite intensive investigations over the years. In this issue of the JCI, Kawashima et al. report their results obtained using mice with targeted deletion of both transmembrane channel-like 1 (Tmc1) and Tmc2. The use of inner ear hair cells isolated from these mice provided a nearly perfect system for testing the mechanotransduction channels without disrupting functions of other accessory proteins needed in the complicated molecular apparatus, and it allowed the authors to show that the proteins encoded by these genes are integral components of the mechanotransduction complex.
Visualization-based policy analysis for SELinux: framework and user study

In this paper, we propose a visualization-based policy analysis framework that enables system administrators to query and visualize security policies and to easily identify the policy violations, especially focused on SELinux. Furthermore, we propose a visual query language for expressing policy queries in a visual form. Our framework provides an intuitive cognitive sense about the policy, policy queries and policy violations. We also describe our implementation of a visualization-based policy analysis tool that supports the functionalities discussed in our framework. In addition, we discuss our study on usability of our tool with evaluation criteria and experimental results.
Allografts in Foot and Ankle Surgery: A Critical Analysis Review.

Allografts are commonly used during reconstructive procedures around the foot and ankle1. Compared with autograft tissue, allografts offer the advantage of unlimited tissue sources, decreased operative time, and lack of potential donor-site morbidity1. Allografts can be classified into three broad categories: (1) osteochondral grafts, (2) osseous/structural grafts (which can be subclassified as either bulk grafts or cortical/cancellous chips), and (3) allograft tendons. The use of these grafts has increased dramatically in the past decade, but there is concern that enthusiasm surrounding their use has outpaced the published evidence supporting their efficacy and safety. This article will critically review the available evidence regarding outcomes related to the use of allografts in foot and ankle surgery. Symptomatic osteochondral defects at any anatomic site present a substantial treatment challenge. The goals of operative treatment include the resolution of pain and/or mechanical symptoms, the restoration of articular surface congruity, the prevention of articular surface collapse, and, ultimately, the prevention of degenerative arthritis of the apposing joint surfaces2. In foot and ankle surgery, osteochondral allografts are most commonly …
Making decisions under increasing work load demands: the need to look ahead

The relation between decision-making performance and imposed work load is explored relative to a dynamic multitask decision problem. An experimental and analytical study shows how changes in key task parameters, such as the number of concurrent tasks and the time available and/or required to process a task, affect the decision-maker's performance. The normative-descriptive multitask decision model (MTDM), based on modern control and estimation techniques and probabilistic theories of individual choice behavior, is used to predict human information processing and decision-making in the dynamic multitask environment. Incorporation of the ability to look ahead in formulating the subjective expected value of the net worth of acting on a particular task for a given processing time is shown to be a key feature of the modeling approach. >
Full diversity block diagonal codes for differential space-time-frequency coded OFDM

Focusing on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) transmissions over frequency selective Rayleigh fading channels, we consider full diversity block diagonal codes for differential space-time-frequency (DSTF) coded OFDM with no channel state information (CSI). Resorting to subcarrier grouping, we convert the system into a set of DSTF systems, within which DSTF coding is considered. Through pairwise error probability (PEP) analysis, the code design criteria are derived over correlated channels and shown to be not dependent on the channel correlations. In [Q. Ma, et al. (2003)], it is proved that full diversity gain can be achieved by appropriately using the existing unitary diagonal space-time (ST) codes without CSI over the frequency selective channels. We show here that, at higher data rates there exist fuller nondiagonal matrices that have the necessary unitary and full diversity properties, and outperform the diagonal codes in [Q. Ma, et al., (2003)], Two design methods are proposed for block diagonal codes with full diversity which are based on existing designs for flat fading channels.
The Subnational Politics of Economic Adjustment Provincial Politics and Fiscal Performance in Argentina

Existing research has failed to address the impact of subnational politics on economic adjustment. This article attempts to fill this gap by outlining theoretical reasons for anticipating policy divergences across levels of government and by offering three hypotheses to account for variation at the subnational level. The authors explore these ideas on the basis of the Argentine experience. The study traces the impact of subnational policy on Argentine economic adjustment and tests hypotheses about subnational policy variation on the basis of provincial fiscal data. The authors' findings underline the importance of subnational policy choice for national performance and suggest a revised understanding of the role of political competition in the economic adjustment process. The authors find considerable evidence that interactions between party competition and the structure of the public sector shape provincial fiscal performance and thereby condition the capacity for economic adjustment at the national level.
Natural and Epistemological Pragmatism: Democracy and Environmental Problems

In this analysis, a pragmatic model of the human relationship to nature is presented. Parallels are drawn between the epistemological pragmatism used by humans to experience large-scale environmental problems and the natural pragmatism by which all species evolve to meet the challenges of their environment. It is argued that powerful stakeholders have the ability to shift the short-term consequences of environmental problems to less powerful political entities, thus delaying the pragmatic recognition and remediation of these issues. A synthesis of the phenomenology of Alfred Schutz provides the foundation for a reappraisal of solutions to environmental problems and suggests that rational humanism does not provide realistic solutions to environmental threats.
Parameters and comparisons of the quadriceps angle of college-aged men and women in the supine and standing positions

The purpose of this study was to determine normal, mean quadriceps angles (Q angles) for college-aged men and women, and to compare Q angles measured in the supine and the standing positions. The Q angles of 269 men and 257 women were measured in both positions by use of a specially modified goniometer. The mean Q angle for men was 12.7 degrees in the supine position and 13.6 degrees in the standing position; for women the mean Q angle was 15.8 degrees in the supine position and 17.0 degrees in the standing position. All of these differences were statistically significant. We calculated the incidence of an abnormally high Q angle, and will discuss the implications of our findings.
Teachin Consumer Selection of Market Quality Beef by Observable Characteristics

Selection of beef is a constant concern to consumers. To meet the need of young or inex perienced consumers, a slide-tape presentation for identification of beef quality was devel oped. This presentation consists of 30 slides with a synchronized explanatory tape that was tested for the value of its content as well as its effectiveness as a teaching tool. The devel opment of a slide-tape presentation has come through a series of five tests. The historical development of the tests is discussed and the results of the fifth test analyzed. The tests involved 89 panelists, all but six of whom were students. Panelists scored the characteristics of raw and cooked beef. The characteristics of raw beef that were scored are fiber size, visible connective tissue, firmness to touch, and degree of marbling. The raw beef muscle samples were evaluated on score cards, after which each was cooked on a hot grill at 191°C. Each panelist then scored the cooked sample for flavor, tenderness, juiciness, and overall quality. Correlations were calculated to determine significant relationships between characteristics of the raw and the cooked meat as well as overall quality for each muscle. These values were calculated for sensory panels 1 and3 to determine thevalue of instruction in panel 2. On the basis of the evaluations before and after the slide tape presentation, it was determined that instruction did enable consumers to score more accurately characteristics of raw beef in relation to the characteristics of cooked beef. The authors believe that the consumers could use the information from this educational tool in choosing meat at the supermarket.
Real-time event driven architecture for activity monitoring and early warning

There is an increasing demand outside of the military and intelligence community for real-time and near real-time applications and solutions, especially in areas where continuous adaptation to the environment is critical. In this paper, we survey the recent evolution of the event driven applications and discuss their potential implications on the system and middleware trends. These applications include service provisioning for telecommunication, trading system for financial services, logistics and asset management in manufacturing, digital oil field for the production of oil and gas, telematics for automotive maintenance, and disease surveillance for public health. These applications likely drive the emergence of a new class of middleware components and system architectures that are optimized for event processing and routing. At the system level, event processing drives the convergence of message gateways and routers. At the middleware level, event based application necessitates the emergence of programmable event processing engine to compliment traditional database management systems and application servers.
Extreme winter temperature and birth defects: A population-based case-control study

Abstract Background/objective We examined the relationship between extreme winter temperatures and birth defects to determine whether pregnant women might be vulnerable to the weather extremes expected with climate change. Methods In this population-based, case-control study, we linked the New York State Congenital Malformations Registry to birth certificates (1992–2006). Cases were defined as live births with birth defects, and controls were selected from a 10% random sample of live births. We assigned meteorological data based on maternal birth residence and summarized universal apparent temperature across gestational weeks 3–8 (embryogenesis). We defined an extreme cold day as a day with mean temperature below the 10th percentile of the regional winter temperature distribution and a cold spell as 3 consecutive extreme cold days. We averaged temperature for each week of the first trimester to identify susceptible periods. We estimated adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) with multivariable logistic regression for 30 birth defects groups. Results Among 13,044 cases and 59,884 controls with at least 1 week of embryogenesis in winter, coarctation of the aorta was associated with a 1 °C decrease in mean universal apparent temperature (OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.02-1.11), cold spell (OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.11-2.34), and number of extreme cold days. We observed reduced odds of hypoplastic left heart syndrome and dislocated hip for some cold indicators. Conclusions Most birth defects were not associated with cold indicators; however, we found positive associations between cold indicators and coarctation of the aorta in the biologically-relevant developmental window which warrants replication.
Effect of Pinealectomy of Coturnix Quail Reared Under Non-Stimulatory Photoperiods

Abstract RECENT reviews by Cohen et al. (1964), Kitay and Altschule (1954), Relkin (1966) and Wurtman and Axelrod (1965) describe the progress in pineal research. Little work has been done to elucidate the function of the pineal gland in avian species. Shellabarger (1952 Shellabarger (1953) and Shellabarger and Breneman (1949) did some early work on pineal physiology in chickens. The function most often ascribed to the pineal is an inhibitory action on gonadal development in immature animals or in animals maintained under short daily periods of light. Hoffman and Reiter (1965a, b) recently showed that pinealectomy prevented the usual atrophy of the testes of adult hamsters kept under daily photoperiods consisting of one hour of light and 23 hours of darkness for a period of 4 weeks. Sham-operated controls showed complete testicular atrophy. Since the gonads of birds are known to atrophy in response to short day lengths, a study of the…
Instrumentation for small-animal capnometry

Monitoring of human vital signs – heart rate, respiratory rate, hemoglobin oxygen saturation and others – has become an indispensable part of the standard of care in a hospital setting. For example, vital sign monitoring during administration of general anesthesia is essential, given the role that the anesthesiologist plays in assuming physiologic control. In veterinary settings, however, vital sign monitoring under anesthesia is less common, and may consist simply of a visual assessment of respiratory rate. Vital sign monitoring is especially challenging in small animals, given the high metabolic rates and small volumes under consideration. In this paper, we present a unique nose-cone design and associated instrumentation which allows for measurement of respiratory parameters – e.g., anesthesia gas concentration, inspiratory and expiratory O 2 , and inspiratory and expiratory CO 2 (capnometry). Such instrumentation facilitates a physiologic assessment of small animals undergoing general anesthesia, an increasingly important consideration as small animals play a greater role in in vivo biomedical studies. In addition, the techniques proposed herein are suitable for measurement on small respiratory volumes associated with neonatal monitoring.
Ultrastructural alterations to chloroplasts in triazine-resistant weed biotypes

Ultrastructural, morphometric and physiological techniques were used to determine the consistent chloroplast differences between triazine-resistant (R) and triazine-susceptible (S) biotypes of Amaranthus hybridus L., Chenopodium album L., and Brassica campestris L. All R biotypes had a larger proportion of the chloroplast volume as grana lamellae and a lower proportion of starch and stroma lamellae than S biotypes. In the R biotypes, a greater percentage of grana contain larger numbers of thylakoids per granum. A greater proportion of chlorophyll associated with the light-harvesting chlorophyll alb protein and a lower chlorophyll alb ratio, traits associated with an increase in grana lamellae, were noted in R biotypes. Chloroplasts of S biotypes could be modified to ultrastructural phenocopies of those in R biotypes by treatment with sublethal levels of the PSII inhibiting herbicides, bentazon, diuron, atrazine and prometon. Despite the structural similarities to R biotypes, the modified S biotypes were not resistant to atrazine as determined by fluorescence measurements. Thus, the structural alterations observed are apparently secondary effects of impaired photosynthetic electron transport in R biotypes, and are not the cause of triazine resistance.
Fault structure and mechanics of the Hayward Fault, California, from double-difference earthquake locations

[1] The relationship between small-magnitude seismicity and large-scale crustal faulting along the Hayward Fault, California, is investigated using a double-difference (DD) earthquake location algorithm. We used the DD method to determine high-resolution hypocenter locations of the seismicity that occurred between 1967 and 1998. The DD technique incorporates catalog travel time data and relative P and S wave arrival time measurements from waveform cross correlation to solve for the hypocentral separation between events. The relocated seismicity reveals a narrow, near-vertical fault zone at most locations. This zone follows the Hayward Fault along its northern half and then diverges from it to the east near San Leandro, forming the Mission trend. The relocated seismicity is consistent with the idea that slip from the Calaveras Fault is transferred over the Mission trend onto the northern Hayward Fault. The Mission trend is not clearly associated with any mapped active fault as it continues to the south and joins the Calaveras Fault at Calaveras Reservoir. In some locations, discrete structures adjacent to the main trace are seen, features that were previously hidden in the uncertainty of the network locations. The fine structure of the seismicity suggests that the fault surface on the northern Hayward Fault is curved or that the events occur on several substructures. Near San Leandro, where the more westerly striking trend of the Mission seismicity intersects with the surface trace of the (aseismic) southern Hayward Fault, the seismicity remains diffuse after relocation, with strong variation in focal mechanisms between adjacent events indicating a highly fractured zone of deformation. The seismicity is highly organized in space, especially on the northern Hayward Fault, where it forms horizontal, slip-parallel streaks of hypocenters of only a few tens of meters width, bounded by areas almost absent of seismic activity. During the interval from 1984 to 1998, when digital waveforms are available, we find that fewer than 6.5% of the earthquakes can be classified as repeating earthquakes, events that rupture the same fault patch more than one time. These most commonly are located in the shallow creeping part of the fault, or within the streaks at greater depth. The slow repeat rate of 2–3 times within the 15-year observation period for events with magnitudes around M = 1.5 is indicative of a low slip rate or a high stress drop. The absence of microearthquakes over large, contiguous areas of the northern Hayward Fault plane in the depth interval from ∼5 to 10 km and the concentrations of seismicity at these depths suggest that the aseismic regions are either locked or retarded and are storing strain energy for release in future large-magnitude earthquakes.
Factors affecting seismic response of submarine slopes

Abstract. The response of submerged slopes on the continental shelf to seismic or storm loading has become an important element in the risk assessment for offshore structures and "local" tsunami hazards worldwide. The geological profile of these slopes typically includes normally consolidated to lightly overconsolidated soft cohesive soils with layer thickness ranging from a few meters to hundreds of meters. The factor of safety obtained from pseudo-static analyses is not always a useful measure for evaluating the slope response, since values less than one do not necessarily imply slope failure with large movements of the soil mass. This paper addresses the relative importance of different factors affecting the response of submerged slopes during seismic loading. The analyses use a dynamic finite element code which includes a constitutive law describing the anisotropic stress-strain-strength behavior of normally consolidated to lightly overconsolidated clays. The model also incorporates anisotropic hardening to describe the effect of different shear strain and stress histories as well as bounding surface principles to provide realistic descriptions of the accumulation of the plastic strains and excess pore pressure during successive loading cycles. The paper presents results from parametric site response analyses on slope geometry and layering, soil material parameters, and input ground motion characteristics. The predicted maximum shear strains, permanent deformations, displacement time histories and maximum excess pore pressure development provide insight of slope performance during a seismic event.
Insatisfacción corporal en los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria: un estudio comparativo

Antecedentes: La insatisfaccion corporal (IC) es considerada factor predisponente, desencadenante, perpetuante y pronostico de los trastornos alimentarios (TCA). Objetivos: Comparar la presencia de IC y caracteristicas psicopatologicas/conductuales entre mujeres con y sin TCA. Metodo: A 52 pacientes con TCA y 51 estudiantes sin TCA, se les aplico comparativamente el Test de Actitudes Alimentarias (EAT-40), el Inventario de Desordenes Alimentarios (EDI) y el Cuestionario de Silueta Corporal (BSQ). Resultados: Las pacientes alcanzaron puntajes significativamente mas elevados que las estudiantes en el BSQ, EAT-40, EDIy sub escalas (p = < 0,001), excepto perfeccionismo (p = 0,015). La IC medida por el EDI (17 versus 4; p < 0,001) y el BSQ (152 versus 58,5; p < 0,001) arrojo puntajes significativamente mas altos en las pacientes, principalmente las anorecticas en el EAT-40, BSQ, IC, sentimientos de inutilidad personal y perfeccionismo (p < 0,001); las bulimicas en el EDI global, motivacion por la delgadez, consciencia interoceptiva, bulimia, temor a la madurez y desconfianza interpersonal (p < 0,001). El item IC del EDI mostro un OR de 1,17, versus el BSQ (OR= 1,05) (p < 0,001). El puntaje global del EAT-40 se correlaciono directa y significativamente con el BSQ (r = 0,672; p < 0,001) en las pacientes y estudiantes con el item IC del EDI (r = 0,639; p < 0,001). Conclusiones: La IC esta presente en grado extremo en todos los subtipos de TCA. Las anorecticas mostraron mayor IC acompanada de sentimientos de inutilidad personal y perfeccionismo. Una mayor IC se relaciona positivamente con una mayor sintomatologia compatible con TCA. El riesgo de padecerlo de una joven que exhibe algun grado de IC es altisimo.
Latent tuberculosis diagnosis in children by using the QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube test.

BACKGROUND.The QuantiFERON-TB Gold test was the first blood test to be approved for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection. Although it has been shown to be sensitive and specific in adults, limited data on its performance in children are available. METHODS.This was a prospective study of children receiving health care in New York, New York. Each child was assessed for risk factors for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, underwent tuberculin skin testing, and had a QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube test performed. The concordance between tuberculin skin test and QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube test results was calculated, and the results were analyzed according to the likelihood of exposure to M tuberculosis. RESULTS.Data for 207 children with valid tuberculin skin test and QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube test results were analyzed. There was excellent correlation between negative tuberculin skin test results and negative QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube test results; however, only 23% of children with positive tuberculin skin test results had positive QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube test results. Positive QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube test results were associated with increased likelihood of M tuberculosis exposure, and interferon levels were higher in children with known recent exposure to M tuberculosis, compared with children with older exposure histories. Younger children produced lower interferon levels in response to the mitogen (phytohemagglutinin) control used in the QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube test, but indeterminant results were low for children of all ages. Performance characteristics were similar across all age groups. CONCLUSION.The QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube test is a specific test for M tuberculosis exposure in children, with performance characteristics similar to those for adults residing in regions with low levels of endemic disease. Concerns about test sensitivity, especially for children 2 years of age, will require additional prospective long-term evaluation. Pediatrics 2009;123:30‐37
Concurrent Multi-Target Tracking

Simulation89 is an emulation of various SDI tasks (tracking, engagement management and ‘look ahead’) developed for the U. S. Air Force. The simulation presently deals with the boost, post-boost and early midcourse phases of a ’mass raid’ scenario, and is designed to process scenarios with a few thousand targets. The simulation is run on the Mark-III hypercube, with individual tasks performed on subcubes of the full hypercube. In general, the computations within individual subcubes are done in a synchronous manner (i.e., CrOS), while communications between tasks/subcubes are done asynchronously.
HIPAA on Privacy: Its Unintended and Intended Consequences

The single most conspicuous growth industry in Washington, D.C., is regulation and the administrative structure it spawns. The number of programs in Washington that start big is relatively small. The dominant strategy in all cases is to identify some failure in the private sector and then to propose some well-tailored government program to combat it. At the stage of inception, everyone is sensitive to the risks of overreaching through regulation. But the mood shifts on implementation of the program. The key question is what attitude is brought to the two kinds of error that must be confronted by any system of social control: too much or too little. Within this new context, the risks of underinclusion are always high on the agenda. The risks of overinclusion tend to be neglected. To give but one example, the 1964 Civil Rights Act was sold as a statute that was intended to remove a particular form of irrationality in the marketplace by refusing to allow employers to make invidious distinctions on grounds of race, sex, and national origin. At the time everyone disclaimed any effort to impose prohibitions when employers did not resort to conscious differences in treatment. No one thought that employers could be held responsible for the background conditions in society at large that contributed to differential levels of preparation of, for example, black and white applicants. 1 But we all know the story as to how the initial program grew rapidly by a combination of administrative regulation and judicial decisions. The same story could be told over and over again, for example, with the growth in Social Security and Medicare.
Nitric Oxide Contributes to Substance P‐Induced Increases in Lung Rapidly Adapting Receptor Activity in Guinea‐Pigs

1. Substance P induces fluid flux via nitric oxide, and fluid flux stimulates lung rapidly adapting receptors (RARs). We therefore proposed that nitric oxide contributes to substance P-evoked increases in RAR activity. Since substance P decreases dynamic compliance (Cdyn), which can stimulate RARs, we also determined whether nitric oxide contributed to substance P-induced effects on pulmonary function. 2. In anaesthetized guinea-pigs, the effects of substance P on RAR activity, Cdyn, pulmonary resistance (RL), and arterial blood pressure were measured before and after i.v. infusion of NG-methyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA; a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor), or L-NMMA followed by L-arginine (a nitric oxide precursor which reverses the effects of L-NMMA). 3. Substance P-evoked increases in RAR activity were blunted by L-NMMA (P = 0.006) but not by L-NMMA-L-arginine (P = 0.42). 4. Substance P-evoked decreases in Cdyn were slightly inhibited by L-NMMA (P = 0.02) and slightly enhanced by L-NMMA-L-arginine (P = 0.004). However, at the time at which L-NMMA maximally reduced substance P-induced RAR stimulation (the first 30 s), it did not change substance P-induced decreases in Cdyn. 5. Substance P-evoked increases in RL were not changed by L-NMMA (P = 0.10) and were enhanced by L-NMMA-L-arginine (P = 0.03). 6. L-NMMA-evoked increases in mean arterial blood pressure were reversed by L-arginine. Substance P-evoked decreases in mean arterial blood pressure were not changed by L-NMMA or by L-NMMA-L-arginine. 7. We conclude that nitric oxide contributes to substance P-evoked increases in RAR activity and that the increases are most probably independent of decreases in Cdyn.
Looking Back on Chicano History: A Generational Perspective

In the forty years since the publication of the special issue devoted to Chicano history in the Pacific Historical Review in 1973, the literature on Mexican Americans has flourished. In the early 1970s, the nascent subfield of Chicano history was established, and in subsequent decades it reached maturity as the number of historians writing in this area increased significantly, as did the number of monographs and articles. By the early twenty-first century, the importance of historical studies of Mexican Americans is reflected in the literature of many subfields of U.S. history—labor, women, U.S.-Mexican borderlands, urban, immigration—and in the curriculum of colleges and universities across the nation. This article provides a personal perspective on the origins, foundations, and maturation of Chicano history.
Book Review: Populations, Public Health, and the Law

This is an invited book review of a monograph by Wendy Parmet, the George J. and Kathleen Waters Matthews Distinguished University Professor of Law at Northeastern University. Parmet proposes a new approach, called “population-based legal analysis," which considers the impact of laws and judicial decisions on the population as a whole, rather than individual parties to a lawsuit. Her starting premise is that protection and promotion of public health is a fundamental objective of the law. After defining the paradigm in the opening chapters, Parmet guides readers to reconsider traditional areas of law, including Constitutional Law, Torts, Health Law, and Bioethics, through the lens of population-based legal analysis. The reviewer differs with some of the author’s views on the scope of public health law and the near-universal relevance of population health to legal decisions perspective and but concludes that the public health law scholarship is undeniably enriched by Parmet's stimulating contribution.