cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Secondary Data Analysis Examining Young Adults’ Performance in an Internet Weight Loss Program with Financial Incentives

Objective In traditional behavioral weight loss (BWL) programs, young adults fare worse than older adults with respect to engagement, retention, and weight loss, but money and use of technology have been cited as program factors that might improve outcomes for this population. This study evaluated young adult performance in internet-based BWL (IBWL) offering financial incentives for self-monitoring and weight loss. Methods Participants (N = 180; BMI = 33.2 ± 6.0 kg/m2 ) were randomly assigned to a 12-week IBWL or IBWL + incentives (IBWL + $) group. This secondary data analysis compared young adults (ages 18-35) in IBWL (n = 16) with young adults in IBWL + $ (n = 12) on percent weight loss, engagement, and retention. Young adults (n = 28) were also compared with older adults (ages 36-70; n = 152) on these outcomes. Results Young adult weight loss was -2.8% ± 5.2% in IBWL and -5.4% ± 5.7% in IBWL + $ (P = 0.23, partial η2 = 0.06). A greater proportion of young adults in IBWL + $ achieved a 10% weight loss compared with IBWL (42% vs. 6%, P = 0.02). Compared with older adults, young adults were less engaged, but there were no differences for retention or weight loss (P values > 0.05). Conclusions Findings suggest that technology-based BWL has the potential to eliminate weight loss disparities observed between young adults and older adults in in-person BWL trials. Moreover, adding financial incentives holds promise for promoting clinically meaningful weight loss for young adults.
The Bonobo and the Atheist, F. de Waal. W.W. Norton and Company, New York (2013), 289 pp.

Frans de Waal is an important figure among primatologists as measured by the extensive number of his publications and contributions to the field of primate behavior. For those younger college-age r...
Online Scheduling of a Residential Microgrid via Monte-Carlo Tree Search and a Learned Model

The uncertainty of distributed renewable energy brings significant challenges to economic operation of microgrids. Conventional online optimization approaches require a forecast model. However, accurately forecasting the renewable power generations is still a tough task. To achieve online scheduling of a residential microgrid (RM) that does not need a forecast model to predict the future PV/wind and load power sequences, this article investigates the usage of reinforcement learning (RL) approach to tackle this challenge. Specifically, based on the recent development of $ {M}$ odel-Based $ {R}$ einforcement $ {L}$ earning, MuZero (Schrittwieser et al. , 2019) we investigate its application to the RM scheduling problem. To accommodate the characteristics of the RM scheduling application, an optimization framework that combines the model-based RL agent with the mathematical optimization technique is designed, and long short-term memory (LSTM) units are adopted to extract features from the past renewable generation and load sequences. At each time step, the optimal decision is obtained by conducting Monte-Carlo tree search (MCTS) with a learned model and solving an optimal power flow sub-problem. In this way, this approach can sequentially make operational decisions online without relying on a forecast model. The numerical simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Deadlock Analysis and Resolution in Multi-Robot Systems (Extended Version)

Collision avoidance for multirobot systems is a well studied problem. Recently, control barrier functions (CBFs) have been proposed for synthesizing controllers guarantee collision avoidance and goal stabilization for multiple robots. However, it has been noted reactive control synthesis methods (such as CBFs) are prone to deadlock, an equilibrium of system dynamics causes robots to come to a standstill before reaching their goals. In this paper, we formally derive characteristics of deadlock in a multirobot system uses CBFs. We propose a novel approach to analyze deadlocks resulting from optimization based controllers (CBFs) by borrowing tools from duality theory and graph enumeration. Our key insight is system deadlock is characterized by a force-equilibrium on robots and we show how complexity of deadlock analysis increases approximately exponentially with the number of robots. This analysis allows us to interpret deadlock as a subset of the state space, and we prove this set is non-empty, bounded and located on the boundary of the safety set. Finally, we use these properties to develop a provably correct decentralized algorithm for deadlock resolution which ensures robots converge to their goals while avoiding collisions. We show simulation results of the resolution algorithm for two and three robots and experimentally validate this algorithm on Khepera-IV robots.
Quantitative PCR assays to detect whales, rockfish, and common murre environmental DNA in marine water samples of the Northeastern Pacific

Monitoring aquatic species by identification of environmental DNA (eDNA) is becoming more common. To obtain quantitative eDNA datasets for individual species, organism-specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays are required. Here, we present detailed methodology of qPCR assay design and testing, including in silico, in vitro, and in vivo testing, and comment on the challenges associated with assay design and performance. We use the presented methodology to design assays for three important marine organisms common in the California Current Ecosystem (CCE): humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae), shortbelly rockfish (Sebastes jordani), and common murre (Uria aalge). All three assays have excellent sensitivity and high efficiencies ranging from 92% to 99%. However, specificities of the assays varied from species-specific in the case of common murre, genus-specific for the shortbelly rockfish assay, and broadly whale-specific for the humpback whale assay, which cross-amplified with other two other whale species, including one in a different family. All assays detected their associated targets in complex environmental water samples.
Assessment of Future Flood Hazards for Southeastern Texas: Synthesizing Subsidence, Sea-Level Rise, and Storm Surge Scenarios

U.S. National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNational Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) [80NSSC170567]
Post hoc assessment of the relationship among coronary stenosis, electrocardiography, and ventricular function in patients with heart disease.

Cardiovascular diseases including cardiac arrhythmias lead to fatal events in patients with coronary artery disease, however clinical associations from echocardiography, electrocardiography (ECG) a...
A Review of Wireless Charging in WSN

Wireless energy transfer is the transmission of electrical energy without the use of wires. The use of WET in the management of energy creates a new class of network, i.e., the wireless rechargeable sensor networks. This paper presents a systematic review on wireless charging of sensors nodes in wireless sensor networks and explores the comparison of recognized works. A lot of optimization techniques for designing energy-efficient traveling paths and optimal stopping locations of the WCV has been presented to improve the charging efficiency of WCV. This paper discusses the current work on movement cost of wireless charging vehicles, optimal stopping time of WCV, trajectory design, and conservation of energy. Furthermore, it also enlightens charger placement problems and charge scheduling problems to improve the charging performance of WRSNs. Finally, the research challenges in the field of WRSNs have been proposed.
Safety of subcutaneous daratumumab in the treatment of plasma-cell disorders: A single-center experience.

e20007Background: Daratumumab (Dara) is a CD38-directed monoclonal antibody approved for the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) and light-chain amyloidosis (AL). Infusion-related reac...
Effects of experiential food education on local food purchasing and eating behavior

Using self-reported health and economic behav­iors, this study explores the extent to which experi­ential food activities such as cooking new foods and attending farmers markets impact local food consumption, purchasing, and eating behaviors. This longitudinal survey includes pre/post inter­vention surveys administered to a convenience sample of 55 community members, categorized as “young adults,” “adults,” and “older adults.” The 41-item baseline survey includes closed-ended questions regarding food preference, purchasing habits, and general awareness. The 54-item post survey, administered after participating in the study, includes the same closed-ended questions as the pre-survey, as well as open-ended questions regarding participants’ perceived impact of the intervention on their behaviors. Data was analyzed with paired t tests, one-way ANOVA, paired pro­portional analysis using McNemar’s Test, Bonfer­roni correction tests, and normality tests. Survey results show significant positive change (p<0.001) in overall eating, preparation, and purchasing behaviors from baseline to post-study. These find­ings appear to demonstrate that simple, low-cost interventions to engage adults in learning about and experiencing local food can lead to a change in shopping and pro-local eating behaviors.
Clinical Significance of FDG-PET/CT Avid Hilar Lymph Nodes in Esophageal Carcinoma Patients.

ABSTRACT Background The assumption that increased [18F] fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (FDG) uptake in hilar nodes on PET/CT imaging is indicative of distant metastasis can result in palliative rather than curative care in patients with esophageal cancer. This study aims to determine the significance of increased FDG uptake in hilar nodes in patients with potentially curable, locally advanced disease at initial staging. Methods We included patients with biopsy-proven esophageal carcinoma who had pretreatment FDG-PET/CT at initial staging, and follow-up imaging >1 year. We excluded patients with distant hematogeneous metastases. Hilar nodes were considered concerning for metastatic disease when SUV max was >2.5 or FDG uptake was visually > mediastinal background were examined. Results We reviewed FDG-PET CT scans from 806 patients treated for esophageal cancer from 2010-2018 and identified 42 patients with FDG avid hilar adenopathy. Thirteen patients underwent histological assessment and 29 were followed with imaging. None of the 42 patients were found to have distant metastatic disease on initial work up and all were treated curatively. In follow up, 2/42 patients eventually manifested hilar nodal metastases after treatment; one who had a biopsy-negative hilar node at initial staging and another who did not have a biopsy of the hilar node. Conclusions Increased FDG uptake in hilar nodes in patients with localized esophageal cancer was not indicative of non-regional nodal metastasis. Patients in these situations should be approached with curative intent. The need for biopsy of FDG avid hilar nodes in this cohort should be carefully considered due to the low diagnostic utility.
Computational fluid dynamics modeling and analysis of silica nanoparticle synthesis in a flame spray pyrolysis reactor

Abstract Flame Spray Pyrolysis (FSP) is a method for large-scale production of nanoparticles and nanoscale powders employed in a wide range of industrial applications. Particle size and morphology are complex functions of the physicochemical phenomena occurring in the FSP reactor. An extensive study of FSP-related phenomena can be utilized to develop effective strategies for achieving desired particle size/morphology and scaling up the overall yield of an FSP system. In this work, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of an FSP reactor is developed to simulate the coupling of key phenomena involved in the particle synthesis process: liquid spray breakup and evaporation, mixing, combustion, and particle formation/growth of silica nanoparticles. The particle sizes and their distributions from the CFD simulations are validated against experimental data. Subsequently, the simulations are utilized to investigate the impact of process parameters on the resultant flame dynamics and particle growth. Firstly, the CFD results show that the particle sizes are strongly correlated with the precursor concentration in the solvent. At lower precursor concentrations, the spread of the distribution is relatively insensitive to the value of the concentration. At higher concentrations, the spread is higher as the collision probability between particles is higher. Secondly, increasing the pilot flow rate increases the length of the pilot flames impacting the local ignition location of the spray flame. Lastly, it is shown that the dispersion gas flow rate strongly influences the spray flame shape. This shape can be used for control of particle growth as it helps determine the regions of high temperature and the residence time of the particles in the high temperature region enabling the design and process optimization of the FSP reactor.
Computing an Optimal Path with the Minimum Number of Distinct Sensors

Wireless sensors can be deployed in boundary regions to replace human in intruder detection. Given a deployment of such a wireless sensor network, we present a method to compute a path crossing the minimum number of distinct sensors from a source to a destination.Then, we propose the selfish path problem, in which the intruder is always getting more closer to the destination, and we design a greedy algorithm for this problem. We implement these algorithms and compare the number of sensors crossed by a random path, a line segment path, a selfish path, and two paths generated by Dijkstra’s algorithm and an adapted Bellman-Ford algorithm. Some important empirical results are obtained.
An overview of mesostructured forms of alumina with crystalline framework walls

Novel step-wise assembly pathways are demonstrated for the formation of mesostructured aluminas with framework walls made of crystalline nanoparticles of γ-alumina. In the initial step, a mesostructured composite comprised of amorphous aluminum hydroxide framework walls is prepared through supramolecular assembly involving a non-ionic surfactant, or an amine surfactant as the structure directing porogens. The amorphous framework components of this mesophase are then converted to a crystalline boehmite phase through hydrothermal treatment in the presence of the surfactant. Upon calcination, the boehmitic framework walls are topochemically transformed to γ-alumina with the retention of mesostructure. Direct removal of the surfactant from the boehmitic composites can also lead to the formation of a mesostructure with crystalline boehmite framework walls. In comparison with conventional compositions, the mesostructured forms of boehmite and γ-alumina have substantially improved textural properties associated with controlled pore structure and morphology. Application properties of the mesostructured γ-alumina as support for the Co/Mo sulfide catalyst in the hydrodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene are also explored. The status of current studies which address the mechanism of mesostructure formation and the factors that determine the framework pore size and framework crystallinity will be reported.
The Effects of Charge Persistence in Aladdin III InSb Detectors on Scientific Observations

Charge persistence is defined as the signal that remains on a detector array after the illumination source has been removed. It is characteristic of many types of photo detectors, but is particularly prominent in near-infrared arrays that utilize Indium Antimonide (InSb) as their photosensitive material. Persistence can be a significant issue for scientific observation due to the potential reduction of data quality. We have studied the properties of persistence in an Aladdin III array from Raytheon which is installed in Keck Observatory's adaptive optics camera, NIRC2. In this paper we discuss the types of observations that are at risk from persistence effects. We present data on the characteristics, which include the following results: 1) the level of persistence is more strongly influenced by incident flux than that of fluence (flux × integration time), 2) the persistence is wavelength independent, 3) the persistence level is not reduced by continuous reset-reads of the array or power law and is proportional to 1/t.
Phylogeny of Habronattus jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae), with consideration of genital and courtship evolution

Abstract. DNA sequences from the mitochondrial (including ND1, 16S) and nuclear (EF-1α) genomes of about ninety-four species were obtained to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships of Habronattus jumping spiders. Maximum parsimony trees were sought with both separate (mitochondrial, nuclear) and combined analyses; maximum likelihood trees were sought with both separate (ND1, 16S, EF-1α introns, EF-1α exons) and combined (mitochondrial, nuclear) analyses. All analyses agreed on some fundamental aspects of the tree, including the monophyly of the previously recognized agilis, amicus, dorotheae and americanus species groups. The deep phylogenetic structure is well resolved, placing the agilis, amicus, tranquillus and dorotheae groups basally. Several other previously unrecognized clades were well supported, including a newly formulated decorus group. The large group of species with modified male first and third legs was supported as monophyletic except for the surprising placement elsewhere of three species of the group. The phenotypic similarities between these three and the others are so detailed and precise that convergence in ornamentation can probably be ruled out. There are hints of phylogenetically distant genetic introgression involving the coecatus group. The combination Habronattus paratus is restored based on the species falling within Habronattus. Regarding patterns of character evolution, there was consistent support for the basal placement of several species groups with a long embolus, suggesting that there were more evolutionary reductions in embolus length than postulated in a previous morphological phylogeny. This is in accord with the expectation that there is a bias to an overly conservative interpretation of a character's evolution if it is interpreted on a phylogeny based in part on that same character. In contrast, the molecular phylogeny did not suggest any instances of the evolutionary transformation of one complex style of courtship into another, a possibility that could have been difficult to detect using the morphological phylogeny because of the same bias to conservativism.
SOME ELEMENTS OF ICEBERG TECHNOLOGY

The paper attempts to make technical information on glaciological and ice engineering aspects of the problem more readily available to the interested planner or engineer. Specific conclusions include: (1) No unprotected iceberg, no matter how long or wide, would be likely to survive the ablation caused by a long trip to low latitudes. (2) Icebergs that have a horizontal dimension exceeding 2km may well be prone to breakup by long wavelength swells. (3) To avoid the dangers associated with an iceberg capsizing, the width of a 200-m-thick iceberg should always be more than 300 m. (4) For towing efficiency the length/width ratio of a towed iceberg should be appreciably greater than unity. (5) For a pilot project, the selected iceberg would have to be quite small, if for no other reason than the practical availability of tug power. (Au)
FreqLeak: A frequency step based method for efficient leakage power characterization in a system

Accurate estimation of leakage power at runtime requires post-silicon power measurements across a wide range of temperature and voltage conditions. Testing individual chips, especially at high-temperature corner conditions, is expensive in cost and time. We examine this problem in an industrial context and introduce FreqLeak, a frequency step based method for inexpensive and efficient leakage power characterization in a system. It enables a more thorough characterization than can be accomplished on a wafer prober alone due to time and equipment costs. Experimental evaluation on IBM POWER8 based systems demonstrates the efficiency of the proposed method, within an error of 5%. Further, we discuss the application of FreqLeak in system level power management.
The challenge of response time management in real-time distributed systems

The author addresses the need for time management in real-time distributed systems. The underlying theme is that many of the techniques used to allocate shared resources in current real-time systems implement management policies that are inappropriate for real time and contribute to poor and unpredictable system timing behavior. The author exposes problems that need additional research. Analogies are used to provide insights into the real-time problem and how it has evolved. Finally, the authors' research approach is discussed, and the current state of the science, with respect to that approach, is explored. >
Collaborative Instruction: Is it an Effective Option for Inclusion in Secondary Classrooms?1

Through the use of a four-part experimental design, this study examined the effects of a collaborative instructional model in inclusive secondary classes in which students with mild disabilities and low-achieving students were enrolled. Measures included the instructional actions of teachers, teacher satisfaction with the instructional model, student engagement, student use of four strategic skills, and student performance on content tests. After receiving training in the model, teachers' mediation of student learning and their involvement in instructional roles increased over baseline levels. Teachers were satisfied with the model as well. Mixed results on the student measures suggest that prevailing assumptions about the effectiveness of collaborative instruction in inclusive secondary classes need to be reexamined. Study findings have implications for educational policy, teacher training, and classroom practice.
Asymptotic Spectral Efficiency of Multiantenna Links in Wireless Networks With Limited Tx CSI

An asymptotic technique is presented for finding the spectral efficiency of multiantenna links in spatially distributed wireless networks where transmitters have channel-state-information (CSI) corresponding to their target receiver. Transmitters are assumed to transmit independent data streams on a limited number of channel modes which limits the rank of transmit covariance matrices. An approximation for the spectral efficiency in the interference-limited regime as a function of link-length, interferer density, number of antennas per receiver and transmitter, number of transmit streams, and path-loss exponent is derived. It is found that targeted-receiver CSI, which can be acquired with low overhead in duplex systems with reciprocity, can increase spectral efficiency several fold, particularly when link lengths are large, node density is high, or both. Additionally, the per-link spectral efficiency is found to be a function of the ratio of node density to the number of receiver antennas, and it can often be improved if nodes transmit using fewer streams. These results are validated for finite-sized systems by Monte-Carlo simulation and are asymptotic in the regime where the number of users and antennas per receiver approach infinity.
A adaptive scheduler for QoS support in Compose|Q

In this paper, we present the design and implementation. details of a flexible reflective scheduling framework, that. supports conjunctive scheduling of both tasks and messages within a distributed message based environment. In future, distributed environments will need to fine tune their systems to provide diverse services, oftentimes implementing dissimilar policies and functionality. We understand that future distributed systems would require their schedulers to be tailor-made or customizable to suit the. diverse workloads at different times. The framework is therefore fashioned to provide both coarse and fine grained scheduling, for better tunability and improved performance. Though this model is designed to work with any thread based system, we have investigated the applicability of these concepts on actors (active objects) within the Compose|Q framework. Scheduling of soft real time tasks are handled by the framework to conform to guarantees, even in the presence of normal time-sharing tasks. We expect that the proposed solution would be scalable while providing higher flexibility than simple task based scheduling.
Ectopic Sebacious Glands in the Esophageal Mucosa

A white woman was referred to our department for further evaluation of pain in the right upper abdomen. er past medical history was significant for gastroesophageal eflux disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Physical examination as unremarkable. Gallbladder ultrasound revealed a 1-cm emangioma of the liver, otherwise unremarkable. An upper astrointestinal endoscopy showed patchy mild mucosal abnorality characterized by yellow circular spots in the middle third f the esophagus (30 cm from the upper incisors). Biopsies were aken from these areas (Figure A, B). The rest of the esophagus, tomach, and duodenum revealed no abnormality except for iny gastric erosions. Pathology of esophageal biopsy showed fragments of esophaeal mucosa showing sebaceous gland formation. The surroundng epithelium was histologically unremarkable (Figure C). Sebaceous glands in the esophagus are rare.1-5 The association between gastroesophageal reflux disease and presence of esophageal sebaceous glands is unknown. Sebaceous glands are normally found in association with hair follicles.1 Ectopic sebaceous glands have been reported in other tissues of ectodermal origin like the palms and soles, nipple, genitals, eyes and orbits, and parotid glands.3,4 The histogenesis of sebaceous glands in the esophagus is not clear. Several hypotheses have been postulated.3 The embryoogic misplacement of sebaceous glands at ectodermal tissue and metaplasia of submucosal glands are the 2 important hypotheses. The observation that most of the reported sebaceous glands were found in older patients supports the theory of metaplasia.3
Spatial Distribution of Phoronopsis viridis Hilton

Individuals of the species Phoronopsis viridis Hilton exhibit an even distribution within their colonies. The distance between nearest neighbors is probably related to the space required for the operation of the lophophore. Distributions of other marine invertebrates are discussed briefly, together with the paleoecological implications of such knowledge.
Is Your Inequity Showing? Ideas and Strategies for Creating a More Equitable Learning Environment

(1993). Is Your Inequity Showing? Ideas and Strategies for Creating a More Equitable Learning Environment. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 64, No. 8, pp. 15-23.
Viral infections of the autonomic nervous system and its target organs: Pathogenetic mechanicsms

The possibility that viruses can infect the peripheral autonomic nervous system (ANS) and cause a variety of acute, chronic or recurrent diseases, including such disorders as peptic ulcer, is proposed. By altering the functional activity of autonomic neurons or by seeding the target organs of these neurons with virus, infection of the ANS may produce a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations. Whether these manifestations are anatomically circumscribed or widespread will depend upon the route by which autonomic infection is acquired as well as the character of interaction between the virus and the infected autonomic neuron. In addition, it is proposed that autonomic ganglia may serve as reservoirs of latent viruses, insuring their preservation and intermittent transmission in the human community.
Impact on Producer and Processor

Abstract The Food and Drug Administration's lowering of the acceptable somatic cell count in bulk milk to 1 million/ml in 1986 may affect 10 to 15% of the US herds at the onset. However, considerable benefit can be expected from lower somatic cell counts due to less clinical mastitis, increased yields of milk and cheese, higher milk fat test (and price of milk), and improved milk quality, with less risk of antibiotic-contaminated milk, fewer problems with rancidity and other off-flavors, and longer shelf-life of pasteurized dairy products. To reduce somatic cells, dairy producers will need to emphasize prevention of new intramammary infections rather than treatment of mastitis problems. Attention must be given to cow preparation at milking, teat dipping and dry cow therapy, proper use and maintenance of milking equipment, sanitation, housing, and other environmental conditions, monitoring individual cow somatic cell counts, and antibiotic residue testing.
Surface plasmonic polaritonic sensor using a dielectric columnar thin film

The propagation of a surface plasmon polariton (SPP) wave can be guided by the interface of a metal and a columnar thin film (CTF). Theory predicts that the angle of incidence on the prism/metal interface in the Turbadar–Kretschmann–Raether prism-coupled configuration required to excite the SPP wave shifts upon infiltration of the CTF by a fluid. Otherwise identical CTFs of different thicknesses were partnered with dense thin films of aluminum in optical experiments. The angle of incidence for exciting the SPP wave was found to shift to a higher value each time the CTF was infiltrated by a fluid of refractive index of increasing value. Experimental data indicated that the sensor offers a state-of-research sensitivity, thereby proving that a CTF can be a useful platform for SPP-wave-based optical sensing.
LBNL fiber positioners for wide-field spectroscopy

A new fiber positioner design has been developed at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab to position hundreds or thousands of optical Fibers on a large-field telescope focal plane. Each fiber is individually actuated within a small cell on the focal plane using an r-θ stage. These fiber positioners are the baseline design for the curved focal plane of the Super IFU Deployable Experiment (SIDE) on the 10.4 m Gran Telescopio Canarias.
Linear stability of multiple internal solitary waves in fluids of great depth

Abstract The linear stability of the multiple solitary wave solution of the Benjamin-Ono (BO) equation is studied analytically. By establishing the completeness relation for the eigenfunctions of the BO equation linearized about multisoliton solutions, we solve the initial value problem for this system. We find that the wave under consideration is stable against infinitesimal perturbations.
Effects of Acetylcholine Injections on Blood Fat and Glucose

ConclusionInjections of acetyl choline into the pancreatoduodenal artery causes a decrease in blood fat and glucose.
How Friendships End: Patterns among Young Adults

College women's and men's retrospective accounts of recently terminated or deteriorated close same-sex friendships and changes in their friendship networks over the past five years were examined. Four patterns of friendship dissolution were identified: physical separation, new friends replace old, growing to dislike the friend, and interference from dating or marriage. The transition to college resulted in a higher rate of deteriorated friendships than was evident during the high school years, particularly for women. Significant gender differences in patterns of termination were also found: physical separation was more likely to precipitate dissolution in men's friendships, and dating or marriage was more likely to interfere with women's. The results are discussed in terms of how the experiences of the young adult life stage might result in the termination patterns observed.
Vertical Variations of Mixing Lengths under Neutral and Stable Conditions during CASES-99

AbstractAn investigation on vertical variations of the mixing lengths for momentum and heat under neutral and stable conditions was conducted using the data collected from the Cooperative Atmosphere–Surface Exchange Study in 1999 (CASES-99). By comparing κz with the mixing lengths under neutral conditions calculated using the observations from CASES-99, the vertical layer where the Monin–Obukhov similarity theory (MOST) is valid was identified. Here κ is the von Karman constant and z is the height above the ground. On average, MOST is approximately valid between 0.5 and 10 m. Above the layer, the observed mixing lengths under neutral conditions are smaller than the MOST κz and can be approximately described by Blackadar’s mixing length, κz/[1 + (κz/l∞)], with l∞ = 15 m for up to z ~ 20 m for the mixing length for momentum and up to the highest observation height for the mixing length for heat. Above ~20 m, the mixing length for momentum approaches a constant. Both MOST κz and Blackadar’s formula systemati...
Magnetic properties of CoAsxS2−x

Magnetization and susceptibility measurements were made on polycrystalline powders of solid solutions of CoAsxS2−x from 4.2 to 500°K and to 9.5 kOe. A ferromagnetic region is observed for at least the region 0 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.3; the Curie temperature appears to be a linear function of composition, decreasing from a value of 122°K for x = 0 at a rate of 10°K per mol% As. The saturation magnetization decreases slightly from 40 emu/g for x = 0 to 38 emu/g for x = 0.125 and then decreases linearly at the rate of 4 emu/g per mol% As. The paramagnetic data indicate that the P2eff decreases linearly with increasing arsenic content, i.e., as (1 − x) 4.5 μB2. The Weiss constant decreases initially from 150°K for x = 0 to 85°K for x = 0.30 and then decreases to near zero for CoAsS. The magnetic properties of this system are compared with those of the systems Co1−xFexS2 and CoSexS2−x.
When voice fails: Potential exit as a constraint on government quality

Abstract Poorly governed (e.g., repressive) countries tend to be located near other poorly governed countries, and well governed countries near other well governed countries. Researchers, by identifying country characteristics (e.g., ethnic fractionalization) that may influence government quality, have provided one potential explanation: Neighboring countries tend to be similar with respect to those characteristics. In this paper, we draw on Hirschman's notion of “exit” as a disciplining device in order to provide a different, though complementary, explanation: The ability of a ruler to implement policy that displeases the country's populace is constrained by opportunities for residents to relocate to other countries nearby. To generate testable predictions about the effects of potential exit on government quality, we develop a simple theoretical model. We test the model's predictions using cross-sectional and panel data, controlling for other determinants of government quality. The evidence we present – which includes discussion of historical examples such as ancient Greece and the Soviet Bloc – supports the model's predictions.
Leader Political Skill, Relationship Quality, and Leadership Effectiveness: A Two-Study Model Test and Constructive Replication

Grounded in leader–member exchange, social exchange, political skill and influence theories, the present two-study investigation tests the model that leader political skill is related to both leader and follower effectiveness through leader–follower relationship quality. It is hypothesized that leader political skill is associated with leader effectiveness (Study 1) and follower effectiveness (Study 2) through relationship quality. The results support the hypotheses and were constructively replicated in Study 2, contributing to theory that leader political skill enhances relationship quality, which then ultimately affects leader and follower effectiveness relationships. Strengths, limitations, directions for future research, and implications for practice are discussed.
Impact of delay in diagnosis on clinical stage of testicular cancer.

Abstract Of 335 patients with germ-cell testicular cancer, 87·5% of the patients had symptoms related to the testis. Only 40% of the patients saw a physician within 2 weeks. Similarly, testicular signs were present in more than 90% of patients, but in only 61% of patients was a correct diagnosis made within 2 weeks of the initial physician visit. The length of the patient-related and physician-related delay was directly related to the clinical stage of the cancer at diagnosis. The median patient-plus-physician delay for stage I was 75 days, for stage II, 101 days, and for stage III, 134 days (p=0·017). Education programmes for the public and for physicians are needed to reduce delay in diagnosing testicular cancer.
Protein isoform-specific validation defines multiple chloride intracellular channel and tropomyosin isoforms as serological biomarkers of ovarian cancer.

Abstract New serological biomarkers for early detection and clinical management of ovarian cancer are urgently needed, and many candidates have been reported. A major challenge frequently encountered when validating candidates in patients is establishing quantitative assays that distinguish between highly homologous proteins. The current study tested whether multiple members of two recently discovered ovarian cancer biomarker protein families, chloride intracellular channel (CLIC) proteins and tropomyosins (TPM), were detectable in ovarian cancer patient sera. A multiplexed, label-free multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) assay was established to target peptides specific to all detected CLIC and TPM family members, and their serum levels were quantitated for ovarian cancer patients and non-cancer controls. In addition to CLIC1 and TPM1, which were the proteins initially discovered in a xenograft mouse model, CLIC4, TPM2, TPM3, and TPM4 were present in ovarian cancer patient sera at significantly elevated levels compared with controls. Some of the additional biomarkers identified in this homolog-centric verification and validation approach may be superior to the previously identified biomarkers at discriminating between ovarian cancer and non-cancer patients. This demonstrates the importance of considering all potential protein homologs and using quantitative assays for cancer biomarker validation with well-defined isoform specificity. Biological significance This manuscript addresses the importance of distinguishing between protein homologs and isoforms when identifying and validating cancer biomarkers in plasma or serum. Specifically, it describes the use of targeted in-depth LC–MS/MS analysis to determine the members of two protein families, chloride intracellular channel (CLIC) and tropomyosin (TPM) proteins that are detectable in sera of ovarian cancer patients. It then establishes a multiplexed isoform- and homology-specific MRM assay to quantify all observed gene products in these two protein families as well as many of the closely related tropomyosin isoforms. Using this assay, levels of all detected CLICs and TPMs were quantified in ovarian cancer patient and control subject sera. These results demonstrate that in addition to the previously known CLIC1, multiple tropomyosins and CLIC4 are promising new ovarian cancer biomarkers. Based on these initial validation studies, these new ovarian cancer biomarkers appear to be superior to most previously known ovarian cancer biomarkers.
The Schooling of Puerto Ricans: Philadelphia's Most Impoverished Community

Educational research relying on macrolevel variables shows a relationship between a group's economic status and its academic achievement. These findings are often used to provide a uniform, psychological description for a whole population, but they do not explain intragroup differences and the specific linkages between economic conditions and educational practices. This article reports on work conducted in poor Puerto Rican households in Philadelphia. It shows the complex relationship between household members' survival strategies, residential mobility, home-school connections, and students' learning. This study reports that household stability, which is influenced by economic stability, is the strongest factor affecting students' learning. Educational reform programs need to consider the economic conditions of these households even more than linguistic and cultural factors.
Taiwan orogeny: thin-skinned or lithospheric collision?

Abstract The Taiwan orogeny is young and presently very active. It provides an excellent environment for studying ongoing orogenic processes, especially since the region is monitored intensively with dense seismological and geodetic networks, and new studies aiming at deciphering shallow and deep structures in and around Taiwan have been recently conducted or are being planned. The available data can be used continually to test critically hypotheses of the Taiwan orogeny. Hypotheses dealing with the mechanics of mountain building are basic to the understanding of Taiwan orogeny and are particularly amenable to testing. The widely cited ‘thin-skinned tectonics’ hypothesis was formulated to explain mainly the geologic and relatively shallow (
Genetic and acclimatory variation in biophysical properties of insect cuticle lipids.

Abstract Epicuticular lipids provide the primary barrier to water loss in insects and other terrestrial arthropods. Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, we found that the melting temperatures for these lipids in the grasshopper Melanoplus sanguinipes varied by over 10 degrees C between individuals. The most significant determinant of lipid melting temperature was geographic population, followed by family effects and rearing regime. The width of the phase transition also showed population and family effects. Differences in lipid phase properties were correlated with habitat temperature. Our results provide evidence for genetically based intraspecific variation in epicuticular lipids and have important implications for physiological studies of water balance in arthropods.
Entrepreneurial pursuits of self- and collective interests

Entrepreneurs are often portrayed as rugged individualists who go it alone to build new organizations and programs that maximize their self-interests. This portrayal is incomplete, because it does not account for the fact that entrepreneurs also pursue collective interests. It fails to recognize a basic paradox in human beings of simultaneously seeking individual and collective interests. We argue that an appreciation of the dialectical nature of human beings leads to fundamentally different conceptions of entrepreneurship than those commonly found in literature on entrepreneurship theory and practice. To illustrate our central premise, we focus on entrepreneurial opportunity realization, resource mobilization, and running in packs. Copyright © 2008 Strategic Management Society.
Density equilibration near the liquid-vapor critical point of a pure fluid: Single phase T>T c

A systematic study is reported, both experimental and theoretical, on the density equilibration in a pure fluid, $^{3}\mathrm{He}$, near the liquid-vapor critical point. Measurements of the density \ensuremath{\rho} were carried out with capacitive sensors located in the upper and the lower half of a flat horizontal cell. The density change \ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\rho}(t) after a step change in temperature of the cell walls was recorded along the critical isochore and along several isotherms above the critical temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$. Direct observation of the sharp response from adiabatic energy transfer into the bulk fluid (``piston effect'') is reported. The \ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\rho}(t) transients also show the effect from the stratification change, and the relaxation time of the equilibration process is found to diverge and then tend to a constant value as ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ is approached. The entropy transport equation is solved numerically in one dimension for $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ in the critical region above ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ and in the approximation of negligible mass flow velocity and instantaneous local hydrostatic equilibrium. The predictions for the temporal and spatial evolution of temperature, pressure, and density of the fluid layer following a temperature step of the enclosure are presented. The predictions for the profile \ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\rho}(t) are compared with the experimental results and show good agreement in shape and amplitude, but a difference in time scale. The approximations in the theory and the geometry of the cell are discussed. Predictions are also made for the equilibration under reduced gravity along the critical isochore, and the fluid steady-state rms density deviation 〈\ensuremath{\delta}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}^{2}$${\mathrm{〉}}^{1/2}$ is computed for two temperature ramping rates at zero gravity. In Appendix A, expressions for critical properties of $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ used in the computation are listed. Also, the convection onset near the $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ in the critical region is discussed.
The Parker Challenge

Editorial Note: The following article by J M. Greene discusses one view of “The Parker Challenge,” which asks whether magnetospheric plasma physics, for example, can best be understood in terms of magnetic fields and flows (the B,v paradigm), or in terms of electric fields and currents (the E,j paradigm). As with any such challenge, the resultant debate can be quite heated. Nevertheless, in my opinion, this type of debate will ultimately provide greater insight into the physics of space plasmas. This debate is not well suited for journals such as the Journal of Geophysical Research, since it is necessarily more anecdotal in nature, whereas Eos provides an appropriate forum. Motivated by J. M. Greene's article, I am therefore soliciting brief articles from members of the space physics and aeronomy community that demonstrate the usefulness of either paradigm. To this end, anyone who wishes to submit a brief contribution to this debate should send me an e-mail message to that effect. I will coordinate such submissions for publication together in a future issue of Eos.
Using replication to improve reliability in distributed information systems

Abstract Replication is the key factor in improving the availability of data in distributed information systems. Replicated data is stored at multiple sites so that it can be used even when some of the copies are not available due to site failures. This paper describes a synchronization scheme for distributed information systems. The scheme increases the reliability as well as the degree of concurrency of the system. A token is used to designate a read-write copy. The scheme allows transactions to operate on a data object if more than one token copy is available. The serializability theorem for replicated data and the recovery mechanisms associated with the scheme are discussed. This work was partially supported by the US Office of Naval Research under contract no. NOOO14-86-K-0245 to the Department of Computer Science, University of Virginia, USA.