cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some properties of direct products

always implies C NN D. The classical theorem of Remak 1161 states that every finite group G, G # 1 can be expressed as a direct product of non trivial directly indecomposable groups in essentially one way. That is, in any two such decompositions, there is a one to one correspondence between the terms in each decomposition with corresponding terms isomorphic. Consequently cancellation in finite groups G is a trivial matter. A natural question is that of determining conditions to guarantee the cancellability of a group M. Over the last few decades various authors have considered this problem. A brief browsing through [4 J, for example, reveals concern for these questions in abelian groups. Related studies have been made on refinements of direct decompositions and attempts to obtain certain invariants. A partial listing (by no means complete) of these works is included in the reference of [lo]. These results are too numerous to elaborate on in this introduction. However, perhaps one can get some inkling of the inherent difficulties by considering the following sample results:
Solder joints fabricated by explosively reacting nanolayers

The intense bursts of heat released by explosively reacting multilayer foils can be controlled and used as heat sources in joining technologies. We use this method to produce Si/solder/Si joints to characterize the microstructure of the multilayer foil in the reacted state as well as the foil/solder interface. The resulting structure at the foil/solder interface is a nearly phase-separated, interlocking structure. The joint is tested using single lap shear Cu samples. Fracture surfaces have been analyzed and failure was observed to entirely occur within the solder layer.
Data fusion of computer-aided detection/computer-aided classification algorithms for classification of mines in very shallow water environments

A method for combining the outputs of three different computer aided detection/computer aided classification (CAD/CAC) algorithms is presented and applied to a set of sidescan sonar data taken in the very shallow water environment, where the CAD/CAC algorithms are each tuned to detect mine-like objects. The fusion center receives from each algorithm the planar image coordinates and a confidence factor associated with individual CAD/CAC contacts, and produces fused classification reports of the mine-like objects. Since the three CAD/CAC algorithms use very different approaches, we make the reasonable assumption that valid classifications are nearby each other and false alarms occur randomly in the image. The resultant geometric clustering eliminates most of the false alarms while maintaining a high level of correct classification performance. Our unique fusion algorithm takes a constrained optimization approach, which minimizes the total number of false alarms over the clustering distance and cluster confidence factor thresholds for a given probability of correct classification. Resultant receiver operating characteristics show a significant reduction in the number of false contacts: the false alarm rate from any individual CAD/CAC algorithm is reduced by a factor of four or greater through the optimized data fusion processing.
Modeling the dynamic root water uptake and its hydrological impact at the Reserva Jaru site in Amazonia

[1] An empirical approach is proposed to represent the impact of dynamic root water uptake by plant roots in two land surface models (Community Land Model version 3 (CLM3) and Integrated Biosphere Simulator version 2 (IBIS2)). This approach is compared with a more physically based approach that simulates the hydraulic redistribution, using the Reserva Jaru site in Amazonia as an example. For each model and each approach, two different root profiles are experimented on, an exponential profile and an observed, deeper profile. In both CLM3 and IBIS2, including dynamic root uptake significantly improves the model simulation of latent heat fluxes, regardless of what root profile is used. In both models, the impact of hydraulic redistribution (as accounted for by the physically based approach) is comparable to that of a low degree of dynamic root water uptake (as accounted for by the empirical approach). The latent heat flux simulation in IBIS2 is closer to observation than is that in CLM3, with or without the impact of dynamic root water uptake. Despite the model improvement due to including dynamic root water uptake, significant biases in soil moisture simulations remain. Assimilating soil moisture observations into the land surface models produces a remarkably improved latent heat flux simulation. Parameterization in surface and subsurface runoff (which influences soil moisture) is suggested as a likely cause for the severe biases in the default model simulations, which highlights the critical importance of correctly simulating the fundamental hydrological processes in land surface models.
Coordinated effects of electromagnetic field exposure on erythropoietin-induced activities of phosphatidylinositol-phospholipase C and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase.

Initial studies with the erythropoietin-sensitive human hematopoietic cell line, TF1, demonstrated both multifarious effects of pulsed electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure on lipid signal transduction and antiproliferative effects of EMF. Stimulation of TF1 cells with erythropoietin resulted in increased phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity within 2 min. Addition of wortmannin, an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, produced a decrease in cell proliferation as measured by accumulation of cells in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle and suppression of erythropoietin-induced DNA synthesis. Similar effects on cell proliferation were seen under EMF treatment. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity in erythropoietin-stimulated TF1 cells, measured in whole-cell extracts, increased 34% within 2 min and remained above basal levels for at least 20 min. EMF decreased erythropoietin-stimulated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity to lower than basal levels. Additionally, translocation of the 85-kDa regulatory subunit (p85) of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase to the membrane was prevented by EMF. Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C was activated, as reflected by increases in diacylglycerol and inositol trisphosphate at 15–60 s after EMF treatment. These results provide the first evidence of subtle coordinated changes by EMF associated with loss of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity, inhibition of the translocation of p85 to the membrane, and activation of phosphatidylinositol-phospholipase C.
Self-similar growth of multiple compound layers in binary diffusion couples with application to the “multi-foil” method

The diffusion-controlled growth of multiple compound phases is studied with the nonlinear Kirkendall effect included. Previous work [1] has analyzed the growth of one compound layer. In that analysis, the nonlinear, time-dependent diffusion equation with two free boundaries is reduced by a self-similar transformation into an ordinary differential equation, which is then solved numerically by a shooting method. This work extends that analysis to arbitrary N layers. The method of extracting intrinsic diffusion coefficients from only the positions of interfaces is expanded to two layers. In addition, the asymptotic solution valid for small concentration gradients is applied to the “multi-foil” method of measuring intrinsic diffusion coefficients and yields an analytic expression for the displacement curve. It is found that two vertex positions of the triangular displacement curve are sufficient to calculate the intrinsic diffusion coefficients.
AxNN: energy-efficient neuromorphic systems using approximate computing

Neuromorphic algorithms, which are comprised of highly complex, large-scale networks of artificial neurons, are increasingly used for a variety of recognition, classification, search and vision tasks. However, their computational and energy requirements can be quite high, and hence their energy-efficient implementation is of great interest. We propose a new approach to design energy-efficient hardware implementations of large-scale neural networks (NNs) using approximate computing. Our work is motivated by the observations that (i) NNs are used in applications where less-than-perfect results are acceptable, and often inevitable, and (ii) they are highly resilient to inexactness in many (but not all) of their constituent computations. We make two key contributions. First, we propose a method to transform any given NN into an Approximate Neural Network (AxNN). This is performed by (i) adapting the backpropagation technique, which is commonly used to train these networks, to quantify the impact of approximating each neuron to the overall network quality (e.g., classification accuracy), and (ii) selectively approximating those neurons that impact network quality the least. Further, we make the key observation that training is a naturally error-healing process that can be used to mitigate the impact of approximations to neurons. Therefore, we incrementally retrain the network with the approximations in-place, reclaiming a significant portion of the quality ceded by approximations. As a second contribution, we propose a programmable and quality-configurable neuromorphic processing engine (qcNPE), which utilizes arrays of specialized processing elements that execute neuron computations with dynamically configurable accuracies and can be used to execute AxNNs from diverse applications. We evaluated the proposed approach by constructing AXNNs for 6 recognition applications (ranging in complexity from 12–47,818 neurons and 160–3,155,968 connections) and executing them on two different platforms - qcNPE implementation containing 272 processing elements in 45nm technology and a commodity Intel Xeon server. Our results demonstrate 1.14X–1.92X energy benefits for virtually no loss (< 0.5%) in output quality, and even higher improvements (upto 2.3X) when some loss (upto 7.5%) in output quality is acceptable.
Thrombospondin-4 controls matrix assembly during development and repair of myotendinous junctions

Tendons are extracellular matrix (ECM)-rich structures that mediate muscle attachments with the skeleton, but surprisingly little is known about molecular mechanisms of attachment. Individual myofibers and tenocytes in Drosophila interact through integrin (Itg) ligands such as Thrombospondin (Tsp), while vertebrate muscles attach to complex ECM fibrils embedded with tenocytes. We show for the first time that a vertebrate thrombospondin, Tsp4b, is essential for muscle attachment and ECM assembly at myotendinous junctions (MTJs). Tsp4b depletion in zebrafish causes muscle detachment upon contraction due to defects in laminin localization and reduced Itg signaling at MTJs. Mutation of its oligomerization domain renders Tsp4b unable to rescue these defects, demonstrating that pentamerization is required for ECM assembly. Furthermore, injected human TSP4 localizes to zebrafish MTJs and rescues muscle detachment and ECM assembly in Tsp4b-deficient embryos. Thus Tsp4 functions as an ECM scaffold at MTJs, with potential therapeutic uses in tendon strengthening and repair.
Evolution of structure in exotic nuclei

Nuclear structure in exotic nuclei is likely to be quite different than in the nuclei we have been able to access near the valley of stability. With the development of advanced radioactive-beam facilities, we will, for the first time, have access to long isotopic chains of nuclei. A key facet of exotic nuclei therefore will be the study of the evolution of structure with N, Z, and A to an extent never before imagined. Yet, the beam intensities will be very low (relative to stable beams); hence, we will need to extract more physics from less data. We will discuss several aspects of structural evolution and its elucidation in exotic nuclei.
Control of the heavy-ion beam line gas pressure and density in the HYLIFE thick-liquid chamber

Abstract Controlling the density and pressure of the background gas in the beam lines of thick-liquid heavy-ion fusion chambers is of paramount importance for the beams to focus and propagate properly. Additionally, transport and deposition of debris material onto metal beam-tube surfaces may reduce the breakdown voltage and permit arcing with the beam. The strategy to control the gas pressure and the rate of debris deposition is twofold. First, the cool thick-liquid jet structures will mitigate the venting to the beam tubes. The ablation and venting of debris through thick-liquid structures must be modelled to predict the quantities of debris reaching the beam ports. TSUNAMI calculations have been performed to estimate the mass and energy flux histories at the entrance of the beam ports in a 9×9 HYLIFE pocket geometry. Secondly, additional renewable shielding will be interposed in the beam tubes themselves. Thick-liquid vortexes are planned to coat the inside of the beam tubes and provide a quasi-continuous protection of the beam-tube walls up to the final focus magnets. A three-component molten salt, flinabe, with a low melting temperature and vapor pressure, has been identified as a candidate liquid for the vortexes. The use of flinabe may actually eliminate the necessity of mechanical shutters to rapidly close the beam tubes after target ignition.
Multiple scale eigendeformation-based reduced order homogenization

Multiple scale eigendeformation-based reduced order homogenization method, which provides considerable computational cost saving in comparison to the direct homogenization method, has been developed, verified against the direct homogenization method, and validated against experimental data. The salient feature of the method is in the formulation of the unit cell problem in terms of residual-free stresses, and therefore eliminating the need for costly equilibrium calculations required by the direct homogenization method. This is accomplished by introducing discretized eigendeformation fields at different scales, which are collectively referred to as eigenstrains and eigenseparations, and then precomputing a sequence of elasticity solutions of the unit cell problem subjected to the eigendeformation fields prior to nonlinear analysis.
Improving Thermal Performance of High Internal Phase Emulsion Polymerized Foams with Maleimide Based Monomers

The influence of three N-substituted maleimides on the thermal performance of high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) polymerized foams were investigated. N-propylmaleimide, N-butylmaleimide, and N-cyclohexylmaleimide were copolymerized with styrene and crosslinked with either divinylbenzene or Bis(3-ethyl-5-methyl-4-maleimide-phenyl)methane in a HIPE polymerization process. All maleimide modifiers produced increases in the foam glass transition temperature (Tg) as a function of the maleimide concentration. The degree of Tg improvement was strongly dependent on the N-substituted maleimide used during processing.
Adsorption and dissociation of CO on Fe(100) at low coverage

Abstract Adsorption and dissociation of low coverage CO on Fe(100) has been studied. The combination of high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) and temperature programmed reaction spectroscopy (TPRS) has been used to monitor the CO dissociation process in detail. Adsorption of CO at low temperature (103 K) results in associative adsorption. The adsorption state is characterized by a CO stretching frequency around 1170 cm −1 . For CO coverage below 0.15 monolayer (ML), where 1 ML is defined as the number of top layer Fe atoms on the unreconstructed (100) surface, all adsorbed CO dissociates on the surface upon heating to high temperature (423 K). With CO coverage higher than 0.15 ML, direct desorption of adsorbed molecules takes place in competition with the dissociation process. Reducing the CO coverage and annealing the adsorbed CO overlayer both cause the CO stretching frequency to decrease. Dissociated CO is characterized by MO and MC vibrational peaks, located at 400 and 520 cm −1 respectively.
Deletion mapping of the aerobactin gene complex of plasmid CoIV

With the possible exception of certain strains of lactic acid bacteria, iron is known to be an essential element for all species of microbes and for all higher organisms. Within the cell, iron protein catalysts participate in some of the reactions most fundamental to life, including aerobic and anaerobic energy metabolism, nitrogen fixation, photosynthesis, and generation of the deoxyribotides required for synthesis of DNA. Iron is abundant in the environment but may be insoluble or in some other way unavailable. Mechanisms for assimilation of iron have been evolved by all species but, because of the plasticity and diversity of microbial metabolism, those in unicellular organisms are the most readily studied. The particular system of microbial iron acquisition investigated in this laboratory is labelled high-affinity and consists of low molecular weight, virtually Fe(III) specific ligands, termed siderophores, and the matching membrane receptors for the complexed Fe(III) ion. This system, which is coordinately expressed under iron starvation, has been detected in virtually all aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms carefully examined for its presence [1]. In general, siderophores can be relegated to one of two chemical classes, viz., hydrozamic acids and catechols. The number of siderophores characterized to date, some by crystallography and/or high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, must now number several score. The complete systems, comprised of siderophore and specific receptor, is the converse is true, possibly because of the aromatic character of enterobactin and its propensity to adhere to proteins such as albumin.
In situ respiration of benthic communities in Castle Harbor, Bermuda

In situ measurements of community respiration were made at two stations in Castle Harbor, Bermuda, during April and May, 1971. Total community respiration was 20.67 and 19.11 ml O2 m-2 h-1 at Stations 1 and 2, respectively, in April. In May, respiration increased with water temperature to 26.99 and 24.56 ml O2 m-2 h-1. Significant differences (P<0.05) existed between stations and sampling periods. Bacterial respiration was estimated from sediment treatment with streptomycin-SO4. Values ranged from 7.71 to 8.72 ml O2 m-2 h-1 in April and May, respectively. No significant difference existed between sampling periods or stations. No detectable chemical O2 demand of the sediment, determined by a formalin treatment, was found. Total community respiration was further compartmentalized into macrofaunal, meiofaunal, and microfaunal-microfloral components. Both the macrofaunal and meiofaunal respiration was negligible compared to that estimated for the microfaunal-microfloral component.
Differential susceptibility to oxidant stress (Sodium chlorite) in mice with different levels of erythrocyte G‐6‐PD activity

Abstract Persons with glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G‐6‐PD) deficiency reoresent a group at increased risk to hemolytic anemia from a variety of industrial and therapeutic chemical agents. The possible role of chemicals in the ambient air and water as potential causes of hemolytic episodes in the G‐6‐PD deficient condition has not been investigated. One potential oxidant stressor is sodium chlorite which may be found in drinking water disinfected with chlorine dioxide. This is a disinfectant widely used in Europe and presently being considered for application in the U.S.A. by the Environmental Protection Agency. When C57L/J (low G6PD activity) and A/J (high G6PD activity) mice were treated with sodium chlorite, there was very little difference between the strains in the nine hematologic parameters measured. However, when the tails of the mice were cut to obtain blood samples, a significant hemolytic crisis developed in the C57L/J strain being treated with sodium chlorite, whereas no other treatment o...
Horizontal Atmospheric Transmittance Measurements with a Thallous Sulfide Cell Transmissometer

Measurements of horizontal atmospheric transmittance were made over 1.24- and 4.07-sea-mile paths with an automatically recording near-infrared transmissometer. The transmissometer comprised a tungsten source, modulated at 60 cps, and a thallous sulfide cell receiver. The visual transmittance was simultaneously recorded with a photomultiplier-tube receiver using the same source. New results of total transmissivity per sea mile in the 0.7- to 1.1-micron region of the spectrum are presented and compared with results of the Naval Research Laboratory and the Admiralty Research Laboratory in the visual and infrared regions of the spectrum. A graph of transmissivity versus wavelength from 0.3 to 12 microns was made. This graph is useful in finding the transmissivity in the “windows” of the infrared spectrum when the transmissivity has been determined at a particular wavelength or for a small band of wavelengths.
Age-based differences in the diagnosis and management of esophageal eosinophilia.

Background Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is hallmarked by esophageal eosinophilia, >15 eosinophils(eos)/high-powered field (hpf), unresponsive to acid inhibition, and varied symptomatology. EoE consensus guidelines do not discriminate based on age for initiating treatment. Objective To evaluate if age-related differences exist in managing esophageal eosinophilia and EoE within a university population. Methods In a retrospective cohort study from a referral center, the medical records of 426 pediatric and adult patients with at least 1 presenting symptom of esophagitis, reflux, or upper gastrointestinal dysfunction, who underwent esophageal biopsy between 2009 and 2011 were analyzed for age-based differences in care in diagnosing and managing esophageal eosinophilia. Results For these patients, 79.6% (336/426) had ≥15 eos/hpf in biopsy specimens, which was not associated with age. Significantly fewer adults than children with ≥15 eos/hpf were diagnosed with EoE ( P P P P Conclusions Numerous age-based differences in the management of symptomatic patients with esophageal eosinophilia existed in this cohort. Adults were significantly less likely than children to receive a clinical diagnosis of EoE, allergy referral, or steroid treatment, or to have a repeated biopsy. Even when stratified for an 8-week prebiopsy proton-pump inhibitor trial, advancing age was associated with lower odds of referral or repeated biopsy. Further study is necessary to better understand why discrepancies exist and their potential ramifications.
Isothermal studies of bainitic and martensitic transformations in some low alloy steels

The transformation kinetics of the upper and lower bainitic reactions were determined for four commercial quenched and tempered steels, AISI 4130, AISI 4140, D6AC and AMS 6416 (300-M). Their chemical compositions are given. The kinetics of the bainite reaction below the martensite start temperature (M/sub s/) was determined.
Embryonic Diapause in Three Populations of the Western Tree Hole Mosquito, Aedes sierrensis

Northern populations of Aedes sierrensis (Ludlow) (Diptera: Culicidae) undergo long-day induced embryonic diapause in the summer as well as short-day induced 4th instar diapause in winter. Photoperiod experienced by the parental generation has no effect on embryonic diapause. The duality of the photoperiodic response confers univoltinism on populations exhibiting both embryonic and larval diapause.
Analysis of the Context Dependent Sequence Requirements of Active Site Residues in the Metallo-β-lactamase IMP-1

The metallo-β-lactamase IMP-1 catalyzes the hydrolysis of a broad range of β-lactam antibiotics to provide bacterial resistance to these compounds. In this study, 29 amino acid residue positions in and near the active-site pocket of the IMP-1 enzyme were randomized individually by site-directed mutagenesis of the corresponding codons in the blaIMP-1 gene. The 29 random libraries were used to identify positions that are critical for the catalytic and substrate-specific properties of the IMP-1 enzyme. Mutants from each of the random libraries were selected for the ability to confer to Escherichia coli resistance to ampicillin, cefotaxime, imipenem or cephaloridine. The DNA sequence of several functional mutants was determined for each of the substrates. Comparison of the sequences of mutants obtained from the different antibiotic selections indicates the sequence requirements for each position in the context of each substrate. The zinc-chelating residues in the active site were found to be essential for hydrolysis of all antibiotics tested. Several positions, however, displayed context-dependent sequence requirements, in that they were essential for one substrate(s) but not others. The most striking examples included Lys69, Asp84, Lys224, Pro225, Gly232, Asn233, Asp236 and Ser262. In addition, comparison of the results for all 29 positions indicates that hydrolysis of imipenem, cephaloridine and ampicillin has stringent sequence requirements, while the requirements for hydrolysis of cefotaxime are more relaxed. This suggests that more information is required to specify active-site pockets that carry out imipenem, cephaloridine or ampicillin hydrolysis than one that catalyzes cefotaxime hydrolysis.
Residues defining V beta specificity in staphylococcal enterotoxins.

The three-dimensional structure of staphylococcal enterotoxin C2 has been determined at 2.7 A resolution by X-ray diffraction, while the structures of enterotoxins A and E have been modelled based on their sequence homology to other staphylococcal enterotoxins. The T-cell receptor-binding sites of staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) B and SEC2 are compared and the stereochemical interactions likely to be responsible for their differing Vβ specificities are identified. A similar comparison is made between SEA and SEE.
An adaptive model for restoration of optically distorted video frames

Atmospheric turbulence is a common problem in astronomy and long distance surveillance applications. It can lead to optical distortions that can significantly degrade the quality of the captured images and video. Quality improvement can be achieved through digital restoration methods that effectively suppress the effects of optical distortion. In this paper, atmospheric optical distortion is modeled as having two components: a dispersive component and a time-varying distortion component. A new restoration algorithm is introduced that compensates for dispersion using a fourth-order statistic and employs a new adaptive warping algorithm to suppress turbulent motion effects. The new algorithm is able to improve quality significantly and is able to handle diffcult cases involving panning, zooming, and natural motion.© (2006) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A note on the spectra of algebraic K-theory

Let us denote by the composite map of spectra Here go: X0+X0 is understood to be the identity map. On the n-th space level the map t,, and the structural equivalence of the spectrum X, yield a map A straightforward diagram chase demonstrates the commutativity of the diagrams (up to sign)
Cocaine binding sites in fetal rat brain: implications for prenatal cocaine action

Binding of [3H]cocaine to membrane preparations from whole fetal rat brain was studied. High-affinity binding (10 nM cocaine) was detected as early as gestational day (GD) 15 and steadily increased across subsequent development. Saturation studies comparing [3H]cocaine binding at GD20 and adulthood yielded similar KD values, and LIGAND analyses favored a two-site model if an extended range of [3H]cocaine concentrations was used. Various monoamine uptake inhibitors displaced labeled cocaine with potencies consistent with the idea that [3H]cocaine labels the dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), and possibly also the norepinephrine (NE) transporters in whole fetal brain preparations. Synaptosomal DA uptake was well developed by GD20, as was the potency of cocaine to inhibit such uptake. The results indicate that functional, monoamine transporter related cocaine binding sites are present in the fetal rat brain. Such sites are likely to play an important role in mediating the direct interactions of prenatally-administered cocaine with developing monoaminergic systems in both animals and humans.
Structural biology: Molecular coin slots for urea.

Membrane-bound protein channels that allow only urea to pass through are vital to the kidney's ability to conserve water. Crystal structures show that the channels select urea molecules by passing them through thin slots.
A data-dependent efficient implementation of the Wagner-Whitin algorithm for lot-sizing

Abstract The Wagner-Whitin algorithm is a well-known optimal procedure for determining production quantities X t , over the planning horizon ( N periods) when demands D t , setup cost S t , production costs C t and holding costs H t are known. Evans [1] presented a computer code and showed that W-W algorithm takes only a few seconds on the computer even for a large problem. We modify Evans code by incorporating Wagner's setup cost horizon theorem and show empirically that the new code is faster by a factor of N/4 in the best case, but is slower only by 1–2% in the worst case.
Differential Effects of Rumination and Dysphoria on the Inhibition of Irrelevant Emotional Material: Evidence from a Negative Priming Task

Rumination has been linked to a heightened vulnerability for the development of depression. However, it still remains unclear which cognitive processes underlie individual differences in rumination. The present study investigates whether deficits in the inhibition of irrelevant emotional stimuli in working memory are related to individual differences in ruminative responses to negative mood states and negative life events. Using the Response Style Questionnaire (RSQ), high and low scorers’ performance in a negative affective priming task in which participants were asked for self-referential judgments was evaluated. The results show significant inhibition for emotional words in the participants who scored low on the RSQ but no inhibition for emotional words in the participants who scored high on the RSQ. These group differences remained significant when controlling for current depression scores suggesting that irrespective of differences in depressive symptomatology, rumination and inhibitory dysfunctions are closely related.
The suppression of mitogen responses associated with resistance to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis requires adherent and T cells.

Resistance to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Hartley guinea pigs has previously been reported to be associated with disease-specific antigen-induced suppression of mitogen responses in vitro. The present studies were initiated to investigate the requirement for different cell populations in this suppression. Intact and adherent-cell-depleted cultures of spleen cells from experimental and control animals were incubated with myelin basic protein (MBP), the major antigen of EAE, with the T-cell mitogen concanavalin A (Con A) alone or with Con A in the presence of MBP. In agreement with previous studies, MBP-induced suppression of the Con A response was observed only in cultures derived from resistant animals. In addition, it was observed that this suppression was abrogated by depletion of adherent cells. When cells from resistant and susceptible animals were mixed, suppression occurred only in the presence of nonadherent cells from resistant guinea pigs. Adherent cells from either resistant or susceptible animals functioned equally well. Cultures of purified E-rosette-forming cells (E+) from resistant animals (i.e., T cells) showed no suppression. Similarly, cells from these same animals which were depleted of E+ cells (i.e., non-T cells) did not demonstrate suppression in vitro. Upon reconstitution of spleen cell populations from resistant guinea pigs by mixing E+ and E- cells, suppression was restored. These experiments show that this model of suppression in vitro requires adherent cells as well as T cells and suggests that antigen-induced suppression of mitogen responses is dependent upon a cell-mediated immunologic mechanism.
Past and present glaciological responses to climate in eastern Baffin Island

Much of Baffin Island is close to the modern glaciation limit and climatic changes within the last decade are already being reflected in snow cover extent. Statistical analysis of glacierized and ice-free corries indicates that changes in direct solar radiation due to astronomical factors are inadequate to account for glacierization of those at present ice-free. These and other sources of evidence demonstrate the need for augmented winter snowfall in order to increase the extent of glacierization. The pattern of glacial history in this area is for maximum ice extent during the early glacial phase (>68,000, 24,000, < 68,000 BP) and then a limited late glacial advance (the Cockburn Stade, ca. 8,000 BP) due to increased precipitation. The Barnes Ice Cap did not disappear in the Holocene as it did in the last interglacial. The area is highly suitable for long-term monitoring of climatic change and glacial response.
Knowledge of dietary supplement label information among female supplement users

Abstract The use of dietary supplements is a popular form of health behavior, especially among women. Little research has been conducted to determine consumers’ comprehension of supplement label information. Therefore, this research evaluated comprehension of supplement label information among women 25–45 years of age who consumed a dietary supplement ≥4 times per week. Participants (n=51) completed a written questionnaire about supplement practices, a 10-item knowledge test, and an individual interview about terms used on supplement labels. Participants answered 70% of the questions correctly on the knowledge test indicating adequate knowledge of dietary sources of nutrients. Knowledge of recommended dosages, dosing instructions, and instructions about inappropriate use of supplements for certain people also was adequate. However, misconceptions regarding the term “natural” on supplement labels, product claims, and testing for product safety existed among participants. Supplement users need additional education about supplement claims and testing for product safety and efficacy to make informed health care choices.
A graph, non-tree representation of the topology of a gray scale image

The paper provides a method of graph representation of gray scale images. For binary images, it is generally recognized that not only connected components must be captured, but also the holes. For gray scale images, there are two kinds of "connected components" - dark regions surrounded by lighter areas and light regions surrounded by darker areas. These regions are the lower and upper level sets of the gray level function, respectively. The proposed method represents the hierarchy of these sets, and the topology of the image, by means of a graph. This graph contains the well-known inclusion trees, but it is not a tree in general. Two standard topological tools are used. The first tool is cell decomposition: the image is represented as a combination of pixels as well as edges and vertices. The second tool is cycles: both the connected components and the holes are captured by circular sequences of edges.
Third-order fixed-ratio schedules of reinforcement

Third-order fixed-ratio schedules of reinforcement were examined with both rats and monkeys. Two stimuli were briefly presented in different relations to primary reinforcement: FR x [FR y (FR z: S1): S2]. These stimuli were found effectively to control the pattern of operant performance, with stimuli separated by many responses being more effective in separating runs of responses than were stimuli separated by fewer responses. In addition, interactions were found between the two schedules of stimulus presentation.
The crystal structure of auramine perchlorate: correlation of the results with specular reflection spectroscopy.

The x-ray analysis of auramine perchlorate has been performed in order to establish the orientation of the cationic chromophoric group in the crystal for comparison with the orientation that was proposed on the basis of specular reflection studies. The compound crystallizes with two molecules per unit cell in space group P 1¯ and cell parameters a = 8.86 A, b = 9.69 A, c = 11.27 A, α = 97° 40′, β = 99° 34′, and γ = 106° 16′. The orientation of the chromophore is in good agreement with the crystal model. Other features of the structure are the hydrogen bonding scheme of the perchlorate ion, the highly distorted chromophoric group, and the planar dimethylamine substituents.
EYELID MOVEMENTS BEFORE AND AFTER BOTULINUM THERAPY IN PATIENTS WITH LID SPASM

Quantitative analysis of lid motility is presented for 4 individuals with hemifacial spasm and 1 with Meige's syndrome. The data were obtained, by means of a magnetic search coil technique, prior to and 1 week after injection of botulinum toxin into the orbicularis oculi muscle. Before treatment, the peak velocity of blink-related lid lowering and lid raising was slower than normal, yet lid saccades were normal. After botulinum treatment, significant decreases occurred in (1) the amplitude of blinks and lid saccades, and (2) the peak velocity of the blink down-phase. Botulinum treatment significantly alters blink lid-lowering kinematics, while saccadic lid-lowering kinematics are normal, providing further evidence that the orbicularis oculi muscle does not play a primary role in downward lid saccades.
Data Practices of Agricultural Scientists: Results from an Exploratory Study

This qualitative study examines data practices of agricultural scientists. A series of individual, semi-structured interviews were conducted with researchers from multiple agricultural disciplines to identify commonalities of data management approaches, to document currently available data management infrastructure, and to explore experiences and attitudes toward sharing of research data. The study highlights the challenges and obstacles agricultural scientists face when managing research data. It shows how barriers to data access and sharing jeopardize usability and longevity of potentially valuable and unique agricultural data sets.
Molecular characterization and differential expression of the myostatin gene in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus).

Myostatin is a recently discovered gene that inhibits muscle growth. In the present study, we characterized the myostatin locus and its expression in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). The genomic DNA and cDNA encoding the channel catfish myostatin were cloned and sequenced. The myostatin gene has three exons encoding a protein of 389 amino acids. Comparison of the genomic sequences with those of the cDNA revealed that the myostatin cDNA was 1673 base pair (bp) long with a 5′-untranslated region (UTR) and 3′-UTR of 180 and 323 bp, respectively. The deduced amino acid sequences of the catfish myostatin is highly conserved with those of other organisms. The myostatin locus is highly polymorphic in channel catfish because of the presence of several microsatellites and single nucleotide polymorphic sites. The myostatin gene was expressed in various tissues and developmental stages at differential levels, suggesting complex regulation of this gene and perhaps roles for myostatin in addition to those originally suggested.
Recent results from hadron colliders

This is a summary of some of the many recent results from the CERN and Fermilab colliders, presented for an audience of nuclear, medium-energy, and elementary particle physicists. The topics are jets and QCD at very high energies, precision measurements of electroweak parameters, the remarkably heavy top quark, and new results on the detection of the large flux of B mesons produced at these machines. A summary and some comments on the bright prospects for the future of hadron colliders conclude the talk. 39 refs., 44 figs., 3 tabs.
Epigenetics in Women's Health Care

Epigenetics refers to structural modifications to genes that do not change the nucleotide sequence itself but instead control and regulate gene expression. DNA methylation, histone modification, and RNA regulation are some of the mechanisms involved in epigenetic modification. Epigenetic changes are believed to be a result of changes in an organism's environment that result in fixed and permanent changes in most differentiated cells. Some environmental changes that have been linked to epigenetic changes include starvation, folic acid, and various chemical exposures. There are periods in an organism's life cycle in which the organism is particularly susceptible to epigenetic influences; these include fertilization, gametogenesis, and early embryo development. These are also windows of opportunity for interventions during the reproductive life cycle of women to improve maternal-child health. New data suggest that epigenetic influences might be involved in the regulation of fetal development and the pathophysiology of adult diseases such as cancer, diabetes, obesity, and neurodevelopmental disorders. Various epigenetic mechanisms may also be involved in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction. Additionally, environmental exposures are being held responsible for causing epigenetic changes that lead to a disease process. Exposure to heavy metals, bioflavinoids, and endocrine disruptors, such as bisphenol A and phthalates, has been shown to affect the epigenetic memory of an organism. Their long-term effects are unclear at this point, but many ongoing studies are attempting to elucidate the pathophysiological effects of such gene-environment interactions. Mt Sinai J Med 77:225–235, 2010. © 2010 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Cardiac Repair in Anatomically Corrected Malposition of the Great Arteries

Anatomically corrected malposition of the great arteries is a congenital cardiac malformation in which the atria and ventricles are in concordant relation, as are the ventricles and great arteries, but the aorta is to the left of the pulmonary artery (1-position). The reported cases and our two patients have had situs solitus of viscera and atria. The aortic and pulmonary circulations are in series. We report successful surgical repair in 2 patients with associated large ventricular septal defects and pulmonary stenosis. In one the defect was posterior and in relation to the pulmonary artery which slightly overrode it. In the other the defect was anterior and the aorta overrode it. The developmental basis of these two examples of the same entity is probably different. An appropriate terminology and categorization that is useful surgically is presented.
Renovating Special Collections Facilities

ABSTRACT Special collections play an increasingly important role in university libraries. As library collections move to digital formats and collections are similar from one library to another, special collections are one of the ways in which libraries can build a distinct identity. Because of their unique nature, special collections must be permanently retained because of their artifact value and need specialized storage conditions with appropriate levels of security. Library administrators will increasingly face the need to provide expanded space for special collections as well as improving storage conditions to ensure that unique and valuable materials are preserved for research in the future.
Entering the Arena? Gender and the Decision to Run for Office

A critical void in the research on women’s underrepresentation in elective office is an analysis of the initial decision to run for office. Based on data from our Citizen Political Ambition Study, the first large-scale national survey of potential candidates, we examine the process by which women and men emerge as candidates for public office. We find that women who share the same personal characteristics and professional credentials as men express significantly lower levels of political ambition to hold elective office. Two factors explain this gender gap: first, women are far less likely than men to be encouraged to run for office; second, women are significantly less likely than men to view themselves as qualified to run. Our findings call into question the leading theoretical explanations for women’s numeric underrepresentation and indicate that, because of vestiges of traditional sex-role socialization, prospects for gender parity in U.S. political institutions are less promising than conventional explanations suggest.
Prokaryote-eukaryote interactions identified by using Caenorhabditis elegans

Prokaryote-eukaryote interactions are ubiquitous and have important medical and environmental significance. Despite this, a paucity of data exists on the mechanisms and pathogenic consequences of bacterial-fungal encounters within a living host. We used the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a substitute host to study the interactions between two ecologically related and clinically troublesome pathogens, the prokaryote, Acinetobacter baumannii, and the eukaryote, Candida albicans. After co-infecting C. elegans with these organisms, we observed that A. baumannii inhibits filamentation, a key virulence determinant of C. albicans. This antagonistic, cross-kingdom interaction led to attenuated virulence of C. albicans, as determined by improved nematode survival when infected with both pathogens. In vitro coinfection assays in planktonic and biofilm environments supported the inhibitory effects of A. baumannii toward C. albicans, further showing a predilection of A. baumannii for C. albicans filaments. Interestingly, we demonstrate a likely evolutionary defense by C. albicans against A. baumannii, whereby C. albicans inhibits A. baumannii growth once a quorum develops. This counteroffensive is at least partly mediated by the C. albicans quorum-sensing molecule farnesol. We used the C. elegans-A. baumannii-C. albicans coinfection model to screen an A. baumannii mutant library, leading to the identification of several mutants attenuated in their inhibitory activity toward C. albicans. These findings present an extension to the current paradigm of studying monomicrobial pathogenesis in C. elegans and by use of genetic manipulation, provides a whole-animal model system to investigate the complex dynamics of a polymicrobial infection.
Explaining pathological changes in axonal excitability through dynamical analysis of conductance-based models

Neurons rely on action potentials, or spikes, to relay information. Pathological changes in spike generation likely contribute to certain enigmatic features of neurological disease, like paroxysmal attacks of pain and muscle spasm. Paroxysmal symptoms are characterized by abrupt onset and short duration, and are associated with abnormal spiking although the exact pathophysiology remains unclear. To help decipher the biophysical basis for 'paroxysmal' spiking, we replicated afterdischarge (i.e. continued spiking after a brief stimulus) in a minimal conductance-based axon model. We then applied nonlinear dynamical analysis to explain the dynamical basis for initiation and termination of afterdischarge. A perturbation could abruptly switch the system between two (quasi-)stable attractor states: rest and repetitive spiking. This bistability was a consequence of slow positive feedback mediated by persistent inward current. Initiation of afterdischarge was explained by activation of the persistent inward current forcing the system to cross a saddle point that separates the basins of attraction associated with each attractor. Termination of afterdischarge was explained by the attractor associated with repetitive spiking being destroyed. This occurred when ultra-slow negative feedback, such as intracellular sodium accumulation, caused the saddle point and stable limit cycle to collide; in that regard, the active attractor is not truly stable when the slowest dynamics are taken into account. The model also explains other features of paroxysmal symptoms, including temporal summation and refractoriness.