cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geophysical estimation of shallow permafrost distribution and properties in an ice-wedge polygon-dominated Arctic tundra region

ABSTRACTShallow permafrost distribution and characteristics are important for predicting ecosystem feedbacks to a changing climate over decadal to century timescales because they can drive active l...
A Rules-Based Approach to Competitive Interaction:

The authors analyze competitive interaction in terms of its underlying rules. They argue that rules coordinate competitive activity and that a rule-theoretic approach allows the interpretation and ...
Multi-Scale Crystal Plasticity FEM Approach to Modeling Nickel-Based Superalloys

A hierarchical crystal plasticity constitutive model, comprising three different scales for polycrystalline microstructures of Ni-based superalloys, is developed in this paper. Specifically, an activation energy-based crystal plasticity (AE-CP) FEM model is developed incorporating characteristic parameters of the sub-grain scale γ γ ′ − morphology. A significant advantage of this homogenized AE-CP model is that its high efficiency enables it to be effectively incorporated in polycrystalline crystal plasticity FE simulations, while retaining the accuracy of detailed sub-grain level RVE models. Sub-grain level RVE models are created with explicit morphology, e.g. with variable volume fraction, precipitate shape and the channel-widths. The sub-grain crystal plasticity model incorporates a sizedependent dislocation density-based crystal plasticity model together with the mechanism of anti-phase boundary (APB) shearing of precipitates. The sub-grain model is homogenized for developing parametric functions of morphological variables in evolution laws of the AECP model. Micro-twinning initiation and evolution models are incorporated in the single crystal AE-CP finite element models for manifesting tension-compression asymmetry. In the next ascending scale, a polycrystalline microstructure of Ni-based superalloys is simulated using an augmented AE-CP FE model with micro-twinning. Statistically equivalent virtual polycrystals of the alloy CMSX-4 are created for simulations with the homogenized model. The results of simulations at each scale are compared with experimental data with good agreement.
VI. The Roosevelt Court: Votes and Values *

In No. 78 of The Federalist, Alexander Hamilton wrote: â€œTo avoid an arbitrary discretion in the courts, it is indispensable that they should be bound down by strict rules and precedents, which serve to define and point out their duty in every particular case that comes before themâ€¦â€ Whatever acceptance this view of the judge as automaton and of the judicial process as a ministerial function may once have had, little trace remains of it today, after ten years of experience with the â€œreorganizedâ€ Supreme Court. The Roosevelt Court was not, of course, the first on which judicial decisions were influenced by the personal values of its justices. Throughout the history of the Court, the autobiographical element in its output has been as important as when Justice Holmes bluntly told his colleagues in 1905 that â€œthis case is decided upon an economic theory which a large part of the country does not entertain.â€ But the prevailing theory was that judges did not make law, they merely found it.The constitutional revolution of 1935â€“37 changed all that. The public, as Max Lerner says, â€œbegan to see that judicial decisions are not babies brought by constitutional storks, but are born out of the travail of economic circumstance.â€ For two terms, the Constitution meant what Justice Roberts said it meant. After the consummation of the revolution, the forces which had been most ardent in picturing earlier conservative courts as demonstrating the workings of a government of law could only explain the strange phenomenon of a liberal court as the triumph of a government of men. Additional recent factors serving to underline the personal basis of judicial decisions have been the tossing of barbed phrases on the bench, Justice Jackson's ill-tempered public attack on one of his colleagues, and the mounting tide of dissenting opinions.
Immunocytochemical staining for human chorionic gonadotropin subunits does not predict malignancy in insulinomas

Insulinomas, the most common pancreatic endocrine tumors, produce a clinical syndrome of hyperinsulinism and hypoglycemia. Although the majority of insulinomas are benign, a significant proportion (4-16%) behave aggressively. Because malignant potential cannot be assessed adequately by histopathologic criteria, reliable serum and immunocytochemical markers for malignancy have been sought. Recent reports suggest that subunits of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) are of prognostic value in pancreatic endocrine tumors. Elevated serum levels of either the alpha-subunit or beta-subunit of hCG have been reported to be associated with malignancy in pancreatic endocrine tumors. Both hCG and its alpha-subunit have been demonstrated in malignant pancreatic endocrine tumors by immunohistochemistry. In this study, 17 insulinomas have been analyzed by immunohistochemistry using monospecific antibodies to both the alpha-subunit and beta-subunit of hCG. Clinical follow-up was obtained in all cases, and four of the tumors proved to be malignant. Alpha-subunit immunoreactivity was found in only two tumors, both of which were benign. Immunoreactivity for the beta-subunit was not found in any tumor. The authors' results indicate that for this subset of pancreatic endocrine tumors, staining for hCG subunits is of no value in predicting malignant behavior.
Link Prediction of Social Networks Based on Temporal Information

Predicting links between nodes in social networks is an important task in networks analysis.This paper focused on the problem of link prediction in social networks with weighted graph.Several metrics for link prediction in weighted graph were proposed.Based on the assumption that two nodes are more similar when they publish similar content at a similar time,a method using temporal information for link prediction was presented.The result of the experiments on a blog dataset showed that this method make a better performance in link prediction.
34 EVALUATION OF POST-CONFLICT PRIMARY HEALTH CARE REHABILITATION AND SUPPORT IN KONO DISTRICT, SIERRA LEONE.

In the diamond-rich Kono District, 90% of all buildings were burned or looted during Sierra Leone9s civil war. The physical and human resources of the primary health care (PHC) system in Kono were deeply affected. After tentative peace was declared in 1999, many of the refugees that had fled the war returned, necessitating the reconstruction of infrastructure, including the devastated PHC units. World Vision Sierra Leone (WV) assisted in the rehabilitation and post-conflict support of 35 clinics in Kono with monies from USAID9s Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA). In June 2005, a modified version of the MEASURE BASICS Integrated Health Facilities Assessment tool was used to test the progress of WV, the Government of Sierra Leone9s Ministry of Health, and other health rehabilitation partners in bringing the clinics of Kono District to current WHO Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI) standards. The specific objectives of WV9s OFDA project, “FY04 Development Relief Initiative Kono District, Sierra Leone,” are measured by this survey and the results obtained show the following: (1) The drug, vaccine, and equipment supplies at the clinics in Kono District are stable. While specific, remediable deficits exist, the progress made during the rehabilitation and support of these clinics has been significant. Concrete, minimal interventions such as further provision of solar refrigeration, the combination of drug supply and supervision visits, and the testing of a referral program could help to improve the physical and material conditions for Kono District implementation of IMCI. (2) Health worker skill in vaccine administration, childhood sickness diagnosis and treatment, and record keeping is generally poor. These human-resource challenges constitute the largest impediment to successful IMCI strategies in Kono. Failures in care delivery should be addressed through concerted, long-term efforts to train health workers in the IMCI model.
The Application of Constructivism in College English Teaching

Traditionally,the teaching model of college English is the teacher focus.Students failed to give full play to the enthusiasm and initiative.Therefore,students lose interest in learning,and the quality and efficiency of teaching is difficult to be improved.For teaching college English,the author analyzes the characteristics of the course,and put forward some advice on how to practise the "teacher-led,student-centered" teaching model under the constructivism theory.By using task-based,context-based,and discussion-based teaching models,the author achieves the desired result of teaching.
Partial destruction of noradrenergic terminals is followed by increased tyrosine hydroxylase activity in residual terminals

Intraventricular administration of 6-hydroxydopamine produced a relatively small decline in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity in rat hippocampus despite the widespread degeneration of central noradrenergic nerve terminals. This increase in the ratio of TH activity to norepinephrine content appeared to result from two temporally distinct processes. At first, within 36 hours after the lesion, the apparent Vmax of TH decreased in parallel to the loss of norepinephrine but there was a marked increase in the affinity of the enzyme for cofactor, resembling the effects of in vitro phosphorylation. Subsequently, this activation of the enzyme declined but the apparent Vmax of TH gradually increased in a manner suggesting an increase in the amount of TH per residual terminal. These short and long term alterations in TH activity after 6-hydroxydopamine treatment may represent adaptive responses to the lesion.
Müllerian Remnant Cyst as a Cause of Acute Abdomen in a Female Patient with Müllerian Agenesis: Radiologic and Pathologic Findings

We report a case of a 17-year-old female with Mullerian agenesis who presented with right sided abdominal pain clinically suspicious for acute appendicitis. Multimodality imaging workup revealed a heterogeneous cystic right upper quadrant mass with surrounding fluid and inflammatory changes. Surgical resection of this mass was performed and a histopathologic diagnosis of a hemorrhagic Mullerian remnant cyst was made, which to the best of our knowledge has never been described in a patient with Mullerian agenesis.
“Sounds Like Kinky Business to Me”: BDSM on Buffy and Angel

Joss Whedon’s Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1997–2003) and Angel (1999–2004) have done a great deal to promote tolerance of alternative sexualities. The two shows are especially well known for their positive depictions of gay and lesbian sexuality. However, Buffy and Angel have also brought about another intriguing revolution in the representation of unorthodox sexual practices. Throughout the 12 seasons which comprise the televised Buffyverse narrative, Buffy and Angel have consistently provided positive portrayals of BDSM. In the early seasons these representations were, of necessity, largely subtextual. As the two shows progressed, however, they began to provide bolder, more explicit depictions of BDSM. Thus the Buffyverse’s kinky discourse gradually moved out of the subtextual and into the realm of the textual. As representations of kink became more open and explicit at the textual level, these representations became increasingly available to the Buffyverse’s audience. In the later seasons of Buffy and Angel, the two shows did not merely depict BDSM, but actually presented it as an ethical, egalitarian way in which participants might negotiate the power relations which are an inevitable part of their lives. Buffy and Angel brought BDSM out of the closet and mainstreamed it. The Buffyverse has already secured for itself a prominent place in the history of narrative television.
Jeanette Winterson: Written on the Body (1992)

“Everything I have written is a quest—a quest for self,” Winterson wrote in the program notes to her dramatization of The PowerBook in 2002 (“Experiment!” 7). Every novelist considered in this book can be said to be in quest of one form of identity or another—an identity already constructed in part by the past and its recreation in the present, an identity that attaches itself to notions of nationhood, ethnicity or culture, or—as in this section—an identity determined by gender, sexual orientation, or social class. Yet gender, sexual orientation, and class are themselves partly determined by national constructions of or modifications to them. All of Winterson’s nine novels to date equate the quest for self with self-narration. The self is constantly being reinvented by narrative means in her fiction. In her first novel, Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit (1985) when the young narrator (a preacher) is forbidden to preach the Word by the church elders she makes up her own words in the form the novel takes. In her ninth novel, Lighthousekeeping (2004) one of the inter-chapters reveals the continuity of this identification of subjectivity with narrativity: Tell me a story, Pew What story, child? One that begins again. That’s the story of life. But is it the story of my life? Only if you tell it. (109)
Learning Disability and Hyperactivity (with Comments on Minimal Brain Dysfunction)

Practitioners in the child-care professions—especially clinical psychologists, pediatricians, psychiatrists, and educators—are very frequently called upon to deal with children who have serious academic difficulty in school and/or behave in ways that exasperate adults. The recognition, clinical description, and treatment of such children are not recent developments. On the contrary, clear descriptions of such children and a variety of treatment methods can be found in the 19th-century literature on idiocy (mental retardation), insanity (behavior disorders), and child care (Hallahan & Kauffman, 1977; Kauffman, 1976, 1977). However, in recent decades new labels have been suggested for the problems some of these children present: minimal brain dysfunction (MBD), hyperactivity (HA), and learning disability (LD). In brief, the labels are used to refer to children who are thought to have intelligence above the retarded range but who are suspected of having brains that do not function properly (MBD), show high rates of socially inappropriate behavior (HA), and achieve academically at a level far below what one would predict on the basis of their IQs (LD).
A Critical Test of the Electrostatic Contribution to Catalysis with Noncanonical Amino Acids in Ketosteroid Isomerase

The vibrational Stark effect (VSE) has been used to measure the electric field in the active site of ketosteroid isomerase (KSI). These measured fields correlate with ΔG⧧ in a series of conventional mutants, yielding an estimate for the electrostatic contribution to catalysis (Fried et al. Science 2014, 346, 1510–1513). In this work we test this result with much more conservative variants in which individual Tyr residues in the active site are replaced by 3-chlorotyrosine via amber suppression. The electric fields sensed at the position of the carbonyl bond involved in charge displacement during catalysis were characterized using the VSE, where the field sensitivity has been calibrated by vibrational Stark spectroscopy, solvatochromism, and MD simulations. A linear relationship is observed between the electric field and ΔG⧧ that interpolates between wild-type and more drastic conventional mutations, reinforcing the evaluation of the electrostatic contribution to catalysis in KSI. A simplified model and ca...
Approximation Algorithms for Aversion k-Clustering via Local k-Median

In the aversion k-clustering problem, given a metric space, we want to cluster the points into k clusters. The cost incurred by each point is the distance to the furthest point in its cluster, and the cost of the clustering is the sum of all these per-point-costs. This problem is motivated by questions in generating automatic abstractions of extensive-form games. We reduce this problem to a "local" k-median problem where each facility has a prescribed radius and can only connect to clients within that radius. Our main results is a constant-factor approximation algorithm for the aversion k-clustering problem via the local k-median problem. We use a primal-dual approach; our technical contribution is a non-local rounding step which we feel is of broader interest.
Chapter 7: From Thoughts and Beliefs to Emotions and Sensations: Brandeis on the Right to Be Let Alone

Though an afterthought at the time of the founding, privacy became an integral part of doctrine by virtue of Boyd. The occasional nineteenth-century references to privacy in United States Reports gave way, by the early twentieth century, to multiple comments on the Constitution’s solicitude for privacy, each comment dependent in one way or another on Boyd’s gloss on the text. Even in the early twentieth century, however, privacy remained a derivative concept in constitutional law. Only when there is an incursion (i.e., a trespass) on tangible property, the Court consistently held, can someone assert a Fourth Amendment claim bearing on privacy. But with Boyd having suggested that the Constitution protects the privacies of life, early twentieth-century justices sought to sever the case’s comment from its roots in property law. The most important attempt at severance is to be found in Justice Brandeis’s dissent in the 1928 case of Olmstead v. United States. The framers of the Constitution, Brandeis asserted in the dissent, sought to protect “the right to be let alone,” a right that protects each person in his beliefs, thoughts, emotions, and sensations, Brandeis added. Needless to say, Brandeis rewrote history in making this claim. Nonetheless, it’s clear that his right to be let alone heralds the possibility of comprehensive privacy protection under the Constitution—protection that can include an interest in seclusion, in informational control, and in the autonomous conduct of personal life. The Brandeis dissent thus anticipates the modern system of privacy rights that emerged in late twentieth-century cases.
Genotyping the dead: Using offspring as proxy to estimate the genetic correlation of education and longevity

In the work on the social determinants of health, it has long been recognized that, among the strongest (if not the strongest) predictor of morbidity and mortality, is educational attainment—that is, the number of years of formal schooling (1). To what extent the relationship between education and longevity is a causal one running from schooling to health has been of intense interest to social scientists. Of course, ill health can truncate a schooling career, but there is also adequate reason to suspect that formal schooling does indeed improve health and well-being through a number of channels ranging from improved impulse control (2) to better ability to understand health risks (3) to improved economic circumstances (4). The extent to which we can isolate the mechanisms behind this strong relationship will help us design better interventions to promote health and health equity (not to mention, to mitigate the adverse effects of ill health on education and its related outcomes).
B33 Decreased heart mass and dysregulated cardiac mTORC1 activity are associated with huntington’s disease

Background Huntington’s disease (HD) profoundly affects the central nervous system, but the causative protein, mutant huntingtin (HTT), is expressed throughout the body. HD-related pathology may therefore occur in other organ systems. Importantly, cardiovascular disease is the second leading cause of death among HD patients, and cardiac abnormalities have been reported in HD patients and models, but the mechanism of pathogenesis is unknown. Activity of mTORC1, a regulator of growth and metabolism, is dysregulated in the brain in HD, and similar dysregulation in the heart may explain heart phenotypes observed in HD. Aims To ascertain the natural history of cardiac pathology in HD, and to characterise mTORC1 dysregulation in the HD heart. Methods Hearts from two different HD murine models, the transgenic N171-82Q and the knock-in zQ175, were studied by standard histological and biochemical techniques and by echocardiography. Results Disease in HD mouse models is associated with smaller gross heart mass. When tracked over time, hearts in disease animals initially gain mass appropriately, but fail to maintain the same rate of mass increase as WT littermates after symptom onset. Interestingly, evidence at the functional, tissue, and cellular levels suggests lack of heart failure. Analysis of the mTORC1 pathway revealed decreased mTORC1 activity in the hearts of HD animals that is not the result of decreased axis activation or increased energy stress. Finally, systemic treatment with an AAV9-transduced anti-HTT miRNA gene restored many molecular abnormalities observed in HD animal hearts. Conclusions These studies suggest that mutant HTT is not sufficient to cause heart failure. Additionally, mTORC1 activity may be impaired by cardiac expression of mutant HTT through as yet unknown cellular mechanisms, and may contribute to decreased heart mass. These findings have implications for the ability of the heart to respond to stress, and may help explain the mortality from heart disease in HD patients.
Aaron’s Roots: Spaniards, Englishmen, and Blackamoors in Titus Andronicus

Focusing on the play’s genealogy and various allusions to the black legend, this article recovers the long-neglected Spanish dimension of Gothic identity in Titus Andronicus and reconsiders the racial discourse of the play in the light of this information. Within an analogical setup associating Goths with Spaniards and Romans with Englishmen, the play attempts intellectual emancipation: it attempts to think through the topical question of the black African presence in 1590s England on English terms — outside of the Iberian conceptual frameworks with which black Africans had long been associated.
LSH forest: practical algorithms made theoretical

We analyze LSH Forest [BCG05]---a popular heuristic for the nearest neighbor search---and show that a careful yet simple modification of it outperforms "vanilla" LSH algorithms. The end result is the first instance of a simple, practical algorithm that provably leverages data-dependent hashing to improve upon data-oblivious LSH.Here is the entire algorithm for the d-dimensional Hamming space. The LSH Forest, for a given dataset, applies a random permutation to all the d coordinates, and builds a trie on the resulting strings. In our modification, we further augment this trie: for each node, we store a constant number of points close to the mean of the corresponding subset of the dataset, which are compared to any query point reaching that node. The overall data structure is simply several such tries sampled independently.While the new algorithm does not quantitatively improve upon the best data-dependent hashing algorithms from [AR15] (which are known to be optimal), it is significantly simpler, being based on a practical heuristic, and is provably better than the best LSH algorithm for the Hamming space [IM98, HIM12].
Motivation and Self-Regulated Learning Influences on Middle School Mathematics Achievement.

Abstract The primary purpose of the current study was to use structural equation modeling to examine the relations among background variables (socioeconomic status, prior mathematics achievement), motivation variables (self-efficacy, task interest, school connectedness), self-regulated learning (SRL) behaviors, and performance in middle school mathematics courses. Of particular interest was examining the mediation roles of both self-efficacy and SRL behaviors. Data about three types of motivation beliefs (self-efficacy, task interest, connectedness) were obtained from 331 middle school students using self-report questionnaires, while information regarding student SRL behaviors was obtained from teacher ratings. Structural equation modeling analyses revealed an acceptable fit of the data to the proposed model. In addition to the overall model explaining 51% of the variance in mathematics performance, a key finding was that both cognitive (i.e., self-efficacy) and behavioral (i.e., SRL) latent factors serve...
Microscopic Origin of Hysteresis in Water Sorption on Protein Matrices.

Despite the importance of water sorption isotherms for a fundamental understanding of protein–water interactions, the microscopic origin of hysteresis between the adsorption and desorption branches is not well understood. Using our recently developed simulation technique, we compute the water sorption isotherms of two proteins, lysozyme and Trp-cage, a miniprotein. We explicitly compare protein–water interactions in adsorption and desorption processes, by analyzing local hydration in terms of hydrogen bonding, water density, and solvent-accessible surface area. We find that significant differences in hydration behavior between adsorption and desorption manifest themselves at the individual amino acid level, in particular around polar or charged residues. We confirm this observation by demonstrating that Trp-cage’s hysteresis can be significantly reduced by mutating charged residues to alanine, a neutral and nonpolar amino acid.
Cytochrome P450 diversity in the tree of life.

Abstract Sequencing in all areas of the tree of life has produced > 300,000 cytochrome P450 (CYP) sequences that have been mined and collected. Nomenclature has been assigned to > 41,000 CYP sequences and the majority of the remainder has been sorted by BLAST searches into clans, families and subfamilies in preparation for naming. The P450 sequence space is being systematically explored and filled in. Well-studied groups like vertebrates are covered in greater depth while new insights are being added into uncharted territories like horseshoe crab ( Limulus polyphemus ), tardigrades ( Hypsibius dujardini ), velvet worm ( Euperipatoides_rowelli ), and basal land plants like hornworts, liverworts and mosses. CYPs from the fungi, one of the most diverse groups, are being explored and organized as nearly 800 fungal species are now sequenced. The CYP clan structure in fungi is emerging with 805 CYP families sorting into 32 CYP clans. > 3000 bacterial sequences are named, mostly from terrestrial or freshwater sources. Of 18,379 bacterial sequences downloaded from the CYPED database, all are > 43% identical to named CYPs. Therefore, they fit in the 602 named P450 prokaryotic families. Diversity in this group is becoming saturated, however 25% of 3305 seawater bacterial P450s did not match known P450 families, indicating marine bacterial CYPs are not as well sampled as land/freshwater based bacterial CYPs. Future sequencing plans of the Genome 10 K project, i5k and GIGA (Global Invertebrate Genomics Alliance) are expected to produce more than one million cytochrome P450 sequences by 2020. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cytochrome P450 biodiversity and biotechnology, edited by Erika Plettner, Gianfranco Gilardi, Luet Wong, Vlada Urlacher, Jared Goldstone.
A review of anaerobic digestion of paper and paper board waste

Paper and paper board (PPB) products represent one the largest fractions of municipal solid waste. PPB are mainly composed of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose (lignocellulose). Previous research has shown that the anaerobic digestion (AD) of unprocessed lignocellulosic materials is limited by the occurrence of lignin. Additionally, it is well known that removal of lignin improves AD of unprocessed lignocellulosic materials. Unlike unprocessed lignocellulosic materials, PPB are subjected to a series of mechanical and chemical processes during their fabrication, which may have an effect on the AD of PPB. This review aims to (1) summarize the AD of PPB with respect to the compositional and structural changes caused by the papermaking process; (2) evaluate the results of technologies that have been applied to increase the degradability of PPB; and (3) discuss the current and future challenges that involve the AD of PPB. The data analyzed in this review revealed that lignin content only explains 56% of variation in PPB methane yields. Consequently, other properties affected by paper-making processes most likely also influence their AD. Codigestion and pretreatment are potential alternatives to improve AD of PPB. However, to achieve further improvement, research is needed to identify and quantify the non-compositional properties that dictate degradability, and to develop pretreatment processes that can target the rate/yield limiting properties precisely.
Pulmonary Irritant Responses: Oxidants and Electrophiles

That the respiratory tract airways are imbued with a variety of defense mechanisms that serve to protect against toxic insult has long been appreciated ( Brain et al., 1977 ). These defenses can take several forms, including structural-, reflex-, and cellular-based defenses. There exist many structural-based defenses. For example, the gross structure of the upper respiratory tract (defined as all portions of the respiratory tract anterior to the larynx) is such that it facilitates the deposition of particles and scrubbing of water-soluble vapors and, thus, serves to limit their penetration to the lower airways. Another structural feature of the respiratory tract is the mucociliary lining layer, which coats the conductive airways and serves as a barrier between the air and the underlying tissues. This barrier contains many protective moieties including antioxidants. Multiple respiratory reflex responses, mediated by airway sensory nerves, also exist. The airways are extensively innervated with afferent sensory nerves; the upper respiratory tract is innervated via the trigeminal (cranial nerve V), and lower respiratory tract is innervated by the vagus (cranial nerve X). Stimulation of these nerves can produce a variety of centrally mediated reflex responses including sneeze, cough, and changes in breathing patterns. In addition, the local airway responses are initiated via release of neuropeptides from the ramified nerve endings of sensory nerves. At the molecular/cellular level, multiple protective enzymes can be induced by toxicant exposure that act to enhance biochemical defenses against such agents. For example, oxidants and electrophiles, through the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) transcription factor, can induce multiple antioxidant protective enzymes.
Food-Ball: Tailgates that Enculturate Before US–Mexico Fútbol Matches

Through a combination of testimonies and in-depth interviews, this case study provides insight into the tailgating practices of futbol fans before US–Mexico matches. Latinos of Mexican descent living in the United States have adopted and adapted the American tradition of tailgating, which both challenges and strengthens their acculturation and enculturation processes. Tailgating parties provide empowering opportunities for Mexican Americans through four F-words –food, fun, family, and friends—and their adapted form of tailgating creates a new tradition to pass on to future generations along with the passion of soccer.
Why So Serious?: Survey Trolls and Misinformation

Following the 2016 Presidential Election, there has been growing concern with the prevalence of fake news stories and political rumors; and the consequences this might have on the level of misinformation held by the American public. Most research has assumed that self-reported beliefs in political misinformation are entirely sincere, and while there has been some research on the extent to which reporting belief in misinformation is expressive, most scholars conclude that American public is genuinely misinformed. We offer another possibility: reported beliefs in political misinformation may be partially the result of satisficing and of respondents deliberately responding in a humorous manner—trolling the survey. Using original survey data from two separate studies conducted in 2017 that included measures of low incident demographic items, self-reported response insincerity, and a wide variety of political and non-political beliefs, we examine the extent to which estimates of political misinformation are biased by measurement error and survey trolling. Our results suggest that not only do “survey trolls” exist, and report beliefs in systematically different ways, but their humorous responding can upwardly bias the level of belief in more recent cases of political rumors and misinformation (e.g., PizzaGate).
Division Algebras Alone

The octonion algebra, O, is generally developed as an extension of the quaternion algebra, Q. Let q i , i= 1,2,3, be a conventional basis for the hypercomplex quaternions. These elements associate, anticommute, and satisfy q i 2 = -1.
Construction of test problems for concave minimization under linear and nonlinear constraints

This paper presents a method for constructing test problems with known global solutions for concave minimization under linear constraints with an additional convex constraint and for reverse convex programs with an additional convex constraint. The importance of such a construction can be realized from the fact that the well known d.c. programming problem can be formulated in this form. Then, the method is further extended to generate test problems with more than one convex constraint, tight or untight at the global solution.
DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF PARENTAL ALLELES FOR AMYLASE IN MAIZE

ABSTRACT. Three major classes of starch degrading enzymes have been identified in Zea mays (L.): α-amylase, β-amylase, and phosphorylase. The α- and β-amylases have been shown to be controlled by independent loci; each locus consists of two codominant alleles. Developmental studies have shown that the alleles at the Amy-l gene locus, coding for the α-amylase, are differentially expressed temporally and spatially. A model is proposed where we invoke a modulator gene as the most likely mechanism to account for the differential expression of the Amy-l locus.
Come in! Invitational motion directives in Russian

The Russian language has six verbs that, when used as invitations, can be translated into English as ‘come in’: входи(те) ‘vxodi(te)’, войди(те) ‘vojdi(te)’, заходи(те) ‘zaxodi(te)’, зайди(те) ‘zajdi(te)’, проходи(те) ‘proxodi(te)’, пройди(те) ‘projdi(te)’. In all of these cases, the invitation issued at time t1 is to be fulfilled immediately, practically at t1, because any elapsed time is immaterial. There are several factors that affect the choice of aspect and prefix: the Speaker’s perception of the intention of the ‘Figure’; whether the door is open or closed; whether it is closed and unlocked, but presumed by the ‘Figure’ to be locked; whether the Speaker and the ‘Figure’ can see each other and know each other; whether either of them represents an authority figure; and whether the Speaker treats the ‘Figure’ as a friend or as a guest.
Dental Care Utilization and Service Needs Among American Indian/Alaska Native/Native Hawaiian Elders: 2008 to 2017.

Objective: This study describes trends in self-reported dental care utilization and services needed among American Indian/Alaska Native/Native Hawaiian (AI/AN/NH) elders 2008 to 2017, including dem...
Journalism History, Web Archives, and New Methods for Understanding the Evolution of Digital Journalism

Archived webpages are a critical source of data for understanding the current state of the news media industry, as well as how the industry has changed over time. Dramatic changes in the news media...
Smashing Trump’s star

Tourist sites dedicated to celebrity life and history provide visitors with an opportunity to engage with and celebrate famous figures who intrigue and inspire. But what happens when visitors use s...
Characterization of Novel Ribosome-Associated Endoribonuclease SLFN14 from Rabbit Reticulocytes

Turnover of mRNA is a critical step that allows cells to control gene expression. Endoribonucleases, enzymes cleaving RNA molecules internally, are some of the key components of the degradation process. Here we provide a detailed characterization of novel endoribonuclease SLFN14 purified from rabbit reticulocyte lysate. Schlafen genes encode a family of proteins limited to mammals. Their cellular function is unknown or incompletely understood. In reticulocytes, SLFN14 is strongly overexpressed, represented exclusively by the short form, all tethered to ribosomes, and appears to be one of the major ribosome-associated proteins. SLFN14 binds to ribosomes and ribosomal subunits in the low part of the body and cleaves RNA but preferentially rRNA and ribosome-associated mRNA. This results in the degradation of ribosomal subunits. This process is strictly Mg2+- and Mn2+-dependent, NTP-independent, and sequence nonspecific. However, in other cell types, SLFN14 is a full-length solely nuclear protein, which lacks...
5 – The Systems Planners

“Let fanciful men do as they will, depend upon it, it is difficult to disturb the system of life.” SAMUEL JOHNSON, Boswell's Life
On Spontaneously Broken Supersymmetry

We develop an effective action formalism for theories with a spontaneously broken supersymmetry. The use of the formalism is illustrated by a derivation of the Goldstone theorem and of various decoupling theorems for the Goldstone mode.
Data Adaptive Wavelet Thresholding

Thresholding of empirical wavelet coefficients was discussed in Section 7.1, along with some examples of global thresholds. This chapter will pick up where Section 7.1 left off, focusing on the nonparametric regression situation. The ideas described here could also be adapted for use in density estimation or other types of function estimation. To focus attention on the methods described in this chapter, it will be assumed throughout that an orthogonal wavelet transform on the unit interval is used, and that the sample size is a power of two: n = 2 J for some integer J > 0. When this condition is not met, the methods described herein may be adapted, using techniques described in Chapter 6.
Mental Disability, Trauma, and Human Rights

Trauma is often a critical element in the emergence of mental disabilities, yet the human rights of persons labeled with psychiatric, psychosocial, intellectual, or developmental disabilities may be violated in ways that lead to even further traumatization. Many of these abuses occur in institutional settings around the world. This chapter describes the range of traumas experienced by persons labeled with mental disabilities, particularly in institutionalized settings; outlines the human rights issues of greatest concern—and at greatest risk of violation—in such settings; and discusses the need for trauma-sensitive approaches to identifying, addressing, and, ultimately, preventing these human rights violations through human rights monitoring, documentation, and advocacy.
Radiative cooling for concentrating photovoltaics (Conference Presentation)

Radiative cooling is a uniquely compact and passive cooling mechanism. Significant applications can be found in energy generation, particularly concentrating photovoltaics (CPV) and thermophotovoltaics (TPV). Both rely on low-bandgap PV cells that experience significant reductions in performance and lifetime when operating at elevated temperatures. This issue creates a significant barrier to widespread adoption. To address this challenge, we demonstrate enhanced radiative cooling for low-bandgap PV cells under concentrated sunlight for the first time. A composite material stack is used as the radiative cooler. Enhanced radiative cooling reduces operating temperatures by 10 degrees C, translating into a relative increase of 5.7% in open-circuit voltage and an estimated increase of 40% in lifetime at 13 suns. Using a model, we also estimate the same setup could achieve an improvement of 34% in open-circuit voltage for 35 suns, which could reduce levelized costs of energy up to 33% for high activation energy failure modes. The radiative cooling enhancement demonstrated here is a simple and straightforward approach, which can be generalized to other optoelectronic systems.
Penile Implant Infection: Experience With Expanded Salvage Criteria and a Shortened Course of Postoperative Antibiotics.

Abstract Introduction The preferred treatment for inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) infection includes antibiotic therapy, device removal, and immediate replacement. While this is an accepted procedure, the delivery and length of postoperative antibiotics are not standardized. Furthermore, historical salvage criteria may be overly restrictive given the new salvage techniques. Aim Our aim is to determine if an expanded salvage criteria and shorter course of antibiotics demonstrate acceptable IPP infection rates. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 466 consecutive IPP cases from a single surgeon between March 2014 and March 2019. Salvage and reinfection were determined by current procedural terminology codes, and the final cohort was individually reviewed for integrity. Demographic, operative, and culture data from each patient were obtained. All patients were discharged on oral antibiotics after initial salvage. Patients were not excluded for exposed hardware, immunosuppression, tissue necrosis, severe diabetes, or corporal purulence. Owing to the small sample size, only descriptive statistics were used to describe the final cohort. Main Outcome Measures The main outcome measures were classification of microorganisms cultured at the time of salvage and salvage failure rate. Results A total of 26 cases of IPP infections (6%) were identified. The median (interquartile ratio) age and body mass index were 62 (58–66) and 32 (28–34), respectively. During initial salvage, gross purulence was noted in 9 patients (35%), and 22 patients (84%) had a malleable prosthesis placed. The most prescribed postoperative antibiotic was Bactrim/Augmentin with a median (interquartile ratio) antibiotic duration of 14 days (11–14). After IPP salvage, 2 patients (8%) developed a reinfection while on oral antibiotics. One of those patients was immunosuppressed, and the other was infected with Candida glabrata. Conclusion Expanded salvage criteria and postoperative oral antibiotic duration of at least 14 days demonstrated an acceptable infection rate. This suggests that a longer antibiotic therapy may not be necessary. Chandrapal J, Harper S, Davis LG, et al. Penile Implant Infection: Experience With Expanded Salvage Criteria and a Shortened Course of Postoperative Antibiotics. Sex Med 2020;8:383–387.
Using Tough Love to Promote Active Learning

When faced with a learning challenge, students in Esri’s MOOCs immediately contacted course support. They would ignore in-course help options and avoid the course Forum. The MOOC instruction team trialed an intervention based on tough love to guide students to engage with these resources and learn how to learn on their own. By setting expectations, simplifying help resources and carefully delaying responses to queries for help, the team nudged students toward active, independent and social learning. The tough love approach guided students to practice a skill needed for future success and provided the instruction team members with a new perspective on their roles in teaching and learning.
Progress and Prospects for Patient-Controlled Medical Information Systems

Medical information systems are predominately controlled and used by professionals such as physicians and administrators. Patients’ use of information systems could help personalize the medical system, could help educate patients, give them a greater feeling of control of their lives and could reduce the demand on medical personnel. Some of the experience reported in this paper demonstrates that many patients would benefit from the use of health records, that such a process is logistically and economically feasible and that patient training should start in the schools and be reinforced by the medical establishment. Furthermore, it is conjectured that direct patient interaction with decision-making algorithms could relieve physicians of much routine screening and referral work while providing them with imporved instantaneous data bases. The technology is available; a series of pilot studies is needed to work out the details.
A Society Relearning How to Talk with Itself

In the hopes of technologists and optimists, the internet promised to connect humankind, to bring freedom of expression and creativity to all, to make institutions more open, equitable, accountable, and ultimately democratic. But malign actors exploited the net's openness, and institutions found themselves threatened in a borderless world they could not master. And so government and media are trying to regulate and restrain a phenomenon that is still too new to fully understand, without sufficient research and evidence of the harm they think they are answering. The internet is not, as it is commonly understood, a medium filled with content to be edited (or censored). It is a mechanism for connection that is enabling a post-Gutenberg, post-textual, post-mass society to relearn how to hold a conversation with itself. Government, media, and other institutions must create flexible, responsive, open frameworks not to eliminate allegedly harmful speech but instead to enable, improve, and protect the public conversation.
CHAPTER 6 – Data and Safety Monitoring Boards

Publisher Summary External monitoring groups such as Data and Safety Monitoring Boards (DSMBs) play important roles in reviewing accumulating data. The monitoring committee may go by various other names, such as data monitoring committee or safety and monitoring efficacy committee. Although there may be differences in how various boards operate, and the guidelines from different groups may differ, a key factor in all is that they are entirely, or almost entirely, made up of people external to the study investigative group. Their primary function is ensuring, to the extent possible, the safety of the trial participants. The DSMB typically gets two types of reports to review. One involves process, and the other involves outcome. They also help ensure study integrity. Numerous statistical and nonstatistical approaches are used by DSMBs. Because they need to consider unexpected, as well as expected, adverse events and other outcomes, a simple algorithm for deciding whether to continue a study, or whether to make a protocol change, is probably not possible. There is no substitute for experienced, thoughtful members deliberating the many complex issues and factors that enter into decisions to stop or modify a clinical trial.
Maximum-Margin Based Representation Learning from Multiple Atlases for Alzheimer’s Disease Classification

In order to establish the correspondences between different brains for comparison, spatial normalization based morphometric measurements have been widely used in the analysis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In the literature, different subjects are often compared in one atlas space, which may be insufficient in revealing complex brain changes. In this paper, instead of deploying one atlas for feature extraction and classification, we propose a maximum-margin based representation learning (MMRL) method to learn the optimal representation from multiple atlases. Unlike traditional methods that perform the representation learning separately from the classification, we propose to learn the new representation jointly with the classification model, which is more powerful in discriminating AD patients from normal controls (NC). We evaluated the proposed method on the ADNI database, and achieved 90.69% for AD/NC classification and 73.69% for p-MCI/s-MCI classification.