cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theory of coupled optical PT-symmetric structures

Starting from Lagrangian principles we develop a formalism suitable for describing coupled optical parity-time symmetric systems.
Colossal magnetoresistance by avoiding a ferromagnetic state in the Mott system Ca3Ru2O7.

Transport and magnetic studies of ${\mathrm{Ca}}_{3}{\mathrm{Ru}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ for temperatures ranging from 0.4 to 56 K and magnetic fields $B$ up to 45 T lead to strikingly different behavior when the field is applied along the different crystal axes. A ferromagnetic (FM) state with full spin polarization is achieved for the $B\ensuremath{\parallel}a$ axis, but colossal magnetoresistance is realized only for the $B\ensuremath{\parallel}b$ axis. For the $B\ensuremath{\parallel}c$ axis, Shubnikov--de Haas oscillations are observed and followed by a less resistive state than that for $B\ensuremath{\parallel}a$. Hence, in contrast with standard colossal magnetoresistive materials, the FM phase is the least favorable for electron hopping. These properties together with highly unusual spin-charge-lattice coupling near the Mott transition (48 K) are driven by the orbital degrees of freedom.
An examination of the effects of putative pheromones on human judgments

Abstract Recent research suggests possible pheromonal effects of alpha androstenone and alpha androstenol, two steroids secreted by human apocrine glands. Using a paradigm of rating self and pictures of a target male and female in the presence of an odor, potential effects of the putative pheromones and a synthetic musk were examined. Significant multivariate odor condition effects were noted. Compared to the no-odor condition, the musk odors decreased self-rated sexiness of male subjects. For males, androstenol increased the sexual attractiveness of the target male. For females, androstenone decreased the sexual attractiveness of the target male and female. Androstenone also decreased the rated strength of the target male for females. Few differences between the putative pheromones and a synthetic musk were noted. The results are discussed in terms of comparison to past literature and suggestions for future research.
Quantum noise in the quantum theory of mixing

The minimum noise temperature obtainable in the quantum theory of mixing, allowing arbitrary terminations at all considered frequencies, is shown to be hω/2k, the same result as for other high-gain linear amplifiers. The conditions for attaining this absolute minimum noise appear to be fulfilled in only two cases, approximated by the super-Schottky mixer with large LO, and by the SIS mixer with small LO. For the ideal SIS mixer, the minimum noise requires one particular value of source impedance, regardless of the image termination. The origin of the quantum noise is discussed.
A low power linearity-ratio-independent DAC with application in multi-bit ΔΣ ADCs

A low power linearity-ratio-independent DAC for ΔΣ data converters is proposed in this paper. By using a gainboosted sub-threshold inverter as an amplifier, circuit power consumption is decreased significantly. The sensitivity of the differential DAC output linearity on circuit mismatches is reduced by using mutually-referred inputs. In a 0.13um CMOS technology, Monte-Carlo analysis and transistor-level simulations show that with 660µW power consumption, the DAC demonstrates 16 bit linearity at an 8MHz output rate. Its differential output swing is about 1.2V with a 1.2V power supply. A multi-bit ΔΣ modulator is designed using the proposed DAC.
The Reciprocal Relationship Between Work and Home Satisfaction for Home Economics Teachers

The primary purpose of this study was to test a structural equation model of the reciprocal relationship between work satisfaction and home satisfaction. To test the model, a random sample (n = 132) of home economics teachers in Virginia was surveyed to examine dimensions of work and home satisfaction. The all- female sample was mostly white, married, and of relatively high income levels. From responses to the survey, four home satisfaction factors and four work sat isfaction factors were identified. These factors were hypothesized as the manifest indicators of their respective latent satisfactions. Using Linear Structural Relation ship (LISREL) analysis, resulting maximum likelihood estimates suggest that the model was appropriate for the data, that the relationship between home satisfac tion and work satisfaction was significant, and that home satisfaction had a greater effect on work satisfaction than the reverse. Implications for teacher ed ucation and further research are discussed.
Symbolic algebra in quantum chemistry

Complex symbolic algebra, such as the manipulation of second-quantized operators, Slater determinants, Feynman diagrams, is inevitable in quantum chemistry. Increasingly, these operations are performed by the computerized systems that can handle higher mathematical constructs than just numbers and simple arithmetic. This article reviews these new algorithms that automate the algebraic transformation and computer implementation of many-body quantum-mechanical methods for electron correlation. They enable a whole new class of highly complex but vastly accurate methods, the manual development of which is no longer practical
Combined effects of female hormones and exercise on hypoxic ventilatory response

Mild elevations in metabolic rate may influence hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) differently in men and women. The possible involvement of the female hormones in accounting for this gender difference is supported by observations that mild exercise raised HVR in ovariectomized women treated with estrogen and progestin but not in the same women treated with placebo (Regensteiner et al., 1989). We compared the effects of mild exercise on HVR in 12 women in the follicular phase vs the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and during MPA (medroxyprogesterone acetate, 20 mg tid) vs placebo treatment. End-tidal PCO2 fell in the luteal compared to the follicular phase and in the follicular MPA compared to the follicular placebo condition. Resting HVR was similar in subjects in the follicular versus the luteal phases of the menstrual cycle and in MPA-treated vs placebo-treated subjects at either the existing (eucapnia) or follicular placebo (normocapnia) end-tidal PCO2. Mild exercise increased expired ventilation but not HVR in placebo-treated subjects in the follicular or luteal placebo conditions. In MPA-treated subjects, exercise raised HVR in the luteal phase (P less than 0.05) and tended to increase HVR in the follicular phase (P = 0.08). The increase in HVR with exercise was greater in MPA-treated subjects than in women given placebo (delta rest to exercise = 26% vs 9%, P less than 0.05). We concluded that elevations in progestin levels achieved by administering progestin in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle potentiated the effect of metabolic rate on HVR.
Toward Democracy: A Critique of a World Bank Loan to the United Mexican States

In 2002 the World Bank issued a US$300 million loan to Mexico to finance an education reform project. The loan is the second phase of a three-part Adaptable Program Loan (APL). A brief description of the 136-page World Bank reform project is initially detailed and contrasted with a historical perspective. The Multiple Streams Model is used to determine why this education reform has come to fruition. Finally, the Frank Model is used to assess viability of this phase of the APL. It is concluded that this loan takes great national steps toward modernization, decentralization, and democratization. The adaptability of the loan is quite evident and proactive. Success of this project is promising, but the World Bank must not forget the cultural needs of the indigenous peoples.
Surface coil holder for Signa.

A surface coil holder is described for the General Electric Signa spectrometer. This allows for accurate positioning of the 31P coil relative to that of the 1H coil used for tissue slice localization. © 1987 Academic Press, Inc.
Gender Identity Conflict in Young Boys Following Divorce

Three boys between the ages of four and seven were expressing the wish to be feminine and were dressing in women's clothes following a difficult divorce with custody and visitation strife. In brief psychotherapy gender seemed related to issues of loss and aggression. On followup, all 3 were symptomatically improved. The author suggests that gender disturbance symptom in boys, in addition to being a developmental failure, may come about as a regressive reaction to parental discord in divorce.
Structure and breakup properties of sprays

Abstract Multiphase flow phenomena relevant to spray combustion are reviewed, emphasizing the structure of the near-injector dense-spray region and the properties of secondary and primary breakup. Existing measurements of dense-spray structure are limited to round pressure-atomized sprays in still gases and show that the dispersed flow region is surprisingly dilute, that separated flow effects are significant because the flow is dilute and developing, and that atomization involves primary breakup at the liquid surface followed by secondary breakup, while effects of collisions are small. Available information about secondary breakup emphasizes breakup due to shock wave disturbances at large liquid/gas density ratios and shows that secondary breakup is a dominant feature of dense sprays that must be resolved as a function of time so that secondary breakup can be properly treated as a rate process. Finally, available information about primary breakup has been dominated by effects of disturbances in the injector passage; therefore, while some understanding of turbulent primary breakup has been achieved, more information about aerodynamic primary breakup is needed to address practical spray combustion processes.
Relationship between techniques taught and practice behavior: education and clinical correlation.

Abstract Objective: This study was undertaken to determine the relationship between the time spent teaching various manual procedures in each of two different chiropractic colleges and the actual practice of those procedures in the graduate clinical environment of the doctors involved. Methods: A simple questionnaire instrument was constructed to assess the frequency of use of 9 different manual evaluation treatment procedures. All graduates from the two chiropractic colleges in the state of Texas who obtained their license between 1988 and 1993 were polled. Reliability was studied by polling the first 30 qualified respondents twice and was found to be acceptable. The college curriculum with respect to the techniques studied was compared with the perceived use of the various techniques by the graduates surveyed. Results: A total of 224 of 322 (70%) surveys were returned for consideration. Of these, 197 met all of the inclusion/exclusion criteria and were assessed as part of the sample. Significant differences were found between the colleges with respect to perceived practitioner use of Activator (χ 2 = 14.247, P = .004), Thompson technique (χ 2 = 57.702, P = .000), Gonstead (χ 2 = 52.173, P = .000), and flexion-distraction (χ 2 = 29.424, P = .000). Conclusion: Data from this research provide evidence that a relationship does exist between manual procedures taught in two different chiropractic colleges and the perceived use of those procedures in actual clinical practice. Implications of this relationship are discussed. (J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1998;22:29–31)
Differentiated cultures of primary hamster tracheal airway epithelial cells

Primary airway epithelial cell cultures can provide a faithful representation of the in vivo airway while allowing for a controlled nutrient source and isolation from other tissues or immune cells. The methods used have significant differences based on tissue source, cell isolation, culture conditions, and assessment of culture purity. We modified and optimized a method for generating tracheal epithelial cultures from Syrian golden hamsters and characterized the cultures for cell composition and function. Soon after initial plating, the epithelial cells reached a high transepithelial resistance and formed tight junctions. The cells differentiated into a heterogeneous, multicellular culture containing ciliated, secretory, and basal cells after culture at an air-liquid interface (ALI). The, secretory cell populations initially consisted of MUC5AC-positive goblet cells and MUC5AC/CCSP double-positive cells, but the makeup changed to predominantly Clara cell secretory protein (CCSP)-positive Clara cells after 14 d. The ciliated cell populations differentiated rapidly after ALI as judged by the appearance of β tubulin IV-positive cells. The cultures produced mucus, CCSP, and trypsin-like proteases and were capable of wound repair as judged by increased expression of matrilysin. Our method provides an efficient, high-yield protocol for producing differentiated hamster tracheal epithelial cells that can be used for a variety of in vitro studies including tracheal cell differentiation, airway disease mechanisms, and pathogen-host interactions.
Progress in determining the causes and treatment of multiple sclerosis

The cause of multiple sclerosis remains unknown after more than a century of study. Unconfirmed work has once more indicated that a viral infection may be important in the aetiology of the disease, and there is considerable evidence for an important genetic influence on disease susceptibility. The clinical course is as variable as that of any disease in medicine. Studies using serial magnetic resonance imaging have helped to define the disease course and response to experimental therapies. Although the predominant pathological characteristic is myelin loss with preservation of axons, some studies recall classic descriptions that irreversible axonal destruction may occur, perhaps even in the early stages of the illness. There are now several, partially effective therapies for relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis and here I review progress in determining the timing and course of the illness and the steps that need to be taken to identify more effective treatments for this disease.
THE BIREFRINGENCE OF THE HUMAN RED CELL GHOSTS

The type of birefringence described by Mitchison, which extends some 0.5 µ in from the surface of the human red cell ghost in glycerol and which shows a maximum retardation of about 7 A, is only found in ghosts which are sufficiently well hemoglobinised to be seen with the ordinary microscope. Ghosts from which all hemoglobin has been lost are not visible with the ordinary microscope and are not birefringent, although they are clearly visible with phase contrast. About 90 per cent of the ghosts in glycerol preparations are of the latter type, the exact percentage being a function of time. Mitchison's measurements of birefringence, although reproducible, accordingly apply only to ghosts in which some hemoglobin still remains complexed with the lipoprotein layers of the red cell ultrastructure, and do not enable one to draw conclusions as to the thickness and orientation of the lipoprotein surface layers.
Multilayer relaxations and stresses on Mg surfaces

Using an ab initio approach based on density-functional theory in the local density approximation, nonlocal pseudopotentials and a plane-wave expansion basis set, we show that trends in the relaxation patterns of the low-Miller index surfaces of Mg can be traced to the nature of the Friedel oscillations in the surface charge densities. The oscillatory relaxation patterns that originate with contraction in the top interlayer spacing for Mg(101\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}0) (14.9%) and Mg(112\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}0) (5.0%) and expansion for Mg(0001) (1.8%) are explained in a single consistent picture. We also find surface stress to be remarkably large along specific directions for Mg(101\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}0) and Mg(112\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}0).
Children with AIDS.

. The etiologic agent for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has been identified as human T lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III). Its distinguishing characteristics and putative receptor, the T4 molecule, are discussed. The Western Blot method has been applied to assess the presence of antibody to HTLV-III in patients as a measure of infection with HTLV-III. The definition of AIDS in children, based on the Centers for Disease Control surveillance criteria, is explored and expanded. Clinical and laboratory manifestations of pediatric AIDS are explained in the context of ‘HTLV-III infection’ through an analysis of prospective and retrospective serologic studies. Transmission of the disease is explored through parental history of infected children. Finally, the rationale for antibody replacement therapy is set forth.
Metabolic fate of mescaline in man

Human subjects given C14-mescaline by mouth excrete an average of 87% of the dose during the first 24 hours and an average of 92% during the first 48 hours. Average half-life of mescaline in six hours. The composition of the urine in respect to the various metabolites of mescaline from hour to hour has been determined. The concentration of mescaline and its metabolites in the plasma and the cerebrospinal fluid at the various times has also been determined. Mescaline, 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenylacetic acid, N-acetyl-β-(3,4-dimethoxy-5-hydroxyphenyl) ethylamine and N-acetyl-mescaline have been identified in human urine after mescaline administration in the following amounts: mescaline 55–60%, 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenylacetic acid 27–30%, N-acetyl-β-(3,4,dimethoxy-5-hydroxyphenyl) ethylamine 5% and N-acetylmescaline less than 0.1%. Five other metabolites have been partially characterized. Chromatographic evidence is presented for the presence of mescaline, 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenylacetic acid, N-acetylmescaline and N-acetyl-β-(3,4-dimethoxy-5-hydroxyphenyl) ethylamine in the cerebrospinal fluid in man after oral mescaline administration.
Sensing starvation: a homoserine lactone--dependent signaling pathway in Escherichia coli

When nutrients become limiting, many bacteria differentiate and become resistant to environmental stresses. For Escherichia coli, this process is mediated by the sigma s subunit of RNA polymerase. Expression of sigma s was induced by homoserine lactone, a metabolite synthesized from intermediates in threonine biosynthesis. Homoserine lactone-dependent synthesis of sigma s was prevented by overexpression of a newly identified protein, RspA. The function of homoserine lactone derivatives in many cell density-dependent phenomena and the similarity of RspA to a Streptomyces ambofaciens protein suggest that synthesis of homoserine lactone may be a general signal of starvation.
The dynamic role of parental influences in preventing adolescent smoking initiation.

Abstract Background As adolescents grow, protective parental influences become less important and peer influences take precedence in adolescent's initiation of smoking. It is unknown how and when this occurs. We sought to: prospectively estimate incidence rates of smoking initiation from late childhood through mid-adolescence, identify important risk and protective parental influences on smoking initiation, and examine their dynamic nature in order to identify key ages. Methods Longitudinal data from the National Survey of Parents and Youth of 8 nationally representative age cohorts (9–16 years) of never smokers in the U.S. were used (N = 5705 dyads at baseline). Analysis involved a series of lagged logistic regression models using a cohort-sequential design. Results The mean sample cumulative incidence rates of tobacco use increased from 1.8% to 22.5% between the 9 and 16 years old age cohorts. Among risk factors, peer smoking was the most important across all ages; 11–15 year-olds who spent time with peers who smoked had 2 to 6.5 times higher odds of initiating smoking. Parent–youth connectedness significantly decreased the odds of smoking initiation by 14–37% in 11–14 year-olds; parental monitoring and punishment for smoking decreased the odds of smoking initiation risk by 36–59% in 10–15 year-olds, and by 15–28% in 12–14 year-olds, respectively. Conclusions Parental influences are important in protecting against smoking initiation across adolescence. At the same time, association with peers who smoke is a very strong risk factor. Our findings provide empirical evidence to suggest that in order to prevent youth from initiating smoking, parents should be actively involved in their adolescents' lives and guard them against association with peers who smoke.
A comparison of barley malt osmolyte concentrations and standard malt quality measurements as indicators of barley malt amylolytic enzyme activities.

This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that barley malt osmolyte concentration (OC) would correlate better with malt α-amylase, β-amylase, and limit dextrinase activities than do the standard malt quality measurements (malt extract, diastatic power [DP], α-amylase activity as measured by the ASBC method, soluble/total protein [S/T], and β-glucan concentration). Seeds of four two-row and four six-row elite North American barley cultivars were steeped and germinated in a micromalter for 6 days. At intervals of 24 hr throughout germination, green malt was removed, kilned, and assayed for individual amylolytic activities, standard measures of malt quality, and OC. Over all days of germination for all cultivars combined, malt OC correlated well with α-amylase, β-amylase, and limit dextrinase activities (r = 0.891, 0.659, and 0.889, respectively; P < 0.0001). With all cultivars combined, most standard measures of malt quality did not correlate as well with malt amylolytic enzyme activities as did OC (low to high correlations with α-amylase activity [S/T: r = 0.676, P < 0.0001; β-glucan concentration: r = ―0.840, P < 0.0001]; β-amylase activity [S/T: r = 0.385, P = 0.0068; β-glucan concentration: r = ―0.597, P < 0.0001]; and limit dextrinase activity [S/T: r = 0.636, P < 0.0001; β-glucan concentration: r = -0.847, P < 0.0001]). Two expected exceptions were α-amylase activity as measured by the ASBC method, which correlated better with α-amylase activity as measured by the Megazyme method than did OC, and DP, which correlated better with β-amylase activity than did OC. In general, combined two-row cultivar malt OC and standard malt quality measurements correlated better with individual amylolytic enzyme activities than those measurements of combined six-row cultivars, and in general, OC correlated better with amylolytic enzyme activities than did standard malt quality measurements of combined two- or six-row cultivars. With individual cultivars, no malt quality measurement correlated consistently better with amylolytic enzyme activities, although OC correlated consistently well. Overall, with populations of cultivars malt OC was usually a consistent and better indicator of individual malt amylolytic enzyme activities than were standard measures of malt quality, supporting the tested hypothesis.
The infant mouse as a in vivo model for the detection and study of DNA damage-induced changes in the liver.

The present work describes the use of the infant (4-wk-old) mouse as an animal model for the study of DNA damage–induced G1 checkpoint response, changes in p53 protein levels, and multiple gene expression changes after DNA damage has been induced in the liver. Hepatocytes in the infant B6C3F1 mouse had a proliferation index that was 27 times greater than that of the 12-wk-old B6C3F1 mouse (57.4 vs. 2.1%, respectively). Eight hours after infant mice were exposed to the DNA damaging agents bleomycin (100 mg/kg, i.p.) or 10 Gy of whole body gamma irradiation, the G1/S ratio significantly increased from 21 (control) to 66 and 75, respectively, because of the induction of the G1/S checkpoint response. One hour after whole body irradiation of infant mice the levels of the p53 protein, phosphoserine 18-p53 and phosphoserine 23-p53 increased dramatically and tended to peak at 1 h in the liver, whereas the p21WAF1 protein increased more slowly and tended to peak at 2 h after irradiation. The mRNA expression of the p53-response genes p21, murine double minute clone 2 (mdm2), and cyclin G was increased at 2 h after irradiation but was decreased by 8 h postirradiation, relative to the 2-h time-point. The expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) and growth-regulated oncogene 1 (GRO1) increased at 2 and 8 h postirradiation. This work characterizes various parameters in the infant mouse, thus validating the use of this model to study in vivo DNA damage–induced cell-cycle–related changes. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
How long? How long? : African American women in the struggle for Civil rights

A compelling and readable narrative history, How Long? How Long? presents both a rethinking of social movement theory and a controversial thesis: that chroniclers have egregiously neglected the most important leaders of the Civil Rights movement, African-American women, in favour of higher-profile African-American men and white women. Author Belinda Robnett argues that the diversity of experiences of the African-American women organizers has been underemphasized in favour of monolithic treatments of their femaleness and blackness. Drawing heavily on interviews with actual participants in the American Civil Rights movement, this work retells the movement as seen through the eyes and spoken through the voices of African-American women participants. It is the first book to provide an analysis of race, class, gender, and culture as substructures that shaped the organization and outcome of the movement. Robnett examines the differences among women participants in the movement and offers the first cohesive analysis of the gendered relations and interactions among its black activists, thus demonstrating that femaleness and blackness cannot be viewed as sufficient signifiers for movement experience and individual identity. Finally, this book makes a significant contribution to social movement theory by providing a crucial understanding of the continuity and complexity of social movements, clarifying the need for different layers of leadership that come to satisfy different movement needs. An engaging narrative history as well as a major contribution to social movement and feminist theory, How Long? How Long? will appeal to students and scholars of social activism, women's studies, American history, and African-American studies, and to general readers interested in the perennially fascinating story of the American Civil Rights movement.
Envelope Control of Outer Membrane Vesicle Production in Gram-Negative Bacteria

All Gram-negative bacteria studied to date have been shown to produce outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), which are budded, released spheres of outer membrane with periplasmic content. OMVs have been implicated in the delivery of virulence factors in pathogenesis. However, OMVs also benefit nonpathogenic species by delivering degradative enzymes to defend an ecological niche against competing bacterial species, and they can serve as an envelope stress response. Despite these important roles, very little is known about the mechanism of production of OMVs. Here we review the advantage of vesiculation, particularly in a nonpathogenic context, as well as the hurdles that have to be overcome in Gram-negative envelope architecture before a vesicle can form and bud. Lastly, we address the question of whether OMV production is a stochastic or regulated process.
Necrotizing group a streptococcal infections associated with streptococcal toxic shock syndrome

Background Group A streptococci (GAS) cause a variety of life-threatening infectious complications, including necrotizing fasciitis (NF), purpura fulminans (PF), and Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (strepTSS), in which bacteremia is associated with shock and organ failure. Methods We reviewed our experience in the management of patients with necrotizing GAS infections from 1991 to 1995. Results Eight adult patients (6 NF, 2 PF) were identified. Patients presented with fever, leukocytosis, and severe pain, and rapidly developed shock and organ dysfunction. The diagnosis of strepTSS was confirmed in 6 cases. A total of 54 surgical procedures were required, including widespread debridements and amputations. Two patients died (25%). Conclusions Recognition of the need for aggressive diagnosis and surgical treatment of this most rapidly progressive surgical infection is necessary for successful management.
Human Cloning and Embryo Research: The 2003 John J. Conley Lecture on Medical Ethics

The author, a member of the U.S.President's Council on Bioethics, discussesethical issues raised by human cloning, whetherfor purposes of bringing babies to birth or forresearch purposes. He first argues that everycloned human embryo is a new, distinct, andenduring organism, belonging to the speciesHomo sapiens, and directing its owndevelopment toward maturity. He then distinguishesbetween two types of capacities belonging toindividual organisms belonging to this species,an immediately exerciseable capacity and abasic natural capacity that develops over time. He argues that it is the second type ofcapacity that is the ground for full moralrespect, and that this capacity (and itsconcomitant degree of respect) belongs tocloned human embryos no less than to adulthuman beings. He then considers and rejectscounter-arguments to his position, includingthe suggestion that the capacity of embryos isequivalent to the capacity of somatic cells,that full human rights are afforded only tohuman organisms with functioning brains, thatthe possibility of twinning diminishes themoral status of embryos, that the fact thatpeople do not typically mourn the loss of earlyembryos implies that they have a diminishedmoral status, that the fact that earlyspontaneous abortions occur frequentlydiminishes the moral status of embryos, andthat his arguments depend upon a concept ofensoulment. He concludes that if the moralstatus of cloned human embryos is equivalent tothat of adults, then public policy should bebased upon this assumption.
Farkas's Lemma and the nature of reality: Statistical implications of quantum correlations

A general algorithm is given for determining whether or not a given set of pair distributions allows for the construction of all the members of a specified set of higher-order distributions which return the given pair distributions as marginals. This mathematical question underlies studies of quantum correlation experiments such as those of Bell or of Clauser and Horne, or their higher-spin generalizations. The algorithm permits the analysis of rather intricate versions of such problems, in a form readily adaptable to the computer. The general procedure is illustrated by simple derivations of the results of Mermin and Schwarz for the symmetric spin-1 and spin-3/2 Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen problems. It is also used to extend those results to the spin-2 and spin-5/2 cases, providing further evidence that the range of strange quantum theoretic correlations does not diminish with increasing s. The algorithm is also illustrated by giving an alternative derivation of some recent results on the necessity and sufficiency of the Clauser-Horne conditions. The mathematical formulation of the algorithm is given in general terms without specific reference to the quantum theoretic applications.
Quantification of the peripheral blood colony forming unit-culture rise following chemotherapy Could leukocytaphereses replace bone marrow for autologous transplantation?

Because hematopoietic stem cells circulate in the peripheral blood (PB), the possibility exists for using leukocytaphereses in place of marrow for autologous transplantation. Normal stem cells, measured by the colony forming unit-culture (CFU-C) assay, usually in extremely small numbers in PB, are increased afteraggressive chemotherapy. Patients with small-cell undifferentiated carcinoma of the lung had PB assayed for CFU-C numbers during induction chemotherapy. The median blood CFU-C concentration increased as much as 13.3-fold compared to pretreatment values following the third cycle of chemotherapy. The CFU-C peaks occurred at the same time as a relative monocytosis in the PB, with monocytosis percentages often 30 percent or higher. Compared to an average CFU-C dose obtained from a typical marrow procedure done under general anesthesia (4.0 × 104 CFU-C/kg), the anticipated CFU-C yield obtained from a single cytapheresis performed at the CFU-C peak after the third course of chemotherapy (2.9 × 104 CFU-C/kg) suggests that as few as two-cytaphereses could provide sufficient stem cells to reconstitute hematopoiesis following lethal myelosuppression.
RADIATION ENERGY RECEIVER FOR LASER AND SOLAR PROPULSION SYSTEMS

The concept of remotely heating a rocket propellant with a high intensity radiant energy flux is especially attractive due to its high specific impulse and large payload mass capabilities. In this paper, a radiation receiver-thruster which is especially suited to the particular thermodynamic and spectral characteristics of highly concentrated solar energy is proposed. In this receiver, radiant energy is volumetrically absorbed within a hydrogen gas seeded with alkali metal vapors. The alkali atoms and molecules absorb the radiant flux and, subsequently, transfer their internal excitation to hydrogen molecules through collisional quenching. It is shown that such a radiation receiver would outperform a blackbody cavity type receiver in both efficiency and maximum operating temperatures. A solar rocket equipped with such a receiver-thruster would deliver thrusts of several hundred newtons at a specific impulse of 1000 seconds.
Kar9p-independent microtubule capture at Bud6p cortical sites primes spindle polarity before bud emergence in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Spindle orientation is critical for accurate chromosomal segregation in eukaryotic cells. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, orientation of the mitotic spindle is achieved by a program of microtubule–cortex interactions coupled to spindle morphogenesis. We previously implicated Bud6p in directing microtubule capture throughout this program. Herein, we have analyzed cells coexpressing GFP:Bud6 and GFP:Tub1 fusions, providing a kinetic view of Bud6p–microtubule interactions in live cells. Surprisingly, even during the G1 phase, microtubule capture at the recent division site and the incipient bud is dictated by Bud6p. These contacts are eliminated in bud6Δ cells but are proficient in kar9Δ cells. Thus, Bud6p cues microtubule capture, as soon as a new cell polarity axis is established independent of Kar9p. Bud6p increases the duration of interactions and promotes distinct modes of cortical association within the bud and neck regions. In particular, microtubule shrinkage and growth at the cortex rarely occur away from Bud6p sites. These are the interactions selectively impaired at the bud cortex in bud6Δ cells. Finally, interactions away from Bud6p sites within the bud differ from those occurring at the mother cell cortex, pointing to the existence of an independent factor controlling cortical contacts in mother cells after bud emergence.
Physiological Role of Akt in Insulin-Stimulated Translocation of GLUT4 in Transfected Rat Adipose Cells

Stimulation of glucose transport is among the most important metabolic actions of insulin. Studies in adipose cells have demonstrated that insulin stimulates its receptor to phosphorylate tyrosine residues in IRS-1, leading to activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, which plays a necessary role in mediating the translocation of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter GLUT4 to the cell surface. Akt is a serine-threonine kinase recently identified as a direct downstream target of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. A previous study in 3T3-L1 cells showed that overexpression of a constitutively active mutant of Akt is sufficient to recruit GLUT4 to the cell surface. Since effects of overexpression of signaling molecules in tissue culture models do not always reflect physiological function, we have overexpressed a dominant inhibitory mutant of Akt in rat adipose cells to investigate the effects of inhibiting endogenous Akt in a physiologically relevant insulin target cell. Cells were transfected with either wild type (Akt-WT), constitutively active (Akt-myr), or dominant inhibitory (Akt-K179A) forms of Akt, and effects of overexpression of these constructs on insulin-stimulated translocation of a cotransfected epitope-tagged GLUT4 were studied. Overexpression of Akt-WT resulted in significant translocation of GLUT4 to the cell surface even in the absence of insulin. Interestingly, overexpression of Akt-myr resulted in an even larger effect that was independent of insulin. More importantly, overexpression of Akt-K179A (kinase-inactive mutant) significantly inhibited insulin-stimulated translocation of GLUT4. Taken together, our data suggest that Akt is not only capable of stimulating the translocation of GLUT4 but that endogenous Akt is likely to play a significant physiological role in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in insulin targets such as muscle and adipose tissue.
Soap Operas and Artistic Legitimation: The Role of Critical Commentary

This article explores the artistic legitimation process of U.S. daytime soap operas through analysis of commentary published in The New York Times from 1930 to 2010. While soap operas gained economic legitimacy over time (due to profit-earning potential) and were popular with audiences, they were never widely classified as an “art” form. Through examination of 3 aspects of The New York Times articles—tone of critical commentary, viewership of critical commentary, and themes of critical commentary—we explore the role of evaluative press coverage in the validation, or lack thereof, of the soap opera form. Implications for the decline of the genre are also discussed.
Social enrichment of the environment with infants for singly caged adult rhesus monkeys

The practicability of social enrichment for singly caged adult rhesus monkeys was examined. Twenty-nine weaned rhesus monkey infants were removed from breeding troops to avoid overcrowding and were placed with unfamiliar singly caged adults. An adult-infant pair was considered compatible when (1) the two animals started huddling with each other within the first 5 days after pair formation and (2) the infant showed no signs of depression and took its share from a limited amount of favored food. Adult-infant pairs were compatible in 90% (26/29) of cases. Compatibility depended neither on the sex, age, and origin of the adult nor on the sex of the infant. There was no evidence that partners lost interest in each other during 7–11 months of follow-up observations. Three adults exhibiting stereotypical behavior abandoned their peculiar habits after they had lived with their young companions for 4 months. It was concluded that the often-heard notion that rhesus monkeys are highly aggressive should not prevent simple attempts to provide singly caged animals with a companion.
Elimination of catheter-associated urinary tract infections in an adult neurological intensive care unit.

To purchase electronic or print reprints, contact the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses, 101 Columbia, Aliso Viejo, CA 92656. Phone, (800) 899-1712 or (949) 362-2050 (ext 532); fax, (949) 362-2049; e-mail, reprints@aacn.org. About 3% of patients in whom CAUTIs develop go on to have bacteremia develop, and the mortality rate for CAUTI is 2.8%. With CAUTIs having an incidence of close to 2 million cases per year, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services have identified CAUTI as a “never event,” limiting reimbursement to acute care hospitals.
Petrology, Stratigraphy, and Depositional Environments of Burnt Bluff Group in Michigan: ABSTRACT

Recent discoveries of sizable natural gas deposits (production at least 1 MMCFGD/well) in 3 widely separated areas of Michigan have touched off exploration interest in the lower Middle Silurian Burnt Bluff Group. The Burnt Bluff and Manistique Groups are stratigraphically equivalent to the better known Clinton Group. Analyses of core samples, outcrop samples, and wireline logs allow for a preliminary reconstruction of facies relationships and depositional environments. Where thickest, in northeastern Michigan, the Burnt Bluff Group can be divided into 3 formations: Lime Island Dolomite, Bryon Dolomite and Hendricks Dolomite. To the southwest the group thins dramatically to a single lithologic unit. The Lime Island and the Hendricks Dolomites represent shallow subtidal facies with abundant large, whole bioclasts of corals, stromatoporoids, and brachiopods. The Bryon Dolomite is a thinly laminated intertidal and supratidal carbonate with desiccation cracks, algal laminae, and anhydrite nodules. Presently, natural gas production is found only in slightly dolomitized portions of the subtidal bioclastic facies in the Burnt Bluff. Porosity development is the key to production and is primarily solution-enlarged interparticle porosity restricted to the Hendricks and Lime Island Dolomites. End_of_Article - Last_Page 263------------
Biomedical Engineering and Cognitive Science as the Basis for Secondary Science Curriculum Development: A Three Year Study

This study reports on a multiyear effort to create and evaluate cognitive-based curricular materials for secondary school science classrooms. A team of secondary teachers, educational researchers, and academic biomedical engineers developed a series of curriculum units that are based in biomedical engineering for secondary level students in physics and advanced biology classes. These units made use of an instructional design based upon recent cognitive science research called the Legacy Cycle. Over a 3-year period, comparison of student knowledge on written questions related to central concepts in physics and/or biology generally favored students who had worked with the experimental materials over students in control classrooms. In addition, experimental students were better able to solve applications type problems, as well as unit-specific near transfer problems.
Sperm storage and antioxidative enzyme expression in the honey bee, Apis mellifera

Honey bee (Apis mellifera) sperm remains viable in the spermatheca of mated female honey bees for several years. During this time, the sperm retains respiratory activity, placing it at risk of the damaging effects of reactive oxygen species common to many biological processes. Antioxidative enzymes might help reduce this damage. Here we use quantitative real-time RT-PCR to establish gene-expression profiles in male and female honey bee reproductive tissues for three antioxidative enzymes: catalase, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and superoxide dismutase (SOD1, cytosolic). Catalase and GST showed ten- to twenty-fold transcript increases in the sperm storage organs of mated queens vs. unmated queens, whereas SOD1 levels are high in both mated and unmated queens. Male reproductive and somatic tissues showed relatively high levels of all three antioxidant-encoding transcripts. All three enzymes screened were higher in mature males vs. young males, although this effect did not appear to be confined to reproductive tissues and, hence, need not reflect a role in sperm longevity. Furthermore, antioxidative enzyme transcripts remained present, and apparently increased, in male tissues long after sperm had matured and seminal fluid was produced. We also found measurable levels of catalase transcripts in honey bee semen. The presence of catalase transcripts in both reproductive tissues and semen in bees suggests that this enzyme might play a key role in antioxidative protection.
Pediatric Use of Insulin Pump Technology: A Retrospective Study of Adverse Events in Children Ages 1–12 Years

Background: Growing technological improvements in insulin pump design have increased the use of these devices in young children. To better understand the types of infusion pump-related problems and associated adverse events in this age group, we performed a comprehensive evaluation of pump-related adverse event reports received by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for children ages 1–12 years. Methods:
Experimental designs for simulation

Experimental design issues are an important and integral aspect of most simulation studies. The intent of this paper is to provide an overview of research on design issues that are unique to experimentation in a simulation environment. Tactical issues such as the length of simulation runs and number of replications are not discussed here. Instead, we focus our discussion on strategic issues such as the selection of design plans, statistical models, input variables, and random number stream assignments.
3′‐Modified oligonucleotides by reverse DNA synthesis

Reverse DNA oligonucleotide synthesis (i.e. from 5′→3′) is a strategy that has yet to be exploited fully. While utilized previously for the construction of alternating 3′-3′- and 5′-5′-linked antisense oligonucleotides, the use of nucleoside 5′-phosphoramidites has not generally been used for the elaboration of (modified) oligonucleotides. Presently, the potential of reverse oligonucleotide synthesis for the facile synthesis of 3′-modified DNAs is illustrated using a phosphoramidite derived from tyrosine. The derived oligonucleotide was shown to have chromatographic and electrophoretic properties identical with the modified oligonucleotide resulting from the proteinase K digestion of the vaccinia topoisomerase I–DNA covalent complex. The results confirm the nature of the structure previously assigned to this product, and establish the facility with which proteinase K is able to complete the digestion of the polypeptide backbone of the DNA oligonucleotide-linked topoisomerase I.
Childhood precursors of high blood pressure and elevated cholesterol.

For several decades, high blood pressure and elevated cholesterol have been established as risk factors for atherosclerosis and, thus, for most cardiovascu­ lar morbidity and mortality of industrialized countries. More recently, de­ veloping countries are recognizing the public health burden of high blood pressure and elevated cholesterol, as a result of demographic changes, which have seen increasing proportions of populations reach the sixth decade of life and beyond, and social and behavioral changes, which have fostered the development of the risk factors (12). Thus, the consequences of high blood pressure and elevated cholesterol, in addition to cigarette smoking and other factors, now constitute a global public health problem. The causes of coronary heart disease and other complications of atheroscle­ rosis and hypertensive disease must be sought earlier in life than the age range in which these events become especially common, i.e. at age 40 and older. The theoretical foundation for this concept is reinforced strongly by patholog­ ical evidence, including that from postmortem examinations of young military casualties. These examinations show that the vascular lesions of atherosclero­ sis commonly are present in the coronary arteries and aorta before age 20 (see, for example, Ref. 40). Geographically widespread evidence that aortic
Consistent Derivations of Spring Rates for Helical Springs

The spring rates of a coiled helical spring under an axial force and an axially directed torque are derived by a consistent application of Castigliano’s second theorem, and it is shown that the coupling between the two loads may not always be neglected. The spring rate of an extensional spring is derived for the first time through the use of the displacement based principle of minimum total potential energy. The present results are also compared with available derivations of and expressions for the stiffness of a coiled spring. DOI: 10.1115/1.3125888