cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mealing and related hormone release suppress hypothalamic lesions of neonatal mice by L-glutamate.

Abstract Neonatal mice, under fasting conditions, are susceptible to the development of lesions in the arcuate nucleus (AN) of the hypothalamus, with high doses of monosodium L-glutamate (MSG). Feeding of nutrients (e.g., sugars and L-amino acids) has been shown to have a protective effect against the development of these lesions. The purpose of these studies was to elucidate the mechanism of this protective effect. Histopathologic examination of lesions of the AN demonstrated that feeding of weaning mice before subcutaneous administration of toxic doses of MSG suppressed the development of these lesions, as compared to fasted controls. Similarly, the number of necrotic cells in the AN of neonates administered toxic doses of MSG subcutaneously was reduced when D-glucose and L-arginine were administered orally. Atropine obliterated the protective effect of D-glucose. Pretreatments consisting of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) + oral D-glucose had a protective effect of higher potency than GIP alone. Pretreatments with insulin, anorexigenic peptide (pyroGlu-His-Gly), cholecystokinin, glucagon, bombesin, and substance P (in decreasing order of effectiveness) demonstrated a protective effect against the AN lesion in neonates, whereas somatostatin and β-endorphin had no effect. Results suggest that the protective effect of nutrients may in part be due to the stimulation of peptide hormone release during the postabsorptive phase. It is postulated that the effect of entero-pancreatic hormone, especially insulin, is to enhance the tolerance of AN neurons of neonatal mice to the toxic dose of L-glutamate.
The Role of Parental Involvement in the Autonomy Development of Traditional-Age College Students.

Increased parental involvement in higher education has led to a rise in the number of parent interactions with university faculty and staff. The purpose of this study was to explore how parental involvement influences the process of college student autonomy development and to examine the implications of this process for college administrators. Data were collected from 18 participants through three semistructured interviews and two journal entries. The results suggest the importance of parents maintaining supportive involvement instead of intervening, establishing adult-to-adult relationships with college-age children, relinquishing unnecessary control, and fostering responsibility.
Electroconvulsive shock- or puromycin-induced retention deficits in goldfish given two active-avoidance sessions

In a factorial design, goldfish received 15 active-avoidance training trials on Days 1, 7, and 13 followed by electroconvulsive shock (ECS) or no treatment after the training session on Days 1 and 7. The final retention deficits observed when ECS was given after the first session only or after the second session only were similar. Fish given ECS after both sessions showed a cumulative deficit that approximated the sum of the two effects. Similar results were obtained with puromycin. These data support the hypothesis that ECS and puromycin impair only recent learning. Retrograde amnesia gradients confirmed that the efficacy of these amnestic agents was not altered by a second administration.
Environmental antimicrobial contamination from terraccumulation and diffuse pollution pathways

The fate of antimicrobial pharmaceuticals entering the aquatic environment has become an increasing concern for researchers and regulators in the past decade, and recent research has focused on antimicrobial contamination from point sources, such as wastewater treatment facility outfalls. Terraccumulation is the concentration of pollutants in soils from land application of contaminated biosolids generated by agricultural practices and water and wastewater facilities. The terraccumulation of antimicrobials and mobility in diffuse pollution pathways should not be overlooked as a contributor to the spread of bacterial resistance and the resulting threat to human drug therapy. This review critically examines recent global trends of bacterial resistance, antimicrobial contaminant pathways from agriculture and water treatment processes, and the need to incorporate diffuse pathways into risk assessment and treatment system design. Alignment of environmental scientific and engineering research with strategies applied in clinical situations could contribute to continued efficacy of antimicrobial therapies necessary for human health and welfare.
CONTROLLED SPUTTERING OF METALS BY LOW-ENERGY Hg IONS

Sputtering has been studied under well controlled conditions, i.e., low gas pressure (1 micron), defined energy (up to 300 ev) and angle of incidence of the bombarding ions, and high ion-current density (10 ma/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$), by immersing the target in a low-pressure Hg plasma of high density created in a pool-type vacuum arc.It turned out that threshold energies (minimum ion energy for sputtering to ensue) are considerably lower under oblique than under normal incidence, and the atoms are ejected away from the direction of incidence. Thresholds were measured for twenty-three metals under normal incident Hg-ion bombardment. They follow, without exception a simple law: The product of the momentum transferred at threshold from ion to target surface atom and the sound velocity of the target material is proportional to the heat of sublimation of the target material. The threshold energies to be expected accordingly in the case of rare gas ion bombardment under normal incidence are tabulated. The yield (atoms per ion) $\mathrm{vs}$ ion energy was carefully measured for the case of polycrystalline Pt. When metal single crystals were sputtered, it was discovered that atoms are preferentially ejected in the directions of closest packing, that is [110] in fcc, [111] in bcc and diamond lattice. Deposits sputtered from plane low-index surfaces of single crystals therefore form characteristic patterns. Their study reveals more details: At low ion energy, only such atoms are sputtered which have no obstructing neighbors in the way of a close-packed direction. At higher ion energy, additional atoms are set free from positions where neighbor atoms interfere. Such atoms deviate in a characteristic way from the directions of close packing. Most atoms sputtered in close-packed directions which are parallel to the surface are trapped again, causing growth of oriented hillocks. The possibility for crystal growth by sputtering was demonstrated in another experiment. Some characteristic features of the etch effects caused by sputtering are described.The basic process in sputtering at low ion energies is one of momentum transfer. The important parameters with respect to the gas discharge are ion energy, angle of incidence, and atomic weight of ion; on the target side they are the atomic weight, the elastic constants, crystal structure and orientation, the heat of sublimation, dislocations, and surface roughness. Many details need durther clarification, and the studies are being continued.
MRI of Mouse Models for Gliomas Shows Similarities to Humans and Can Be Used to Identify Mice for Preclinical Trials

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been utilized for screening and detecting brain tumors in mice based upon their imaging characteristics appearance and their pattern of enhancement. Imaging of these tumors reveals many similarities to those observed in humans with identical pathology. Specifically, high-grade murine gliomas have histologic characteristics of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) with contrast enhancement after intravenous administration of gadolinium diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA), implying disruption of the blood-brain barrier in these tumors. In contrast, low-grade murine oligodendrogliomas do not reveal contrast enhancement, similar to human tumors. MRI can be used to identify mice with brain neoplasms as inclusion criteria in preclinical trials.
Arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament repair: Preliminary results and instrumented testing for anterior stability

Abstract The authors present their preliminary results of arthroscopic primary repair of anterior cruciate ligament tears performed on five patients, with a mean follow-up time of 9.2 months. All patients were re-evaluated by subjective questionnaire and clinical examination, and tested for anterior drawer at 20° flexion using the KT-1000 Knee Ligament Arthrometer and the UCLA Instrumented Clinical Knee Testing Apparatus. Subjectively, four patients were rated as fair and one as good. The Lachman test was negative in two and trace or mildly positive in three patients. Pivot shift test was negative in all. Instrumented testing demonstrated three patients with increased anterior laxities outside the normal range, and two of these patients also showed reduced anterior stiffnesses which were beyond the normal range. Based on these results, the authors question the feasibility of arthroscopic repair of anterior cruciate ligament tears and suggest a more objective evaluation of this procedure.
Transcriptional activation of the tyrosine phosphatase gene, OST-PTP, during osteoblast differentiation†

Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are critical regulators of cellular phosphorylation functioning in processes such as cell growth, differentiation, and adhesion. Osteotesticular PTP (OST) is the only characterized member of this superfamily whose expression is regulated in osteoblasts and critical for their in vitro differentiation. Such evidence would suggest that this molecule is a key modulator of signaling events during osteogenesis, yet little is known about its genetic regulation. In an effort to examine the molecular mechanisms involved in the cellular regulation of OST, we have characterized its expression in MC3T3 osteoblasts during differentiation. Northern analysis revealed that murine OST mRNA is dramatically regulated during the preosteoblast to osteoblast progression, with predominant expression in differentiated and early mineralizing osteoblasts. This expression pattern is unique to this phosphatase since, in comparison, the structurally similar receptor PTP, LAR, and the intracellular PTP1B show little change during differentiation. Cell density contributes to this upregulated expression as confluent cultures display an increase in OST transcripts within 4 h post-plating. Transient transfection of the OST promoter in differentiating MC3T3 results in a significant increase in transcriptional activation from day 0 to day 5 of differentiation, similar in timing and intensity to the observed upregulation of the endogenous gene. This activation appears to be specific to osteoblasts, since progression to a myoblast phenotype results in no change in reporter gene activity. Culturing these preosteoblast cells in the absence of critical co-factors results in an inhibition of differentiation and leads to a delayed induction of OST transcripts as well as the attenuation of transcriptional activation. These results show that the murine OST gene is regulated at the transcriptional level in an osteoblast-specific, differentiation-dependent manner during the differentiation of MC3T3 osteoblasts. Future studies will help determine the essential regulatory elements within the OST-PTP promoter and the critical signaling pathways important in this regulation.
A high-resolution method for slicing and counting radioactivity in polyacrylamide gels

Abstract A new method is described for slicing polyacrylamide gels and couting radioactivity in macromolecules separated by disc electrophoresis. Polyacrylamide gels are dehydrated and sectioned uniformly with a rotary microtome into slice thicknesses of 250, 125, 62.5, or less than 50 μ. The gel slices are solubilized in hydrogen peroxide and counted in Bray solution. The counting efficiency for 14C and 35S is about 90% and about 33% for 3H. The method is also applicable for analyses of double-labeled compounds in polyacrylamide gels.
On embedding the volume algorithm in a variable target value method

We employ the volume algorithm as a subgradient deflection strategy in a variable target value method for solving nondifferentiable optimization problems. Focusing on Lagrangian duals for LPs, we exhibit primal nonconvergence of the original method, establish convergence of the proposed algorithm in the dual space, and present related computational results.
After Incarceration and Adult Learning A Collaborative Inquiry and Writing Project

Mass incarceration in America is a moral, economic, and societal crisis with serious implications for many men of color and high school non-completers who are incarcerated at proportionally higher rates than Whites or college graduates. For the formerly incarcerated, engagement in adult learning, whether high school equivalency (HSE) or college, decreases the likelihood that they will return to prison, increases opportunities for employment, and serves as a powerful re-integration tool in society. This article describes one community college’s collaborative inquiry and writing project that uses archival, auto-ethnographic, and interview data to explore how formerly incarcerated students might be effectively engaged in adult education and offers this inquiry project as a potential model for this engagement. Through the voice of the faculty/instructor, this article conceptualizes the inquiry writing project process using a two-part framework: Chevalier and Buckles’ five stages of collaborative inquiry and c...
IRON PRETREATMENT IS NOT ESSENTIAL FOR ASSESSMENT OF PATHOGENICITY OF YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA SEROTYPE O:3 IN MICE1

The effects of administration of iron-dextran and the iron chelator, deferoxamine mesylate (Desferal), on the course and outcome of experimental yersiniosis were investigated in mice orally infected with pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from contaminated pork samples. Experiments in which plasmid-bearing Y. enterocolitica serotype O:3 food isolates were administered orally to mice at concentrations of 107 and 109 colony forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL) resulted in mice showing identical signs of disease with or without conventional iron-dextran and Desferal treatment. This demonstrated that in mice inoculated with sufficiently high bacterial levels iron pretreatment was not essential for susceptibility to yersiniosis. Thus, a simplified and time saving murine virulence assay without iron pretreatment was found to be effective for determination of the pathogenicity of Y. enterocolitica serotype O:3.
Simply quantifying ubiquitin complexity

An absolute quantification approach combined with differential affinity capture provides a means by which to accurately measure distinct pools of ubiquitin in cells or tissues.
Atmospheric deposition to oak forests along an urban - rural gradient.

To determine the patterns of atmospheric deposition and throughfall in the vicinity of a large city, bulk deposition, oak forest throughfall, and particulate dust deposition were measured at sites along a transect within and to the north of New York City. Concentrations and fluxes of NO3-, NH4+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42-, and Cl- in throughfall all declined significantly with distance from the city, while hydrogen ion concentration and flux increased with distance from the city. Most of the change in concentrations and fluxes occurred within 45 km of the city. Throughfall deposition of inorganic N was twice as high in the urban sites as compared to the suburban and rural sites. Bulk deposition patterns were similar to those of throughfall, but changes along the transect were much less pronounced. The water-extractable component of dust deposition to Petri plates also was substantially higher in the urban sites for Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42-, NO3-, and Cl-. The dust particles had little alkalinity, suggesting that alkaline...
Photodissociation of Arn−mN+2m clusters (n=2 or 3, m=0−n)☆

Abstract Laser-induced photodissociation cross sections of Ar 2 + , ArN 2 + , N 4 + , Ar 3 + , Ar 2 N 2 + , ArN 4 + , obtained by sputtering of solid argon—nitrogen mixtures, have been measured in the 270–650 nm range. All the spectra exhibit a band in the UV (305–335 nm) and those of the trimeric ions, except for N 6 + , also have a band in the visible (465–525 nm). The photodissociation products depend on the choice of wavelength in a readily rationalized fashion.
Diversity and Modularity of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Structures

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise the most 'prolific' family of cell membrane proteins, which share a general mechanism of signal transduction, but greatly vary in ligand recognition and function. Crystal structures are now available for rhodopsin, adrenergic, and adenosine receptors in both inactive and activated forms, as well as for chemokine, dopamine, and histamine receptors in inactive conformations. Here we review common structural features, outline the scope of structural diversity of GPCRs at different levels of homology, and briefly discuss the impact of the structures on drug discovery. Given the current set of GPCR crystal structures, a distinct modularity is now being observed between the extracellular (ligand-binding) and intracellular (signaling) regions. The rapidly expanding repertoire of GPCR structures provides a solid framework for experimental and molecular modeling studies, and helps to chart a roadmap for comprehensive structural coverage of the whole superfamily and an understanding of GPCR biological and therapeutic mechanisms.
Normal counterparts of hairy cells and B-prolymphocytes in the peripheral blood. An ultrastructural study with monoclonal antibodies and the immunogold method.

Abstract The morphological and membrane phenotypic characteristics of normal peripheral blood B-lymphocytes were studied at ultrastructural level by means of the immunogold method with the following McAb : anti-HLA-Dr (OKIa and FMC4), FMC7, OKT10, and αHC1 and αHC2, reactive with HCL cells. Five morphological subsets of B-lymphocytes were identified: (i) 40% had a high nuclear cytoplasmic ratio, well condensed chromatin and small pale granules localised in one area of the cytoplasm, these cells expressed HLA-Dr and did not react with any of the other McAb; (ii) 40% had a prominent nucleolus, variable amount of chromatin condensation and localised granules, these cells were HLA-Dr positive and some of them expressed FMC7 as do the cells of B-PLL; (iii) 10% had a villous outline and variable numbers of polyribosomes scattered throughout the cytoplasm, some of these cells resembled morphologically HCL cells and were HLA-Dr+, FMC7+, αHC1+, αHC2+ and OKT10+/−. The remaining two types of B-cells (10%) had the morphology of antibody secreting cells with parallel arrays of endoplasmic reticulum and some displayed electron dense granules in the Golgi zone. These cells were: (iv) lymphoplasmacytoid, the more common type, which were HLA-Dr+/−, FMC7−, αHC1−, αHC2+ and OKT10+/−, and (v) plasma cells which were positive only with OKT10. The similarities in morphology and membrane markers between two of the subsets defined in this study and the cells of B-PLL and HCL suggest that they may represent normal counterparts of these B-cell malignancies.
Characterization of Testing Locations for Developing Cool-Season Grass Species

The identifi cation of best testing locations facilitates the allocation of resources in a breeding program, allowing emphasis to be placed at the sites best suited for identifying superior plant materials for the target environment. The objective of this study was the identifi cation of best locations for the evaluation and testing of cool-season grass species within the Northern Great Plains and Intermountain regions of the USA. This study also sought to subdivide the locations into meaningful environmental groupings based on similar entry performance. The study characterized initial stand frequency and forage production (over a 3-yr period) of crested wheatgrass [Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn.; A. desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) Schultes; A. fragile (Roth) Candargy], intermediate wheatgrass [Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth & D.R. Dewey], and smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) at six locations within these regions. Results suggested the existence of best testing locations and environmental groupings for each of the species. For example, the Ithaca, NE, location was consistently a good location for testing forage production. Although there were some consistencies, generally, the best testing locations and environmental groupings were species and trait specifi c. Thus, the targeted use of locations appeared to be most useful on an individual species basis, rather than considered across the cool-season grass species.
Public Policy and the Emergent African Land Tenure System: The Case of Ghana

Several economists have questioned the existence of land markets in African economies. As a U.N. publication (1973) states,' "It is paradoxical to note that although most African countries have very low population densities and land speculation is intense, there exists practically no urban land market" (p. 3). Such statements are understandable given that some have even questioned the usefulness of conventional economic theory in the analysis of resource allocation in general in the so-called African subsistence economies. Dalton (1962) stated that the African is indifferent to material abundance or efficiency because, unlike the West, the economy neither compels producers to seek out maximization, nor provides them with economic directives to make economizing decisions in work arrangements. Sadie (1960) argues that the basic cause of lack of economic progress is the nonmaterialistic, noncapitalistic nature of African institutions. Although most economists today concede that the African is rational and that conventional economic analysis is useful when examining resource allocation decisions, they view the traditional institutional structure as an outdated anachronism that impedes economic progress and, therefore, should be changed by external political means to eliminate all vestiges of the traditional system (Ault & Rutman, 1979). It is important to emphasize that the traditional institutions that govern land use and occupation are changing rapidly in response to economic, social, and political
A multidisciplinary approach to fertility-sparing therapy for a rare vulvar tumor.

Objective Case report of a young woman with a rare vulvar malignancy who received treatment with a personalized multidisciplinary approach to balance management of her malignancy without compromising survival with her desire for future pregnancy. Design Case report. Setting University hospital. Patient(s) A 33-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 1-0-1-1, who had a diagnosis of synovial cell sarcoma of the vulva and who desired future fertility. Intervention(s) At multiple steps, treatment was planned to try to maximize fertility preservation without potentially affecting initial treatment, which included a radical hemivulvectomy with bilateral lymph node dissection, brachytherapy with interstitial needles (20 Gy), and external beam radiation therapy (50 Gy). Main Outcome Measure(s) Treatment and eradication of the malignancy and achievement of a successful subsequent pregnancy and live birth. Result(s) The patient had no evidence of disease for 2 years after treatment. During that time she received preconception counseling by both a perinatologist and a reproductive endocrinologist. She conceived with the use of ultrasound monitoring to time intercourse specifically with ovulation from the contralateral ovary and had an uncomplicated pregnancy with a term delivery. Conclusion(s) By using several disciplines and subspecialists, this patient received personalized treatment for a rare cancer, focused at curing her cancer and optimizing her future fertility.
Ganglioside GM1 β-galactosidase: Studies in human liver and brain

Abstract A microcolumn assay for ganglioside GM 1 β-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) has been developed using GM 1 tritiated exclusively in the terminal galactose residue. The reaction is stimulated up to 100-fold by anionic and cationic detergents; this stimulation is inhibited by neutral detergents. 4-Methylumbelliferyl β- d -galactopyranoside is hydrolyzed about seven times more rapidly than GM 1 in human brain (gray matter) and liver. Agarose gel filtration separated two forms of GM 1 β-galactosidase in both brain and liver. The major form (ganglioside GM 1 β-galactosidase A) had a molecular weight of 60–70 × 10 3 and the minor form (ganglioside GM 1 β-galactosidase B) 600–800 × 10 3 . The liver and brain GM 1 β-galactosidases and 4-methylumbelliferyl β-galactosidase A cochromatographed on fractionation. The two forms of the enzyme in liver isolated by gel filtration corresponded to the two major forms found on starch gel electrophoresis and were converted to electrophoretically slower-moving forms after treatment with neuraminidase (EC 3.2.1.8, Cl. perfringens ) suggesting that both are sialylated glycoproteins. The activity of GM 1 β-galactosidase in the brain and liver tissue of patients with GM 1 gangliosidosis Types I and II was less than 2% of control values. The mutation in each GM 1 gangliosidosis appears to result in a severe reduction of activity of two ganglioside GM 1 β-galactosidases.
The Irony of Privatization

What does privatization really mean? It depends on who is speaking and the specific language game in use. This article borrows an interpretive device, originally developed by Roland Barthes and fur...
Solubilization of pectic polysaccharides from the cell walls of Lemna minor and Apium graveolens

Abstract The kinetics of solubilization of pectic polysaccharides from purified cell walls of Lemna minor (duckweed) and Apium graveolens (celery) by ammonium oxalate at 22° was determined. With cell walls of L. minor , 30 ± 1 (average of three experiments, average deviation from the mean) and 34 ± 1% of the total anhydrouronic acid of the cell walls was solubilized in 15 min and 5 hr, respectively. Water at 22° solubilized 1.3 ± 0.2% and 1.3 ± 0.4% of the total anhydrouronic acid in 15 min and 5 hr, respectively. With cell walls of A. graveolens , 19 ± 1% (average of two experiments, average deviation from the mean) and 23 ± 1% of the total anhydrouronic acid of the cell wall was solubilized in 15 min and 3 hr, respectively. Water at 22° solubilized 0.9 ± 0.6 and 0.9 ± 0.1% of the total anhydrouronic acid in 15 min and 3 hr, respectively. When trans -1,2-diaminocyclohexane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid was the extractant, recovery values based on weight for the soluble pectic polysaccharide fractions were incorrect (high). Color formation in the uronic acid test was inhibited by sodium dodecyl sulfate. A rapid, two-step procedure for isolating purified cell walls was developed.
Public health comes to immune deficiency.

In this issue of Blood , Borte et al describe a technique that expands the ability to detect primary immune deficiencies (PIDs) in newborns, particularly in the context of a screening program. 1
Almost periodic Schrödinger operators: A Review

We review the recent rigorous literature on the one-dimensional Schrodinger equation, H = -d^2/dx^2 + V(x) with V(x) almost periodic and the discrete (= tight binding) analog, i.e., the doubly infinite Jacobi matrix, h"i"j = @d"i","j"+"1 + @d"i","j"-"1 + V"[email protected]"i","j with V"n almost periodic on the integers. Two themes dominate. The first is that the gaps in the spectrum tend to be dense, so that the spectrum is a Cantor set. We describe intuitions for this from the point of view of where gaps open, and from the point of view of anomalous long time behavior. We give a theorem of Avron and Simon, Chulaevsky, and Moser that for a generic sequence with @S|a"n| 2 and @a is a Liouville number, then for a.e. @q, h has purely singular continuous spectrum.
Situating natural language understanding within experience-based design

Building useful systems with an ability to understand "real" natural language input has long been an elusive goal for Artificial Intelligence. Well-known problems such as ambiguity, indirectness, and incompleteness of natural language inputs have thwarted efforts to build natural language interfaces to intelligent systems. In this article, we report on our work on a model of understanding natural language design specifications of physical devices such as simple electrical circuits. Our system, called KA, solves the classical problems of ambiguity, incompleteness and indirectness by exploiting the knowledge and problem-solving processes in the situation of designing simple physical devices. In addition, KA acquires its knowledge structures (apart from a basic ontology of devices) from the results of its problem-solving processes. Thus, KA can be bootstrapped to understand design specifications and user feedback about new devices using the knowledge structures it acquired from similar devices designed previously.In this paper, we report on three investigations in the KA project. Our first investigation demonstrates that KA can resolve ambiguities in design specifications as well as infer unarticulated requirements using the ontology, the knowledge structures, and the problem-solving processes provided by its design situation. The second investigation shows that KA's problem-solving capabilities help ascertain the relevance of indirect design specifications, and identify unspecified relations between detailed requirements. The third investigation demonstrates the extensibility of KA's theory of natural language understanding by showing that KA can interpret user feedback as well as design requirements. Our results demonstrate that situating language understanding in problem solving, such as device design in KA, provides effective solutions to unresolved problems in natural language processing.
Attribution of divergent northern vegetation growth responses to lengthening non-frozen seasons using satellite optical-NIR and microwave remote sensing

The non-frozen (NF) season duration strongly influences the northern carbon cycle where frozen (FR) temperatures are a major constraint to biological processes. The landscape freeze-thaw (FT) signal from satellite microwave remote sensing provides a surrogate measure of FR temperature constraints to ecosystem productivity, trace gas exchange, and surface water mobility. We analysed a new global satellite data record of daily landscape FT dynamics derived from temporal classification of overlapping SMMR and SSM/I 37 GHz frequency brightness temperatures (Tb). The FT record was used to quantify regional patterns, annual variability, and trends in the NF season over northern (≥45°N) vegetated land areas. The ecological significance of these changes was evaluated against satellite normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) anomalies, estimated moisture and temperature constraints to productivity determined from meteorological reanalysis, and atmospheric CO2 records. The FT record shows a lengthening (2.4 d...
Tool update: high alarm count issues in IDS rainstorm

We developed a tool to help network administrators deal with the large amount of alarms generated from network security appliances. It efficiently uses screen space representing a high number of IP addresses along with time sequence so that general alarm activity for a network can be visualized along with details, if desired. The tool was useful but encountered problems when there was a significant increase in the amount of alarms. The issues that resulted are addressed in this paper along with methods to ease them.
The energy of the twisted excited singlet state of tetraphenylethylene: Picosecond optically detected calorimetry

Abstract The time-dependent diffraction of a non-resonant probe pulse following crossed beam excitation of tetraphenylethylene in cyclohexane is observed as a damped oscillation superposed on an exponential rise. The heat released by the formation and the decay of the “phantom” twisted excited singlet state is the time-dependent source term for coherent acoustic wave generation. A three-state model is employed to calculate the time-dependent diffraction from the thermally induced phase grating. With this model, the energy of the “phantom” state is found to lie 3.17 eV above the ground state in cyclohexane. It is demonstrated that this non-resonant transient grating technique can be used for sub-nanosecond optically detected photoacoustic calorimetry.
Foreign Investments by Service Firms: The Case of Multinational Advertising Agencies

Two models are used to describe the overseas investment behavior of U.S. Multinational advertising agencies. These models provide a systematic framework within which to study the behavioral aspects of the overseas investment decision.
Repair of impurity‐poisoned protein crystal surfaces

The surface morphology of Bence-Jones protein (BJP) crystals was investigated during growth and dissolution by using in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM). It was shown that over a wide supersaturation range, impurities adsorb on the crystalline surface and ultimately form an impurity adsorption layer that prevents further growth of the crystal. At low undersaturations, this impurity adsorption layer prevents dissolution. At greater undersaturation, dissolution takes place around large particles incorporated into the crystal, leading to etch pits with impurity-free bottoms. On restoration of supersaturation conditions, two-dimensional nucleation takes place on the impurity-free bottoms of these etch pits. After new growth layers fill in the etch pits, they cover the impurity-poisoned top layer of the crystal face. This leads to the resumption of its growth. Formation of an impurity-adsorption layer can explain the termination of growth of macromolecular crystals that has been widely noted. Growth-dissolution-growth cycles could be used to produce larger crystals that otherwise would have stopped growing because of impurity poisoning.
Simulation of a method for forming a laser-cooled positron plasma

We have simulated the trapping and cooling of moderated positrons in a Penning trap in which the positrons lose energy through collisions with a simultaneously stored laser-cooled Be plasma. Once the positrons are trapped, they cool through sympathetic cooling with the Be plasma. After the positrons cool, their motion parallel to the magnetic field reaches a state of thermal equilibrium with the Be ions and they rotate about the trap axis at the same frequency as the Be ions . Therefore, a centrifugal separation will occur, forcing the positrons to coalesce into a cold column along the trap axis. A simulation which, in part, utilizes Monte Carlo techniques, indicates a capture efficiency of as high as 0.3% for 300 K moderated positrons passing through a Be plasma with a density of 10 atoms cm and a column length of 1 cm. This capture efficiency leads to the positron capture rate of ;1000 positrons per second, assuming a 100 mCi positron source and 10 for the efficiency for moderating positrons from the source. The resulting dense reservoirs of cold positrons may be useful for antihydrogen production and for reaching a plasma state in which the mode dynamics must be treated quantum mechanically.
An adaptive strategy for managing knowledge in organizations

Purpose – This article proposes an adaptive strategy for managing knowledge in complex organizations. Specifically, this article aims to extend understanding in the field of knowledge management (KM) by examining how an adaptive strategy for managing knowledge can help organizations become innovative and build dynamic capabilities.Design/methodology/approach – Literature on complexity theory and KM is reviewed to propose the development of an adaptive strategy that will assist organization in managing knowledge and becoming innovative. The paper is structured around the following constructs: complexity theory, complex adaptive systems, and KM.Findings – A link between an adaptive strategy for managing knowledge, innovation and dynamic capability is established. The central proposition of the article is the organizations that follow adaptive complex processes for managing knowledge are better able to compete in the market today.Research limitations/implications – This article extends prior research on KM b...
Engineering trade-offs in social organization: The beginnings of a computational social science

The paper discusses the characterization of an individual's behaviour in a social network by capturing their activity through a multitude of sensor, the chief sensor being the cellular phones. The author presents the behavioural analysis with the use of computational social science.
A knowledge based framework for developing and customizing schedulers

The paper describes a general purpose scheduler into which one can add knowledge necessary to solve specific scheduler problems. The approach typifies how software should be developed for specific classes of applications. Using a general scheduler is analogous to the use of an expert system shell to which one adds application specific rules. The authors performed experiments for adding knowledge to three classes of schedulers-job shop schedulers, transportation schedulers and time tabling schedulers. They show how the framework provides flexibility in performing experiments. >
Effectiveness of Financial Education on Financial Management Behavior and Account Usage: Evidence from a ‘Second Chance’ Program

The Get Checking™ program is a “second chance” program that aims to provide financial education to consumers who were reported to ChexSystems by a previous financial institution for account abuse or mismanagement. Using data collected from Indiana participants of the program, the first goal of this study is to investigate the success of the program in impacting financial management behavior of the participants. The second goal is to investigate the change of participants’ actual behavior in terms of account usage and asset-building after the completion of the program. The findings show that the program was successful in positively influencing the financial management behavior of Non-whites in terms of recording transactions and communicating with financial institutions. Also, financial management skills emphasized in the program, especially communicating with financial institutions, have a significant positive effect on the actual behavior of the participants in terms of obtaining a loan. Among the heterogeneous group of the unbanked, findings shed light on the demographic groups, such as Non-whites and young adults that could benefit the most from this type of financial management education.
Positive and Negative Effects of Monitoring Popular Films for Historical Inaccuracies

Summary History educators often use popular films in the classroom to teach critical thinking through an exercise that involves identifying historical inaccuracies in the films. We investigated how this exercise affects the acquisition of true and false historical knowledge. In two experiments, subjects studied texts about historical topics and watched clips from corresponding films. Each film contained one piece of information that contradicted the text (i.e. misinformation). Some subjects received instructions to monitor for inaccuracies in the films. After a delay, they were tested on the texts. Monitoring instructions did not reduce subjects' acquisition of misinformation, and even when subjects successfully detected the inaccuracies, they sometimes still reproduced the misinformation. However, when they received feedback about the inaccuracies, the production of misinformation was substantially reduced. Overall, these findings indicate that educators should provide feedback when using popular films for this critical thinking exercise so that students do not acquire false knowledge. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Privacy-preserving data mining

A fruitful direction for future data mining research will be the development of techniques that incorporate privacy concerns. Specifically, we address the following question. Since the primary task in data mining is the development of models about aggregated data, can we develop accurate models without access to precise information in individual data records? We consider the concrete case of building a decision-tree classifier from training data in which the values of individual records have been perturbed. The resulting data records look very different from the original records and the distribution of data values is also very different from the original distribution. While it is not possible to accurately estimate original values in individual data records, we propose a novel reconstruction procedure to accurately estimate the distribution of original data values. By using these reconstructed distributions, we are able to build classifiers whose accuracy is comparable to the accuracy of classifiers built with the original data.
Quality of Spirometry Performed by 13,599 Participants in the World Trade Center Worker and Volunteer Medical Screening Program

OBJECTIVE: To determine the ability of spirometry technicians in the World Trade Center Worker and Volunteer Medical Screening Program to meet American Thoracic Society spirometry quality goals. METHODS: Spirometry technicians were trained centrally and performed spirometry sessions at 6 sites in the greater New York City area. We reviewed and graded the spirometry results for quality every month. RESULTS: About 80% (range 70–88%) of the spirometry sessions met the American Thoracic Society spirometry goals. In general, the spirometry technicians with the most experience were more successful in meeting the quality goals. Participant characteristics explained very little of the quality variability. CONCLUSIONS: The overall spirometry quality in this multicenter program was very good. Efforts to improve spirometry quality should focus on the performance of individual spirometry technicians. Key words: spirometry; quality control; World Trade Center. [Respir Care 2010;55(3):303–309. © 2010 Daedalus Enterprises]
A genotypical approach to the analysis of personal interaction.

(1949). A Genotypical Approach to the Analysis of Personal Interaction. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 9-17.
I Can't Make Heads Or Tails Out Of What You Are Saying, So Let's Just Agree To Be Fair

Summary Assuming a coin is fair is common place in introductory statistical education. This article offers three approaches to test if a coin is fair. The approaches lend themselves to straightforward simulation studies that can enrich student understanding of joint probability and sample size requirements. Simulation studies comparing the relative merits of the three, or potential other, approaches are an example of problem-based learning.
Effects of left-sided movements on line bisection in unilateral neglect

Thirteen patients with left neglect performed line bisection under four conditions: no cue, visual cueing involving the report of a digit placed at the left end of the line, circling the left-end digit, and digit circling plus tracing of the line with the right index finger from its left end to its midpoint before bisection. Digit circling plus finger tracing was unequivocally more effective in reducing left neglect than digit circling alone, which was in turn more effective than visual cueing; indeed, digit circling with tracing completely abolished the rightward bisection bias. Thus continuously directing visuomotor control to the left side of the line (even with the right hand) until bisection is performed reduces neglect more than only requiring patients to attend to left-sided visual cues. The facilitatory effects of the cueing procedures may reflect their differential efficacy in constraining as well as attracting attention and action to the left part of the target line. These findings have implications for neglect rehabilitation.
Seaglider: a long-range autonomous underwater vehicle for oceanographic research

Seagliders are small, reusable autonomous underwater vehicles designed to glide from the ocean surface to a programmed depth and back while measuring temperature, salinity, depth-averaged current, and other quantities along a sawtooth trajectory through the water. Their low hydrodynamic drag and wide pitch control range allow glide slopes in the range 0.2 to 3. They are designed for missions in a range of several thousand kilometers and durations of many months. Seagliders are commanded remotely and report their measurements in near real time via wireless telemetry. The development and operation of Seagliders and the results of field trials in Puget Sound are reported.
Alkaloids of Ochrosia maculata Jacq. (Ochrosia borbonica Gmel.): Isolation of the Alkaloids and Study of the Antitumor Properties of 9-Methoxyellipticine

Inclusion in the authors' phytochemical screening program of plants of the family Apocynaceae related to Catharanthus roseus G. Don seemed logical in view of the success realized with the Madagascan periwinkle. Screening of the appropriate extracts of Ochrosia maculata elicited both oncolytic and neurosedative activities. The former was found to be associated with 9-methoxyellipticine, the latter with reserpine. While 9-methoxyellipticine possesses experimental antitumor activity of a somewhat lesser order than some of the available clinically active agents, it does exhibit a broader spectrum than most of these compounds. Its moderate degree of potency as an antitumor agent is expressed by its activity against several of the solid mouse neoplasms maintained in these laboratories.
Incorporations: Exploring the Space between Body, Mechanism, and Imagination

Abstract Designed as a “lock” to a private photographic journal, this project investigates the relationship of body to machine and, ultimately, body to imagination. The project speculates on a way of understanding this relationship in the phenomenon of “incorporation.”
Central Banking and Money Market Changes

I. Introduction, 171. — II. Two recent institutional changes, 173; the federal funds market, 173; the financing of government bond houses: sale and repurchase agreements with nonfinancial corporations, 176. — III. Implications of these changes for monetary policy, 181. — IV. Implications of the expectation that institutions will change, 185.
CAMBIUM-PEELED TREES IN THE ZUNI MOUNTAINS, NEW MEXICO

Cambium-peeled trees are relatively common in ponderosa pine forests of the Intermountain West. Found from British Columbia to southern New Mexico, cambium-peeled trees have been interpreted as (a) a response to famine conditions related to climatic variations, (b) a response to conflict-related food shortages and scheduling issues, (c) a sweet or delicacy, and (d) a medicinal product used to treat various internal and external ailments. This paper uses dendrochronology, and ethnohistory to examine three spatially discrete groups of peeled trees in the Zuni Mountains of New Mexico in terms of their relationships to climatic variability, conflict and cultural practices.