cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-Term Followup of Incontinence and Obstruction After Salvage Cryosurgical Ablation of the Prostate: Results in 143 Patients

ABSTRACTPurpose: We report long-term followup of patients with incontinence and obstruction after salvage cryosurgical ablation of the prostate.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the records of 143 patients who underwent cryosurgical ablation of the prostate for treatment failure after radiation therapy. Data were collected by telephone interview with each patient and chart review. Median followup was 27 months (range 12 to 42).Results: Of 107 patients who underwent cryosurgical ablation of the prostate using a commercially available urethral warmer 15 (14%) had significant obstruction or retention that required transurethral resection of the prostate in 10, of whom 6 became incontinent. Urinary incontinence occurred in 45 patients (42%) and resolved in 21 (47%), for an overall 28% long-term incontinence rate. Of 28 patients who underwent cryosurgical ablation of the prostate using an alternative urethral warmer 13 (46%) had incontinence and 15 (54%) had significant obstruction or retention. Resolution wa...
Buoy and satellite observations of mesoscale cellular convection during AMTEX 75

Buoy and satellite observations of mesoscale cellular convection (MCC) over the East China Sea in the vicinity of the Kuroshio current have been made during 14–18 February 1975, as a part of the Air Mass Transformation Experiment (AMTEX). Surface observations of solar radiation from spar buoys indicate the distinct passage of open and closed MCC that formed and continued for three consecutive days during an outbreak of cold polar air over the much warmer Kuroshio. A critical air-sea temperature of −5 °C for the occurrence of MCC has been substantiated. The time required for the passage of solar radiation peaks coupled with the buoy wind speed gave a computed closed cell diameter of 28 km, comparable to estimates from satellite photographs. The horizontal component of wind beneath the cloudy portion of a closed cell, due to convection, has been estimated as 0.6 m s−1. This represents the speed at which air near the sea surface moves from the edge toward the center of a closed cell. Also, the temperature difference obtained near the sea surface between the relatively cold descending branch and the warm ascending branch is 0.2°C. Similarly, the specific humidity difference of the less moist descending air near the edge and the moist ascending air near cell center is 9% (∼0.4 g/kg). Some indications were also found in the variation of horizontal wind direction with the passage of closed cells, since wind variations at the edge of passing cells exceeded the mean sequential variability (10.6 ° compared to 9.4 °). Sensible heat flux calculations associated with closed MCC suggest that strong surface heating can be associated with closed cells, previously reported by Hubert (1966) to be a characteristic of only open cells. Finally, the results of this study should remove any disclaimers that MCC appear in satellite photography simply because of a resolution bias and that the consideration of all visible clouds actually present would remove any periodicity one might expect to see in surface observations.
Navigated single‐voxel proton spectroscopy of the human liver

The addition of a navigator echo acquisition to a 1H spectroscopy sequence allows retrospective motion correction using acceptance criteria based on measured displacement of the diaphragm. This technique has been applied to the acquisition of short echo-time 1H spectroscopy of the liver in seven normal subjects. Navigation correction significantly improved overall spectral quality as measured by the phase variance, linewidth and suppression ratio of the water resonance. The hepatic choline resonance was consistently observed in all navigated spectra. Retrospective navigation makes close to optimal use of data acquisition time and, unlike external respiratory transducers, allows direct measurement of diaphragm displacement. The reconstruction of multiple voxel spectra from a single data set was also demonstrated.
Fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. on fresh and frozen cut mangoes and papayas

Abstract Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella infections have been associated with consumption of a number of fruits and vegetables. Although the fate of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella on many of these products is well studied, little is known about their behavior on cut mango and papaya. Mangoes and papayas have been associated with four and two documented outbreaks of salmonellosis, respectively. The objective of this study was to evaluate the fate of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella on fresh (4 °C, 12 °C and 23 °C) and frozen (− 20 °C) cut mangoes and papayas. Cut mangoes and papayas were spot inoculated with either a four-strain or five-strain cocktail of E. coli O157:H7 or Salmonella, respectively. Inoculated samples were air dried, placed in containers and stored at 4 ± 2, 12 ± 2, 23 ± 2 and − 20 ± 2 °C. Samples were enumerated following stomaching on nonselective and selective media at days 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21 and 28 (4 ± 2 and 12 ± 2 °C); 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 (23 ± 2 °C); and 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 (− 20 ± 2 °C). Population levels (log CFU/g) of fruit were calculated. E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella have the potential to grow on temperature-abused fresh cut mangoes and papayas held at 23 °C. At 12 °C, Salmonella populations can grow on cut mangoes and papayas, however E. coli O157:H7 populations only grew on papayas. E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella survived for 28 days, at 4 °C, on refrigerated mangoes and papayas. E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella can survive on frozen cut mangoes and papayas for at least 180 days. Fresh and frozen cut mangoes and papayas are potential vectors for E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella transmission.
Accommodating Climate Change Science: James Hansen and the Rhetorical/Political Emergence of Global Warming

Dr. James Hansen's 1988 testimony before the U.S. Senate was an important turning point in the history of global climate change. However, no studies have explained why Hansen's scientific communication in this deliberative setting was more successful than his testimonies of 1986 and 1987. This article turns to Hansen as an important case study in the rhetoric of accommodated science, illustrating how Hansen successfully accommodated his rhetoric to his non-scientist audience given his historical conditions and rhetorical constraints. This article (1) provides a richer explanation for the rhetorical/political emergence of global warming as an important public policy issue in the United States during the late 1980s and (2) contributes to scholarly understanding of the rhetoric of accommodated science in deliberative settings, an often overlooked area of science communication research.
Role of intravesical mitomycin c in management of superficial bladder tumors

Abstract Forty-three patients with biopsy-proved Stage O or A transitional cell carcinomas of the bladder, whose tumors were not amenable to transurethral resection, received mitomycin C intravesically at weekly intervals for eight treatments. Five different drug doses were used (20, 25, 30, 40, and 60 mg.). Best response rates occurred at doses of 30 mg. or higher. Complete responses occurred in 49 per cent of patients, partial responses in 30 per cent, and improvement in 5 per cent, for an over-all effective rate of 84 per cent. Responses were achieved regardless of tumor extent as long as individual tumors were 1 cm. or less in diameter. Toxicity was minimal. The necessity for maintenance therapy in complete responders remains to be proved.
Optically pumped high-power fiber lasers

Summary of Diode Cladding Pumped LasersIn Table 1 is presented a summary of selected results on double clad fiberlasers. Although these are all cladding pumped, almost all have relatively lowpower. Several commercial products are in the 10-30 W range, and it is to beexpected that this value will increase in the future. IPG Photonics has announceda 100 W CW product. Cheo 6 Glas 7 Auerbach 11 Hideur 9 Nilsson 12 SouthamptonNilsson 12 SouthamptonGapontsev(IPG) 13 Dominic(SDL) 1 Fiber MCF MCF DCF DCF DCF DCF DCF /DCFDCFPower 5W 26W 1.6W 2W 16.8W 14W 15W/100W 110WSlopeEff.65.2 37 35 50@91538@98046 58.3Dopant Yb Nd Yb Yb Er/Yb Tm Er / Yb Ybglass Silica Silica Silica Silica Phosphosilcate Silica Silica Silica What may change this landscape is the interest on the part of theDepartment of Defense in ultra-high double clad fiber lasers. It is to be expectedthat the results of this near future effort, if successful, will significantly change thetechnical landscape with respect to these devices.AcknowledgementsThis work was supported in part by funding from the Air Force Office ofScientific Research and the Army Research Laboratory.References1. Dominic, et al O110W Fiber LaserO SDL, Inc. CLEO O99, Paper CPD-112. Po, Snitzer, et al. OFC O89, Paper PD-73. Buck, ONon Linear Fiber OpticsO, Wiley-Interscience, NY, NY 19954. A.S.Kurkov, et al. , High-power Yb-doped double-clad fiber lasers for a range of 0.98-1.04 m.5. Morse, et al OAerosol Doping Technique for MCVD and OVDO SPIE Proceedings,Fiber Laser Sources and Amplifiers, 1171, pp1-7, 19896. Cheo, et al OA High-Brightness Laser Beam From a Phase-Locked Multicore Yb-Doped Fiber Laser ArrayO IEEE PHOT TECH LETT 13 (5), MAY 20017. Wrage, Glas, et al OPhase-Locking and Self-Imaging Properties of a Talbot ResonatorApplied to Circular StructuresO OPT COMM 191 (May 8, 2001)8. Lawrence Livermore Ð MCF, personal communication.9. Hideur, et al OMode-lock, q-switch, and CW Operation of an Yb-Doped Double CladFiber Ring LaserO OPT COMM 198 (Oct 15, 2001) pp 141-610. Hideur, et al ODynamics and Stablization of a High Power Side-Pumped Yb-DopedDouble Clad Fiber LaserO OPT COMM 186 (Dec 15, 2000) pp 311-1711. Auerbach, et al OHigh Power Tunable Narrow Line width Yb-Doped Double Clad fiberLaserO OPT COMM 195 (Aug 15, 2000) pp 437-4112. Nilsson, et al OHigh Power Cladding Pumped, Er/Yb Co-doped Fiber LaserOSouthampton Photonics Inc, 200113. Morse, Kozlov, et al OAll Fiber Coherent Beam Combining of Fiber LaserO OPT LETT24 (24), Dec 15, 1999, pp1814-16102
Centuries of Economic Endeavor: Parallel Paths in Japan and Europe and Their Contrast with the Third World

Explores why a few countries have achieved economic development while for many it seems out of reach
Strategies for Teaching Young Children: Guides for Improving Instruction.

The teaching act has five phases that require tactics and means for achieving objectives. There are nine categories of tactics that form a framework for organizing the means. This article is an inservice discussion designed to help preschool teachers understand the functions of the strategy categories and thereby, improve their teaching and children's learning.
Mithramycin Selectively Inhibits the Transcriptional Activity of a Transfected Human C-myc Gene

The G-C specific DNA binding drug mithramycin selectively inhibits expression of the c-myc gene in a number of cell types. We have tested the ability of this agent to inhibit the expression of a transfected human c-myc gene in a murine fibroblast cell line. Expression of c-myc is inhibited in the first 24 hours of mithramycin exposure (in contrast to actin gene expression, which is unaffected). Nuclear runon transcription of c-myc by nuclei isolated from mithramycin treated cells is decreased, indicating inhibition of transcription initiation. However, treatment of isolated nuclei with mithramycin also results in decreased c-myc transcription. Thus, inhibition of c-myc expression by mithramycin in these cells appears to occur at the transcriptional level and is most likely mediated at both the transcription initiation and elongation level. This suggests that mithramycin selectively interacts with the G-C rich c-myc promoter, preventing formation of the c-myc transcription initiation complex.
Structural and Behavioral Evolution of Recurrent Networks

This paper introduces GNARL, an evolutionary program which induces recurrent neural networks that are structurally unconstrained. In contrast to constructive and destructive algorithms, GNARL employs a population of networks and uses a fitness function's unsupervised feedback to guide search through network space. Annealing is used in generating both gaussian weight changes and structural modifications. Applying GNARL to a complex search and collection task demonstrates that the system is capable of inducing networks with complex internal dynamics.
The global cognitive impairment in schizophrenia: Consistent over decades and around the world

Abstract Objective Schizophrenia results in cognitive impairments as well as positive, negative, and disorganized symptomatology. The present study examines the extent to which these cognitive deficits are generalized across domains, potential moderator variables, and whether the pattern of cognitive findings reported in schizophrenia has remained consistent over time and across cultural and geographic variation. Method Relevant publications from 2006 to 2011 were identified through keyword searches in PubMed and an examination of reference lists. Studies were included if they (1) compared the cognitive performance of adult schizophrenia patients and healthy controls, (2) based schizophrenia diagnoses on contemporary diagnostic criteria, (3) reported information sufficient to permit effect size calculation, (4) were reported in English, and (5) reported data for neuropsychological tests falling into at least 3 distinct cognitive domains. A set of 100 non-overlapping studies was identified, and effect sizes (Hedge's g) were calculated for each cognitive variable. Results Consistent with earlier analyses, patients with schizophrenia scored significantly lower than controls across all cognitive tests and domains (grand mean effect size, g = − 1.03). Patients showed somewhat larger impairments in the domains of processing speed (g = − 1.25) and episodic memory (g = − 1.23). Our results also showed few inconsistencies when grouped by geographic region. Conclusions The present study extends findings from 1980 to 2006 of a substantial, generalized cognitive impairment in schizophrenia, demonstrating that this finding has remained robust over time despite changes in assessment instruments and alterations in diagnostic criteria, and that it manifests similarly in different regions of the world despite linguistic and cultural differences.
138 Molecular Evolution of Glutamine Synthetase In Protists

Assimilation of nitrogen into structural and functional macromolecules is a critical process in all living organisms. Glutamine synthetase (GS) catalyzes the ATP-dependent condensation of NH4+ and glutamate thus coupling nitrogen assimilation with carbon metabolism. The GS superfamily is comprised of three gene families: GSI, GSII, and GSIII. Representatives of the three gene families are found in prokaryotes, suggesting the genes are paralogous. In contrast, knowledge of the distribution and evolution of the GS gene families in eukaryotes is limited. The endosymbiotic origin of plastids is well established. Phylogenetic analyses of genes distributed among photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic organisms may provide insight into the timing and stability of the endosymbiotic events. GSII has been characterized from a variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic species, including the stramenopiles, Skeletonema costatum and Phytophthora infestans (AAN31463). I evaluated several a priori hypotheses regarding the placement of the stramenopile GSII sequences in addition to performing unconstrained analyses. In all analyses, GSII from S. costatum and P. infestans grouped together. Also, there was strong to moderate support for a ‘protist+plant’ clade, which included the vascular plants, photosynthetic algae, and the non-photosynthetic P. infestans. Although it remains unresolved whether GSII was transferred from the nucleus of the endosymbiont early in the evolution of stramenopiles, the continued accumulation of GSII sequences from diverse eukaryotes should allow us to rigorously evaluate this hypothesis in the future.
¿Cómo mantienen su ventaja competitiva las multinacionales de economías emergentes?: el caso de CEMEX

Based on the analysis of the international expansion of CEMEX, the Mexican construction materials firm, we propose that the sustainable growth of multination...
Closed-Loop, Open-Source Electrophysiology

Multiple extracellular microelectrodes (multi-electrode arrays, or MEAs) effectively record rapidly varying neural signals, and can also be used for electrical stimulation. Multi-electrode recording can serve as artificial output (efferents) from a neural system, while complex spatially and temporally targeted stimulation can serve as artificial input (afferents) to the neuronal network. Multi-unit or local field potential recordings can not only be used to control real world artifacts, such as prostheses, computers or robots, but can also trigger or alter subsequent stimulation. Real-time feedback stimulation may serve to modulate or normalize aberrant neural activity, to induce plasticity, or to serve as artificial sensory input. Despite promising closed-loop applications, commercial electrophysiology systems do not yet take advantage of the bidirectional capabilities of multi-electrodes, especially for use in freely moving animals. We addressed this lack of tools for closing the loop with NeuroRighter, an open-source system including recording hardware, stimulation hardware, and control software with a graphical user interface. The integrated system is capable of multi-electrode recording and simultaneous patterned microstimulation triggered by recordings with minimal stimulation artifact. The potential applications of closed-loop systems as research tools and clinical treatments are broad; we provide one example where epileptic activity recorded by a multi-electrode probe is used to trigger targeted stimulation, via that probe, to freely moving rodents.
Social cognitive influences on Mexican Americans’ career choices across Holland’s themes

This study examined several propositions of social cognitive career theory (Lent et al., 1994, 2000) with a sample of 393 Mexican American college students. It was hypothesized that person input (i.e., age) and background contextual variables (i.e., Anglo orientation, Mexican orientation, familism, instrumentality, and expressivity) would predict career self-efficacy across Holland’s (1997) six RIASEC types. In addition, we examined the proposed relations between career self-efficacy, career interests, and career choice goal across the six RIASEC areas. Our results indicated that (a) Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional career models were similar across gender and university affiliation groups, (b) gender differences were found in the Realistic career model, (c) institutional affiliation differences were found in the Investigative career model, and (d) the models were a good fit to the data. Implications for future vocational research and career interventions are discussed.
Skin cancer after pancreas transplantation.

Background Skin cancer in patients who have undergone pancreas transplantation (PT) has not been extensively characterized. Objective We sought to describe the incidence, tumor burden, and risk factors for skin cancer in PT recipients at Mayo Clinic from 1998 through 2006. Methods A retrospective study was performed by analyzing outcomes among a cohort of pancreas allograft recipients at Mayo Clinic between 1998 and 2006. Results Among 216 allogeneic PT recipients at 2, 5, and 10 years posttransplantation, the cumulative incidence of any skin cancer was 4.7%, 12.7%, and 19.6%; the cumulative incidence of squamous cell carcinoma was 2.8%, 10.3%, and 16.7%; and the cumulative incidence of basal cell carcinoma was 2.4%, 7.8%, and 17.4%, respectively. The cumulative incidence of a second squamous cell carcinoma developing was 56% at 2 years; the cumulative incidence of a second basal cell carcinoma developing was 36% at 2 years. Of the risk factors examined, only age and having a skin cancer before transplantation were predictive of skin cancer development. Limitations This was a retrospective study. Results from a large tertiary center may not be generalizable. Conclusions Nonmelanoma skin cancers commonly occur in recipients of PT, and those patients who have a history of nonmelanoma skin cancer have a very high likelihood of further skin cancer development.
A potential field approach to path planning

A path-planning algorithm for the classical mover's problem in three dimensions using a potential field representation of obstacles is presented. A potential function similar to the electrostatic potential is assigned to each obstacle, and the topological structure of the free space is derived in the form of minimum potential valleys. Path planning is done at two levels. First, a global planner selects a robot's path from the minimum potential valleys and its orientations along the path that minimize a heuristic estimate of the path length and the chance of collision. Then, a local planner modifies the path and orientations to derive the final collision-free path and orientations. If the local planner fails, a new path and orientations are selected by the global planner and subsequently examined by the local planner. This process is continued until a solution is found or there are no paths left to be examined. The algorithm solves a much wider class of problems than other heuristic algorithms and at the same time runs much faster than exact algorithms (typically 5 to 30 min on a Sun 3/260). >
The Needs and Use of Programs by Service Providers Working With Grandparents Raising Grandchildren

Grandparents who raise grandchildren often need support services. Yet, little is known about what service providers' need in order to better serve grandparents. As a result, qualitative methods were used to understand service providers' views about programs and services they use when assisting grandparents raising grandchildren. We conducted telephone interviews with professional service providers (N=16) from agencies serving grandparents. Data were transcribed verbatim and transcripts were analyzed using an inductive, constant comparison approach. Findings revealed two themes reflecting the types of services and support mechanisms providers' use with grandparent caregivers and providers' needs and recommendations to better serve grandparent caregivers. Participants fully supported continual funding for the Kinship Care System Navigator position and discussed the importance of community providers sharing a common voice and working together. It is important that professionals who serve grandparent caregivers are knowledgeable and willing to collaborate with other providers to meet grandparents' needs.
Thermal characterization of anisotropic thin dielectric films using harmonic Joule heating

A technique for thermal characterization of anisotropic dielectric films is developed. The technique is applicable to a film which has thickness of the order of 1 μm and is on a substrate with high thermal conductivity. Metal lines with various widths are deposited on the film using standard IC fabrication processes and are subjected to harmonic Joule heating. Monitoring the resulting amplitude of temperature oscillations in the metal lines allows the determination of the in-plane and out-of-plane thermal conductivity. The present work performs thermometry using the electrical method known as the 3ω technique and also the thermoreflectance technique. Measurement results are reported for polyimide films on silicon substrates.
Flux switching in multipath cores

Flux switching in multipath ferrimagnetic core materials - computational analyses for unloaded core, loaded core, core-diode-transistor binary counter, and loaded three-leg core
Quality of patient meal service in hospitals: Delivery of meals by dietary employees vs delivery by nursing employees

Abstract Objective To compare patient assessment of meal-service quality and employee-service orientation in hospitals where dietary employees deliver meals trays and in hospitals where nursing employees deliver meal trays. Design Survey. Setting General, medical-surgical (not Veterans Administration) hospitals of 300 to 500 beds with a self-operated foodservice department and a centralized, conventional food production system. Subjects 552 patients and 192 employees in nine hospitals geographically dispersed in the midwestern and eastern United States. Dietary employees delivered meal trays in five of the hospitals and nursing employees delivered trays in four. Main outcome measures On a five-point scale, patients indicated level of agreement with 16 statements about hospital meal service. Employees who delivered meal trays rated their agreement with 20 service orientation statements on a five-point scale. Statistical analysis Factor analysis with varimax rotation, χ 2 analysis, and analysis of variance. Results Patient assessment of the quality of meal service was multidimensional. Patients gave more positive ratings to characteristics of the personnel delivering the tray than to the quality of the food. Patients in hospitals where dietary employees delivered meal trays rated the quality of food significantly higher ( P P P Conclusions Patient perceptions of service quality differed in hospitals where dietary employees delivered meal trays and in those where nursing personnel delivered trays. Dietary and nursing employees differed in some aspects of their service orientation.
Disulfide Bond Assignments of Secreted Frizzled-related Protein-1 Provide Insights about Frizzled Homology and Netrin Modules

Secreted Frizzled-related protein-1 (sFRP-1), a soluble protein that binds to Wnts and modulates Wnt signaling, contains an N-terminal domain homologous to the putative Wnt-binding site of Frizzled (Fz domain) and a C-terminal heparin-binding domain with weak homology to netrin. Both domains are cysteine-rich, having 10 and 6 cysteines in the Fz and heparin-binding domains, respectively. In this study, the disulfide linkages of recombinant sFRP-1 were determined. Numbering sFRP-1 cysteines sequentially from the N terminus, the five disulfide linkages in the Fz domain are 1–5, 2–4, 3–8, 6–10, and 7–9, consistent with the disulfide pattern determined for homologous domains of several other proteins. The disulfide linkages of the heparin-binding domain are 11–14, 12–15, and 13–16. This latter set of assignments provides experimental verification of one of the disulfide patterns proposed for netrin (NTR) modules and thereby supports the prediction that the C-terminal heparin-binding domain of sFRP-1 is an NTR-type domain. Interestingly, two subsets of sFRPs appear to have alternate disulfide linkage patterns compared with sFRP-1, one of which involves the loss of a disulfide due to deletion of a single cysteine from the NTR module, whereas the remaining cysteine may pair with a new cysteine introduced in the Fz domain of the protein. Analysis of glycosylation sites showed that sFRP-1 contains a relatively large carbohydrate moiety on Asn172 (∼2.8 kDa), whereas Asn262, the second potential N-linked glycosylation site, is not modified. No O-linked carbohydrate groups were detected. There was evidence of heterogeneous proteolytic processing at both the N and C termini of the recombinant protein. The predominant N terminus was Ser31, although minor amounts of the protein with Asp41 and Phe50 as the N termini were observed. The major C-terminal processing event was removal of the terminal amino acid (Lys313) with only a trace amount of unprocessed protein detected.
Sugarloaf Mountain Tephra — A Pleistocene Rhyolitic Deposit of Base-Surge Origin in Northern Arizona

Sugarloaf tephra forms an apron surrounding Sugarloaf Mountain, a rhyolitic dome northeast of the San Francisco Peaks, Arizona. Tuffring deposits, exposed for 180° around the north side of the endogenous dome, have a maximum thickness of 75 m. Three types of bedding (or depositional) units are recognized in the tuff ring: plane beds, massive beds, and sand-wave beds. A related 3- to 10-m-thick air-fall deposit extends northeast of the tuff ring. The dome, dated at 212,000 yr B.P., and its associated tephra deposits predate the adjacent Illinoian-age glacial deposits. Interaction of a ground-hugging fluidized density flow with a cohesionless substrate is the model used for base-surge transport of the tephra deposits. Particle-size data show that the tuffring textural types represent discrete subpopulations. The two principal roots extracted by factor analysis of the size data are assigned to viscous and inertial shear at the base of the surge flow. Sandwave beds form under the influence of viscous shear in a dilute-phase fluidized system with a thin traction layer. Plane beds develop through inertial shear in a 1- to 10-cm-thick bed-load layer beneath a dilute-phase fluidized surge cloud several meters thick. Massive beds result from a combination of viscous and inertial forces operating in a deflating, dilute- to dense-phase fluidized cloud. Solid fraction of the flowing cloud and thickness of the bed-load layer are the critical factors in developing the textures of the tuffring deposits.
What's in a Step? Toward General, Abstract Representations of Tutoring System Log Data

The Pittsburgh Science of Learning Center (PSLC) is developing a data storage and analysis facility, called DataShop. It currently handles log data from 6 full-year tutoring systems and dozens of smaller, experimental tutoring systems. DataShop requires a representation of log data that supports a variety of tutoring systems, atheoretical analyses and theoretical analyses. The theory-based analyses are strongly related to student modeling, so the lessons learned in developing the DataShop's representation may apply to student modeling in general. This report discusses the representation originally used by the DataShop, the problems encountered, and how the key concept of "step" evolved to meet these challenges.
Effect of molding parameters on the interfacial strength in PEEK/carbon composites

The objective of this work was to investigate the effects of molding condi tions (molding temperature, residence time at melt temperature and cooling rate) on the interfacial performance in PEEK/carbon composites made from both prepreg and com mingled forms. The results show that a minimum molding temperature and residence time are essential requirements to produce efficient fiber/matrix adhesion in the commingled fabric system. Moreover, a transition between cohesive and adhesive fracture is observed when the cooling rate increases from 30°C/min to 63°C/min for the composite made from the commingled fabric. While good fiber/matrix bonding is always present in the PEEK/carbon prepreg form, the interfacial strength of the APC-2 laminates is also sig nificantly affected by the cooling rate.
Ingested (oral) anti-IL-12/23 inhibits EAE

Abstract Background Blocking the activity of IL-12/23 can inhibit autoimmune diseases such as psoriasis. Objective We examined whether an antibody against IL-12/23, ustekinumab (UTZ) (Stelera ® ), used clinically in psoriasis would have similar anti-inflammatory effects in EAE after oral administration. Design/methods B6 mice were immunized with MOG peptide 35-55 and gavaged with isotype IgG control or UTZ during ongoing disease. Splenocytes, CD4 + T cells or macrophages/monocyte lineage cells (CD11b + ) from control fed or UTZ fed mice were adoptively transferred into active MOG peptide 35-55 immunized recipient mice during ongoing disease. Actively fed and recipient mice were examined for disease inhibition, inflammation, and cytokine responses. Results Ingested (oral) UTZ inhibited ongoing disease and decreased inflammation. Adoptively transferred cells from UTZ fed donors protected against actively induced disease and decreased inflammation. Oral UTZ decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines Th1-like cytokines IL-2, IL-12, IFN-γ, IL-17 (T eff ) and TNF-α in UTZ fed mice and increased counter-regulatory cytokines IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13 in recipients of donor cells from UTZ fed mice. Conclusions Ingested (orally administered) UTZ can inhibit disease, CNS inflammation, decrease pro-inflammatory Th1-like and Th17 cytokines and increase Th2-like anti-inflammatory cytokines.
Constitutive expression of the maltose fermentative enzymes in Saccharomyces carlsbergensis is dependent upon the mutational activation of a nonessential homolog of MAL63

Maltose fermentation in Saccharomyces carlsbergensis is dependent upon the MAL6 locus. This complex locus is composed of the MAL61 and MAL62 genes, which encode maltose permease and maltase, respectively, and a third gene, MAL63, which codes for a trans-acting positive regulatory product. In wild-type strains, expression of the MAL61 and MAL62 mRNAs and proteins is induced by maltose and induction is dependent upon the MAL63 gene. Mutants constitutively expressing the MAL61 and MAL62 gene products have been isolated in mal63 backgrounds, and the mutations which have been analyzed map to a fourth MAL6-linked gene, MAL64. Cloning and characterization of this new gene are described in this report. The results revealed that the MAL64-C alleles present in constitutive strains encode a trans-acting positive function required for constitutive expression of the MAL61 and MAL62 gene products. In inducible strains, the MAL64 gene is dispensable, as deletion of the gene had no effect on maltose fermentation or maltose-regulated induction. MAL64 encoded transcripts of 2.0 and 1.4 kilobase pairs. While both MAL64 mRNAs were constitutively expressed in constitutive strains, they were maltose inducible in wild-type strains and induction was dependent upon the MAL63 gene. The MAL63 and MAL64 genes are at least partially structurally homologous, suggesting that they control MAL61 and MAL62 transcript accumulation by similar mechanisms.
Report of the Folk Dance Study

(1948). Report of the Folk Dance Study. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 19, No. 9, pp. 602-635.
Reinforcement Learning for Control of a Shape Memory Alloy Based Self-Folding Sheet

Origami-inspired engineering provides engineers with new means for creating complicated three-dimensional structures through use of folding and fold-like operations. Motivated by the vision of origami engineering, we have created and modeled a reconfigurable self-folding sheet based on a laminate structure of shape memory alloy (SMA) surrounding a layer of elastomer. Folding behavior is achieved by activating an SMA layer through localized heating. In prior work, we demonstrated localized control of such a sheet using PID and On/Off type feedback controllers. The implementation of these control strategies requires several workarounds to deal with the highly nonlinear and hysteretic behavior of the SMA-based laminate sheet. In the current work, we use a reinforcement learning algorithm to learn control policies that better handle these aspects of the sheet behavior. We perform learning on a reduced order model of the sheet developed based on classical laminate plate theory. This significantly reduces computational costs compared to more complicated finite element modeling options. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the learned control policies in several folding scenarios on the reduced order model. Our results show that reinforcement learning can be a useful tool in feedback control of SMA-based structures.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
The Value of Information for Selected Appliances

A model expressing the relation between gains to search and a consumer's preference function is developed. For four of five appliances to which the model was applied, extensive search would not be ...
Teetering on the Brink of Respectability

Forty-five years ago, Walter Millis, a respected military analyst and historian, wrote a short treatment of military history for the American Historical Association's Service Center for Teachers of History. Of all the distinguished authors who have contributed to those guides over the years, Millis may well be the only one who advised his readers not to bother. "The study of military history" had two functions, Millis declared, "to train professional military men in the exercise of their profession and on the other hand to educate governments and peoples in the military requirements of today." The advent of nuclear weapons, however, had rendered those traditional roles irrelevant. Indeed, what soldiers charged with the command and control of nuclear weapons "might learn from the generalship of the past could well be more deleterious than effective."1 Millis's piece was the first in a succession of articles published over the following de cades announcing that military history was nearing extinction. Yet it has proven to have an unusually long half-life. Ten years after Millis's obituary of the field, Allan R. Millett described the surprisingly numerous, robust, and vigorous contributions that younger scholars, mostly based in colleges and universities, were making to all aspects of American military history. The interest of the new generation of military historians, wrote Millett, was to study "America's wars and the development of its military institutions within the unique political, economic, social ideological context which shaped them." The object was not to learn lessons but to reach "a fuller understanding of America."2 During the 1980s, military historians established their own scholarly and professional society, trans forming the old American Military Institute, a congenial but slightly antiquarian organi zation, into the academically oriented Society for Military History. Then, in 1997, just when I had begun to feel it was safe to get out my lecture notes on the battle of the Philippine Sea, another article appeared, this one by the eminent historian John A. Lynn, with the subtitle "The Embattled Future of Academic Military History." Lynn concluded that military history still occupied a marginal position in most history departments?those in which it was taught at all?and that the handful of mili tary historians at research universities were seldom replaced when they retired. One year before, Mark Grimsley had posted a piece on the World Wide Web with the evocative title "Why Military History Sucks." Grimsley suggested that the marginalization of mili
Concept Mapping as a Learning Tool in Occupational Therapy Education

This paper describes concept mapping and its use as a teaching and learning tool in an entry level occupational therapy program. In order for students to demonstrate their mastery of the concepts associated with a particular topic or body of knowledge, assignments involving concept maps were developed and used in two courses in an entry level occupational therapy program. Students were then surveyed about their perceptions and attitudes regarding the assignments. Students found the process of creating concept maps valuable to their learning of the content and the majority also enjoyed the process as a learning activity. The use of concept mapping as a way to encourage independent, individualized, and student-centered learning is discussed.
Microartifact Analysis: Recent Applications in Southeastern Archaeology

Microartifacts—generally considered to be artifacts smaller than 6.35 mm (1/4 inch)—have traditionally received little attention in archaeology. This oversight is due in part to the tedious nature of sample processing and quantification, but also because they are generally assumed to duplicate the same information contained in macroartifacts. However, recent studies demonstrate that microartifacts are not simply smaller versions of larger artifacts, but rather provide a different and complementary dataset. The goals of this thematic volume on microartifacts are threefold: (1) to highlight case studies in the application of current microartifact research in southeastern archaeology; (2) to examine the future of microartifact research, particularly with regard to new technologies and experimental approaches; and (3) to demonstrate the important role southeastern archaeology can play in serving as a role model for the more widespread use of microartifact analyses in American archaeological studies.
Prevalence of HIV/AIDS Among Low-grade Commercial Sex Workers

Sexual transmission is the main route accounting for the AIDS epidemic globally,and female sex workers have become an important bridge population in the spreading of HIV/AIDS. According to the trade price female sex workers can be divided into high,middle and low-grade. Among the low-grade female sex workers,HIV antibody positive detection rate is the highest. Low-grade commercial sex workers distinguishes from middle and high grade ones in such aspects as social demographic characteristics and trading characteristics. Among this people,there are more AIDS/STD infection risk factors,higher risk of HIV/AIDS transmission,and more difficulty of behavior intervention. This paper summaries the prevalence of HIV/AIDS and characteristic among low-grade commercial sex worker.
Recovery of Lactic Acid Bacteria on Petrifilm™ SM Under Various Incubation Atmospheres

The ability of lactic cultures to grow on Petrifilm™ SM plates was studied. Frozen yogurt mix was analyzed microbiologically by plating on TOE, LBS, M17 and Petrifilm™ SM. Plates were incubated aerobically in a Gas-Pak System and under a CO2 environment. Also, Lactobacillus bulgaricus , Streptococcus thermophilus , Lactococcus lactis subsp. diacetylactis , and Leuconostoc cremoris were isolated from yogurt and buttermilk samples for study. Isolated cultures were grown in nutrient broth and plated on Petrifilm™ SM and M17 agar. Plates were incubated aerobically and in a Gas-Pak system. Petrifilm™ SM plates performed as well or better than the M17 agar in assaying lactic growth with the exception of Streptococcus thermophilus culture in an aerobic environment. Petrifilm™ SM plates show promise as a method for enumerating viable lactic cultures if incubated in a reduced oxygen environment.
Multi-functionality Redefined with Colloidal Carotene Carbon Nanoparticles for Synchronized Chemical Imaging, Enriched Cellular Uptake and Therapy

Typically, multiplexing high nanoparticle uptake, imaging, and therapy requires careful integration of three different functions of a multiscale molecular-particle assembly. Here, we present a simpler approach to multiplexing by utilizing one component of the system for multiple functions. Specifically, we successfully synthesized and characterized colloidal carotene carbon nanoparticle (C(3)-NP), in which a single functional molecule served a threefold purpose. First, the presence of carotene moieties promoted the passage of the particle through the cell membrane and into the cells. Second, the ligand acted as a potent detrimental moiety for cancer cells and, finally, the ligands produced optical contrast for robust microscopic detection in complex cellular environments. In comparative tests, C(3)-NP were found to provide effective intracellular delivery that enables both robust detection at cellular and tissue level and presents significant therapeutic potential without altering the mechanism of intracellular action of β-carotene. Surface coating of C(3) with phospholipid was used to generate C(3)-Lipocoat nanoparticles with further improved function and biocompatibility, paving the path to eventual in vivo studies.
Towards Optimal Operator Placement in Partial-Fault Tolerant Applications

We introduce Zen, a new resource allocation framework that assigns application components to node clusters to achieve high availability for partial-fault tolerant (PFT) applications. These applications have the characteristic that under partial failures, they can still produce useful output though the output quality may be reduced. Thus, the primary goal of resource allocation for PFT applications is to prevent, delay, or minimize the impact of failures on the application output quality. This paper is the first to approach this resource allocation problem from a theoretical perspective, and obtains a series of results regarding component assignments that provide the highest service availability under the constraints imposed by the application data flow graph and the hosting clusters. We show that (1) even simple versions of this resource allocation problem are NP-Hard, (2) a 2-approximate polynomial-time algorithm works for tree topologies, and (3) a simple greedy component placement performs well in practice for general application topologies. We implement a system prototype to study the application availability achieved by Zen compared to failure-oblivious placement, replication, and Zen+replication. Our experimental results show that three PFT applications achieve significant data output quality and availability benefits using Zen.
Match Success Trends in United States Ophthalmology Residency Programs

Background Medical students in the United States are inconsistently exposed to ophthalmology. Not only is this eroding U.S. medical graduates' ability to diagnose and treat ophthalmologic conditions, it may potentially affect interest in the specialty. Methods To assess medical student's interest in pursuing ophthalmology training, this study sought to evaluate the match rate trend among U.S. medical school seniors applying into a U.S. ophthalmology residency and compare the trend to another traditionally competitive surgical subspecialty, otolaryngology (ENT). Results From 2009 to 2013, the rate of successful residency matching for ophthalmology increased (12% increase per year in the odds of matching [95% CI: 1.04, 1.20]), while the ENT match rate decreased (7% decrease per year in the odds of matching (95% CI: 0.87–0.99). The ophthalmology match rate increased despite the fact that the expansion in the number of graduating U.S. medical students outpaced the increasing number of ophthalmology and ENT residency positions. Conclusion The increasing match rate in ophthalmology is surprising and suggests that U.S. medical student's interest in ophthalmology may be waning. Future investigations are needed to determine the reasons behind the increasing match rate and the potential decreasing interest of medical students toward ophthalmology.