cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Collisionless production of electronically excited species via ir laser photolysis

Abstract In the absence of collisions, luminescence is observed upon irradiation of vinyl cyanide molecules with the focused output from a CO 2 TEA laser, namely, two broad, structureless features, at 390 nm and in the IR whose intensity depends linearly on pressure from 10 −4 to 10 −2 torr. At higher pressures, a collision induced emission component appears. The time resolved fluorescence reveals a fast rise, never longer than the CO 2 laser pulse duration, and a much slower decay. The luminescence is believed to originate from a dissociation fragment.
Professionalization and Work Intensification: Nursing in the Cost Containment Era

This article examines the reorganization of nursing work during the cost containment era. In recent decades, the division of labor on hospital wards has been reversed through task reunification, a ...
Nonlinear Control Allocation Using Piecewise Linear Functions: A Linear Programming Approach

Abstract : The performance of two different approaches to solving the non-linear control allocation problem is presented. The non-linear control allocation problem is formulated using piecewise linear functions to approximate the control moments produced by a set of control effectors. when the control allocation problem is formulated as a piecewise linear program, an additional set of constraints enter into the problem formation. One approach is to introduce a set of binary variables to enforce these constraints. The result is a mixed- integer linear programming problem that can be solved using any branch-and-bound software. A second approach is to solve the piecewise linear programming problem using a modified simplex method. The simplex algorithm is modified to enforce a subset of the decision variables to enter into the basis only if certain conditions are met. We will show that solving the optimization problem using the simplex based approach is significantly faster than solving the same problem using a mixed-integer formulation. We will then compare the closed-loop performance of a re-entry vehicle using both approaches.
Developmental changes in refractoriness of the cortical auditory evoked potential

Abstract Objective This study examined morphological changes in the cortical auditory evoked potential (CAEP) waveform as a function of varying stimulation rate. Stimuli were presented in a paradigm which indirectly assesses the refractory properties of the underlying neuronal generators. Methods CAEPs were recorded in 50 normal-hearing children (3–12 years) and 10 young adults (24–26 years). A speech sound was presented in a stimulus train with sequentially decreasing inter-stimulus intervals (ISIs) of 2000, 1000, 560, and 360 ms. Latencies and amplitudes of the P1, N1, and P2 components at the Cz electrode were examined as a function of stimulus rate and age. Results Results revealed significant changes in the CAEP as a function of age and stimulation rate. At younger ages the N1–P2 component was elicited only at the slowest stimulation rates, and was more clearly apparent at successively faster stimulation rates as age increased. Conclusions We have described a stimulus paradigm that allows examination of the development of refractoriness by highlighting the interaction between age and rate on CAEP morphology. Significance Complex maturational patterns of CAEP components are best understood when the effects of both age and stimulus rate on the CAEP waveform are considered.
Split-step approach to electromagnetic propagation through atmospheric turbulence using the modified von Karman spectrum and planar apertures

The impact of atmospheric phase turbulence on Gaussian beam propagation along propagation paths of varying lengths is examined using multiple random phase screens. The work is motivated by research involving generation and encryption of acousto-optic chaos, and the interest in examining propagation of such chaotic waves through atmospheric turbulence. A phase screen technique is used to simulate perturbations to the refractive index of the medium through the propagation path. A power spectral density based on the modified von Karman spectrum model for turbulence is used to describe the random phase behavior of the medium. In recent work, results for the numerical simulation of phase turbulence over a narrow region of space implemented by placing a planar aperture representing a (narrow) random phase screen were presented. Results are presented pertinent to extended phase screens (via multiple random-phase apertures) through which an incident Gaussian beam propagates incrementally via alternate phase transmission and diffraction along the propagation path. Additionally, for profiled electromagnetic waves (such as Gaussian), the scintillation index is evaluated for extended phase turbulence, and finally, fringe visibility due to the interference of double-Gaussian beams passing through extended turbulence is examined.
Chloride effects on Gs subunit dissociation. Fluoroaluminate binding to Gs does not cause subunit dissociation in the absence of chloride ion.

The stimulatory guanine nucleotide binding protein (G) is heterotrimeric (αβ), and mediates activation of adenylyl cyclase by a ligand-receptor complex. The α subunit of G (Gα) has a guanine nucleotide binding site, and activation occurs when tightly bound GDP is displaced by GTP. Together, GDP and fluoroaluminate (AlF) form a transition state analog of GTP that activates G. The work of other investigators suggests that AlF causes subunit dissociation when it activates G. We have observed that in solution AlF did not cause G subunits to dissociate unless NaCl was also present. The effect of NaCl was concentration dependent (10-200 mM). Omitting F, Al, or Mg prevented the NaCl-induced dissociation of G subunits. NaSO could not substitute for NaCl in causing subunit dissociation, but KCl could, suggesting that the anion was responsible for the effect. G subunit reassociation occurred when the concentration of Cl was reduced even though the concentrations of AlF and Mg were maintained. The absence of Cl did not prevent AlF binding to Gα. We have concluded that AlF, a ligand which is capable of activating G proteins, can bind to G in solution without causing subunit dissociation.
A theory of neon tube operation

Here is advanced a theory of luminous tube operation based upon an engineering study of the voltage and current waves associated with the discharge of electricity through neon gas.
Vorticity amplification in stagnation-point flow and its effect on heat transfer

Recently a mathematical model was proposed (Sutera, Maeder & Kestin 1963) to demonstrate that vorticity amplification by stretching was an important mechanism underlying the sensitivity of stagnation-point heat transfer on cylinders to free-stream turbulence. According to the model, vorticity of a scale larger than a certain neutral scale and appropriately oriented can undergo amplification as it is convected towards the boundary layer. Such vorticity, present in the oncoming flow with small intensity, can reach the boundary layer with a greatly magnified intensity and induce substantial three-dimensional effects therein. The mean temperature profile was shown to be much more responsive to these effects than the mean velocity profile and very large increases in the wall-heat-transfer rate were calculated for Prandtl numbers 0·74 and 7·0.In this work a second, more general, case is treated in which the approaching flow carries vorticity of scale 1·5 times the neutral. By means of iterative procedures applied on an electronic analogue computer, an approximate solution to the full Navier–Stokes equation is generated. The heat-transfer problem is solved simultaneously for Pr = 0·70, 7·0 and 100. It is found that a vorticity input which increases the wall-shear rate by less than 3% is capable of increasing the wall-heat-transfer rate by as much as 40%. The sensitivity of the thermal boundary layer depends on Prandtl number. In the three cases investigated it is greatest for Pr = 7·0 and least for Pr = 100.
Proton beam radiation therapy.

All advances in radiation oncology aim to improve the therapeutic ratio for patients. Most of the recent technological advances accomplish this by maximizing dose to the tumor while minimizing dose...
Meeting the challenges of the new K/DOQI guidelines

Substantial gains in the dialytic treatment of patients with end-stage renal disease have been made during the past several decades. However, inadequate attention has been given to the problem of chronic kidney disease (CKD) as a whole. CKD and its associated complications emerge years before patients develop kidney failure and become dialysis dependent. It now is evident that to improve dialysis outcomes, it is essential for practitioners to recognize the earlier stages of CKD, not only to retard disease progression, but also to prevent and treat its complications and comorbidities long before the need for dialysis arises. The recently published National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative guidelines identify the broad-based problem of CKD in the general population and introduce action plans that can be used at the different stages of CKD. This article discusses the process behind the development of the CKD guidelines and highlights the disease evaluation, classification, and stratification system provided by the guidelines. It is hoped that widespread implementation of these recommendations will increase the understanding of CKD among both providers and patients and eliminate many of the obstacles that nephrologists have faced in providing optimal care to dialysis patients in particular and to patients with CKD in general.
Shaping the digital switch

A procedure is given for shaping 1*2 digital switches on x- or y-cut LiNbO/sub 3//LiTaO/sub 3/ for prescribed values of crosstalk in order to reduce the voltage-length product. The method is based on a normal mode analysis using ordinary coupled mode theory parameters and a known solution for shaped branches. A factor of three improvement in voltage-length product is obtained, compared to linear branches. >
Paper electrophoretic identification of microquantities of some toxicologically significant alkaloids and comparison with chromatography

Abstract A comparative study of buffered chromatographic identification of alkaloids with microelectrophoresis of the same alkaloids at the same values of pH was carried out. Satisfactory identification of the limited number of alkaloids tested could be attained with either procedure. Electrophoresis showed greater reproducibility and, therefore, more reliability of the identification than did chromatography. It also was considerably more rapid in operation.
Function of calmodulin in mammalian sperm: Presence of a calmodulin-dependent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase associated with demembranated rat caudal epididymal sperm

Abstract A calmodulin dependent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase is associated with the head and tailpieces of demembranated rat caudal epididymal sperm. The phosphodiesterase was stimulated two-fold in the presence of Ca 2+ , while the simultaneous addition of Ca 2+ and calmodulin resulted in a four-fold increase in activity. Ca 2+ stimulation was abolished if demembranated sperm were extracted with EGTA and was recovered upon the addition of exogenous calmodulin. Micromolar levels of Ca 2+ were required for full stimulation. Trifluoperazine inhibited the Ca 2+ stimulated enzyme in a dose dependent manner (ID 50 = 50 μM) but had no effect on the basal phosphodiesterase activity.
Synthesis of the urinary glucuronic acid conjugate of n-hydroxy-4-aminobiphenyl

Summary The glucuronic acid conjugate of N-hydroxy-4-aminobiphenyl believed to be the carrier form responsible for transporting the active N-hydroxy compound from its site of formation in the liver to its site of carcinogenic action in the bladder has been prepared synthetically. The synthetic conjugate is identical by infrared and chromatographic analyses with the conjugate isolated from urine, thus unequivocally establishing its structure as an N—C conjugate, sodium (N, 4-biphenyl-N-hydroxy-D-glucuronosylamine).
Differences in antigen processing with haplotype-mismatched MHC class II heterodimers: AαdAβb heterodimers participate in early endosomal processing

MHC class II heterozygotes form haplotype-mismatched heterodimers (combining α and β chains of different alleles). Transfected L-cells expressing AαdAβd or AαdAβb presented exogenous OVA(323–339) peptide to T cells with similar high efficiency, while AαbAβb was less efficient and AαbAβd was ineffective. In contrast, AαdAβb greatly exceeded AαdAβd in processing of intact OVA for presentation of OVA(323–339); AαbAβb was even less efficient and AαbAβd was ineffective. Of macrophages from C57BL/6 (H-2b), DBA/2 (H-2d) and B6D2F1 (H-2b×d)mice, B6D2F1 macrophages had highest I-A expression and efficiency for OVA processing or presentation of exogenous OVA(323–339) peptide. Blocking antibodies specific for I-A chains showed that OVA processing by B6D2F1 macrophages primarily involved haplotype-mismatched AαdAβb heterodimers, whereas AαdAβd and AαbAβb contributed more to presentation of exogenous OVA(323–339) peptide. OVA(323–339):I-A complexes were formed from OVA within 10 min with B6D2F1 macrophages but not until 20 min with C57BL/6 or DBA/2 macrophages, and OVA processing was more resistant to inhibition of late endocytic function by hypothermia (18°C) in B6D2F1 than C57BL/6 or DBA/2 macrophages. These results indicate that AαdAβb haplotype-mismatched heterodimers may contribute to antigen processing in early endocytic compartments.
Rupture of pit membranes during embedding procedures

Embedding of small wood blocks for study of changes in pit structure during treatments of wood, such as various drying methods, may cause considerable damage to the pit membranes. The sapwood of three species was studied: Sitka spruce, Douglas-fir, and Pacific silver fir. Drying was done by air-drying, freeze-drying, and solvent-seasoning. The principal embedding medium used was butyl-methyl methacrylate. Other media used were celloidin, paraffin, and commercial epoxy and polyester resins.
Accommodating variations in responsiveness to level-of-service measures in travel mode choice modeling

Abstract An individual’s responsiveness to level-of-service variables affects her or his travel mode choice for a trip. This responsiveness will, in general, vary across individuals based on observed (to an analyst) and unobserved (to an analyst) individual characteristics. The current paper formulates a multinomial-logit based model of travel mode choice that accommodates variations in responsiveness to level-of-service measures due to both observed and unobserved individual characteristics in a comprehensive manner. The choice probabilities in the resulting model are evaluated using Monte Carlo simulation techniques and the model parameters are estimated using a maximum simulated likelihood approach. The model is applied to examine the impact of improved rail service on weekday, business travel in the Toronto—Montreal corridor. The empirical results show that not accounting adequately for variations in responsiveness across individuals leads to a statistically inferior data fit and also to inappropriate evaluations of policy actions aimed at improving inter-city transportation services.
The Genetics of Adamantiades-Behcet's Disease

Adamanitiades-Behcet's disease (ABD) is a relapsing systemic vasculitis that may involve the eyes, skin, and almost all other organ systems. Current research on the pathogenesis of ABD suggests a genetic basis for the disease, with certain MHC genes such as those coding for HLA-B51 being the most obvious candidates. Environmental factors such as infectious disease are thought to be responsible for triggering an immunological reaction and systemic features of the disease in genetically susceptible individuals. Identification of genes responsible for this susceptibility may lead to more definitive diagnostic tests and new approaches to the management of this potentially blinding condition.
Professional, Ethical, and Legal Implications for Spiritual Care in Nursing

Purpose: To highlight nurses' professional and ethical responsibility to consistently provide spiritual care. The legal issue of nurse-client privilege in relation to spiritual care is also discussed. Spiritual care is consistent with the model of holistic care. Yet spiritual care often remains a neglected focus of current nursing practice. Conclusions: Spirituality, as an important aspect of wellness, is indispensable in nursing care. Nurses are obligated to take an active role in meeting the spiritual needs of patients.
Antigens of Streptococcus Mutans Implicated in Virulence — Production of Antibodies

Streptococcus mutans has been shown to play an essential role in the pathogenesis of dental caries in many animal models (1,2, 3). Vaccines to protect against dental caries (for reveiws see references 4, 5, 6) have been composed of suspensions of whole cells of S. mutans and/or cell-free enzyme preparations derived from these bacteria. Protection against infection and/or dental caries has been reported In primates and rodents immunized using whole cells (4, 5). However, a correlation between protection and antibodies against specific bacterial antigens, such as glucosyltrans-ferases, has not been consistently found (6–9). The degree of purity of these enzyme preparations is not known and it is likely that most, if not all, were contaminated by other immunogenic substances from S. mutans. The effects of different routes of vaccination have also been investigated, the level of protection has varied considerably (4, 5); however, many of the routes used in these investigations would be unacceptable for use in humans (4).
A framework for chiropractic training in clinical preventive services

The 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act provides incentives for both patients and providers to engage in evidence-based clinical preventive services recommended by the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF). Depending upon the application of the new health care act, Doctors of Chiropractic (DC) may be considered to be covered providers of many of these services. It is therefore essential that DCs’ training prepare them to competently deliver them. The aim of this commentary is to describe a framework for training in clinical preventive services, based largely on the USPSTF recommendations, which could be readily integrated into existing DC educational programs.
Taxonomic Differences between Birds and Mammals in Their Responses to Chemical Irritants

Ninety-five products are registered with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as bird damage control chemicals, but 38 (40%) are nonlethal chemical repellents (Eschen and Schafer, 1986). Of these products, the active ingredients in 27 (71%) are methiocarb (a physiologic repellent that acts through food avoidance learning) or polybutene (a tactile repellent). In general, chemical repellents are effective either because of aversive sensory effects (irritation), or because of post-ingestional malaise (sickness). If the former, then chemicals are usually stimulants of trigeminal pain receptors (i.e., undifferentiated free nerve endings) in the nose, mouth, and eyes (Mason and Otis, 1990). Although many birds possess adequate olfactory and gustatory capabilities (e.g., Berkhoudt, 1985, Kare and Mason, 1986) smell and taste, per se, are rarely of consequence for bird damage control. Here, we address chemosensory repellents only.
Molecular dynamics of physical aging in the glassy state

We review first recent results concerning the relation between the relaxation of extensive thermodynamic and of viscoelastic functions. In the underlying theory a central role is assigned to a particular excess-free volume function h. It was originally introduced in a theory of the equilibrium melt. The time dependence of h can then be derived from volume (or enthalpy) recovery data and serves to predict other quantities, such as mean-square density fluctuations and viscoelastic-temperature shift factors during the aging process. Next the physical basis and results of two kinetic theories of volume relaxation are summarized. In both approaches the h-function is employed as an expression of the molecular dynamics in the drive to equilibrium. The first describes a gradual elimination of free-volume gradients through a diffusion process, characterized by a diffusion parameter, varying with the local free volume in accord with a Doolittle relation. The second, a stochastic theory, derives expressions for the matrix of transition rates between different free-volume states, the resulting spectrum of retardation times, and the size distribution of free volume in the relaxing system. Satisfactory agreement between observed and predicted volume recovery of poly(vinyl acetate) ensues. In the limit of an infinitesimal temperature jump, both theories yield a Williams-Watts correlation function as an approximate interpolation expression. The exponent β, however, varies in time with a constant value of approximately 0.60 over a limited time interval.
Servo-controlled indenter for determining the transverse stiffness of ventricular muscle

A dynamic indentation system has been developed that can determine transverse stiffness of ventricular muscle in as little as 10 ms, allowing estimation of wall stress over a single contraction cycle. The apparatus consists of an indentation probe coupled to a linear motor. This indentation system was tested on two beating canine ventricular septa that were mounted in a biaxial system that could apply strains in the plane of the septa and measure the resulting in-plane stresses. The probe indented the septa with peak displacements of 0.1-0.5 mm at frequencies of 20 and 50 Hz. The transverse stiffness was calculated as the slope of the relation between the indentation stress and the indentation strain during each high-frequency indentation. Consistent with earlier studies, the transverse stiffness was related to the in-plane stress. In contrast to earlier studies, however, these dynamic transverse stiffness determinations could be made during a single contraction. Thus, dynamic transverse stiffness determinations allow estimation of wall stress in the isolated septa by minimal surface contact, and may lead to methods for estimating wall stress in the intact heart. >
Implementing a reconfigurable atomic memory service for dynamic networks

Summary form only given. Transforming abstract algorithm specifications into executable code is an error-prone process in the absence of sophisticated compilers that can automatically translate such specifications into the target distributed system. We present a framework that was developed for translating algorithms specified as Input/Output Automata (IOA) to distributed programs. The framework consists of a methodology that guides the software development process and a core set of functions needed in target implementations that reduce unnecessary software development. The systems developed using this methodology preserve the modularity of the original specifications, making it easier to track refinements and effect optimizations. As a proof of concept, this work also presents a distributed implementation of a reconfigurable atomic memory service for dynamic networks (RAMBO). This service emulates atomic read/write shared objects in the dynamic setting where processors can arbitrarily crash, or join and leave the computation. The algorithm tolerates processor crashes and message loss and guarantees atomicity for arbitrary patterns of asynchrony and failure. The algorithm implementing the service is given in terms of IOA. An important consideration in formulating RAMBO was that it could be employed as a building block in real systems. Following a formal presentation of RAMBO algorithm, this work describes an optimized implementation that was developed using the methodology presented here. The system is implemented in Java and runs on a network of workstations. Empirical data illustrates the behavior of the system.
An unusual case of primary small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast.

: Primary small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of breast is a rare entity, with only case reports in literature. Histologically, these tumors are similar to small cell carcinoma of the lung with some evidence of ductal carcinoma-in-situ with areas of ductal, lobular, or papillary differentiation. Immunoreactivity for neuroendocrine markers is present in two thirds of cases, while 33–50% are positive for estrogen receptor or progesterone receptor. Her2/neu expression has not been reported in small cell carcinoma of the breast. Here we are presenting 53-year-old women with locally advanced primary small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of breast. We will discuss clinicopathological findings, treatment options, prognosis and review of the literature on primary small cell carcinoma of breast.
The determination of longitudinal crystal moduli in polymers by spectroscopic methods

Experimental methods for determining longitudinal crystal moduli of polymers were evaluated in light of recent proceesing methods that produced macroscopic Young's moduli which exceeded ultimate values as found by the x-ray diffraction method. The spectroscopic techniques of Raman and coherent inelastic neutron scattering yielded higher longitudinal crystal moduli than x-ray diffraction, and from calculations described herein it is concluded that these spectroscopic values are better estimates of the maximum Young's moduli in fully aligned and crystalline polymeric materials.
Square-Free Rings and Their Automorphism Groups

A square-free ring is an artinian ring in which each indecomposable projective module has no repeated composition factors. Such square-free rings are closed under Morita equivalence. All square-free algebras, those finite dimensional algebras A over a field K with the property that for every pair of primitive idempotents of A, are square-free as rings and include all incidence algebras of posets over fields. Several earlier studies, including ones by Stanley [14], Baclawski [4], Clark [5], Coelho [6], Anderson and D'Ambrosia [1], have produced characterizations of square-free algebras. Here using the non-abelian cohomology of Dedecker [8] we generalize a characterization [21] of square-free algebras by showing that an indecomposable, basic artinian ring R is square-free iff it is isomorphic to a ring , that is constructed as the vector space DS over a division ring D with basis a square-free semigroup S where multiplication is twisted by a 2-cocycle (α, ξ) of S with coefficients in the division ring D. We...
Large diameter open tubular columns in gas chromatographic analysis

Large diameter open tubular columns provide the packed column chromatographer with a simple route to higher resolution gas chromatography. They can be operated in a high-flow (lower resolution) mode that permits their direct substitution for a packed column, or they can be operated in a low-flow (higher resolution) mode that maximizes separation at the cost of longer analysis times. Inlet design and column installation can influence both the chromatographic results and quantiative reliability. Make-up gas is not required in the high-flow mode, and its benefits in the low-flow mode are restricted to enhanced detector sensitivity, provided the outlet end of the column resides in the detector jet (FID). The columns seem fully compatible with all common modes of detection.
Polymerization of Isobutylene Initiated By Laser Vaporization of Metal Targets

A novel technique involving the initiation of polymerization using laser vaporization of metal targets is being explored. In the experiment, metal ions such as Ti+, Zr+, Ag+ are generated in the gas phase by pulsed laser vaporization/ionization of a metal target using the second harmonic of a Nd:YAG laser (532 nm). The ions are pulled toward a monomer liquid (isobutylene which can only be polymerized by cationic mechanisms) by applying appropriate electric fields across the reaction chamber. Under different experimental conditions (temperature, pressure of a carrier gas, laser energy, electric field strength, reaction time) different polymeric products (viscous liquids or solids) were obtained with average molecular weights ranging from 200 to greater than 106 Full characterization of these materials is currently in progress. This technique could lead to a powerful approach for the synthesis of a wide variety of polymeric materials with unique properties such as stability, strength and photo and electrical conductivity.
Automatic training data selection for sensorimotor primitives

Sequencing sensorimotor primitives to achieve complex behaviors can simplify programming of robotic systems. Using programming by demonstration to code the component primitives can further simplify the process. Learning methods employed in programming by demonstration require comprehensive data sets, which place a significant burden on the user during demonstration. We present a generalized method whereby training sets can be automatically filtered, freeing the user from knowledge of the underlying learning method. We achieve this by first capturing the characteristic behavior for a demonstrated task, then determining a measure of distance from that behavior. With this information, data sets can be analyzed to determine whether a particular moment of demonstration is "good" and should be included in the final training set. Results from programming by demonstration of left wall-following on a mobile platform are presented. Additionally, we present a method for on-line performance analysis that takes advantage of the characteristic behavior identified in the filtering process.
GDPC: connecting researchers with multiple integrated data sources

Summary: The goal of this project is to simplify access to genomic diversity and phenotype data, thereby encouraging reuse of this data. The Genomic Diversity and Phenotype Connection (GDPC) accomplishes this by retrieving data from one or more data sources and by allowing researchers to analyze integrated data in a standard format. GDPC is written in JAVA and provides (1) data sources available as web services that transfer XML formatted data via the SOAP protocol; (2) a JAVA API for programmatic access to data sources; and (3) a front-end application that allows users to manage data sources, retrieve data based on filters, sort/group data based on property values and save/open the data as XML files. Availability: The source code, compiled code, documentation and GDPC Browser are freely available at: www.maizegenetics.net/gdpc/index.html. The current release of GDPC is version 1.0, with updated releases planned for the future. Comments are welcome.
A note on the interaction between surface waves and wind profiles

The modification of a turbulent wind profile owing to momentum transfer from wind to surface waves is calculated in terms of the power spectrum of the surface-wave slope. The reduction in profile curvature, and hence of the wind-to-wave energy-transfer coefficient, is estimated on the basis of a Neumann spectrum. It appears that this reduction is likely to be small for typical wind speeds.
SEQUENCING DELIVERIES TO MINIMIZE INVENTORY HOLDING COST WITH DOMINANT UPSTREAM SUPPLY CHAIN PARTNER

This paper studies a two stage supply chain with a dominant upstream partner. Manufacturer is the dominant partner and operates in a Just-in-Time environment. Production is done in a single manufacturing line capable of producing two products without stopping the production for switching from one product to the other. The manufacturer imposes constraints on the distributor by adhering to his favorable production schedule which minimizes his manufacturing cost. Distributor on the other hand caters to retailers’ orders without incurring any shortages and is responsible for managing the inventory of finished goods. Adhering to manufacturer’s schedule may lead to high inventory carrying costs for the distributor. Distributor’s problem, which is to find an optimal distribution sequence which minimizes the distributor’s inventory cost under the constraint imposed by the manufacturer is proved NP-Hard by Manoj et al. (2008). Therefore, solving large size problems require efficient heuristics. We develop algorithms for the distribution problem by exploiting its structural properties. We propose two heuristics and use their solutions in the initial population of a genetic algorithm to arrive at solutions with an average deviation of less than 3.5% from the optimal solution for practical size problems.
Itinerant Electron Ferromagnetism in ZrZn 2

A large degree of noniocalization of the zirconium spin density was observed in ferromagnetic ZrZn/sub 2/ by polarized neutron scattering. Companison with free-atom 4d electron configurations suggests that the conduction band contributes significantly to the ferromagnetism. Thus, an itinerant electron raodel is indicated. (M.J.T.) Z0557 The electronic specific heat, the Debye temperature, the paramagnetic susceptibility, and the superconducting transition temperature were measured in the niobium-rich region of the Nb-- Ru system. Structural investigation proved that the single phase region extends up to at least 45 at.% Ru at low temperatures, with a gradually increasing tetragonal deformation above 37% Ru. The results revealed a flat minimum in the density of states near a concentration of 5.7 valence electrons per atom. Comparison of specific heat and susceptibility data lent support to the suggestion that a van Vleck type paramagnetic contribution might be important in this and related alloy systems. The superconducting transition temperature of very pure niobium was found to be 9.49 deg K. (auth)
Engineering Customized Cell Sensing and Response Behaviors Using Synthetic Notch Receptors.

The Notch protein is one of the most mechanistically direct transmembrane receptors—the intracellular domain contains a transcriptional regulator that is released from the membrane when engagement of the cognate extracellular ligand induces intramembrane proteolysis. We find that chimeric forms of Notch, in which both the extracellular sensor module and the intracellular transcriptional module are replaced with heterologous protein domains, can serve as a general platform for generating novel cell-cell contact signaling pathways. Synthetic Notch (synNotch) pathways can drive user-defined functional responses in diverse mammalian cell types. Because individual synNotch pathways do not share common signaling intermediates, the pathways are functionally orthogonal. Thus, multiple synNotch receptors can be used in the same cell to achieve combinatorial integration of environmental cues, including Boolean response programs, multi-cellular signaling cascades, and self-organized cellular patterns. SynNotch receptors provide extraordinary flexibility in engineering cells with customized sensing/response behaviors to user-specified extracellular cues.
Ontogenesis of endangered humpback chub (Gila cypha) in the Little Colorado River, Arizona

Abstract The largest population of endangered humpback chub Gila cypha inhabits the Colorado River below Glen Canyon Dam and the lower 14 km of the Little Colorado River (LCR), Arizona. Currently, adults from both rivers spawn and their progenies grow and recruit to adulthood primarily within the LCR, where we studied G. cypha's life history using hoop net capture data. Humpback chub undergo an ontogenesis from diurnally active, vulnerable, nearshore-reliant young-of-the-year (YOY; 30–90 mm total length) into nocturnally active, large-bodied adults (≥180 mm TL). During the day, adults primarily resided in deep midchannel pools; however, at night they dispersed inshore amongst the higher densities of YOY conspecifics. Many YOY G. cypha shifted to nocturnal habitats that provided greater cover, possibly, to avoid inshore invading adults. These findings mirror predator-prey scenarios described in other freshwater assemblages, but do not refute other plausible hypotheses. Gila cypha piscivorous activity may e...
Nidation in progesterone-treated, estrogen-deficient hamsters, Mesocricetus auratus (Waterhouse).

Summary1. In the hamster, when ovarian hormones are lacking, due to ovariectomy, or hypophysectomy, implantation does not occur and blastocysts are not recovered. 2. Implantation does not occur in hypophysectomized hamsters with pituitary autografts. 3. Doses of progesterone, 2-4 mg daily, do not affect time of implantation in the intact hamster. 4. Implantation occurs with no apparent delay in hamsters made estrogen-deficient by ovariectomy, ovariectomy and adrenalectomy, or hypophysectomy and given daily injections of 2-4 mg progesterone. In experiments designed to eliminate estrogen in injection media and diet, implantation also occurred when progesterone was given to ovariectomized hamsters. This suggests that progesterone alone is required for maintenance of blastocyst and nidation in the hamster.
Effects of Environmental Factors on Uptake, Translocation, and Degradation of a Systemic Phosphonate Insecticide in Cotton Plants 1

The role of physical environmental conditions on uptake, translocation, and degradation of the 32P-labelled systemic phosphonate, O -methyl O-p -methylthiophenyl methylphosphonothionate, on cotton plants was investigated. Uptake, translocation, and degradation were measured by using radiochemical and bioassay techniques. A lengthening of the photoperiod from 10 to 14 hr increased rate and amount of radioactivity taken up and translocated by the cotton plants, improved insecticidal action of the systemic, and increased the degradation rate of the systemic. A further lengthening to 24 hr reversed the trends. Therefore, a point is reached at which lengthening of the photoperiod does not increase uptake and translocation of a systemic because too long a photoperiod upsets the plant's physiological functions. High humidity slowed the rate of uptake of the systemic and, in some way, reduced the chloroform-soluble fraction markedly at the 24 hr sample. At the 3-day sample, the chloroform-soluble fraction increased to about the same percentage of radioactivity as was found in the low humidity experiments, i.e., 17 and 30% higher than the 1 day sample at 65° and 80°F, respectively. High humidity slowed the rate of degradation of the chloroform-soluble fraction; the difference was greater between high and low humidity at 65° than at 80°F. For both humidities, the rate of degradation was much slower at 65° than at 80°F. Increase in temperature increased uptake and translocation of the systemic and increased the rate of degradation.
Bulk Genotyping of Biopsies Can Create Spurious Evidence for Hetereogeneity in Mutation Content

When multiple samples are taken from the neoplastic tissues of a single patient, it is natural to compare their mutation content. This is often done by bulk genotyping of whole biopsies, but the chance that a mutation will be detected in bulk genotyping depends on its local frequency in the sample. When the underlying mutation count per cell is equal, homogenous biopsies will have more high-frequency mutations, and thus more detectable mutations, than heterogeneous ones. Using simulations, we show that bulk genotyping of data simulated under a neutral model of somatic evolution generates strong spurious evidence for non-neutrality, because the pattern of tissue growth systematically generates differences in biopsy heterogeneity. Any experiment which compares mutation content across bulk-genotyped biopsies may therefore suggest mutation rate or selection intensity variation even when these forces are absent. We discuss computational and experimental approaches for resolving this problem.
Dynamic Echo Information Guides Flight in the Big Brown Bat.

Animals rely on sensory feedback from their environment to guide locomotion. For instance, visually guided animals use patterns of optic flow to control their velocity and to estimate their distance to objects (e.g. Srinivasan et al. 1991, 1996). In this study, we investigated how acoustic information guides locomotion of animals that use hearing as a primary sensory modality to orient and navigate in the dark, where visual information is unavailable. We studied flight and echolocation behaviors of big brown bats as they flew under infrared illumination through a corridor with walls constructed from a series of individual vertical wooden poles. The spacing between poles on opposite walls of the corridor was experimentally manipulated to create dense/sparse and balanced/imbalanced spatial structure. The bats’ flight trajectories and echolocation signals were recorded with high-speed infrared motion-capture cameras and ultrasound microphones, respectively. As bats flew through the corridor, successive biosonar emissions returned cascades of echoes from the walls of the corridor. The bats flew through the center of the corridor when the pole spacing on opposite walls was balanced and closer to the side with wider pole spacing when opposite walls had an imbalanced density. Moreover, bats produced shorter duration echolocation calls when they flew through corridors with smaller spacing between poles, suggesting that clutter density influences features of the bat’s sonar signals. Flight speed and echolocation call rate did not, however, vary with dense and sparse spacing between the poles forming the corridor walls. Overall, these data demonstrate that bats adapt their flight and echolocation behavior dynamically when flying through acoustically complex environments.
Inter-Cell Interference Control in Wireless Communication System

Inter-cell interference is an inherent problem in cellular mobile communication systems and seriously impacts coverage and capability of a system.For cell edge users,inter-cell interference results in frequent dropping from the network or denial of access to the network.Most standards organizations have conducted research into inter-cell interference control for LTE,IEEE 802.16m,and UMB.As a result,different methods have been devised to deal with the problem,including inter-cell interference randomization,inter-cell interference cancellation,and inter-cell interference coordination.This paper introduces three kinds of effective inter-cell interference coordination technologies:fractional frequency reuse,multi-BS multiple-input multiple-out-put(MIMO),and power control.This paper also introduces the schemes implemented by standards organizations.
The Effect of Temperature on the Development of the Eggs and Larvae of the Cut-throat Trout (Salmo clarkii clarkii Richardson)

1. The eggs of the cut-throat trout ( Salmo clarkii clarkii Richardson) were raised from fertilisation through hatching at constant temperatures of 11.3, 8.25 and 6.35°C. These temperatures are well within the limits of normal development of cut-throat trout. 2. The temperature is not the limiting factor in determining the length of the hatching period, because there are a number of other factors that may cause eggs to hatch either prematurely early or abnormally late, and thus the use of the hatching period as a comparable stage of development for eggs raised at different temperatures may result in error. 3. The average size of cut-throat trout embryos at the moment of hatching was smaller at the higher temperatures and larger at the lower temperatures. 4. The maximum increment of growth in the cut-throat trout occurred about the 41st day at 8.25°C. and about the 28th day at 11.3°C. 5. The percentage of dry weight of the cut-throat trout embryos showed a steady decrease from about 25 to 14 per cent., while that of the yolks showed an increase from about 46 to 55 per cent. 6. Cut-throat trout embryos absorbed water from the yolk and also, at a faster rate, from the environment, both somewhat before and after hatching, so that the percentage of wet weight of the larvae was steadily increasing up to the time the experiment was completed.
Metabolome profiling to understand the defense response of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) to Rhizoctonia solani AG 2-2 IIIB

Abstract Rhizoctonia crown and root rot (RCRR), caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn AG 2-2 IIIB, is an important disease of sugar beet. While RCRR can be managed by agronomic practices, plant resistance remains the primary method for control. However, the molecular processes that mediate resistance to R. solani are largely unknown. The metabolic changes that occurred during susceptible and resistant R. solani interactions were compared and characterized using nontargeted metabolomic profiling. Metabolites from infected and healthy, root and leaf tissue, were taken at 0 and 7 dai and detected using reversed-phase UHPLC-MS and GC-MS. There was a clear distinction in the metabolome between tissue type and genotype, and in response to R. solani. 143 compounds were annotated and several metabolites associated with plant defense to fungi were identified in both germplasm.
Schizophrenia: a new frontier in developmental neurobiology.

Evidence from diverse sources, including postmortem investigations, in vivo imaging studies and animal models, suggests that schizophrenia has its origins in early cortical maldevelopment which in turn may lead to dysfunctional connectivity during brain maturation and clinical symptomatology in early adulthood. Antipsychotic drugs, including the atypical agent clozapine, appear to act at key sites involved in higher cortical-limbic connectivity, possibly mediated by a variety of neurotransmitters. Studies of gene expression may provide a better understanding of how antipsychotic drug effects are integrated at the postsynaptic level. The data from schizophrenia research are discussed within a neurodevelopmental framework.
The Effects of For-Profit Multihospital System Ownership on Hospital Financial and Operating Performance:

The financial and operating performance of independent not-for-profit hospitals acquired by US for-profit multi-hospital systems in 10 Southern states between the years 1978 and 1982 was explored. The impact of system ownership on acquired hospitals was investigated by comparing the average financial performance of hospitals in the two years immediately prior to acquisition to the average for 1984 and 1985 and by comparing changes in the performance of acquired hospitals with changes in matched independent facilities. Findings suggest that for-profit multi-hospital systems were able to improve many of the financial and operating problems of acquired facilities. In comparison to independent not-for-profit hospitals, acquired hospitals were found to increase access to long-term debt, make improvements to plant and equipment, improve profitability, and increase efficiency to a greater extent. Prices in acquired hospitals rose more than those in independents and liquidity decreased to a greater extent.