cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CHROMATOGRAPHY AND BEHAVIORAL MUTATIONS

In a recent paper Hadorn (1962) described a method for the analysis of the chemical composition of the fruit fly Drosophib melanogaster and observed that chemical composition does differ strikingly from one strain, or genotype, to another. The chemical fractionation was carried out by the process of paper chromatography. Mutations are genetic events that lead to change in the organism. The change may be observed in terms of morphological, physiological, biochemical, or behavioral differences. Hadorn (1962) states with regard to evidence of biochemical pleiotropy, "A mutation does not simply change the eye color from one hue to another; it changes the concentration of pteridines present in various parts of the fly's body." It is the purpose of this note to suggest that the process of chromatography may be applied to the chemical analysis of behavioral mutations, i.e., it may be hypothesized that chromatograms would differentiate berween organisms differing as a function of behavioral mutations. Perhaps by chance, there is now available independent research on the fruit fly in both areas, chromatography and behavioral mutations. Hirsch, et d. (1958, 1959, 1961) in experiments on behavioral genetics, reports heritability of two classes of behavior in Drosophila mehnogaster. The DrosophiL behaviors investigated were phototaxis and geotaxis. In the first case, phototaxis, the genetic determination of individual differences was demonstrated and heritability was estimated to be more than one-half the phenotypic variance (Hirsch & Boudreau, 1958). In the second case, "The several populations exhibit consistent variance differences in the behavior geotaxis, as a function of the experimentally produced genotypic differences (Hirsch, 1959). In short, it is proposed that there may be a correlation between behavioral mutations and chromatograms. If chromatographic patterns are found to be associated with phototaxic and geotaxic behavioral patterns of Drosophila, this would provide evidence of biochemical pleiotropy. This is a readily researchable problem and it is hoped that this note will serve to stimulate the integration of behavioral genetics and biochemical analysis of gene action and in turn stimulate research along these lines.
Simultaneous Measurement of Phagosome and Plasma Membrane Potentials in Human Neutrophils By Di-8-Anepps and SEER

Neutrophils are the first line of defense against invading bacteria. Neutrophils engulf the invaders into an internal vacuole, the phagosome. Accompanying phagocytosis is the respiratory burst, in which NADPH oxidase produces reactive oxygen species by transporting electrons from cytosolic NADPH across the membrane to either intra-phagosomal or extracellular oxygen. It is well known that the plasma membrane depolarizes during the respiratory burst but very little is known about the membrane potential of the phagosome. Here we monitor the membrane potential of phagosomes as well as the plasma membrane during the phagocytosis of opsonized zymosan.Neutrophils were isolated from whole blood and plated on glass coverslips. The cells were loaded with 5 μM di-8-ANEPPS for 30 minutes before excess dye was washed away. The cells were stimulated by addition of 2 mg/ml serum opsonized zymozan (OPZ) and were visualized using a Leica SP2 confocal microscope. SEER imaging was performed by simultaneously acquiring two images at 488 nm and 545 nm and collecting at emission ranges 470-560 nm and 570-700 nm respectively.The neutrophil plasma membrane depolarized rapidly coinciding with phagocytosis of the first OPZ particle. The potential generally decreased somewhat, but the plasma membrane potential generally remained positive to 0 mV for many minutes, during which time several phagocytotic events were typically observed. DPI produced repolarization, confirming that the depolarization was due to the electrogenic activity of NADPH oxidase. The membrane potential of each phagosome was highest upon formation and decreased within several minutes, often falling to negative voltages, while the plasma membrane remained depolarized. The phagosome membrane potentials were independent of, and at their peak often exceeded the plasma membrane potential. This study is the first to monitor the phagosome membrane potential in living cells.
ESR determination of membrane order parameter in yeast sterol mutants.

Abstract ESR investigations designed to determine membrane order parameter in sterol mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were conducted using the membrane probe, 5-doxyl stearic acid. These mutants are blocked in the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway and thus do not synthesize ergosterol, the end product sterol. They do not require exogenous ergosterol for growth and, therefore, incorporate ergosterol biosynthetic intermediates in their membrane. Increasing order parameter is reflective of an increase in membrane rigidity. Single mutants involving B-ring Δ8 → Δ7 isomerization (erg 2) and C-24 methylation (erg 6) showed greater membrane rigidity than wild-type during exponential growth. A double mutant containing both lesions ( erg 6 2 ) showed an even greater degree of membrane rigidity. During stationary phase the order of decreasing membrane rigidity was erg 6 > erg 6 2 > erg 2 = wild-type . The increased membrane order parameter was attributed to the presence of substituted sterols rather than increased sterol content or altered fatty acid synthesis.
Structure and Dipole Moment of the First Electronically Excited State of Pyridine N-Oxide

A study is presented of the lowest‐energy singlet—singlet transition of pyridine N‐oxide in mixed crystals with p‐dichlorobenzene at 4.2°K. Polarization and Stark effect measurements on the electronic orgin of the transition (at 29 599.6 cm−1) show that the transition is π*← π, 1B2← 1A1. The spectrum of d5‐pyridine N‐oxide is blue shifted by 123 cm−1 and its absorption and emission spectra are quite similar to those of h5. The vibrational analysis of the absorption and fluorescence spectrum, and the Franck—Condon patterns, suggest that the equilibrium geometry is little affected by electronic excitation. Stark effect measurements on the electronic origin band yield a value of Δ μ=0.71 ± 0.03 D (assuming E ≡ 0.60 Eeff) for the change in dipole moment on electronic excitation; where E and Eeff are the applied and effective Stark electric fields corresponding to an external field directed down the a′ crystallographic axis of the p‐dichlorobenzene host crystal. This small change is much less than predicted by π‐electron theory.
Desirability of various life change events among adolescents: Effects of exposure, sex, age, and ethnicity.

Abstract Adolescence is a time when lifelong competencies and coping strategies develop. As a consequence, teenagers may be particularly vulnerable to stressful events. This study examines the impact (or desirability) of life change events in relation to demographic differences and previous exposure. The perceived desirability of 39 life events was reported by 1018 adolescents in the 10th, 11th, and 12th grades. Females typically gave more extreme responses, either positively or negatively, than males. Several small age effects were obtained, and there were ethnic differences in perception of stressfulness. Previous exposure increased the perceived desirability (or decreased undesirability) of the event relative to those who had not experienced the event. Event clusters differentially predicted averaged cluster desirabilities. Implications of these results for the development of adolescent and adult coping strategies and the efficient integration of stressful life change are discussed.
The Use of Strain Energy and Fracture Correlation to Determine Life Expectancy for Notched Components

An energy-based method for predicting fatigue life of half-circle notched specimens, based on the nominal applied stress amplitude, has been developed. This developed method is based on the understanding that the total strain energy dissipated during a monotonic fracture and a cyclic process is the same material property, where the density of each can be determined by measuring the area underneath the monotonic true stress-strain curve and measuring the sum of the area within each Hysteresis loop in the cyclic process, respectively. Using this understanding, the criterion for determining fatigue life prediction of half-circle notched components is constructed by incorporating the stress gradient effect through the notch root cross-section. Though fatigue at a notch root is a local phenomenon, evaluation of the stress gradient through the notch root cross-section is essential for incorporating this method into finite element analysis minimum potential energy process. The validation of this method was carried out by comparison with both notched and unnnotched experimental fatigue life of Aluminum 6061-T6 (Al 6061-T6) specimens under tension/compression loading at the theoretical notch fatigue stress concentration factor of 1.75. The comparison initially showed a slight deviation between prediction and experimental results. This led to the analysis of strain energy density per cycle up to failure, and an improved Hysteresis representation for the energy-based prediction analysis. With the newly developed Hysteresis representation, the energy-based prediction comparison shows encouraging agreement with unnotched experimental results and a theoretical notch stress concentration value.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Folded Equations for a Weibull Maximum Likelihood Ratio Test

An improved non-myopic method of maximum likelihood estimation for a 2-parameter Weibull model with multi-censored samples, is derived and demonstrated. Maximum likelihood ratio testing of two hypotheses is discussed for: 1) homogeneous shape parameters, and 2) a composite of homogeneous shape and scale parameters.
Putative M2 muscarinic receptors of rat heart have high affinity for organophosphorus anticholinesterases

The M2 subtype of muscarinic receptor is predominant in heart, and such receptors were reported to be located in muscles as well as in presynaptic cholinergic and adrenergic nerve terminals. Muscarinic receptors of rat heart were identified by the high affinity binding of the agonist (+)-[3H]cis-methyldioxolane ([3H]CD), which has been used to label a high affinity population of M2 receptors. A single population of sites (KD 2.74 nM; Bmax of 82 fmol/mg protein) was detected and [3H]CD binding was sensitive to the M2 antagonist himbacine but much less so to pirenzepine, the M1 antagonist. These cardiac receptors had different sensitivities to NiCl2 and N-ethylmaleimide from brain muscarinic receptors, that were also labeled with [3H]CD and considered to be of the M2 subtype. Up to 70% of the [3H]CD-labeled cardiac receptors had high affinities for several organophosphate (OP) anticholinesterases. [3H]CD binding was inhibited by the nerve agents soman, VX, sarin, and tabun, with K0.5 values of 0.8, 2, 20, and 50 nM, respectively. It was also inhibited by echothiophate and paraoxon with K0.5 values of 100 and 300 nM, respectively. The apparent competitive nature of inhibition of [3H]CD binding by both sarin and paraoxon suggests that the OPs bind to the acetylcholine binding site of the muscarinic receptor. Other OP insecticides had lower potencies, inhibiting less than 50% of 5 nM [3H]CD binding by 1 microM of EPN, coumaphos, dioxathion, dichlorvos, or chlorpyriphos. There was poor correlation between the potencies of the OPs in reversibly inhibiting [3H]CD binding, and their anticholinesterase activities and toxicities. Acetylcholinesterases are the primary targets for these OP compounds because of the irreversible nature of their inhibition, which results in building of acetylcholine concentrations that activate muscarinic and nicotinic receptors and desensitize them, thereby inhibiting respiration. Nevertheless, the high affinities that cardiac muscarinic receptors have for these toxicants point to their extra vulnerability. It is suggested that the success of iv administration of the muscarinic receptor inhibitor atropine in initial therapy of poisoning by OP anticholinesterases may be related in part to the extra sensitivity of M2 receptors to certain OPs.
Market Interventions, International Price Stabilization, and Welfare Implications

The welfare effects of price stabilization are quantified under free trade and under distortionary policies when an exporting country protects domestic producers with price supports, an importing country pursues a price-fixing policy, and a second importing country follows a free trade policy. Results show that distortionary interventions cause greater world price variability. World gains from international price stabilization through a costless buffer stock scheme are higher under distortionary trade than under free trade.
Protein Turnover in Tissues of the Rat Fetus following Maternal Starvation

ABSTRACT. The effects of maternal starvation upon protein turnover in various tissues of the fetal rat were determined. Protein synthesis was determined in fetal tissues by the intravenous injection of “massive” amounts of 3Hphenylalanine into the maternal circulation, followed by measurements of tissue free and protein-bound phe specific radioactivity in fetal diaphragm, heart, liver, and brain. Rates of protein degradation in fetal tissues were assessed by subtracting protein accretion rates from protein synthesis. Fractional rates of protein synthesis were minimally affected by maternal starvation in diaphragm, heart, and brain. The major factor contributing to reduced fetal protein accretion in these fetal tissues during maternal starvation was enhanced protein breakdown. These findings differ from those previously reported in young adult rodents following fasting or malnutrition.
Meta-analysis of patient education interventions to increase physical activity among chronically ill adults.

Abstract Objective This meta-analysis integrates primary research testing the effect of patient education to increase physical activity (PA) on behavior outcomes among adults with diverse chronic illnesses. Methods Extensive literature searching strategies located published and unpublished intervention studies that measured PA behavior outcomes. Primary study results were coded. Fixed- and random-effects meta-analytic procedures included moderator analyses. Results Data were synthesized across 22,527 subjects from 213 samples in 163 reports. The overall mean weighted effect size for two-group comparisons was 0.45 (higher mean for treatment than control). This effect size is consistent with a difference of 48 min of PA per week or 945 steps per day. Preliminary moderator analyses suggest interventions were most effective when they targeted only PA behavior, used behavioral strategies (versus cognitive strategies), and encouraged PA self-monitoring. Differences among chronic illnesses were documented. Individual strategies unrelated to PA outcomes included supervised exercise sessions, exercise prescription, fitness testing, goal setting, contracting, problem solving, barriers management, and stimulus/cues. PA outcomes were unrelated to gender, age, ethnicity, or socioeconomic distribution among samples. Conclusion These findings suggest that some patient education interventions to increase PA are effective, despite considerable heterogeneity in the magnitude of intervention effect. Practice implications Moderator analyses are preliminary and provide suggestive evidence for further testing of interventions to inform practice.
What an image reveals about material reflectance

We derive precise conditions under which material reflectance properties may be estimated from a single image of a homogeneous curved surface (canonically a sphere), lit by a directional source. Based on the observation that light is reflected along certain (a priori unknown) preferred directions such as the half-angle, we propose a semiparametric BRDF abstraction that lies between purely parametric and purely data-driven models. Formulating BRDF estimation as a particular type of semiparametric regression, both the preferred directions and the form of BRDF variation along them can be estimated from data. Our approach has significant theoretical, algorithmic and empirical benefits, lends insights into material behavior and enables novel applications. While it is well-known that fitting multi-lobe BRDFs may be ill-posed under certain conditions, prior to this work, precise results for the well-posedness of BRDF estimation had remained elusive. Since our BRDF representation is derived from physical intuition, but relies on data, we avoid pitfalls of both parametric (low generalizability) and non-parametric regression (low interpretability, curse of dimensionality). Finally, we discuss several applications such as single-image relighting, light source estimation and physically meaningful BRDF editing.
Augmentation of the somatosensory thalamic response by “local” cerebral ischemia

Abstract Cerebral ischemia restricted to rostral portions of the cat brain was produced by basilar artery ligation coupled with common carotid occlusion. The cortical response to peripheral somatosensory stimulation was totally depressed within 90 sec of occlusion. However, the thelamic evoked response persisted and was markedly augmented during ischemic periods ranging to 5 min. Reciprocal effects were noted during recovery.
Two-dimensional differential adherence and alignment of C2C12 myoblasts

Abstract Surface microstructure is a critical parameter for scaffolds used in skeletal muscle tissue engineering. We have developed micromachined surfaces using matrix assisted pulsed laser evaporation-direct write (MAPLE-DW) that demonstrate differential adherence of C2C12 myoblast cells. The 60–400 μm diameter channels were micromachined onto 2% agarose surfaces using an ArF excimer laser and lined with Matrigel ® basement membrane matrix solution. Suspensions containing C2C12 myoblast cells were then placed on the surface of these micromachined channels. The C2C12 myoblast cells aligned themselves parallel to the 60–150 μm channels. Live/dead assays over 72 h demonstrated that cell number, cell size, and number of nuclei per cell increased within these channels. In addition, some of the myoblasts fused and differentiated into multinucleated myotubes. These results provide the basis for the development of direct-write scaffolds for skeletal muscle tissue engineering.
Reactivity of substituted benzotrichlorides toward granular iron, Cr(II), and an iron(II) porphyrin: A correlation analysis.

Abstract: Cross-correlations of rate constants between a system of interest and a better-defined one have become popular as a tool in studying transformations of organic pollutants. A slope of unity (if the correlation is conducted on a log-log basis) in such plots has been invoked as evidence of a common mechanism. To explore this notion, benzotrichloride and several of its substituted analogues were reacted with Cr(H2O)62+, an iron(II) porphyrin (iron meso-tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)porphine chloride, Fe(II)TCP), and granular iron. The first two reductants react with organohalides by dissociative inner sphere single-electron transfer, while mechanism(s) for organohalide reduction by granular iron are still debated. Apart from sterically hindered compounds, good correlations were obtained in comparing any two systems, although slopes (on a log-log basis) deviated from unity. We argue that a slope of unity is neither necessary nor sufficient evidence of a common mechanism. Overall rate constants may be composite entities, consisting in part of rate or equilibrium constants for adsorption onto surfaces or for precursor formation in solution; these components may differ between systems in their susceptibility to substituent effects. Cross-correlations may prove useful in predicting reactivity in the absence of steric effects, but additional evidence is required in deducing reaction mechanisms.
Isopeptide bond formation in epidermis

Proteins which are major substrates of epidermal transglutaminases can be identified in cultured keratinocytes of human, cow, and new-born rat.
Characterization and development of glial and other non-neuronal cells in chick Edinger Westphal cultures

Abstract Cultures of dissociated Edinger Westphal nuclei, dissected from embryonic chick brainstems, were screened immunohistochemically for a variety of non-neuronal cell markers. In young cultures, small clusters of cells were stained by the oligodendrocyte-specific antibodies 04 and 01. In older cultures, larger groups of cells were 04 and 01 positive, sheets of myelin-like membrane were elaborated, and immunoreactivity for proteolipid protein appeared. This sequence resembles that observed in well-characterized rodent brain cultures and suggests that oligodendrocytes in chick Edinger Westphal cultures differentiate in a pattern similar to rodent oligodendrocytes in culture. Variable numbers of cells were immunoreactive for glial fibrillary acidic protein. Many vimentin positive cells were observed, some of which morphologically resembled flat astrocytes. Together with the widespread presence of vimentin, large patches of fibronectin-like immunoreactivity suggested the presence of fibroblasts and/or endothelial cells. An anti-thymocyte polyclonal antibody stained a subset of cobblestone-shaped cells, possibly endothelial cells, in both Edinger Westphal cultures and control cultures of skin fibroblasts. Staining for smooth muscle myosia was detected in several patches of cells, tentatively identifying them as pericytes or smooth muscle cells. In conclusion, Edinger Westphal cultures contain a diverse and varying population of non-neuronal cells loosely organized in large, overlapping islands of cell types and including oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, possibly fibroblasts, endothelial cells, pericytes and/or smooth muscle cells.
Total Synthesis of (±)-Hibiscone C.

A total synthesis of (±)-hibiscone C, one member of the furanosteroid family of natural products that also includes viridin and wortmannin, is reported. Two new pathways for formation of the key diacyl furan subunit are described.
Distribution of peaks of 70 kHz acoustic scattering in relation to depth and temperature during day and night at the edge of the Gulf Stream—EchoFront 83

Abstract The depth and temperature distribution of acoustical scattering peaks in the near-surface frontal zone of the Gulf Stream was examined with a 70 kHz downward-looking sonar to 130 m. A peak was defined as a layer with relatively more scattering than layers just above or below it. Data were collected during the day and night in July 1983, approximately 115 km ENE of Cape Hatteras in a front with sharp thermal gradients above 130 m, and in the Gulf Stream with rather homogeneous temperatures above 130 m. “Peaks” in the front occurred more frequently both day and night above 60 m and at temperatures warmer than 15°C; in the Gulf Stream peaks occurred more frequently only above 20 m and at temperatures warmer than 24.5°C and then only during the day. The distribution of peaks was more homogeneous with depth and temperature in the Gulf Stream than in the front. Day and night distribution also differed with temperature in the front but with depth in the Gulf Stream. Acoustical scattering intensity in the peaks generally increased at night in the Gulf Stream at all depths above 130 m; in the front scattering levels appeared to increase both above and below the gradient but decrease in the gradient. Differences in the nocturnal increase in scattering between the front and Gulf Stream supports the concept of thermoclines as barriers to vertical migrants.
Polymerization of adsorbed monolayers. I. Preparation of the clay–polymer complex

Monomolecular layers of methyl methacrylate adsorbed on the surface of sodium montmorillonite clay were prepared by saturation of the clay with the monomer, followed by desorption of the excess monomer by means of repeated washings with nonpolar hydrocarbons. No spontaneous polymerization was observed. The polymerization of these monolayers was initiated with γ-ray irradiation or by free radical catalysts. The doses of γ-rays and the concentration of free radical catalysts required to initiate polymerization are much higher than for the polymerization of methyl methacrylate in bulk. Complexes containing 25% MMA gave inserted polymer only; complexes containing more than 25% of MMA gave inserted and external polymer. The yields of polymerization of the inserted polymer were found to be below 50%. The inserted polymer is strongly retained by the surface of the clay. X-ray data show that its segments are oriented horizontally (lying flat) on the surface.
What Is the Relation Between Fear of Falling and Physical Activity in Older Adults

Abstract Objective To describe the association between fear of falling (FOF) and total daily activity in older adults. Design Cross-sectional observational study. Setting Ambulatory clinical research training center. Participants Community-dwelling older adults aged ≥64 years (N=78), who were independent in ambulation with or without an assistive device. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures FOF was defined by self-reported fear ratings using the Survey of Activities and Fear of Falling in the Elderly and self-reported fear status determined by response to the following question: Are you afraid of falling? Physical function was assessed using the Late Life Function and Disability Instrument. Physical activity was recorded using an accelerometer worn on the waist for 7 consecutive days, and mean daily counts of activity per minute were averaged over the 7-day period. Results Fear ratings were related to total daily activity ( r =−.26, P =.02). The relation was not as strong as the relation of function and physical activity ( r =.45, P Conclusions FOF is related to total daily physical activity; however, FOF was not independently associated with physical activity when accounting for physical function. Some FOF may be reported as a limitation in function.
Immunocytochemical basis for a meningeo-glial network.

Evidence is presented here for a cellular network that courses through all layers of meninges, the vasculature of both the brain and meninges, and extends into the brain parenchyma. Confocal mapping of calcium-binding protein S100β immunoreactivity (S100β-ir) and of the intermediate filament vimentin-ir through serial sections of the meningeal-intact adult rat brain revealed this network. In all tissues examined, S100β-ir and vimentin-ir were primarily colocalized, and were found in cells with elongated processes through which these cells contacted one another to form a network. The location of labeling and the morphology of the cells labeled were consistent with the possibility that this network consists of fibroblasts in the meninges and the walls of large blood vessels, of pericytes at the level of capillaries, and of ependymocytes and a population of astrocytes in the brain parenchyma. At many sites along the borders of the brain parenchyma itself and of the brain blood vessels, it was possible to detect S100β-ir and vimentin-ir cell processes that cross the basal laminae. This suggested the probable means by which the S100β-ir cells of the extraparenchymal tissues anatomically contact the cells that express the same markers in the brain. Privileged anatomical relationships of the S100β/vimentin network with the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) astrocytes further suggested that, together, they form the structural basis for a general meningeo-glial network. This organization challenges the current model of brain architecture, calls for a reconsideration of the role of meninges and vascular tissues, and appears to reflect the existence of hitherto unsuspected systems of communication. J. Comp. Neurol. 420:445–465, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Research training and academic disciplines at the convergence of nanotechnology and biomedicine in the United States.

What academic disciplines play a major role in the education, training and development of young scientists who are integrating nanotechnology with biomedical research?
The Effectiveness of an Online Curriculum on High School Students' Understanding of Biological Evolution.

An online curriculum about biological evolution was designed to promote increased student content knowledge and evidentiary reasoning. A feasibility study was conducted with 77 rural high school biology students who learned with the online biological evolution unit. Data sources included the Biological Evolution Assessment Measure (BEAM), an analysis of discussion forum posts, and a post-implementation perceptions and attitudes questionnaire. BEAM posttest scores were significantly higher than the pretest scores. However, the findings revealed that the students required additional support to develop evidentiary reasoning. Many students perceived that the Web-based curriculum would have been enhanced by increased immediate interaction and feedback. Students required greater scaffolding to support complex, process-oriented tasks. Implications for designing Web-based science instruction with curriculum materials to support students’ acquisition of content knowledge and science process skills in a Web-based setting are discussed.
Fragrance material review on 1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl acetate.

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of 1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl propionate when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented. 1,1-Dimethyl-2-phenylethyl propionate is a member of the fragrance structural group Aryl Alkyl Alcohol Simple Acid Esters (AAASAE). The AAASAE fragrance ingredients are prepared by reacting an aryl alkyl alcohol with a simple carboxylic acid (a chain of 1-4 carbons) to generate formate, acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate and carbonate esters. This review contains a detailed summary of all available toxicology and dermatology papers that are related to this individual fragrance ingredient and is not intended as a stand-alone document. Available data for 1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl propionate were evaluated, then summarized, and includes: physical properties; acute toxicity; skin irritation; and skin sensitization data. A safety assessment of the entire AAASAE will be published simultaneously with this document. Please refer to Belsito et al. (submitted for publication) for an overall assessment of the safe use of this material and all AAASAE in fragrances.
Proline isomerization in bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A. 1. Unfolding conditions.

The slow fluorescence unfolding phase of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A is studied by stopped-flow kinetics and site-directed mutagenesis of tyrosines to phenylalanine and prolines to alanine. It is shown conclusively that this phase arises from two specific sources: Tyr92 reporting on the cis−trans isomerization of Pro93 and Tyr115 reporting on the cis−trans isomerization of Pro114. Previous studies have conjectured that the slow unfolding phase arises from only one source (Tyr92-Pro93 cis−trans isomerization) based primarily on studies of the homologous protein guinea pig ribonuclease A [Schmid, F. X., Grafl, R., Wrba, A., and Beintema, J. J. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83, 872−876]; it is proposed here that Lys113 in the latter protein interferes with the isomerization of the Lys113-Pro114 peptide group. The site-directed mutations studied here enable the individual isomerizations of Pro93 and Pro114 to be monitored, providing an optical technique by which these well-defined molecular foldi...
Field Evaluation of Doryphorophaga doryphorae (Diptera: Tachinidae), a Parasite, and its Host the Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

The maximum parasitism rate by Doryphorophaga doryphorae (Riley) of the Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), approached 75%. However, this occurred in late August and September, when the CPB larvae had already damaged the crop. The effectiveness of the parasite was limited by its low abundance during the first generation of the CPB. Although 9, 30, and 61% of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th larval instars of CPB, respectively, were parasitized, parasitic maggots did not develop until the fourth-stage CPB larva entered the soil to pupate. Thus, there was a delay of about 7 days in fly emergence from hosts that had been parasitized as 2nd-instar rather than 4th-instar CPB larvae. We estimated that as much as 39% of the emerging fly were delayed over a 7-day period
Mitochondrial Disease: mtDNA and Protein Segregation Mysteries in iPSCs

Mitochondrial diseases cause a range of clinical manifestations even in patients carrying the same mtDNA mutations. New work reveals that a common disease-associated mtDNA mutation is selectively segregated from wild-type mtDNA during the reprogramming of induced pluripotent stem cells and that high levels of this mutation in differentiated neurons upregulate Parkin-mediated mitophagy.
Gadolinium and Oxygen co-doping of Gallium Nitride: an LSDA + U study

Results of first-principles supercell calculations for Gd impurities, with and without O-impurities in the same cell are presented. The possibility of colossal magnetic moments, as reported by Dhar et al., [Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 , 037205 (2005)] is discussed in view of the results. Particular attention is paid to the size of the conduction band spin splitting, induced by Gd. It is argued that O plays a more active role than merely providing the electrons leading to the magnetic moment. Estimates are made of the splitting of the conduction band required to explain the occurrence of colossal magnetic moments.
Feather Eumelanin Distribution Variations in Buff Orpington, New Hampshire and Rhode Island Red Breeds of Fowl

Abstract DUNN (1922, 1923) was the first investigator to recognize that a recessive gene, which he designated as em, was responsible for the Columbian restriction pattern in fowls homozygous for it. This gene restricts black pigment (eumelanin) to the areas of the hackle, primary and secondary flight feathers, primary flight coverts, and the tail feathers. In 1922, Dunn established that em was the recessive allele of Em, the determiner for extension of black pigment to all areas of the plumage. Self-blacks, however, had previously been analyzed by Lippincott (1918) in his studies with the Blue Andalusian, and their phenotype attributed to a dominant gene given the symbol E. Due to this priority, em has been referred to as e in most references since Dunn’s report. The buff-red breeds of fowl all have the black plumage pigment restricted to the above mentioned regions of the body, although there is considerable variation in …
Target-based analysis of ionization states of bioactive compounds

A systematic analysis of ionization states of current bioactive compounds is presented. Ionization states were related to biological activities on the basis of high-confidence activity data. The majority of bioactive compounds were found to be basic or neutral under physiological conditions. In addition, chemical neighborhoods of active compounds frequently contained analogs with different ionization states that were activity-conservative. However, a variety of targets were identified that displayed clear preferences for specific ionization states in compounds active against them. In this context, notable differences in the distribution of ionization states were detected for compounds active against different target superfamilies. Furthermore, under physiological pH, differences in ionization states of active compounds were tolerated by many targets. However, in a number of instances, ionization states of highly and weakly potent compounds active against the same target were found to be distinct, providing guidelines for compound design and optimization.
A New Form of Federal or State-level Cigarette Excise Taxation in the U.S.

This paper provides a template for the taxation of cigarettes that not only will yield a rich source of government revenue but also has the potential to improve public health. The tax formulae provided here expressly tax the nicotine and tar content of any brand of cigarette. This acts to discourage the substitution of higher nicotine brands for lower nicotine brands when higher cigarette taxation is imposed.
Scattering of Light by Individual Particles and the Implications for Models of Planetary Surfaces

Abstract This project examined the role of the single scattering function and placed constraints on which scattering functions are most appropriate for particular applications of Hapke's model (1986, Icarus 67 , 264–280). We demonstrate that for disk-integrated observations with less than 130° solar phase angle coverage, the two parameter double Henyey–Greenstein function is the better choice for single scattering function than other empirical functions presented in this paper. We show similar findings for modeling disk-resolved photometric observations. In order to deduce information on the structural characteristics of regolith particles information is needed in the forward scattered direction (α ≥ 120°). The higher the phase angle coverage, the better constrained are the inferred particle structural properties. Values of the other Hapke parameters (outside of the opposition parameters) are highly affected by the choice of single particle scattering function. For the comprehensive range of particle types in McGuire and Hapke's (1995, Icarus, 113 , 134–155) data, the correlation between single scattering albedo and the single scattering parameters is not simple, and only general predictions of the value of one based on the others can be made. Using Mishchenko's (1994, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Trans. 52 , 95–110) structure factor we calculate a correction factor to the scattering function due to dense packing, as would be seen in planetary regoliths.
When winning a Nobel Prize seems to run in the family.

In his Correspondence 'You're the best man for this job, son. What a coincidence!', Albert Ruggi's suspicions about the process by which the offspring of professors are deemed to be the best candidates for new positions may well be justified (Nature 456, 870; 2008). On the other hand, a few rare families just do produce generations of eminent scientists. For example, there are at least seven parent–child pairs of Nobel laureates. Four of these were in physics: the Thomsons (J. J. in 1906 and George in 1937), Braggs (William and Lawrence together in 1915), Bohrs (Niels in 1922 and his son Aage in 1975) and Siegbahns (Manne in 1924 and his son Kai in 1981). Marie Curie and her daughter Irene Joliot-Curie both won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1911 and 1935), after Marie and her husband, Pierre, had won the physics Nobel in 1903. The Kornbergs branched out more (Arthur, physiology or medicine, 1959; Roger, chemistry, 2006), as did Hans von Euler-Chelpin (chemistry, 1929) and his son Ulf von Euler (physiology or medicine, 1970).
Neurological Impress Method PLUS

The purpose of these two studies was to redirect interest to the Neurological Impress Method, a multisensory approach to reading instruction that occurs between a teacher and a student, which has been largely forgotten in mainstream and special education circles over the past decades. In addition to its emphasis on oral reading, we included a comprehension component that we call the plus (+) to NIM Plus. In our first study, third through sixth-grade below-level readers in a San Diego county school participated in NIM tutoring. On each of the three measures—oral reading fluency, silent reading fluency, and comprehension—students performed statistically better after the five-week (3.3 hours) NIM training than they had at the beginning of the training. In oral reading fluency, the students' scores significantly increased from an average of 96.7 words correct per minute to 112 words correct per minute (p < .0001). In silent reading fluency measure, students' scores increased from an average of 132 words per m...
Commentary on the Use of Immortalized Neuroendocrine Cell Lines for Physiological Research

A great deal of work has been done recently using the GTI_ 7 immortalized cells (1) as a model of a "highly differentiated" GnRH neuron (reviewed in refs. 2-5). GT 1 cells, maintained in cell culture, exhibit several morphological (1,6), biochemical (1, 7), and physiological (1,3) functions characteristic of adult, differentiated GnRH neurons. In addition, though never demonstrated for GnRH neurons in situ, G T 1 cells in culture exhibit intrinsic, pulsatile secretory activity (8-10). They have been found to "differentiate" in situ and restore reproductive function in adult hpg mice following their direct introduction into the brain (11). Whereas several advantages of using GTt cells to model the GnRH neuron have been enumerated (2-4), potential disadvantages have received less attention. The in vitro study of such transformed cell lines has several limitations. The extent to which observed electrophysiological, receptor, second messenger, gene expression, and secretory properties ofGT i cells are subsequently found accurately to characterize in situ GnRH neurons in adult brain is unknown. Potential limitations include the following problems, several of which are common to the study of all cell lines. First, it is unclear whether the level of differentiation of postmitotic, immortalized cells can be maintained over cell generations. For instance, increased expression ofT-antigen in transformed pituitary lactotroph cell lines is correlated with progressive loss of the lactotroph phenotype (12). If this occurs with increasing numbers of cell passages, to what extent is the fully differentiated phenotype compromised by the lesser concentrations of T-antigen found in GT 1 founder cells? Second, significant effects ofT-antigen expression in these cells on normal physiological cell functions may exist, but are unrecognized. Third, when stereotaxically placed in the hypothalamus of hpg mice, axons
Reconstruction Strategies for Modulated Polarimeters

Modulated polarimeters measure the polarimetric information in an optical field by modulating the intensity in a polarization-dependent way. This modulation creates side bands in Fourier transform space that carry the desired information.
Exploring Variations in People’s Sources, Uses, and Perceptions of Weather Forecasts

AbstractPast research has shown that individuals vary in their attitudes and behaviors regarding weather forecast information. To deepen knowledge about these variations, this article explores 1) patterns in people’s sources, uses, and perceptions of everyday weather forecasts; and 2) relationships among people’s sources, uses, and perceptions of forecasts, their personal characteristics, and their experiences with weather and weather forecasts. It does so by performing factor and regression analysis on data from a nationwide survey of the U.S. public, combined with other data. Forecast uses factored into planning for leisure activities and for work/school-related activities, while knowing what the weather will be like and planning how to dress remained separate. Forecast parameters factored into importance of precipitation parameters and of temperature-related parameters, suggesting that these represent conceptually different constructs. Regression analysis showed that the primary drivers for how often p...
Multiplicities of Dupin hypersurfaces

All known examples of isoparametric hypersurfaces of spheres are of the following two types:¶(1) The homogeneous examples, which are principal orbits of isotropy representations of symmetric spaces of rank 2.¶(2) The Clifford examples of Ferus–Karcher–Munzner, which are constructed from modules over Clifford algebras.¶Our main result, which extends work of Munzner, Thorbergsson and Grove–Halperin, is that any isoparametric hypersurface has the same number of principal curvatures and the same multiplicities as some hypersurface of type (1) or (2). More generally, this holds for any Dupin hypersurface. The proof is homotopy theoretic; the main tools are the Hopf invariant and the EHP–sequence.
Effect of value-added utilities in promoting prescription refill compliance among patients with hypertension

Abstract An estimated 30% to 50% of hypertensive patients withdraw from their prescribed regimen within 1 year of diagnosis, and of the remainder, nearly 33% take doses of medication insufficient to adequately reduce blood pressure. A randomized trial was undertaken to determine the effect of pharmacy-based value-added utilities on the prescription refill behavior of patients taking antihypertensive therapy. Prescription refill compliance was monitored for 1 year in 128 Medicaid beneficiaries from South Carolina who were previously untreated for mild to moderate hypertension and were prescribed 240 mg once daily of the calcium channel antagonist verapamil. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of four experimental groups. The control group received standard pharmaceutical care with each dispensing of antihypertensive therapy; the second group received standard pharmaceutical care and was mailed a medication refill reminder 10 days before each sequential refill date; the third group received standard pharmaceutical care and was provided unit-of-use packaging with each prescription refill request; and the fourth group received standard pharmaceutical care, a mailed medication refill reminder, and unit-of-use packaging. Analysis of variance revealed that patients receiving mailed prescription refill reminders, unit-of-use packaging, or a combination of both, achieved a significant increase ( P ⩽ 0.05) in the mean number of days-supply of therapy obtained compared with the controls. Use of both interventions significantly improved ( P ⩽ 0.05) the mean number of days-supply of therapy obtained compared with all other groups; no significant difference was observed between groups receiving either mailed prescription refill reminders or unit-of-use packaging. These results argue for an increased use of pharmacy-based value-added utilities under both public and private health insurance programs.
Toward an abstract theory of data compression

Abstract This paper extends the usual notion of abstract program size complexity, studied by Kolmogorov, Chaitin and others, to a theory that can better model the concept of a ‘practical’ compression method. The contraction of a string is defined, as in standard program size complexity, to be the shortest program which produces that string. However, this is in general an undecidable problem. Here, a model for an abstract compression ‘scheme’ is proposed. An abstract compression scheme not only allows the programming language and cost function to be specified, but also a restricted domain of programs that may be used as compressed forms. Limitations and inherent trade-offs are discussed and a class of ‘good’ schemes is considered.