cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PROACTION IN THE RECOVERY FROM PRACTICE UNDER VISUAL DISPLACEMENT

Summary.-Two experiments to test a proaction theory of recovery from visual displacement learning without apparent re-afference are presented. In Exp. I, the recovery of Ss following 2 successive displacements was compared with that of Ss following 1 displacement. The recoveries differed significantly in over-all extent but did not differ significantly in trend. In Exp. 11, the recoveries of Ss following 2 successive displacements, in which the first would, by the proaction hypothesis, lead to different recoveries, were significantly different both in over-all extent and in trend. It is concluded that the recovery from practice under visual displacement is largely a proaction effect. Hamilton and Bossom (1964) showed that the error induced by practice under prismatic visual displacement tended to diminish over time without apparent f~lrther practice and offer ". . . a superiority, due to greater practice, of the old coordination over the newly established ones" (p. 149) as one of three possible explanations. Day and Singer (1967) reported a similar effect following practice under optical rotation and provided essentially this explanation. In these explanations, well practiced associations (those of normal viewing) are seen as giving way to new ones under the novel viewing circumstances. In the time following the praccice of the second associations, however, the original ones recover and even predominate. A similar process, termed groaction, is to be seen in verbal learning and forgetting. Underwood (1945) had Ss practice paired associate lists A-B, A-C and noted an increase in the proportion of first list responses (A-B) in the time following practice, from which "it is inferred that some process which runs counter to the normal forgetting process is operating in the case of the first learned response" (p. 437). Underwood also noted an increase in intrusions and suggested that these result from associations "which would have been evoked by the stim~ili prior to the learning of the two lists. . . . These pre-formed associations may then recover with the passage of time" (p. 437-438). Both the recovery of the first lisc and that of the pre-experimental associations may then be considered an expression of the same process, i.e., the recovery of responses learned prior to the study. This explanation of the weakening of A-C gains its force from the demonstrated recovery of first list responses; in the absence of A-B recovery, the forgetting of A-C would be, renably, either a decay process or retroactive inhibition. In a proaction explanation of the recovery from visual displacement, the decrease in placement or pointing errors corresponds to the eventual forgetting of A-C in Underwood's experiment, i.e., the recovery of pre-experimental asso
Is microvascular protection by cariporide and ischemic preconditioning causally linked to myocardial salvage

Two independent cardioprotective interventions, Na+/H+ exchange inhibition and ischemic preconditioning (PC), were investigated with respect to differential effects on microvascular and myocardial ...
New screening techniques show potential for early detection of lung cancer.

ATLANTA—Becauseabout90%ofall lung cancer cases are caused by smoking but only 10% to 15% of heavy smokers will develop the disease, researchers are developing new and sensitive detection techniques to better identify those individuals at highest risk. The tests may also help spot nonsmokers who are at risk due to other factors, such as heredity. Researchers presenting findings on some of these efforts at the American Association for Cancer Research’s second International Conference on Molecular Diagnostics in Cancer Therapeutic Development stressed that new tests are needed because current screening technologies such as high-resolution coaxial tomography often detect lung cancerat later stages.Approximately213 000 people in the United States are expected to be diagnosed with the disease this year, and more than 160 000 deaths are anticipated.
Sputtering yield of chromium by argon and xenon ions with energies from 50 to 500 eV

A radioactive tracer technique is described for the quantitative measurement of the sputtering yield of a target material electroplated on a copper substrate. Sputtering yields of chromium by argon and xenon ions with energies from 50 to 500 eV are reported. The ion beams, having a current density ranging from 0.01 to 0.1 mA/cm2 at an operating pressure of 2×10−5 Torr, were produced by a low-energy ion gun. The sputtered atoms were collected on an aluminum foil surrounding the target. 51Cr was used as the tracer isotope. The results indicate that the radioactive tracer technique is sensitive enough in measuring the extremely small amount of sputtered material at low ion currents and low ion energies.
The Republican War on Science

A stinging indictment of how one party has placed politics over science and embraced politically motivated pseudoscience in its place Science has never been more crucial to deciding the political issues facing America. Yet science and scientists have less influence with the federal government than at any time since the Eisenhower administration. In the White House and Congress today, findings are reported in a politicized manner; spun or distorted to fit the speaker's agenda; or, when they're too inconvenient, ignored entirely. On a broad array of issues - stem cell research, climate change, missile defense, abstinence education, product safety, environmental regulation, and many others - the Bush administration's positions fly in the face of overwhelming scientific consensus. Federal science agencies, once fiercely independent under both Republican and Democratic presidents, are increasingly staffed by political appointees and fringe theorists who know industry lobbyists and evangelical activists far better than they know the science. This is not unique to the Bush administration, but it is largely a Republican phenomenon, born of a conservative dislike of environmental, health, and safety regulation, and at the extremes, of evolution and legalized abortion. In The Republican War on Science, Chris Mooney ties together the disparate strands of the attack on science into a compelling and frightening account of the US government's increasing unwillingness to distinguish between legitimate research and ideologically driven pseudoscience.
Unstable predator–prey dynamics permits the coexistence of generalist and specialist predators, and the maintenance of partial preferences

Saturating functional responses are a unifying principle in ecology, influencing processes at organizational levels from dietary specialization in individuals, to population instability, to community-level indirect interactions among alternative prey. These effects are interrelated. We explore a predator–prey model and demonstrate that unstable dynamics promote coexistence of specialist and generalist predators, when the specialist attacks only high-quality prey, and the generalist attacks high- and low-quality prey (that alone cannot maintain the predator). Coexisting specialist and generalist predators are vulnerable to invasion and replacement by predators with fixed partial preferences. The evolutionarily stable partial preference increases with increasing dynamic instability, but typically declines with increasing abundance of the low-quality prey. Coexisting specialist and generalist consumers, or partial preferences, typically reduce the potential for poor-quality prey to indirectly benefit high-qu...
Molecular beam epitaxial growth of Si 1-x Ge x /Si pseudomorphic layers using disilane and germanium

Molecular beam epitaxial growth of pseudomorphic Si1−xGex/Si layers using disilane (Si2H6) and elemental germanium has been studied for the first time. It is found that at a fixed flow rate of Si2H6, the germanium content in the Si1−xGex alloys is a function of the germanium cell temperature. Heterostructures and multi-quantum wells with good surface morphology, excellent crystalline quality, and abrupt interfaces are demonstrated, indicating little or no sourcerelated transient effects.
Long-term patterns of depression and associations with health and function in a panel study of rheumatoid arthritis

Long-term patterns of depression, and associations with health and function were examined among 1115 individuals with rheumatoid arthritis, using 18 years of panel data, summarized in 9653 interviews. Depression was defined by scores on the Geriatric Depression Scale (6 or above). Participants were classified, using cluster analysis, into three distinct patterns of depression over repeated assessments: nondepressed (65.8%), intermittent (25.2%), and chronic (9.0%). GEE analyses assessed outcomes over time as a function of patterns of depression; controlling for demographic and clinical factors. Results indicated that patterns of depression had significant adverse effects on health and function over time.
Violent video games and forgiveness

The effect of playing a violent video game on forgiveness was investigated. A transgression context was created in an experimental setting and video game violence was manipulated in two levels (violence or no violence). Subsequent measures of empathy, hostility, and forgiveness were made. No evidence was found of an effect of video game violence on forgiveness or hostility. Empathy was not affected by video game violence. No evidence of a correlation between empathy and forgiveness, or hostility and forgiveness was found. The findings are incongruent with forgiveness theory that posits that empathy predicts forgiveness, and inconclusive as to whether violent video game playing causes a decrease in forgiveness or an increase in hostility. Suggestions for future research are discussed. v
A note on pH gradient plates for fungal growth studies

A pH gradient agar plate with surface pH ranging from about 3.2 to 7.1 was easily prepared. The gradient was sufficiently stable to permit different growth characteristics among various fungal species at different pH values to be distinguished. The pH effects on growth rate, conidiogenesis, pigment and toxin formation were consistent with the results obtained by other workers who used more laborious methods.
Precision acromioplasty in arthroscopic subacromial decompression of the shoulder

Arthroscopic techniques for subacromial decompression have been criticized for lack of precision in resecting the anterior acromial undersurface and evaluating the amount of bone resected. The goal of subacromial decompression is production of a flat undersurface for the acromion and acromioclavicular joint, thus enlarging the supraspinatus outlet and deterring impingement. Achieving this goal using the arthroscope requires preoperative evaluation of the acromial morphology, planning of the dimensions of bony resection, a reproducible acromioplasty method with intraoperative evaluation of the adequacy of resection, and postoperative confirmation of the resulting acromial shape. A precise technique for arthroscopic acromioplasty has been developed in the course of performing over 200 shoulder arthroscopies. This method adheres to conventional open surgical goals for bony resection and allows for reliable intraoperative evaluation of the result. Using this technique, over 90% good and excellent results may be achieved in treatment of stage II subacromial impingement syndrome.
Concurrent analysis of large structures—II. applications

Abstract In an accompanying paper, we presented algorithms and procedures for concurrent analysis of framed structures on shared memory multiprocessor computers. Implementation of the algorithms and applications are presented in this paper. The efficiency and versatility of the algorithms are assessed by presenting four examples. Speed-ups and workload balance issues at various steps of structural analysis are considered and discussed. The efficiency of the parallel processing algorithms increases with the size of the structure, thus making them particularly suitable for analysis of large structures such as space stations.
Aggregate Effect on Asphalt Mixture Properties by Modeling Particle-to-Particle Interaction

A number of researchers have studied aggregate characteristics including elongation, flatness, and other shapes that are believed to affect asphalt mixture properties such as internal resistance, rutting resistance, tensile strength, and complex modulus etc. However, the aggregate modulus also affects the asphalt mixture modulus significantly, which has not been taken into consideration. In this paper, the effect of aggregate particle-to-particle interaction was studied through numerical modeling using the discrete element modeling (DEM) approach. The individual material phases (e.g., aggregates and mastic) were modeled with clusters of discrete elements based upon laboratory testing of the individual phases. For a given set of material parameters for each phase, the degree of particle-to-particle contact in an asphalt mixture was found to have a profound influence on overall mixture modulus. A parametric investigation of aggregate modulus revealed that the contribution of aggregate modulus to overall mixture modulus was very significant. Pending further experimental verification on asphalt mixtures, this finding may shed new light on the importance of aggregate stiffness on overall mixture properties.
CHEMICAL RESUSCITATION (CR) IN THE DELIVERY ROOM AND THE RISK FOR INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGE (ICH). 1567

CHEMICAL RESUSCITATION (CR) IN THE DELIVERY ROOM AND THE RISK FOR INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGE (ICH). 1567
CLUE-TIPS, clustering methods for pattern analysis of LC-MS data.

Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC−MS) based proteomics is an important tool in detecting changes in peptide/protein abundances in samples potentially leading to the discovery of disease biomarker candidates. We present CLUE-TIPS (Clustering Using Euclidean distance in Tanimoto Inter-Point Space), an approach that compares complex proteomic samples for similarity/dissimilarity analysis. In CLUE-TIPS, an intersample distance feature map is generated from filtered, aligned and binarized raw LC−MS data by applying the Tanimoto distance metric to obtain normalized similarity scores between all sample pairs for each m/z value. We developed clustering and visualization methods for the intersample distance map to analyze various samples for differences at the sample level as well as the individual m/z level. An approach to query for specific m/z values that are associated with similarity/dissimilarity patterns in a set of samples was also briefly described. CLUE-TIPS can also be used as a tool in assess...
Technical Analysis of Scores on the Self-Efficacy Self-Report Scale:

The purpose of this study was to provide preliminary analysis of reliability and validity of scores on the Self-Efficacy Self- Report Scale, which was designed to assess general self-efficacy in students aged 10 to 17 years. Confirmatory factor analysis on cross-validated samples was conducted revealing a marginal fit of the data to the 19-item unidimensional scale. Studies of internal consistency and test-retest reliability revealed adequate levels of total scale consistency. Criterion-related validity estimates were moderate to strong. Norms and a test protocol are provided to encourage free use of the scale for student assessment and research purposes.
Representation of generally mixed multivariate aerosols by the quadrature method of moments: I. Statistical foundation

Abstract The quadrature method of moments (QMOM), a promising new tool for aerosol dynamics simulation is extended to generally mixed multicomponent particle populations. This paper develops the mathematical and statistical foundation for a fully multivariate extension of the QMOM using principal components analysis (PCA). In essence, the full particle distribution function is systematically replaced by a set of lower-order mixed moments and corresponding multivariate quadrature points optimally assigned through PCA and back projection. The resulting PCA–QMOM is illustrated for a multivariate normal particle population in order to compare quadrature point assignments with analytic results, but the method is applicable to arbitrary distributions. Physical and optical properties can be reliably estimated by summation over the PCA-assigned quadrature points. Application of the PCA–QMOM to the dynamics of generally mixed particle populations evolving under condensation, coagulation, and sintering is described in the following paper (Part II).
Location of a facility minimizing nuisance to or from a planar network

In this paper we investigate the location of a facility anywhere inside a planar network. Two equivalent problems are analyzed. In one problem it is assumed that the links of the network create a nuisance or hazard and the objective is to locate a facility where the total nuisance is minimized. An equivalent problem is locating an obnoxious facility where the total nuisance generated by the facility and inflicted on the links of the network is minimized. Exact and approximate solution methods for its solution are proposed and tested on a set of planar networks with up to 40,000 links yielding good results.
An East Coast Winter Storm Climatology

A climatology of East Coast winter storms (ECWS) was developed using an automated procedure. This routine was used along with the NCEP‐NCAR reanalysis dataset (1948, 1951‐97) to identify storms over the October‐ April winter season. An array of statistical analyses was used to empirically analyze the interannual variability of these cyclones. To be classified as an ECWS, an area of low pressure was required to have a closed circulation, be located along the east coast of the United States (within the quadrilateral bounded at 45 8 Nb y 658 and 708W and at 308 Nb y 758 and 858W), show general movement from the south-southwest to the north-northeast, and contain winds greater than 10.3 m s21 (20 kt) for at least one time period (6 h). Storms meeting the above criteria were also required to have a closed circulation and be located within the quadrilateral during one additional 6-h period (not necessarily consecutive with the first). On average, 12 ECWS occurred per season with a maximum in January. Significant trends in storm frequency over the 46-yr period beginning in 1951 are not evident. However, a marginally significant (a 5 0.10) increase in average storm minimum pressure is noted. Spectral analysis of the ECWS time series shows significant cycles with periods of 2.3, 2.8, 3.4, 4.8, and 10.2 yr, which are in agreement with documented periodicities in joint Atlantic SST and sea level pressure data. Average monthly ECWS frequency anomalies are significantly higher ) ,
Faith, Healing and "Ecstasy Deprivation": Secular Society in a New Age of Anxiety

At a time when there is a health care crisis in the United States, there is widespread appeal to religious healing of various types. Adequate research in this area is limited.Terms such as "ecstasy" are used inconsistently, limiting the usefulness of the term, producing confusion rather than understanding. A cross-cultural comparative perspective is offered.
Late for School Stories of Transformation in an Adult Education Program

Graduates of Lesley University’s Learning Community Bachelor’s program were interviewed 2 to 5 years following the completion of their degrees. The sample included 3 men and 12 women, with 1 African American, 1 Cuban American, and 3 Saudi national participating. Data gathered from student papers and participant observations together with the students’ narratives highlighted the following themes: the effect of an interrupted life narrative, a disorienting residency experience, the importance of peer support, the power of individually designed studies and writing, the impact on family and personal relationships, a growing concern for social change, increased global understanding, openness to art and creativity, and an interest in lifelong learning. This study’s focus on the residential experiences of adult learners adds participant voices to the knowledge base of transformative learning.
Prolonged suppression of infection in total hip arthroplasty

Nineteen periprosthetic infections after total hip arthroplasty were treated with prolonged suppressive antibiotics without removing the components. In 11, antibiotic therapy was monitored with serum bactericidal titers. Eleven had incision and drainage. Indications included patients' refusal of removal or medical contraindications to surgery. Requirements included well-fixed components, highly sensitive organisms, and no systemic sepsis. The follow-up period averaged 4.1 years after treatment. Nine hips showed no deterioration. Seven prostheses failed, five with progressive hip sepsis. Three patients had increasing symptoms without prosthesis removal. Although two-stage reimplantation is preferred, suppressive antibiotics and prosthesis retention can succeed in some patients and may be considered in old, frail patients with an early infection caused by bacteria responsive to oral antibiotic therapy. Suppressive therapy may also be considered for an otherwise compliant patient who refuses removal of an infected prosthesis. The organism must be sensitive to oral antibiotics, and the patient must be tolerant of the antibiotics.
Kinetic-mechanistic studies of lipase-polymer micelle binding and catalytic degradation: Enzyme interfacial activation

Abstract Relatively small and uniformly sized block copolymer micelles from low polydispersity poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) block poly (e-caprolactone) (PCL) (PEG 45 - b -PCL 60 ) give 1 H NMR spectra useful for direct micelle characterization and kinetic-mechanistic studies. P. cepacia lipase catalyzed PEG 45 - b -PCL 60 micelle degradations were followed by 1 H NMR and GPC to obtain simultaneous evaluation of the micelle composition, degradation kinetics and appearance of the water soluble hydrolysis products. Analysis and simulation of the concentration versus time profiles for P. cepacia lipase catalyzed PEG 45 - b -PCL 60 micelle degradation show that the process conforms to a Michaelis–Menten mechanism (E + M⇌EM → P + E) with enzyme-micelle complex product inhibition (EM + P⇌EMP). Formation and tight binding of the lipase enzyme-micelle complex, activation of lipase catalysis and sequential micelle degradation are characteristics of PEG 45 - b -PCL 60 micelle degradation which parallel features of enzyme interfacial activation associated with lipase catalyzed hydrolysis of lipids in membranes.
Achieving equal image quality at lower bit rates using evolved image reconstruction transforms

Several recent NASA missions have used the state-of-the-art wavelet-based ICER Progressive Image Compressor for lossy image compression. In this paper, we describe a methodology for using evolutionary computation to optimize wavelet and scaling numbers describing reconstruction-only multiresolution analysis (MRA) transforms that are capable of accepting as input test images compressed by ICER software at a reduced bit rate (e.g., 0.99 bits per pixel [bpp]), and producing as output images whose average quality, in terms of mean squared error (MSE), equals that of images produced by ICER’s reconstruction transform when applied to the same test images compressed at a higher bit rate (e.g., 1.00 bpp). This improvement can be attained without modification to ICER’s compression, quantization, encoding, decoding, or dequantization algorithms, and with very small modifications to existing ICER reconstruction filter code. As a result, future NASA missions will be able to transmit greater amounts of information (i.e., a greater number of images) over channels with equal bandwidth, thus achieving a no-cost improvement in the science value of those missions.
Memory effect of DL-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine (DOPS) in human Korsakoff's disease.

A group of amnesic patients with Korsakoff's disease were treated with a single 1 g dose of dl-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine (DOPS) and placebo (lactose) in a double-blind crossover study. Three hours following administration, patients were given a battery of psychometric tests to determine the effects of the treatment on memory functions. Administration of DOPS had a significant effect on performance on the Memory Passages test but not on any of the other measures of memory. The effect of DOPS on Memory Passages is similar to the response observed following administration of clonidine in Korsakoff patients. Blood pressure and pulse, measured before and every 2 h after treatment, were unaffected by DOPS.
Use of diffusion barriers in the preparation of supported zeolite ZSM-5 membranes

Zeolite ZSM-5 membranes were prepared by in situ crystallization on porous α-Al_2O_3 disks that contained a diffusion barrier to limit excessive penetration of siliceous species into the alumina pores. The barrier was introduced into the alumina pores by impregnating the porous disk with a 1:1 molar mixture of furfuryl alcohol (FA) and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS), polymerizing the mixture retained in the disk, and carbonizing the resulting polymer at 600°C in N_2. Following carbonization, a partial carbon burn-off was carried out by catalyzed oxidation in 2% O_2N_2 at 600°C to generate a carbon-free region near the surface of the support. After zeolite crystallization, the remaining carbon and the organic structure directing agent were removed by calcination in air, at 500°C. It was found that pure carbon does not support zeolite growth while the solid obtained from a mixture of FA and TEOS does, due to the presence of dispersed silica. Membranes synthesized using barriers have n-butane flux and n-butane/isobutane selectivity 2.7 × 10^(−3) mol m^(−2) s^(−1) and 45, respectively, at 185°C, which are, respectively, ca. 1.6 and 4 times as large as those of membranes prepared without the use of barriers. Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that the internal layer of the barrier-pretreated membrane has smaller thickness and higher crystallinity accounting for the increased flux and selectivity.
Micromodel investigation of transport effect on the kinetics of reductive dissolution of hematite.

Reductive dissolution of hematite in porous media was investigated using a micromodel (8.1 × 4.5 × 0.028 mm) with realistic pore network structures that include distinctive advection domain, macropores and micropores created in silicon substrate. The micromodel pore surface was sputter deposited with a thin layer (230 nm) of hematite. The hematite in the micromodel was reduced by injecting pH-varying solutions (pH 5.0, 6.0, 7.0) containing a reduced form of flavin mononucleotide (FMNH2, 100 μM), a biogenic soluble electron transfer mediator produced by Shewanella species. The reduction kinetics was determined by measuring effluent Fe(II) (aq) concentration and by spectroscopically monitoring the hematite dissolution front in the micromodel. Batch experiment was also performed to estimate the hematite reduction rate under the well-mixed condition. Results showed significant spatial variation in local redox reaction rate that was controlled by the coupled transport and reaction. The overall rate of the redo...
Behavioral and Cognitive Effects of Books in the Home and Reading to Preschoolers † 66

Background: Teachers report that 1 in 3 American kindergartners arrives in school unprepared to learn, with their biggest problem stemming from inadequate language stimulation.
'Incredulity Toward Metanarratives' and Normative Suicide: A Critique of Postmodernist Drift in Critical Sport Theory

I argue here against the increasing preoccupation with postmodern motifs evident in contemporary critical treatments of sport. My main gripe with the incorporation of these postmodern themes into critical analyses of sport has to do with their signature attempt to displace normative evaluation and argumentation in favor of the partisan championing of the beliefs of select "marginalized" social groups. I argue that it is this hostility to reason- giving and rational accountability that gets postmodern theorists of sport into trouble, and that jeopardizes the social criticism of sport.
The associations between early alcohol use and suicide attempts among adolescents with a history of major depression.

Abstract Objective Previous studies have identified significant associations between alcohol initiation before the age of 13 years and risk for suicide attempts. However, these associations have not been extensively tested using data obtained from populations with clinically significant psychopathology. The current study seeks to extend knowledge of the associations between early alcohol initiation and risk for suicide by identifying the associations between age of first alcohol use and suicide attempts among a sample of youth age 13 to 15 years with a history of major depression. Methodology Data were obtained from the National Study of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), a household-based survey of U.S. adolescents and adults age 12 years and older. Results Results from these analyses confirm previous reports of significant associations between age of first alcohol use and suicide attempts and extend previous understanding of risk by using data obtained from a household-based survey and from adolescents with clinically relevant psychopathology. Conclusions These findings provide further support for the implementation, enforcement, and continued support of both targeted and universal prevention strategies designed to reduce underage drinking.
On the analogy of B-BO and B-Au chemical bonding in B11O- and B10Au- clusters.

During photoelectron spectroscopy experiments, the spectra of B11O− and B10Au− clusters are found to exhibit similar patterns except for a systematic spectral shift of ∼0.5 eV, hinting that they po...
Pharmacogenomics of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Importance of the field: Pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) represents one of the best examples of progress in disease treatment and improved outcome based in part upon the incorporation of the principles of pharmacogenomics. Throughout the past several decades, clinical scientists have continued to refine risk stratification in clinical trials with the understanding that individual patients have different subtypes of pediatric ALL that will respond to therapy in different, but predictable ways.Areas covered in this review: Discussed in this review are the most significant findings from pharmacogenomic studies of pediatric ALL from 1989 to the present. Pharmacogenomic studies related to the drugs commonly used to treat pediatric ALL are covered in detail, including an emphasis on both genome-wide and candidate gene/pathway approaches.What the reader will gain: Readers of this paper will acquire a detailed understanding of how pharmacogenomic studies can be integrated into clinical trials, in add...
A Three-year Follow-up Study of Abused and Neglected Children

From 1963 to 1965, 26 children from 24 families were identified as victims of physical abuse or gross neglect. 25 of these children (23 families) were located 2 to 4 5/12 years (median = 2 11/12) following the incident of abuse. For 21 children, a parental interview was conducted and the child's physical and behavioral status was assessed. In all cases, information regarding each child was obtained from local hospitals and emergency departments, physicians, protective and other community agencies, and when appropriate, from schools. ⅓ of the children again had been subjected to abuse or gross neglect, even though 5 children had not been returned home following initial hospitalization. 70% of the children were judged to be developmentally retarded, though often mental retardation or hyperactivity was thought to have preceded the abuse. One or both parents in 18 families exhibited emotional disturbance and/or mental retardation. These and other factors result in a situation in which a child may be identified as being vulnerable to further abuse, and placement outside the home must be considered. Of the methods of intervention examined, the approach of the public health nurse was judged to be most successful.
The gene for the iron sulfur protein of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH-IP) maps to human chromosome 1p35-36.1

A partial human cDNA clone for the iron-protein (IP) subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.1) was used in Southern analyses of restriction enzyme digests of genomic human and hamster DNA as well as hamster-human hybrids containing a limited number of human chromosomes. The gene for this protein was mapped to human chromosome 1. Digestion of genomic DNA with several restriction enzymes yielded two fragments detectable on a Southern blot, in contrast to the expectations based on the sequence of the cDNA clone. A preliminary analysis of a genomic clone with most of the IP gene has indicated the presence of several introns containing restriction sites detected by the Southern analysis. This genomic clone was also used for subregional mapping by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to human metaphase chromosomes. A single locus in the region 1p35-36.1 was identified.
Desmin-related cardiomyopathy in transgenic mice: a cardiac amyloidosis.

An R120G missense mutation in the small heat shock protein α-B-crystallin (CryABR120G) causes desmin-related cardiomyopathy (DRM). DRM is characterized by the formation of aggregates containing CryAB and desmin, and it can be recapitulated in transgenic mice by cardiac-specific expression of the mutant protein. In this article, we show that expression of CryABR120G leads to the formation of electron-dense bodies characteristic of the DRMs and identify these bodies as aggresomes, which are characteristic of the neurodegenerative diseases. Cardiomyocytes transfected with adenovirus containing CryABR120G establish the necessity and sufficiency of CryABR120G expression for aggresome formation. The commonality of these aggresomes with oligomeric protein aggregates found in the amyloid-related degenerative diseases was corroborated by the presence of high levels of amyloid oligomers that may represent a primary toxic species in the amyloid diseases. These oligomeric amyloid intermediates are present also in cardiomyocytes derived from many human dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathies.
Monitoring futility in a two-by-two factorial design: The SPS3 experience

Background For studies with two-by-two factorial designs, the complexity of determining an appropriate futility analysis plan is increased as compared to studies where patients are randomized to one treatment. Issues that must be addressed include the possibility of a significant interaction and the need to determine how to proceed given evidence of futility in one arm. Suggested approaches include a two-stage plan, which first assesses futility of the interaction term and proceeds to examine the main effects, given sufficient evidence that no interaction is present, and variations on one-stage plans, which assume the trial will not be stopped for futility in the interaction.
Detecting Frauds in Restaurant Reviews

Online reviews greatly impact consumers' purchasing decisions. A slight difference in a business' rating on a review website can significantly change the company's bottom line in some cases. By the same token, review websites are often targeted by spammers with fraudulent reviews, either to exaggerate the positive features of a business itself or to defame a competitor with negative ratings/comments. Many consumers' online reviews contain such information as rating value, customer name, and descriptions about a product or service. This paper discusses methods that help web administrators and/or business managers identify the legitimate versus illegitimate customers, use auto regression moving average (ARMA) to predict ratings, and more importantly, detect fraudulent reviews by comparing the differences among customer class, predicted rating, and the actual rating by the customer. In the end, this paper reports an experiment using online restaurant reviews to test the proposed algorithms. The results suggest that our method can yield high accuracy in detecting fraudulent restaurant reviews.
Biodegradation pathway of an anionic surfactant (Igepon TC-42) during recycling waste water through plant hydroponics for advanced life support during long-duration space missions

The degradation of an anionic surfactant (Igepon TC-42) was investigated as part of an integrated study of direct recycling of human hygiene water through hydroponic plant growth systems. Several chemical approaches were developed to characterize the degradation of Igepon and to measure the accumulation of intermediates such as fatty acids and methyl taurine. Igepon was rapidly degraded as indicated by the reduction of methylene blue active substances (MBAS) and component fatty acids. The Igepon degradation rate continued to increase over a period of several weeks following repeated daily exposure to 18 micrograms/l Igepon. The accumulation of free fatty acids and methyl taurine was also observed during decomposition of Igepon. The concentration of methyl taurine was below detection limit (0.2 nmol/ml) during the slow phase of Igepon degradation, and increased to 1-2 nmol/ml during the phase of rapid degradation. These findings support a degradation pathway involving initial hydrolysis of amide to release fatty acids and methyl taurine, and subsequent degradation of these intermediates. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of COSPAR.
The negative-U Hubbard model with long-range Coulomb interaction: metal–insulator transition far from half-filling

It is shown that a metal-insulator transition can occur far from half-filling in the negative-U Hubbard model in the presence of long-range repulsive interactions. Specifically, we consider the bcc lattice at an electron concentration of 2/3 and show that a CDW insulating state exists which is energetically favoured over the relevant metallic states. The repulsive interaction plays the same role as it does in stabilizing a Wigner crystal. Despite the absence of Fermi surface nesting, the CDW insulator appears at rather small values of the interaction, preceded by a CDW semimetal at even smaller values. This places severe restrictions on the region of the parameter space where superconductivity may exist. We believe that the model will show similar behaviour for other electron densities and other lattices.
Down and Out in North America: Recent Trends in Poverty Rates in the United States and Canada

This paper examines why Canadian poverty rates fell relative to U. S. poverty rates during the periods 1970–1979 and 1979–1986. During the 1970s the principal reason for declining Canadian poverty rates is higher economic growth. During the 1980s, however, differences in government transfer policy are the main cause of relative poverty change in the two countries. Virtually all of the 3.3 point fall in relative Canadian/U.S. poverty rates from 1979 to 1986 can be attributed to expansions in the Canadian transfer system and simultaneous contractions in U. S. transfers.
Selective antihyperalgesic effect of [Ser1] histogranin on complete Freund's adjuvant-induced hyperalgesia in rats.

The search for alternative pharmacotherapies that target abnormal pain has focused on N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor (NMDAR) antagonists, since they are efficacious in various chronic pain models. However, adverse effects of currently available agents limit their therapeutic usefulness. The naturally derived NMDAR antagonist peptide, histogranin, is thought to interact at a novel site on the NMDAR subunit. Previous studies in our laboratory have suggested the potential for histogranin analogs to attenuate neuropathic pain. The ability of this peptide derivative to reduce inflammatory pain was evaluated in the present study. The effect of intrathecal (i.t.) injection of the stable analog [Ser(1)] histogranin (SH) was evaluated in rats with a unilateral hind paw inflammation. Following injection of complete Freund's adjuvant into the hind paw, responsiveness to noxious thermal and mechanical stimuli were greatly enhanced (hyperalgesia). The i.t. injection of SH partially attenuated mechanical hyperalgesia for up to 2 h post-injection, with no effect on withdrawal thresholds of the non-inflamed paw. In contrast, SH had no effect on thermal hyperalgesia. No attendant motor abnormalities were noted. These results indicate that SH has selective and modest antinociceptive effects on inflammatory pain and suggests that novel histogranin analogs may be safe and useful adjuncts in the management of chronic pain.
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: Intraoperative cholangiography made easy

Summary. One of the reasons for the decline in use of cholangiography during laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the perceived technical difficulty of performing the procedure and its associated increase in operating time. We report the use of a catheter and cannula specifically designed for quick, easy and safe cholangiography.
Impact and cost-effectiveness of smoking interventions.

Abstract Cigarette smoking is the foremost preventable cause of death in the United States. Along with being a major contributor to lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cerebrovascular disease, smoking is one of several modifiable risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD). The Coronary Heart Disease Policy Model is a computer simulation model of CAD in the United States. Using the model, one can project CAD incidence, prevalence, events, mortality, cost, cost-effectiveness, and gains in life expectancy from various risk factor modifications, including smoking interventions. The model projects that reducing the number of cigarettes smoked by 50% would increase the population-wide life expectancy of 35-year-old U.S. citizens by 0.4 year. Eliminating smoking would yield population-wide gains of 0.8 year for 35-year-old males and 0.7 year for 35-year-old females. These gains are comparable to those achieved with strict control of cholesterol levels, diastolic blood pressure, or weight. Gains for the smokers themselves would be much greater. On average, 35-year-old male smokers would live 1.2 years longer if they reduced the number of cigarettes smoked by 50%, and 2.3 years longer if they quit smoking. Females 35 years of age would live 1.5 years longer by cutting back by 50% and 2.8 years longer by quitting. These gains are equal to or greater than gains that individuals would realize by reducing serum cholesterol levels of 240–299 mg/dL to 200 mg/dL; controlling mild hypertension; or reducing weight from ≥130% ideal body weight to ideal body weight. Gains projected by the Coronary Heart Disease Policy Model are comparable to those forecast by others, who have projected that young adults would gain approximately 0.2–8.7 years by quitting smoking, depending on their smoking history. Two studies have examined the cost-effectiveness of smoking interventions. One found that counseling smokers to quit would cost only $705–988 per year of life saved for males and $1,204–2,058 per year of life saved for females. The second study found that prescribing nicotine gum as an adjunct to counseling would cost only $4,113–6,465 per year of life saved for males and $6,880–9,473 per year of life saved for females. These cost-effectiveness ratios are more favorable than those of most other current healthcare interventions. Smoking cessation would increase population-wide life expectancy by about a year and the life expectancy of a smoker by several years. Simple interventions on the part of physicians to get smokers to quit are among the most cost-effective uses of healthcare resources.
A growth and yield model for naturally-regenerated mixed shortleaf pine forests in the southern United States of America

SUMMARY A site- and density-dependent matrix growth model for naturally-regenerated stands of mixed shortleaf pines (Pinus echinata Mill.) and hardwoods was developed. The data came from 1,047 re-measured plots in seven states in the southern United States. Growth, mortality and recruitment equations gave the parameters to predict the number of shortleaf pine, soft hardwood, and hard hardwood trees per unit area in each of 13 diameter classes. Equations to calculate the volume of trees growing in different stand conditions are also presented. The model predictions were tested on observations on 209 random plots not used in model estimation. Long-term simulations of the model suggested that, with natural succession and without major disturbance, hardwood trees would gradually replace the currently dominant softwood trees.
Incipient instability in free convection laminar boundary layers

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation of the behaviour of artificial disturbances produced by an oscillating ribbon in the free convection boundary layer over a vertical uniform flux plate. The boundary layer was observed using a Mach Zehnder interferometer. The observations resulted in the approximate location of a neutral curve which is in good agreement with calculations from the linear stability theory.
The Concept of Preventive Diplomacy and Its Application by the United Nations in Central Asia

The century-old concept of preventive diplomacy has grown in prominence since the end of the Cold War, and was strengthened by the failures of the international community to prevent the violence in places such as Rwanda and Yugoslavia. The United Nations has undertaken a range of preventive activities in Central Asia, including in partnership with relevant regional actors. This paper considers the role of the United Nations Regional Centre for Preventive Diplomacy for Central Asia (UNRCCA) in terms of transboundary threats, domestic developments in Kyrgyzstan, and the management of common resources.
Analysis of intelligent paging in personal communication systems

The authors quantify the paging cost for a specific form of intelligent paging in terms of the probability of a successful first paging step. When compared with the simultaneous and sequential paging schemes, the benefit of the intelligent scheme is found to be much more profound in pedestrian-dominated PCS environments.
Image Sharing: Evolving Solutions in the Age of Interoperability

Interoperability is a major focus of the quickly evolving world of Health IT. Easy, yet secure and confidential exchange of imaging exams and the associated reports must be a part of the solutions that are implemented. The availability of historical exams is essential in providing a quality interpretation and reducing inappropriate utilization of imaging services. Today, the exchange of imaging exams is most often achieved via a compact disc. We describe the virtues of this solution as well as challenges that have surfaced. Internet- and cloud-based technologies employed for many consumer services can provide a better solution. Vendors are making these solutions available. Standards for Internet-based exchange are emerging. Just as radiology converged on DICOM as a standard to store and view images, we need a common exchange standard. We will review the existing standards and how they are organized into useful workflows through Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise profiles. Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise and standards development processes are discussed. Health care and the domain of radiology must stay current with quickly evolving Internet standards. The successful use of the "cloud" will depend on both the technologies and the policies put into place around them, both of which we discuss. The radiology community must lead the way and provide a solution that works for radiologists and clinicians with use of the electronic medical record. We describe features we believe radiologists should consider when adding Internet-based exchange solutions to their practice.