cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Growth responses of Nymphoides indica seedlings and vegetative propagules along a water depth gradient

Abstract Seedlings and vegetative propagules of Nymphoides indica (L.) O. Kuntze, a species with floating leaves, were grown in a concrete tank at 17, 35, 75, 105 and 140 cm below the surface of the water. The total biomass, relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), specific leaf area (SLA), leaf area ratio (LAR) and leaf weight ratio (LWR) were measured or calculated for both seedlings and vegetative propagules. At the end of the experiment, the total biomass for seedlings and vegetative propagules was similar at all depths. Overall, RGR values were higher for seedlings (54.3–64.3 mg g−1 day−1) than for vegetative propagules (41.4–57.1 mg g−1 day−1). Before reaching maximum RGR, LAR and NAR values were generally higher for seedlings. After reaching maximum RGR, LAR values remained higher for seedlings, but NAR values became higher for vegetative propagules. Growth strategies for seedlings and vegetative propagules differed in shallow (17 and 35 cm) and deep (105 and 140 cm) water. Before maximum RGR were reached, LAR values of seedlings in shallow water (8.4–10.9 m2 kg−1) were higher than those in deep water (4.1–6.8 m2 kg−1). NAR values, on the other hand, were lower in shallow water (5.8–8.0 g m−2 day−1) than in deep water (10–13 g m−2 day−1). After reaching maximum RGR, LAR values were similar at all water depths, but NAR values remained lower in shallow water. Before maximum RGR were reached, LAR values of vegetative propagules were higher in shallow water (7.0–7.9 m2 kg−1) than in deep water (5.8–6.4 m2 kg−1). NAR values, however, were higher in deep water (4.4–6.8 m2 day−1). After reaching the maximum RGR, LAR values became higher in deep water and NAR values were highest in deep water and also at the shallowest water depth.
Late-glacial and holocene vegetation and climate of subantarctic South America

Abstract Extending >8° farther south than other land masses in the mid-latitude Southern Hemisphere, South America at 56°S comes closest to the Antarctic. Thus, climate reconstructed from fossil pollen in southern Tierra del Fuego (55°S) is a measure of conditions in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean. Assemblages over the past 13,500 years at first show limited expanse of southern beech under moderating conditions, followed by impoverished tundra implying coldest, driest climate after 13,000 and before 10,500 years B.P., and later, warming with the spread of beech and, after 5000 years B.P., cooler, mesic conditions with development of beech forest and mires. Data confirm changes of antarctic isotope temperature in the Byrd Station, Dome C, and Vostok ice cores.
A locally implicit improvement of the equilibrium Eulerian method

Abstract The equilibrium Eulerian method is a simple way to determine the velocity field of a disperse system of particles. It avoids solving a partial differential equation for particle velocity, which makes it more efficient than the standard Eulerian–Eulerian method. It captures such essential disperse-phase physics as preferential concentration and turbophoretic migration––effects which are ignored by methods that set the particle velocity equal to the fluid velocity. Although the equilibrium Eulerian method works well for small particles, it fails for particles that are too large. This paper presents a straightforward improvement to the method which minimizes the error for larger particles, thereby extending the method’s range of applicability. In particular, it is demonstrated that the modified method captures a physical mechanism neglected by unmodified method: the memory a particle retains when it migrates to an adjacent layer of fluid. The improvement is demonstrated in a direct numerical simulation (DNS) of turbulent channel flow, where particles migrate toward the wall through a strong shear. It is also demonstrated that the modified method performs well in a case where no mean shear is present: a DNS of isotropic turbulence.
Disruption of complement-mediated reactions by insoluble dentifrice ingredients.

It has been strongly suggested that the complement system plays a critical role in the pathological processes occurring in periodontal disease. Because individuals with this common disease are often instructed to brush their teeth more often and for longer periods of time, several commercial toothpastes were tested for their effects on complement-mediated reactions. In this study, six of the nine toothpastes tested activated the classical complement pathway, leading to C3 cleavage, as determined by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. The activating ingredients were contained in the insoluble fraction of the toothpastes. Of the toothpaste abrasives, Ca++ pyrophosphate was determined to have C3-converting activity. One of the toothpastes, which contains a particular type of amorphous silica abrasive, appeared to bind both native C3 and its conversion products. In general, disruption of complement-mediated functions in affected tissues could alter local immunological responses and interfere with healing. The in v...
Ionization of hydrogen by positron impact near the fragmentation threshold

The semiclassical approximation of Feynman's path integral is used to calculate the S matrix for the positron-impact ionization of hydrogen. The formulation provides a full scattering amplitude, and more importantly does not require knowledge of the asymptotic three-body Coulomb state in the continuum. In the limit of vanishing excess energy, the results confirm Wannier's classical model for fragmentation [Phys. Rev. 90, 817 (1953)]. The experimentally observable ratio of fragmentation versus total ionization (including positronium formation) is predicted.
Projection map of tubulin in zinc-induced sheets at 4 A resolution.

Abstract Tubulin polymerizes into two-dimensional, crystalline sheets in the presence of zinc ions. These sheets are well suited to structural studies by electron crystallography. We have developed conditions for forming sheets which are large and well ordered enough to provide both electron diffraction and image data to better than 4 A resolution. In projection maps calculated from this data, the α and β monomers can be identified within the protofilaments. These results indicate that we should be able to determine the structure of tubulin in these sheets at atomic resolution.
Light scattering in an open quantum system

Abstract Using a complex spectral decomposition we study light scattering in a simple open quantum system. In particular, using Fermi's golden rule we express the photodetachment rate in terms of the quasibound states of the open system and we discuss some of its main features.
Simulating deformable particle suspensions using a coupled lattice-Boltzmann and finite-element method

A novel method is developed to simulate suspensions of deformable particles by coupling the lattice-Boltzmann method (LBM) for the fluid phase to a linear finite-element analysis (FEA) describing particle deformation. The methodology addresses the need for an efficient method to simulate large numbers of three-dimensional and deformable particles at high volume fraction in order to capture suspension rheology, microstructure, and self-diffusion in a variety of applications. The robustness and accuracy of the LBM-FEA method is demonstrated by simulating an inflating thin-walled sphere, a deformable spherical capsule in shear flow, a settling sphere in a confined channel, two approaching spheres, spheres in shear flow, and red blood cell deformation in flow chambers. Additionally, simulations of suspensions of hundreds of biconcave red blood cells at 40 % volume fraction produce continuum-scale physics and accurately predict suspension viscosity and the shear-thinning behaviour of blood. Simulations of fluid-filled spherical capsules which have red-blood-cell membrane properties also display deformation-induced shear-thinning behaviour at 40 % volume fraction, although the suspension viscosity is significantly lower than blood.
TiO2 as a photocatalyst for control of the aquatic invasive alga, Cladophora, under natural and artificial light

Cladophora, a nuisance and invasive, filamentous algae (Chlorophyta), massively accumulates along the shores of the lower Great Lakes each summer causing great economic damage and compromising recreational opportunity and perhaps public health. In vitro experiments showed that Cladophora samples were physically and biologically degraded when subjected to TiO2-mediated photocatalysis. For the most successful photocatalytic process, TiO2 was immobilized on a glass surface and used in combination with either sunlight or artificial UV light. The loss of vital algal pigments was monitored using UV–vis spectrophotometry, and cell structural changes were determined by microscopic observation. Cladophora, in the presence of TiO2-covered glass beads, experienced a loss of chloroplast pigments after 2 h of UV lamp light irradiation. In a separate experiment, sunlight exposure over 4 days (∼24 h) resulted in the complete oxidative degradation of the green chloroplast pigments, verified by the UV spectra of the algal extracts. These results suggest that TiO2, mobilized on sunlit silicates may be useful in controlling growth and survival of this alga in the Great Lakes, thus mitigating many of the economic, aesthetic ecological impacts of this invasive alga.
The Airway-Epithelium: A Novel Site of Action by Guanylin

Abstract We studied the activation of a chloride channel in normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE) by guanylin. We have observed a background Cl current (ICl,background) and a guanylin-induced outward rectifying chloride currents (ORCC) in NHBE. ICl,backgroundwas present in 93% of cells (n=114), was outwardly-rectifying, and could be completely blocked by 100μM NPPB (5-Nitro-2(3-phenyl-propylamino)-benzoic acid. Activation of cAMP-activated Cl current with 200μM CPT-cAMP (8-(4-Chlorophenylthio) adenosine-3′,5′-monophosphate) occurred in only 35.3% of cells (n=34). Guanylin activated an ORCC in 78.6% (n=11) of cells. Guanylin also induced chloride currents in cells that had failed to respond to CPT-cAMP (n=5). Both CPT-cAMP and the guanylin-induced chloride currents showed strong outward rectification. 500μM DIDS (4,4′-diisothiocyanostibene-2,2′-disulfonic acid) blocked the guanylin-induced ORCC (n=10). Conclusion: Guanylin activates a DIDS-sensitive ORCC in the NHBE cell which is only modestly activated by cAMP. The guanylin receptor in the NHBE might be of major importance in the regulation of chloride channel activity and transepithelial fluid transport in normal and abnormal airways.
Excitatory synaptic currents in Purkinje cells.

The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA classes of glutamate receptor combine in many regions of the central nervous system to form a dual-component excitatory postsynaptic current. Non-NMDA receptors mediate synaptic transmission at the resting potential, whereas NMDA receptors contribute during periods of postsynaptic depolarization and play a role in the generation of long-term synaptic potentiation. To investigate the receptor types underlying excitatory synaptic transmission in the cerebellum, we have recorded excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs), by using whole-cell techniques, from Purkinje cells in adult rat cerebellar slices. Stimulation in the white matter or granule-cell layer resulted in an all-or-none synaptic current as a result of climbing-fibre activation. Stimulation in the molecular layer caused a graded synaptic current, as expected for activation of parallel fibres. When the parallel fibres were stimulated twice at an interval of 40 ms, the second EPSC was facilitated; similar paired-pulse stimulation of the climbing fibre resulted in a depression of the second EPSC. Both parallel-fibre and climbing-fibre responses exhibited linear current-voltage relations. At a holding potential of -40 mV or in the nominal absence of Mg$^{2+}$ these synaptic responses were unaffected by the NMDA receptor antagonist 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV), but were blocked by the non-NMDA receptor antagonist 6-cyano-2,3-dihydro-7-nitroquinoxalinedione (CNQX). NMDA applied to the bath failed to evoke an inward current, whereas aspartate or glutamate induced a substantial current; this current was, however, largely reduced by CNQX, indicating that non-NMDA receptors mediate this response. These results indicate that both types of excitatory input to adult Purkinje cells are mediated exclusively by glutamate receptors of the non-NMDA type, and that these cells entirely lack NMDA receptors.
An algorithm for logically deducing Horn clauses and processing logic queries

This paper shows that many production rules in a rule based system and some functional dependencies in a relational database can be transformed into Horn clauses. This paper also develops an algorithm for constructing a more general deduction graph that is extended from the algorithm in Ref. 12, originally designed for finding a subset of functional dependencies, which logically deduces a functional dependency not in the subset. Since a relational database is a special case of a logic program5, many existing techniques in the area of relational databases can be extended and then used in logic programming and particularly in the Horn clause logic queries without relying on the resolution-refutation theorem-proving method in artifical intelligence. By using this new graphical method, there are several advantages as compared with the standard PROLOG implementation.
Where Does the "Core Clinical Hypotheses" Model Fit Among Models of Integrative Psychotherapy?

Stricker (2009), Grinfeld (2009), and Lampropoulos (2009) provide three types of commentary on my case of Ms. Q (Ingram, 2009): feedback on my handling of psychotherapy with this high-functioning client; critical evaluation of my “28 core clinical hypotheses” model; and discussion of where this model fits within four categories of integrative psychotherapy—common factors integration, theoretical integration, assimilative integration, and technical eclecticism. In this response I focus on each topic in turn, and conclude with a discussion of the training of clinical graduate students as integrationally-oriented psychotherapists.
Biologic effects of infantile restriction in chimpanzees.

Summary Previous clinical and animal studies have indicated that monotony in the rearing environment may relate to biologic maladaptation of the type found in schizophrenia. Laboratory-born chimpanzees who had spent their first two years in a controlled environment of monotony and restriction were compared with African-born animals captured as infants. The results indicated that the laboratory-born animals reared under the more restricted conditions showed some tendency towards biologic maladaptation; the less restricted group did not. The African-born animals also showed evidence of biologic disturbance, but since their early environment was far from “normal” (e.g., the capture) and for other reasons it is difficult to evaluate the significance of this finding. It is concluded that the results provide some support to the hypothesis but that small numbers and the unsatisfactory control group prevent this support from being clear-cut.
Clinical outcomes assessment of three similar hip arthroplasty bearing surfaces

This report examines the clinical performance of three very similar total hip arthroplasty designs with distinctly different bearing surfaces used over the course 10-17 years. Clinical outcomes assessments for each group are compared in the context of varying implant related costs related to the latest technology at the time of surgery. Eighty-one surgeries were studied and differ by bearing surface. In this study, 36 hips are ceramic on polyethylene, 27 are metal on polyethylene and 18 are metal on metal. All polyethylene components are nonhighly cross-linked. The ceramic on polyethylene group has younger patients, on average, and higher percentage of patients with significant polyethylene wear. These groups have an average follow-up time of 8.6 years when assessing functional hip scores, thigh pain, groin pain, revision surgeries and radiographic osteolysis. The implant purchasing cost at the time of surgery was assessed to determine if a correlation exists between outcomes and the more technologically advanced implants use at the time of surgery. Based on midterm clinical outcome assessment, no correlation between initial hospital cost and clinical outcomes of one bearing surface over another can be found.
Conceptions of Cosmopolitanism

Lately there has been a renewal of interest among political philosophers and theorists in the idea of cosmopolitanism. However, there is little consensus among contemporary theorists about the precise content of a cosmopolitan position. This article calls attention to two different strands in recent thinking about cosmopolitanism. One strand presents it primarily as a doctrine about justice. The other presents it primarily as a doctrine about culture and the self. Although both forms of cosmopolitanism have some appeal, each is sometimes interpreted in ways that render it untenable. This article attempts to distinguish between the more and the less plausible versions of each form of cosmopolitanism. In each case, the distinction turns on how the normative status of particular interpersonal relationships and group affiliations is understood.
Unpeeling the Onion: Language Planning and Policy and the ELT Professional

The field of language planning and policy (LPP) provides a rich array of research opportunities for applied linguists and social scientists. However, as a multidisciplinary field that seeks to understand, among other things, why some languages thrive whereas others are marginalized, LPP may appear quite theoretical and far removed from the lives of many English language teaching (ELT) practitioners. This is unfortunate, because ELT professionals—be they teachers, program developers, materials and textbook writers, administrators, consultants, or academics—are involved in one way or another in the processes of LPP. The purpose of this article is to unravel those processes and the role of ELT professionals in them for both theoretical and practical reasons: theoretical, because we believe there are principled ways to account for why particular events affect the status and vibrancy of languages and speech communities, and practical, because we believe there are ways to influence the outcome of social processes. In general, we find that the principle of linguistic self-determinism-the right to choose (within limits) what languages one will use and be educated in—is not only viable but desirable for LPP decision making because it both promotes social equity and fosters diversity. In this article, we examine how ELT professionals are already actively engaged in deciding language policies, how they promote policies reaffirming or opposing hierarchies of power that reflect entrenched historical and institutional beliefs (see Phillipson & Skutnabb-Kangas, this issue), and how they might affect changes in their local contexts.
Equivalence of different methods for slant and skew corrections in word recognition applications

Normalization of slant and skew is often used in processing a word image before recognition. In this paper, we prove the theoretical equivalence of different methods for slant and skew corrections. In particular, we show that correcting first for skew by rotation and then for slant by a shear transformation in the horizontal direction is equivalent to first correcting for slant by a shear transformation in the horizontal direction and then for skew by a shear transformation in the vertical direction. Our proof can be easily modified to prove equivalence of other methods for correcting the slant and skew.
Differential Modification of Ras Proteins by Ubiquitination

Ras proteins are essential components of signal transduction pathways that control cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. It is well recognized that the functional versatility of Ras proteins is accomplished through their differential compartmentalization, but the mechanisms that control their spatial segregation are not fully understood. Here we show that HRas is subject to ubiquitin conjugation, whereas KRas is refractory to this modification. The membrane-anchoring domain of HRas is necessary and sufficient to direct the mono- and diubiquitination of HRas. Ubiquitin attachment to HRas stabilizes its association with endosomes and modulates its ability to activate the Raf/MAPK signaling pathway. Therefore, differential ubiquitination of Ras proteins may control their location-specific signaling activities.
The Molecular Basis of Ceramide-1-Phosphate Recognition by C2 Domains

Group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2α), which harbors an N-terminal lipid binding C2 domain and a C-terminal lipase domain, produces arachidonic acid from the sn-2 position of zwitterionic lipids such as phosphatidylcholine. The C2 domain has been shown to bind zwitterionic lipids, but more recently, the anionic phosphomonoester sphingolipid metabolite ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P) has emerged as a potent bioactive lipid with high affinity for a cationic patch in the C2 domain β-groove. To systematically analyze the role that C1P plays in promoting the binding of cPLA2α-C2 to biological membranes, we employed biophysical measurements and cellular translocation studies along with mutagenesis. Biophysical and cellular translocation studies demonstrate that C1P specificity is mediated by Arg59, Arg61, and His62 (an RxRH sequence) in the C2 domain. Computational studies using molecular dynamics simulations confirm the origin of C1P specificity, which results in a spatial shift of the C2 domain upon membrane docking to coordinate the small C1P headgroup. Additionally, the hydroxyl group on the sphingosine backbone plays an important role in the interaction with the C2 domain, further demonstrating the selectivity of the C2 domain for C1P over phosphatidic acid. Taken together, this is the first study demonstrating the molecular origin of C1P recognition.
Interactive effects of betaine and monensin in uninfected and Eimeria acervulina-infected chicks.

Abstract Three experiments (Exp.) were conducted to evaluate the interactive effects of dietary betaine (BET) and monensin (MON) in uninfected or Eimeria acervulina-infected chicks. The treatments were replicated with six (Exp. 1) or five (Exp. 2 and 3) pens of five chicks each. The experimental periods lasted 9 (Exp. 1 and 2) or 10 (Exp. 3) d each and the coccidiosis infections were established on Day 2 (Exp. 1 and 2) or Day 3 (Exp. 3) of the experiment. Average initial weight of the chicks was 101, 73, and 68 g in Exp. 1 to 3, respectively, and the initial age of the chicks was 5 (Exp. 1) or 4 (Exp. 2 and 3) d. A corn-soybean meal basal diet was used in each experiment. In Exp. 1, the effect of dietary BET (0, 0.1, or 0.5%) in uninfected or coccidiosis-infected (COC; 5 x 10(5) sporulated E. acervulina oocysts) chicks was investigated. In Exp. 2, the interactive effects of BET (0 or 0.1%) and MON (0 or 55 ppm) in uninfected or COC chicks were investigated in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Experiment 3 was identical to Exp. 2, except the level of MON was 110 rather than 55 ppm. In Exp. 1, 2, and 3, COC reduced (P
Register allocation & spilling via graph coloring

In a previous paper we reported the successful use of graph coloring techniques for doing global register allocation in an experimental PL/I optimizing compiler. When the compiler cannot color the register conflict graph with a number of colors equal to the number of available machine registers, it must add code to spill and reload registers to and from storage. Previously the compiler produced spill code whose quality sometimes left much to be desired, and the ad hoe techniques used took considerable amounts of compile time. We have now discovered how to extend the graph coloring approach so that it naturally solves the spilling problem. Spill decisions are now made on the basis of the register conflict graph and cost estimates of the value of keeping the result of a computation in a register rather than in storage. This new approach produces better object code and takes much less compile time.
Bluetooth Inquiry Time Characterization and Selection

The Bluetooth discovery process requires use of the inquiry substate which not only consumes significant power, but prevents normal data traffic flow and simultaneously acts as a potential noise source for neighboring networks. Therefore, the inquiry substate dwell time should be limited to discovering an acceptable number of neighboring devices. Although an estimate of the probability density function of the time to discover scanning devices is straightforward, the complex temporal and spectral interactions between two devices make precise inquiry time characterization difficult. We characterize these interactions and derive detailed analytical expressions for the probability distribution of the inquiry time for a Bluetooth-enabled device that follows v1.1 of the Bluetooth specification and uses the default 11.25 ms inquiry scan window that opens every 1.28 s. Subsequently, we show a single inquirer will locate 99 percent of all scanning devices within transmission range in 5.12 seconds rather than the 10.24 s recommended in the specification. Using specification v1.2, we show that the inquiry time can be reduced to 3.84 seconds and 1.28 seconds using the standard and interlaced inquiry scan modes, respectively. Substantial inquiry time reduction results in reduced power requirements and increased throughput by increasing data traffic and reducing interference with neighboring piconets. Our results are validated via comparison with existing simulation models and measurement studies. The models used to derive the distribution also lend themselves to characterizing the discovery time with variations in the discovery process
Genetic characterization of betanodavirus isolates from Asian seabass Lates calcarifer (Bloch) in India

Betanodavirus has been detected in Asian seabass in India. Molecular characterization of the isolates on the basis of the full-length viral RNA2 sequence was performed. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis with sequences from members of the four species in the genus Betanodavirus revealed that the present isolates are closely related to members of the species Redspotted grouper nervous necrosis virus. The analysis also revealed that the RNA2 sequence was not responsible for acute symptoms in seabass. This is the first attempt to characterize Indian isolates of fish nodaviruses, and the result will be useful for devising specific control and health-management strategies for this virus.
[The production and maintenance of a virus carrier state: the possible role of homologous interference].

Abstract It has been shown that L cells, exposed to large amounts of heat-inactivated WEE virus, become refractory to destruction by active WEE virus and such cells neither yield virus nor do they show cytopathic effects. Cells which have been made resistant by exposure to inactive virus still adsorb active virus in a normal fashion (see reservation above). The resistance to infection conferred on the cells by exposure to inactive virus preparations is retained by them through several, but not an indefinite number, of cell divisions in the absence of any further additions of virus. Cultures of cells which have been rendered resistant to infection by treatment with inactive virus may readily become persistently infected with active WEE, and the persistence of this chronically infected state may be due to the continued operation of the interference mechanism.
A Microwave Blade Tip Clearance Sensor for Propulsion Health Monitoring

Abstract Microwave sensor technology is being investigated by the NASA Glenn Research Center as a means of making non-contact structural health measurements in the hot sections of gas turbine engines. This type of sensor technology is beneficial in that it is accurate, it has the ability to operate at extremely high temperatures, and is unaffected by contaminants that are present in turbine engines. It is specifically being targeted for use in the High Pressure Turbine (HPT) and High Pressure Compressor (HPC) sections to monitor the structural health of the rotating components. It is intended to use blade tip clearance to monitor blade growth and wear and blade tip timing to monitor blade vibration and deflection. The use of microwave sensors for this application is an emerging concept. Techniques on their use and calibration needed to be developed. As a means of better understanding the issues associated with the microwave sensors, a series of experiments have been conducted to evaluate their performance for aero engine applications. This paper presents the results of these experiments.
An Absence of Stromal Caveolin-1 Expression Predicts Early Tumor Recurrence and Poor Clinical Outcome in Human Breast Cancers

Previously, we showed that caveolin-1 (Cav-1) expression is down-regulated in human breast cancer-associated fibroblasts. However, it remains unknown whether loss of Cav-1 occurs in the breast tumor stroma in vivo. Here, we immunostained a well-annotated breast cancer tissue microarray with antibodies against Cav-1 and scored its stromal expression. An absence of stromal Cav-1 was associated with early disease recurrence, advanced tumor stage, and lymph node metastasis, resulting in a 3.6-fold reduction in progression-free survival. When tamoxifen-treated patients were selected, an absence of stromal Cav-1 was a strong predictor of poor clinical outcome, suggestive of tamoxifen resistance. Interestingly, in lymph node-positive patients, an absence of stromal Cav-1 predicted an 11.5-fold reduction in 5-year progression-free survival. Clinical outcomes among patients positive for HER2, and patients triple-negative for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and HER2, were also strictly dependent on stromal Cav-1 levels. When our results were adjusted for tumor and nodal staging, an absence of stromal Cav-1 remained an independent predictor of poor outcome. Thus, stromal Cav-1 expression can be used to stratify human breast cancer patients into low-risk and high-risk groups, and to predict their risk of early disease recurrence at diagnosis. Based on related mechanistic studies, we suggest that breast cancer patients lacking stromal Cav-1 might benefit from anti-angiogenic therapy in addition to standard regimens. We conclude that Cav-1 functions as a tumor suppressor in the stromal microenvironment.
1/f noise characterization of base current and emitter interfacial oxide breakup in n-p-n polyemitter bipolar transistors

We propose using base 1/f noise to characterize the distribution of diffusion and tunneling components of base-current (I/sub b/) at the emitter poly/monosilicon interface in n-p-n polyemitter transistors. A noise model is constructed to interpret the I/sub b/ 1/f noise (S/sub iEB/) dependence on these combined currents. Measured I/sub b/ dependences of S/sub iEB/ increase progressively from I/sub b//sup 1.2/ to I/sub b//sup 2.0/ for transistors having emitter structures concomitant with increasing current gains and series emitter resistances ranging between 115-1800 and 7-33/spl Omega/, respectively. This is indicative of tunneling components in I/sub b//sup 2.0/ that increase with higher interfacial oxide continuity, and persist in epitaxially realigned emitters. >
LABORATORY ORGANIZATIONAL EXPERIMENTS FOR CORRECTIONS An Alternative Method

The methodology of laboratory organizational experiments has seldom been applied to corrections. Its advantages of flexibility, experimental control, ability to replicate theoretically important but naturally rare occurrences, and its potential for cross-validation of other research are shown to be of both practical and theoretical relevance to corrections. The problems of realism, generalizability, practicality, and ethics are examined and a remedy proposed: the sociodramatic simulation of correctional organizations to contrast the effects of theoretically important structural properties and correctional approaches, This remedy synthesizes the realistic and the symbolic approaches to organizational simulation. It is practical, and it resolves many of the ethical problems.
Work-related Risk Factors for Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Personnel of a Children's Hospital

Seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus markers was examined in employees participating in patient care at The Children's Mercy Hospital in Kansas City, Missouri. Of 377 workers tested in 1985-86, 36 (9.6%) were seropositive for any marker. Among 285 employees who presumably have only work-related hepatitis B exposure, 14 (4.9%) were seropositive. Age 50 years and older, black race, and education no more than 12 years were associated with seropositivity among workers with work-related exposure. Employees in the clinics, laboratories, emergency room, and operating room had an increased prevalence of hepatitis B markers compared to those in other work locations (8 vs. 2%, p < 0.05). Traditional risk factors for infection were not predictive of seropositivity. Although the risk of acquiring hepatitis B infection from employment in a children's hospital is low, this study does identify work-related risk factors. Possible reasons for this association are discussed.
Diagnosis of Tuberculosis: Routine Cultures of Bronchial Washings Are Not Indicated

During a five-year period, cultures of bronchial washings for Mycobacterium tuberculosis were obtained almost routinely (859 of 1,012 bronchoscopic examinations). This practice proved costly, and the diagnostic yield was extremely low. Only three cases were diagnosed solely by this method (0.35 percent). Five other cases were false-positive. Additionally, 39 patients with known active pulmonary tuberculosis had false-negative cultures of bronchial washings; 13 of these 39 patients were receiving antituberculosis drugs at the time of their bronchoscopic examinations. The inhibitory effect of local anesthetics upon the growth of M tuberculosis is the possible cause for the remaining 26 false-negative cultures. We conclude that bronchoscopic examination and culture of bronchial washings are not the best sources for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis and that cultures of sputum and/or gastric washings are usually sufficient. The practice of obtaining routine cultures of bronchial washings in known pulmonary tuberculosis is of questionable value, when nearly two-thirds may be false-negative.
ILLIAC II-A Short Description and Annotated Bibliography

ILLIAC II is a general purpose computer built at the University of Illinois, Urbana. It contains about 55000 transistors and has a floating multiply time of 6.3 μs. A number of features are provided to increase the speed of operation. There are three controls in largely concurrent operation. The control circuits are largely asynchronous and speed independent. The floating point arithmetic unit contains two adders and utilizes redundant number representation and separate carry storage. The memory hierarchy has members ranging from the 10-word, 0.2-μs. flow gating memory to magnetic tapes. Order fetches from the main 1.8-μs. core memory are minimized by packing two to four orders per word, and by holding two words of orders in the flow gating memory for execution of short loops. The bibliography lists 40 papers related to the design of this computer.
Social Context in Developmental Psychopathology: Recommendations for Future Research from the MacArthur Network on Psychopathology and Development

Accumulating evidence suggests that social contexts in early life have important and complex effects on childhood psychopathology. Spurred by the lack of an explicit operational definition that could guide the study of such effects, we define a social context operationally as "a set of interpersonal conditions, relevant to a particular behavior or disorder and external to, but shaped and interpreted by, the individual child." Building on this definition, we offer a series of recommendations for future research, based on five theoretically derived propositions: (a) Contexts are nested and multidimensional; (b) contexts broaden, differentiate, and deepen with age, becoming more specific in their effects; (c) contexts and children are mutually determining; (d) a context's meaning to the child determines its effects on the child and arises from the context's ability to provide for fundamental needs; and (e) contexts should be selected for assessment in light of specific questions or outcomes. As reflected in an increasingly rich legacy of literature on child development and psychopathology, social contexts appear to influence emerging mental disorders through dynamic, bidirectional interactions with individual children. Future research will benefit from examining not only statistical interactions between child- and context-specific factors, but also the actual transactions between children and contexts and the transduction of contextual influences into pathways of biological mediation. Because adverse contexts exert powerful effects on the mental health of children, it is important for the field to generate new, more theoretically grounded research addressing the contextual determinants of psychological well-being and disorder.
Domesticating Revolution: From Socialist Reform to Ambivalent Transition in a Bulgarian Village

Domesticating Revolution: From Socialist Reform to Ambivalent Transition in. Bulgarian Village. Gerald W. Creed. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998. 304 pp.
Conceptualizing the Labor Force: The Underestimation of Women's Economic Activities

This paper analyzes the concepts underlying existing labor force statistics and their built‐in tendency to underestimate women's contribution to production. It argues that available statistics must be used with great caution and that differences in participation rates across countries can be misleading. The paper criticizes conventional definitions of economic activity and of labor force concepts; it suggests that use value production should be viewed as part of the economic realm and that labor engaged in it should be accounted for as ‘active labour’. The main objective of this argument is to counteract the ideological undervaluation of women's work, and to present a concept of economic activity related to human welfare rather than to economic growth and accumulation.
Design of platform-mounted HF/VHF antennas using the characteristic modes theory

In many HF/VHF communications applications, the antennas are mounted on vehicular platforms. As such, the combination of the antenna and the platform constitutes the main radiating structure. However, most HF/VHF antennas are generally not designed with the presence of the platform in mind. In this paper, we report the results of a preliminary study in which we investigate how the performance of a platform-mounted antenna can be improved by treating the platform as part of the antenna. Specifically, we examine a simple rectangular-box-shaped platform and examine how the mounted antenna can be used to excite the natural resonant modes of the platform. Since the platform has generally larger physical dimensions than the mounted antenna, efficient excitation of the platform's natural resonance modes is expected to improve the radiating performances of such low-frequency HF/VHF antennas.
Hurricane Barriers in New England and New Jersey: History and Status after Five Decades

ABSTRACT Morang, A., 2016. Hurricane barriers in New England and New Jersey: History and status after five decades. Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Jersey suffered damage, flooding, and deaths from three major hurricanes in less than two decades during the mid-twentieth century. One of these, the Great New England Hurricane of 21 September 1938, caused unprecedented damage and flooded Providence, New London, and other urban areas. Following Hurricane Carol in 1954, the 84th Congress (1st Session, Public Law 71, 15 June 1955) authorized and directed the Secretary of the Army to conduct surveys and studies of damages, causes, and remediation measures with regard to hurricanes. After extensive studies during the late 1950s, Congress authorized and funded seven hurricane protection projects: (1) in Fox Point, Providence, Rhode Island, a barrier, navigation gates, and pumps; (2) in New Bedford, Massachusetts, a barrier, navigation gates, and pumps; (3) in New London, Connecticut, a barrier an...
Perceptual ratings of subgroups of ataxic dysarthria

Background The speech characteristics of ataxic dysarthria are known to be quite diverse. The varied presentation of this dysarthria challenges researchers and clinicians alike, and brings into question whether it is a single entity. While the possibility of subtypes of ataxic dysarthria has been suggested, the nature of these putative groups remains unclear. Aims The purpose of this pilot study was to determine if perceptual speech characteristics would align with a pattern of unusual variability or unusual consistency across speech subsystems and speaking tasks. Methods & Procedures A framework of speech characteristics was created from the existing literature that clustered speech attributes according to notions of instability (unusual variability) or inflexibility (unusual consistency). These speech features were used to develop a perceptual rating form. Ten experienced speech–language pathologists listened to pre-recorded, exemplary samples of 10 speakers with ataxic dysarthria and rated the perceptual speech features. Outcomes & Results Results suggested that five speakers fit the pattern of instability, one speaker aligned with inflexibility and four speakers had a mixed presentation. Intra-rater reliability was satisfactory. Conclusions & Implications This study adds to the sparse, yet growing, literature to support the existence of subgroups in ataxic dysarthria. The more frequent occurrence of the instability profile is consistent with primary disruption to the timing function of the cerebellar circuit. Identification of subgroups has important clinical and research implications and further research is warranted.
Incongruity between Prion Conversion and Incubation Period following Coinfection

UNLABELLED When multiple prion strains are inoculated into the same host, they can interfere with each other. Strains with long incubation periods can suppress conversion of strains with short incubation periods; however, nothing is known about the conversion of the long-incubation-period strain during strain interference. To investigate this, we inoculated hamsters in the sciatic nerve with long-incubation-period strain 139H prior to superinfection with the short-incubation-period hyper (HY) strain of transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME). First, we found that 139H is transported along the same neuroanatomical tracks as HY TME, adding to the growing body of evidence indicating that PrP(Sc) favors retrograde transneuronal transport. In contrast to a previous report, we found that 139H interferes with HY TME infection, which is likely due to both strains targeting the same population of neurons following sciatic nerve inoculation. Under conditions where 139H blocked HY TME from causing disease, the strain-specific properties of PrP(Sc) corresponded with the strain that caused disease, consistent with our previous findings. In the groups of animals where incubation periods were not altered, we found that the animals contained a mixture of 139H and HY TME PrP(Sc) This finding expands the definition of strain interference to include conditions where PrP(Sc) formation is altered yet disease outcome is unaltered. Overall, these results contradict the premise that prion strains are static entities and instead suggest that strain mixtures are dynamic regardless of incubation period or clinical outcome of disease. IMPORTANCE Prions can exist as a mixture of strains in naturally infected animals, where they are able to interfere with the conversion of each other and to extend incubation periods. Little is known, however, about the dynamics of strain conversion under conditions where incubation periods are not affected. We found that inoculation of the same animal with two strains can result in the alteration of conversion of both strains under conditions where the resulting disease was consistent with infection with only a single strain. These data challenge the idea that prion strains are static and suggests that strain mixtures are more dynamic than previously appreciated. This observation has significant implications for prion adaptation.
The New Diversity in Medical Education

In its latest formulation, diversity in medical education is a prerequisite for an optimal learning environment, where various ideas, opinions, and experiences create a breeding ground for innovative solutions to problems and a pathway to improved patient care.
Improvement in Psychotherapy and Adoption of the Therapist's Meaning System

Twelve most improved and 8 least improved clients were used in testing the hypothesis that improvement in therapy is contingent upon the adoption by the client of the personal meaning system of his therapist. The hypothesis was rejected. There was a trend indicating that the most improved client tends to increase in his preference for his own frame of reference, that he tends to become more himself rather than an echo of his therapist. The least improved client tends to internalize the therapist's frame of reference. These conclusions are highly tentative, but suggest the importance of differentiating between “frames of reference” and “specific attitudes” and considering introjection in relationship to different therapeutic approaches.
'Power to the people': a reply to Healy, Mangin and Applbaum.

In challenging one portion of the history presented in my article, Healy et al. argue that Louis Lasagna was a ‘classical liberal’ who sought only to increase the scientific stature of the physician–patient encounter. They advance this interpretation to encourage science and technology studies scholars to heed Lasagna’s ideas about how to organize the medical marketplace. I argue that Healy et al. mischaracterize Lasagna’s ideas. I conclude with an example of these ideas being put into practice, Lasagna’s efforts on behalf of Wyeth in the approval and marketing of Redux and Fen-Phen.
Multirobot task allocation with real-time path planning

We consider the multi-robot task allocation (MRTA) problem in an initially unknown environment. The objective of the MRTA problem is to find a schedule or sequence of tasks that should be performed by a set of robots so that the cost or energy expended by the robots is minimized. Existing solutions for the MRTA problem mainly concentrate on finding an efficient task allocation among robots, without directly incorporating changes to tasks’ costs originating from changes in robots’ paths due to dynamically detected obstacles while moving between tasks. Dynamically updating path costs is an important aspect as changing path costs can alter the task sequence for robots that corresponds to the minimum cost. In this paper, we attempt to address this problem by developing an algorithm called MRTA-RTPP (MRTA with Real-time Path Planning) by integrating a greedy MRTA algorithm for task planning with a Field D*-based path planning algorithm. Our technique is capable of handling dynamic changes in a robot’s path costs due to static as well as mobile obstacles and computes a new task schedule if the original schedule is no longer optimal due to the robots’ replanned paths. We have verified our proposed technique on physical Corobot robots that perform surveillancelike tasks by visiting a set of locations. Our experimental results show that that our MRTA technique is able to handle dynamic path changes while reducing the cost of the schedule to the robots.