cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of conditioned place preference response to cocaine in rats following subchronic administration of 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA).

In this study, we measured conditioned place preference (CPP) responses to cocaine following subchronic administration of the recreationally abused drug (+/-)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy") in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals were given either vehicle (1 ml/kg of distilled water, s.c.) or MDMA (20 mg/kg, s.c.) twice a day for 4 consecutive days. Two weeks later, CPP responses to cocaine (5, 10, or 20 mg/kg, i.p.) were measured. The MDMA-treated animals showed a significantly greater CPP response to cocaine than the vehicle-treated animals. Since conditioned place preference is believed to be a measure of appetitive behavior, these results suggest that MDMA abuse could lead to an increased vulnerability to the rewarding actions of cocaine and, hence, to increased vulnerability to cocaine addiction and dependence.
THE BIOGEOGRAPHY OF SMALL MAMMALS OF FRAGMENTED SAGEBRUSH-STEPPE LANDSCAPES

We sampled small mammals of fragmented sagebrush steppe on the Snake River Plain, Idaho, and compared the effects of habitat isolation on their diversity, abundance, and species composition in 2 landscapes, kipukas, which are patches of sagebrush-steppe habitat that were isolated by late-Pleistocene and early-Holocene lava flows, and remnant patches of sagebrush steppe that remain within recently developed agricultural areas. Species richness decreased with increasing isolation in both lava and agricultural landscapes, and Peromyscus maniculatus (deer mouse) was the only species found on kipukas that were isolated by more than 400‐800 m, suggesting that many native sagebrush-steppe species may decline or disappear from fragmented sagebrush steppe. Density of small mammals increased with isolation on the agricultural patches, but decreased with isolation on kipukas; however, increased densities were entirely due to P. maniculatus. Diversity of small mammals on kipukas was highly correlated with absolute and proportional abundance of shrubs, probable indicators of sagebrush-steppe vegetation. Additionally, Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass) may play a role in the low diversity and density of mammals on kipukas, because both diversity and density were lower where cheatgrass was present than where it was absent.
Biosynthetic convergence of salinosporamides A and B in the marine actinomycete Salinispora tropica.

Feeding experiments with stable isotopes established that the potent 20S-proteasome inhibitors salinosporamide A and B are biosynthesized in the marine bacterium Salinispora tropica from three bios...
Theoretical Determination of the Efficiency of Aerosol Particle Collection by Falling Columnar Ice Crystals

Abstract A theoretical model for the removal of aerosol particles by falling columnar ice crystals which incorporates gravitational, inertial, thermophoreic, diffusiophoretic, and electrostatic mechanisms has been formulated. The results of this trajectory model, combined with earlier resuslts, determine the collection efficiency for submicron particles as a flux onto a collector surface for any geometry and due to Brownian diffusion, thermo- and diffusio-phoresis as well as electrostatic forcing. The combination of these two models provides scavenging efficiencies for aerosol particles of radii 0.001 ≤ r ≤ 10.0μm by columnar ice crystals with associated Reynolds numbers ranging from 0.5 to 20.0. This quantiative study indicates the effect of particle size, charge, and atmospheric conditions.
Advances in Polynomial Continuation for Solving Problems in Kinematics

For many mechanical systems, including nearly all robotic manipulators, the set of possible configurations that the links may assume can be described by a system of polynomial equations. Thus, solving such systems is central to many problems in analyzing the motion of a mechanism or in designing a mechanism to achieve a desired motion. This paper describes techniques, based on polynomial continuation, for numerically solving such systems. Whereas in the past, these techniques were focused on finding isolated roots, we now address the treatment of systems having higher-dimensional solution sets. Special attention is given to cases of exceptional mechanisms, which have an higher degree of freedom of motion than predicted by their mobility. In fact, such mechanisms often have several disjoint assembly modes, and the degree of freedom of motion is not necessarily the same in each mode. Our algorithms identify all such assembly modes, determine their dimension and degree, and give sample points on each.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Causes, effects, and practicalities of everyday multitasking

Abstract Everyday multitasking with electronic devices is common among all age groups, but the youngest generations of persons carry out the most everyday multitasking, especially in the form of media multitasking. Multitasking via technology in school settings or at home while studying is common for students. Both external factors (e.g., alerts from smartphones) and internal factors (e.g., thoughts about future online activities) influence multitasking prevalence. Although laboratory research has shown that performing concurrent tasks is subject to processing bottlenecks and to switch costs, real-life everyday multitasking is different from laboratory dual-task scenarios in several ways, including having more than two tasks involved, proceeding by interleaving tasks over extended periods of time, and allowing more flexibility in resource allocation and setting of priorities. Theoretically, everyday multitasking should be capable of achieving some processing efficiencies. Yet, empirical research shows that studying, doing homework, learning during lectures, learning from other sources, grades, and GPA likely are all negatively affected by concurrent multitasking with technology. Young people who frequently multitask compared with other young people may be poorer at ignoring irrelevant environmental information, but the effects of extreme multitasking on other cognitive outcomes are not clear-cut. There are strategies that people of all ages can use to minimize multitasking and reduce distractions when they are performing important tasks such as studying or doing homework.
Ultra-refractive and extended-range one-dimensional photonic crystal superprisms

We describe theoretical analysis and design of one-dimensional photonic crystal prisms. We find that inside the photonic crystal, for frequencies near the band edges, light propagation direction is extremely sensitive to the variations in wavelength and incident angle. Outside the photonic crystal, propagation direction of transmitted light is highly sensitive to changes in wavelength, but less so to incident angle. For transmitted light outside the photonic crystal, the superprism effect can be used for wavelength dispersion over entire photonic bands, rather than just near the band edges only. This extended-range superprism effect broadens the useful wavelength rage, admits better optical transmission, and exhibits angular dependence on wavelength with greatly reduced non-linearity.
Human chromosome 21: genome mapping and exploration, circa 1993

Chromosome 21 is the smallest human chromosome, but one of considerable medical importance. A comprehensive physical map of overlapping YACs, a dense linkage map and an almost complete long-range restriction map have been produced much earlier than expected. These mapping accomplishments will greatly facilitate the exploration of chromosome 21, helping to characterize both genes and their impact in health and disease.
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Impairs Renal Function in Newborn Goats

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is used routinely to improve oxygenation in newborns who have intrapulmonary shunts and hypoxemia tha tis refractory to usual oxygen therapy. Although the cardiovascular and pulmonary effects of CPAP on newborns are well known, little information is available concerning the effect of CPAP on renal function. Therefore, we determined the effect of CPAP (7.5 cm H2O) on urine flow, sodium excretion, and glomerular filtration rate in six newborn goats that were lightly anesthetized with methoxyflurane. CPAP decreased urine flow, sodium excretion, and glomerular filtration rate. CPAP also decreased pulse pressure but did not change mean systemic arterial pressure or heart rate. We conclude that CPAP can impair renal function in newborns without significantly altering renal perfusion pressure.
Chinese Pidgin English in Southeastern Australia: The notebook of Jong Ah Siug

More than 38,000 Chinese came to Australia to prospect for gold in the second half of the 19th century. Most of them originated from the Canton region of China (now Guangdong), where Chinese Pidgin English (CPE) was an important trading language. This article describes a recently discovered source that throws light on the nature of CPE used in Australia during that period — a 70 page notebook written in a form of English by a Chinese gold miner, Jong Ah Siug. The article presents some background information about Chinese immigrants in the region where Jong worked (Victoria), and evidence that some CPE was spoken there. It goes on to describe Jong’s notebook and the circumstances that led to him writing it. The main part of the article examines the linguistic features of CPE and other pidgins that are present in the notebook, and discusses other lexical and morphosyntactic features of the text. Some features are typical only of CPE, such as the use of my as the first person pronoun. On the other hand, some features are more characteristic of Australian or Pacific pidgins — for example, the use of belong in possessive constructions. Still other features have not been recorded for any pidgin, such as the use of been as a locative copula. The analysis shows that Jong’s text contains a mixture of features from CPE and other pidgins, as well as features of interlanguage, including some resulting from functional transfer from Jong’s first language, Cantonese.
The role of medical grade silicones in surgery and its topical applications

Abstract Medical grade silicones now have close to a 55 year history of good performance in the operating room as a source of reliable material that is well tolerated for both reconstructive and cosmetic applications. Silicones have also produced a similar record in many forms of postoperative topical skin care especially in patients with traumatic wounds and burns. Topical silicones have also become an integral part of the postoperative therapy for scar modification. It is the intention of the author to provide a brief review of the above application.
Rural Latino caregivers' beliefs and behaviors around their children's salt consumption.

Abstract Background: Prevalence of high blood pressure has been increasing in U.S. children, with implications for long term health consequences. Sodium consumption, a modifiable risk factor for high blood pressure, is above recommended limits and increasing. Very little is known about Latino caregiver beliefs and behaviors around their children's salt consumption. Methods: In California's Central Valley, qualitative interviews in Spanish investigated low-income caregivers' views and understandings of their children's dietary salt consumption. Thirty individual interviews and 5 focus groups were conducted (N=61). Interview transcripts were translated and transcribed, coded and thematically analyzed. Results: Seven primary topic areas around children's salt intake and its impact on health were identified: children's favorite foods, children's dietary salt sources, superiority of home-cooked foods, salty and sweet foods, managing salt for health, developing children's tastes, and adding salt added at the table. Parents recognize common sources of sodium such as “junk food” and processed food and made efforts to limit their children's consumption of these foods, but may overlook other significant sodium sources, particularly bread, cheese, prepared soups and sports drinks. Caregivers recognize excess salt as unhealthy for children, but don't believe health problems (like high blood pressure) can occur in young children. Nevertheless, they made efforts to limit how much salt their children consumed through a variety of strategies; school meals were a source of high sodium that they felt were outside of their control. Conclusion: Latino caregivers are concerned about their children's salt intake and attempt to limit consumption, but some common sources of sodium are under-recognized.
Molecular products from the pyrolysis and oxidative pyrolysis of tyrosine

The thermal degradation of tyrosine at a residence time of 0.2s was conducted in a tubular flow reactor in flowing N2 and 4% O2 in N2 for a total pyrolysis time of 3min. The fractional pyrolysis technique, in which the same sample was heated continuously at each pyrolysis temperature, was applied. Thermal decomposition of tyrosine between 350 and 550°C yielded predominantly phenolic compounds (phenol, p-cresol, and p-tyramine), while decomposition between 550 and 800°C yielded hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, and ethyl benzene as the major reaction products. For the first time, the identification of p-tyramine, a precursor for the on of formation of p-tyramine and its degradation to phenol and p-cresol, and toxicological discussion of some of the harmful reaction products is also presented.
Generation and control of microwave signals by optical techniques

Optical techniques for microwave signal generation and optical control of microwave devices are described. Optical generation of microwave signals to 35 GHz and above by coherent heterodyne was carried out by FM sideband injection locking of laser diodes and by offset frequency phase locking of solid state lasers. Applications of optically generated microwave signals including optical control of phased array radar and photodetector characterisation are discussed. Optical injection locking, phase control, and phase locking of microwave oscillators are also presented.
Improving surface quality of microcellular injection molded parts through mold surface temperature manipulation with thin film insulation

Microcellular injection molding offers many advantages such as material and energy savings, reduced cycle times, and excellent dimensional stability. However, typical surface characteristics of microcellular injection molded parts—such as gas flow and swirl marks and a lack of smoothness—have precluded the process from being used for applications where surface appearance is important. This article presents an insulator-assisted method that has been shown to improve the surface quality of microcellular injection molded parts significantly. By incorporating a thin film (75-225 μm) of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) insulator on the mold surface, the polymer melt-insulator interfacial temperature can be manipulated and can be kept high enough during mold filling to reduce or eliminate swirl marks on the surface. The experimental results in terms of surface roughness and surface profile of conventional and microcellular injection molded parts with and without the insulator film are discussed. Thermal analyses of the corresponding microcellular injection molding experiments were performed to elucidate the correlation between film thickness, interfacial temperature, and the surface quality. The effect of insulator on the cooling time increase is also analyzed and presented. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 50:1281-1289, 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Clonidine reverses the behavioral and respiratory effects of continuous naloxone infusion.

Abstract Opiate naive rats received 24 hours of continuous suncutaneous infusion of 0.67 mg/kg/hr naloxone via osmotic minipump. As in previous studies, this induced an opiate-abstinence-like syndrome of significantly increased oxygen consumption and behavioral signs (wet-dog shakes, abdominal writhes, etc.). Clonidine, which selectively reduces central noradrenergic activity, has been shown to reverse opiate abstinence syndrome. Subcutaneous injection of 0.033 and 0.01 mg/kg clonidine totally reversed the abstinence-like behaviors and respiratory activity induced by naloxone infusion. This constitutes an additional point of similarity between opiate abstinence syndrome and the “endorphin blockade syndrome” or withdrawal from endogenous opioids resulting from chronic naloxone treatment. It is consistent with the hypothesis that hyperactivity of central noradrenergic mechanisms may contribute to both phenomena.
Patterns of Use of Facial Nerve Monitoring During Parotid Gland Surgery

Objective To determine current patterns of use of facial nerve monitoring during parotid gland surgery by otolaryngologists in the United States. Study design and setting A questionnaire encompassing surgeon training background, practice setting, patterns of facial nerve monitor usage during parotid gland surgery, and history of permanent facial nerve injury or legal action resulting from parotid surgery was mailed to 3139 otolaryngologists in the United States. Associations between facial nerve monitor usage and dependent variables were examined by using the χ2 test. Magnitudes of the associations were determined from odds ratios calculated using logistic regression. Results A 49.3% questionnaire response rate was achieved. Sixty percent of respondents who perform parotidectomy employed facial nerve monitoring some or all of the time. Respondents were 5.6 times more likely to use the monitor in practice if they used it in training and 79% more likely to use it if they performed more than 10 parotidectomies per year. Respondents were 35% less likely to have a history of inadvertent nerve injury if they performed more than 10 parotidectomies per year. Surgeons who employed monitoring in their practice were 20.8% less likely to have a history of a parotid surgery–associated lawsuit. Additional information regarding surgeon demographics, types of nerve monitors used, and reasons for and against monitor usage are discussed. Conclusion Permanent facial nerve paralysis after parotidectomy occurs in 0–7% of cases. Currently, a majority of otolaryngologists in the United States are employing facial nerve monitoring during parotid surgery some or all of the time, even though no studies to date have demonstrated improved outcomes with its use. Physician training background and surgery caseload were significant factors influencing usage of facial nerve monitoring in this study.
Effects of gas composition and flame sheathing on the spatial velocity profiles of laminar analytical acetylene flames

Abstract A recently developed technique has been employed to spatially map the rise velocity pronies (horizontal and vertical) of commonly used laminar analytical flames and to determine the influence on the profiles of fuel-to-oxidant ratio and the presence of a flame sheath. The rise velocities for fuel-rich, lean, and stoichiometric flames were found to differ substantially, the entire profile being greatest for the fuel-rich condition and lowest for the fuel-lean flame. In addition, the change in rise velocity with the addition of a solid (quartz tube) or gas (N 2 ) sheath was studied. The flowing sheath, at several different flow rates, affected each rise velocity profile principally by altering atmospheric entrainment and thereby changing secondary combustion in the flame. In contrast, a solid quartz tube used as a sheath produces an additional increase in the entire velocity profile of each flame, since it constrains gas expansion to the direction of flame propagation. The degree to which the velocity of each flame is affected by either a flowing N 2 and quartz sheath is strongly influenced by fuel-to-oxidant ratio.
Anticholinergic drug-induced sleep-like EEG pattern in man.

Clinical, quantitative, and qualitative EEG investigations were carried out in a group of psychotic subjects with the anticholinergic drugs Ditran and atropine sulfate. Both anticholinergics induced, in relatively “low” dosages (Ditran, 0.005–0.05 mg/kg, and atropine, 0.04–0.30 mg/kg), drowsiness-like EEG patterns with low voltage slow waves and superimposed fast activity. These EEG changes correlated clinically with fluctuations of consciousness and subdelirious behavior. The clinical and EEG characteristics of the drowsiness-like stage after anticholinergics were different from those seen during spontaneous drowsiness. After high dosages of Ditran and atropine (Ditran, 0.05–0.30 mg/kg, and atropine, 0.30–0.50 mg/kg), high voltage slow waves and spindle patterns were seen in the EEG of some subjects. Patients exhibited marked impairment of consciousness, sleep-like behavior, and sometimes coma-like states. The anticholinergic-induced sleep-like state differed significantly both clinically and electroencephalographically from chlorpromazine-induced sleep, thiopental sleep, and spontaneous daytime sleep. These investigations indicate that anticholinergic-induced sleep-like states represent entirely different stages of vigilance and consciousness than those of natural drowsiness and sleep.
Combination of N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide and apigenin suppressed starvation-induced autophagy and promoted apoptosis in malignant neuroblastoma cells

Abstract Autophagy is a catabolic process for recycling of cellular contents in response to metabolic stress in malignant tumors. We explored efficacy of the synthetic retinoid N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide (4-HPR) and the isoflavonoid apigenin (APG) in the serum-starved human malignant neuroblastoma cells. Combination of 0.5 μM 4-HPR and 50 μM APG synergistically decreased cell viability in the serum-starved neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y, SK-N-BE2, and IMR-32 cells. Acridine orange (AO) staining and LC3 II upregulation showed that serum-starvation for 12 and 24 h progressively increased the formation of acidic vesicular organelles (AVO) and autophagy in SH-SY5Y cells. Further, AO staining and flow cytometry showed blockage of formation of AVO and accumulation of auophagic population, respectively, following the treatment of the serum-starved SH-SY5Y cells with combination of 0.5 μM 4-HPR and 50 μM APG. Combination therapy downregulated autophagy inducing proteins such as Beclin 1, LC3 II, TLR-4, and Myd88 while upregulated autophagy inhibitory p-Akt/mTOR singaling pathway. Consistent with the hypothesis that inhibition of autophagy could induce apoptosis, we noticed inhibition of autophagy and induction of apoptosis in the serum-starved SH-SY5Y cells with the suppression of the survival factor NF-κB, upregulation of pro-apoptotic Bax, downregulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, activation of caspase-3, and degradation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) after combination therapy. Collectively, combination of 4-HPR and APG worked synergistically to suppress autophagy and promote apoptosis in human malignant neuroblastoma cells.
miR-195 competes with HuR to modulate stim1 mRNA stability and regulate cell migration

Stromal interaction molecule 1 (Stim1) functions as a sensor of Ca2+ within stores and plays an essential role in the activation of store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). Although lowering Stim1 levels reduces store-operated Ca2+ entry and inhibits intestinal epithelial repair after wounding, the mechanisms that control Stim1 expression remain unknown. Here, we show that cellular Stim1 abundance is controlled posttranscriptionally via factors that associate with 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of stim1 mRNA. MicroRNA-195 (miR-195) and the RNA-binding protein HuR competed for association with the stim1 3'-UTR and regulated stim1 mRNA decay in opposite directions. Interaction of miR-195 with the stim1 3'-UTR destabilized stim1 mRNA, whereas the stability of stim1 mRNA increased with HuR association. Interestingly, ectopic miR-195 overexpression enhanced stim1 mRNA association with argonaute-containing complexes and increased the colocalization of tagged stim1 RNA with processing bodies (P-bodies); the translocation of stim1 mRNA was abolished by HuR overexpression. Moreover, decreased levels of Stim1 by miR-195 overexpression inhibited cell migration over the denuded area after wounding but was rescued by increasing HuR levels. In sum, Stim1 expression is controlled by two factors competing for influence on stim1 mRNA stability: the mRNA-stabilizing protein HuR and the decay-promoting miR-195.
Evaluations of the Circuit Partition Polynomial

J. A. Ellis-Monaghan (1998, J. Combin. Theory Ser. B74, 326?352) used Hopf algebra techniques to prove some beautiful combinatorial interpretations of the Martin polynomial for unoriented graphs. Our aim here is to give very simple proofs of similar interpretations for a considerably wider class of values. The results look particularly simple when formulated for a trivial transform of the Martin polynomial, the circuit partition polynomial.
Determination of photochemically produced carbon dioxide in seawater

An analytical system was developed to determine photochemically produced carbon dioxide in marine waters. Our system was designed to measure low levels of carbon dioxide by maintaining a closed system to prevent atmospheric contamination during sample preparation, irradiation, and analysis. To detect low levels of photoproduced carbon dioxide in seawater, background dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) was removed before irradiation. To strip out DIC, samples were acidified to pH 3.0 (converting DIC to carbon dioxide) and bubbled with low carbon dioxide air. The pH was then readjusted back to the original value, and the resulting low-DIC seawater samples were transferred pneumatically to air-tight quartz tubes for irradiation. During analysis, samples were pneumatically transferred to a sample loop, injected, and acidified. Carbon dioxide was then stripped out, dried, and carried to a nondispersive infrared carbon dioxide analyzer. Calibration was done with a series of low concentration aqueous carbonate standards (0.05 to 3 µmol L−1). The detection limit, defined as the concentration corresponding to three times the standard deviation of the experimental blank (i.e., DIC-stripped seawater), was ~60 nmol L−1. Method precision was largely dependent on the agreement between multiple injections from the same tube (< ±2% relative standard deviation [RSD]) and the reproducibility between different tubes (±3% RSD). This method was used to measure carbon dioxide photoproduction in a variety of waters (e.g., estuarine, lake) including the first direct measurements in marine waters.
Have Slides, Will Travel: Thoughts on Medical Lecturing

"I swear by Apollo the physician, by Aesculapius, Hygeia, and Panacea, and I take to witness all the gods, all the goddesses, to keep according to my ability and myjudgment the following oath: To consider dear to me as my parents him who taught me this art; to live in common with him and if necessary to share my goods with him; to look upon his children as my own brothers, to teach them this art if they so desire withoutfee or written promise...."
Time window capacity analysis for synchronous production

Abstract Synchronous production is a philosophy that suggests that the right part should arrive at the right machine at the right time to minimize the inventory and operating costs. To achieve this goal a synchronous material flow is required. How ever, this is not an easy task in the discrete manufacturing environment because it requires management commitment and algorithmic development. This paper proposes a time window capacity analysis (TWCA) approach to implement the synchronous production. By dividing the production time into small time windows, simple rules, heuristics and algorithms are developed to assign operations among available resources such that the inventory and operating costs are kept low. The synchronization is achieved by resolving the demands of each operation in the order of time windows. The approach is simple and has been implemented and tested in an actual manufacturing company. The results show that TWCA is practical and promising. TWCA has the potential to be used in either sing...
A finite element analysis of orthogonal rubber cutting

Abstract An explicit plane strain FE model using ABAQUS/Explicit was developed to analyze rubber cutting using high-speed steel (HSS) tools. The initial and deformed meshes, as the cutting reaches steady state condition, are first described. The neo-Hookean constitutive model for the hyperelastic material considering the effective stress failure criterion is then introduced. The advantages of applying explicit method on the simulation of rubber cutting process over its implicit counterpart are discussed. The model was used to predict cutting forces, chip shape, stress and strain fields, and strain energy distribution in the chip and workpiece. Orthogonal cutting experiments were conducted for several rake angles and feeds to validate the FE model. Good agreement was found between the predicted and measured cutting forces. Favorable cutting conditions for formation of a smooth machined surface were identified by both simulations and experiments. The finite element model provides new insight into the chip formation process of rubber cutting.
High pressure investigations of melamine

We have performed mid- and far-infrared (IR), Raman, and angular dispersive X-ray diffraction studies on melamine at high pressure up to 36 GPa. We have confirmed the presence of three phase transitions; the first between 1 and 2 GPa, the second between 7 and 9 GPa, and the third near 16 GPa. We observed a softening of the N–H symmetric and antisymmetric vibrations with pressure, suggesting that intermolecular hydrogen bonding increases as the intermolecular distance decreases similarly to what was observed in triamino-trinitrobenzene. The molecular decompression data from core intramolecular peaks of mid-IR and Raman indicate that melamine did not chemically decompose up to the highest investigated pressures but the sample suffered some irreversible amorphization. We have further clarified the lack of observation of any phase transitions in prior Raman and IR studies by examining the pressure dependence of other uninvestigated modes of vibration.
Exploring Mental Models of Learning and Instruction in Teacher Education

The authors examine conceptual change in preservice teachers through a synthesis and application of mental models theory. They analyzed longitudinal data in the form of lesson plans, interviews, and written rationales from eight, social science preservice teachers. Findings that illustrate how preservice teachers' mental models changed during their coursework are graphically presented. Preservice teachers' mental models developed from general to discipline-specific practices. However, their conceptions of how students learn continued to focus on learner types rather than learning processes, suggesting a need for an ontological shift. The authors discuss implications for mental models theory and future research in teacher education.
Substrate disorder induced by a surface chemical reaction: the fluorine-silicon interaction

Abstract Si(111) surfaces etched by XeF 2 are studied with high-resolution soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. After a sufficient exposure to XeF 2 , a thick fluorosilyl reaction layer forms on the surface. An inelastic loss feature in the Si2p core-level spectra collected from these surfaces indicates the presence of Si defects that have been created by the reaction. These defects are located both at the reaction layer/substrate interface and in the near-surface region of the substrate. As suggested by earlier theoretical studies, it is proposed that the defects in the substrate are created by the excess heat liberated from the formation of exothermic Si-F bonds. Reaction-induced defects are an integral and essential part of the etching process, as they enable F to bond with subsurface Si and form the characteristic fluorosilyl reaction layer.
Tokyo insiders and the informational efficiency of the yen/dollar exchange rate

When there is a high concentration of informed yen/dollar traders active in Tokyo, theory suggests that there should be a faster adjustment of the yen/dollar exchange rate to the full-information level. We exploit the data during a period believed to contain a high concentration of informed Japanese traders in order to test this hypothesis. Comparing the period of informed trader clustering to a similar period without the informed, we find that yen/dollar exchange rate quotes adjust to full-information levels three times faster when the informed are active than when they are not. These results are consistent with a view of the foreign exchange market where private information is at times quite important. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Saturating contribution to the electrical resistivity from electron-phonon interactions in transition metal compounds

A model calculation shows that phonon-induced interband scattering of carriers from a low-mass band into a second, high-mass band separated by a distance q o in the reciprocal lattice can produce a saturating term in the electrical resistivity at high temperatures. A balance may occur between the increasing number of phonons and the decreasing number of carriers in appropriate states for scattering by this process if the relevant phonons have only a narrow spread in energies. The application of this analysis to V3Si is presented.
Unresectable cholangiocarcinoma: comparison of survival in biliary stenting alone versus stenting with photodynamic therapy.

Background & Aims: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) for unresectable cholangiocarcinoma is associated with improvement in cholestasis, quality of life, and potentially survival. We compared survival in patients with unresectable cholangiocarcinoma undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with PDT and stent placement with a group undergoing ERCP with stent placement alone. Methods: Forty-eight patients were palliated for unresectable cholangiocarcinoma during a 5-year period. Nineteen were treated with PDT and stents; 29 patients treated with biliary stents alone served as a control group. Multivariate analysis was performed by using Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score, age, treatment by chemotherapy or radiation, and number of ERCP procedures and PDT sessions to detect predictors of survival. Results: Kaplan–Meier analysis demonstrated improved survival in the PDT group compared with the stent only group (16.2 vs 7.4 months, P
Preliminary studies on the effects of direct current on the bone/porous implant interfaces

The effect of small direct current (∼8μA) upon the tensile strength of the interfacial union between porous metal and polymer implants (100–200 μm diam pores) and bone was studied in the femur of dogs.
Infestation of the rough-sided littleneck clam, Protothaca laciniata, in Morro Bay, California, with larval cestodes (Echeneibothrium sp.)☆

Specimens of the clam Protothaca laciniata collected from Morro Bay, California, were found to harbor large numbers of larval cestodes. No fewer than 270 cysts were counted in a section of foot 7μ thick. The plerocercoid larvae resembled Echeneibothrium fallax and Echeneibothrium maculatum although not closely enough for positive identification. Identification of this parasite will be dependent upon the description of its life cycle.
Effect of closed classical orbits on quantum spectra: Ionization of atoms in a magnetic field. II. Derivation of formulas

A formula is derived for oscillations in the near-threshold absorption spectrum of an atom in a magnetic field. Three approximations are used. (1) Near the atomic nucleus, the diamagnetic field is negligible. (2) Far from the nucleus, the waves propagate semiclassically. (3) Returning waves are similar to (cylindrically modified) Coulomb-scattering waves. With use of these approximations, together with the physical picture described in the accompanying paper, an algorithm is specified for calculation of the spectrum.
Thermal boundary conductance between the U2D2 solid and B superfluid phases of3He

The authors present the first measurement of the thermal boundary conductance, 1/R[sub B], between the U2D2 spin ordered solid and the B superfluid phases of [sup 3]He. 1/R[sub B] is found to be exceedingly high, roughly seven orders of magnitude greater than that between sintered silver powder and liquid [sup 3]He. For T < 0.56 mK, 1/R[sub B] appeared to be thermally activated, i.e. 1/R[sub B] [approximately] exp(-[var epsilon]/k[sub B]T), with [var epsilon] = 4.5 ([+-] 0.5) mK, close to the superfluid gap energy. We also present a theory involving magnon-quasiparticle coupling as a model to explain the experimental observations.
Sulfur amino acid utilization by growing steers

Studies were conducted to quantify sulfur amino acid requirements of growing steers. In Exp. 1, six steers (160 kg) were used to determine the methionine requirement in the presence of excess L-Cys. Treatments were abomasal infusion of water only or water plus 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 g/d of L-Met. Steers were fed 2.4 kg/d DM of a diet designed to minimize basal Met supply to the small intestine. Continuous ruminal infusions of VFA (506 g/d) and abomasal infusions of dextrose (150 g/d) increased energy supply to the steers. To prevent amino acids other than Met from limiting performance, an amino acid mixture containing excess Cys was infused continuously into the abomasum. Break-point analysis estimated maximal N retention at 5.8 g/d supplemental L-Met. The basal absorbable Met supply was 2.1 g/d ; therefore, the total Met requirement was 7.9 g/d when excess Cys was available. In Exp. 2, five steers (195 kg) were used to determine the efficiency of transsulfuration. Treatments were abomasal infusion of water only or water plus 1.62 or 3.25 g/d L-Cys or 2 or 4 g/d L-Met. Diet and infusions were similar to those in Exp. 1, except the amino acid mixture was devoid of Cys and all steers received 4 g/d L-Met to make total sulfur amino acids, but not necessarily Met, limiting. Nitrogen retention increased in response to Met but not Cys infusion and was maximized at 2 g/d supplemental L-Met; thus, the total Met requirement was near 8.4 g/d when the Cys supply was 2.1 g/d. Supplemental Cys did not spare Met, suggesting that nonprotein functions of Met may be quantitatively important.
Mathematical modeling of liquid phase migration in solid-liquid mixtures: Application to the sintering of functionally graded WC-Co composites

Abstract Liquid phase migration (LPM) is an interfacial-energy-driven flow that takes place in a solid–liquid two-phase system. This phenomenon is similar to but different from the well-known capillary-driven flow. Understanding and controlling LPM is crucial for liquid phase sintering of various functionally graded materials, including WC–Co, with composition gradients. To date, there have been few studies that focus on the LPM phenomenon, partially because it is a complex process that involves mass transport with moving boundaries and changing volumes. This paper describes a quantitative study on the kinetics of LPM. The governing equation for LPM that takes into account the changes in volume was derived and a novel “grid-tracking” numerical technique was also developed for solving the governing equation. The methodology and techniques described in this paper can be applied to simulate and predict the kinetics of LPM during liquid phase sintering and the composition gradients as the result of LPM.
Teaching problem solving and database skills that transfer

Abstract The main goal of teaching a database application is to prepare students to use the application as a tool to gather information and to solve problems. This study investigated two approaches to teaching problem solving with database applications with the goal of preparing students to transfer their problem solving and database skills to solve an ill structured business problem. The findings reveal that neither the problem solving instruction approach nor the problem solving discovery approach improved students' transfer of problem solving skills. Students continue to have difficulty selecting efficient database procedures to support their problem solving processes. Further research is recommended.
Overlay leaves litho: impact of non-litho processes on overlay and compensation

According to the ITRS roadmap [1], the overlay requirement for the 28nm node is 8nm. If we compare this number with the performance given by tool vendors for their most advanced immersion systems (which is < 3nm), there seems to remain a large margin. Does that mean that today’s leading edge Fab has an easy life? Unfortunately not, as other contributors affecting overlay are emerging. Mask contributions and so-called non-linear wafer distortions are known effects that can impact overlay quite significantly. Furthermore, it is often forgotten that downstream (post-litho) processes can impact the overlay as well. Thus, it can be required to compensate for the effects of subsequent processes already at the lithography operation. Within our paper, we will briefly touch on the wafer distortion topic and discuss the limitations of lithography compensation techniques such as higher order corrections versus solving the root cause of the distortions. The primary focus will be on the impact of the etch processes on the pattern placement error. We will show how individual layers can get affected differently by showing typical wafer signatures. However, in contrast to the above-mentioned wafer distortion topic, lithographic compensation techniques can be highly effective to reduce the placement error significantly towards acceptable levels (see Figure 1). Finally we will discuss the overall overlay budget for a 28nm contact to gate case by taking the impact of the individual process contributors into account.
Characteristics of Bubble Chambers

The bubble chamber is a new radiation detector in which ionizing events produce tracks consisting of strings of tiny bubbles in a superheated liquid. By means of fast flash photography, practically distortionless bubble tracks can be recorded for the study of high-energy nuclear events. A chamber six inches long has been constructed and chambers several feet long seem feasible, so the bubble chamber can have both high stopping power and large size. Liquids containing only elements of low atomic number can be used to minimize Coulomb scattering so that accurate magnetic curvature measurements can be made. Tracks of minimum ionizing particles contain up to 100 bubbles per centimeter, and the bubble density varies with ionization density, thus making bubble counting a possible method for measuring ionization. The short sensitive and resetting times of bubble chambers tend to reduce background radiation problems and increase data collection rates for experiments with pulsed accelerators. Unfortunately the lifetime of the bubble nuclei seems to be too short to permit counter-controlled expansion after the passage of the particle to produce tracks. Therefore it is unlikely that the types of bubble chambers described here will be useful for cosmic-ray experiments.
The Politics of Class Compromise in an International Context: Considerations for a New Strategy for Labor

This paper argues that labor confronts a crisis in its inability to deal with various forms of attack by capital and it situates that crisis in an historical and international context. A critique of labor's strategies for dealing with this crisis is presented along with suggestions for a strategy of rebuilding a progressive labor movement.
Significant Increase in Young Adults' Snacking between 1977–1978 and 1994–1996 Represents a Cause for Concern!

Background. Studies on children and adolescents suggest a large increase in the role of snacking; however, little is know about changes in the snacking behavior of young adults. Methods. USDA's nationally representative surveys from 1977–1978 to 1994–1996 are used to study snacking trends among 8,493 persons 19–29 years old. Results. Snacking prevalence increased from 77 to 84% between 1977–1978 and 1994–1996. The nutritional contribution of snacks to total daily energy intake went from 20 to 23%, primarily because energy consumed per snacking occasion increased by 26% and the number of snacks per day increased 14%. The mean daily caloric density (calorie per gram of food) of snacks increased from 1.05 to 1.32 calories. The energy contribution of high-fat desserts to the total calories from snacking decreased (22 to 14%), however, this food group remained the most important source of energy. The energy contribution of high-fat salty snacks doubled. Sweetened and alcoholic beverages remained important energy contributors. Conclusion. This large increase in total energy and energy density of snacks among young adults in the United States may be contributing to our obesity epidemic.
First Report of Powdery Mildew of Platanus occidentalis caused by Microsphaera platani (Erysiphe platani) in Washington State

American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) is a common native species in eastern North America and is planted widely as a landscape tree in other regions. During a survey of powdery mildew diseases in Washington State, the fungus Microsphaera platani Howe was found on American sycamore trees in Madison Park, Seattle. This report documents the presence of M. platani in Washington State and presents information on the fungus.
THEORY OF SCATTERING IN SOLIDS

The scattering of an electron by an imperfection in a lattice is set up in terms of a linear combination of the Wannier functions associated with the lattice. The difference equations which the coefficients of the Wannier functions satisfy are discussed in the light of simple examples. A Green's function formulation of the difference equations is then introduced which leads to the proper asymptotic behavior of the scattered wave. This approach avoids many of the unwarranted assumptions usually made in the discussion of scattering in solids.
The Morphologic Response of Cell Lines Derived from Human Gliomas to Dibutyryl Adenosine 3′:5′-Cyclic Monophosphate

The addition of exogenous cyclic nucleotides to cultured neoplastic cells has been reported by others to cause changes in growth properties and cellular morphology. We have studied the in vitro morphologic response to exogeneous dibutyryl adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (DBcAMP) of twelve permanent cell lines derived from human gliomas, thirteen sublines and clonal lines derived from human gliomas, and nine cell lines derived from neoplastic and non-neoplastic human tissue from sources other than gliomas. Replicate samples from each cell line were evaluated during log phase growth by counting cells with cytoplasmic extensions greater than two times the diameter of the cell body and at saturation density for the percentage of cells morphologically responding to DBcAMP. The mean percentage of glioma-derived cells responding ranged from 5.0 to 97.3 percent during log phase growth and from 0 to 100 percent at saturation density; from 0 to 95.0 percent of non-glioma derived cells responded. The percentages of responding cells from gliomas and controls for any given line was reproducible within and between triplicate observations. Further evaluation of the twelve permanent human glioma-derived cell lines during log phase growth and at confluence delineated two clearly separate groups of cell lines. During log phase growth, eight of twelve lines had between 19.7 and 88.0 percent responding cells. At confluence, these same cell lines had between 25 and 100 percent responding cells. The other four cell lines had, respectively, 5.7 to 7.7 percent and 0 to 10 percent responding cells. The spectrum of percentage of responding cells and the variable nature of the response elicited provide evidence for the heterogeneity of the cell populations present within human glioma-derived cultured cell lines. The in vitro morphologic response to DBcAMP was reproducible and could be quantitated, but the nature and mechanism of the response to DBcAMP, whether "toxic," "differentiating," or otherwise, could not be determined from these studies.