cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gouldner's theory of intellectuals as a flawed universal class

This paper critically examines Alvin W. Gouldner's contribution to the theory of the New Class, focusing on two major propositions from The Future of Intellectuals and the Rise of the New Class1: first, the emergence of a New Class comprised of humanistic intellectuals and technical intelligentsia, which takes the role Marxist theory assigned to the proletariat, but whose universalism is badly flawed; and, second, the growing dominance of this class under both state socialism and Western capitalism, as a cultural bourgeoisie whose power is rooted in a monopoly over cultural capital and professionalism. Not only are these propositions central to Gouldner's life work as a synthesis of his long-standing interest in the sociology of knowledge, sociolinguistics, and revolutionary intellectuals, but they are also a new contribution to earlier theories of the New Class. The first proposition, part of Gouldner's dark dialectic, is an exciting contribution to contemporary sociology. Based on a Hegelian critique of Marx and a Marxist critique of Hegel, this concept attempts to lay the foundation of a left neo-Hegelian sociology. With it Gouldner demystifies the Marxist scenario of socialism and returns to the Hegelian search for the historical agent that will act as a universal class. The second proposition is more problematic. First, the concept of the "flawed universal class" is probably most relevant to the analysis of intellectuals under state socialism, but those intellectuals cannot be regarded as members of a cultural bourgeoisie. They are dependent on the action of other classes to make changes in the economic system on which the intellectuals' new dominance rests. In contrast to this situation, under Western capitalism intellectuals do appear as a privileged cultural bourgeoisie, but it is difficult to see in what sense they are becoming a "flawed universal class." Although their cultural capital may create a "positively privileged position in the labor market," it cannot overrule the logic of reproduction and accumulation as governed by money capital. Thus the new
Persistence of Tyrosine-phosphorylated FcεRI in Deactivated Cells

Engagement of the high affinity IgE receptor (FceRI) with a multimeric antigen leads to immediate tyrosine phosphorylation of its β and γ subunits, recruitment, and activation of the tyrosine kinase Syk, and later to cell degranulation. Monovalent hapten treatment reverses these events, resulting in receptor dephosphorylation and an abrupt arrest of cell degranulation. Thus far, it has been assumed that there is a direct linkage between receptor tyrosine phosphorylation, Syk activation and phosphorylation, and cell degranulation. However, we show here that when FceRI receptors are cross-linked for extended periods of time, hapten-mediated receptor dephosphorylation is delayed. These receptors, which remain tyrosine-phosphorylated despite the addition of hapten, are progressively targeted to a Triton X-100-insoluble fraction, suggesting their progressive association with the membrane skeleton. In contrast to FceRI receptors, hapten-induced Syk dephosphorylation and the consequent arrest of degranulation are not affected by prolonged cross-linking. Thus, some tyrosine-phosphorylated receptors persist in deactivated cells. We propose that, with time, some tyrosine-phosphorylated receptors become unaccessible to phosphatases and, in addition, unable to activate Syk. This inactive status of tyrosine-phosphorylated FceRI may be the result of membrane skeleton compartmentalization. However, another population of clustered receptors that includes the ones most recently formed is still immediately sensitive to hapten deactivation. This latter population is critical in maintaining Syk activity and cell degranulation. The shift from a transiently active state of phosphorylated receptors toward an inactive state could be a general mechanism of desensitization also utilized by other antigen receptors.
Evaluation of electrode methods for determining total residual chlorine in various water matrices

Abstract Five electrode systems and procedures that are widely marketed for routine determination of total residual chlorine have been evaluated in a variety of water matrices. The performance, in terms of accuracy, precision, and sensitivity, has been determined for the Orion 97–70 Residual Chlorine Electrode, Chlortect Monitor, Lazar 136A Chlorine Electrode, the forward amperometric titration method, and the back amperometric titration method. Response times for the former too systems were comparable and ranged from 20–100 seconds for chlorine concentrations ranging from 0.3–7 ppm in all water matrices. The Lazar electrode had considerably longer response times. The Chlortect Monitor and the forward amperometric titration method gave the highest sensitivity, with values of + 0.005 and .01 ppm, respectively, at the 1 ppm level. However, the Lazar Electrode could not be completely evaluated because of inconsistencies in the marketed procedures. Each system and method gave a higher precision in chlorine de...
A Linear System Arising from a PolynomialProblem and Its Applications

A linear system arising from a polynomial problem in the approximation theory is studied, and the necessary and sufficient conditions for existence and uniqueness of its solutions are presented. Together with a class of determinant identities, the resulting theory is used to determine the unique solution to the polynomial problem. Some homogeneous polynomial identities as well as results on the structure of related polynomial ideals are just by-products.
An analytical model for current transport in AlGaAs/GaAs abrupt HBTs with a setback layer

Abstract An intrinsic setback layer (or spacer) is frequently used in abrupt heterojunctions to improve the emitter injection efficiency and to reduce the impurity out-diffusion from the heavily doped base to the emitter. We have developed an analytical model to predict the d.c. performance of the AlGaAs/GaAs abrupt heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) with a setback layer. The effects of different setback layer thicknesses on the collector and base currents are studied in detail. Our results suggest that the presence of the setback layer can improve injection efficiency, but it can also increase the base current. Furthermore, for the device considered and parameters used, it was shown that a setback layer with a 100 A thickness can yield the highest current gain and that a setback layer thicker than 100 A can actually degrade the HBT performance. The model predictions compare favorably with the results obtained from solving numerically the Poisson and continuity equations including the nonuniform spatial band distribution as well as carrier degeneracy.
The Type VI Secretion System Spike Protein VgrG5 Mediates Membrane Fusion during Intercellular Spread by Pseudomallei Group Burkholderia Species

Pseudomallei group Burkholderia species are facultative intracellular parasites that spread efficiently from cell to cell by a mechanism involving the fusion of adjacent cell membranes. Intercellular fusion requires the function of the cluster 5 type VI secretion system (T6SS-5) and its associated valine-glycine repeat protein, VgrG5. Here we show that VgrG5 alleles are conserved and functionally interchangeable between Burkholderia pseudomallei and its relatives B. mallei, B. oklahomensis, and B. thailandensis. We also demonstrate that the integrity of the VgrG5 C-terminal domain is required for fusogenic activity, and we identify sequence motifs, including two hydrophobic segments, that are important for fusion. Mutagenesis and secretion experiments using B. pseudomallei strains engineered to express T6SS-5 in vitro show that the VgrG5 C-terminal domain is dispensable for T6SS-mediated secretion of Hcp5, demonstrating that the ability of VgrG5 to mediate membrane fusion can be uncoupled from its essential role in type VI secretion. We propose a model in which a unique fusogenic activity at the C terminus of VgrG5 facilitates intercellular spread by B. pseudomallei and related species following injection across the plasma membranes of infected cells.
Four Years with the High Productivity Computing Systems Program - A Perspective

For the past four years, IBM has participated in DARPA's High Productivity Computing Systems (HPCS) program, competing with other contestants in ground-breaking research for peta-scale systems aimed at changing the status quo in high end computing. The HPCS program is unique in that it states productivity as a broader definition of the system value than just performance. Commercial viability is another goal, meant to add realism and produce usable systems at the end of the program with productivity and performance goals that well exceed the projected improvements using today's technology. This unprecedented mix adds interesting and challenging constraints on the research program, and the traditional ways of approaching the problem do not apply. This talk will give an overview of the program as conducted in IBM, including a description of many technologies that were investigated and considered. The talk addresses also the challenges of running projects of this kind, and gives a forward looking statement about the future of the program and its projected impact on the industry and the academic communities.
Parasitism enhances the induction of glucogenesis by the insect, Manduca sexta L

Abstract Metabolic alterations that accompany parasitism of invertebrate animals can play an important role in parasite development. Employing 13 C NMR, this study examined pyruvate cycling from (2- 13 C)pyruvate in the lepidopteran insect Manduca sexta , and the effects of parasitism by the hymenopteran Cotesia congregata on the gluconeogenic formation of trehalose, the haemolymph or blood sugar of insects. Larvae were maintained on a semi-synthetic sucrose-free diet, or on the same diet with sucrose at 8.5 g/l. Pyruvate cycling was evident from the 13 C enrichment in C3 of alanine, derived following carboxylation to oxaloacetate, and was similar in parasitized and normal insects regardless of diet. Trehalose was formed following de novo synthesis of glucose, and net synthesis was estimated from the 13 C distribution in trehalose and alanine. The 13 C-enrichment ratio [2trehalose C6/alanine C3] is an indicator of the level of gluconeogenesis relative to glycolysis, both enrichments were derived from (2- 13 C)pyruvate in the same manner. The ratio was greater than unity in all insects, regardless of diet, but was significantly greater in parasitized larvae, demonstrating an enhanced level of gluconeogenesis. This was confirmed by analysis of the 13 C distribution in trehalose and glutamine derived from (3- 13 C)alanine. Despite enhanced de novo trehalose formation in parasitized insects, the haemolymph sugar level was similar to that of normal larvae. Because haemolymph trehalose regulates dietary carbohydrate intake, but not gluconeogenesis, the results suggest that accelerated induction of gluconeogenesis is an adaptive response to parasitism that provides increased carbohydrate for parasite growth and simultaneously maintains nutrient intake.
Early evolution of a homeobox gene: the parahox gene Gsx in the Cnidaria and the Bilateria

Homeobox transcription factors are commonly involved in developmental regulation in diverse eukaryotes, including plants, animals, and fungi. The origin of novel homeobox genes is thought to have contributed to many evolutionary innovations in animals. We perform a molecular phylogenetic analysis of cnox2, the best studied homeobox gene from the phylum Cnidaria, a very ancient lineage of animals. Among three competing hypotheses, our analysis decisively favors the hypothesis that cnox2 is orthologous to the gsx gene of Bilateria, thereby establishing the existence of this specific homeobox gene in the eumetazoan stem lineage, some 650-900 million years ago. We assayed the expression of gsx in the planula larva and polyp of the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis using in situ hybridization and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. The gsx ortholog of Nematostella, known as anthox2, is expressed at high levels in the posterior planula and the corresponding "head" region of the polyp. It cannot be detected in the anterior planula or the corresponding "foot" region of the polyp. We have attempted to reconstruct the evolution of gsx spatiotemporal expression in cnidarians and bilaterians using a phylogenetic framework. Because of the surprisingly high degree of variability in gsx expression within the Cnidaria, it is currently not possible to infer unambiguously the ancestral cnidarian condition or the ancestral eumetazoan condition for gsx expression.
Playback of felid growls mitigates crop-raiding by elephants Elephas maximus in southern India

Author(s): Thuppil, V; Coss, RG | Abstract: We attempted to deter crop-raiding elephants Elephas maximus by using playbacks of threatening vocalizations such as felid growls and human shouts. For this purpose, we tested two sound-playback systems in southern India: A wireless, active infrared beam-triggered system to explore the effects of night-time uncertainty in elephants' assessment of predatory threats, and a passive infrared motion detector-triggered system for closer-range playbacks. Using the first system, we deterred 90% of crop-raiding attempts using tiger Panthera tigris growls, 72.7% using leopard Panthera pardus growls, and 57.1% using human shouts, with no statistically significant difference among the three sounds. Using the second system, playbacks of tiger and lion Panthera leo growls deterred 100 and 83.3% of crop-raiding attempts, respectively, with no statistically reliable difference between the two, although video evidence indicated that elephants were more fearful of tiger growls. Our results indicate that playbacks of threatening sounds can be effective in mitigating human-elephant conflict, particularly in bolstering existing deterrent methods.
The library as an information utility in the university context: Evolution and measurement of service

We examine the problem of measuring library performance objectively, with particular attention to the service rendered to the users of the library. We also consider that the context in which the library operates may modify the performance goals, both properly and improperly. We selected an aggregate measure of performance, the Total Contact Time per Potential User. This is mathematically decomposed into eight parameters which are independently meaningful, measurable and manipulatable. They provide a multi-dimensional picture of the corresponding aspects of library performance. We present a detailed algorithm for the determination of four of these from a frustration study and sketch the significance and possible measurement techniques for the others. Some values of the four performance parameters related to frustration or availability are reported and their significance for a user oriented cost-benefit analysis is discussed briefly.
Trade-offs between Agility and Reliability of Predictions in Dynamic Social Networks Used to Model Risk of Microbial Contamination of Food

This paper evaluates trade-offs between agility and reliability of predictions arising due to sparseness of data modeled with dynamic social networks. We use real field data from food safety domain to illustrate the discussion. We model food production facilities as one type of entities in a social network evolving in time. Another type of entities denotes various specific strains of Salmonella. Two entities are linked in the graph if a microbial test of food sample conducted at the specific food facility over specific period of time turns out positive for the particular pathogen. We use a computationally efficient latent space model to predict future occurrences of pathogens in individual facilities. Empirical results indicate predictive utility of the proposed representation. However, sparseness of data limits the attainable agility of predictions. We identify exploiting recency of data and using the known patterns in it, such as seasonality, as plausible means of battling the challenge of sparseness.
Combined effects on the circadian clock of agents with different phase response curves: phase-shifting effects of triazolam and light.

Although light provides the primary signal for the entrainment of circadian pacemakers, a number of endogenous substances and pharmacological agents are also capable of resetting circadian pacemakers. Very little is known about the combined effects of photic and nonphotic agents on clock functions. We conducted a "double-pulse" experiment, in which two discrete stimuli are presented at different times within a single circadian cycle, to determine the combined effects of a 1-hr light pulse and injections of a benzodiazepine, triazolam, on the circadian rhythm of activity in the golden hamster.
Complete Genome of Bacillus pumilus Siphophage Riggi

ABSTRACT Bacillus pumilus is primarily used in the agricultural industry to promote plant growth and provide resistance to bacterial and fungal plant diseases. It has recently, however, been shown to cause disease in humans. Here, we announce the complete genome of B. pumilus phage Riggi.
Association of socioeconomic status with treatment delays, disease activity, joint damage, and disability in rheumatoid arthritis

Objective To examine the association of socioeconomic status (SES) and delays in disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) treatment with clinical measures in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Methods RA patients were recruited from rheumatology practices. We assessed SES based on education, occupation, and income, and divided patients into tertiles. The time from RA symptom onset to DMARD initiation (DMARD lag) was determined by self-report of the 2 dates, and distance to the rheumatologist (Distance) was obtained from Google Maps. We examined disease activity, determined by the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints using the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28-ESR); joint damage, determined from hand radiographs by Sharp scores; and physical disability, determined by the modified Health Assessment Questionnaire (M-HAQ). We used linear regression models to examine the relationship between clinical measures and SES, Distance, and DMARD lag. Results We recruited 1,209 RA patients, 1,159 of whom had received DMARD treatment. Mean ± SD DMARD lag was 6.9 ± 9.0 years. On average, patients with lower SES waited 8.5 ± 10.2 years after onset of RA symptoms to begin DMARD treatment, compared to those in the middle and upper SES tertiles who waited 6.1 ± 7.9 years (P = 0.002) and 6.1 ± 8.6 years (P = 0.009), respectively. Each year of delayed treatment was associated with a DAS28-ESR increase of 0.02 (P ≤ 0.001), a Sharp score increase of 1.33 (P ≤ 0.001), and an M-HAQ score increase of 0.01 (P ≤ 0.001). Conclusion Low SES was associated with delay in DMARD initiation, and both were independently associated with worse clinical measures in RA. Strategies to reduce treatment delay in low-SES RA patients are needed.
Effect of infertility treatment and pregnancy-related hormones on breast cell proliferation in vitro

background: Breast cancer development involves a series of mutations in a heterogeneous group of proto-oncogenes/tumor suppressor genes that alter mammary cells to create a microenvironment permissive to tumorigenesis. Exposure to hormones during infertility treatment may have a mutagenic effect on normal mammary epithelial cells, high-risk breast lesions and early-stage breast cancers. Our goal was to understand the association between infertility treatment and normal and cancerous breast cell proliferation. methods: MCF-10A normal mammary cells and the breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 [estrogen receptor (ER)-positive, well differentiated] and HCC 1937 (ER-negative, aggressive, BRCA1 mutation) were treated with the weak ER activator clomiphene citrate and hormones that are increased during infertility treatment. Direct effects of treatment on cell proliferation and colony growth were determined. results: While clomiphene citrate had no effect on MCF-10A cells or MCF-7 breast cancer cells, it decreased proliferation of HCC 1937 versus untreated cells (P ¼ 0.003). Estrogen had no effect on either MCF-10A or HCC 1937 cells but, as expected, increased cell proliferation (20– 100 nM; P ≤ 0.002) and colony growth (10–30 nM; P , 0.0001) of MCF-7 cells versus control. Conversely, progesterone decreased both proliferation (P ¼ 0.001) and colony growth (P ¼ 0.01) of MCF-10A cells, inhibited colony size of MCF-7 cells (P ¼ 0.01) and decreased proliferation of HCC 1937 cells (P ¼ 0.008) versus control. hCG (100 mIU/ml) decreased both proliferation (P ≤ 0.01) and colony growth (P ≤ 0.002) of all three cell lines. conclusions: Although these data are preclinical, they support possible indirect estrogenic effects of infertility regimens on ER-positive breast cancer cells and validate the potential protective effect of pregnancy-related exposure to hCG.
Neutron localization induced by the pairing field in inhomogeneous neutron matter

It is shown that in an inhomogeneous neutron matter the pairing field bounds neutrons around the Fermi level leading to the formation of localized Andreev states. In the case of the inner crust of neutron stars the localization length is determined as a function of nuclear density.
Physiological Dysfunction of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Schizophrenia Revisited

Evidence implicates subtle neuronal pathology of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in schizophrenia, but how this pathology is reflected in physiological neuroimaging experiments remains controversial. We investigated PFC function in schizophrenia using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and a parametric version of the n-back working memory (WM) task. In a group of patients who performed relatively well on this task, there were three fundamental deviations from the 'healthy' pattern of PFC fMRI activation to varying WM difficulty. The first characteristic was a greater magnitude of PFC fMRI activation in the context of slightly impaired WM performance (i.e. physiological inefficiency). The second was that the significant correlations between behavioral WM performance and dorsal PFC fMRI activation were in opposite directions in the two groups. Third, the magnitude of the abnormal dorsal PFC fMRI response was predicted by an assay of N-acetylaspartate concentrations (NAA) in dorsal PFC, a measure of neuronal pathology obtained using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Patients had significantly lower dorsal PFC NAA than controls and dorsal PFC NAA inversely predicted the fMRI response in dorsal PFC (areas 9, 46) to varying WM difficulty - supporting the assumption that abnormal PFC responses arose from abnormal PFC neurons. These data suggest that under certain conditions the physiological ramifications of dorsal PFC neuronal pathology in schizophrenia includes exaggerated and inefficient cortical activity, especially of dorsal PFC.
Effect of detergent on the polymerization of allyl acetate

The persulfate-initiated polymerization of allyl acetate has been studied at 70°C. in the absence and in the presence of sodium lauryl sulfate. In the absence of the detergent a polymer of molecular weight about 800 is formed from initially homogeneous reaction mixtures at an initial rate approximately proportional to concentration of persulfate and approximately independent of concentration of monomer. The ratio of the initial rates of disappearance of allyl acetate and persulfate is about 14, corresponding to the ratio calculated from the molecular weight. With a separate phase of monomer the molecular weight is about 1000. The addition of the detergent does not increase the rate of initiation or affect the molecular weight of the polymer formed in innitially homogeneous media, although the rate of polymerization is increased somewhat. With a separate phase of monomer the polymer formed in the presence of detergent has a molecular weight of about 1300.
Changing the Game: Homophobia, Sexism, and Lesbians in Sport.

The purpose of this article is to discuss, from a feminist perspective, the interconnected nature of homophobia and sexism in women's sport. After a brief description of the early 20th-century origins of the lesbian stereotype and the political function of homophobia in a sexist and heterosexist culture, manifestations of homophobia in women's sport are discussed: silence, denial, apology, promotion of a heterosexy image, attacks on lesbians, and preference for male coaches. The underlying beliefs that support homophobia in women's sport are described, and several strategies for confronting homophobia in women's sport are suggested.
The economic burden of vision loss and eye disorders among the United States population younger than 40 years.

Objective To estimate the economic burden of vision loss and eye disorders in the United States population younger than 40 years in 2012. Design Econometric and statistical analysis of survey, commercial claims, and census data. Participants The United States population younger than 40 years in 2012. Methods We categorized costs based on consensus guidelines. We estimated medical costs attributable to diagnosed eye-related disorders, undiagnosed vision loss, and medical vision aids using Medical Expenditure Panel Survey and MarketScan data. The prevalence of vision impairment and blindness were estimated using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. We estimated costs from lost productivity using Survey of Income and Program Participation. We estimated costs of informal care, low vision aids, special education, school screening, government spending, and transfer payments based on published estimates and federal budgets. We estimated quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) lost based on published utility values. Main Outcome Measures Costs and QALYs lost in 2012. Results The economic burden of vision loss and eye disorders among the United States population younger than 40 years was $27.5 billion in 2012 (95% confidence interval, $21.5–$37.2 billion), including $5.9 billion for children and $21.6 billion for adults 18 to 39 years of age. Direct costs were $14.5 billion, including $7.3 billion in medical costs for diagnosed disorders, $4.9 billion in refraction correction, $0.5 billion in medical costs for undiagnosed vision loss, and $1.8 billion in other direct costs. Indirect costs were $13 billion, primarily because of $12.2 billion in productivity losses. In addition, vision loss cost society 215 000 QALYs. Conclusions We found a substantial burden resulting from vision loss and eye disorders in the United States population younger than 40 years, a population excluded from previous studies. Monetizing quality-of-life losses at $50 000 per QALY would add $10.8 billion in additional costs, indicating a total economic burden of $38.2 billion. Relative to previously reported estimates for the population 40 years of age and older, more than one third of the total cost of vision loss and eye disorders may be incurred by persons younger than 40 years. Financial Disclosure(s) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
Behavioral responses of Daphnia pulex exposed to carbaryl and Chaoborus kairomone

An analysis of digitized three-dimensional video records of free-swimming Daphnia pulex identified six measurements of swimming behavior that can be used to quantify individual behavioral responses to pesticides or natural chemical signals. Protocols are given for measuring the parameters that showed statistically significant changes in pesticide treatments. The most efficient experimental design would involve observing as many animals as possible, with one observation per animal. Parameters most likely to be useful in future studies are velocity, turning angle, upward and downward angles during hops, variance in vertical position, and hopping frequency. The parameters varied in usefulness, defined as the ratio of within-treatment to among-treatment variance (F ratios). Velocity was the most useful (i.e., had the highest F ratio); hopping frequency was the least useful. Daphnia exhibited three kinds of swimming behavior, as defined by eight parameters: (a) “spinning” (extreme and continuous escape response) to acutely toxic levels of Carbaryl (40 ppb); (b) “irritation” (an increase in escape-like behavior) to low levels of Carbaryl (1 ppb); and (c) “null” behavioral responses to Chaoborus-conditioned water, in which there was no detectable change in any measurement of swimming behavior. In predation trials, bluegill sunfish preferentially selected individuals showing “spinning” behavior. Results from this and other studies of Daphnia swimming behavior suggest a conservative-swimming hypothesis for understanding constraints on Daphnia swimming behavior.
Poly(enamine-ketones) from aromatic diacetylenic diketones and aromatic diamines

Novel poly(enamine-ketones) were prepared with inherent viscosities as high as 1.99 dL/g using the Michael-type addition of various diamines to 1,1′-(1,3 or 1,4-phenylene)bis(3-phenyl-2-propyn-1-one) in m-cresol at 60–130°C. Tough, clear, amber films with tensile strengths of 12, 400 psi and tensile moduli of 397, 000 psi were cast from solutions of the polymers in chloroform. The polymers exhibited Tgs as high as 235°C and weight losses of 14% after aging at 232°C in circulating air for 60 h. The synthesis and characterization of several poly(enamine-ketones) are discussed.
Stress-rupture of Nicalon/SiC continuous fiber ceramic composites in air at 950 C

The stress-rupture behavior of plain-weave CG-Nicalon/enhanced SiC was studied in air at 950°C. It was found that this material exhibits delayed failure and that the lives of specimens subjected to constant stress levels of 80, 100, and 120 MPa were 21.6, 9.6, and 2.7 h, respectively. The strain histories of these tests revealed a continuous increase of the specimen compliance and accelerated deformation prior to failure. It is shown that both the shape of the strain vs time curves and the time dependence of the loss of strength can be explained using a simple model based on the oxidation-induced stress-rupture of the reinforcing fiber bundles.
Transcriptome Analysis and Physical Mapping of Barley Genes in Wheat–Barley Chromosome Addition Lines

Wheat–barley chromosome addition lines are useful genetic resources for a variety of studies. In this study, transcript accumulation patterns in Betzes barley, Chinese Spring wheat, and Chinese Spring–Betzes chromosome addition lines were examined with the Barley1 Affymetrix GeneChip probe array. Of the 4014 transcripts detected in Betzes but not in Chinese Spring, 365, 271, 265, 323, 194, and 369 were detected in wheat–barley disomic chromosome addition lines 2(2H), 3(3H), 4(4H), 7(5H), 6(6H), and 1(7H), respectively. Thus, 1787 barley transcripts were detected in a wheat genetic background and, by virtue of the addition line in which they were detected, were physically mapped to barley chromosomes. We validated and extended our approach to physically map barley genes to the long and short arms of chromosome 6(6H). Our physical map data exhibited a high level of synteny with homologous sequences on the wheat and/or rice syntenous chromosomes, indicating that our barley physical maps are robust. Our results show that barley transcript detection in wheat–barley chromosome addition lines is an efficient approach for large-scale physical mapping of genes.
High-speed interconnects with underlayer orthogonal metal grids

On-chip high-speed interconnects with underlayer orthogonal metal grids, including grid-backed lines (GBLs) and grid-backed coplanar waveguides (GBCPWs), are characterized through s-parameter measurements. For GBL test structures, the presence of underlayer metal grids reduces dispersion by a factor of 4 while the local speed of light decreases by a factor of 2 in comparison to those of conventional microstrip lines. The dispersion reduction comes from suppressing higher order modes; the local speed of light reduction comes from a longer current return path. These characteristics are beneficial for compact CMOS analog circuit designs. Losses caused by substrate and conductor lines are restrained by shielding the substrate and by involving weaker electric fields. Resonance at a frequency characterized by that of a patch antenna was observed and needs to be considered in high-speed circuit designs. The grids have weaker effects in the case of CPWs, where the side ground plate effects are significant. A signal transmission example shows that dispersion and frequency-dependent losses are important in determining the signal rise edge. Semi-empirical distributed resistance-inductance-capacitance-conductance (RLCG) equivalent circuit models are constructed for the interconnects below the resonant frequencies.
SOIL LIMING MITIGATES THE NEGATIVE EFFECT OF SIMULATED ACID RAIN ON THE ISOPOD, PORCELLIO SCABER

Terrestrial isopods are sensitive to variability in the pH-buffering capacity of soils, partly because of their high requirement for calcium. Acid deposition resulting from air pollution can reduce the quality of the environment for isopods and other forest-floor animals through the reduction of available calcium and increased acidity. We examined the potential for calcium carbonate (lime) application in soil to mitigate negative effects of simulated acid deposition on the isopod, Porcellio scaber Latreille (1804), in laboratory microcosms. Growth rate of animals was lower when subjected to strongly acidic simulated precipitation compared to weakly acidic simulated precipitation. Animals in limed microcosms had higher growth rates and lower risk of mortality than those in conditions without lime. Whole-body calcium concentration was higher for isopods in limed than unlimed microcosms receiving strongly acidic simulated precipitation. These results underscore the importance of buffering substrates for isopods and suggest that application of lime may be a productive mitigative technique in areas affected by acid rain.
PERCEPTUAL DISTURBANCES IN CHILDREN WITH CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISFUNCTIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR LANGUAGE‐DEVELOPMENT

(1966). Perceptual Disturbances in Children with Central Nervous System Disfunctions and Implications for Language-Development. British Journal of Disorders of Communication: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 21-32.
Region of Interest Identification for Damage Detection via Sub-Band Near-Field Beamforming and Symmetric Arrays

The near-field sub-band beamforming method for damage detection is a technique that addresses some inherent problem in current and past methods for damage detection in civil structures. It has been shown that the above mentioned algorithm is able to provide an approximate space/frequency localization of a damaged region in a simulated structure. This is accomplished by subband energy comparison among scanning directions, using a reference signal from the pristine system. To move towards a more usable algorithm, we need to eliminate the need for the reference measurements, and operate with only one set of data. In this paper we describe the first theoretical step to achieve this goal using two symmetric sub-arrays to identify Regions-Of-Interest (ROI) of the structure at the crossing points of opposite scanning directions. Moreover, an analysis on the effect of damage on the spectral signal from a simulated FE structure is used to help understand how the strain on the physical parameters of the system impacts the response of the structure.
Fleas (Siphonaptera: Pygiopsyllomorpha) of Papua Province (Indonesia), Papua New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands. Part II. Nestivalius, Orthopsylloides, and Parastivalius (Stivaliidae: Stivaliinae): Descriptions of Seventeen New Species and a New Subgenus

ABSTRACT Two subgenera (nominotypical subgenus Orthopsylloides and Mirzapsylla, new subgenus) are established within the flea genus Orthopsylloides Rothschild and Jordan, 1922. Within subgenus Orthopsylloides, four new species are described: Orthopsylloides (Orthopsylloides) mardoni, O. (O.) maricaballa, O. (O.) penguinata, and O. (O.) uncinata. An additional four new species are described in the new subgenus Mirzapsylla: Orthopsylloides (Mirzapsylla) rawlinsi, O. (M.). repanda, O. (M.) truncata, and O. (M.) whitingi. Females of O. (M.) mardoni and O. (M.) rawlinsi remain unknown. Orthopsylloides (O.) orthodactylus owiensis Holland, 1969, and Orthopsylloides (O.) abacetus baiyerensis George and Beaucournu, 1995, are each synonymized with their nominate taxa. Nine additional new species of the genus Parastivalius Holland, 1969, are described: P. avicularius, P. bidenticulatus, P. chelaformis, P. longipalpus, P. novaebritainiae, P. papillatus, P. phocaceus, P. spinatus, and P. tridenticulatus. Host associat...
Symptoms of presentation in hyperactive and clinic children

Symptoms of presentation at a child psychiatric clinic were compared in a group of 100 children described as hyperactive and a similarly aged group of 229 children referred to the clinic for the full range of child psychiatric problems. The hyperactive children showed significantly more speech problems, sleep problems and nightmares, and management problems and temper tantrums than the clinic group. These problems presented more frequently in boys. Depression, headache and abdominal pain occurred at an older age in the full clinic group of children, who came significantly more often from single families.
The Borah Peak, Idaho Earthquake of October 28, 1983—Landslides

Abstract The Borah Peak, Idaho earthquake caused several hundred landslides throughout an area of about 4,200 km2. The most numerous landslides were rock falls and rock slides, which occurred where slopes contained conspicuous, through‐going, open fractures or were composed of weakly cemented rocks. The earthquake also produced several slumps and cracks in man‐made fill, several soil liquefaction phenomena, a large debris flow, a large mud flow, and a few ground failures of other types. The most significant landslide damage was in Challis, where rock falls damaged at least 3 houses and 2 automobiles.
Immune Suppression by Ultraviolet B Irradiation and Urocanic Acid

It is a pleasure to have the opportunity to speak at this Symposium in memory of Franz Greiter. I first met Professor Greiter at the 8th International Congress of Photobiology, when he came to our poster in which we proposed for the first time that UV-irradiated urocanic acid may have a role as an immune modulator. He was very curious about our work, and although our studies must have presented somewhat of an inconvenience for him as he had considered using urocanic acid in his sunscreens, he was scientific and open minded enough to support me when I worked for six months in the laboratories of Professors Stingl and Wolff at the University of Vienna.
Sleep and Behavioral Problems in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are at high risk for sleep disturbance and behavioral dysregulation. However, the relationships between these difficulties are not fully understood. The current study examined the relationships between specific types of sleep and behavioral problems among 81 children with ASD. Sleep problems were significantly associated with physical aggression, irritability, inattention, and hyperactivity. In multivariate analyses, distinct sets of sleep problems accounted for between 22 and 32 % of the variance in behavior problems across models. These results indicate that sleep disturbance is associated with behavioral dysregulation among children with ASD. Of note, night awakenings had the most consistently strong association with daytime behavior problems, even after controlling for the effects of age and sex.
Using video game play to improve education-majors' mathematical performance

We examined relationship between enhanced attentional capabilities and math performance.Action video games were used to enhance attentional and working memory capabilities.Education-majors participated in two studies.Videogame play improved mental rotation, working memory, and geometry performance.Expert AVGers had higher working memory, spatial, and geometry skills than non-gamers. Action video games (AVGs) is an effective way to improve attentional capabilities that are important for academic foundations. The present research sought to establish a link between enhanced attentional capabilities and mathematics performance and anxiety in education-majors. We examined group differences between experienced and inexperienced AVGers and the effects of AVG practice on mathematics performance and mathematics anxiety as mediated by the effect of attention on working memory. Our first experiment showed that expert AVGers had significantly higher working memory, spatial, and geometry abilities than non-gamers. In Experiment 2, undergraduates without prior AVG experience were randomly assigned to play either an AVG (Unreal Tournament 2004) or a non-AVG (Angry Birds). After 10h of video game practice, both intervention groups significantly improved their mental rotation skills, working memory and geometry performance from pre- to post-test, closely approaching the average cognitive performance of expert AVGers. Furthermore, student cognitive load significantly decreased from pre- to post-test for both groups. Our results suggest that both an AVG and a popular non-AVG, Angry Birds, can improve cognitive abilities. Implications for using the games to enhance cognitive skills are discussed.
“Overwintering” of Africanized, European, and Hybrid Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Andes of Venezuela

The potential of Africanized honey bees, Apis mellifera L., to survive the cold temperatures and confinement of winter was studied at 4,100m above sea level in the Andes of Venezuela. The first experiment was conducted through the rainy-season “winter” of 1986 using Africanized (A) and European (E) colonies. In 1986, temperature conditions only rarely allowed honey bee Right. Under these conditions, 13 of 14 A colonies died within 18 wk compared with 4 of 15 E colonies. In 1987, European × Africanized (E × A)hybrid colonies were included in a larger experiment with treatments with various initial adult and brood populations. Higher maximum temperatures during this second experiment allowed worker Right almost daily; colonies in one treatment were confined with screens to test the published hypothesis that Right from A colonies during cold weather causes bees to leave their hives and die, causing the colonies to dwindle. All screened A colonies had died by week 10, while screened E and E × A colonies were alive through week 14. In treatments involving free-flying colonies, there were fewer differences between bee types in colony survival, size, brood production, final adult population, or food consumption. E × A colonies had intermediate values for most traits, suggesting that any differences will be reduced with hybridization as Africanized bees expand their range into areas with high-density populations of European bees.
Long-Range Kindergarten Prediction of Reading Achievement in First through Sixth Grade

Early identification of students with potential learning problems is of interest to many educators due to the importance of intervening with appropriate educational strategies before a child has experienced actual school failure. Prediction of potential learning problems has been the subject of a number of early identification studies (Adelman & Feshbach, 1971; Barrett, 1965; Brown, 1976; Glazzard, 1977; Satz & Friel, 1974). Thus, some investigators (Rubin, Balow, Dorle, & Rosen, 1978; White & Jacobs, 1979) investigated preschool measures to predict later academic achievement. While the results were significant, many false positive subjects were also identified (Rubin et al., 1978). Consequently, caution must be used when making individual predictions regarding which preschool children will later experience serious academic skill difficulty. Other researchers (Rie, Rie, & Henderson, 1978) have used behavior rating scales to determine objectively the presence or absence of certain behavior characteristics considered by teachers and parents to be intrusive and potentially disruptive of learning. Many researchers (Brown, 1976; Buttram, Covert, & Hayes, 1976; Schmidt, Sabatino, & Foster, 1975) view reading readiness or perceptual tests as effective in the identification of young children who may experience achievement problems in early elementary grades. The emphasis on early recognition of children with potential school learning problems places extra responsibility on classroom teachers in kindergarten and the primary grades, since they are being asked to identify problems before these are well developed (Keogh & Becker, 1973). The majority of early identification studies contain evidence that teachers are accurate predictors of students' future success and problems. Thus, Keogh, Tchir, and Windeguth-Behn (1974) stated, "Teachers' observations of children's performance in classroom settings may provide school psychologists with insight into children's learning styles, problem solving strategies, and behaviors which facilitate or interfere with success on school tasks" (p. 49). Becker and Snider (1979) reported that a child's constant contact with the teacher throughout the day makes the teacher an important source of information regarding educational risk. Their data supported the use of teacher ratings as part of an early screening program for learning disabilities since teacher descriptions of children at the end of kindergarten and first grade were shown to be predictive of future special-class placement. Several long-range prediction studies (Glazzard, 1979; Lilenfield, 1975; Meyers, Attwell, & Orpet, 1968; Ryan & French, 1974) have evaluated the results of early prediction three to six years later. Lilenfield (1" ) found that
Dietary fiber for dogs: IV. In vitro fermentation of selected fiber sources by dog fecal inoculum and in vivo digestion and metabolism of fiber-supplemented diets

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate single sources and blends of dietary fiber in dog food. In Exp. 1, 14 fibrous substrates were fermented in vitro using dog feces as the source of inoculum. Organic matter disappearance was lowest (P 80%) for fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and lactulose. Solka Floc, oat fiber, gum karaya, and xanthan gum produced the least (P 6.8 mmol/g of substrate OM) total SCFA. In Exp. 2, six diets were formulated based on results obtained in Exp. 1. Treatments included 1) beet pulp (BP), 2) Solka Floc (SF), 3) citrus pulp (CP), 4) stool blend (SB), 5) SCFA blend (SC), and 6) combination blend (CB). Digestibility of DM and total dietary fiber (TDF) was greatest (P < .05; 87.3 and 60.8%, respectively) for dogs consuming the SC diet. Feces from dogs fed SC were scored as more unformed and liquid in consistency than feces from dogs fed the other diets. Dogs consuming the SF and SB diets had the lowest (P < .05; 11.0 and 4.1%, respectively) TDF digestibilities. Organic matter disappearance values derived from substrates fermented in vitro reasonably predicted the fiber digestibility of diets fed to dogs. Moderately fermentable dietary fiber sources, such as BP, promote excellent stool characteristics without compromising nutrient digestibility, and may promote gastrointestinal tract health by optimizing SCFA production.