cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using Biomimicry to Engage Students in a Design-Based Learning Activity

I describe a design-based learning activity that utilizes the interdisciplinary content domain of biomimicry. Design-based learning requires student creativity and technological innovation to address novel science problems, characteristics of the nature of science not often addressed in schools. Alignment with national standards documents, protocols, and assessment recommendations are provided.
Impacts of Beam Broadening and Earth Curvature on Storm-Scale 3D Variational Data Assimilation of Radial Velocity with Two Doppler Radars

The radar ray path and beam broadening equations are important for assimilation of radar data into numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. They can be used to determine the physical location of each radar measurement and to properly map the atmospheric state variables from the model grid to the radar measurement space as part of the forward observation operators. Historically, different degrees of approximationshavebeenmadewiththeseequations;however,nosystematicevaluationoftheirimpactexists,atleastin the context of variational data assimilation. This study examines the effects of simplifying ray path and ray broadeningcalculationsontheradardataassimilationin a3Dvariational dataassimilation(3DVAR)system. SeveralgroupsofObservationalSystemSimulationExperiments(OSSEs)areperformedtotesttheimpactof these equationsto radardata assimilation with an idealizedtornadicthunderstormcase. Thisstudyshows that the errors caused by simplifications vary with the distance between the analyzed storm and the radar. For single time level wind analysis, as the surface range increases, the impact of beam broadening on analyzed wind field becomes evident and can cause relatively large error for distances beyond 150 km. The impact of the earth’s curvature is more significant, even for distances beyond 60 km, because it places the data at the wrong vertical location. The impact of refractive indexgradientis alsotested. It is shown that the variations of refractive index gradient have a very small impact on the wind analysis results. Two time series of 1-h-long data assimilation experiments are further conducted to illustrate the impact of the beam broadening and earth curvature on all retrieved model variables. It is shown that all model variablescan beretrievedto somedegrees in all data assimilation experiments.Similarto the wind analysis experiments, the impacts of both factors are not obvious when radars are relatively close to the storm. When the radars are far from the storm (especially beyond 150 km), overlooking beam broadening degrades the accuracy of assimilation results slightly, whereas ignoring the earth’s curvature leads to significant errors.
Labels and event processes in the asbestos operating system

Asbestos, a new prototype operating system, provides novel labeling and isolation mechanisms that help contain the effects of exploitable software flaws. Applications can express a wide range of policies with Asbestos's kernel-enforced label mechanism, including controls on inter-process communication and system-wide information flow. A new event process abstraction provides lightweight, isolated contexts within a single process, allowing the same process to act on behalf of multiple users while preventing it from leaking any single user's data to any other user. A Web server that uses Asbestos labels to isolate user data requires about 1.5 memory pages per user, demonstrating that additional security can come at an acceptable cost.
Watchdog: Confident Event Detection in Heterogeneous Sensor Networks

Many mission-critical applications such as military surveillance, human health monitoring, and obstacle detection in autonomous vehicles impose stringent requirements for event detection accuracy and demand long system lifetimes. Through quantitative study, we show that traditional approaches to event detection have difficulty meeting such requirements. Specifically, they cannot explore the detection capability of a deployed system and choose the right sensors, homogeneous or heterogeneous, to meet user specified detection accuracy. They also cannot dynamically adapt the detection capability to runtime observations to save energy. Therefore, we are motivated to propose Watchdog, a modality-agnostic event detection framework that clusters the right sensors to meet user specified detection accuracy during runtime while significantly reducing energy consumption. Through evaluation with vehicle detection trace data and a building traffic monitoring testbed of IRIS motes, we demonstrate the superior performance of Watchdog over existing solutions in terms of meeting user specified detection accuracy and energy savings.
Reconnection in two dimensions: Localization of vorticity and current near magnetic X‐points

Simulations of reconnection utilizing spectral methods show that the 'reconnection zone' exhibits internal structure in the form of a current filament and a 'quadrupole' of kinetic vorticity. A qualitative model of the dynamical role of these local structures is presented. It is suggested that the effect of small scale structures near the X-point is to increase the rate of reconnection.
A single amino acid substitution in yeast eIF-5A results in mRNA stabilization

Most factors known to function in mRNA turnover are not essential for cell viability. To identify essential factors, approximately 4000 temperature-sensitive yeast strains were screened for an increase in the level of the unstable CYH2 pre-mRNA. At the non-permissive temperature, five mutants exhibited decreased decay rates of the CYH2 pre-mRNA and mRNA, and the STE2, URA5 and PAB1 mRNAs. Of these, the mutant ts1159 had the most extensive phenotype. Expression of the TIF51A gene (encoding eIF-5A) complemented the temperature-sensitive growth and mRNA decay phenotypes of ts1159. The tif51A allele was rescued from these cells and shown to encode a serine to proline change within a predicted alpha-helical segment of the protein. ts1159 also exhibited an approximately 30% decrease in protein synthesis at the restrictive temperature. Measurement of amino acid incorporation in wild-type cells incubated with increasing amounts of cycloheximide demonstrated that a decrease in protein synthesis of this magnitude could not account for the full extent of the mRNA decay defects observed in ts1159. Interestingly, the ts1159 cells accumulated uncapped mRNAs at the non-permissive temperature. These results suggest that eIF-5A plays a role in mRNA turnover, perhaps acting downstream of decapping.
Vaginal microbiome and sexually transmitted infections: an epidemiologic perspective

Vaginal bacterial communities are thought to help prevent sexually transmitted infections. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common clinical syndrome in which the protective lactic acid–producing bacteria (mainly species of the Lactobacillus genus) are supplanted by a diverse array of anaerobic bacteria. Epidemiologically, BV has been shown to be an independent risk factor for adverse outcomes including preterm birth, development of pelvic inflammatory disease, and acquisition of sexually transmitted infections. Longitudinal studies of the vaginal microbiome using molecular techniques such as 16S ribosomal DNA analysis may lead to interventions that shift the vaginal microbiota toward more protective states.
Dynamic stabilization in the surgical management of painful lumbar spinal disorders.

Current surgical management of the painful lumbar motion segment is imperfect. Improvements are necessary in the predictability of pain relief, the reduction of treatment related morbidities, and an overall improvement in the clinical success rates of pain reduction and functional improvement. Recent advances in fusion techniques have elevated arthrodesis rates, without an equivalent improvement in relief of pain. 1 Fusion is intended to alleviate pain secondary to abnormal motion, or instability. 2 Recent reports, however, have demonstrated relative success with implants that permit movement rather than eliminate it. These observations have promoted a more thorough understanding of alternate mechanisms that cause low back pain, particularly those centered on patterns of load transmission in the disc space. Abnormal patterns of load transmission are recognized as a principal cause of osteoarthritic changes in other joints. 3 Spinal osteoarthritic changes may be due to similar forces across the lumbar disc. Dynamic stabilization, or “soft stabilization,” systems seek to alter the mechanical loading of the motion segment by unloading the disc, without the loss of motion required by fusion surgery. The concept is particularly appealing with greater recognition of the negative effects of fusion on adjacent spinal segments and global functioning of the spine following surgery. Additionally, the concept may help explain the common clinical scenario in which back pain is primarily related to position or posture, rather than movement of the lumbar spine. The clinical application of this concept will be explored, along with the international experience to date, and potential future directions.
Neurovestibular considerations for sub-orbital space flight: A framework for future investigation

Commercial sub-orbital operators will soon offer the excitement of traveling to space to thousands of people. Based on previous experience in space flight and parabolic flight, sensorimotor disruptions in eye movements, postural stability, and motor coordination are likely in these travelers. Here we propose a framework for developing strategies to overcome these sensorimotor disruptions. We delineate how approaches should differ from those applied to orbital flight and between sub-orbital passengers and pilots based on differing frequency of flights and mission objectives. Sensorimotor adaptation is one strategy for overcoming disruptions; an important question is whether it occurs quickly enough to be of use during periods of reduced and enhanced gravity lasting less than five minutes. Data are presented showing that sensorimotor adaptation of the pitch vestibulo-ocular reflex during parabolic flight takes a few consecutive days of flying to overcome an initial disruption. We conclude with recommendations for operators and researchers to improve safety and comfort during sub-orbital operations. We recommend using parabolic flight as a tool for pre-adapting sub-orbital passengers, along with further research into the required quantity and timing of these pre-adaptation flights and the tasks conducted during these flights. Likewise, for sub-orbital pilots, we recommend emphasizing recency of experience.
Maximum Likelihood Detection of Quasi-Orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes: Analysis and Simplification

In this paper, we propose a low complexity Maximum Likelihood (ML) decoding algorithm for quasi-orthogonal space-time block codes (QOSTBCs) based on the real-valued lattice representation and QR decomposition. We show that for a system with rate r = ns/T, where ns is the number of transmitted symbols per T time slots; the proposed algorithm decomposes the original complex-valued system into a parallel system with ns 2 x 2 real-valued components, thus allowing for a simple joint decoding of two real symbols. For a square QAM constellation with L points (L-QAM), this algorithm achieves full diversity by properly incorporating two-dimensional rotation using the optimal rotation angle and the same rotating matrix for any number of transmit antennas (N ges 4). We further show that for N = 8 and 16-QAM modulation scheme, the new approach achieves > 98% reduction in the overall complexity compared to conventional ML detection, and > 93% reduction compared to the most competitive reported algorithms in the literature. This complexity gain becomes greater when N or L becomes larger. We also show that the complexity of the proposed algorithm is linear with L and ns.
In Search of a Public Environmental Sociology: Ecological Risks in the Twenty-First Century:

The twenty-first century poses many chal lenges to the human community. However, none of these challenges are more daunting than those posed by environmental hazards and risks. Environmental degradation, com munity contamination, and ecological disas ters will increasingly cause social problems by disrupting communities, families, and individ uals and exacerbating historical patterns of social inequality. In turn, these trends will generate new forms of social disorganization and personal distress. European social theo rists, such as Anthony Giddens and Ulrich Beck, have addressed these untoward charac teristics of late modernity by specifying new collective risks that signal transglobal, trans generational, uninsurable, irreversible, and manufactured consequences that seriously threaten the future of the human community by undermining "ontological security" (Gid dens 1990; Beck 1992). American sociologists, most notably Kai Erikson and Charles Perrow, have documented the dire social conse quences of disastrous environmental degra dation in terms of "collective trauma" and "normal accidents" (Erikson 1976; Perrow 1984). Indeed, the ongoing disaster we have come to know as "Hurricane Katrina" reawak ened the sociological community and the gen eral public to a host of anthropogenic envi ronmental risks that increasingly threaten the vulnerable social fabric of the modern world (Picou and Marshall 2007). How should the social sciences, in general, and sociology, in particular, respond to these inevitable catastrophic environmental risks? At present, there seems to be little concern with risk within our emerging models of both "public" and "applied" sociology. In order to go beyond these models, sociology's under standing of environment-society relationships needs to be reframed and the potential con tributions of public sociology for identifying and mitigating the disastrous consequences of ecological risks should become an area of inquiry for sociological practice. A public environmental sociology would promote,
Monitoring pulmonary artery pressure

cialist at UCLA Medical Center and assistant clinical professor at the UCLA School of Nursing in Los Angeles, Calif. A variety of backrest positions may be used that do not compromise the accuracy of measurements of pulmonary artery pressure. Backrest elevations of 0°, 30°, 45°, and 60° with the patient supine (back flat against bed surface) do not affect the accuracy of measurements of pulmonary artery pressure if the hemodynamic monitoring system has been properly referenced and zeroed. As the patient moves from flat to higher levels of backrest elevation, the reference level must remain horizontal to the phlebostatic axis in order for measurements of pulmonary artery pressure to remain accurate (Figure 2).
Online, blended and distance education in schools: building successful programs

Tom Clark and Michael Barbour have assembled a well-rounded text that covers the field of online, blended, and distance education from a variety of viewpoints. This book brings together a wide-rang...
Comparison of ANG II with other growth factors on Egr-1 and matrix gene expression in cardiac fibroblasts.

The purpose of the present investigation was to compare the effects of angiotensin II (ANG II) vs. other growth factors implicated to play a role in ventricular hypertrophy on cardiac fibroblast changes associated with cardiac remodeling. These changes included induction of early growth response (Egr-1) gene and increases in message levels of extracellular matrix proteins. ANG II treatment (10 -10 -10 -6 M) of rat cardiac fibroblasts induced 1) Egr-1 and c-fos, 2) a fourfold (P < 0.02) increase in fibronectin and a twofold (P = 0.05) increase in laminin mRNA levels but no increases in that of collagens I, III, or IV at 24-48 h, and 3) a decrease in AT 1 -receptor mRNA levels to 26% (P < 0.001) of basal at 4-6 h. These effects were all inhibited by the AT 1 -receptor blocker, losartan, but not AT2-receptor blockers. Immunostaining of cultured cells with antibody against rat fibronectin demonstrated positive staining of cells in serum-free medium; staining was more intense in cells treated with ANG II (10 -6 M, 48 h). Fluorescent-activated cell sorting using an antibody against rat AT 1 receptor demonstrated a receptor signal in cells maintained in serum-free medium; however, the receptor signal was not detectable in ANG II-treated cells. Serum and epidermal growth factor (EGF) also induced Egr-1, but norepinephrine (NE) and endothelin (ET) had no effect. Serum increased fibronectin mRNA levels by twofold (P < 0.05). EGF, NE, and ET had no effect on matrix gene expression. Serum, EGF, and NE also transiently downregulated AT 1 -receptor mRNA levels at 4-6 h of treatment. These results demonstrate that 1) ANG II both induces protooncogene expression and enhances fibronectin mRNA levels in cultured cardiac fibroblasts, whereas EGF only induces Egr-1, and NE and ET have no effects on either function; 2) ANG II effects are primarily mediated by the AT 1 receptor; and 3) growth factors can regulate AT 1 -receptor mRNA levels. Thus ANG II, relative to NE, ET, and EGF, appears to play a prominent and direct role in fibroblast changes associated with cardiac hypertrophy.
Human Grip Responses to Perturbations of Objects During Precision Grip

Grasp stability of a precision grip requires fine control of three-dimensional fingertip forces. This chapter begins with a review of the literature on how precision grip forces are affected by intrinsic object properties, anticipation, load direction, and sensory feedback. Previous studies have established that reactive, initial increases in grip forces (pulse-like “catch-up responses” in grip force rates) are elicited by unexpected translational perturbations and that response latency and strength scale with the direction of linear slip relative to the hand as well as gravity. To determine if catch-up responses are elicited by unexpected rotational perturbations and are strength-, axis-, and/or direction- dependent, we imposed step torque loads about each of two axes which were defined relative to the hand: the distal-proximal axis away from and towards the palm, and the grip axis which connects the two fingertips. First dorsal interosseous activity, marking the start of the catch-up response, began 71–89 ms after the onset of perturbation. Onset latency, shape, and duration (217–231 ms) of the catch-up response were not affected by axis, direction, or magnitude of the rotational perturbation, while strength scaled with axis of rotation and slip conditions. Rotations about the grip axis induced rotational slip at the fingerpads and elicited stronger catch-up responses than rotations about the distal-proximal axis. The chapter concludes with a discussion of this study that, to our knowledge, is the first to investigate grip responses to unexpected torque loads and to show characteristic, yet axis-dependent, catch-up responses for conditions other than pure linear slip.
Storytelling/narrative theory to address health communication with minority populations.

Abstract Purpose To explain the development and application of storytelling/narrative theory in health disparities intervention research as a way to promote health communication and behavior change among racial, ethnic, and minority populations. Findings The proposed storytelling theory helps explain that storytelling affects changes in attitude and health behavior of the viewer through realism, identification, and transportation. Conclusions The proposed storytelling/narrative theory can be a guide to develop culturally grounded narrative interventions that have the ability to connect with hard-to-reach populations. Clinical Relevance Narrative communication is context-dependent because it derives meaning from the surrounding situation and provides situation-based stories that are a pathway to processing story content. Although storytelling is grounded in nursing practice and education, it is underutilized in nursing interventional research. Future efforts are needed to extend theory-based narrative intervention studies designed to change attitude and behaviors that will reduce health disparities among minorities.
Outsourcing and the Duty to Govern

This article, which will be a chapter in Government by Contract (Martha Minow and Jody Freeman eds., Harvard University Press 2008), addresses the proposition that some duties of government may not be transferred to private hands. It views the executive power as requiring public governance and connects Congress to this responsibility through the Appointments Clause. Officers of the United States are those officials directly charged with doing the public's business and any direct or indirect transfer of their responsibilities would run counter to the constitutional plan. Decisions at the margins, where government remains nominally in control, are less easy to categorize and issues of justiciability are always problematic. However, there remains a core of government responsibilities that must be protected from the increasingly robust privatization movement. This chapter is concerned with the transfer to private contractors of government power that might be considered inherent or significant under governing constitutional, statutory or regulatory norms (especially the Appointments Clause, the Subdelegation Act and OMB's A-76 process). Through a study of the Transportation Security Agency, it seeks to offer workable definitions of these limitations. This chapter connects to prior work by the author in Outsourcing Sovereignty (Cambridge University Press 2007).
New records of mushroom stones from Guatemala.

A number of mushroom stones are described from Guatemala for the first time. The interpretation is supported that these sculptures were probably associated in Mayan culture with religious ceremonie...
Pulse oximetry and upper intestinal endoscopy in infants and children.

SummaryInfants and children undergoing upper intestinal endoscopy were monitored by both pulse oximetry and chest EKG. Fifty-seven patients between the ages of 6 weeks and 36 months underwent 60 flexible upper intestinal endoscopies. All patients received parenteral sedation only. All procedures wer
Research on numerical simulation of flow field in shallow-bath dense-medium separator

The paper introduces the structure,working principle and technical characteristics of shallow-bath dense-medium separator,and uses the Fluent numerical simulation software analyzed and researched the inner flow field of the separator,obtained the velocity and its changing law of main locations,and shows the form and its motion law of flow field of suspension during the separation process of shallow-bath dense-medium separator,which provide a theoretical basis structural design and imorovement.
Review: in-hospital care pathways for acute stroke do not improve clinical outcomes and lower quality of life.

Source Citation Kwan J, Sandercock P. In-hospital care pathways for stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(2):CD002924 (latest version 4 Feb 2002). 12076460 (All 2002 articles were reviewed for ...
Large sensitivity of near-surface vertical vorticity development to heat sink location in idealized simulations of supercell-like storms

AbstractIn idealized numerical simulations of supercell-like “pseudostorms” generated by a heat source and sink in a vertically sheared environment, a tornado-like vortex develops if air possessing large circulation about a vertical axis at the lowest model levels can be converged. This is most likely to happen if the circulation-rich air possesses only weak negative buoyancy (the circulation-rich air has a history of descent, so typically possesses at least some negative buoyancy) and is subjected to an upward-directed vertical perturbation pressure gradient force. This paper further explores the sensitivity of the development of near-surface vertical vorticity to the horizontal position of the heat sink. Shifting the position of the heat sink by only 2–3 km can significantly influence vortex intensity by altering both the baroclinic generation of circulation and the buoyancy of circulation-rich air. Many of the changes in the pseudostorms that arise from shifting the position of the heat sink would be d...
Percutaneous Revascularization of Chronic Total Coronary Occlusion: For Whom?

Although chronic total occlusion (CTO) of a coronary artery is a common finding,1 there is little consensus as to whether such lesions should be treated routinely by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Benefits of successful CTO PCI include relief of symptoms, resolution of ischemia, improvement in left ventricular function, and avoidance of coronary bypass surgery.2 Conversely, unsuccessful CTO PCI is common, and there are several potential adverse consequences associated with attempting PCI of a CTO. Early in the learning curve, procedures tend to be longer with increased contrast and radiation exposure to the patient.3,4 Coronary perforation is also more frequent with CTO attempts than non-CTO lesions and may be associated with cardiac tamponade, need for emergency surgery, and death.5 Rates of successful CTO are variable and highly dependent on operator skill and experience. Traditional technical success rates range between 60% and 75%,2,6 much lower than rates for non-CTO lesions. In the current era, however, with contemporary techniques and with operators with expertise in CTO PCI, success rates of 80% to 90% have been achieved.5,7 Lack of success can be attributed to procedural challenges that are specific to CTO, and accordingly, approaches unique to coronary CTO PCI have been developed. The major barrier is the inability to traverse the occluded segment with a guidewire because the composition of a CTO includes fibrotic, calcified tissue with no well-defined lumen. CTO PCI requires different equipment compared with standard PCI. Large lumen guide catheters together with extra long sheaths are essential to provide sufficient backup support.8 A unique aspect of CTO PCI is the intentional use the extraluminal space of the obstructed coronary artery to gain …
Taking Pleasure in the Good and Well-Being: the Harmless Pleasures Objection

Well-being is that which is non-instrumentally good for a person. It is identical to how well someone's life goes. There are three main theories of well-being: hedonism, desire-fulfillment, and objective list theories. Each of these theories is subject to criticism, which has led some philosophers to posit a hybrid theory in which well-being is defined as taking pleasure in objective goods. One problem that comes with such an account is the possibility of what I will call harmless pleasures; that is, pleasures that while not taken in something bad, are neither linked to objective goods. It is counterintuitive to say that such pleasures do not make a person's life go better, yet this seems to be what hybrid theories entail. I call this the harmless-pleasure objection. In this paper, I argue that there is no obvious solution to this objection and this result casts doubt on hybrid theories of well-being.
Impact of neoclassical tearing mode–turbulence multi-scale interaction in global confinement degradation and magnetic island stability

Recent measurements of turbulent density ( n) and electron-temperature ( Te) fluctuations have reported turbulence modifications by Neoclassical Tearing Mode (NTM) islands: turbulence decreases (increases) inside (outside) the island region when the island width (W) exceeds a threshold (WT), in qualitative agreement with gyrokinetic simulations. As the cross-field transport in tokamaks is dominantly driven by turbulence, these observations call into question the conventional understanding of confinement degradation by NTMs and magnetic island stability physics. The experimental data presented here support the following points: (i) When profiles flatten at the O-point and gradients increase outside of the island, n decreases (increases) inside (outside) the island. Along with the parallel transport resulting in increased fluxes inside the island, the increase of n outside of the island offers an explanation for the temporal increase of fluxes in that region. As the plasma stored energy (WMHD) gradually...
Is “START-UP NY” Starting Up NY?: A Post-Keynesian Case Study Analysis

This article describes how “START-UP NY” is a state-funded economic development program that encourages businesses to locate to several of its college campuses in exchange for a 0% tax rate for business and their employees. While the program has received much coverage in the popular press, it has not been thoroughly assessed in the academic literature. Using a simple post-Keynesian analysis, this article illustrates the fundamental flaws in the START-UP NY program. In doing so, this analysis demonstrates why the program was, and is, ineffective in generating job growth.
Implications of Managed Care for Methadone Treatment: Findings From Five Case Studies in New York State

Several policy changes are being debated in New York State that may affect the financing and delivery of methadone maintenance treatment. The goals of this article are to provide greater understanding of the potential impact of managed care on methadone treatment in New York State, and greater understanding of the consequences of arbitrary limits on methadone treatment. Toward these goals, in October 1996, we conducted 1-day site visits at five methadone treatment programs in New York State to learn their views and concerns, and to examine their strategic responses to potential changes in treatment financing and delivery. The treatment programs we visited expressed concern about subjecting methadone patients to any of the potential policy changes because they felt that, if implemented without regard for the special needs of methadone patients, these reforms could hurt treatment access, retention, and quality of care. All the programs stated that limits on treatment would increase drug use and, consequently, increase crime and risk of infectious disease, and cause overall deterioration of the community.
STATUS OF ANADROMOUS FISHES IN SOUTHEASTERN U.S. ESTUARIES

Population status of 11 species or races of anadromous fish was assessed for 85 riverine areas in seven Southern coastal States by asking State, Federal, and other agencies to respond to a questionnaire developed for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service “Anadromous Species Management Plan for the Southeast.” Atlantic and shortnose sturgeons, striped bass (Atlantic race), American and hickory shads, alewife, and blueback herring utilize Southeast Atlantic coast estuaries as spawning grounds or nursery areas. Atlantic sturgeon (Gulf race), striped bass (Gulf race), Alabama shad, and skipjack herring utilize estuaries along the Gulf of Mexico. Some of these populations appear to be stable, but many are declining or threatened and several have been extirpated. Atlantic races of striped bass have been introduced into Gulf coastal waters, and some populations along both coasts are increasing due to years of restocking and restoration efforts. Questionnaire responses suggest that overfishing, poor water quality, low oxygen levels, location of industrial discharges, chemical pollution, dams and impoundments, and inadequate fishway facilities have reduced spawning habitat and nursery areas in many river systems, contributing to the decline of anadromous stocks in Southeastern U.S. waters.
N-Person Stochastic Differential Games

Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for the non-cooperative equilibrium policies of N players when they are simultaneously controlling the evolution of a stochastic system described by an Ito equation. In the case of perfect information, these conditions are generalizations of the well-known Hamilton-Jacobi equations. Conditions are also indicated for the case when the players have only partial information. Sufficient conditions are derived which guarantee that an equilibrium is also Pareto-efficient.
Comparative Analysis of Orbitozygomatic and Subtemporal Approaches to the Basilar Apex: A Cadaveric Study.

Background The subtemporal and orbitozygomatic approaches are the most commonly used surgical approaches for the treatment of basilar artery apex (BAX) aneurysms. Relative advantages and disadvantages are generally reported based on surgeons' experience. This study was performed to provide a detailed comparison between the subtemporal and orbitozygomatic approaches based on cadaveric dissection analysis for the treatment of BAX aneurysms. Methods Subtemporal and orbitozygomatic approaches were performed on 5 cadaveric heads (10 sides), and the following variables were assessed and compared between the 2 approaches: 1) number of exposed perforators on P1-posterior cerebral arteries (PCA); 2) lengths of exposure and clipping for bilateral PCA, superior cerebellar arteries (SCA), and basilar trunk; 3) surgical area of exposure; and 4) surgical freedom at the BAX. Results Number of perforators exposed on P1-PCA was not different between the subtemporal and orbitozygomatic approaches. Exposure and clipping of ipsilateral SCA and PCA were superior using the subtemporal approach, and better for contralateral SCA and PCA using the orbitozygomatic approach, all reaching statistical significance. The orbitozygomatic approach provided greater exposure and clipping length for the proximal basilar trunk. Although the surgical area of exposure was similar between the 2 approaches, the overall surgical freedom was greater in the orbitozygomatic approach. Conclusions The orbitozygomatic approach provides a greater number of surgical corridors to the BAX and is superior regarding multiple surgically relevant anatomic parameters. Importantly, control over the basilar trunk and over the contralateral SCA and PCA (blind spots) is superior with the orbitozygomatic approach.
Heat transfer from an array of resolved particles in turbulent flow

The PHYSALIS method for resolved numerical simulation of particulate flows, recently extended to include particles-fluid heat transfer, is applied to the turbulent flow past a planar particle array perpendicular to the incoming mean flow. The array consists of nine equal spheres. Periodicity boundary conditions are imposed on the boundaries of the computational domain parallel to the mean flow. The Reynolds number based on the particle diameter and mean incident flow is 120, the Taylor-scale Reynolds number is close to 30, and the ratio of particle radius to the Kolmogorov length is about 10. A detailed characterization of the flow and heat transfer is given including probability distribution functions of temperature and streamwise velocity, contour maps of the temperature fluctuations, diagonal Reynolds stresses, turbulent heat flux, and the various contributions to the energy budget. Turbulence moderately increases the heat transfer and considerably shortens the thermal wake of the particles. Temperature and streamwise velocity develop very differently downstream of the spheres in spite of the fact that the Prandtl number equals 1, because of the blockage by the spheres, which has no counterpart for the temperature.
The rheological assumptions of classical EHL: What went wrong?

Abstract The field of elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) now has two very different approaches to the problem. For the first approach, two assumptions regarding the pressure, temperature and shear dependence of viscosity have been essential to the way that classical EHL developed over the last forty years. 1. The liquid in the inlet zone responds in Newtonian fashion. 2. The shear stress versus shear rate relationship of the liquid has the same form as the average shear stress versus average shear rate obtained from a traction curve. The new, quantitative, approach employs viscosities measured in instruments which do not rely upon these assumptions. There has been a rapid succession of advances in understanding of film forming and friction under the new approach.
Mild hypohydration impairs cycle ergometry performance in the heat: A blinded study.

The aim of the present study was to observe the effect of mild hypohydration on exercise performance with subjects blinded to their hydration status. Eleven male cyclists (weight 75.8 ± 6.4 kg, VO2peak : 64.9 ± 5.6 mL/kg/min, body fat: 12.0 ± 5.8%, Powermax : 409 ± 40 W) performed three sets of criterium-like cycling, consisting of 20-minute steady-state cycling (50% peak power output), each followed by a 5-km time trial at 3% grade. Following a familiarization trial, subjects completed the experimental trials, in counter-balanced fashion, on two separate occasions in dry heat (30°C, 30% rh) either hypohydrated (HYP) or euhydrated (EUH). In both trials, subjects ingested 25 mL of water every 5 minutes during the steady-state and every 1 km of the 5-km time trials. In the EUH trial, sweat losses were fully replaced via intravenous infusion of isotonic saline, while in the HYP trial, a sham IV was instrumented. Following the exercise protocol, the subjects' bodyweight was changed by -0.1 ± 0.1% and -1.8 ± 0.2% for the EUH and HYP trial, respectively (P < 0.05). During the second and third time trials, subjects averaged higher power output (309 ± 5 and 306 ± 5 W) and faster cycling speed (27.5 ± 3.0 and 27.2 ± 3.1 km/h) in the EUH trial compared to the HYP trial (Power: 287 ± 4 and 276 ± 5 W, Speed: 26.2 ± 2.9 and 25.5 ± 3.3 km/h, all P < 0.05). Core temperature (Tre ) was higher in the HYP trial throughout the third steady-state and 5-km time trial (P < 0.05). These data suggest that mild hypohydration, even when subjects were unaware of their hydration state, impaired cycle ergometry performance in the heat probably due to greater thermoregulatory strain.
Real-time Detection and Localization of DoS Attacks in NoC based SoCs

Network-on-Chip (NoC) is widely employed by multi-core System-on-Chip (SoC) architectures to cater to their communication requirements. The increased usage of NoC and its distributed nature across the chip has made it a focal point of potential security attacks. Denial-of-Service (DoS) is one such attack that is caused by a malicious intellectual property (IP) core flooding the network with unnecessary packets causing significant performance degradation through NoC congestion. In this paper, we propose a lightweight and real-time DoS attack detection mechanism. Once a potential attack has been flagged, our approach is also capable of localizing the malicious IP using latency data gathered by NoC components. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach with timely attack detection and localization while incurring minor area and power overhead (less than 6% and 4%, respectively).
Actinides in Animals and Man

Protection of workers and the public has been the main objective of actinide biology research since its beginning in early 1942. It was recognized even before the fission chain reaction was demonstrated that nearly all of the isotopes of the newly created elements heavier than radium would be radioactive and emit alpha particles, and that, if taken into the body, they would be as damaging in the tissues as radium (Stone, 1951). Biological research with the actinides concentrated on quantifying their uptake and retention in tissues after introduction into the body by ingestion, inhalation, or injection (biokinetics, metabolism); identifying the nature of the radiation and/or chemical damage in the tissues with the greatest initial uptake, concentration, and longest retention; defining the radiation dose‐dependent relationships between toxicity and actinide intake to blood. Actinide biokinetics studies now include many species and the actinide sequence from 227Ac3þ to 253Es3þ. Whole‐body retention of several actinides has been measured in long‐lived animals, in some cases for life span. Microscopic localization of actinides in the tissues has been investigated autoradiographically. Significant advances in the methods of aerosol preparation and inhalation exposure allowed quantification of deposition and retention of inhaled actinide particles in the lungs. Most of the biological investigations of internally 31.
My Algorithms Have Determined You're Not Human: AI-ML, Reverse Turing-Tests, and the Disability Experience

The past decade has seen an exponential growth in the capabilities and deployment of artificial intelligence systems based on deep neural networks. These are visible through the speech recognition and natural language processing of Alexa/Siri/Google that structure many of our everyday interactions, and the promise of SAE Level 5 autonomous driving provided by Tesla and Waze. Aside from these shiny and visible applications of AI-ML are many other uses that are more subtle: AI-ML is now being used to screen job applicants as well as determine which web ads we are shown. And while many vendors of AI-ML technologies have promised that these tools provide for greater access and freedom from human prejudice, disabled users have found that these tools can embed and deploy newer, subtler forms of discrimination against disabled people. At their worst, AI-ML systems can deny disabled people their humanity. The explosion of AI-ML technologies in the last decade has been driven by at least three factors. First, the deep neural networks algorithms that currently drive much machine learning have been improved dramatically through the use of backpropagation [1], generative adversarial nets [2], and convolution [3], allowing for their deployment across a broad variety of datasets. Second, the cost of computing hardware (especially GPUs) has dropped dramatically while large scale cloud computing facilities and widespread fiber/ broadband/4G has provided for universal availability. Finally, large datasets have come online to aid in the training of the neural nets - for example, the image datasets provided through Google and Facebook, the large natural language datasets driving Amazon Alexa, and so forth. Deep neural networks themselves have two key features or flaws, depending on the perspective. First, they are highly dependent on the diversity of the training dataset used. Second, their internal operations when deployed are entirely opaque not only to the end-user but also to the designers of the system itself.
Short-term mental health sequelae of bereavement predict long-term physical health decline in older adults: US Health and Retirement Study Analysis

Abstract Objective Death of a spouse is a common late-life event with mental- and physical-health sequelae. Whereas mental-health sequelae of spousal death tend to be transient, physical-health sequelae may persist, leading to disability and mortality. Growing evidence linking poor mental health to aging-related disease suggests the hypothesis that transient poor mental health following death of a spouse could be a harbinger of physical health decline. If so, identification of bereavement-related mental health symptoms could provide an opportunity for prevention. Methods We analyzed data from N=35,103 individuals followed from 1994-2014 in the US Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and identified N=4,629 who were widowed during follow-up. We tested change in mental and physical health from pre-bereavement through the 5-year period following spousal death. Results Bereaved spouses experienced an immediate increase in depressive symptoms following their spouses’ deaths but the depressive shock attenuated within one year. Bereaved spouses also experienced increases in disability, chronic-disease morbidity, and hospitalization, which grew in magnitude with time since spousal death, especially among older HRS participants. Bereaved spouses were at increased risk of death compared to HRS participants who were not bereaved. The magnitude of depressive symptoms in the immediate aftermath of spousal death predicted physical-health decline and mortality risk over 5 years of follow-up. Conclusions Bereavement-related depressive symptoms provide an indicator of risk for physical health decline and death in older adults. Screening for depressive symptoms in bereaved older adults may represent an opportunity for intervention to preserve healthy lifespan. Plain Language Summary The clinical significance of depressive symptoms during bereavement for long-term health is not well understood. We analyzed longitudinal data tracking mental and physical health of more than 4,000 older adults who were widowed during follow-up. Widows and widowers who experienced more severe depressive symptoms immediately following their spouse’s death were at increased risk for incident disability, chronic disease, hospitalization, and mortality over the five years following their spouse’s death. Transient depressive symptoms related to bereavement may provide a clinical indicator of risk for long-term physical health decline in older adults. Findings motivate increased integration of psychiatric assessment in geriatric care.
FURTHER WORK ON PLANE ELASTOPLASTIC STRESS DISTRIBUTIONS

In a previous paper the authors described an extension of the photoelastic method to the determination of factors of stress concentration and stress distributions in the elastoplastic state. Several elastoplastic states of plane stress were studied with satisfactory results. The factors of stress concentration and the stress distributions obtained satisfied basic equilibrium and boundary conditions, and agreed well with known theoretical and experimental results. In the first paper the studies were limited to lines of stress symmetry. The present paper includes non-symmetrical cases, such as strips with fillets or eccentrically placed circular holes. The models were of cellulose nitrate and were subjected to loading only.
Prognosis, Prognosis, Wherefore Art Thou Prognosis?

As this investigative team aptly notes, uptake of hs-Tn in the US has lagged compared to the rest of the world. While reasons for this lie primarily with approval delays at the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), there remains a reluctance in many institutions to shift from conventional assays to their more sensitive counterparts. When pressed, decision makers at such facilities point to the absence of US data and feign uncertainty about potential accuracy in "their" patient populations. It is within this void that Peackock et al present new(ish) data on Beckman Coulter's high sensitivity troponin I (hsTnI) assay, showing that it can reliably identify emergency department (ED) patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS) who have not sustained myocardial injury. Such work is important from a validation perspective, though incremental at best, providing information that is really a mirror image of itself (i.e, absence of of a protein that reflects myocardial injury indicates absence of myocardial injury). Said another way, publication of data showing that the Beckman Coulter hsTnI assay can effectively rule out myocardial injury may be necessary to convince skeptics of its safety profile but the exercise is merely revealing an inherent truth based on known characteristics of the underlying pathophysiology and lab medicine. That this analysis included an all-comer prospective cohort of ED patients does make the findings unique and adds to their applicability, though it does not alter this perspective.
A corpus‐driven, curriculum‐based Chinese elicited imitation test in US universities

This two‐phased study explored a corpus‐driven, curriculum‐based approach to assessing proficiency development of Mandarin Chinese in US universities. In Phase I, we developed an elicited imitation (EI) test based on the Chinese curriculum at a large US university. This test demonstrated higher psychometric qualities to (1) place L2 learners into three curricular levels, and (2) assess learners' production of key vocabulary and grammatical items, providing useful information for placement, diagnosis, and achievement purposes as compared with a non‐curriculum‐based EI test. In Phase II, we revised the EI test to make it applicable across university contexts. We identified a lexico‐grammar core from a corpus‐driven analysis of 36 widely‐used Chinese textbooks in US universities and incorporated this core in EI item development. The revised EI test showed improved psychometric qualities. This study has broad methodological implications for the assessment of Chinese as well as other less commonly taught languages in university contexts.