cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incremental scanning and parsing with galaxy

The algorithms and techniques used in incremental scanning and parsing of the Galaxy language are presented. Incremental compilers, programming environments that feature instantaneous change processing as well as the execution time efficiency of compiled programs and code development using the Galaxy language are discussed. It is shown that the algorithms guarantee minimal rescanning and reparsing are space and time efficient and are easily adapted to any language of equivalent class, including such languages as C and Pascal. >
Transferability of Tight-Binding Matrix Elements

The empirical tight-binding method was initially introduced by Slater and Koster1 as an interpolation scheme for band structure calculations. Hamiltonian matrix elements determined by fitting the electronic energies at a few high symmetry points of the Brillouin zone could be used to calculate the entire energy band structure. Reasonably accurate fits to the electronic structure of many crystalline solids, e.g., for Si, have been obtained in this way.2–6 In the last decade the method has been used less frequently as an interpolation scheme and more as a convenient computational tool in studies of surface atomic and electronic structure,7–11 band lineups at interfaces,12 grain boundaries,13,14 phonons,15,16 and structural stabilities of atomic clusters17 and crystalline phases.18 The method is especially suited for studying systems with a large number of atoms. The feasibility of performing realistic total-energy calculations within the tight-binding scheme which makes it possible to do relative comparisons is an important feature of many of these studies. The tight-binding approach to structural studies of semiconductor surfaces, particularly of the prototypical group IV and III-V semiconductors Si and GaAs has been discussed in detail elsewhere.7–11 The tight-binding theory of cohesion in transition metals and their alloys is also well-developed but will not be discussed here.19
Archivists, You Are What People Think You Keep

The value of archives (records) to society defines the value of archival enterprise. When a columnist compares archivists to a fictional person who takes ultimate professional delight in studying feces, it is time to look at the ways that archivists describe the material with which they work. The author criticizes the current glossary definition of archives and offers significantly different definitions, both formal and informal, that archivists can use to improve the public's perception of the value of archives.
Conceptualizing Social Determinants of Maternal and Infant Health Disparities

Research demonstrates that women and children within marginalized ethnic and racial groups and those living in poverty experience disparate health outcomes. These disparities have immediate and lon...
Nanoindentation of a Deformable Substrate Covered by Patterned Nanodot Asperities

This paper presents numerical and experimental studies of nanoindentation of a silicon substrate covered by patterned Ni nanodot asperities. A multi-asperity contact model was developed in this study to simulate the contact between a spherical indenter and the Ni nanodot asperities. In this model, the silicon substrate is considered to be deformable and the nanodots are allowed to interact with each other through the deformation of the substrate. The load-deformation relationship predicted by the model was found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. This model can also be used to predict indentation load-deformation relationships of a deformable substrate covered by nanodots with known size and location distributions, but not necessarily following a repetitive pattern.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Relation of Anemia and Hemorrhagic Shock to Experimental Ulcer Production.

ConclusionsThe factors of post-hemorrhagic anemia and shock are evaluated in relation to their effect on the histamine-provoked ulcer in dogs. Our evidence indicates that anemia and hemodilution occurring without shock is a mild ulcer abetting factor. However, post-hemoTrhagic shock, even of relatively brief duration aids and abets the ulcer susceptibility most likely through its vasoconstrictor effect on the small blood vessels with resultant localized anemic areas in the mucosa.The combined effects of post-hemorrhagic anemia and shock on the ulcer diathesis are synergistic in that together they give a higher incidence of histamine-provoked ulcer than does either alone.
Numerical Study of Reducing the Flow Separation Zone in Short Open-Channel Expansions by Using a Hump

AbstractSubcritical flow in a short expansion tends to become detached from its sidewalls and create turbulent eddies. This phenomenon can cause undesirable losses of flow energy and channel erosion. This paper numerically investigates the effects of a triangular hump fitted at the bottom of the expansion on flow separation reduction. The results are validated using available experimental data. This paper reports quantitative details of the velocity field, eddy structures, and flow streamline separation in expansions of different divergence angles under various conditions of the Froude number. The results show that the flow of water can separate along either of the two sidewalls, possibly due to bistability. The use of appropriate humps can effectively reduce separation and turbulent eddies because they force the flow to accelerate and hence create a favorable pressure gradient. The results from this paper are useful for the optimal design of expansions as an important part of irrigation and water systems.
Toeplitz minors

We give a new proof of the strong Szeg� limit theorem estimating the determinants of Toeplitz matrices using symmetric function theory. We also obtain asymptotics for Toeplitz minors.
CT quantitative diagnosis in fatty liver

Objective:To evaluate quantitative criteria of diagnosing fatty liver on multislice spiral CT.Methods:One hundred twenty-eight cases of nonalcoholic fatty liver verified clinically underwent non-enhanced CT scan,and the CT number of liver,spleen was measured respectively.The quantitative diagnosis was made according to the CT number threshold and the critiria of relative density of hepatic vessels and the ratio of liver-spleen,respectively.Results:Among the 128 cases,there were 88 cases of mild steatosis with mean CT number of 47 HU(36～56 HU),29 cases of middle degree fatty liver with mean CT number of 31 HU(27～38 HU),and 11 cases of severe fatty liver with mean CT number of 16 HU(-30～25 HU).For the relative density of hepatic vessels,80 of the 88 cases of mild fatty lever had a appearance of hepatic vessels immersion and 5 mild case had reverse hepatic vessels display,26 of 29 middle degree cases had reverse hepatic vessels display with 3 cases having the appearance of hepatic vessels immersion,and all the 11 cases of severe steatosis had the appearance of reverse hepatic vessels display with sharp contrast between vessels and the liver parenchyma.The accuracy of quantitative diagnosis was 62.7% and 93.8% and 97.7% by means of criteria of CT number threshold and relative density of hepatic vessels and the ratio of liver-spleen,respectively(χ2=7.133,P0.01).Conclusion:The criteria of relative density of hepatic vessels and the ratio of liver-spleen are more reliable than that of CT number threshold in quantitative diagnosis of fatty liver.
Adolescents and the media: why don't paediatricians and parents "get it"?

Paediatricians could raise parents' awareness of potential problems with media exposure by asking a few simple questions during consultations.
Democratic impatience: Martin Luther King, Jr. on democratic temporality

The intensifying speed-up of contemporary economic, social and political life troubles democratic theorists because they assume that democracy depends on patience. This article turns to Martin Luther King, Jr. to challenge democratic theory’s temporal bias. I argue that King demonstrates that impatience, too, is a democratic virtue. Building on impatient knowledge, democratic impatience aides in overcoming undemocratic legacies, fosters democratic subjectivity and agency, ensures political accountability, and creates a more inclusive practice of democratic belonging. I furthermore show that King reveals the temporal sophistication of democratic impatience, thereby contradicting the prevailing interpretation of self-defeating instantaneousness. In particular, democratic impatience’s temporal origins of centuries of injustice, human mortality, and the context of social acceleration provide a mature impetus for democratic action. Moreover, democratic impatience persists over time. On the one hand, it does so because injustice persists. On the other hand, democratic impatience contains within itself a subordinate operational patience. In other words, democratic impatience is always already somewhat ‘patient.’ King’s democratic impatience therefore not only redresses democratic theory’s shortcomings, but it also generates a renewed sense of democratic possibility in our age, as democratic impatience is well suited to help us in redressing the crises and injustices deepened or generated by social acceleration.
Market analysis of ethanol capacity.

The ethanol industry experienced rapid growth and capacity expansion during the mid-2000s. The fast expansion could result from the high industry profitability in 2005 and 2006. The present study applies the real options approach to analyze the U.S. corn ethanol industry and derive the optimal industry manufacturing capacities during 1999 and 2010. The optimal capacity is dependent on various parameters such as market uncertainty, processing margin, marginal variable cost, and incremental investment cost. The major finding is that the industrywide capacity expansions occurred in 2007 and 2008 might not have been recommended by the real options model. Driven by the potential high market profitability, the industry might have been expanded to a level higher than optimal.
Structure and Evolutionary Origins of the Carbonic Anhydrase Multigene Family

The purpose of this chapter is to provide a concise and useful resource detailing our current knowledge of the organization, structure, and evolution of the carbonic anhydrase (CA) multigene family. Much has been accomplished since the last such synthesis,36 and aspects of these advances have been reviewed elsewhere in the interim.23,66,76 In 1984, there was firm structural evidence, mostly at the protein sequence level, for three distinct CA genes (CA1, CA2, and CA3)encoding the CA I, CA II, and CA III isozymes. However, compelling evidence existed that membrane-bound CA from kidney brush border and lung membranes47,81,83 was a distinct gene product as determined from its amino acid composition and other properties. Arguments could also be advanced that mitochondrial CA15,16,77 and the high-molecular-weight CA from ovine parotid gland24 and rat saliva22 were distinct isozymes. However, alternative splicing of mRNA or use of different promoters associated with CA I, CA II, or CA III could not be ruled out as the basis for these additional isozymes. Earlier reviews5,56,65 had raised the possibility of further tissue-specific isozymes.
The incidence and impact of microbial spoilage in the production of fruit and vegetable juices as reported by juice manufacturers

Abstract Microbial spoilage of fruit and vegetable juices represents an important threat to food quality and an area of concern in reducing food waste. Despite this, relatively little research is dedicated to microbial spoilage compared to other aspects of food microbiology. Establishing the incidence and impact of microbial spoilage in juice production would provide justification for future research. In this study, we present the findings from a survey of juice processor members of the U.S. based Juice Products Association and the European based International Fruit and Vegetable Juice Association (31.1% response rate). Respondents were asked a series of forced choice, Likert-type, and open response questions regarding microbial juice quality challenges and control measures regarding their facility. The vast majority of respondents (97.4%) indicated that spoilage mattered a lot or a great deal in brand protection. An additional 89.5% indicated that better control over microbial food spoilage would reduce waste and increase profits, with 57.9% indicating a lot or a great deal of impact, perhaps as a result of the frequency with which respondents indicated they discarded ingredients or product to protect quality. The most frequent disposition reportedly occurred on a weekly basis, with over half of respondents indicating discarding ingredients or product at least annually. Manufacturers reported a range of challenges, notably spoilage from Alicyclobacillus and heat resistant mold. This was accompanied by an identified need for associated sanitation and production control strategies. This work provides a basis for subsequent research exploring improved control strategies and detection methods used to reduce microbial spoilage of fruit and vegetable juices.
Lignin-Modified Carbon Nanotube/Graphene Hybrid Coating as Efficient Flame Retardant

To reduce fire hazards and expand high-value applications of lignocellulosic materials, thin films comprising graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs) and multi-wall carbon nanotubes (CNTs) pre-adsorbed with alkali lignin were deposited by a Meyer rod process. Lightweight and highly flexible papers with increased gas impermeability were obtained by coating a protective layer of carbon nanomaterials in a randomly oriented and overlapped network structure. Assessment of the thermal and flammability properties of papers containing as low as 4 wt % carbon nanomaterials exhibited self-extinguishing behavior and yielded up to 83.5% and 87.7% reduction in weight loss and burning area, respectively, compared to the blank papers. The maximum burning temperature as measured by infrared pyrometry also decreased from 834 °C to 705 °C with the presence of flame retardants. Furthermore, papers coated with composites of GnPs and CNTs pre-adsorbed with lignin showed enhanced thermal stability and superior fire resistance than samples treated with either component alone. These outstanding flame-retardant properties can be attributed to the synergistic effects between GnPs, CNTs and lignin, enhancing physical barrier characteristics, formation of char and thermal management of the material. These results provide great opportunities for the development of efficient, cost-effective and environmentally sustainable flame retardants.
Labour and Body Violence: Women’s Saga from Jharia Colliery to West Virginia Colliery:

Women workers in the Indian coal mines have never been a homogenous category. Caste affiliations, class status, tribal background, regional and local belongings all play a role both in forging coll...
Introducing the Internet of Things Department

The Internet of Things is a new department with the mission of presenting fresh ideas and applications from a practitioner point of view. The authors are interested in showcasing articles about real, implemented Internet of Things (IoT) systems.
Advanced DSP Technologies with Symbol-rate over 100-Gbaud for High-capacity Optical Transport Network

100-Gbaud-class systems are promising candidates for over 400-Gbps serial long-haul transport without increasing the number of transponders. We review DSP technologies, e.g. signal generation, calibration, post compensation and advanced modulation for realizing 100-Gbaud-class transceivers.
“Today is a Four”: How Students Talk About their Chronic Pain

According to critical embodiment theory, people notice the acts and functions of their bodies only when their bodies are not normalized, which causes them to perceive a difference between normalized bodies and their own. People with chronic pain likewise perceive a disconnect between themselves and people without chronic pain. This study examines, through semi-structured interviews with university students who have chronic pain, how participants conceive of their pain in different ways. This study confirms that participants considered themselves different from those without chronic pain, although nearly all participants identified one or more individual out-group “allies.” Further, participants conceived of their pain differently, as evidenced by the various established and unestablished frameworks they used to communicate their pain. Because these concepts of pain are grounded in bodily experiences, it is impossible to fully “translate” pain to others.
Applying local search to disjunctive temporal problems

We present a method for applying local search to overconstrained instances of the Disjunctive Temporal Problem (DTP). Our objective is to generate high quality solutions (i.e., solutions that violate few constraints) in as little time as possible. The technique presented here differs markedly from previous work on DTPs, as it operates within the total assignment space of the underlying CSP rather than the partial assignment space of the related meta-CSP. We provide experimental results demonstrating that the use of local search leads to substantially improved performance over systematic methods.
Error decomposition for parallel imaging reconstruction using modulation-domain representation of undersampled data.

This paper presents a quantitative approach to evaluating and optimizing parallel imaging reconstruction for a clinical requirement. By introducing a “modulation domain representation” for undersampled data, the presented approach decomposes parallel imaging reconstruction error into multiple error components that can be grouped into three categories: image fidelity error, residue aliasing artifacts, and amplified noise. It is experimentally found that these error components have different image-space patterns that compromise imaging quality in different fashions. An error function may be defined as the weighted summation of these error components. By choosing a set of weighting coefficients that can quantify desirable image quality, parallel imaging may be optimized for a clinical requirement. It is found that error decomposition model may improve clinical utility of parallel imaging, providing an application-oriented approach to clinical parallel imaging.
Managing emerging transnational public health security threats: lessons learned from the 2014 West African Ebola outbreak.

Pandemics pose significant security/stability risks to nations with fragile infrastructures. We evaluated characteristics of the 2014 West African Ebola outbreak to elucidate lessons learned for managing transnational public health security threats. We used publically available data to compare demographic and outbreak-specific data for Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia, including key indicator data by the World Health Organization. Pearson correlation statistics were calculated to compare country-level infrastructure characteristics with outbreak size and duration. Hospital bed density was inversely correlated with longer EVD outbreak duration (r = − 0.99). Country-specific funding amount allocations were more likely associated with number of incident cases than the population at-risk or infrastructure needs. Key indicators demonstrating challenges for Guinea included: number of unsafe burials, percent of EVD-positive samples, and days between symptom onset and case hospitalization. Sierra Leone’s primary key indicator was the number of districts with ≥1 security incident. Liberia controlled their outbreak before much of the key-indicator data were collected. Many of the country-level factors, particularly the WHO key indicators were associated with controlling the epidemic. The infrastructure of countries affected by communicable diseases should be assessed by international political and public health leaders.
Beneficial effects of mesenchymal stem cell delivery via a novel cardiac bioscaffold on right ventricles of pulmonary arterial hypertensive rats

We explored the effects of mesenchymal stem cell-seeded bioscaffold on right ventricles (RVs) of rats with established pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Some beneficial effects were observed d...
Sex differences in heart rate responses to occupational stress

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of disease burden globally and chronic stress is associated with increased risk of CVD. Recognition of chronic occupational stressors as a pot...
Practical trace mineral nutrition : production

The goal of any trace mineral programme is to provide adequate but non-toxic amounts of each trace mineral required by the animal. Even marginal deficiencies of certain trace minerals can reduce feed intake and milk production, impair reproduction and reduce the immune response leading to increased disease susceptibility.
Analysis of weekend effect in severe acute liver injury: A nationwide database study.

Background and Aims Severe acute liver injury (ALI) can lead to poor outcomes without timely management. Comparatively worse outcomes in various severe, emergent conditions have been attributed to reduced hospital resources experienced by patient weekend admissions, a phenomenon termed "weekend effect." To date, a weekend effect has not been studied in severe ALI, an emergency also necessitating timely management. We aimed to evaluate such an effect in this condition by analyzing a large national inpatient database in the United States. Methods We analyzed the Nationwide/National Inpatient Sample (NIS) 2000 to 2014, the largest inpatient, all-payer database in the United States (US), containing sociodemographic, clinical, patient-, and hospital-level data. We identified severe ALI using International Classification of Disease, 9th Revision diagnosis codes for acute/subacute hepatic necrosis (570) with encephalopathy (572.2). Our primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Using a full-model approach for covariate selection, we performed multiple logistic regression modeling to assess for weekend effect and identify predictors of in-hospital mortality. Results We identified 15 762 eligible hospitalizations, with 12 182 (77.3%) having complete covariate data. This sample comprised 53.3% males, 69.3% White race, and had an average (± SD) age of 55.0 ± 14.1 years. We utilized a full-model approach for covariate inclusion but did not include patient transfer data due to limited availability. We observed no significant mortality differences in weekend admissions (OR = 1.06, 95% CI: 0.97-1.15, P = 0.02). However, significantly higher mortality was associated with male sex, older age, Black or Hispanic race, Northeast US hospitalization, urban teaching status, and larger hospital size. Sensitivity analyses using multiple imputation datasets and transfer covariates did not change our results. Conclusion We did not observe a weekend effect of in-hospital mortality for weekend admissions for severe ALI, but our overall diagnosis ascertainment yield was low-indicating that lack of accurate documentation for the etiology of severe ALI may be masking an effect. Additionally, our findings suggest that racial differences and hospital-level characteristics in the context of severe ALI may be associated with varying outcomes, regardless of admission day, which warrants further research.
Annexin A2 depletion exacerbates the intracerebral microhemorrhage induced by acute rickettsia and Ebola virus infections

Abstract Intracerebral microhemorrhages (CMHs) are small foci of hemorrhages in the cerebrum. Acute infections induced by some intracellular pathogens, including rickettsia, can result in CMHs. Annexin a2 (ANXA2) has been documented to play a functional role during intracellular bacterial adhesion. Here we report that ANXA2-knockout (KO) mice are more susceptible to CMHs in response to rickettsia and Ebola virus infections, suggesting an essential role of ANXA2 in protecting vascular integrity during these intracellular pathogen infections. Proteomic analysis via mass spectrometry of whole brain lysates and brain-derived endosomes from ANXA2-KO and wild-type (WT) mice post-infection with R. australis revealed that a variety of significant proteins were differentially expressed, and the follow-up function enrichment analysis had identified several relevant cell-cell junction functions. Immunohistology study confirmed that both infected WT and infected ANXA2-KO mice were subjected to adherens junctional protein (VE-cadherin) damages. However, key blood-brain barrier (BBB) components, tight junctional proteins ZO-1 and occludin, were disorganized in the brains from R. australis-infected ANXA2-KO mice, but not those of infected WT mice. Similar ANXA2-KO dependent CMHs and fragments of ZO-1 and occludin were also observed in Ebola virus-infected ANXA2-KO mice, but not found in infected WT mice. Overall, our study revealed a novel role of ANXA2 in the formation of CMHs during R. australis and Ebola virus infections; and the underlying mechanism is relevant to the role of ANXA2-regulated tight junctions and its role in stabilizing the BBB in these deadly infections. Author Summary Traditionally, spontaneous intracerebral microhemorrhages (CMHs) were defined as small foci of intracerebral hemorrhages. Such atraumatic CMHs are due to the rupture of a weak blood vessel wall. Infections complicating cerebrovascular accidents have been extensively investigated. However, the role of CMHs complicating infections, in particularly acute systemic infections, has been poorly explored. Population-based retrospective cohort studies suggest there are potentially more undiscovered cases of CMHs accompanying acute systemic infections. Given both the lack of an animal model and cellular/molecular pathophysiology of CMHs following acute systemic infections, there is an urgent need to increase our comprehensive understanding of acute infection-induced CMHs. Overall, our study revealed a novel role of annexin a2 (ANXA2) in the formation of CMHs during R. australis and Ebola virus infections; and the underlying mechanism is relevant to the role of ANXA2-regulated endothelial tight junctions and its role in stabilizing the blood-brain barrier in these deadly infections.
Chapter 8 – STIELTJES INTEGRALS

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of Stieltjes integrals. The chapter reviews the Riemann-Stieltjes integrals, the Darboux-Stieltjes integrals, and the Riemann integrals. The integrators of bounded variation are discussed, and a few of the ways as to how Lebesgue integrals occur in connection with either variation or Stieltjes integrals are reviewed in the chapter. The Lebesgue-Stieltjes integrals, and the Lebesgue decomposition and Radon-Nikodym theorems are discussed. Various problems on an abortive idea are also discussed in the chapter.
P-008 Radiographic and clinical outcome analysis of mono-plane versus Bi-plane angiography suites in stroke thrombectomies

Introduction With emerging evidence in recent years proving efficacy of endovascular thrombectomy in treatment of acute strokes, there are a growing number of Primary Stroke Centers in the United States launching interventional neuroradiology services to perform acute thrombectomies at their own institutions rather than transferring patients to a higher level of stroke care. Efficacy and speed of recanalization in these hospitals that may not have biplane angiography available could be brought into question. In our current health system we have a team of multiple interventionalists performing thrombectomies in five hospitals with either mono-plane or biplane angiography suites. In this study we aimed to compare the angiographic and clinical outcome of acute stroke patients who underwent thrombectomy in bi-plane angio suites with those of performed in mono-plane systems. Methods In this retrospective analysis, 198 patients with isolated middle cerebral artery occlusions who underwent acute intervention from March 2015 to August 2018 were included. Procedures were performed at five different hospitals in our health system. Three of these hospitals use mono-plane rooms and two centers use bi-plane machines. The same group of Neurointerventionlists performed thrombectomies at all hospitals. Results A total of 198 patients with MCA occlusions were included with 160 (80.8%) cases performed in bi-plane angio suites. Recanalization time was 9.9 minutes longer in mono-plane group (66.9 ± 56.0 vs. 56.8 ± 45.6 minutes) but this did not reach statistical significance (p>0.05). Bi-plane angiography was not significantly associated with higher recanalization rates (TICI 2B/3 94.2% vs. 91.4%, p>0.05). With respect to clinical outcomes, there was no significant difference between bi-plane angiography vs. mono-plane in the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale at 90 days (20 vs. 21, p>0.05). There was no significant difference in a favorable modified Rankin Scale score (mRS ≤ 3) at 90-days between the bi-plane and mono-plane cohorts (51.7% vs. 47.7%, p Conclusion Although performing stroke thrombectomy with monoplane angiography could theoretically delay recanalization compared to the use of a bi-plane machine, we found no significant difference between these groups in favorable radiographic reperfusion (TICI 2B/3) or favorable clinical outcomes (mRS ≤ 3) at 90-day follow-up in our cohort of patients with MCA occlusions. This data not only supports both feasibility and efficacy of performing stroke thrombectomy on mono-plane angiography, but it also has implications for increasing access to thrombectomy to more stroke patients without sacrificing the time needed for potentially lengthy hospital transfers. Disclosures M. Nouri: None. J. Lee: None. J. Mocco: None. P. Singh: None.
A comparison of swallow-related submandibular contraction amplitude and duration in people with Parkinson's disease and healthy controls.

Purpose: To compare the contraction amplitude and contraction duration of submandibular muscles during the pharyngeal stage of swallowing in people with Parkinson’s disease (PD) compared to normal ...
Personal economic anxiety in response to COVID-19

The economic effects of COVID-19 have been far-reaching. Using a sample of adults from the United States (n = 513), the present study examined demographic and individual correlates of anxiety about financial hardship on March 17th, 2020, the day after historic stock market drops in response to the emerging COVID-19 crisis. Confirmatory factor analysis models determined that a unidimensional approach best accounted for covariation among types of economic anxiety. Zero-order and semi-partial correlations with economic anxiety were estimated. Younger adults tended to report greater anxiety than older adults. Black respondents reported significantly more anxiety, whereas respondents without children living at home reported less anxiety. Low collective self-esteem, low conscientiousness, and low openness to experience were associated with greater economic anxiety. High neuroticism, perceived vulnerability to disease, and belongingness stemming from large group activities also were associated with greater anxiety. The current study provides a first glance at individual differences in understanding who may experience economic anxiety due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Personalized Machine Learning for Human-centered Machine Intelligence

Recent developments in AI and Machine Learning (ML) are revolutionizing traditional technologies for health and education by enabling more intelligent therapeutic and learning tools that can automatically perceive and predict user's behavior (e.g. from videos) or health status from user's past clinical data. To date, most of these tools still rely on traditional 'on-size-fits-all' ML paradigm, rendering generic learning algorithms that, in most cases, are suboptimal on the individual level, mainly because of the large heterogeneity of the target population. Furthermore, such approach may provide misleading outcomes as it fails to account for context in which target behaviors/clinical data are being analyzed. This calls for new human-centered machine intelligence enabled by ML algorithms that are tailored to each individual and context under the study. In this talk, I will present the key ideas and applications of Personalized Machine Learning (PML) framework specifically designed to tackle those challenges. The applications range from personalized forecasting of Alzheimer's related cognitive decline, using Gaussian Process models, to Personalized Deep Neural Networks, designed for classification of facial affect of typical individuals using the notion of meta-learning and reinforcement learning. I will then describe in more detail how this framework can be used to tackle a challenging problem of robot perception of affect and engagement in autism therapy. Lastly, I will discuss the future research on PML and human-centered ML design, outlining challenges and opportunities.
Investigating the Effectiveness of Breast Cancer Supplemental Screening Considering Radiologists’ Bias

Abstract Breast density is known to increase breast cancer risk and decrease mammography screening sensitivity. Breast density notification laws (enacted in 38 states as of September 2020), require physicians to inform women with high breast density of these potential risks. The laws usually require healthcare providers to notify patients of the possibility of using more sensitive supplemental screening tests (e.g., ultrasound). Since the enactment of the laws, there have been controversial debates over i) their implementations due to the potential radiologists bias in breast density classification of mammogram images and ii) the necessity of supplemental screenings for all patients with high breast density. In this study, we formulate a finite-horizon, discrete-time partially observable Markov chain (POMC) to investigate the effectiveness of supplemental screening and the impact of radiologists’ bias on patients’ outcomes. We consider the conditional probability of eventually detecting breast cancer in early states given that the patient develops breast cancer in her lifetime as the primary and the expected number of supplemental tests as the secondary patient’s outcome. Our results indicate that referring patients to a supplemental test solely based on their breast density may not necessarily improve their health outcomes and other risk factors need to be considered when making such referrals. Additionally, average-skilled radiologists’ performances are shown to be comparable with the performance of a perfect radiologist (i.e., 100% accuracy in breast density classification). However, a significant bias in breast density classification (i.e., consistent upgrading or downgrading of breast density classes) can negatively impact a patient’s health outcomes.
The New Legal Realism

The last decade has witnessed the birth of the New Legal Realism—an effort to go beyond the old realism by testing competing hypotheses about the role of law and politics in judicial decisions, with reference to large sets and statistical analysis. The New Legal Realists have uncovered a Standard Model of Judicial Behavior, demonstrating significant differences between Republican appointees and Democratic appointees, and showing that such differences can be diminished or heightened by panel composition. The New Legal Realists have also started to find that race, sex, and other demographic characteristics sometimes have effects on judicial judgments. At the same time, many gaps remain. Numerous areas of law remain unstudied; certain characteristics of judges have yet to be investigated; and in some ways, the existing work is theoretically thin. The New Legal Realism has clear jurisprudential implications, bearing as it does on competing accounts of legal reasoning, including Ronald Dworkin’s suggestion that such reasoning is a search for “integrity.” Discussion is devoted to the relationship between the New Legal Realism and some of the perennial normative questions in administrative law. In 1931, Karl Llewellyn attempted to capture the empirical goals of the legal realists by referring to early “efforts to capitalize the wealth of our reported cases to make large-scale quantitative studies of facts and outcome.” Llewellyn emphasized the “hope that these might develop lines of prediction more sure, or at least capable of adding further certainty to the predictions based as hitherto on intensive study of smaller bodies of cases.” But Llewellyn added, with apparent embarrassment: “I know of no published results.” We are in the midst of a flowering of “large-scale quantitative studies of facts and outcome,” with numerous published results. The relevant studies have produced a New Legal Realism—an effort to understand the sources of judicial decisions on the basis of ∗ Assistant Professor of Law, University of Chicago Law School. ** Karl N. Llewellyn Distinguished Service Professor, Law School and Department of Political Science, University of Chicago. We are grateful to the Chicago Judges Project, and in particular to Dean Saul Levmore, for relevant support. 1 Karl N. Llewellyn, Some Realism About Realism: Responding to Dean Pound, 44 Harv L Rev 1222, 1243-44 (1931). 2 Id. at 1244. 3 Id.
Tuning machine learning dropout for subsurface uncertainty model accuracy

Abstract Machine learning hyperparameter tuning generally relies on minimizing the prediction error and maximizing the accuracy at withheld testing data locations. However, for many subsurface applications, prediction accuracy is not sufficient, and we must consider the goodness, accuracy, and precision, of the entire uncertainty model. Bayesian deep neural networks provide a robust framework to model uncertainty. But at a high computational cost and difficulty to scale in high-dimensional parameter spaces. Dropout offers a potential alternative for calculating prediction model realizations to represent the uncertainty model. We propose a method to compare the entire uncertainty model based on the prediction realizations and the addition of a single objective function, known as uncertainty model goodness, to the loss function to integrate model uncertainty for improved tuning of the dropout frequency in deep learning models. We test our method with a subsurface flow surrogate model based on an image-to-image regression problem. Implementing the proposed method with the uncertainty model goodness results in accurate and precise uncertainty models using the tuned dropout hyperparameter. We test the robustness and generalization of the proposed method with out-of-distribution testing data.
Journal Editor and Associate Editor Perspectives on Research Reproducibility and Open Science

Interest in transparent and open science is increasing in special education, school psychology, and related disciplines. Proponents for open science reforms provide evidence that researchers in spe...
BI-RADS 3 on dense breast screening ultrasound after digital mammography versus digital breast tomosynthesis.

Abstract Objective Compare the BI-RADS 3 rate and follow-up of dense breast ultrasound (US) screening following digital mammography (DM) versus digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT). Methods IRB-approved, HIPAA compliant retrospective search was performed of databases at two tertiary breast centers and an office practice for BI-RADS 3 screening US examinations performed 10/1/14–9/30/16. Prior DM versus DBT, downgrade and upgrade rate, and timing and pathology results were recorded. Differences were compared using the two-sample proportions test. Results 3183 screening US examinations were performed, 1434/3183 (45.1%) after DM and 1668/3183 (52%) after DBT (2.5% (81/3183) no prior mammogram available). 13.9% (199/1434) had BI-RADS 3 results after DM and 10.6% (177/1668) after DBT (p Conclusion Patients with prior DBT had a lower risk of encountering BI-RADS 3 findings on screening ultrasound. BI-RADS 3 findings on screening ultrasound had an extremely low rate of being cancer.
Application of Equipment in Outdoor Steam-Electric Generating Stations [includes discussion]

iASSOCIATE MEMBERAIEE 'N RECENT years thel)ractice oflocatingoutdoors atleast someofthemajor equipment ofsteam-electric generating stations hasgreatly increased. Thereforeitseemsappropriate toreview the modifications anddevelopments indesign thathavebeenmadetostation equipmenttoenable thisequipment tobe operated satisfactorily whenexposed to sevTere weatherconditions. Thisdiscussion willbelimited tothetypesof equipment manufactured bytheGeneral Electric Company andsowill notinclude anmdiscussion ofthedesign features for outdoor service ofsuchitemsasboilers, pumps, fans, andcondensers. History
Who Is Repeating Anatomy? Trends in an Undergraduate Anatomy Course.

Anatomy courses frequently serve as prerequisites or requirements for health sciences programs. Due to the challenging nature of anatomy, each semester there are students remediating the course (enrolled in the course for a second time), attempting to earn a grade competitive for admissions into a program of study. In this retrospective study, remediation rates and trends in an undergraduate anatomy course with over 400 students enrolled each semester at a large Midwestern university were identified. Demographic data was collected from spring 2004 to spring 2010, including students' age, ethnicity, major of study, class standing, college admission tests (ACT and SAT®) scores, anatomy laboratory and lecture examination scores, and final anatomy grades for each semester. Eleven percent of the students repeated the course at least once. Gender, ethnicity, major of study and SAT scores were all shown to be associated with whether or not a student would need to repeat the course. On average, students who repeated anatomy demonstrated significant improvements in lecture and laboratory scores when comparing first and second enrollments in anatomy, and therefore also saw improved final course grades in their second enrollment. These findings will aid future instructors to identify and assist at-risk students to succeed in anatomy. Instructors from other institutions may also find the results to be useful for identifying students at risk for struggling.
Guaranteed 3.67V Bit Encoding of Planar Triangle Graphs

We present a new representation that is guaranteed to encode any planar triangle graph of V vertices in less than 3.67V bits. Our code improves on all prior solutions to this well studied problem and lies within 13% of the theoretical lower limit of the worst case guaranteed bound. It is based on a new encoding of the CLERS string produced by RossignacOs Edgebreaker compression [Rossignac99]. The elegance and simplicity of this technique makes it suitable for a variety of 2D and 3D triangle mesh compression applications. Simple and fast compression/decompression algorithms with linear time and space complexity are available.
Ten Hills Farm: The Forgotten History of Slavery in the North

Letter from Antigua xi PART I: The Puritan Chapter 1: The Land 3 Chapter 2: Ten Hills Farm 21 Chapter 3: Possession 36 PART II: The Immigrant Chapter 4: The King's Forester 53 Chapter 5: Favors to the Few 62 Chapter 6: Happy Instruments to Enlarge Our Dominions 80 Chapter 7: Slavers of the North 97 Chapter 8: Come Up in the Night with Them 102 Chapter 9: You May Own Negroes and Negresses 116 PART III: The Master Chapter 10: Antigua 125 Chapter 11: Crime, Punishment, and Compensation 145 Chapter 12: Homecoming 156 Chapter 13: The Benefactor 167 Chapter 14: Luxury on the Grandest Scale 183 PART IV: The Petitioner Chapter 15: We Shall Not Be Slaves 197 Chapter 16: Within the Bowels of a Free Country 206 Chapter 17: Death Is Not the Worst of Evils 215 Chapter 18: Reparations 228 PART V: The Legacy Chapter 19: City upon a Hill 239 Afterword Letter from Antigua, Easter Monday, 2008 257 Note to Readers 267 Notes on Sources 271 Acknowledgments 305 List of Illustrations 309 Index 311
Market Reaction to the PCAOB's Inability to Conduct Foreign Inspections

This paper investigates the potential costs to investors of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board’s (PCAOB’s) inability to conduct inspections of foreign audit firms. Specifically, we examine the stock market reaction of companies audited by non-inspected foreign audit firms to a series of disclosures by the PCAOB relating to its difficulties in conducting foreign inspections in European Union countries, Switzerland, China, and Hong Kong. We find a significant negative stock market reaction, in both the univariate and multivariate settings, to the PCAOB’s initial disclosure in August 2009 of the names of foreign auditors that had not been inspected by the PCAOB. These results are driven by companies with a China-based auditor. Further, we find univariate and multivariate evidence of a significant negative market reaction to the Board’s February 2010 disclosure of additional audit firm names (i.e., not named in the August 2009 disclosure) that had not been inspected by the PCAOB. In addition, we find univariate, but not multivariate, evidence of a significant negative market reaction to the Board’s May 2010 disclosure of company names whose auditor is located in a country that does not permit PCAOB inspections. Finally, in both the univariate and multivariate settings, we find evidence of a significant positive market reaction to the PCAOB’s January 2011 disclosure that registered U.K. audit firms would now be subject to inspection. Together, the negative market reactions to the Board’s disclosure of its inability to inspect audit firms located in certain foreign countries and the positive market reaction to the Board’s subsequent disclosure that inspections would now be permitted in a country (U.K) that previously blocked inspections provide evidence that the significant resources devoted by the PCAOB to its inspection program are valued by market participants.
Tooth bioengineering leads the next generation of dentistry

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2012; 22: 406–418 Background. As a result of numerous rapid and exciting developments in tissue engineering technology, scientists are able to regenerate a fully functional tooth in animal models, from a bioengineered tooth germ. Advances in technology, together with our understanding of the mechanisms of tooth development and studies dealing with dentally derived stem cells, have led to significant progress in the field of tooth regeneration. Aim and design. This review focuses on some of the recent advances in tooth bioengineering technology, the signalling pathways in tooth development, and in dental stem cell biology. These factors are highlighted in respect of our current knowledge of tooth regeneration. Results and conclusion. An understanding of these new approaches in tooth regeneration should help to prepare clinicians to use this new and somewhat revolutionary therapy while also enabling them to partake in future clinical trials. Tooth bioengineering promises to be at the forefront of the next generation of dental treatments.
An engineering model for managing counter-terrorism

We believe society can use a modified engineering risk management model that frames terrorism as a combination of serial steps that can, if successful, lead to a terrorist event. Like the nuclear reactor fault tree, we suggest terrorist events be classified by the magnitude of the consequences based on a combination of property damage, deaths, and fear that each can create. We recommend an assignment of conditional probabilities to each of the steps necessary to complete a terrorist sequence (no matter how crude the estimate) and to calculate the probability of a terrorist event in terms of the serial conditional probabilities associated with each step. While the terrorist is attempting to maximize the combination of fear, property damage and deaths, the counter-terrorist wishes to minimize that combination. Minimization of a particular path can be accomplished by driving one of the conditional probabilities to near zero and thus, the counter-terrorist need not minimize every conditional probability. In contrast, the terrorist must maximize each conditional probability, i.e. he must practice total quality assurance-the most expensive solution for his success. This model can provide a method for assessing the value of a wide variety of counter-terrorist activities and provides guidance in the optimum allocation of resources to minimize the combination of fear, property damage and deaths of potential terrorist targets.