cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multisensory conflict modulates the spread of visual attention across a multisensory object

Abstract Spatial attention to a visual stimulus that occurs synchronously with a task-irrelevant sound from a different location can lead to increased activity not only in the visual cortex, but also the auditory cortex, apparently reflecting the object-related spreading of attention across both space and modality (Busse et al., 2005). The processing of stimulus conflict, including multisensory stimulus conflict, is known to activate the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), but the interactive influence on the sensory cortices remains relatively unexamined. Here we used fMRI to examine whether the multisensory spread of visual attention across the sensory cortices previously observed will be modulated by whether there is conceptual or object-related conflict between the relevant visual and irrelevant auditory inputs. Subjects visually attended to one of two lateralized visual letter-streams while synchronously occurring, task-irrelevant, letter sounds were presented centrally, which could be either congruent or incongruent with the visual letters. We observed significant enhancements for incongruent versus congruent letter–sound combinations in the ACC and in the contralateral visual cortex when the visual component was attended, presumably reflecting the conflict detection and the need for boosted attention to the visual stimulus during incongruent trials. In the auditory cortices, activity increased bilaterally if the spatially discordant auditory stimulation was incongruent, but only in the left, language-dominant side when congruent. We conclude that a conflicting incongruent sound, even when task-irrelevant, distracts more strongly than a congruent one, leading to greater capture of attention. This greater capture of attention in turn results in increased activity in the auditory cortex.
Ruptured aortic valve cusp: A complication of the heimlich maneuver

A case of traumatic rupture of the aortic valve as a complication of the Heimlich maneuver is presented. Confirmation was made by comparative echocardiographic studies available from three months before and immediately following the incident. The patient refused surgical intervention and died one month later with severe congestive heart failure despite vigorous medical therapy.
Selected mechanical engineering topics of the SVX II detector at CDF

Abstract The CDF collaboration is designing a second-generation silicon detector, SVX II, for Run II of the Fermilab Tevatron Collider. Portions of the SVX II have been constructed for the purpose of mechanical testing and design verification. The cooling performance of the ladders has been measured and compared to values expected from earlier design work, and there is an update on the expected effect of radiation damage. The bulkhead, a precision machined support structure made of beryllium, is discussed from both a design and fabrication perspective. Adhesives for ladder construction and bulkhead gluing are discussed. The focus of this presentation is on in-hand materials and measurements which have been completed in support of the mechanical design.
Effect of fiber fabric orientation on the flexural monotonic and fatigue behavior of 2D woven ceramic matrix composites

Abstract The effect of fiber fabric orientation, i.e., parallel to loading and perpendicular to the loading axis, on the monotonic and fatigue behavior of plain-weave fiber reinforced SiC matrix laminated composites was investigated. Two composite systems were studied: Nextel 312 (3M Corp.) reinforced SiC and Nicalon (Nippon Carbon Corp.) reinforced SiC, both fabricated by Forced Chemical Vapor Infiltration (FCVI). The behavior of both materials was investigated under monotonic and fatigue loading. Interlaminar and in-plane shear tests were conducted to further correlate shear properties with the effect of fabric orientation, with respect to the loading axis, on the orientation effects in bending. The underlying mechanisms, in monotonic and fatigue loading, were investigated through post-fracture examination using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Fouling resistant, high flux nanofiltration membranes from polyacrylonitrile-graft-poly(ethylene oxide)

Abstract Membranes possessing both fouling resistance and permeate size cut-offs in the nanometer range would open membrane processes to numerous molecular separations in the biochemical, pharmaceutical and food industries. This study describes the preparation of novel thin film composite (TFC) nanofiltration (NF) membranes with the above properties, where the selective layer is a dense coating of the amphiphilic comb copolymer polyacrylonitrile-graft-poly(ethylene oxide) (PAN-g-PEO). PAN-g-PEO is synthesized by free-radical polymerization using a macromonomer method, and solution coated onto a PAN ultrafiltration (UF) membrane support. Upon coagulation of the coating, microphase separation occurs between the hydrophobic PAN backbone and hydrophilic PEO side chains, as determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveals the formation of an interconnected network of PEO domains that act as water-permeable nanochannels and provide the size-based separation capability of the membrane. In filtration studies, the pure water permeability of PAN-g-PEO TFC NF membranes was found to be 85 ± 25 L/m2 h MPa, over 4 times that of a commercial NF membrane control. The permeate size cut-off was determined by the filtration of a series of rigid dye molecules to be less than 1 nm, and the fractionation of a mixture of two anionic dyes, Congo Red and Ethyl Orange, was demonstrated. Further, the membrane showed complete resistance to fouling, defined as flux loss that cannot be recovered by a water rinse, by 1 g/L bovine serum albumin (BSA) in a 24-hour dead-end filtration experiment, demonstrating the promise of these membranes for biomolecule separations.
Spontaneous breaking of anti-de sitter supersymmetry

We compute the one-loop effective potential of the Wess-Zumino model in Anti-de Sitter space. The effect of the background geometry is determined exactly. After the renormalization of the kinetic action and the insertion of a linear counterterm in the superpotential, we solve the quantum-corrected equations of motion, obtaining the vacuum solutions in the semiclassical approximation. The vacuum expectation values of theA andB fields are shifted by finite terms which depend upon the boundary conditions for the field propagators. Despite this result, we show with complete generality that supersymmetry is preserved to the one-loop order at each classically supersymmetric extremum of the effective potential.
Searching for jets using a transverse-energy trigger

We have studied the question of whether prominent jet structure would be expected in hadron-hadron collision events which are selected on the basis of having a large amount of transverse energy carried by the final-state hadrons. Using a computer simulation based on the Field-Feynman parton scattering model, we find that such a transverse-energy selection does not yield events predominantly having clear jet structure; this finding is in agreement with data from experiment NA5 at CERN. The basic reason for this effect is that high-multiplicity fragmentation of the beam and target spectator partons will contribute a substantial fraction of the transverse energy while also diluting the jet structure.
Coding schemes for reduction of intersymbol interference in data transmission systems

Various coding schemes and their effects on intersymbol interference in pulse amplitude modulation systems are discussed. First, the relation between imperfections in the baseband-equivalent channel and intersymbol interference is clarified and applied to explain the effect of correlative level coding and Gorog's frequency concept codes in reducing intersymbol interference. Another coding scheme is then introduced: construction of codes in the time domain with intersymbol interference directly in mind. A decimal code of length 4 and an alphanumeric code of length 6 are proposed as practical codes and their properties are discussed. Simulation results are presented to give quantitative comparison of these coding techniques. Curves of the vertical eye-opening vs transmission rate have been produced and we show that codes designed in the time domain achieve better performance than both the frequency concept codes and the conventional codes for a wide class of channel characteristics.
SECONDARY FRAGMENTATION OF COMET SHOEMAKER-LEVY 9 AND THE RAMIFICATIONS FOR THE PROGENITOR'S BREAKUP IN JULY 1992

Comprehensive analysis of discrete events of secondary fragmentation leads to a conceptually new understanding of the process of disintegration of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9. We submit that the jovian tidal forces inflicted extensive cracks throughout the interior of the original nucleus but did not split it apart. The initial disruption was apparently accomplished by stresses exerted on the cracked object by its fast rotation during the early post-perijove period of time. We argue that this disruption was in fact a rapid sequence of episodes during July 1992 that gave birth to the 12 on-train, or primary, fragments: A, C, D, E, G, H, K, L, Q (later Q(sub 1)), R, S, and W. The discrete events of secondary fragmentation, which gave birth to the off-train fragments, are understood in this scenario as stochastic manifestations of the continuing process of progressive disintegration. Of the 13 off-train fragments considered, nine were secondary--B, F, G(sub 2), M, N, P (later P(sub 2) or P(sub 2a)), Q(sub 2), U, and V--and four tertiary (J, P(sub 1), P(sub 2b), and T). The separation parameters of 11 off-train fragments were determined. The vectorial distribution of separation velocities of these fragments shows a strong concentration toward a great circle, unquestionably an effect of the approximately conserved angular momentum of the progenitor comet since the time of its initial disruption. Also apparent is their clumping (except for P(sub 1)) to a segment along the great circle, implying that the fragments were consistently released from one side of their parents, thus explaining for the first time why the off-train fragments preferentially appeared on one side of the nuclear train. In order to obtain a consistent solution, our model requires that the points of separation be on the antisolar side of the parent fragments, where thermal stresses are likely to enhance the effect of rotation. The episodes of secondary fragmentation are found to have nine months after the close encounter with Jupiter in early July 1992, and the separation velocities ranged between 0.36 and 1.7 m/s. The spin-axis position is determined to have been nearly in the jovicentric orbit plane, which rules out the Asphaug-Benz-Solem strengthless aggregate model as a plausible breakup hypothesis. Since the separation velocities are rotational in nature, they cannot substantially exceed the critical limit for centrifugal breakup and offer an estimate for the original nuclear dimensions. The comet's nucleus is found to have been approximately 10 km in diameter and spinning rapidly. With the exception of P(sub 1) and apparently also P(sub 2) and F, no nongravitational deceleration was detected in the motions of the off-train fragments. Serious doubts are cast on continuing appreciable activity of any of these fragments. Indeed, when it was necessary to introduce a deceleration into the equations of motion, the effect appears to have been due to the action of solar radiation pressure on the centroid of centimeter-sized particulates in the disintegrating condensations.
Segregation of retinoic acid effects on fetal ovarian germ cell mitosis versus apoptosis by requirement for new macromolecular synthesis.

Retinoic acid (RA), a naturally occurring metabolite of vitamin A, plays an essential role in regulating cellular growth, differentiation, and death in a variety of tissues, particularly during fetal development. However, essentially nothing is known of the effects of RA on fetal gametogenesis. Using a recently validated system of culturing murine fetal ovaries, herein we sought to characterize the actions of RA on female germ cell proliferation and apoptosis during oogenesis. In the absence of trophic hormone support, approximately 90% of the oogonia and oocytes present in fetal ovaries at the start of culture underwent apoptosis over a 72 h culture period (P < 0.05), whereas provision of 0.01–1μ m RA dose dependently maintained germ cell numbers. In fact, ovaries cultured with 0.1 μm RA for 72 h possessed approximately 30% more oogonia and oocytes as compared with the preculture mean number (P < 0.05). Additional experiments, using in situ DNA 3′-end-labeling and cellular morphology to assess apoptosis ...
Tracheostomy Cuff Inflation Synchronously Timed with Inspiration

racheal strictures have been reported with increasing frequency parallel to more liberal use of cuffed tracheostomy tubes. AlT though various causative factors have been implicated, the ultimate disruption of the mucosal barrier with subsequent submucosal infection (with or without cartilaginous infection) is common to all etiological hypotheses concerning the production of tracheal strictures. The continuously inflated tracheostomy cuff (with infrequent brief periods of deflation) actually or potentially provides all the features necessary for stricture formation. Previously described approaches for intermittent cuff inflation have been discarded because of complexity [ll, or they have used an in-line fenestration with the potential for causing mucus obstruction [Z-41. A simplified approach to providing inflation of the tracheostomy tube cuff synchronously with inspiration is the subject of this report.
Biocompatibility studies on surgical-grade titanium-, cobalt-, and iron-base alloys.

An animal model system for the investigation of the influence of in vivo- produced metallic corrosion products upon tissues has been developed. Externally applied electrical stimulation produces the corrosion over a short period of time, and a poststimulation period is allowed for tissue stabilization. Tissue reaction adjacent to the metallic alloys shows fibrous tissue capsules and metallic corrosion product contamination. These preliminary studies show that this animal model and methodology may provide a technique for investigating long-term tissue biomaterial interactions and the influence of iron (316L), cobalt (Vitallium), and titanium (Tivanium) alloy corrosion products upon the susceptibility of tissues to various biocompatibility challenges.
Three-Dimensional Mass Fraction Distribution of a Spray Measured by X-Ray Computed Tomography

In order to design a spraying system with the desired characteristics, the atomization process has to be understood in detail, including the primary break-up of the liquid core. Accurate prediction of primary break-up is a major barrier to computer-based analysis of spray combustion. The development of models is hindered by the lack of validation data in a region where the fluid is dense, and optical access is therefore limited.The present experimental study is aimed at probing the spray structure by means of X-ray computed tomography (CT). A full-cone atomizer (0.79 mm orifice diameter) spraying in air at ambient pressure is investigated as a proof of concept. A mixture of water and iodine is used as the working fluid, providing elevated X-ray absorption and therefore improved signal-to-noise ratio. Several hundreds of X-ray projections are acquired as the spraying atomizer is rotated in front of the detector. Standard software for medical imaging is used to reconstruct the three-dimensional time-averaged distribution of liquid mass fraction in the full field of view, from the intact liquid core to the dilute spray region. A spatial resolution of 0.6 mm is obtained along the spraying direction, while the resolution is 0.3 mm in the other two directions. Significant asymmetries in the structure of the spray are revealed.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Determinants of noncompliance with light attraction regulation among inshore fishers in Ghana

Abstract In many developing coastal countries, wild fish stocks have been overexploited. Moreover, evolution of fishing techniques has exacerbated the problem of stock depletion. In Ghana, some inshore fishers acquire and use light attraction equipment to improve their efficiency, which is illegal. Since this crime is committed repeatedly, this study employs an illegal–legal fishery crime model to investigate the determinants of noncompliance with the regulation. The severity of punishment, individual discount rates, and social pressure are found to determine both the decision to violate and the investment in the illegal equipment a proxy for severity of violation of the regulation. Furthermore, age of the skipper, the number of dependants that a fisher has and the extent to which the skipper perceives the regulation to be unfair explain the decision to violate only, while the risk of punishment explains the severity of violation of the regulation only.
31st Pacific Northwest Regional Meeting

The 31st annual meeting of the Pacific Northwest Branch of AGU (PNAGU) was held September 7 and 8 at Oregon State University (OSU), Corvallis. Collisional plate tectonics again dominated the subjects of the 40 papers presented. The evolution and geometry of the Cascade volcanic arc and the effects of volatile recycling during subduction were interpreted in quantitative convergence models. Structural lineaments were recognized that may mark the pre-Tertiary margin of North America.
MRI and MRCP in pancreaticobiliary malignancy

Ultrasonography and CT scanning have been the standard techniques for demonstrating pancreatic carcinoma, although MR and more recently even endoscopic ultrasound have shown excellent results. MRCP is a specialized MR technique that shows fluid containing structures in a 2D image display similar to direct ERCP findings. Accuracy of MRCP (sensitivity, specificity) equals or exceeds ERCP for both biliary and pancreatic duct morphology. MRCP does not provide information with regard resectability. MRI can be applied to pancreaticobiliary malignancies as conventional MR, as MR angiography/venography or as MR cholangiopancreatography (MRCP). The technique and applications of each method differ. Although all have been well documented in the literature, their clinical role when compared to other evolving technologies such as helical CT and endoscopic ultrasound is still evolving.
Image watermarking for tamper detection

We propose an oblivious watermarking technique for tamper detection in digital images. By comparing correlation values from different portions of the image, the technique enables us to distinguish malicious changes, such as replacing/adding features from nonmalicious changes resulting from common image processing operations. The technique can be implemented with small memory and computational requirements, which makes it potentially useful for hardware implementation in digital cameras. The technique works by dividing an image into blocks and watermarking each block with a transparent, robust watermark that sensitively depends on a secret key (camera's ID) and continuously on the image. The watermarking method is a frequency based spread spectrum technique. To achieve a continuous dependency on the image, we propose a special bit extraction procedure that extracts bits from each block by thresholding projections onto key-dependent random smooth patterns. Those bits are then used for initializing a PRNG and synthesizing the spread spectrum signal.
Dissolvable fluidic time delays for programming multi-step assays in instrument-free paper diagnostics

Lateral flow tests (LFTs) are an ingenious format for rapid and easy-to-use diagnostics, but they are fundamentally limited to assay chemistries that can be reduced to a single chemical step. In contrast, most laboratory diagnostic assays rely on multiple timed steps carried out by a human or a machine. Here, we use dissolvable sugar applied to paper to create programmable flow delays and present a paper network topology that uses these time delays to program automated multi-step fluidic protocols. Solutions of sucrose at different concentrations (10-70% of saturation) were added to paper strips and dried to create fluidic time delays spanning minutes to nearly an hour. A simple folding card format employing sugar delays was shown to automate a four-step fluidic process initiated by a single user activation step (folding the card); this device was used to perform a signal-amplified sandwich immunoassay for a diagnostic biomarker for malaria. The cards are capable of automating multi-step assay protocols normally used in laboratories, but in a rapid, low-cost, and easy-to-use format.
Minimum Q of the element in an infinite phased array

A general method has been presented for evaluating the Q of the element in an infinite array environment. In essence the method consists of transforming the active array fields to a unit cell representation in terms of Floquet modes where it is easy to calculate the reactive time-average stored energy and radiated power. Although the method was demonstrated on a simple canonical 2D array, it gives first order min Q-values possible as a function of array geometry and scan. It demonstrated that for small element spacings, the min Q is lower or comparable to the single element Q in free space.
Hybrid Hydrogels with Extremely High Stiffness and Toughness

The development of hydrogels for cartilage replacement and soft robotics has highlighted a challenge: load-bearing hydrogels need to be both stiff and tough. Several approaches have been reported to improve the toughness of hydrogels, but simultaneously achieving high stiffness and toughness remains difficult. Here we report that alginate-polyacrylamide hydrogels can simultaneously achieve high stiffness and toughness. We combine short- and long-chain alginates to reduce the viscosity of pregel solutions and synthesize homogeneous hydrogels of high ionic cross-link density. The resulting hydrogels can have elastic moduli of ∼1 MPa and fracture energies of ∼4 kJ m–2. Furthermore, this approach breaks the inverse relation between stiffness and toughness: while maintaining constant elastic moduli, these hydrogels can achieve fracture energies up to ∼16 kJ m–2. These stiff and tough hydrogels hold promise for further development as load-bearing materials.
The relationship between pre‐oviposition flight behaviour and reproductive timing in whitefly parasitoids

. Although the timing of oogenesis appears to be a major life-history organizer in the parasitoid Hymenoptera, relatively little is known about how this trait correlates with population dispersal by flight in these wasps. Pre-oviposition flight behaviours of 1-day-old female wasps in a vertical flight chamber are measured to test correlations between these traits and with reproductive timing. The focus of the present study is on two genera of whitefly parasitoids (Encarsia and Eretmocerus) that differ in reproductive timing when feeding on a shared host (Bemisia tabaci). The two Eretmocerus species engage in vertical flight within 3 min of release far more frequently than the three Encarsia species. Because the former typically possess a more time-limited reproductive strategy than the latter, this lends support for a positive interspecific association between early-life reproduction and early-life flight incidence. Within species, however, egg load does not correlate with flight propensity for any of the tested species. Furthermore, in Eretmocerus eremicus, the relationship between effective flight distance (i.e. the product of vertical climb rate and flight duration) and egg load appears to be labile rather than fixed because different trials show evidence for either negative or positive correlations between these variables. The source of this context dependence may be variation in either biotic (e.g. longevity) or abiotic (e.g. temperature and relative humidity) factors.
A 50-ns 16-Mb DRAM with a 10-ns data rate and on-chip ECC

A high-speed 16-Mb DRAM chip with on-chip error-correcting code (ECC), which supports either 11/11 or 12/0 RAS/CAS addressing and operates on a 3.3- or 5-V power supply, is described. It can be packaged as a 2-Mb*8, 4-Mb*4, 8-Mb*2, or 16-Mb*1 DRAM, And is capable of operating in fast page mode, static column mode, or toggle mode. Speed and flexibility are achieved by a pipeline layout and on-chip SRAMs that buffer entire ECC words. The use of redundant word and bit lines in conjunction with the ECC produces a synergistic fault-tolerance effect. >
Changes in the stability of a human H3 histone mRNA during the HeLa cell cycle.

Abstract A major component of the regulation of histone protein synthesis during the cell cycle is the modulation of the half-life of histone mRNA. We have uncoupled transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation by using a Drosophila hsp70-human H3 histone fusion gene that produces a marked human H3 histone mRNA upon heat induction. Transcription of this gene can be switched on and off by raising and lowering cell culture temperatures, respectively. HeLa cell lines containing stably integrated copies of the fusion gene were synchronized by double thymidine block. Distinct populations of H3 histone mRNA were produced by heat induction in early S-phase, late S-phase, or G2-phase cells, and the stability of the induced H3 histone mRNA was measured. The H3 histone mRNA induced during early S phase decayed with a half-life of 110 min, whereas the same transcript induced during late S phase had a half-life of 10 to 15 min. The H3 histone mRNA induced in non-S-phase cells is more stable than that induced in late S phase, with a half-life of 40 min. Thus, the stability of histone mRNA is actively regulated throughout the cell cycle. Our results are consistent with an autoregulatory model in which the stability of histone mRNA is determined by the level of free histone protein in the cytoplasm.
Designing Personal Robots for Education: Hardware, Software, and Curriculum

An exciting new initiative at Georgia Tech and Bryn Mawr College is using personal robots both to motivate students and to serve as the primary programming platform for the Computer Science 1 curriculum. Here, the authors introduce the initiative and outline plans for the future.
Noninterference and the composability of security properties

The problem of composability of multilevel security properties, particularly the noninterference property and some of its generalizations, is discussed. Examples are used to show that some of these security properties do not compose; it is possible to connect two systems, both of which are judged to be secure, so that the composite system is not secure. A property called restrictiveness is introduced that is generally composable, so that two restrictive systems connected legally result in a new restrictive composite system. A novel feature in the brief discussion of restrictiveness is a state-machine version of the property. >
On some continuity and differentiability properties of paths of Gaussian processes

Abstract The following path properties of real separable Gaussian processes ξ with parameter set an arbitrary interval are established. At every fixed point the paths of ξ are continuous, or differentiable, with probability zero or one. If ξ is measurable, then with probability one its paths have essentially the same points of continuity and differentiability. If ξ is measurable and not mean square continuous or differentiable at every point, then with probability one its paths are almost nowhere continuous or differentiable, respectively. If ξ harmonizable or if it is mean square continuous with stationary increments, then its paths are absolutely continuous with probability one if and only if ξ is mean square differentiable; also mean square differentiability of ξ implies path differentiability with probability one at every fixed point. If ξ is mean square differentiable and stationary, then on every interval with probability one its paths are either differentiable everywhere or nondifferentiable on countable dense subsets. Also a class of harmonizable processes is determined for which of the following are true: (i) with probability one paths are either continuous or unbounded on every interval, and (ii) mean square differentiability implies that with probability one on every interval paths are either differentiable everywhere or nondifferentiable on countable dense subsets.
Vulnerability and risk: Some thoughts from a political and policy perspective

Public policies to mitigate the impacts of extreme events such as hurricanes or terrorist attacks will differ depending on whether they focus on reducing risk or reducing vulnerability. Here we present and defend six assertions aimed at exploring the benefits of vulnerability-based policies. (1) Risk-based approaches to covering the costs of extreme events do not depend for their success on reduction of vulnerability. (2) Risk-based approaches to preparing for extreme events are focused on acquiring accurate probabilistic information about the events themselves. (3) Understanding and reducing vulnerability does not demand accurate predictions of the incidence of extreme events. (4) Extreme events are created by context. (5) It is politically difficult to justify vulnerability reduction on economic grounds. (6) Vulnerability reduction is a human rights issue; risk reduction is not.
Preparation of Mesoporous Si@PAN Electrodes for Li-Ion Batteries via the In-Situ Polymerization of PAN

(electrode), the ﬁrst cycle coulombic efﬁciency of these electrodeswas still less than 50% without a pre-lithiation treatment. The results of an all-solid-state battery experiment conﬁrmed that low ﬁrstcycle reversibility should be attributed primarily to mechanical pulverization of the internal porous structure of mp-Si particles.© 2015 The Electrochemical Society. [DOI: 10.1149/2.0011503eel] All rights reserved.Manuscript received December 12, 2014. Published January 9, 2015.
The dynamical evolution of the Saturnian Ring spokes

It is suggested that the radial spokes observed in rotation across Saturn's B ring are composed of fine, charged dust levitated off the surfaces of larger bodies by electrostatic forces when the latter are sporadically charged to high electrostatic potentials. The time evolution of a spoke is likened to the continuous unfolding of a fan whose vertex is at the synchronous orbit, and whose corotating edge is fixed in the radial direction. According to the present model, the angular velocity of the fan leading edge depends on the age of the spoke, and it is anticipated that the observed scatter of the measured velocities about the Kepler value is real, rather than due to measurement errors, despite their presence inside the expected error bars. It is also shown that the resettling of the grains of dust on the larger bodies in the ring plane, following their initial levitation, results in a differential transport of grains across the ring plane, establishing different multimodal size distributions of dust within the spokes at different planetocentric distances.
Detection of abnormal electrocardiograms using a neural network approach

The results of using an artificial neural network system (ANNS) for detection and recognition of abnormal electrocardiograms in heart-rate-variability studies are reported. The ANNS is trained initially by standard abnormal EKG patterns. Once the network has been trained, it detects abnormal EKGs in real time with less than 10% error. In this particular case the bidirectional associative memory model was used for the neural network. >
Chloroquine-Resistant Plasmodium falciparum: Effect of Substrate on Chloroquine and Amodiaquin Accumulation

Glucose stimulates the high-affinity processes of chloroquine and amodiaquin accumulation in owl monkey erythrocytes infected with a chloroquine-susceptible strain of Plasmodium falciparum . Although these erythrocytes have greater ability to accumulate amodiaquin than chloroquine, glucose has relatively less effect on amodiaquin accumulation than on chloroquine accumulation. In contrast to these findings with chloroquine-susceptible P. falciparum , glucose stimulates amodiaquin but not chloroquine accumulation in erythrocytes infected with chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum . This lack of function of a substrate-dependent component of chloroquine accumulation distinguishes chloroquine-resistant from chloroquine-susceptible P. falciparum .
Revision of the Brief Index of Self-Actualization

Items from the 40-item Brief Index of Self-actualization were submitted to principal factor analysis with promax and oblique rotation (N = 620). With eigenvalues greater than 1 and factor loadings of .40 or higher, 32 items were retained as four factors, without overlap. A revised Brief Index of Self-actualization is presented as an improved measure of constructs underlying Abraham Maslow's description of a self-actualizing person.
Identification of Force Coefficients in a Squeeze Film Damper With a Mechanical Seal: Part I — Unidirectional Load Tests

Squeeze film dampers (SFDs) with low levels of external pressurization and poor end sealing are prone to air entrapment, thus not generating enough damping capability. Single frequency, unidirectional load tests were conducted on a SFD test rig replicating a commercial jet-engine configuration. The damper journal is 2.54 cm in length and 12.7 cm in diameter, with nominal clearance of 0.127 mm. The SFD feed end is flooded with oil, while the discharge end contains a recirculation groove and four orifice ports, and a mechanical seal ring in contact with the damper journal. A wave spring pushes the ring ensuring tight sealing to prevent gas ingestion. The mechanical seal also serves to contain the lubricant within the squeeze film land for extended periods of time and; while in operation, to prevent contamination of the ball bearing cartridge. The measurements conducted without and with lubricant in the squeeze film lands, along with a frequency domain identification procedure, render the mechanical seal dry-friction force and viscous damping force coefficients as functions of frequency and motion amplitude. The end seal arrangement is quite effective in eliminating side leakage and preventing air entrainment into the film lands. Importantly enough, the dry friction force, arising from the contact forces in relative motion, increases significantly the test element equivalent viscous damping coefficients. The identified system damping coefficients are thus frequency and motion amplitude dependent, albeit decreasing rapidly as the motion parameters increase. Identified squeeze film force coefficients, damping and added mass, agree well with predictions based on the full film, short length damper model.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Preventing Access to Residual Data Exposed by Packet Expansion Operations

Computer packets are often expanded, e.g., to insert headers for local network routing. This act of enlarging packets creates opportunities for illicit access to residual data in the buffer holding the packet. The condition arises when the newly allocated area stretches past the packet's previous end, exposing data left by previous, lengthier packets. This residual data might contain sensitive data, proprietary protocols or classified information that a malicious program can forward or log for illicit use. Unwanted access to such data can be prevented by overwriting the area or by requiring an immediate, complete fill of the expansion area by the application. The paper analyzes basic characteristics of the problem. In addition, it compares performance consequences of various solutions by implementing them as specialized bytecode instructions handled by microcode.
Perseverance furthers: Aims of and sympathy for both student and nonstudent sampling

Having myself conducted both laboratory experiments with college students and descriptive surveys with representative samples, I both resist and endorse P. J. Henry's message, though of course I applaud his right to say it. At fundamental issue here are the contrasting aims of laboratory and field research. Their relative strengths each deserve our efforts at the same time that we admit their shortcomings. This commentary assumes that most laboratory studies use student samples and that most field research uses nonstudent samples. In turn, I address their respective aims, implied constraints, relative effect sizes, and my sympathy with P. J. Henry's aims.
Modulation of food intake by peripherally administered amylin

Amylin has been demonstrated to produce anorexia in rodents. Its mechanism of action is unknown. We have studied the effect of amylin on food intake in mice in a variety of paradigms to determine whether it inhibits food intake by a peripheral mechanism of action. In addition, we determined its effect in genetically obese mice models and whether its effects differed in aged mice. Cholecystokinin is the prototypic satiety agent. The effects of amylin on reducing food intake were not attenuated by the cholecystokinin antagonist L-364718, suggesting that it does not produce its effect through the release of cholecystokinin. A number of gastrointestinal peptides produce anorexia by stimulating ascending vagal fibers. For this reason, we studied the effect of truncal vagotomy on the suppression of feeding induced by amylin. Vagotomy did not prevent amylin from inhibiting food intake. Amylin was equally effective at reducing food intake in genetically obese (ob/ob) and lean (ob/c) mice and in diabetic (db/db) and lean (db/c) mice. Amylin effectively suppressed food intake in mice over the age of 4-22 mo. These studies further support the role of the pancreatic hormone amylin as a peripherally acting satiety agent.
Alternative Disclosure Methods For Accounting Changes And Analysts Earnings Forecasts

Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) require that firms changing accounting principles must report the change in one of three ways: the cumulative effect method, the retroactive restatement method, or a no-adjustment (prospective) method. The method a company should use is determined by the type of change being made. This raises the following question: can it be demonstrated that one of these methods is better, in some sense, than the other methods? A major problem in evaluating alternative methods of accounting of the same economic event and in deciding which one method should be adopted as GAAP is that it is impossible to objectively determine which of the alternatives is best. However, it is possible to rank alternatives on one dimension of interest-which method minimizes the income forecasts in years after the change. We obtained a sample of forms making accounting changes and formed three portfolios of firms based on the method they used to account for the change in accounting principle. We then compared financial analysts earnings forecast errors for the firms in the three portfolios. After controlling for relevant variables, we found that, in the year firms made accounting changes the firms making the changes requiring retroactive restatement had significantly larger forecast errors than the firms making changes requiring the other forms of disclosure, but in years subsequent to the year of change there were no significant differences in forecast errors. This leads us to the conclusion that, from an earnings forecast accuracy perspective, there is no advantage to calculating and presenting the cumulative effect of an accounting change or in preparing restated or pro-forma financial statements.
Energetics of Metal-Metal Interfaces

Understanding and controlling the formation and growth modes of metal-metal interfaces is a challenge for both experiment and theory. Although the kinetics are still difficult to treat theoretically from first principles, the equilibrium thermodynamics of transition-metal-transition-metal ad-layer adhesion can be investigated using total energy electronic structure calculations. These calculations make it possible to disentangle the various bulk and surface contributions that control adlayer and multilayer formation, as well as providing thermodynamic values that are difficult or impossible to determine experimentally. The various terms and their physical basis are illustrated using the A-Nb and Pd-Nb systems as examples. The relationship between spectroscopic data such as core level shifts and the energetics of metal-metal adhesion is also discussed.
K − d Interactions at 5.5 GeV/ c : Σ ∓ π ± π − ( π 0 ) , Σ − K + K − , and K − K − p Final States in Which a Hyperon is Produced

The results presented in this paper are obtained from an analysis of bubble-chamber pictures of ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}d$ interactions at an incident ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ momentum of 5.5 GeV/c. Generally, the quasitwo-body final states are produced peripherally, with a small backward peak occurring in some of the final states. The final states ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\omega}$, ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}$, and ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\varphi}$ appear to be produced primarily by vector-meson exchange. In the final state $\ensuremath{\Lambda}(1520){\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ the decay distributions of the $\ensuremath{\Lambda}(1520)$ hyperon are found to be consistent with a vector-exchagne production process with $M2$ coupling at the nucleon vertex. The predictions of the independent-quark model and of other symmetry schemes, namely that the forward cross sections for ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}$, ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\omega}$, ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\varphi}$ production be in the ratios 1: 1: 2, are not inconsistent with our experimental values.
Approaches to the Reduction of Ambiguity in Machine Translation

Four basic approaches to the resolution of transfer-ambiguity are reviewed: (1) preparation of microglossaries; (2) formulation of linguistic operations to effect structural parallelism between the languages involved; (3) establishment of categories based on semantic functioning; (4) establishment of idiom classes. Structural analysis involved in a French-English translation is examined in detail.
Water temperature controls in low arctic rivers.

Understanding the dynamics of heat transfer mechanisms is critical for forecasting the effects of climate change on arctic river temperatures. Climate influences on arctic river temperatures can be particularly important due to corresponding effects on nutrient dynamics and ecological responses. It was hypothesized that the same heat and mass fluxes affect arctic and temperate rivers, but that relative importance and variability over time and space differ. Through data collection and application of a river temperature model that accounts for the primary heat fluxes relevant in temperate climates, heat fluxes were estimated for a large arctic basin over wide ranges of hydrologic conditions. Heat flux influences similar to temperate systems included dominant shortwave radiation, shifts from positive to negative sensible heat flux with distance downstream, and greater influences of lateral inflows in the headwater region. Heat fluxes that differed from many temperate systems included consistently negative net longwave radiation and small average latent heat fluxes. Radiative heat fluxes comprised 88% of total absolute heat flux while all other heat fluxes contributed less than 5% on average. Periodic significance was seen for lateral inflows (up to 26%) and latent heat flux (up to 18%) in the lower and higher stream order portions of the watershed, respectively. Evenly distributed lateral inflows from large scale flow differencing and temperatures from representative tributaries provided a data efficient method for estimating the associated heat loads. Poor model performance under low flows demonstrated need for further testing and data collection to support the inclusion of additional heat fluxes.
The effect of surgical trauma on muscle protein turnover in rats

The rate of synthesis and catabolism of sarcoplasmic- and myofibrillar-muscle protein was measured in operated, sham-operated and food-restricted rats by using Na2 14CO3. The food-restricted group underwent sham operations and were limited to the food intake of the operated animals. Protein synthesis and catabolism were increased in the sarcoplasmic-muscle fraction in operated rats compared with that in sham-operated or food-restricted rats. The rate of synthesis of the myofibrillar protein decreased in operated animals, but the rate of catabolism was not altered in the myofibrillar-muscle fraction of the operated animals compared with that in food-restricted and sham-operated animals. In the operated animals, there was a net loss of protein from the muscle. Thus the rats that underwent surgery lost muscle protein, primarily as a result of a decrease in synthesis of myofibrillar protein. The changes in protein turnover in operated animals were not due to decreases in food intake, since protein turnover in sham-operated animals that were restricted to the food intake of the operated rats was not different from that in sham-operated rats fed ad libitum.
Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy of the Prostate Gland: A Study of 103 Cases With Histological Followup

AbstractFine needle aspiration specimens of the prostate gland were compared to histological material in 103 patients. The sensitivity was 95 per cent, specificity 97 per cent and efficiency 87 per cent. Initial core needle biopsy compared to the final histological diagnosis in this study had a sensitivity of 76 per cent, specificity 100 per cent and efficiency 71 per cent.Fine needle aspiration by a well trained cytopathologist is less traumatic, and has fewer side effects and a higher sensitivity rate than conventional core needle biopsy.
Scaling up HIV Testing in an Academic Emergency Department: An Integrated Testing Model with Rapid Fourth-Generation and Point-of-Care Testing

Objective.We evaluated two approaches for implementing routine HIV screening in an inner-city, academic emergency department (ED). These approaches differed by staffing model and type of HIV testing technology used. The programmatic outcomes assessed included the total number of tests performed, proportion of newly identified HIV-positive patients, and proportion of newly diagnosed individuals who were linked to care.Methods.This study examined specific outcomes for two distinct, successive approaches to implementing HIV screening in an inner-city, academic ED, from July 2012 through June 2013 (Program One), and from August 2013 through July 2014 (Program Two). Program One used a supplementary staff-only HIV testing model with point-of-care (POC) oral testing. Program Two used a triage-integrated, nurse-driven HIV testing model with fourth-generation blood and POC testing, and an expedited linkage-to-care process.Results.During Program One, 6,832 eligible patients were tested for HIV with a rapid POC oral...