cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Uterine cell death during implantation and early placentation

During blastocyst implantation and placentation in common laboratory rodents, trophoblast cells come into increasingly more intimate associations with the endometrium and, eventually, are in contact with maternal blood. Uterine cell death is one mechanism for removing uterine tissues, primarily epithelial cells, and decidual cells that intervene between trophoblast cells and maternal blood. Mechanisms of cell death and the signals that initiate and regulate it are not well understood. According to current theories, cell death is either gene-directed or the result of traumatic injury, and classification of cell death is based on ultrastructural and biochemical criteria that hypothetically reflect underlying molecular mechanisms. Although the term apoptosis is extensively used to describe all aspects of gene-directed cell death and the term necrosis to describe traumatic death, ultrastructural studies indicate that there are morphological variations of the established criteria, and these could reflect variations of underlying mechanisms. Recent light and electron microscopic work has shown that timing and ultrastructure of uterine cell death at the gestation site varies with region suggesting that initiation and control of cell death is complicated and that more than one mechanism of cell death may be operative. Current information indicates that uterine cell death is most likely part of an intrinsic response of the endometrium to the conceptus, and other than acting as a stimulus to elicit the uterine response, the conceptus probably plays only a minor role in regulating the death of endometrial cells in these species.
Neighborhood Transition and Social Organization: The White to Hispanic Case

Numerous studies have examined the consequences of racial transition on neighborhood social structure and the institutional and contextual forces that mediate them. Far less is known, however, about the impact of neighborhood transition involving minority groups other than blacks. This paper broadens the literature on neighborhood change by analyzing Hispanic succession in a white-ethnic Chicago community. I focus on the impact of transition on formal organizations in the community, which contribute to social cohesion and provide the infrastructure for collective action and social control. Results demonstrate that while increased mobility and ethnic heterogeneity engendered conflict and undermined cooperation between Anglo and Hispanic residents, this effect was significantly conditioned by three factors: organizational purpose, institutional actors, and the presence of an external threat or common adversary. Based on ethnographic data, I detail how these three factors interact to structure organizations' ability to adapt to Hispanic neighborhood change, and discuss implications for urban neighborhood social organization.
Another link in the chain

The discovery of HFE, the gene most commonly mutated in hereditary hemochromatosis, led to the optimistic view that the molecular chain of events regulating iron homeostasis would soon be defined.[1][1] The chain is still incomplete 7 years later. In this issue, 2 papers provide a new link. The
The roles of child, parent and environmental factors in pedestrian supervision

Pedestrian injuries are a significant health risk to children, particularly those 5–9 years of age. Surprisingly, few studies have explored parent-related factors that may moderate this risk. We examined parental supervision choices in the context of child pedestrian experience, parent perceptual factors and varying levels of environmental risk. A series of street crossing scenarios were used to examine the roles of child, parent and environmental factors in determining parents’ supervision choices. Parents recognised differing levels of risk across environmental conditions and altered their supervision choices accordingly. Child age and parental risk perception were significantly predictive of supervision choices. Our results demonstrate that parents assess multiple factors when determining the intensity of supervision necessary for their children. Notably, parents adjust their supervision in direct relation to changes in the physical environment. Implications of these findings for injury prevention and ...
Comparison of benzo[a]pyrene metabolism by human peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes.

Summary Here we report a more sensitive high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay of benzo[ a ]pyrene (BP) metabolites elaborated by human monocytes and lymphocytes using only 10 × 10 6 cells for HPLC analysis. The major metabolites formed by both lymphocytes and monocytes were 3-hydroxy-BP, 9-hydroxy-BP and quinones. BP-dihydrodiols were also found by HPLC analysis, the major one being BP-7,8-dihydrodiol for both cell types. In addition, a peak slightly more polar than 9,10-dihydrodiol was formed by lymphocytes. The 7,8-diol peak was eliminated by the addition of 1,1,1-trichloropropene oxide to the incubation mixture. The presence of α-napthoflavone resulted in an overall decrease in metabolite production.
Parametrization of electronic band structure using the Green's-function method: Empirical application to Cu and Ag

A new empirical energy-band parametrization scheme based on the Green's-function method has been developed and was applied to Cu and Ag. The scheme utilizes the logarithmic derivatives associated with an ab initio muffin-tin potential ${V}^{(0)}(r)$. The scheme can be understood in terms of the addition to ${V}^{(0)}$ of $E$- and $l$ -dependent square-well potentials the depths of which ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{l}(E)$ are adjusted to yield the correct (empirical) energy bands. The ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{l}(E)$ are found to be smooth functions of $E$ which can be accurately approximated by low-order polynomials. An accurate fit for $d$ -band metals over a roughly 1-Ry range requires only seven adjustable parameters\char22{} a number smaller than required by other schemes. Extensive tests of the approach using results of first-principles calculations were carried out in precisely the same manner as proposed for the empirical application, and the results indicate that this scheme is more accurate than other approaches using more parameters. The seven pieces of data used in the empirical parametrization for Cu and Ag were the $s$, $p$, and $d$ phase shifts required to fit the Fermi-surface geometry and four firmly identified vertical energy gaps: ${E}_{F}\ensuremath{-}{X}_{5}$, $X_{4}^{}{}_{}{}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{-}{X}_{5}$, ${X}_{5}\ensuremath{-}{X}_{3}$, and ${L}_{1}^{u}\ensuremath{-}L_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\ensuremath{'}}$. The empirical ${E}_{n}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}})$ were obtained for a large range of ${E}_{F}$ values (relative to the constant part of the potential). Except for the rather high energy levels (e.g., the upper $X$, $W$, and $K$ states) the relative band structures prove to be rather insensitive to the ${E}_{F}$ value. The presently available and firmly established data do not narrow the permissible range of ${E}_{F}$. Comparisons with several recent Cu and Ag calculations show that the present bands are in better accord with experiments. The empirical ${E}_{n}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}})$, which are required to fit the input data, are also found to agree within experimental uncertainties with all additional data related to level positions. Cu, for which more data are available, is particularly well checked. To obtain some information about the effective interactions ${V}_{l}(E,r)$ and the associated wave functions, a set of coupled integro-differential equations is derived which relates these quantities to the ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{l}(E)$. However, it appears that the solutions to these equations are not unique unless some constraints are imposed on the correction ${V}_{l}(E,r)\ensuremath{-}{V}^{(0)}(r)$. A suggestion is made for obtaining approximate useful wave functions prior to the resolution of the nonuniqueness problem. From our experiences and a consideration of the merits of the new scheme, it is evident that it should be very useful in the study of the electronic structure of various solids.
In Vitro Fertilization Improves Pregnancy Rates for Sperm Obtained by Rectal Probe Ejaculation

AbstractPurpose: We evaluated semen quality and pregnancy rates achieved with sperm obtained by rectal probe ejaculation.Materials and Methods: A series of 183 rectal probe ejaculation procedures p...
Multitiered wavefront sensor using binary optics

Wavefront sensors have been used to make measurements in fluid-dynamics and for closed loop control of adaptive optics. In most common Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensors, the light is broken up into series of rectangular or hexagonal apertures that divide the light into a series of focal spots. The position of these focal spots is used to determine the wavefront slopes over each subaperture. Using binary optics technology, we have developed a hierarchical or fractal wavefront sensor that divides the subapertures up on a more optimal fashion. We have demonstrated this concept for up to four tiers and developed the wavefront reconstruction methods for both segmented adaptive optics and continuous wavefront measurement.
The forensic analysis of foodborne bacterial pathogens in the age of whole‐genome sequencing

The forensic evaluation of bacterial pathogens presents new challenges to the forensic science community. This review examines bacterial pathogens as objects of forensic comparison, focusing on their nucleic acid sequences as an important aspect of the comparison process. Because of the clonal propagation of most bacterial pathogens, a phylogenetic approach to understanding the diversity and using this understanding to address common forensic questions is explored. As a general phylogenetic framework is now employed in human mitochondrial DNA analysis, we will use the relevant concepts and approaches common in this area to develop this approach further. We also address the impact of the current ease and prevalence of whole-genome DNA sequence analysis in the forensic comparison process.
Existence of an upper-limit to elongation of the prereplicative period in confluent cultures of C3H/10T 1/2 cells

Abstract Cultures of C3H 10T 1 2 CL8 mouse embryo fibroblasts show a high degree of postconfluence inhibition of cell division in the absence of serum depletion. Confluent cultures had their serum concentrations increased from 3 to 10% at 6 1 4 , 6 1 2 , 8, 15, 22, and 28 days postplating, stimulating synchronized DNA synthesis as measured by the uptake of [3H]thymidine into acid-insoluble material. The prereplicative period, from serum increase to the beginning, or median, of synchronized thymidine uptake, increased with culture age. This movement into longer prereplicative times occurs in exponentially declining increments, indicating that an upper limit exists.
Reverse microemulsion-mediated synthesis and structural evolution of barium hexaaluminate nanoparticles

Nanocrystalline barium hexaaluminate has been successfully synthesized through the use of a reverse microemulsion as a medium for controlled hydrolysis and polycondensation of barium and aluminum alkoxides. The nanoparticles derived were characterized with electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and nitrogen adsorption analysis. This novel material possessed a well-defined particle morphology and an ultrahigh surface area, and exhibited excellent catalytic performance in methane combustion. Its structural evolution was found to be strongly dependent on synthesis parameters, such as water/alkoxide ratio and aging period. Powder recovery and drying techniques also had an important impact on particle agglomeration and structural development. Through the unique synthesis approach described, barium hexaaluminate with superb thermal stability was achieved, with surface areas in excess of 100 m{sup 2}/g retained even after calcination at 1,300 C.
Unusual "cavity-in-cavity" appearance of pulmonary aspergilloma

Abstract The classic radiographic appearance of pulmonary aspergilloma is a solid, round, often mobile intracavitary mass. We describe an unusual “cavity-incavity” appearance seen on conventional roentgenograms and computed tomography studies in two patients with confirmed pulmonary aspergilloma. We are not aware of any previous report describing such appearance based on literature search.
A functional screen for genes inducing epidermal growth factor autonomy of human mammary epithelial cells confirms the role of amphiregulin

To gain better understanding of the molecular alterations responsible for the aggressive growth potential of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-positive breast cancers, we utilized an expression cloning strategy to seek gene products that mediate the EGF-independent growth of human breast cancer cells. A retroviral cDNA expression library was constructed from the EGFR-positive SUM-149PT cell line, and transduced into growth factor-dependent human mammary epithelial (HME) cells. Recipient cells were functionally selected for their ability to proliferate in serum-free, EGF-free medium. Library cDNAs were recovered from EGF-independent colonies by PCR amplification or by biological rescue. Clone H55a#1 contained a library insert encoding amphiregulin. This EGFR ligand was able to confer EGF independence when transduced into HME cells. SUM-149PT and H55a#1 cells overexpressed amphiregulin transcripts, and secreted moderate EGF-like activity in conditioned media, indicating a possible autocrine loop. EGFR membrane levels and constitutive phosphorylation were consistent with this hypothesis, as well as the sensitivity of the cells to an ErbB-specific kinase inhibitor. Expression of the WT1 Wilms' tumor suppressor gene, a transcriptional activator of amphiregulin, did not parallel amphiregulin transcript levels, suggesting that another factor regulates amphiregulin in SUM-149PT. Our data confirm the importance of amphiregulin in the etiology of breast cancer.
Dissolution of Outer Wall of Pollen Grain during Pollination

THE exine patterning of the wall of the angiosperm pollen grain is established early in the ontogeny of the spore, and the exine pattern seems to be controlled genetically by the haploid microspore1–6. The material of the exine, sporopollenin, is remarkably durable and chemically inert, and is one of the most resistant wall polymers produced by plants. Although many feel sporopollenin is a tapetal derivative3–6, the exine has been suggested to be wholly a secretion of the microspore protoplast7. Heslop-Harrison and Knox have recently reported storage of the hydrolytic enzymes acid phosphatase, ribonuclease, esterase and amylase in pollen walls8. We report here further evidence of an enzyme system in the wall of the angiosperm pollen grain and suggest that the enzymes degrade the exine during germination.
5-day/5-drug myeloablative outpatient regimen for resistant neuroblastoma

5-day/5-drug (5D/5D) is a novel high-dose regimen administered with autologous hematopoietic SCT (HSCT). It was designed to maximize cytoreduction via high dosing of synergistically interacting agents, while minimizing morbidity in patients with resistant neuroblastoma (NB) and ineligible for clinical trials due to myelosuppression from previous therapy. 5D/5D comprises carboplatin 500 mg/m2/day on days 1–2, irinotecan 50 mg/m2/day on days 1–3, temozolomide 250 mg/m2/day on days 1–3, etoposide 200 mg/m2/day on days 3–5 and cyclophosphamide 70 mg/kg/day on days 4–5. HSCT is on day 8. Sixteen patients received 21 courses. Treatment was in the outpatient clinic. Responses were noted against progressive disease (PD) that had developed while patients were off, or receiving only low-dose, chemotherapy but not against PD that emerged despite high-dose chemotherapy. Responses were also seen in patients with PD or stable disease after 131I-metaiodobenzylguanidine therapy. Grade 3 toxicities were limited to transient elevations in liver enzymes (three courses) and hyponatremia (one course). Bacteremia occurred in 2/21 (10%) courses. Hematological recovery allowed patients to be enrolled on clinical trials. In conclusion, 5D/5D (including HSCT) spares vital organs, entails modest morbidity, shows activity against resistant NB and helps patients meet eligibility requirements for formal clinical trials.
Regeneration following traumatic brain injury: Signals, signposts and scaffolds

In this paper, we present a conceptual model of the steps to be taken in nerve regeneration. Starting with early vision we identify the key developmental steps leading to formation functional circuits. We then examine the two main approaches to nerve regeneration — the first centered on activating intrinsic growth restorative functions to injured axons and the second on stem cell based therapies. Guided by the findings in the visual system we propose the early application of patterned electrical stimulation. This has been shown to activate essential signaling pathways, ensure a balance between excitation and inhibition, establish reliable network topography, and provide a supportive framework for experience-driven, electrical activity during the highly plastic critical period. These steps should enhance the effectiveness during a corresponding critical period for motor system rehabilitation and nerve regeneration.
Cournot and Bertrand Games

Abstract The author describes a series of matrix choice games illustrating monopoly, shared monopoly, Cournot, Bertrand, and Stackelberg behavior given either perfect complements or perfect substitutes. The games are created by using a spreadsheet to fill out a profit table given the choices of two players. One player selects the column, the other the row, and the table gives the profit of the row chooser. Because each player has a table, each thinks of him- or herself as the row chooser and the other as the column chooser. The games may be applied to international trade through the traditional Boeing v. Airbus story or, more currently, through foreign sales corporations. Addition of Bertrand competition allows discussion of price wars, and addition of perfect complements allows discussion of the proposed Microsoft breakup.
Early developmental exposure to benzodiazepine ligands alters brain31P-NMR spectra in young adult rats

Abstract Alterations in brain high energy phosphate compounds, using31P-NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy, were measured in vivo in young adult (3–4 months) rats following prenatal exposure to ligands acting specifically at benzodiazepine (BDZ) binding sites. The exposure induced a decrease in intracellular pH that indicated a predominant interaction of the drugs in utero with central-type BDZ receptor sites. Late gestational exposure to BDZ ligands also induced changes in brain phosphocreatine (PCr) utilization. Exposure to the lowest dose of DZ (1.0 mg/kg) but not the higher dose (2.5 mg/kg) induced a significant change in PCr utilization. Exposure to the central-type BDZ receptor antagonist RO15-1788 alone clearly altered PCr utilization in adult offspring, and DZ (2.5 mg/kg) when administered concurrently was not able to prevent this effect. Though exposure to a peripheral-type ligand (PK11195) had no effect by itself, it converted the effect of the high dose of DZ to that of the low dose. Together, these results indicate an interaction during development between the central and peripheral-type BDZ binding sites on organization and/or regulation of cellular energy metabolism. Normalized ATP levels were not changed by any prenatal treatment indicating adequate buffering of intracellular ATP by phosphocreatine. The dopaminergic antagonist haloperidol did not alter intracellular pH or any index of phosphate metabolism indicating a selective receptor mediated role for BDZ ligands in influences on the long term organization of intracellular phosphate metabolism.
Optical phase plates as a creative medium for special effects in images

A new paradigm and methods for special effects in images were recently proposed by artist and movie producer Steven Hylen. Based on these methods, images resembling painting may be formed using optical phase plates. The role of the mathematical and optical properties of the phase plates is studied in the development of these new art forms. Results of custom software as well as ASAP simulations are presented.
Fractional Factorial Study of HCN Removal over a 0.5% Pt/Al2O3 Catalyst: Effects of Temperature, Gas Flow Rate, and Reactant Partial Pressure

Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) oxidation under lean conditions was studied on 0.5% Pt/Al2O3 catalysts. Fractional factorial design was used to determine which factors had significant effects on HCN conversion in these experiments. We conclude that reaction temperature and gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) had the most significant effects on HCN conversion, whereas no significant effects were caused by the presence of either nitric oxide (NO) or propene (C3H6). Then, a central composite design was used to study the effects of temperature and GHSV on HCN conversion, C3H6 conversion, and NOx selectivity. On the basis of a second-order polynomial equation model, regression analysis was used to study the significance of each variable and derive equations for each response. This showed that there was a significant interaction between temperature and GHSV in HCN conversion. HCN conversion decreased at larger values of GHSV and increased at higher temperatures, up to a transition temperature that depends on the GHSV value...
Morphometric and spatial analysis of thaw lakes and drained thaw lake basins in the western Arctic Coastal Plain, Alaska

Landsat-7 ETM + scenes were acquired for the western Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska extending from 152° to 162° W longitude. A segmentation algorithm was used to classify lakes and drained thaw lake basins (DTLBs) exceeding 1 ha in size. A total of 13,214 lakes and 6539 DTLBs were identified. Several indices were obtained from the image processing software and used for a comparative analysis of lakes and basins including object size, goodness of elliptic fit, shape complexity, shape asymmetry, and orientation of the major axis. Nonparametric statistical analyses indicate that lakes and basins share similar orientation only. Three subregions of the western Arctic Coastal Plain were identified based on landscape age, as demarcated by ancient shorelines. The surfaces become progressively older inland and include the Younger Outer Coastal Plain, the Outer Coastal Plain, and the oldest Inner Coastal Plain. Lakes and basins in all subregions have statistically similar orientation, indicating that summer wind direction has not changed appreciably over the past several thousand years. Basin orientation is less clustered than lake orientation. Lakes are highly elliptical, while basins have more complex shapes. Lake coverage (%) is fairly constant across the three subregions, while DTLB coverage decreases on older surfaces. Lake and basin size decreases on progressively older surfaces, but the number of features per unit area increases. It is uncertain if surface age is responsible for differences in regional metrics as an analysis of the Inner Coastal Plain demonstrates significant internal variation. Distance from the coast, ground ice content, surficial sediments, and local relief may also influence lake morphometry. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Book reviews - Theory and application of digital signal processing

This book is directed to advanced courses in electrical engineering. Reviews the concepts of discrete time signals and systems, differential equations, Z-transforms, analysis of digital networks, and Fourier transforms. Other chapters address quantization error analysis, digital filter design and deployment, theory and design of finite duration, frequency sampling, optimal minimax error filters , fast Fourier transforms, digital hardware and software design, and optimal minimax error filter design. The last two chapters are dedicated to applications, including the digitization of speech and radar signal processing.
Abstract 3119: A synthetic lethal screen identifies genetic determinants for gemcitabine sensitivity in pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer is notorious for its devastating disease course and prognosis. Gemcitabine is a widely used regimen for pancreatic cancer treatment but lack of response and resistance often limits its use. To identify the genes and mechanisms involved in determining gemcitabine sensitivity in pancreatic cancer, we completed a loss of function genetic screen using RNA interference to identify genes which when silenced are synthetically lethal with a low dose of gemcitabine in human pancreatic cancer cells. We optimized an assay using ATR or CHK1 siRNA as positive controls and ATM or non-targeting (NT) siRNA as negative controls. Our siRNA library included 4,474 siRNAs corresponding to 1,006 unique human genes arrayed in a one-gene:one-well format in 96-well plates. Genes chosen for our library consisted predominantly of nuclear enzymes, including but not limited to kinases, phosphatases, ubiquitinylation proteins, sumoylation proteins, acetylases, deactylases, nucleases, helicases, and chromatin modifiers, which we reasoned were more likely to function directly in DNA repair processes and be targetable. MIA PaCa-2 cells were transfected with 25 nM siRNA and treated 48 hours later with or without 13 nM gemcitabine for 72 hours prior to the cell proliferation assay using WST-1 reagent. Using this assay, we identified 87 genes which when silenced caused gemcitabine sensitization and 42 genes which when silenced caused gemcitabine resistance. Positive hits included 16 known genome maintenance genes including well-characterized ATR signaling pathway genes - CHK1, RAD9, HUS1, and CDC25A, 5 putative ATM/ATR substrates, and 20 genes identified in previously published DNA damage sensitivity screens. 21 of the genes are somatically mutated or differentially expressed in pancreatic cancer, suggesting that our gemcitabine sensitivity genes may function as useful predictive biomarkers or novel targets for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3119. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3119
Emerging needs for test handler CDM ESD controls

Testing of IC (integrated circuit) components is a key activity in IC component manufacturing to ensure components shipped out meet product data sheet and quality specifications. In order to achieve high productivity levels, the ATE (automated test equipment) is coupled to an automated handler. However, the use of the handler also introduces issues, such as ESD (electro-static discharge). As most traditional ESD controls are typically HBM (human body model) ESD, they do not effectively address handler ESD issues, which are predominantly charged device model (CDM). This paper details the difference in both ESD models; the assessment techniques, including advanced techniques such as EMI (electromagnetic interference) ESD detection and provide yield enhancing solutions for ESD prevention in handlers.
Atrial contribution to ventricular function in the sitting position.

Previous studies in the supine position showed that cardiac index (CI) is approximately 15 percent higher when atrial (A) systole precedes ventricular (V) systole by a normal interval, than when there is variable relation between A and V activity. Patients with complete heart block, when supine, showed an increase of 10 percent to 15 percent in output when AV synchronous pacing (P) was compared with asynchronous VP. The present study provides this information about patients in the sitting position. Twenty-two patients (mean age 50), four with normal hearts and 18 with heart disease, none in failure and all in sinus rhythm, were studied supine and in the sitting position and at two levels of A and VP while sitting. Mean CI was 2.90 L/min/M 2 supine and 2.40 sitting. MCI for VP 1 was 2.12; for AP 1 2.47, an increase of 16.2 percent (p 2 2.02 and AP 2 2.40, an increase of 18.3 percent (p
The Epistemic Fault Line in Corporate Governance

An epistemic fault line separating positive from normative concepts underlies theories of corporate governance. I analyze this fault line in order to show the importance of clarifying normative assumptions in governance models. I formulate an impossibility theorem for corporate governance that demonstrates how contemporary theories neglect normative concepts. Applying the theorem clears the way both for the better use of existing models and for the design of more epistemologically sophisticated models.
Interpersonal communication patterns among Swedish and Boston-area entrepreneurs

Abstract This paper investigates the uses of personal communication networks by entrepreneurs in Sweden and among “Route 128” companies around the Boston, Massachusetts area. Swedish entrepreneurs appear to use personal contacts as a source of relevant business information less than their American counterparts. Moreover, relatively more successful Swedish entrepreneurs are characterized by access to product development and other business information through experience in the industry, contacts with outside consultants, and extensive travel.
Herpesviruses in HIV‐periodontitis

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Human herpesvirus-associated diseases exhibit elevated morbidity and mortality in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of herpesviruses in HIV-periodontitis. METHOD: Gingival biopsies from periodontitis lesions of 21 HIV-patients and 14 non HIV-patients were studied. Nested-polymerase chain reaction methods were employed to detect human cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus type 1 and 2 (EBV-1, EBV-2), herpes simplex virus, human herpes virus (HHV)-6, HHV-7 and HHV-8. RESULTS: Gingival biopsies from HIV-periodontitis lesions showed on average 4.0 herpesvirus species and gingival biopsies from HIV periodontitis lesions of non-HIV patients revealed an average of 1.9 herpesvirus species (p<0.001). Occurrence of 4 to 6 different herpesviruses was more common in HIV- than in non HIV-gingival biopsies (71% vs. 7%) (p<0.001). EVB-2 was detected in 12 (57%) biopsies from HIV-periodontitis but was absent in non HIV-periodontitis biopsies (p= 0.002). HHV-6 also occurred in significantly higher frequency in HIV-periodontitis (71%) than in non HIV-periodontitis (21%) (p=0.01). HHV-8 was detected only in biopsies from HIV-periodontitis lesions.. CONCLUSION: HIV-periodontitis seems to be associated with elevated occurrence of EBV-2, HHV-6 and herpesvirus co-infections compared to periodontitis in non-HIV-patients. The periodontopathic significance of herpesviruses in HIV-periodontitis constitutes a research topic of considerable interest.
Ontogeny of the parietal frill of Triceratops: A preliminary histological analysis

The parietal frill of Triceratops, one of the largest cranial ornamental features known, undergoes extraordinary morphological changes late in ontogeny — progressing from a large, thickened, solid frill to a substantially larger, thin, fenestrated frill. To understand how this structure changed so dramatically we undertook a histological examination of the caudal end of an ontogenetic series of Triceratops parietals. Investigation revealed a histological progression that involved an initial period of non-pathologic hyperostosis, followed by a phase of external (dorsal and ventral sides of the parietal) resorption and border extension, with a conclusive stage hypothesized to be dense fibrous connective tissues mineralized through the process of metaplasia. These fibrous tissues form the caudal end of the mature parietal as well as the epiparietals that fuse to the caudal border of the frill late in ontogeny. Continued resorption near the central parietal regions of the left and right lateral portions of the parietal eventually results in a pair of large circular fenestrae. This progression is somewhat similar to the parietal ontogeny of Centrosaurus.
Selective alteration of the rate-limiting step in cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase through random mutagenesis.

Random mutagenesis followed by a filter-based screening assay has been used to identify a mutant of human class 1 aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH1) that was no longer inhibited by Mg 2+ ions but was activated in their presence. Several mutants possessed double, triple, and quadruple amino acid substitutions with a total of seven different residues being altered, but each had a common T244S change. This point mutation proved to be responsible for the Mg 2+ ion activation. An ALDH1 T244S mutant was recombinantly expressed and was used for mechanistic studies. Mg 2+ ions have been shown to increase the rate of deacylation. Consistent with the rate-limiting step for ALDH1 being changed from coenzyme dissociation to deacylation was finding that chloroacetaldehyde was oxidized more rapidly than acetaldehyde. Furthermore, Mg 2+ ions only in the presence of NAD(H) increased the rate of hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl acetate showing that the metal only affects the binary complex. Though the rate-limiting step for the T244S mutant was different from that of the native enzyme, the catalytic efficiency of the mutant was just 20% that of the native enzyme. The basis for the change in the rate-limiting step appears to be related to NAD + binding. Using the structure of a sheep class 1 ALDH, it was possible to deduce that the interaction between the side chain of T244 and its neighboring residues with the nicotinamide ring of NAD + were an essential determinant in the catalytic action of ALDH1.
X-ray structure and microtubule interaction of the motor domain of Neurospora crassa NcKin3, a kinesin with unusual processivity.

Neurospora crassa kinesin NcKin3 belongs to a unique fungal-specific subgroup of small Kinesin-3-related motor proteins. One of its functions appears to be the transport of mitochondria along microtubules. Here, we present the X-ray structure of a C-terminally truncated monomeric construct of NcKin3 comprising the motor domain and the neck linker, and a 3-D image reconstruction of this motor domain bound to microtubules, by cryoelectron microscopy. The protein contains Mg‚ADP bound to the active site, yet the structure resembles an ATP-bound state. By comparison with structures of the Kinesin-3 motor Kif1A in different nucleotide states (Kikkawa, M. et al. (2001) Nature (London, U.K.) 411 , 439- 445), the NcKin3 structure corresponds to the AMPPCP complex of Kif1A rather than the AMPPNP complex. NcKin3-specific differences in the coordination of the nucleotide and asymmetric interactions between adjacent molecules in the crystal are discussed in the context of the unusual kinetics of the dimeric wild-type motor and the monomeric construct used for crystal structure analysis. The NcKin3 motor decorates microtubules at a stoichiometry of one head per R‚-tubulin heterodimer, thereby forming an axial periodicity of 8 nm. In spite of unusual extensions at the N-terminus and within flexible loops L2, L8a, and L12 (corresponding to the K-loop of monomeric kinesins), the microtubule binding geometry is similar to that of other members of the kinesin family.
Larval Survival and Development of the Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Normal and Transgenic Cotton Expressing the Bacillus Thuringiensis CryIA (c) δ-endotoxin

Survival and development of fall armyworms, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), on leaves and bolls of normal (variety DP 5415) and transgenic cotton plants, Gossypium hirsutum L., expressing the Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) CryIA(c) -endotoxin (variety NuCOTN 33B) were examined. No significant differences were observed in larval survival between the 2 varieties at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 d after exposure. In addition, no significant differences were observed between varieties in the number of larvae that pupated and eclosed as adults. However, larval weights of fall armyworms were significantly higher at 6 and 12 d after exposure on DP 5415 leaves than NuCOTN 33B leaves, and time to pupation and adult eclosion were significantly shorter on DP 5415 leaves than on NuCOTN 33B leaves. No significant differences between varieties were observed for sex ratio, but neonate survival of the subsequent generation was significantly lower from insects reared on NuCOTN 33B.Larval survival to pupation and adult eclosion for larvae fed a combination of DP 5415 foliage (early instars) and bolls (late instars) were significantly higher than for larvae fed NuCOTN 33B foliage and bolls. The effects of a single generation selection of fall armyworms on NuCOTN 33B leaves were also measured. Fall armyworms originally reared on DP 5415 and NuCOTN 33B were fed either normal (DP 5690) or transgenic Bt cotton (NuCOTN 35B ) leaves. Larval survival at 2, 4, 6 d after exposure and adult survivorship were not significantly affected by 1 generation of rearing on transgenic Bt cotton. Single generation exposure to NuCOTN 33B did not affect larval weights of the subsequent generation when reared on transgenic Bt cotton.
Designated-driver programs: college students' experiences and opinions

We investigated the experiences and opinions of college students regarding the use of designated drivers. Although using designated drivers appeared to be common, results indicated that in many instances the designated driver did not abstain from drinking alcoholic beverages. The opinions of the participants indicated that the nondrivers in a drinking group may in fact drink more when there is a designated driver. Our findings lead us to question the overall value of currently practiced designated-driver programs for college student drinkers. Developing programs on how to be a designated driver are among our recommendations.
Guidelines for Evaluating New Antimicrobial Agents

Evaluating new antimicrobial agents is governed mostly by interaction between the pharmaceutical industry and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Clinical trials are designed to comply with FDA guidelines published in 1977. Basic principles of the 1977 guidelines remain valid; however, changes in the clinical application of anti-infective agents and in the accepted design of clinical trials have occurred. Some changes are inconsistent with the requirements of the 1977 documents. Members of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) have the perspective and knowledge needed to assist in updating the 1977 guidelines. It is proposed that the IDSA establish a formal working relationship with the FDA to review and modernize the 1977 guidelines. Industry participation in this process is desirable. If the IDSA can help orchestrate guideline revision in an environment of mutual respect and cooperation, the result may be a more efficient drug-evaluation process that continues to protect the public interest and is more consistent with contemporary concepts of treatment for infectious disease.
The ALARA concept in pediatric oncology

For the past several years, the Society for Pediatric Radiology (SPR) has successfully conducted ALARA conferences emphasizing the importance of radiation safety in pediatric imaging, providing a valuable forum for pediatric radiologists, practicing general radiologists, and interested clinicians to review specific concepts relevant to the ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) principle [1–4]. In 2008 the focus of the ALARA symposium was pediatric oncology imaging. Imaging endpoints and sophisticated imaging studies are increasingly being incorporated into oncologic treatment protocols and clinical trials. This symposium underscored the need for increased awareness of the potential for radiation-related injury from repeated exposure to ionizing radiation. Such a forum brought together key members of the pediatric imaging and pediatric oncology communities and highlighted the need for evidence-based methods to guide diagnostic and surveillance imaging and to identify opportunities for interdisciplinary investigation. Numerous reports have emphasized that even low doses of radiation exposure, such as those occurring during radiological examinations, can lead to long-term adverse health outcomes, most notably increases in risk of malignancy [5, 6]. The Society for Pediatric Radiology has successfully launched the Image Gently campaign, highlighting the importance of radiation safety in pediatric imaging [7]. What began largely as an initiative within the Society for Pediatric Radiology has expanded well beyond our own society and now has representation from a large number of imaging organizations, as well as representation from major manufacturers [8]. Although the ALARA concept has been widely embraced by the pediatric radiology imaging community, it is essential that this awareness be expanded outside the imaging community to our referring clinicians. Pediatric oncology patients are some of the most aggressively treated and intensively imaged patients in pediatric practice. While imaging is central to the diagnosis, treatment and management of these critically ill children, the large number of serial—and frequently high-dose—examinations has the potential to contribute to considerable cumulative radiation exposure. Two recent studies have provided direct evidence to support this concern, demonstrating significant cumulative effective doses in multiple tumor subgroups, with neuroblastoma and lymphoma patients receiving the largest radiation burden [9, 10]. These observations were attributable to the large number of nuclear medicine and CT examinations that oncology patients routinely undergo. Because these patients are concurrently receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy and frequently radiation therapy, it may be difficult to calculate an excess relative risk attributable to S. D. Voss (*) Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA e-mail: Stephan.Voss@childrens.harvard.edu
Fields of single-cycle terahertz pulses generated by a loop antenna

We recently showed a subset of a modified power spectrum (MPS) and pulse solutions' of Maxwell's equations can be used to provide an analytical description of single-cycle pulses. In that work we investigated the spatio-temporal evolution of well collimated, focused pulses with a well-defined direction of propagation. In the present paper, we consider another regime of single-cycle pulse solutions that resemble the fields of a circular loop antenna. The fields have cylindrical symmetry and expand radially outward with time.
The evolution of microcomputer-based medical instrumentation

The evolution of the microprocessor from its early beginnings in 1971 as a primitive central processing unit to the powerful component of today has made a significant impact on the design of biomedical instrumentation. More computing power and memory are being squeezed into fewer integrated circuits to provide increasingly more powerful instruments. The PC itself has become a powerful tool in biomedical computing applications. In the future, it will be possible to develop new medical instruments to address problems that were previously not solvable. This possibility exists because microprocessor-based systems continuously increase in computing power and memory and concurrently decrease in size, cost, and power consumption. >
Clarification of generic and species boundaries for Metarhizium and related fungi through multigene phylogenetics

The genus Metarhizium historically refers to green-spored asexual insect pathogenic fungi. Through culturing and molecular methods, Metarhizium has been linked to Metacordyceps sexual states. Histo...
Chapter 7. Assessing Potential Wildfire Effects on People

Summary This chapter describes how people, communities and human artifacts can be represented in a spatial information system so that we can anticipate the social effects of wildfire. The chapter describes pertinent social and economic components of a geographic information system for the State of Colorado. It shows how this kind of information system can be used to estimate the physical risk to people and houses, and to draw useful inferences about the nature of secondary, less tangible, and less predictable social effects resulting from wildfire. Two types of wildfire episodes are employed in this chapter to illustrate this process. One simulation scenario describes an episode in which seven fires in excess of 25,000 acres in size have ignited. The second scenario presents a more realistic episode for the State of Colorado, given the present hazards of it's forests. This episode consists of five large and 28 small wildfires, all assumed to occur in the same time period. For purposes of social analysis, ...
Modelling the fault correction process

In general, software reliability models have focused on modeling and predicting failure occurrence and have not given equal priority to modeling the fault correction process. However, there is a need for fault correction prediction, because there are important applications that fault correction modeling and prediction support. These are the following: predicting whether reliability goals have been achieved, developing stopping rules for testing, formulating test strategies, and rationally allocating test resources. Because these factors are related, we integrate them in our model. Our modeling approach involves relating fault correction to failure prediction, with a time delay between failure detection and fault correction, represented by a random variable whose distribution parameters are estimated from observed data.
Photoactivation and toxicity of mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds in marine sediment

The direct toxicity and photoinduced toxicity of sediment-associated acenaphthene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene were determined for the marine amphipod Rhepoxynius abronius. The four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were spiked into sediment in a concentration series of either single compounds or as approximately equitoxic mixtures of all four compounds. Standard 10-d sediment toxicity tests were conducted under fluorescent lighting. After 10 d, survivors were exposed for 1 h to ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the absence of sediment and then tested for their ability to bury in uncontaminated sediment. The 10-d median lethal concentrations (LC50s) were 2.31 mg acenaphthene/g organic carbon (OC), 2.22 mg phenanthrene/g OC, 3.31 mg fluoranthene/g OC, and 2.81 mg pyrene/g OC. These LC50s were used to calculate the sum of toxic units ({Sigma}TU) of the four PAHs in the approximately equitoxic mixtures. The {Sigma}TU LC50 was then calculated for the mixture treatments. If the toxicologic interaction of a mixture of contaminants is additive, {Sigma}TU LC50 = 1.0. The observed LC50 (1.55 {Sigma}TU) was slightly, but significantly, greater than unity, indicating that the interaction of PAHs in the mixture was less than additive. Exposure to UV radiation enhanced the toxic effects of fluoranthene and pyrene, but did not affectmore » the toxicity of acenaphthene and phenanthrene. Effects of UV radiation on the toxicity of the mixture of four PAHs could be explained by the photoactivation of fluoranthene and pyrene alone. These results are consistent with predictions based on photophysical properties of PAH compounds.« less