cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strangeness equilibration in heavy ion collisions

Using a relativistic transport model for heavy ion collisions at energies that are below the threshold for kaon and antikaon production in nucleon-nucleon collisions, we study how their abundances approach the canonical equilibrium during the collisions. We find that kaons are far from chemical equilibrium at the initial and high density stage, and they approach equilibrium only during the expansion stage of the collisions when their production rate is small and becomes comparable to their annihilation rate. In contrast, antikaons approach chemical equilibrium much earlier but eventually fall out of equilibrium again as a result of their large annihilation cross sections in nuclear matter.
Infrasound detection of the Chelyabinsk meteor at the USArray

Abstract On February 15, 2013 a small asteroid entered Earth's atmosphere near Chelyabinsk, Russia. This extremely rare event was recorded by the 400-station USArray deployed in the continental United States and Alaska. These stations recorded infrasound signals from the event at distances from 6000 to 10 000 km across a sector spanning 55° that encompassed the North Pole. This dense, extensive network permitted a detailed study of long-range infrasound propagation and source characteristics. We observe long wavetrains at all stations (ranging to over 100 min) but clear variations in the character of the wavetrains across the network. Ray-tracing through a spatially and temporally varying atmospheric model indicates the source excited resonance in the thermospheric duct to all stations. Resonance was also excited in a persistent stratospheric duct between the source and stations in Alaska and along the west coast of the United States due to favorable winds at those azimuths, leading to higher group velocities and frequency content at these stations than those to the east. An attenuation formula derived from parabolic equation simulations is used to estimate infrasound transmission losses at all stations, using simplified models of the effective sound speed along each source-receiver path. Observed variations in signal energies from higher than expected at stations in the thermospheric duct in the eastern United States, to lower than expected in Alaska, at azimuths nearly orthogonal to the asteroid's Mach cone, lead us to conclude that (1) the source was dominantly isotropic and (2) the model overestimates attenuation in the thermospheric duct.
Microcarrier culture: Applications in biological production and cell biology

This report reviews recent progress in micro carrier technology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. This progress includes new understanding of the nutritional needs of high-cell density micro carrier cultures, the demonstration of cell growth on microcarriers in a hormone-supplemented, serum-free medium, and the continuous cell propagation of epithelial cell types in microcarrier culture by medium modification that permits efficient bead-to bead transfer. Also, a technique for obtaining large quantities of mitotic cells by selective detachment from microcarriers is reported. Finally, recent progress in interferon production from human foreskin fibroblasts grown on microcarriers is outlined: Our improvements in the interferon “super induction” process have increased the interferon yield per cell fivefold to tenfold.
The impact of an international field experience on preservice teachers

Abstract This study addresses the question, “What is the impact of an international field experience on preservice teachers?” and corroborates many of the findings of a similar study by Willard-Holt [(2001). The impact of a short-term international experience for preservice teachers. Teaching and Teacher Education, 17, 505–517]. In May 2005, 15 teacher education students from the US completed a 4-week international practicum, working in the classroom with teachers and students at a private international primary through secondary (K12) school in Rome, Italy. Data include preservice teachers’ reflections and comments collected from their personal journals, focus groups with supervisors, observation notes, a final reflection paper, course evaluations, and a questionnaire completed 1 year after the experience to assess any lasting impact the trip may have had on them as individuals and future teachers. While there were a few negative experiences, the results indicate that overall the benefits included both professional and personal changes, such as increased confidence, a better appreciation and respect for differences of others and other cultures, and an awareness of the importance that feedback and reflection play in professional and personal growth. The article concludes with recommendations on how to improve such experiences to enhance the personal growth and cross-cultural competency of preservice teachers.
Gastric lymphoma: a tale of 2 MALTs

Gastric lymphoma is clinically heterogeneous. While the vast majority of cases occur in individuals infected with Helicobacter pylori , the cases can show a range of histologies and can follow diverse natural histories. Tumors may comprise mainly small cells, contain predominantly large cells with a
Young adult cholesterol as a predictor of familial ischemic heart disease.

Abstract Family history for ischemic heart disease (IHD) was quantified from 229 questionnaires returned by the parents of young adults who had their total serum cholesterol levels determined as seventh graders in 1972–1973 and again 9 years later. The participants were divided into low- or high-cholesterol groups using quintiles. There were nonsignificant trends for higher prevalence of IHD in the families of individuals, principally the male participants, with persistently high total serum cholesterol levels; an excess of IHD in families of young adults with reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL); and a deficit of IHD in families of high-HDL participants. There was a significant interaction in family history scores between HDL and total cholesterol, such that there was an excess of IHD prevalence in families of individuals with high total cholesterol and low HDL levels, and significantly lower IHD prevalence in families of young adults with high total cholesterol and high HDL levels. Among individuals with low total cholesterol, lower family history scores were found in those with lower HDL levels.
Estimation of seafloor roughness spectral parameters from multi-beam sonar acoustic backscatter data: Axial Seamount, Juan De Fuca Ridge

A new method to estimate seafloor roughness spectra applies the surface backscatter model of Jackson et al. [1986] to multi-beam sonar backscatter data. The use of principal components analysis, following spectral estimation, derives a single mappable index from correlated spectral parameters. This index can be mapped as a continuous field corresponding to geological observations in the area. This method allows for quantitative delineation of the neovolcanic zone and other zones of volcanic and tectonic activity from hull-mounted sonar systems.
X-ray scattering by myosin S-1: implications for the steric blocking model of muscle control.

Steric blocking and unblocking1–3 of the myosin interaction sites in muscle thin filaments by tropomyosin provides a simple yet elegant method of regulating contraction in skeletal muscle. Recently, this model was challenged4 by the finding that tropomyosin is located on the opposite side of the thin filament helix axis from where Moore et al. reported that the myosin cross-bridge, S-1, bound5. However, new three-dimensional image reconstructions of electron micrographs of thin filaments decorated with S-1 were obtained by Taylor and Amos6, who proposed that the prior assignment of the S-1 binding site of Moore et al.5 was incorrect, and that consequently tropomyosin and S-1 are located on the same side of the actin helix. These past difficulties and the current lack of agreement7 on the location of the S-1 binding site suggested that another technique would be useful. We report here that the shape of S-1, derived from reconstructions using the Taylor and Amos actomyosin interpretation, gives a better fit to the X-ray scattering pattern observed from S-1 in solution than alternative interpretations.
Contemporaneous retinal and optic nerve infarcts, choroidal non-perfusion, and Hollenhorst plaque: are these all embolic events?

A 76-year-old man developed a sudden painless superior field defect in the right eye, retinal whitening along the inferior temporal arcade, and fluorescein angiographic evidence of lobular choroidal non-perfusion. One week later, ophthalmoscopy revealed inferior optic nerve edema with splinter hemorrhages consistent with an anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) and a new cholesterol plaque near the macula. There was no clinical, serologic, or pathologic evidence df giant cell arteritis. Carotid ultrasound revealed no evidence of significant stenosis but did show an echolucent soft plaque in the right carotid artery. Transthoracic echocardiography demonstrated normal left ventricular function with no source of emboli. The presumed cause of the clinical findings in this patient was embolism, a rarely reported cause of AION. An embolic origin may be considered in non-arteritic AION associated with choroidal non-perfusion.
Consequences of Assessment: What is the Evidence?

Attention is here directed toward the prevalence of large scale assessments (focusing primarily on state assessments). I examine the purposes of these assessment programs; enumerate both potential dangers and benefits of such assessments; investigate what the research evidence says about assessment consequences (including a discussion of the quality of the evidence); discuss how to evaluate whether the consequences are good or bad; present some ideas about what variables may influence the probabilities for good or bad consequences; and present some tentative conclusions about the whole issue of the consequences of assessment and the amount of evidence available and needed.
A resilient pressure routing scheme for underwater acoustic networks

Underwater Acoustic Networks (UANs) are a transformative technology that is helping expand military, commercial and scientific applications in deep sea environments. The nature of network deployment in these deep sea environments has spurred a new paradigm in network routing known as pressure routing. Pressure routing is based on geographic routing but only uses limited location information, namely depth information, to route data from the sea floor to the surface. Recent work has shown that existing pressure routing protocols are vulnerable to malicious intrusions. In this paper we propose a resilient pressure routing protocol that seeks to reduce the effectiveness of malicious attackers, such as spoofing attacks. We evaluate our proposed protocol in a simulation environment and show that it reduces the effectiveness of spoofing attacks and maintains routing performance with minimal trade-off.
Alterations in cell-surface carbohydrates of rat large granular lymphocytes associated with interleukin-2 activation

Abstract The activation of large granular lymphocytes (LGLs)/natural killer (NK) cells with interleukin-2 (IL-2) has been shown to increase the ability of these cells to lyse NK-resistant tumor target cells. Activated LGLs, termed LAK (lymphokine-activated killer) cells, have been demonstrated to be of therapeutic value in vivo against metastatic tumors. The mechanism by which IL-2 induces broadened cytolytic capability, as well as the molecular basis of target recognition and killing by the activated cells has not yet been elucidated. Since carbohydrate moieties have been demonstrated to be of possible significance in the cytolytic cascade of a variety of effector cells, the current study was undertaken to determine if the activation of LGLs with IL-2 is accompanied by an alteration of cell-surface carbohydrates. Two-color flow cytometry was performed to identify LGL/NK cells in populations of nylon wool-nonadherent splenic mononuclear cells and to assess the binding of various lectins to activated as well as nonactivated LGLs. Increases were observed in the binding of four lectins to LGLs after IL-2 activation; Triticum vulgaris (wheat germ agglutinin), Phytolacca americana (pokeweed mitogen), Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato lectin), and Griffonia simplicifolia I-B 4 (GSI-B 4 ). The wheat germ, pokeweed, and tomato lectins recognize complex carbohydrates structure consisting of GlcNAc(Bl,4GlcNAc) n while GSI-B 4 recognizes α- d -galactose terminal end groups. Lectin binding to the activated LGLs was homogenous (i.e., flow cytometry revealed only a single population of fluorescent cells). Lectin binding to LGLs prior to activation was more heterogeneous, however, the tomato lectin uniquely revealed a bimodal distribution of receptors. These data indicate that LGL/NK cells from the rat are heterogeneous in their ability to bind specific lectins, and that IL-2 activation of these cells results in altered expression of specific cell-surface carbohydrates.
Synthesis, redox properties, and X-ray diffraction structure of 2,3-bis(ethylthio)-N-(p-MeOC6H4)maleimide

Refluxing 2,3-dichloromaleic anhydride with p-anisidine in benzene with water removal gives the condensation product 2,3-dichloro-N-(p-MeOC6H4)maleimide (1) 75% yield. This new maleimide compound reacts with added ethanethiol in the presence of Et3N or DBU to furnish the bidentate sulfide ligand 2,3-bis(ethylthio)-N-(p-MeOC6H4)maleimide (2) in 85% yield. Each product has been characterized in solution by IR, NMR, and UV-vis spectroscopies, and the solid-state structure of 2,3-bis(ethylthio)-N-(p-MeOC6H4)maleimide was unequivocally established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. 2,3-bis(Ethylthio)-N-(p-MeOC6H4)maleimide crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c, a = 20.035(3)A, b = 9.188(1)A, c = 16.887(2)A, β = 93.696(2)°, V = 3102.3(8)A3, Z = 8, and Dcalcd = 1.385 mg/m3; R = 0.0268, Rw = 0.0676 for 2025 reflections with I > 2σ (I). The nature of the LUMO in 2,3-bis(ethylthio)-N-(p-MeOC6H4)maleimide (2) has been determined by extended Huckel molecular orbital calculations, and these data are discussed relative to the cyclic voltammetry results and other structurally relevant compounds prepared in our labs.
Preemployment urinalysis drug testing: A critical review of psychometric and legal issues and effects on applicants

Abstract This article reviews the research evidence on reliability, validity, utility, legality, and applicant reactions regarding preemployment urinalysis drug testing. Key criticisms of such testing are discussed as well. Drug testing does appear to correlate with various job outcomes (e.g., turnover), but the effect size seems to be quite small. Moreover, the utility of such testing is questioned. Research concerning applicant reactions shows considerable variance as to its acceptability, depending among other considerations, on the nature of the job. While preemployment urinalysis testing is generally legal, growing state and Federal regulations affect the conditions under which such tests may be given.
Evaluating the use of computers in science assessment: Considerations and recommendations

The use of computers in science assessment is viewed through the eyes of the program evaluator by examining six considerations: (1) purpose of computer use in assessment, (2) value of program evaluation models, (3) possible harmful side effects of assessment, (4) nature of imbedded questions, (5) definition of treatment, and (6) computers and the classroom context. Following a discussion of the considerations, four recommendations are offered in regard to continuing to study the use of computers for assessment (examples provided), utilizing the ideas contained in program evaluation models, capitalizing on several interesting, novel possibilities for evaluation design, and combining qualitative and quantitative techniques (mixed methodologies) into the evaluation procedures.
An automated card assembly line using robots

Abstract Electronic card assembles, also known as printed circuit boards, are being produced in the computer products industry in much greater volumes then in the past. This is due to the increased consumer demand for low cost/high volume products such as personal computers, printers and other related hardware. Manual build and test of the electronic card assemblies is being replacecd by automation which can be easily justified at these increased volumes. This paper presents an automated electronic card assembly line. This line does not currently exist: it is a combination of existing equipment, such as automatic insertion machines and automatic wave solder machines, and new technology such as robotic component insertion and automated test stations. The overall line is first presented and then the details of the line are given. Special emphasis has been placed on automated test because this is a very important part of the line which has been neglected in the past
Surgery-associated complications in necrotizing enterocolitis: A multiinstitutional study

Abstract Purpose: This study was designed to evaluate the wound and stomal complication rate associated with surgical intervention in infants with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Methods: Comprehensive demographic and perioperative data were collected prospectively from 4 separate university hospitals on 51 infants with surgically treated NEC. The postoperative complication rate included wound (infection, dehiscence) and stomal (prolapse, retraction, necrosis, stricture) problems. For analysis, patients were grouped based on gestational age less than 28 weeks (group I, n=30) and ≥28 weeks (group II, n=21). Z-score analysis was used for intergroup evaluation. Results: Significantly more infants in group I (21 of 30 [70%] versus group II, 6 of 21 [29%]; P P value, not significant). The combined stomal/wound complication rate was significantly higher in group I (14 of 30 [47%]) versus group II (6 of 21 [29%]; P Conclusions: Although the stomal/wound complication rate was significantly higher in group I, both groups had very substantial complication rates, emphasizing the vulnerability of this infant population. Parents, especially of very premature babies, should be advised that multiple operations are likely and that complications should be expected. J Pediatr Surg 36:1722-1724. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Brugia pahangi and Wolbachia: the kinetics of bacteria elimination, worm viability, and host responses following tetracycline treatment

Wolbachia spp., first reported from filariae nearly 30 years ago, have been suggested to contribute to the pathogenesis associated with human filarial infection. Tetracycline has been used to cure filariae of Wolbachia, as a novel means of chemotherapeutic treatment for both ocular and lymphatic filariasis. Tetracycline treatment of L4 or adult Brugia pahangi in vivo resulted in Wolbachia clearance. Less tetracycline was required to clear Wolbachia when treatment began at the L4 stage, compared with adults. Female worms died earlier than male worms when tetracycline was administered at the L4 stage. In all cases, Wolbachia clearance was closely associated with worm death. Worm recoveries decreased following the L4-L5 molt, suggesting tetracycline does not interrupt molting in this model system. Despite worm death and the assumed release of both bacterial- and worm-derived molecules, differences in inflammatory cell population and T cell cytokine mRNA profiles were negligible between tetracycline-treated and non-treated B. pahangi infected gerbils. These data suggest the contribution of Wolbachia to the in vivo induction of the gerbil immune response to B. pahangi may be small.
Skin cancer chemoprevention with systemic retinoids: an adjunct in the management of selected high‐risk patients

Systemic retinoids (isotretinoin, etretinate, and acitretin) have been shown to be effective chemotherapeutic agents in studies of patients with xeroderma pigmentosum, the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, and recipients of organ or bone marrow transplantation. In addition, patients who do not have these disorders but who are actively developing large numbers of new skin cancers may also benefit from this approach. All patients developing large numbers of skin cancers need rigorous UV protection and frequent dermatologic examinations. Although isotretinoin and acitretin share overlapping toxicities, there are differences that may affect drug choice. Because low doses may be effective, there are advantages to beginning treatment at a low dose, and subsequently, increasing dose if necessary, based on patient response. Laboratory monitoring including pregnancy testing should be performed before and during treatment. Long-term toxicity, primarily involving the skeletal system, can be monitored with imaging studies.
Molecular-level thermodynamic and kinetic parameters for the self-assembly of apoferritin molecules into crystals.

Abstract The self-assembly of apoferritin molecules into crystals is a suitable model for protein crystallization and aggregation; these processes underlie several biological and biomedical phenomena, as well as for protein and virus self-assembly. We use the atomic force microscope in situ , during the crystallization of apoferritin to visualize and quantify at the molecular level the processes responsible for crystal growth. To evaluate the governing thermodynamic parameters, we image the configuration of the incorporation sites, “kinks”, on the surface of a growing crystal. We show that the kinks are due to thermal fluctuations of the molecules at the crystal-solution interface. This allows evaluation of the free energy of the intermolecular bond φ=3.0 k B T =7.3 kJ/mol. The crystallization free energy, extracted from the protein solubility, is −42 kJ/mol. Published determinations of the second virial coefficient and the protein solubility between 0 and 40°C revealed that the enthalpy of crystallization is close to zero. Analyses based on these three values suggest that the main component in the crystallization driving force is the entropy gain of the water molecules bound to the protein molecules in solution and released upon crystallization. Furthermore, monitoring the incorporation of individual molecules in to the kinks, we determine the characteristic frequency of attachment of individual molecules at one set of conditions. This allows a correlation between the mesoscopic kinetic coefficient for growth and the molecular-level thermodynamic and kinetic parameters determined here. We found that step growth velocity, scaled by the molecular size, equals the product of the kink density and attachment frequency, i.e. the latter pair are the molecular-level parameters for self-assembly of the molecules into crystals.
Use of scanning thickness mapping technique to perform precision measurements of thin film thickness

By means of electron-beam induced x-rays, the thickness of films used in fabrication of integrated circuits can be measured with high precision. The thickness modulated intensity of the x-rays generated from the sub-layer material due to penetration of the electron beam is correlated to the thickness of the surface film and displayed as a 3-D thickness map of the film material)'2 Scanning thickness mapping is a technique for measuring and plotting film thickness over the surface of the devices with high spatial resolution in the X-Y plane, using the modulation effect on electron beam induced x-rays. This technique has been implemented at this laboratory using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) in conjunction with an energy dispersive x-ray analyzer (EDXA). Since the electrons must interact with the material below the film that is being measured, they must be of sufficient energy to penetrate the film and produce enough x-rays in the sub-layer to be detectable in a reasonable time frame. To accomplish this, the analyst is required to initially determine the optimum beam energy for the sample to be measured. Typically, the optimum beam energy is several kilovolts above the onset of beam penetration through the film. This report will present data obtained for a dielectric film over aluminum metal and aluminum on silicon. A simulated 3-D scanning thickness mapping display of dielectric thickness was obtained by converting raw x-ray intensity data received from the energy dispersive x-ray analyzer. The raw x-ray intensity data was corrected for x-ray absorption effects and translated into film thickness values. These calculated values were then compared to SEM visual measurements of a cross-sectioned sample. Correlation between the scanning thickness mapping measurements and the SEM visual measurements will be discussed. The benefits of this technique are the high degree of characterization of the film thickness in the X-Y plane, and the detection of hole defects in film and thickness non-uniformities at contact areas or at steps.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale as a Biomarker of the Effects of Environmental Agents on the Newborn

The organization of the newborn's brain and the nature of the effects of toxins and pollutants conspire to produce complex and difficult problems for the assessment of the behavioral effects of environmental agents. The newborn's brain can be characterized as relatively undifferentiated, and more vulnerable to, but potentially more capable of recovery from, the effects of environmental agents specific to this time period than it will be later in development. Environmental agents tend to have nonspecific, possibly subtle, effects that invade many areas of newborn functioning. These characteristics of the newborn and the behavioral effects of teratogens make assessment at this point in development difficult. Further exacerbating this difficulty is the nature of development. Development is critically dependent on the care the newborn receives. Distortions of a newborn's behavior can produce disturbances in the caretaking environment, and these caretaking disturbances can amplify the original behavioral distortion and produce other distortions. Attention to these types of effects must be built into an assessment. These considerations lead to the conclusion that an apical assessment of newborn behavior is required. The most standardized, valid, and reliable instrument currently available is the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale developed by Brazelton. It assesses the integrated actions of the infant that function to regulate simultaneously the infant's internal state and exchanges with the animate (caretaking) and inanimate environment. The scale uses a set of reflex and behavioral items to assess the critical domains of infant functioning (e.g., the infant's ability to control his states of consciousness).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Chlorine-atom abstraction and cluster fragmentation in the reaction of H3Re3(CO)10(MeCN)2 with the diphosphine ligand 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-4-cyclopenten-1,3-dione (bpcd): X-ray diffraction structure of fac-ClRe(CO) 3 (bpcd)

Treatment of the activated trirhenium cluster H3Re3(CO)10(MeCN)2 with the diphosphine ligand 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-4-cyclopenten-1,3-dione (bpcd) in CH2Cl2 does not afford the expected cluster product H3Re3(CO)10(bpcd) but rather the mononuclear complex fac-ClRe(CO)3(bpcd). The identity of fac-ClRe(CO)3(bpcd) was determined in solution by IR and NMR (1H and 31P) spectroscopies and the solid-state structure was established by X-ray diffraction analysis. fac-ClRe(CO)3(bpcd) crystallizes in the triclinic space P-1, a = 9.958(2) A, b = 11.991(3) A, c = 13.676(3) A, α = 73.230(4)°, β = 73.806(4)°, γ = 77.409(4)°, V = 1484.6(6) A3, Z = 2, and d calc = 1.723 Mg/m3; R = 0.0367, R w = 0.0857 for 4253 reflections with I > 2σ(l).
Social cognitive theory and cancer patients' quality of life : a meta-analysis of psychosocial intervention components

Social cognitive theory (SC) provides a theoretical framework to evaluate improved quality-of-life (QOL) outcomes through interventions with cancer patients To assess whether inclusion of SCT components predicted better outcomes, focused comparisons were used to integrate results from 38 randomized studies. Interventions with more SCT components had significantly larger effect sizes than studies with fewer or no SCT components for the overall analysis (Z = 3.72, p < .01). Subanalyses of affective, social, objective physical outcome, and specific QOL measures revealed that SCT-based interventions had significantly higher effect sizes; inclusion of SCT components resulted in significantly lower effect sizes on subjective physical and functional outcomes. Results suggest that using SCT-based interventions maximizes improvement in overall QOL outcomes for adult cancer patients.
Phase Relationship in Three-Phase Composites Which Include a Void Phase

The paper shows the relationship among polymer, particles, and voids in a three-phase composite and how some of the properties of a composite may be changed by changing the proportions of the phases. The three-phase composite is an aggregate of microspheres bonded together with a small amount of polymer which may not form a continuous matrix. The void space (third phase) is obtained by limiting the amount of polymer which is mixed with the microspheres. A ternary phase diagram is used to show the proportional relationship among the three phases, with each apex representing a volume fraction of unity for a constituent while the side opposite the apex represents a volume fraction of zero for that constituent. The vertical dimension represents some composite property such as density or strength. The effect of composition on composite properties is shown by plotting them on a binary phase diagram which represents a perpendicular plane coincident with the 0.60 volume fraction microsphere line.
Health insurance for type 1 diabetes mellitus: US competition and French coverage

Chronic diseases present a major challenge to individuals, health professionals, and policy makers. Disease burdens and fears of a lifelong condition are complicated by the volatility of health insurance. Individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus face these challenges daily. Treatment needs persist despite changes in individual health insurance or health plan coverage, yet this costly and devastating disease does not discriminate economically. The demands for care are the same for the under- and uninsured as they are for the fully insured. As life expectancy lengthens for individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus, a greater potential exists for significant variability in coverage. This article presents a review and analysis of health insurance issues among adults 18-64 years old and extrapolates the consequences for those in the United States (US) with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Comparisons are made with the French health care system, ranked 1st by the World Health Organization in 2000.
ANATOMICAL COMPARISON BETWEEN THE ADRENAL GLANDS OF WILD NORWAY, WILD ALEXANDRINE AND DOMESTIC NORWAY RATS1

Our knowledge of the effects produced by domestication on the endocrine system of animals is very limited, owing in large part to the fact that domesticated and wild forms of the same animal are rarely available simultaneously. The common Norway rat, however, constitutes a definite exception to this statement, since it has many representatives of both domestic and wild forms alive at the present time. Domestic Norways have been reared in laboratories throughout the world for the past 60 years or more, while the wild Norways still live in alleys, yards, cellars and houses and also have a world wide distribution. The domestic rats are tame, tractable, do not attempt to escape, and reproduce well in captivity; the wild rats usually live in burrows in the ground and are fierce, savage, suspicious, and make every effort to resist captivity. Except under particularly favorable conditions, they have not been successfully reared in captivity.
Total Intensity of Scattered X-radiation

IN a report by Duane (Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 10, 378, 1924) mention is made of the intensity of scattered radiation inside a closed box containing an X-ray tube. He states that “the amount of this box radiation that passes out through the slits into the spectrometer appears to be sufficient to dominate more or less completely the spectrum obtained”. He then cites a number of instances where remarkably intense scattered radiation has been observed.
Thermal stability of ettringite in alkaline solutions at 80 °C

Abstract The thermal stability of synthetic ettringite was examined in NaOH solutions up to 1 M after 12 h of heat treatment at 80 °C, with or without the coexistence of C3S in the system. Ettringite was found to convert to the U phase, a sodium-substituted AFm phase, over the heat treatment in the absence of C3S. The presence of C3S, leading to C-S-H formation, prevents the U phase formation and results in the conversion of ettringite to monosulfate. Sulfate ions generated from ettringite decomposition mostly remain in the solution, but some is incorporated into C-S-H. During subsequent storage at room temperature, the majority of monosulfate slowly converts back to secondary ettringite under moist conditions, using the supply of sulfate ions from the solution and C-S-H. The observations support the current mechanism of delayed ettringite formation (DEF).
Effects of solution ph and surface chemistry on the postdeposition growth of chemical bath deposited pbse nanocrystalline films

Chemical bath deposited PbSe films were subjected to postdeposition treatment with aqueous (typically 0.25-0.5 M) KOH. For films deposited using a citrate complex, this treatment resulted in dissolution of surface lead oxides (seen from XPS and EXAFS measurements) and growth of the nanocrystals (from ca. 5 to as much as 20 nm, measured by XRD and TEM) by an Ostwald ripening mechanism and formation of a porous network. For films deposited using KOH-complexed Pb, this growth did not occur. The latter films are made up of PbSe crystals (ca. 4 nm) embedded in an amorphous matrix of lead oxide. Successful etching of the crystallite surface passivation is found to be critical for the growth progress. While the KOH treatment removed most of this matrix, the individual crystals of PbSe still remained passivated with a surface where Pb was apparently bonded to both O and Se. With use of a concentrated KOH solution (3 M) for long periods of time (> 1 h), this surface could be removed and crystal growth occurred to give a network of PbSe crystals several tens of nanometers in size. This study, besides explaining the very different chemical behaviors of the two types of PbSe films, demonstrates the important role of what appear to be small differences in surface chemistries in determining the chemical properties of nanocrystals.
Abstract 4522: Nanoparticle chemosensitization.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Systemic drug toxicity and multi-drug resistance are the two major obstacles in the treatment of cancer. While multi-drug resistance can be easily overcome by the use of chemosensitizers, the process of chemosensitization itself has been shown to be highly toxic to the normal cells. This is because chemosensitizers not only sensitize the tumor tissue but also the normal tissue to the effect of the drug leading to a substantial increase in the systemic toxicity of the drug. On the other hand, nanoparticles (NPs) can decrease systemic toxicity by virtue of their property of preferential accumulation at the site of tumor, making them an ideal candidate for the delivery of the chemosensitizers. We developed a novel method to overcome both of the major obstacles in cancer treatment by synthesizing NP formulations of two potent chemosensitizers, wortmannin (Wtmn) and olaparib. Wtmn is a highly effective PI3 kinase and DNA-PK inhibitor while olaparib is highly potent Poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitor. NP Wtmn and NP olaparib were synthesized using a biodegradable core-shell NP platform. We studied the chemosensitization effects of NP Wtmn and NP olaparib in vitro using the lung cancer cell lines H23 and H460, and a multi-drug resistant lung cancer cell line H69AR followed by the drug treatment. We used different chemotherapeutic drugs such as etoposide, gemcitabine and docetaxel to demonstrate the effect of NP chemosensitizers. The biodistribution of the NPs was determined using the mouse xenograft model of H460. Normal tissue toxicity was evaluated by using NP chemosensitizers and compared with their small molecule counterparts. Finally, we evaluated NP Wtmn and NP olaparib as a chemosensitizers in vivo using murine xenograft models of H69AR and H460 and compared them to that of free chemosensitizers. NP chemosensitizers, similar to their small molecule counterparts, are highly potent in vitro in all three cell lines. The biodistribution study showed that NP formulation leads to a higher tumor accumulation when compared to the free molecules. Toxicity study showed significantly less hepatic and hematologic toxicity with NP formulation than the free molecules. In vivo efficacy study demonstrated that NP Wtmn and NP olaparib are potent chemosensitizers and are more effective than their small molecule counterparts. Further, we demonstrated that NP Wtmn can overcome drug resistance in H69AR cell line. Our work demonstrates the proof of principle in utilizing nanomedicine for the improving chemosensitization. Citation Format: Manish Sethi, Sonya R. Kowalczyk, Chintan H. Kapadia, Michael E. Werner, Rohit Sukumar, Edina Wang, Andrew Z. Wang. Nanoparticle chemosensitization. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4522. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4522
Single-walled carbon nanotube–epoxy composites for structural and conductive aerospace adhesives

Abstract Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were incorporated at low loading (up to ∼1 wt%) into an unfilled aerospace-grade epoxy system, to impart electrical conductivity while maintaining structural bonding capability, as a route for development of a structural and conductive adhesive. At these low SWCNT loadings the tensile properties were maintained or improved, while strength decreased in a higher loading case. The structural bonding performance of composite-to-composite joints, evaluated in lap-shear and peel tests, was reasonably maintained for adhesives containing 0.5 wt% or 1 wt% SWCNTs. In the case of the 0.5 wt% SWCNT–adhesive, peel and lap-shear strength were unchanged while the addition of 1 wt% resulted in 30% increase of peel strength but the lap-shear strength was reduced by 10–15%. For 1 wt% SWCNT–adhesives, conductivities as high as 10−1 S m−1 and typically ∼10−3 S m−1 were achieved. Joint electrical resistance measured between aluminum adherends was larger than predicted by the bulk conductivity, but was reduced by a post-treatment step resulting in apparent joint conductivities within one order of magnitude of the bulk samples.
BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF LOW-DOSE METHYLPHENIDATE IN ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER: IMPLICATIONS FOR MECHANISMS OF STIMULANT DRUG ACTION

The mechanism of therapeutic action of stimulants in children with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) is poorly understood.In animals, stimulation of post-synaptic dopamine receptors by d-amphetamine causes an increase in locomotor activity at low doses, but a decrease in activity with increased stereotypy at higher doses. Clinical and experimental reports suggest that the decrease in activity and increase in focused attention in children following stimulants are analogous to stimulant effects seen in animals at higher doses; if so, one would predict an increase in activity at sub-clinical doses. Twelve children meeting DSM III criteria for ADD were evaluated for activity (quadrant changes and toy changes in a playroom) and attentiveness (Children's Checking Task) following placebo and following a sub-clinical dose of methylphenidate (.1 mg/kg) in a double-blind crossover design. Rather than increasing activity as predicted, methylphenidate decreased by half the mean numbers of quadrant changes and toy changes (p < .05 by 2-tailed t-test). Interestingly, there were no drug effects on attention. The results suggested that stimulant drugs may decrease activity by stimulating inhibitory autoreceptors on pre-synaptic dopamine neurons. Such effects have been demonstrated in animals following d-amphetamine at doses which are lower than those which stimulate post-synaptic receptors, and which are compatible with dosages used clinically.
Methadone overdoses in a New York City hospital

Charts of the 81 methadone overdose patients admitted to Morrisania City Hospital from the Emergency Department during the eight month period between June, 1973 and January, 1974 were reviewed. There were 87 overdose cases in the 81 patients. All were treated successfully with naloxone hydrochloride administered intravenously. Four patients had pulmonary edema. In more than half, liver and muscle function studies showed abnormalities. Ninety percent (79) of the overdoses were associated with a combination of methadone and other non-opiate drugs, including alcohol.
Terahertz coherent control of a quantum Hall system: Kohn's theorem in the coherent regime

Coherent control of cyclotron resonance in a quantum Hall system is demonstrated using a sequence of THz pulses. There is no signature of electron-electron interactions, generalizing Kohn's theorem to the level of coherent dynamics.
10.3.2 An Enterprise Systems Engineering Model

The INCOSE (ANSI/EIA 632) systems engineering model may not be adequate for an enterprise environment, in which environmental influences and the interaction of people, processes, and technology are not taken into account. This paper considers some “systems thinking” concepts and applies them to develop an expanded model that may be more appropriate in the enterprise environment.
Inter-relationship between immunoglobulin idiotype and metatype

Abstract Allogenic anti-metatype (Met) and anti-idiotype (Id) reagents were elicited to the liganded and nonliganded states, respectively, of a high affinity murine monoclonal anti-fluorescein IgM antibody. Through comparisons of the relative immunogenicity and specificity patterns of the resulting antibody reagents, interpretations regarding the relationship between metatopes and idiotopes were rendered. Anti-Id specificity was measured in terms of the degree of ligand inhibition to two different forms of the fluorescyl hapten (i.e. free ligand and conjugated to a macromolecule). Idiotypic analysis of 1823 H and L chains (immunoglobulin heavy and light chains) demonstrated that recognition of 1823 Id determinants required recombination of H and L chains. Anti-Met reagents were evaluated relative to the liganded and nonliganded states of the IgM antibody. Binding studies indicated anti-Met specificity for liganded or affinity labeled Mab (monoclonal antibody) 1823, but not for nonliganded 1823 or the fluorescein ligand. The affinity labeled metatyplc state provided the optimum immunogen yielding an antibody reagent which was rendered specific for the liganded state upon absorption with appropriate immunoglobulin reagents. Antibodies specific for affinity labeled 1823 did not react with liganded 4420, an IgG2a monoclonal anti-fluorescein antibody of similar high affinity but unrelated idiotyplcally. Results were discussed in terms of intrasite, proximal-site and distal-site epitopes.
Tobacco Use Behaviors and Household Smoking Bans Among Chinese Americans

Abstract Purpose To assess the relationship between household smoking restrictions and smoking patterns among Chinese American adults. Design This is a cross-sectional analysis based on a National Institutes of Health–funded population-based household and telephone survey of 2537 Chinese American adults. Setting Two communities in New York City. subjects The analyses focused on male current smokers (N = 600). measures Demographic characteristics, smoking status, household smoking restrictions, cigarettes smoked per day, and past quit attempts were based on self-reported data. results Among current smokers, 37% reported living in a home with a complete smoking ban. Smokers with a full household smoking ban smoked fewer cigarettes on weekdays and weekends than smokers with no household smoking ban (p ≤ .05) and were 3.4 times (p < .01) more likely to report having at least one quit attempt in the past 12 months. Smokers with knowledge of the dangers of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure were 2.8 t...
Draughts and drunks: The contributions of taverns and bars to excessive drinking in America

This paper assesses the contributions made by the frequent patronage of taverns and bars to excessive drinking in the United States. All previous studies that have considered the relation between tavern patronage and drinking behavior have assumed the latter to be the independent variable, but without any particular theoretical explanation beyond “common sense.” This paper reverses that causal reasoning and shows further that the factors usually offered to explain heavy tavern patronage (e.g., the quest for sociability by young, unattached males) are not the ones most useful in explaining heavy drinking. The paper develops at some length a social behaviorist or social learning theoretical framework, based on a comprehensive review of the existing literature on taverns and bars, to highlight the nature of the intermittent reinforcement provided by the tavern and bar milieux for excessive drinking. Survey data are then analyzed by means of multiple regression equations to show that frequency of exposure of ...
Hyperbolic representation of global structure of visual space

Abstract Most studies on visual perception assume a limited region in visual space to be Euclidean. In a series of alley experiments, in which extensive configurations of stimulus points in a frameless space were dealt with, it was found that a horizontal or slanted plane extending from the subject is best described by hyperbolic geometry, whereas a frontoparallel plane in front of the subject is best described by Euclidean geometry. Theoretical problems around these findings and two properties of visual space (VS) were discussed: (1) VS is closed in the sense that no percepts can appear at an infinite distance. (2) VS is dynamic in the sense that its global structure critically depends upon the configuration of objects in the physical space. Two questions were also discussed: (1) How far is VS extended beyond the farthest percept under various conditions? (2) How does the sky, as the boundary of VS, in daytime as well as at night, change its shape in accordance with what we see in VS?
Cometary Collisions and Geological Periods

SOME fifteen years ago, I suggested that tektites were produced by collisions of comets with the Earth1–3. Many detailed investigations of these objects have added much to our knowledge, and these, together with the lunar investigations, have proved this hypothesis to be very probably correct. I have also suggested that the geological periods were terminated by such collisions, but this was published in the Saturday Review of Literature, and no scientist except me, so far as I know, reads that magazine. The energy of such collisions and their frequency was roughly estimated at that time, and the number of these collisions has been reviewed again by Durrani4.