cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isolation and characterization of the gene encoding the principal sigma factor of the vegetative cell RNA polymerase from the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120.

Abstract The filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 responds to combined nitrogen deprivation by forming specialized nitrogen-fixing cells at regular intervals along the filament. Genetic and biochemical studies have indicated that regulation of gene expression during differentiation occurs at the transcriptional level. As part of a characterization of RNA polymerase during differentiation, the gene encoding the 52-kDa principal sigma factor of the Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 vegetative-cell RNA polymerase was isolated by using an oligonucleotide probe based on the sequence of the N-terminal seven amino acids of the purified protein. sigA codes for a 390-amino-acid polypeptide that has a predicted molecular weight of 45,641. The amino acid sequence of the polypeptide encoded by sigA contains four regions corresponding to conserved domains of the principal RNA polymerase sigma factors of Escherichia coli (sigma 70) and Bacillus subtilis (sigma 43). Thus, although the subunit composition of cyanobacterial RNA polymerase core differs from that of other eubacteria (G. J. Schneider and R. Haselkorn, J. Bacteriol. 170:4136-4140, 1988), the principal sigma factor of at least one cyanobacterium is typically eubacterial. In contrast to sigma 70 and sigma 43 operon organization, sigA is monocistronic and encodes two transcripts of 1.7 and 2.2 kb. The abundance of the 1.7-kb transcript remains constant under both nitrogen-replete and nitrogen-limiting conditions, whereas the 2.2-kb transcript is induced following the removal of combined nitrogen. Continued or enhanced transcription of sigA under nitrogen starvation conditions is consistent with the observation that the principal RNA polymerase in differentiating cells contains SigA.
Expression of neural cell adhesion molecules in normal and pathologic tissues.

SUMMARY Because cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions directly affect the growth, differentiation, and morphogenesis of neural tissue, abnormal changes in these processes could have severe pathologic consequences. Over the last few years, it has become possible to investigate these interactions at the molecular level due to advances in the identification and characterization of matrix components and receptors and cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). Emerging evidence suggests that two broad classes of CAMs are represented by the neural CAM, N-CAM, and the epithelial CAM, L-CAM. N-CAM and several other neural adhesion molecules contain immunoglobulin-like domains and do not require calcium for binding. In contrast, L-CAM, N-cadherin, and P-cadherin depend on calcium for activity and share structural features that differ from those of the N-CAM family. All of these CAMs are expressed in early embryos and in a variety of tissues throughout development, although each has a characteristic pattern. Initial studies suggest that injury, oncogenic transformation, and some genetic neurologic disorders are accompanied by changes in CAM expression that alter the adhesive or migratory behavior of cells.
Worldsheet Reparametrizations and the Tomonaga-Schwinger-Dirac Formalism for String Theory

On developpe une formulation du type Tomonaga-Schwinger-Dirac pour la corde bosonique libre quantifiee
Microsphere-induced bronchial artery vasodilation: role of adenosine, prostacyclin, and nitric oxide

We previously found that injection of 15-μm microspheres into the bronchial artery of sheep decreased bronchial artery resistance. This effect was inhibited partially by indomethacin or 8-phenylthe...
A p-multigrid spectral difference method for two-dimensional unsteady incompressible Navier-Stokes equations

This paper presents the development of a 2D high-order solver with spectral difference method for unsteady incompressible Navier–Stokes equations accelerated by a p-multigrid method. This solver is designed for unstructured quadrilateral elements. Time-marching methods cannot be applied directly to incompressible flows because the governing equations are not hyperbolic. An artificial compressibility method (ACM) is employed in order to treat the inviscid fluxes using the traditional characteristics-based schemes. The viscous fluxes are computed using the averaging approach (Sun et al., 2007; Kopriva, 1998) [29,12]. A dual time stepping scheme is implemented to deal with physical time marching. A p-multigrid method is implemented (Liang et al., 2009) [16] in conjunction with the dual time stepping method for convergence acceleration. The incompressible SD (ISD) method added with the ACM (SD-ACM) is able to accurately simulate 2D steady and unsteady viscous flows.
Diversification, Diseconomies of Scope, and Vertical Contracting: Evidence from the Taxicab Industry

This paper studies how firms reorganize following diversification, proposing that firms use outsourcing, or vertical disintegration, to manage diseconomies of scope. We also consider the origins of scope diseconomies, showing how different underlying mechanisms generate contrasting predictions about the link between within-firm task heterogeneity and the incentive to outsource following diversification. We test these propositions using microdata on taxicab and limousine fleets from the Economic Census. The results show that taxicab firms outsource, by shifting the composition of their fleets toward owner-operator drivers, when they diversify into the limousine business. The magnitude of the shift toward driver ownership is larger in less urban markets, where the tasks performed by taxicab and limousine drivers are more similar. These findings suggest that (1) firms use outsourcing to manage diseconomies of scope at a particular point in the value chain and (2) interagent conflicts can be an important source of scope diseconomies.
MPEG4 animation clustering for networked virtual environments

In this paper we describe a filter that can be used to dramatically reduce the amount of data flowing between clients connected in a networked virtual environment, when using the MPEG4 animation parameters. The approach consists of three parts: real life experimentation and parameter determination, filter construction and filter testing. The real life experiments are used to determine base figures for the filter construction, the filter construction details aspects of design and visual compensation and the final evaluations are used to establish if the filter works correctly, both for data reduction and aesthetically and how well.
In Vivo Electrochemical Characterization of a Tissue–Electrode Interface During Metamorphic Growth

The domestication of insect locomotion has been recently investigated through microelectrode-based systems implanted in the insect to tap into its neuromuscular system. Benefiting from developmental changes, the idea of performing such surgical implantation during metamorphic development enabled the fusion of engineered constructs to these living biological organisms. This study uses electrochemical analysis to provide a preliminary quantitative comparison of tissue-electrode coupling over the course of metamorphic development and after eclosion, where PEDOT:PSS coated gold electrodes are implanted in the insect during the early pupal stages and right after emergence. An average 1 kHz impedance of 8.9 kΩ was obtained with pupal stage inserted electrodes, with a stored charge of 52 mC/cm2 at the interface as characterized by cyclic voltammetry 10 days after emergence. 5.1 mC/cm2 of this charge was successfully injected into the tissue through charge balanced biphasic pulses. In comparison, implanted electrodes in the adult state caused a 1 kHz impedance of 12.1 kΩ, where the stored charge was 38 mC/cm2 with an injectable charge amount of 3.5 mC/cm2. Finally, to shed light on possible reasons for improvement in the bioelectrical coupling, equivalent circuit models were formed and the extracted parameters were correlated with metamorphic development of pupal tissue.
Locus of Control, Gap Between Standard and Level of Living, and Satisfaction: A Path Model

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships among selected demographic variables, locus of control, the perceived gap between the standard and level of living, and the satisfaction with that gap. The study was based on a random sample of 513 farm women. The larger the household size, the less internal control the women experienced over their lives. The more internal con trol women experienced, the smaller was the perceived gap between the standard and level of living. The smaller the perceived gap and the higher the internal control experienced, the higher was the satisfaction with the gap. Those women who worked off the farm experienced less satisfaction with the gap. Household size had an indirect effect on satisfaction through locus of control. Off-farm employment had an indirect effect on satisfaction through locus of control. In come has an indirect effect on satisfaction through locus of control. Locus of control has an indirect effect on satisfaction through the actual assessment of the gap.
Role of Vascular Oxidative Stress in Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome

Obesity is associated with vascular diseases that are often attributed to vascular oxidative stress. We tested the hypothesis that vascular oxidative stress could induce obesity. We previously developed mice that overexpress p22phox in vascular smooth muscle, tgsm/p22phox, which have increased vascular ROS production. At baseline, tgsm/p22phox mice have a modest increase in body weight. With high-fat feeding, tgsm/p22phox mice developed exaggerated obesity and increased fat mass. Body weight increased from 32.16 ± 2.34 g to 43.03 ± 1.44 g in tgsm/p22phox mice (vs. 30.81 ± 0.71 g to 37.89 ± 1.16 g in the WT mice). This was associated with development of glucose intolerance, reduced HDL cholesterol, and increased levels of leptin and MCP-1. Tgsm/p22phox mice displayed impaired spontaneous activity and increased mitochondrial ROS production and mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle. In mice with vascular smooth muscle–targeted deletion of p22phox (p22phoxloxp/loxp/tgsmmhc/cre mice), high-fat feeding did not induce weight gain or leptin resistance. These mice also had reduced T-cell infiltration of perivascular fat. In conclusion, these data indicate that vascular oxidative stress induces obesity and metabolic syndrome, accompanied by and likely due to exercise intolerance, vascular inflammation, and augmented adipogenesis. These data indicate that vascular ROS may play a causal role in the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome.
Sulfone Containing Clay Electrolytes and Their Potential for Li-Rechargeable Batteries

Clays have been synthesized and several types of molecules have been intercalated into them to enhance their ionic conductivity. The clay has the molecular formula of Litaeniolite, Li(Mg2Li)Si4O10F2, and the inserted molecules include PEO and two varieties of sulfone, tetramethylene sulfone and ethylmethyl sulfone. These have been made in the interest of electrolytes in lithium secondary batteries in order to produce a truly solid state cell. The products have been thoroughly characterized by x-ray diffraction to verify the uptake of the molecules into the layers, thermal analysis to observe the stabilization of the intercalated molecules, along with impedance measurements to test their conductivity.
Temporal Interpolation Methods for the Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) Experiment

Abstract The Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) is a NASA multisatellite measurement program for monitoring the radiation environment of the earth–atmosphere system. The CERES instrument was flown on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite in late 1997, and will be flown on the Earth Observing System morning satellite in 1998 and afternoon satellite in 2000. To minimize temporal sampling errors associated with satellite measurements, two methods have been developed for temporally interpolating the CERES earth radiation budget measurements to compute averages of top-of-the-atmosphere shortwave and longwave flux. The first method is based on techniques developed from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) and provides radiation data that are consistent with the ERBE processing. The second method is a newly developed technique for use in the CERES data processing. This technique incorporates high temporal resolution data from geostationary satellites to improve modeling of d...
Patterns of American terrorism 1955–1998: An historical perspective on terrorism‐related fatalities

Although the Oklahoma City Bombing of 1995 which killed 168 people was the most devastating terrorist attack on American soil, terrorism‐related deaths have occurred almost every year since 1955. A distinctive feature of American terrorism is the ideological diversity of perpetrators. White racists are responsible for over a third of the deaths, and black militants have claimed almost as many. Almost all of the remaining deaths are attributable to Puerto Rican nationalists, Islamic extremists, revolutionary leftists and emigre groups. Most victims were killed because of their race, religion or sexual orientation, or just simply because they were in the wrong place at the wrong time when a bomb went off.
A Model of Mechanisms Mediating Spatial Pattern Perception

A model consisting of multiple tuned and oriented spatial filters followed by non-linear transducer functions is described. The model was originally derived to account for human perception of contrast while viewing isolated stimuli. The model can also account for human estimates for the image sharpness of spatially filtered real world scenes. The model has several shortcomings uncovered by recent experimental results involving suppression of the apparent contrast of a foveally presented grating patch by a peripheral grating.
Incidence and Management of Uncomplicated Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections in a National Sample of Women in the United States

Objective To determine the incidence and characteristics of women with uncomplicated recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) and to explore whether the use of culture-driven treatment affects rates of UTI-related complications and resource utilization. Materials and Methods Using MarketScan claims from 2003 to 2011, we identified UTI-naive women ages 18-64 with incident-uncomplicated recurrent UTIs. Recurrent UTIs were defined as 3 UTI visits associated with antibiotics during a 12-month period. Cases were excluded if they had a UTI in the preceding year, or if they had any complicating factors (eg, abnormality of the urinary tract, neurologic condition, pregnancy, diabetes, or currently taking immunosuppression). We next assessed use of urine cultures, imaging, and cystoscopy, and performed propensity score matching with logistic regression to determine whether having a urine culture associated with >50% of UTIs affected rates of complications and downstream resource utilization. Results We identified 48,283 women with incident-uncomplicated recurrent UTIs, accounting for an overall incidence of 102 per 100,000 women, highest among women ages 18-34 and 55-64. Sixty-one percent of these women had at least 1 urine culture, 6.9% had imaging, and 2.8% had cystoscopy. Having a urine culture >50% of the time was associated with fewer UTI-related hospitalizations and lower rates of intravenous antibiotic use, whereas demonstrating higher rates of UTI-related office visits and pyelonephritis. Conclusion The incidence of uncomplicated recurrent UTIs increases with age. Urine culture-directed care is beneficial in reducing high-cost services including UTI-related hospitalizations and intravenous antibiotic use, making urine cultures a valuable component to management of these patients.
GRG Profiles: John M. Carethers

I was born the fourth son and the tenth of 12 children. My parents pushed education as the way for their children to get ahead in life. They both had a college education. My father graduated in 1948 with a mechanical engineering degree after a medical deferment during World War II, and my mother was a secretary for her father’s real estate company before marriage and was our constant in the home while my dad worked for the City of Detroit. My parents raised us with good morals and strived to provide individual needs for each child’s personality and traits. I grew up in Detroit, was educated in elementary school by Catholic nuns and lay teachers, and went to the city’s public magnet high school, Cass Tech. Growing up in a large family was the only norm I knew. We ate dinner as a family, attended church weekly, fought with each other, encouraged each other, and competed with each other. At least one of us seemed to make it to the emergency room at least once a year. To this day, all of my siblings get along. Despite a tight budget, the oldest 11 children attained more than 17 college degrees from two universities located in Detroit, with all costs for education borne through scholarships, grants, and loans. My youngest brother and my parent’s 12th child has trisomy 21, and his Down’s syndrome had an influence on the career choices of some of my family members. My own choice to pursue medicine as a career stemmed from an exploration of the Encyclopedia Britannica, with its anatomy overlays that mesmerized me. Fate has a way of happening. My eventual pursuit of medicine ultimately led to meeting my wife during fellowship and raising four beautiful children. To this day, I try to instill a push for education in my own children, along with many interested kids with whom I come in contact.
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF HUMBOLDT JETTIES, 1880 to 1975

In the Chief of Engineers annual report of 1877, it was concluded that "The only way...in which a safe entrance could be obtained into this harbor would be by the construction of two parallel jetties, of very heavy stone, about 500 yards apart, from the north and south spits at the entrance." In 1882, a special Board of Engineers concluded that the "occupation of the south breaker spit by a structure...carried to low water and running from the south head (spit) in a north-westerly direction..." be built. Construction of the south jetty began in 1889 and of the north jetty, subsequently authorized, in 1891. Due to the severe wave action, a number of rubble-mound construction techniques including stone, concrete cubes, tetrahedrons, and finally dolos armor units have been used. A description will be given of the construction and associated results. Experience with the reinforced and unreinforced concrete dolosse units will also be discussed.
Reaction of trimethylaluminum with crown ethers. III. The synthesis and crystal structure of (12-crown-4)bis(trimethylaluminum)

The crown ether 12-crown-4 reacts with trimethylaluminum in toluene to form the complex [AlMe3]2[12-crown-4]. Attempts to utilize the remaining two oxygen atoms for coordination to AlMe3 molecules were unsuccessful. The 2∶1 complex crystallizes in the monoclinic space groupP21/n witha=11.342(7),b=12.941(4),c=6.973(6) A, and β=95.48(4)°. Refinement led to a finalR value of 0.047 for 925 observed reflections. The molecule resides on a crystallographic center of inversion, and as required by symmetry, the four oxygen atoms are planar. The Al−O bond is strong as revealed by the bond length of 1.977(3) A.
A New Xyletinus, with a Key to the North American Species (Coleoptera: Anobiidae)

Xyletinus fasciatus is described from Texas, and a key is provided to the 12 species of the genus found in North America and Lower California.
Autumn phenology of face fly (Diptera: Muscidae) populations in Iowa, USA.

Application of age-grading methods to face fly (Musca autumnalis) populations in 7 consecutive autumns provided an estimate of the dynamics of reproduction and diapause. Teneral flies abruptly stopped entering the reproductive phase beginning 10 September, and the relative frequencies of parous flies rapidly decreased while previtellogenic nullipars increased from that date. There was no evidence of a temperature-dependent vitellogenic response in fly populations. Thermal-unit summations showed that face fly ovipositions after the critical 10 September date were increasingly unlikely to produce overwintering adults. The average daily survival rate of parous flies in September was >0.89, consistent with that of summer flies. Flies with hypertrophied fat bodies were first detected in early to mid-September and became common (ca. 25%) by the 4th week.
Robust Design of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines Using Taguchi Method

The robust design of horizontal axis wind turbines, including both parameter and tolerance designs, is presented. A simple way of designing robust horizontal axis wind turbine systems under realistic conditions is outlined with multiple design variables, multiple objectives, and multiple constraints simultaneously by using the traditional Taguchi method and its extensions. The performance of the turbine is predicted using the axial momentum theory and the blade element momentum theory. In the parameter design stage, the energy output of the turbine is maximized using the Taguchi method and an extended penalty-based Taguchi method is proposed to solve constrained parameter design problems. Using an appropriate set of tolerance settings of the parameters, the tolerance design problem is formulated so as to yield an economical design while ensuring a minimal variability in the performance of the wind turbine. The present work provides a simple and economical approach for the robust optimal design of horizontal axis wind turbines.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Observations of 3-hydroxy-n-methylmorphinan hydrobromide (Dromoran) on fetal respiratory movements of the rabbit.

Discussion and SummaryDromoran® passes without difficulty across the placental barrier and produces a decrease in the rate of respiratory movements of the fetuses. This passage across the placental barrier might be expected in view of the general principle stated by Needham(8) that the placental barrier is freely passed by practically all substances of low molecular weight. Thus in obstetrical analgesia one can assume that the agent will pass the placental barrier and the best analgesic will be one which will have high analgesic potency in the mother and a minimal effect on fetal respiration activity. The final evaluation of an analgesic must therefore be made under clinical conditions where the analgesic property can be evaluated in the patient. The doses of Dromoran® used in these experiments were much higher than would be used for human patients and there is no doubt but what satisfactory analgesia in humans can be obtained with lower doses. The question of whether these doses depress the respiratory f...
Rectal Tuberculosis in Monkeys from the Use of Contaminated Thermometers

tuberculous monkeys in our colony of primates. This colony usually numbers between 30 and 50 monkeys and has been maintained during the past 12 years for the purpose of experimental work in poliomyelitis. It is comprised largely of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatto) with, until recently, a smaller percentage of green African {Cercopithecus aethiops .sabaeus) and cynomologus (Macacus cynomologus) monkeys. It has been our practice to tuberculin test1'2 all animals upon arrival and reject positive reactors, unless they could be used immediately for an acute experiment. If so, they were isolated from the healthy animals. Despite these precautions, an occasional tuberculous monkey, which would not react to 10 mg. of Old Tuberculin, would escape diagnosis. Tuberculin negative stock monkeys usually remained free from tuberculosis until used in experiments. Daily rectal temperatures and exercise records were kept on all inoculated monkeys for 1 or 2 periods of 4-5 weeks, unless it was found advisable to kill
Maximum vertical ground displacement of seismic waves generated by explosive blasts

An approximate first-power relationship was found between the maximum vertical component of ground displacement and the charge size from a number of quarry shots. The maximum vertical ground displacement, normalized to the Rainier (1.7 kt.) underground nuclear shot, is presented for a series of explosive shots ranging in size from 1 ton 19 kilotons and at distances of 1 to nearly 1,000 kilometers. The following empirical equations were found to fit the observed data: A = 0.65 ± 0.15 R 3 / 2 f r o m 1 t o 100 k i l o m e t e r s A = ( 0.013 ± 0.003 ) e − ( 0.0072 ± 0.0003 ) R R 1 / 2 f r o m 100 t o 1 , 000 k i l o m e t e r s where A is the maximum vertical component of ground displacement in centimeters and R is the distance in kilometers.
Participation of Community-based Organizations in AIDS Prevention and Control in Sichuan

Objective To investigate the participating status of community-based organizations in AIDS prevention and control in Sichuan province,in order to provide suggestions for promoting community-based organizations.Methods Face-to-face questionnaire interview was adopted to community-based organizations in 16 prefectures in Sichuan based on purposive sampling.Results Forty-four community-based organizations were distributed in sixteen cities/states,25% of them in Chengdu.The shortest time for participating in AIDS prevention and control was two years and the longest was twelve years,with an average of five years.Seven community-based organizations had no full-time personnel.The number of volunteers/peer educators accounts for two-thirds or more in 63.6% community-based organizations.Thirteen community-based organizations had been registered,including eight civil registration.The main funding source mainly came from international cooperation project.There were three community- based organizations had three financing channels,and 19 organizations only had one channel.The primary problem in AIDS prevention and control was short of funds and volunteer liquidity.Conclusion Community- based organizations participated in AIDS prevention and control has initially formed a network in Sichuan,yet he development and financing difficulties are significant.Thus,the government to increase capital investment,but also need relevant departments to provide technical support and guidance.
Classifier Ensemble with Diversity: Effectiveness Analysis and Ensemble Optimization

Diversity is a necessary condition for high generalization capability in classifier ensemble. However, there exists no uniform analysis and operation methods for diversity measure, effectiveness analysis or ensemble optimization.To solve these issues, on the one hand, classifier ensemble with diversity is comprehensively summarized and analyzed from three aspects, i.e., diversity measurement methods, effectiveness analysis for diversity measurement methods and optimization techniques for classifier ensemble. Moreover, the effectiveness of diversity is also demonstrated by the vector space model. On the other hand, comparative experiments and analysis have been performed on UCI data sets and USPS data set with a variety of typical classifier ensemble methods(Bagging, boosting, GA-based, quadratic programming(QP), semi-definite programming(SDP), regularized selective ensemble(RSE)). Finally, we give some suggestions on how to select diversity measurement methods and optimization techniques in ensemble.
Cell Type Specific Expression of Steroid 5α-Reductase 2

AbstractIsozymes of steroid 5α-reductase (5α-reductase) have crucial roles in androgen physiology by synthesizing the potent hormone dihydrotestosterone. The expression pattern of the 5α-reductase type 2 isozyme was determined in genital and extragenital tissues by developing an immunohistochemical assay using formalin-fixed tissue and affinity purified polyclonal antibodies that specifically recognize this isozyme. Expression was detected in basal epithelial and stromal cells of the normal prostate but not in luminal epithelial cells. Stromal cells of the seminal vesicle also expressed the type 2 isozyme. In contrast, staining was detected in epithelial cells of the epididymis but not in the surrounding stroma. Myofibroblasts in foreskin samples of normal and hypospadiac individuals expressed antigen and were distributed in bands throughout the prepuce, suggesting a clonal origin. In most cells the type 2 isozyme exhibited a perinuclear subcellular distribution. However, in liver hepatocytes the protein ...
Some findings resulting from the Army Air Forces physical training program.

(1946). Some Findings Resulting from the Army Air Forces Physical Training Program. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 144-164.
CHAPTER 9:Dynamics of Membrane-Bound Particles: Capsules and Vesicles

This chapter provides a tutorial on the analytical modeling of the nonequilibrium dynamics of particles enclosed by viscoelastic membranes, such as vesicles and capsules. A particular challenge for this kind of problem stems from asphericity and membrane inextensibility, which engenders nonlinearity that gives rise to unexpected behavior, such as multiple dynamical states of vesicles in shear flow (tank-treading, tumbling, trembling, swinging), asymmetric slipper-like shapes in Poiseuille flow, and pearling and asymmetric dumbbell shapes in straining flows or uniform electric fields. We derive solutions for the deformation and motion of a nearly spherical particle, which illustrates the use of a formalism based on spherical harmonics. In particular, we show how a theoretical analysis of the motion and deformation of a freely suspended capsule (referring to both vesicles and polymer capsules) subject to forces arising from applied flows, electric fields, or actively generated surface tractions explains some of the experimentally observed responses. The results are applied to the analysis of blood flow in the microcirculation, and microorganism swimming.
Felicidade, uma forma de olhar a vida:

De onde vem essa cegueira eterna que nos faz lidar com o novo usando os velhos padroes? Estamos reduzindo as possibilidades de nossa vida e limitando o potencial de nossa obra pela dificuldade de nos abrirmos verdadeiramente para o horizonte mais amplo do novo. Os padroes que formatam nosso olhar sobre a existencia tambem criam uma cortina de fumaca que nos ilude e confunde nossas percepcoes. Albert Einstein nos ensina que “nao e possivel resolver os problemas no mesmo nivel de consciencia que os criou”. E preciso transcender o estado do pensamento e percepcao que gerou determinada situacao ou relacao e funcionar em um estado mais amplo e, portanto, mais cheio de possibilidades. A forma como enxergamos a realidade e que a modela. Vivemos dentro dos limites de nosso olhar, de nossa percepcao. Cada um de nos modelou uma lente, uma forma de ver a realidade, ou o que a ciencia chama de paradigma. Essa formatacao nao e a verdade, e apenas um modelo pessoal da verdade. Sendo assim, e preciso que estejamos atentos a possibilidade de ver outras formas, outros modelos de mundo. Felicidade nao se conquista, se constroi
SEX AND THE ELDERLY: WHAT DO NURSES KNOW?

Controversy exists as to whether nurses hold positive or negative attitudes toward geriatric sexuality. The purpose of this study was to determine graduate nursing students’ (n = 42) knowledge of attitudes toward sexuality and the aged, and to determine if the knowledge and attitudes related to demographic variables such as age, educational background, work experience, and marital status. The nurses’ desire for additional information about geriatric sexuality and the implications for staff development and continuing education programs are discussed.
Postcard America: Curt Teich and the imaging of a nation, 1931–1950

In the early decades of the twentieth century, picture postcards were the combined Instagram and Tweet of the era, and billions were purchased, sent, and received through the mails domestically and...
Pharmacology of Antiarrhythmic Agents

Cardiac arrhythmias result from alterations in the orderly sequence of depolarization and repolarization in the heart. The clinical severity of disordered cardiac activation range from asymptomatic palpitations to lethal arrhythmias. Clinicians have a number of therapeutic options from which to choose in an effort to suppress and/or eliminate the sources or structures that support the arrhythmias, as well as to revert the heart to normal rhythm if other therapies fail (Table 1). While recent technological advances have led to an increase in the use of nonpharmacological strategies including transcatheter radiofrequency or cryothermal ablation, intraoperative cryoablation as well as implantable pacemakers and defibrillators, pharmacological therapy remains a valuable tool formonotherapyor as adjunctive therapy in combination with device therapy. Pharmacological management of arrhythmias utilizes drugs that exert direct effects on cardiac cells by inhibiting the function of specific ion channels or ion pumps or by altering the autonomic input into the heart. Physicians caring for patients with arrhythmias therefore must understand and appreciate the benefits and risks provided by each therapeutic agent, what is the indication for each, and how they interact. Antiarrhythmic drugs, like many drugs currently used in pediatric medicine, rely on data from adult studies for dosing and efficacy. There are relatively limited data concerning anti-arrhythmic drug use in children. Nearly all of the studies addressing the clinical efficacy of antiarrhythmic medications in children are retrospective. Large controlled studies comparing different drugs and dosing schedules are lacking. The Vaughn-Williams system divides antiarrhythmic drugs into four classes based on their predominant mechanism of action. The classification system is, however, an oversimplification and does not address several drugs whose actions cross over multiple groups. Thus, although the grouping of antiarrhythmic agents into four classes is convenient, it should be understood that such a classification falls short of explaining the underlying mechanisms by which many drugs ultimately exert their therapeutic antiarrhythmic effect.
Application of ground based radar system in structural monitoring

Air or satellite borne radar systems has shown millimeter accuracy in change detection by realizing the phase of the returned signal, which has put the radar system a useful piece of tool in structural monitoring and disaster prevention [1]. However the temporal availability of data is very limited due to long revisiting time. This problem could be solved by using a ground based radar system, which provide continuous monitoring of the area of interest. When operated in synthetic aperture mode, the data frequency is in order of minutes, while when operated in real aperture mode, the data frequency is a fraction of second, allowing not only long term displacement but also vibration mode analysis. The ground based synthetic aperture radar system by LiSALAB was used in this study to demonstrate monitoring of a railway bridge in real aperture and synthetic aperture mode.
A general model for thermal and electrical conductivity of binary metallic systems

Abstract We extended and updated Mott's two-band model for the composition-dependence of thermal and electrical conductivity in binary metal alloys based on high-throughput time-domain thermoreflectance (TDTR) measurements on diffusion multiples and scatterer-density calculations from first principles. Examining Au-Cu, Au-Ag, Pd-Ag, Pd-Cu, Pd-Pt, Pt-Rh, and Ni-Rh binary alloys, we found that the nature of the two dominant scatterer-bands considered in the Mott model changes with the alloys, and should be interpreted as a combination of the dominant element-specific s - and/or d -orbitals. Using orbital and element-resolved density-of-states values calculated with density functional theory as input, we determined the correct orbital mix that dominates electron scattering for all examined alloys and found excellent agreement between fitted models and experimental results. This general model of the composition dependence of the thermal and electrical resistivity can be readily implemented into the CALPHAD framework.
Tutorial: Outlier Detection for Temporal Data

Outlier (or anomaly) detection is a very broad ﬁeld which has been studied in the context of a large number of research areas like statistics, data mining, sensor networks, environmental science, distributed systems, spatio-temporal mining, etc. The ﬁrst few articles in outlier detection focused on time series based outliers (in statistics). Since then, outlier detection has been studied on a large variety of data types including high-dimensional data, uncertain data, stream data, network data, time series data, spatial data, and spatiotemporal data. While there have been many tutorials and surveys for general outlier detection, we focus on outlier detection for temporal data in this tutorial. A large number of applications generate temporal datasets. For example, in our everyday life, various kinds of records like credit, personnel, ﬁnancial, judicial, medical, etc. are all temporal. This stresses the need for an organized and detailed study of outliers with respect to such temporal data. In the past decade, there has been a lot of research on various forms of temporal data including consecutive data snapshots, series of data snapshots and data streams. Besides the initial work on time series, researchers have focused on rich forms of data including multiple data streams, spatio-temporal data, network data, community distribution data, etc. Compared to general outlier detection, techniques for temporal outlier detection are very diﬀerent, like AR models, Markov models, evolutionary clustering, etc. In this tutorial, we will present an organized picture of recent research in temporal outlier detection. We begin by motivating the importance of temporal outlier detection and brieﬁng the challenges beyond usual outlier detection. Then, we list down a taxonomy of proposed techniques for temporal outlier detection. Such techniques broadly include statistical techniques (like AR models, Markov models, histograms, neural networks), distance and density based approaches, grouping based approaches (clustering, community detection), network based approaches, and spatio-temporal outlier detection approaches. We summarize by presenting a collection of applications where temporal outlier detection techniques have been applied to discover interesting outliers.
Titanium Dioxide Hole-Blocking Layer in Ultra-Thin-Film Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells

One of the remaining obstacles to achieving the theoretical efficiency limit of crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells is high interface recombination loss for minority carriers at the Ohmic contacts. The contact recombination loss of the ultra-thin-film c-Si solar cells is more severe than that of the state-of-art thick cells due to the smaller volume and higher minority carrier concentration. This paper presents a design of an electron passing (Ohmic) contact for n-type Si that is hole-blocking with significantly reduced hole recombination. By depositing a thin titanium dioxide (TiO2) layer, we form a metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) contact for a 2 μm-thick Si cell to achieve an open circuit voltage ( $V_{oc}$ ) of 645 mV, which is 10 mV higher than that of an ultra-thin cell with a traditional metal contact. This TiO2 MIS contact constitutes a step towards high-efficiency ultra-thin-film c-Si solar cells.
Reply to Kiser: Dioxygen binding in NOV1 crystal structures.

In PNAS (1) Kiser has expressed some skepticism about the identity of the active-site dioxygen molecule and suggests that the density is better modeled with two water molecules at partial occupancy. In response, we have performed an extended analysis with the following results. There are currently 321 entries for proteins containing dioxygen (PDB OXY) in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). As might be expected, the electron density ranges from highly symmetric to highly irregular. For example, naphthalene 1,2-dioxygenase [PDB ID code 1O7N (2)], cited by Kiser as a comparable enzyme, has a dioxygen bound in a side-on manner to an iron in almost exactly the same orientation as the NOV1 structures with and without substrate (3). Like NOV1, the … [↵][1]2To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: rpmcandrew{at}lbl.gov. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Differences That Make a Difference in Disorders of Consciousness

We are grateful to Fischer and Truog (2017) for their thoughtful commentary on our work on the minimally conscious state (MCS), disorders of consciousness, and the rights owed to this patient popul...
A Linear Prolongation Approach to Stabilizing CMFD

In this paper, we propose a new prolongation method to replace the conventional flat flux ratio–based scaling approach of coarse-mesh finite difference (CMFD) for updating the flux. The new prolong...
A need for NAD+ in muscle development, homeostasis, and aging

Skeletal muscle enables posture, breathing, and locomotion. Skeletal muscle also impacts systemic processes such as metabolism, thermoregulation, and immunity. Skeletal muscle is energetically expensive and is a major consumer of glucose and fatty acids. Metabolism of fatty acids and glucose requires NAD+ function as a hydrogen/electron transfer molecule. Therefore, NAD+ plays a vital role in energy production. In addition, NAD+ also functions as a cosubstrate for post-translational modifications such as deacetylation and ADP-ribosylation. Therefore, NAD+ levels influence a myriad of cellular processes including mitochondrial biogenesis, transcription, and organization of the extracellular matrix. Clearly, NAD+ is a major player in skeletal muscle development, regeneration, aging, and disease. The vast majority of studies indicate that lower NAD+ levels are deleterious for muscle health and higher NAD+ levels augment muscle health. However, the downstream mechanisms of NAD+ function throughout different cellular compartments are not well understood. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent studies investigating NAD+ function in muscle development, homeostasis, disease, and regeneration. Emerging research areas include elucidating roles for NAD+ in muscle lysosome function and calcium mobilization, mechanisms controlling fluctuations in NAD+ levels during muscle development and regeneration, and interactions between targets of NAD+ signaling (especially mitochondria and the extracellular matrix). This knowledge should facilitate identification of more precise pharmacological and activity-based interventions to raise NAD+ levels in skeletal muscle, thereby promoting human health and function in normal and disease states.
Age-Dependent Processes

When particles have general (not necessarily exponential) lifetime distribution, then the process {Z(t); t≥0}, Z(t)=the number of particles existing at t,is called an age-dependent or general time branching process. It is not Markovian, and the methods of the previous chapters do not apply. Such models were introduced and first studied by R. Bell-man and T. Harris (1952).
East African Piracy and the Defense of World Public Order

We are grateful for the opportunity to contribute an essay on the law of the sea in a volume honoring our friend, Rudiger Wolfrum. As scholar and judge, Rudiger Wolfrum has instructed a generation on the law of the sea and, even more distinctively, has shaped the field in his roles as an innovative decision maker. Because so much of Professor Wolfrum’s work addresses contemporary problems, we have chosen to focus on a current, acute problem in the law of the sea: the challenges presented by the recrudescence of piracy in the Gulf of Aden and the Arabian Sea. New forms of piracy in the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean have brought piracy to the forefront and international lawyers and policy makers are struggling to install mechanisms that can control it. We hope to show, using some of the methods of the New Haven School, that (i) the developments there are best conceived of as a problem of the restoration and maintenance of public order rather than as a stricto sensu “legal problem”; and (ii) viewed in context from that perspective, only some of the techniques for the protection of public order are applicable.
CHOLINERGIC REM SLEEP INDUCTION—A TRAIT MARKER OF AFFECTIVE ILLNESS?

The induction of REM sleep by arecoline was investigated as a potential marker of a central cholinergic response in man. Compared to normal volunteers, primary affective patients during both the depressed as well as euthymic state had a faster REM-induction response to arecoline challenge. Similarly, anorexia nervosa patients with coexisting affective illness were more sensitive to arecoline than patients without an affective component. The cholinergic response in normals and affective patients was also inversely related to amphetamine induced excitation.
Basic Physics Discussion of CdS/CdTe

A basic physics discussion of the CdS/CdTe solar cell is given. Characteristic behavior of a CdTe solar cell when a thin layer of CdS is added to the surface is given. The field distribution in the CdS side of the junction is computed. Field quenching and critical fields are calculated. High field domains are introduced. A Domain analysis is given. The field-of-direction method is introduced. Field limitation at the junction interface are obtained. A reduction in junction leakage is suggested. Experimental evidence of high field domains, using thee Franz-Keldysh effect are given. The relevance of high field domains in hetero junctions is demonstrated. The question why only CdS yields such an performance improvement is answered with experimental evidence. Consequences of field quenching for inter band connections are given. Summary and conclusion are given.
Omissions as Events and Actions

We take ourselves to be able to omit to perform certain actions and to be at times responsible for these omissions. Moreover, omissions seem to have effects and to be manifestations of our agency. So, it is natural to think that omissions must be events. However, very few people writing on this topic have been willing to argue that omissions are events. Such a view is taken to face three significant challenges: (i) omissions are thought to be somehow problematically negative, (ii) it is unclear where the event of an omission would be located, and (iii) if we accept any omissions as events, it seems like there would be far too much causation involving them. In this paper, I develop a novel view of omissions as events and as actions that provides answers to these challenges.
Interdisciplinary Care Model: Pneumonia and Oral Health

This chapter provides an overview of classification, epidemiology, oral and systemic characterization of disease and symptomology, approaches to diagnosis and disease management across the spectrum of pneumonia subtypes. In addition, the evidence base supporting oral-systemic connections between oral diseases and pneumonia is explored and recommendations for dental diagnoses in the context of pneumonia are proposed. With respect to advances in the research arena, consideration of microbiota and pneumonia phenotypes is examined, as well as current approaches to risk assessment surrounding definition of relative risk for pneumonia susceptibility. Further, interdisciplinary medical-dental care delivery is explored including development of interdisciplinary care plans for patient management. Finally, current ontology surrounding pneumonia, technical implications and opportunities for achieving improved definitions of pneumonia subtype phenotypes and quality assessment in care delivery are briefly explored.