cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temporal and spatial idleness exploitation for optimal-grained leakage control

Runtime leakage control techniques, such as power gating (PG) and body biasing (BB), have been applied in a coarse-grained manner traditionally. In order to enable more aggressive leakage reduction, researchers are seeking ways to control leakage with finer granularity. Our research proposes two novel methods, namely circuit clustering for temporal and spatial idleness exploitation, to systematically reduce the granularity of leakage control and improve leakage reduction. Another strength of this paper is the quantitative study of leakage saving and control cost by leakage control with different granularity. With our quantitative study, designers can make the trade-off between leakage saving and control cost, and decide the optimum granularity for leakage control. A heuristic algorithm has been developed to automate the two circuit clustering methods and determine the optimum granularity for any given circuit. The analysis and experiments of this paper is mainly based on RBB. They are also applicable to PG by modifying the cost function.
A rat model to determine the biomedical consequences of concurrent ethanol ingestion and cigarette smoke exposure.

The many and varied biomedical consequences of alcohol abuse have been recognized for centuries (Lieber, 1992, Osler, 1909, Poultney, 1786). Studies in humans and laboratory animals have measured the effects of excessive ethanol (EtOH) ingestion on virtually every aspect of health (). For years our laboratory and others have used acutely or chronically intoxicated rodent models to study the deleterious effects of EtOH abuse on host defense against microbial infections. The contribution of nutritional deficiency has been controlled for in studies utilizing chronic EtOH ingestion by inclusion of pair-fed animals receiving isocaloric diets or supplements in which EtOH was replaced by carbohydrates (Bautista and Wang, 2001; Davis, et.al., 1991; Nelson, et.al., 1989; Taylor et.al., 2002). However, the effect of smoking, another major complicating factor in human alcoholism, has been regularly overlooked. Given that 80–95% of alcoholics smoke (Bien and Burge, 1990; ) and smoking is clearly associated with increased incidence and severity of respiratory tract diseases (Finklea, et al., 1971; Nuorti, et al., 2000), it is imperative to consider the compounding effects of smoking when studying EtOH-induced defects in host defense against infections such as pneumonia. Although there have been a few studies in which the effects of acute cigarette smoke and ethanol on pancreatic injury (Hartwig, et.al, 2000) or chronic ethanol plus nicotine injection on CYP2E1 and antioxidant levels were measured (Howard, et. al, 2001; Husain, et.al., 2001), to our knowledge there have been no published reports of animal models that examine the combined effects of chronic ethanol ingestion and cigarette smoke inhalation on host resistance to infection. To this end, we have developed a rat model of concurrent EtOH ingestion and smoke exposure to study the separate and combined effects of these two risk factors. This manuscript describes the model system, provides basic data on its relevance to human alcoholics who smoke, and validates its suitability for the study of a wide range of health-related consequences of alcohol abuse and smoking in a mammalian host.
A 21-year history of all-terrain vehicle injuries: has anything changed?

BACKGROUND: All-terrain vehicle (ATV)-related injuries have increased. The purpose of this study was to determine if the increase in injuries correlates with the expiration of government mandates. METHODS: ATV-injured patients admitted to a level I trauma center were reviewed over the years 1985-1999 and 2000-2005. Several demographic variables and injuries sustained were analyzed. RESULTS: There were a total of 433 injuries, which increased from 164 between 1985 and 1999, to 269 between 2000 and 2005. By comparing the time periods we observed a decrease in closed-head injury (53.6% vs 27.5%; P Language: en
Delivery of ligands from sorting endosomes to late endosomes occurs by maturation of sorting endosomes

After endocytosis, lysosomally targeted ligands pass through a series of endosomal compartments. The endocytic apparatus that accomplishes this passage may be considered to take one of two forms: (a) a system in which lysosomally targeted ligands pass through preexisting, long-lived early sorting endosomes and are then selectively transported to long-lived late endosomes in carrier vesicles, or (b) a system in which lysosomally targeted ligands are delivered to early sorting endosomes which themselves mature into late endosomes. We have previously shown that sorting endosomes in CHO cells fuse with newly formed endocytic vesicles (Dunn, K. W., T. E. McGraw, and F. R. Maxfield. 1989. J. Cell Biol. 109:3303-3314) and that previously endocytosed ligands lose their accessibility to fusion with a half-time of approximately 8 min (Salzman, N. H., and F. R. Maxfield. 1989. J. Cell Biol. 109:2097-2104). Here we have studied the properties of individual endosomes by digital image analysis to distinguish between the two mechanisms for entry of ligands into late endosomes. We incubated TRVb-1 cells (derived from CHO cells) with diO-LDL followed, after a variable chase, by diI-LDL, and measured the diO content of diI-containing endosomes. As the chase period was lengthened, an increasing percentage of the endosomes containing diO-LDL from the initial incubation had no detectable diI-LDL from the second incubation, but those endosomes that contained both probes showed no decrease in the amount of diO-LDL per endosomes. These results indicate that (a) a pulse of fluorescent LDL is retained by individual sorting endosomes, and (b) with time sorting endosomes lose the ability to fuse with primary endocytic vesicles. These data are inconsistent with a preexisting compartment model which predicts that the concentration of ligand in sorting endosomes will decline during a chase interval, but that the ability of the stable sorting endosome to receive newly endocytosed ligands will remain high. These data are consistent with a maturation mechanism in which the sorting endosome retains and accumulates lysosomally directed ligands until it loses its ability to fuse with newly formed endocytic vesicles and matures into a late endosome. We also find that, as expected according to the maturation model, new sorting endosomes are increasingly labeled during the chase period indicating that new sorting endosomes are continuously formed to replace those that have matured into late endosomes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Delivery of Prolamins to the Protein Storage Vacuole in Maize Aleurone Cells

Zeins, the prolamin storage proteins found in maize (Zea mays), accumulate in accretions called protein bodies inside the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of starchy endosperm cells. We found that genes encoding zeins, α-globulin, and legumin-1 are transcribed not only in the starchy endosperm but also in aleurone cells. Unlike the starchy endosperm, aleurone cells accumulate these storage proteins inside protein storage vacuoles (PSVs) instead of the ER. Aleurone PSVs contain zein-rich protein inclusions, a matrix, and a large system of intravacuolar membranes. After being assembled in the ER, zeins are delivered to the aleurone PSVs in atypical prevacuolar compartments that seem to arise at least partially by autophagy and consist of multilayered membranes and engulfed cytoplasmic material. The zein-containing prevacuolar compartments are neither surrounded by a double membrane nor decorated by AUTOPHAGY RELATED8 protein, suggesting that they are not typical autophagosomes. The PSV matrix contains glycoproteins that are trafficked through a Golgi-multivesicular body (MVB) pathway. MVBs likely fuse with the multilayered, autophagic compartments before merging with the PSV. The presence of similar PSVs also containing prolamins and large systems of intravacuolar membranes in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) starchy endosperm suggests that this trafficking mechanism may be common among cereals.
A Walkthrough Solution to the Boundary Overlap Problem

Existing methods for eliminating bias due to boundary overlap suffer some disadvantages in practical use, including the need to work outside the tract, restrictions on the kinds of boundaries to which they are applicable, and the possibility of significantly increased variance as a price for unbiasedness. We propose a new walkthrough method for reducing boundary overlap bias that diminishes or eliminates the need to work outside the tract and accommodates irregular boundaries easily. Under typical conditions, the walk- through method eliminates the boundary overlap bias associated with most objects near the border and reduces it for the remaining objects. The walkthrough method is object-centered in conception and implementation, but the measurements required are simple. The walk- through method complements existing methods for correcting boundary overlap bias and should prove especially helpful when conditions make existing methods difficult or impos- sible to use. FOR .S CI. 50(4):427- 435.
A COMPARISON OF NORWAY RATS AND SPINY MICE ON MEASURES OF ACTIVITY AND EXPLORATION

In Exp. 1 6 adult male Long-Evans derived rats (Rattus norvegicus) and 6 adult male spiny mice (Acomys cahirinus) were observed individually inside a 60-cm × 30-cm × 30-cm open field during a 15-min. session. Measures of locomotion, immobility, self-grooming, rearing-up, and object contact were obtained. Tests of species differences indicated that spiny mice showed significantly more locomotor and rearing behavior than Norway rats. In Exp. 2 12 adult Norway rats (6 male, 6 female) and 12 adult spiny mice (6 male, 6 female) were observed individually inside a six-compartment maze during a 15-min. session. Although no sex difference in maze exploration was found, spiny mice showed significantly more maze exploration than Norway rats. These results suggest that spiny mice, highly precocial in development relative to Norway rats, exhibit correlates of that neonatal competence as adults evidenced by greater behavioral activity and locomotor exploration in novel environments.
Surface High-Energy Laser

We describe a design strategy for high-power solid-state laser oscillators using local correction of thermally induced optical distortion. This offers a potential for scaling lowest order Gaussian mode solid-state laser oscillators directly to high average power, e.g. >100 kW, while using a relatively simple near confocal ring resonator. The waste heat is necessarily produced in the gain region; however, the design strategy facilitates scaling by allowing the laser oscillator to function as though the waste heat was produced in a surface region external to the gain medium.
The Records of a Flour Milling Firm of Rochester, New York

Through the courtesy of Mr. W. M. Angle, of Rochester, New York, the Business Historical Society has acquired the papers of the recently liquidated Moseley & Motley Milling Co., of Rochester, which had ground wheat on the Genesee for almost a hundred years. The federal processing tax hastened the demise of this concern, but its end would no doubt soon have come for other reasons, for both capital and management could find more profitable employment in other industries in Rochester.
Surface based wireless power transmission and bidirectional communication for autonomous robot swarms

We introduce an inexpensive, low complexity power surface system capable of simultaneously providing wireless power and bidirectional communication from a surface to multiple mobile robots. This system enables continuous operation of a swarm-sized population of battery-less robots. Our first prototype consists of a 60 cm times 60 cm power surface that provides power and bidirectional communication to an initial evaluation group of five test robots, each one consuming 200 mW. Unlike typical non-resonant inductive (transformer) coupling, power transmission in this system is achieved through magnetic flux coupling between a high Q L-C resonator placed beneath the operating surface and a non-resonant pickup coil on each robot. We explore the design of the pickup coil and conditioning circuitry, and we characterize the position-dependent power density of a static load representative of a small autonomous robot operating on the surface. We demonstrate a continuous power density averaging 4.1 mW/cm2 for a static load, and develop much greater peak power for dynamic loads via capacitor storage and power conditioning circuitry. We also demonstrate simultaneous broadcast communication between the surface and all robots via amplitude modulation of the magnetic field, and communication between individual robots and the surface via load modulation.
Reflections on some lessons learned from a decade of globalisation studies

Notoriously slippery and expansive, potentially encompassing almost everything under the sun, interrelating apparently disparate elements into wholes so complex, multi-dimensional, and open-ended a...
Inhibition of Reflex Vasoconstriction after Experimental Coronary Embolization in the Dog

The possibility that failure of vascular resistance to increase contributes to hypotension after myocardial infarction was examined in the hindlimbs of dogs following embolization of the coronary arteries. Vascular resistance did not change significantly during sustained severe hypotension after embolization in either the intact hindlimb or in simultaneously autoperfused innervated and denervated hindlimbs using constant flow. In nonembolized animals, an immediate large increase in hindlimb vascular resistance occurred when equivalent hypotension was produced by stimulation of the distal end of the sectioned vagus nerve. Lack of such response during hypotension after embolization suggested that inhibition of reflex vasoconstriction had occcurred. Bilateral cervical vagotomy allowed normal reflex vasoconstriction to proceed during hypotension after infarction. These data indicate that (1) since vascular resistance is unchanged in both innervated and denervated hindlimbs, normal neurogenic vascular tone is sustained during hypotension after myocardial infarction and (2) the baroreceptor reflex, which normally promotes vasoconstriction during hypotension, is inhibited reflexly following myocardial infarction, probably by activation of cardiac vagal afferents.
Extracting the textual and temporal structure of supercomputing logs

Supercomputers are prone to frequent faults that adversely affect their performance, reliability and functionality. System logs collected on these systems are a valuable resource of information about their operational status and health. However, their massive size, complexity, and lack of standard format makes it difficult to automatically extract information that can be used to improve system management. In this work we propose a novel method to succinctly represent the contents of supercomputing logs, by using textual clustering to automatically find the syntactic structures of log messages. This information is used to automatically classify messages into semantic groups via an online clustering algorithm. Further, we describe a methodology for using the temporal proximity between groups of log messages to identify correlated events in the system. We apply our proposed methods to two large, publicly available supercomputing logs and show that our technique features nearly perfect accuracy for online log-classification and extracts meaningful structural and temporal message patterns that can be used to improve the accuracy of other log analysis techniques.
Plasma Lipid Transfer Proteins

The plasma lipid transfer proteins mediate the transfer and exchange of phospholipids and neutral lipids between the plasma lipoproteins. The cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and the phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) are members of the lipid transfer/lipopolysaccharide binding gene family. The CETP contains binding sites for cholesteryl ester and triglycerides and probably acts by a carrier-mediated mechanism. The CETP mediates catabolism of HDL cholesteryl esters, with secondary decreases in HDL size and protein content. The CETP plays a central role in reverse cholesterol transport i.e. the centripetal movement of cholesterol from the periphery back to the liver. CETP gene expression is upregulated in response to increased dietary cholesterol or endogenous hypercholesterolemia. Although CETP reduces HDL levels, its role in reverse cholesterol transport suggests a dominant anti-atherogenic action in vivo.
Fifty Years of Public (Dis)Satisfaction with European Governance: Preferences, Europeanization and Support for the EU

Since its beginnings in the 1950s, the policymaking scope and authority of the European Union have dramatically expanded across a wide range of issue areas. Yet much remains unknown about the interaction between public preferences for EU-level governance, changes in such governance and overall support for European integration. This article analyses surveys ranging from 1962 to 2010 to show that while support for integration in different policy areas has fluctuated over time, it has been surprisingly stable overall; moreover, the relative preference ordering across issue areas has been even more consistent. In addition, this consistency is not affected by changes in Europeanization, nor do such changes appear to be driven by the relative strength of preferences. Finally, issue-specific support for EU-level governance has an impact on overall EU support that becomes stronger as Europeanization in that issue area increases, an effect that increases further with greater political knowledge. These findings call into question understandings of rising Euroscepticism as a reaction to Europeanization taking place primarily in areas where publics oppose it. In addition, they indicate that public awareness of European integration is far greater than political knowledge tests appear to indicate.
Psychological Implications of Testing Positive for the BRCA Gene

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in American women with approximately 230,000 cases diagnosed annually [1]. Women in the United States have a 1 in 8 chance of developing the disease. While most cases of breast cancer do not have a strong familial component, it is estimated that approximately 5–10 % of cases of breast cancer are due to a known genetic factor [2]. In women with a known BRCA 1 or 2 mutation, 40–66 % will eventually develop breast cancer (compared to 10–12 % in the general population) [3]. In response, The American College of Medical Genetics published guidelines for genetic testing for breast and ovarian cancer in 1999.
RING1A and BMI1 bookmark active genes via ubiquitination of chromatin-associated proteins

During mitosis the chromatin undergoes dramatic architectural changes with the halting of the transcriptional processes and evacuation of nearly all transcription associated machinery from genes and promoters. Molecular bookmarking of genes during mitosis is a mechanism of faithfully transmitting cell-specific transcription patterns through cell division. We previously discovered chromatin ubiquitination at active promoters as a potential mitotic bookmark. In this study, we identify the enzymes involved in the deposition of ubiquitin before mitosis. We find that the polycomb complex proteins BMI1 and RING1A regulate the ubiquitination of chromatin associated proteins bound to promoters, and this modification is necessary for the expression of marked genes once the cells enter G1. Depletion of RING1A, and thus inactivation of mitotic bookmarking by ubiquitination, is deleterious to progression through G1, cell survival and proliferation. Though the polycomb complex proteins are thought to primarily regulate gene expression by transcriptional repression, in this study, we discover that these two polycomb proteins regulate the transcription of active genes during the mitosis to G1 transition.
Angelothrombium Pandorae N. G., N. SP. (Acari, Trombidiidae), and Notes on the Biology of the Giant Red Velvet Mites

Both larval and adult stages of this new genus and species are described, rearing having permitted their correlation. As in the related genus Dinothrombium , larvae are parasites on grasshoppers, and the adults are predators on termites. As far as is presently known, the new species is largely confined to the fine sands of the Coachella Valley of southern California.
Abstract B79: Tobacco smoking, polymorphisms in xenobiotic metabolism enzyme genes, and prostate cancer risk and survival

Introduction: The association between tobacco smoking and prostate cancer (PCa) risk and progression remains unclear. This study examined the association between tobacco smoking and risk of localized and advanced PCa, PCa-specific mortality, and overall mortality in African-American, Hispanic and non-Hispanic White men. Polymorphisms in xenobiotic metabolism enzyme genes were further examined as possible modifiers of associations with smoking. Methods: Using data from the California Collaborative Prostate Cancer Study, a multiethnic population-based case-control study conducted in Los Angeles County (631 advanced and 533 localized cases; 594 controls) and the San Francisco Bay Area (568 advanced and 208 localized cases; 545 controls), we evaluated associations between tobacco smoking and risk of localized and advanced PCa using conditional logistic regression. Cox proportional hazards regression models and Kaplan Meier curves with log-rank tests were used to assess associations with PCa-specific and all-cause mortality. Median follow-up time for cases was 8.8 years (IQR: 6.2-9.9). We also investigated the role of 12 metabolism enzyme single nucleotide polymorphisms from 7 genes as potential modifiers of the relationship between tobacco smoking and PCa risk and progression using interaction models. Results: After adjusting for age, PCa family history, body mass index, alcohol consumption, intake of meat cooked at high temperature, and use of snuffing/chewing tobacco, non-Hispanic Whites who were former smokers had an increased risk of localized PCa when compared to never smokers (OR=1.52, 95%CI: 1.11-2.09, p Conclusions: We observed that tobacco smoking was associated with risk of localized and advanced PCa primarily among Non-Hispanic Whites. Moreover, we observed that tobacco smoking was associated with all-cause mortality, albeit no associations were observed for PCa-specific mortality. Genetic variation in CYP1A2 seems to modify the relationship of tobacco smoking status and PCa risk, but not mortality. Citation Format: Ahva Shahabi, Roman Corral, Chelsea Catsburg, Amit D. Joshi, Jocelyn Koo, Esther M. John, Sue A. Ingles, Mariana C. Stern. Tobacco smoking, polymorphisms in xenobiotic metabolism enzyme genes, and prostate cancer risk and survival. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2012 Oct 16-19; Anaheim, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Prev Res 2012;5(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B79.
Kant with Freud: Derrida’s Analysis of the Ancient Dream of Self-Punishment

During his 2000–2001 seminar on the death penalty, Jacques Derrida argues that Kant is the most ‘rigorous’ philosophical proponent of the death penalty and, thus, the thinker who poses the most serious objections to the kind of philosophical abolitionism that Derrida is trying to develop in his seminar. For Kant, the death penalty is the logical result of the fundamental principle of criminal law, namely, talionic law or the right of retaliation as a principle of pure, disinterested reason. In this paper, I demonstrate how Derrida attempts to undermine Kant’s defence of the death penalty by demonstrating both its internal contradictions (the tenuous distinction between poena forensis, that is, punishment by a court, and poena naturalis, natural punishment) and its strange affinities with the law of primitive peoples (as understood by Freud in Totem and Taboo). I argue that Derrida’s repeated returns throughout the seminar to Kant’s Metaphysics of Morals suggest that Kant’s seemingly rational defence of the death penalty is ultimately motivated by interests that belie the supposed disinterestedness of modern law and by a notion of natural justice that at once subtends and subverts all criminal law.
Mimicking Zeolite to Its Core: Porous Sodalite Cages as Hangers for Pendant Trimeric M3(OH) Clusters (M = Mg, Mn, Co, Ni, Cd)

A new class of zeolite-type porous materials in which 3D frameworks are covalently functionalized with crystallographically ordered pendant metal clusters have been synthesized. This work demonstrates a new paradigm for and the feasibility of functionalizing zeolite-type frameworks through the conversion of extraframework sites in mineral zeolites into part of the framework for occupation by dangling metal clusters in metal–organic frameworks.
57 CHANGES IN PAPILLEDEMA, HEADACHE, AND LIFE STATUS IN RESPONSE TO DIET AND METFORMIN IN WOMEN WITH IDIOPATHIC INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION WITH AND WITHOUT CONCURRENT POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME OR HYPERINSULINEMIA

We hypothesized that metformin (MET) and diet would improve signs-symptoms of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), particularly in women with IIH and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or IIH with hyperinsulinemia but no PCOS. We prospectively assessed changes in papilledema, headache, and life status in response to diet and 2.25 g/day of MET in 72 women with IIH (41 with concurrent PCOS, 17 with hyperinsulinemia but no PCOS). The diet was hypocaloric (1500 cal/day if BMI ≥ 25, 2000 cal/day if BMI Women with both IIH and PCOS were heavier than those with IIH alone. The greatest percent weight loss occurred in the MET-treated groups, most marked in women with both IIH and PCOS. The most marked improvement in weight (p
Mating-type Gene Switching in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has two alternative mating types designated MAT a and MATα. These are distinguished by about 700 bp of unique sequences, Ya or Yα, including divergent promoter sequences and part of the open reading frames of genes that regulate mating phenotype. Homothallic budding yeast, carrying an active HO endonuclease gene, HO, can switch mating type through a recombination process known as gene conversion, in which a site-specific double-strand break (DSB) created immediately adjacent to the Y region results in replacement of the Y sequences with a copy of the opposite mating type information, which is harbored in one of two heterochromatic donor loci, HMLα or HMR a. HO gene expression is tightly regulated to ensure that only half of the cells in a lineage switch to the opposite MAT allele, thus promoting conjugation and diploid formation. Study of the silencing of these loci has provided a great deal of information about the role of the Sir2 histone deacetylase and its associated Sir3 and Sir4 proteins in creating heterochromatic regions. MAT switching has been examined in great detail to learn about the steps in homologous recombination. MAT switching is remarkably directional, with MAT a recombining preferentially with HMLα and MATα using HMR a. Donor preference is controlled by a cis-acting recombination enhancer located near HML. RE is turned off in MATα cells but in MAT a binds multiple copies of the Fkh1 transcription factor whose forkhead-associated phosphothreonine binding domain localizes at the DSB, bringing HML into conjunction with MAT a.
The Discourse of Compassion During Fascism

This chapter provides a brief overview of the meanings of compassion during the interwar period in order to create a critical frame for examining how the attributes of neorealist representations of compassion may be differentiated. It examines Carlo Bernari’s Tre operai (Three Factory Workers, 1934), which exemplifies the “new realism” of the interwar years, and Emil Ludwig’s Colloqui con Mussolini (Interviews with Mussolini), where the Duce argues that human suffering is positive, since it prompts revolution and virtue.
Der Jude im Dorn oder: Wie antisemitisch sind Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg?

Untersucht werden die Beziehungen von Wagners Oper Die Meistersinger zu dem Marchen vom Juden im Dorn; sie bilden den Kern des von T.W. Adorno kanonisierten Antisemitismus-Verdachts. Die Analyse bestatigt eine intertextuelle Bezugnahme auf das Marchen in Walthers Probelied, erweist jedoch die daran anknupfenden Spekulationen als unhaltbar.
Conduction in model biological membranes

The artividial lipid bilayer membrane is an elegant experimental model for the biological membrane. It is a curious kind of dielectric object, an ultrathin liquid hydrocarbon like film (approximately 50 % thick) which is made underwater. After discussing its relation to the biological membrane we survey briefly its ion transport properties.
On the Moral Implications and Restrictions Surrounding Affective Computing

Building simulated affects into artifacts poses a moral dilemma. On the one hand, in order for humans to interact fully with machines, the machines need to meet them on human terms, and this requires machines that are capable of assessing human affective states and responding to them in kind. On the other hand, doing so amounts to a fundamental deception that humans will find it hard to keep in mind, namely that these machines do not actually have these affective states and may not, therefore, be worthy of our attachment and our moral regard. Yet, simulated affects, we argue, are necessary for creating machines that can make moral decisions, that affects are essential for disambiguating the utterances of machines and humans, and that not all forms of deception are bad. After an initial provocation, these arguments are taken up in order, after which we argue further that while simulated affects are necessary, they could nonetheless lead to abuse. Therefore, the standard ethical limits and principles involved with any technological innovation must be respected.
Emergent Interdisciplinary Art Curriculum: A Constructivist Approach

This presentation reviews emergent studio occasions that suggest how creative, interdisciplinary projects and knowledge from biometrics, nanotechnology, and geography can be integrated into basic design, art education, and art studio projects. In the United States, students from a variety of disciplines take basic design studio courses to fulfill Fine Arts general education requirements. These students often see unique connections between their home disciplines and visual art. By attending to students' perceptions of interdisciplinary relations, art educators can create relevant curriculum for broader populations and by doing so enrich the visual art curriculum. Using this approach, interdisciplinary visual art education can be integrated earlier in students' academic programs. A constructivist strategy for developing this new curriculum is to take note of the connections the students perceive. In education, 21st century academic silos have replaced C. P. Snow's Two Cultures. Academic structures (silos) divide and isolate experience and knowledge to construct and define academic epistemology within a discipline. The academic structures are intended to replicate the disciplines. However, students who are not yet experts in a particular academic area sometimes perceive exciting new areas for exploration.
Freedom of Character: Creating a Constitutional Character Evidence Test

This essay seeks to fill a scholarly and judicial void by proposing a First Amendment test that courts should apply when prosecutors seek to introduce defendants’ speech as character evidence. Under this constitutional character evidence test, assuming that the defendant can prove that his words are protected under the First Amendment, the prosecution would have to do more than simply satisfy the rules of evidence; it would also have to prove that application of the rules of evidence to the defendant’s words is narrowly tailored to advance a compelling state interest.
An Algebra for Feature Extraction

Though feature extraction is a necessary first step in statistical NLP, it is often seen as a mere preprocessing step. Yet, it can dominate computation time, both during training, and especially at deployment. In this paper, we formalize feature extraction from an algebraic perspective. Our formalization allows us to define a message passing algorithm that can restructure feature templates to be more computationally efficient. We show via experiments on text chunking and relation extraction that this restructuring does indeed speed up feature extraction in practice by reducing redundant computation.
On the Interaction between Norm and Dimensionality: Multiple Regimes in Learning

A learning problem might have several measures of complexity (e.g., norm and dimensionality) that affect the generalization error. What is the interaction between these complexities? Dimension-free learning theory bounds and parametric asymptotic analyses each provide a partial picture of the full learning curve. In this paper, we use high-dimensional asymptotics on two classical problems—mean estimation and linear regression—to explore the learning curve more completely. We show that these curves exhibit multiple regimes, where in each regime, the excess risk is controlled by a subset of the problem complexities.
Adaptive Local Realignment

Mutation rates differ across the length of most proteins, but when multiple sequence alignments are constructed for protein sequences, a single alignment parameter choice is often used across the entire length. This chapter reviews an approach called adaptive local realignment which is the first method to compute protein multiple sequence alignments using diverse parameter settings for different regions of the input sequences. In this way, parameter choices can vary across the length of a protein to more closely model the local mutation rate.
Leonardo da Vinci Programme supports the Development of e-Learning Methods in Application to the Vocational Training in Automation and Robotics

Publisher Summary The development of presentation techniques that involve multimedia tools, and especially, the enhanced quality and availability of information technology (IT) communication technologies has enabled the introduction of new teaching methods. One of them is e-Learning—distance learning supported with electronic presentation and communication media. The main features that set e-Learning apart from other distance learning methods are (1) the use of teaching materials in electronic form together modern IT means and media, (2) the use of the Internet as the main channel for knowledge and information exchange, and (3) the use of Internet-based mutual communication mechanisms This approach can be applied both in school-based teaching and in vocational training for adults. The latter area is particularly important in the light of accelerating changes in labor market preferences; e-Learning facilitates retraining as well as gaining new and raising existing qualifications. The advantages of this method are especially significant in technical professions. It makes significant improvement of the trainings effects possible. This chapter presents the application of e-Learning in the area of automation and robotics.
Human Papillomavirus and Epstein–Barr Virus in Head and Neck Lesions

Viruses are an important factor in many human cancers. In the head and neck region, in particular, human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein–Barr virus are critical to understanding the development and clinical behavior of oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal carcinomas, respectively. HPV appears to also have a role in the development of many other benign and malignant neoplasms. As our understanding of the biology of these viruses and of the tumors they cause increases, there is great potential for customized treatments, patient cures, and, most importantly, prevention of these neoplasms.
No effect of attentional bias modification training in methamphetamine users receiving residential treatment.

Attentional bias toward drug-related stimuli is a feature of drug addiction that is linked to craving and drug-seeking behavior. An attentional bias modification (ABM) program was tested in 42 methamphetamine-dependent clients (DSM-IV criteria) receiving residential treatment for their drug use. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups (N = 21 each), receiving 12 sessions of either computerized ABM training (designed to train attention away from methamphetamine stimuli 100% of the time) or an attentional control condition (designed to train attention away from methamphetamine stimuli 50% of the time). Outcome measures included attentional bias to methamphetamine-related stimuli on a probe detection task, self-reported craving, and preferences to view methamphetamine-related images on a Simulated Drug Choice Task. A subset of participants (N = 17) also underwent fMRI in a cue-induced craving paradigm. Poor split-half reliability was observed for the probe detection task. Using this task, attentional bias toward methamphetamine-related stimuli was greater after training than at baseline, irrespective of group (p = 0.037). Spontaneous and cue-induced methamphetamine craving diminished with time (ps 0.05). ABM training did not influence selection of methamphetamine-related pictures in the Simulated Drug Choice task (p > 0.05). In the fMRI assessment, cue-induced activation in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex was reduced over time, without an effect of ABM training. ABM training did not improve several clinically relevant variables in treatment-seeking methamphetamine users. Additional research is needed to improve the measurement of attentional bias.
Large-Lecture Participation via (Free) Pytania Student Response System

In large lecture courses, encouraging participation is challenging. Pytania is a Student Response System (under development and testing at GMU) that collects students' responses and shows graphs of student responses. It encourages practice and exploration; it guides class discussions by uncovering common misconceptions. We can track students' course-long participation history. Students can also use completed questions as review materials for test preparation. The intended use is to offer a batch of 3-5 questions on a new topic, covering both common and special cases. Students can compare results, discuss, run the example code (in our programming course), and use any means of exploration to choose an answer. They submit answers on any web-enabled device. After time is up, we lock answers, and show the results to discuss, as well as a bar-graph of students' responses. The tool currently offers the following styles of questions: (a) open-response (text), (b) numeric (integer or float), (c) true/false, (d) multiple choice, and (e) multiple answer. Often, the best questions are open-ended and have a single correct answer, such as "what is printed when we run this code?" Another useful style of question is the multiple-answer prompt. We show a "sentiment graph" that colors each option as correct(green) or incorrect(red), with a bar proportional to number of student responses. This quickly identifies correct options that few students chose, or incorrect options that many students chose. It also serves as a great repository for study questions when questions are left in review-mode.
Difluoromethane as a precursor to difluoromethyl borates.

Difluoromethane (CF2H2) is an ecologically-friendly refrigerant which holds promise as a source of CF2H−. However, the weak acidity (pKa = 35–41) and low stability of the conjugate base have prevented its utilization as a chemical feedstock. In this manuscript, we use a Lewis pair approach to deprotonate CF2H2 and capture CF2H− as R3B–CF2H− adducts. One reagent can be used as a base-free Suzuki reagent in palladium-mediated difluoromethylation, where CF2H− transfer is templated by precoordination to an azaborine derived R3B–CF2H− reagent.
Trust Law: Private Ordering and the Branching of American Trust Law

In this chapter, prepared for The Oxford Handbook of New Private Law, we identify the principal ways in which the common law trust has been used as an instrument of private ordering in American practice. We argue that in both law and function, contemporary American trust law has divided into distinct branches. In our taxonomy, one branch involves donative trusts and the other commercial trusts. The donative branch divides further to include three separate sub-branches for revocable and irrevocable private trusts plus charitable trusts. We explain the logic of this branching in both practical function and doctrinal form.
Color TV: Postcolonial Concerns and "Colored" Television Audiences in South Africa

As the first postapartheid television show to exclusively address “coloreds,” Color TV , a variety comedy show, participates in the postcolonial objective of dismantling historical racial hierarchies in South Africa. Yet contradictory responses by “colored” viewers to the focus on working-class experiences expose fault lines in this democratizing project. Identity theories of strategic essentialism and creolization explain how working-class viewers embraced the realism of Color TV that they felt legitimized the significance of their role in the nation, while middle-class viewers perceived the images as too restrictive yet simultaneously identified proudly as “colored.” The uneven reception of Color TV highlights the significance of addressing intersectional identities (of race and class) in television programming to expand inclusion of minority groups in multicultural nations.
Development of specific cutting energy map for sustainable turning: a study of Al 6061 T6 from conventional to high cutting speeds

This study presents the development of a novel Specific Cutting Energy (SCE) based process map for turning of Al 6061 T6 alloy from conventional to high-speed machining range. The newly developed SCE map for turning process was compared with already published SCE maps for orthogonal machining. The comparison of maps revealed that SCE consumption trends observed in turning process are similar to those observed in orthogonal machining. Low values of SCE were observed at high cutting speeds and high feed rates that demonstrate the benefit of high-speed machining. Similar to the orthogonal machining SCE map, a high energy consumption zone named as “avoidance zone” was observed at high cutting speeds and low feed rates. Surface roughness analysis performed in the avoidance zone established the presence of built-up-edge on cutting inserts that not only resulted in high energy consumption but also deteriorated the surface finish of the machined part. Furthermore, statistical analysis of experimental data also revealed the significant effect of tool nose radius on SCE consumption in high-speed machining range. This significance of tool nose radius for SCE consumption has not been reported earlier in literature.
My Wildest Dream: A Letter to My Black Son.

This article is a letter to my son. In this letter I tell him the truth of my reality in theological education, as one filled with sexism, racism, and various other experiences. I express my fears ...
A novel pharmacotherapy approach using P-glycoprotein (PGP/ABCB1) efflux inhibitor combined with ivermectin to reduce alcohol drinking and preference in mice.

Abstract Alcohol use disorder (AUD) has a major national impact, affecting over 18 million people, causing approximately 88,000 deaths, and costing upward of $250 billion annually in the United States. Unfortunately, FDA-approved AUD pharmaceuticals are few, and clinical benefits are mostly ineffective in patients suffering from AUD. Therefore, the identification of novel targets and/or innovative methods for the development of safe and effective medications represents a critical public health need. Previously, we reported that avermectin compounds (ivermectin [IVM] and moxidectin [MOX]) significantly reduced ethanol intake in male and female mice. However, avermectin compounds are readily effluxed by P-glycoprotein (Pgp/ABCB1) in the blood–brain barrier (BBB), resulting in reduced retention time by the drugs in the central nervous system (CNS). As such, the doses of IVM or MOX and the time frame for significant reductions of ethanol intake are not ideal. Here we evaluate a novel combinatorial strategy involving IVM and tariquidar (TQ), a third-generation efflux inhibitor of Pgp, to reduce the dosing necessary for improving alcohol (ethanol) consumption behavior. We tested male C57BL/6J mice using a two-bottle choice study to evaluate ethanol consumption and preference. We found that injecting 10 mg/kg of TQ 30 min prior to IVM resulted in a five-fold improvement in the efficacy of IVM (dosed at 0.5 mg/kg), resulting in a significant reduction in ethanol intake and preference. Notably, the reduction by IVM was well tolerated, and no adverse effects were identified when tested at doses ranging from 0.50 mg/kg to 2.0 mg/kg. Collectively, our findings indicate that IVM, in combination with TQ, increases its efficacy in the CNS for reducing ethanol consumption. This work demonstrates a novel combinatorial drug strategy that allows new opportunities for drugs with poor CNS retention, such as IVM, to demonstrate improved potency and potentially improved safety.
Impact of computed tomography (CT) reconstruction kernels on radiotherapy dose calculation

Purpose To quantitatively evaluate the effect of computed tomography (CT) reconstruction kernels on various dose calculation algorithms with heterogeneity correction. Methods The gammex electron density (ED) Phantom was scanned with the Siemens PET/CT Biograph20 mCT and reconstructed with twelve different kernel options. Hounsfield unit (HU) vs electron density (ED) curves were generated to compare absolute differences. Scans were repeated under head and pelvis protocols and reconstructed per H40s (head) and B40s (pelvis) kernels. In addition, raw data from a full-body patient scan were also reconstructed using the four B kernels. Per reconstruction, photon (3D and VMAT), electron (18 and 20 MeV) and proton (single field) treatment plans were generated using Varian Eclipse dose calculation algorithms. Photon and electron plans were also simulated to pass through cortical bone vs liver plugs of the phantom for kernel comparison. Treatment field monitor units (MU) and isodose volumes were compared across all scenarios. Results The twelve kernels resulted in minor differences in HU, except at the extreme ends of the density curve with a maximum absolute difference of 55.2 HU. The head and pelvis scans of the phantom resulted in absolute HU differences of up to 49.1 HU for cortical bone and 45.1 HU for lung 300, which is a relative difference of 4.1% and 6.2%, respectively. MU comparisons across photon and proton calculation algorithms for the patient and phantom scans were within 1-2 MU, with a maximum difference of 5.4 MU found for the 20 MeV electron plan. The 20MeV electron plan also displayed maximum differences in isodose volumes of 20.4 cc for V90%. Conclusion Clinically insignificant differences were found among the various kernel generated plans for photon and proton plans calculated on patient and phantom scan data. However, differences in isodose volumes found for higher energy electron plans amongst the kernels may have clinical implications for prescribing dose to an isodose level.
Case-based Instruction in Science Professional Development: Bilingual/ESL Teachers Reflect about Science Subject Matter Knowledge and Pedagogy

This article is a qualitative study that explored bilingual/ESL science teachers’ reflections about subject matter knowledge (SMK) and instructional practice in the elementary grades. Thirty-three ...