cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 350: Metabolism of Nitrite and Sulfide in the Aging Cardiovascular System

Introduction: Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) and Nitric Oxide (NO) are gaseous signaling molecules that affect many pathophysiological functions like vasodilation, anti-inflammation, cytoprotection, anti-apoptosis, mitochondrial respiration and angiogenesis. These actions suggest that the relationship between these gasotransmitters could be involved in the cardiovascular aging response. Objective: We examined the age dependent regulation of H2S and NO metabolites in mice. Methods: Levels of H2S and NO metabolites were measured in various organs of C57BL/6J wild type mice at age 6, 12 and 24 weeks. The monobromobimane (MBB)-HPLC method was used to measure various sulfide pools. NO metabolites were measured using NO chemiluminescence. One-way ANOVA with bonferroni post-testing was used to compare metabolites between age groups. A p value of ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Results: In the heart, lung and kidneys there was a significant increase in total and free sulfide levels with age over 24 weeks. In the heart...
Analysis of effects of implementation on WB/DFID tuberculosis control project in the past seven years in Fuzhou City

Aim To evaluate the effect of World Bank/DFID Tuberculosis Control Project in the past seven years in Fuzhou.Method The data of the tuberculosis control project carried out from 2002 to 2008 in Fuzhou.Results There 66 618 registered suspected tuberculosis patients,including 33 906 active pulmonary tuberculosis cases and 17 359 smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis cases.The registration rate of smear-positive case increased from 31.27/106 in 2002 to 42.20/106 in 2008.The average cure rate of smear positives were 88.13%.Conclusion Marked achievements in World Bank/DFID tuberculosis control project have been made.The three-WHO-recommended targets of 100% DOTs coverage of counties,70% new smear-positive case detection rateand 85% cure rate had been reached.
A conservative approach to testicular tumors in children: 12 cases and their management.

AbstractDuring a 34-year period 12 children were seen with testicular tumors. Of 8 benign tumors 7 were treated by orchiectomy and 1 by local excision only. The 4 malignant tumors were managed by orchiectomy and 1 boy also received adjunctive chemotherapy. All patients are alive and have had no recurrent tumors after 1½ to 34 years of followup. Because testicular tumors usually are less aggressive in prepubertal children, the chance of cure by orchiectomy alone in this age group is good. However, the potential of these tumors for metastases makes it imperative that they be observed closely.
Exploiting the semantic web for systems diagnosis

Diagnosis is the task of explaining abnormal behaviors of systems like telecommunication, transportation or energy systems. Given a sequence of observations the problem is to determine, online, all faults that are in line with these observations. Many approaches tackle this problem but they either require domain expertise or a formal description of how observations and faults are connected. This limits their scope to the diagnosis of well-understood faults. We address the problem of diagnosing faults that may occur for the first time and present a new diagnosis approach that integrates techniques for analyzing semantic descriptions of observations and faults.
Role of percutaneous nephrostomy inpatients with upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma

Abstract Percutaneous nephrostomy has become a well-established procedure for a wide variety of urologic disorders. However, its role in the management of patients with upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma has not been defined. We utilized percutaneous nephrostomy in 23 renal units for the evaluation or treatment of 21 patients in whom standard techniques were inconclusive or inadequate. The percutaneous nephrostomy provided adequate relief of obstruction in the face of significant azotemia or infection. Diagnostic abilities were improved through the use of antegrade pyelography, selective cytologic examination, and, at times, by providing direct access for endoscopic visualization and .biopsy. In select cases, the percutaneous access provided a route for definitive or adjunctive treatment of the lesion. Complications were few and seeding of the tract or local tumor spread has not occurred at follow-up ranging from one to one hundred twenty-one (mean 27.8) months.
Does prey community composition affect the way different behavioral types interact with their environment

We examined how different exploratory behavioral types of largemouth bass responded to differing prey communities by determining effects on growth, survival and diet in experimental ponds. We found evidence that non-explorer largemouth bass target young-of-year bluegill early on in life, but bluegill were not an important diet item by late summer. The presence of young-of-year bluegill as prey does appear to affect the foraging strategy of the two exploring types differently. In the absence of small bluegill, both behavioral types feed primarily on benthic invertebrates and zooplankton. When small bluegill were present, we saw a shift away from zooplankton as prey for largemouth bass. However, that shift was toward more benthic invertebrates for non-exploring behavioral types and toward terrestrial insects for exploring behavioral types. Thus, it appears that prey community composition can have important effects on the way in which different behavioral types interact with their environment.
The Intellectual Roots of Reagan’s Foreign Policy

As unlikely as it might have seemed at the time in academic and elite circles, Ronald Reagan’s foreign policy legacy soared to extraordinary heights following the peaceful end of the Cold War. This newfound admiration for Reagan’s actions led his successors to draw inspiration from his ideas, so much so that George W. Bush pursued a grand strategy much closer to Reagan’s than to that of his own father’s in terms of its global support for democracy around the world. Or, for another example, current Republican leaders with views as opposite on international engagement as Marco Rubio on the interventionist side of the spectrum and Rand Paul on the isolationist end both claim to follow the grand strategic ideas of Reagan. This widespread admiration from political leaders aside, there is some level of confusion in what different experts really mean when they talk about Reagan’s “grand strategy.” In order to clarify the sources of Reagan’s grand strategy and draw some lessons from it for our current era, this chapter explicates the enduring values and ideas guiding Reagan’s strategy, presents the formal strategic plans he laid out early in his tenure and analyzes how the policy decisions made over the remainder of his time in office fit with his initial strategic ideas and plans.
Efficacy of Iron Chelation in Reducing Cardiac Iron as Assessed by MRI T2* in Patients with Thalassemia Major

241 thalassemia major patients have had repeated evaluation of cardiac iron assessed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) over a median interval of 15 months (range 2.6–72.6). We compared changes in T2* between MRI studies with desferrioxamine (DFO) – (number of patients (n)=31, total MRIs (nMRI)=116), deferiprone (DFP) − (n=41 nMRI=94) and combination of DFO and DFP (Comb) − (n=143 nMRI=347) using repeated measurement analysis with correlated error terms and time varying covariates. Patients were divided into four groups according to their baseline cardiac T2* (Heavy load £ 8 ms, moderate load 8–14, mild 3 14–20 and normal 3 20). Table 1 shows the overall assessment excluding patients on DFX. These were not included in that assessment as the total period of exposure was statistically significantly less than that of the other regimes. Analysis was therefore performed using student T test to assess the rate of change between the first and second MRI in the T2* values in patients with comparable cardiac siderosis according to each chelation regime adjusted for overall time of exposure (Table 2). With linear regression analysis (Table3) we compared the effect of DFO to the other three regimes in the annual rate of increasing cardiac T2*. The results have been adjusted for baseline T2* and time of exposure to therapy. Both DFP and Comb regimes are superior to DFO in reducing cardiac siderosis. This indicates that over one year DFP and Comb regimes will have a greater increase in T2* than that achieved by DFO. In addition, Comb seems to be superior to DFX as it would increase the T2* by 2ms/year above that which can be achieved by DFX (p=0.007). DFP achieves 1.7ms/year above the annual improvement with DFX but the difference is not statistically significant. The estimated difference in annual improvement of T2* between Comb and DFP is 0.33ms/year (p=0.07) These data confirm that which is seen in clinical practice according to the chelation regimes used. It is clear that the combination of DFO and DFP is the most rapid regime for reducing cardiac iron and seems to be effective at all levels of cardiac siderosis. The ability to assess tissue iron in the heart is extremely clinically valuable and allows preemptive intervention in order to reduce cardiac morbidity and mortality by the selection of the most appropriate chelation therapy according to the MRI findings. Table1 Annual estimated mean change in T2* according to severity of cardiac siderosis Table 2 Annual estimated mean change in T2* according to severity of cardiac siderosis Table 3
Nutrient Utilization in Term Infants

The provision of optimal nutrition during infancy is paramount considering the rapidity with which infants grow during the postnatal period. Human growth rate is the highest in infancy, with the exception of that experienced in utero. Median growth rate in infancy is about 10 g/Kg/d at 2 to 4 weeks, 3.5 g/Kg/d at 12 to 16 weeks, and 1 g/Kg/day at the end of the first year of life (1). During the most intensive growth period of early infancy, human milk or an appropriate substitute is the principal, if not the only source of required nutrients for acquisition and maintenance of bodily tissues. Marked compositional differences exist among human milk and infant formula preparations and, in large part, the physiological significance of these differences has not been evaluated.
Sun Safety Practices Among Schools in the United States.

Importance Exposure to the sun’s UV radiation is a leading cause of skin cancer. Positive attitudes and beliefs about sun safety behavior, which would make sun protective behavior more likely, could be promoted and supported by school policies and practices. Objective To identify school characteristics associated with having adopted practices that promote sun safety. Design, Setting, and Participants School-level data from the February 3 to July 23, 2014, School Health Policies and Practices Study’s Healthy and Safe School Environment questionnaire were analyzed. The School Health Policies and Practices Study uses a 2-stage sampling design to select a nationally representative sample of schools. All public, state-administered, Catholic, and non-Catholic private schools with any of the grades from kindergarten through 12 were eligible for inclusion. All analyses were conducted using weighted data. Main Outcomes and Measures Prevalence of sun safety practices. Results In a nationally representative sample of 828 US schools, representatives of 577 schools (69.7%) responded. Overall, sun safety practices were not common among schools. The most frequent practice was having teachers allow time for students to apply sunscreen at school (47.6%; 95% CI, 42.4%-52.9%). Few schools made sunscreen available for students to use (13.3%; 95% CI, 10.2%-17.0%), almost always or always scheduled outdoor activities to avoid times when the sun was at peak intensity (15.0%; 95% CI, 11.4%-19.6%), or asked parents to ensure that students applied sunscreen before school (16.4%; 95% CI, 12.9%-20.6%). High schools were less likely than elementary schools and middle schools to adopt several practices: for instance, 37.5% of high schools (95% CI, 29.7%-46.0%), 51.6% of middle schools (95% CI, 43.3%-59.7%), and 49.5% of elementary schools (95% CI, 42.0%-57.0%) had teachers allow time for students to apply sunscreen at school, and 11.8% of high schools (95% CI, 7.7%-17.5%), 18.2% of middle schools (95% CI, 13.3%-24.4%), and 14.7% of elementary schools (95% CI, 9.6%-21.8%) almost always or always scheduled outdoor activities to avoid times when the sun was at peak intensity. Other school characteristics were either not significantly associated with the adoption of any of the sun safety school practices studied (eg, metropolitan status) or were inconsistently associated with such policies and practices (eg, region, percentage of students eligible for free or reduced-price lunch, and school enrollment). Conclusions and Relevance School practices that could protect children and adolescents from sun exposure and that could change norms about sun safety are not common. Interventions aimed at increasing the adoption of sun safety practices among schools are needed regardless of the level, location, size, and poverty concentration of the school. Such practices would cost little to implement and would support other messages targeted toward children, adolescents, adults, and parents, with an aim to reduce skin cancer morbidity and mortality.
Thromboembolism prevention after chronic subdural hematoma in the elderly: A leap in the dark.

The incidence of chronic subdural hematomas (cSDH) increases with age.1,2 Risk factors that contribute to the occurrence of cSDH, apart from advancing age, include a history of falls, minor head injury, use of anticoagulant or antiplatelet medications, bleeding disorders, heavy alcohol use, epilepsy, low intracranial pressure conditions, and hemodialysis.1 The aged population also endures the highest risk of atrial fibrillation and other conditions that predispose them to devastating ischemic cardiac and cerebral ischemic events.3 Antithrombotic therapy constitutes evidence-based therapy to prevent these ischemic events, but consensus holds that use of antithrombotic medications is also the most important risk factor that accounts for the increasing incidence of cSDH in the elderly.1
The impact of the robotic platform on assistant variability in complex gastrointestinal surgery.

Abstract Background Nissen fundoplication is considered an advanced minimally invasive procedure whether performed laparoscopically or robotically. In laparoscopic surgery, it is evident that assistant skill level impacts operative times. However, the robotic platform allows improved surgeon autonomy. We aimed to determine the impact of assistant training level on operative times in robotic Nissen fundoplication (RNF) and laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication (LNF). Methods A prospectively maintained Nissen database (2011-2016) from a single academic institution was utilized to collect patient characteristics, operative times, length of stay, intraoperative complications, postoperative complications, readmission rate, and assistant training level. Assistants were either postgraduate year-3 surgery residents defined as junior-level assistants or a minimally invasive surgery (MIS) fellow defined as senior-level assistants. Results There were 105 patients included in our analyses. When comparing postgraduate year-3 residents to MIS fellows performing LNF, the median operative time was significantly decreased when senior-level assistants were present in the LNF group, 85 (75-103) versus 129 (74-269) min, P = 0.02. In comparison, median operative times in the RNF group were independent of the assistant's level of training, 154 (71-300) versus 158 (101-215) min, P = 0.34. There were no significant differences in outcomes between the junior- and senior-level assistant cohorts for estimated blood loss, length of stay, postoperative complications, and 30-d readmission rates in either the LNF or RNF group. Conclusions Assistant training level impacted operative time for LNF but not RNF. These differences are most likely attributed to increased autonomy of the operating surgeon afforded by the robotic platform reducing assistant variability.
Building a Security OS With Software Defined Infrastructure

The recent emergence of Software-Defined Infrastructure (SDI) offers a number of useful tools for managing, monitoring, containing, shepherding, and recovering computing units within an enterprise, cloud, or data center. As SDI utilities grow and the types of resources that can be abstracted into software-managed control and data planes increase, there is a pressing need for datacenter-level operating systems (OSes). Such a datacenter-level OS can further abstract and easily capture higher-level policy goals, and push them down to different types of hardware and software, ranging from application processes to storage and networking. This paper thus proposes S2OS, an SDI-defined Security OS, which offers an easy-to-use, programmable security model for monitoring and dynamically securing applications. We anticipate S2OS could unlock a wide range of unprecedented security opportunities, including fine-grained and dynamic security programmability at infrastructure scale, and information flow tracking across an entire infrastructure.
Negotiating Multilingual Quality in Component Content-Management Environments

Introduction : This case study examines the impacts of component content management (CCM) on the ways global technical communication (TC) stakeholders practice multilingual quality. About the case: The case study is based on the results of a 12-month qualitative case study of global technical communication stakeholders at DreamMedi, a Fortune 500 manufacturer of medical devices. Situating the case: Three areas of inquiry informed the study. Academic and trade literature from technical communication and technical translation revealed disagreements and contradictions that surround multilingual quality in CCM environments. Rhetorical genre theory allowed analyzing multilingual quality by distinguishing content components as a new genre, a unit of analysis, and a mediator of global technical communication. Activity theory provided the theoretical foundation for examining a global TC activity system at its nodes and then elucidating the contradictions within these nodes. Methods/approach: The case study was a multiple-method research project that included observations, in-depth interviews, questionnaires, document collection/content analysis, and software exploration. The Institutional Review Board-approved study focused on technical communicators, translators, and bilingual reviewers. Results/discussion: Relying on thick descriptions of the storylines of global TC stakeholders, this paper pinpoints contradictions in how stakeholders understand and approach multilingual quality. These contradictions are rooted in stakeholders’ backgrounds and experience, and become more dramatic after the transition to CCM. Conclusions: Global TC stakeholders lacked strategies for negotiating their understandings of and approaches to multilingual quality in the new information development and management paradigm. Developing such strategies is the key prerequisite for effective cross-functional and cross-cultural collaboration in multilingual CCM environments. Technical communicators are well-positioned to take on leadership roles in developing such strategies .
Systems science simulation modeling to inform urban health policy and planning

More than half of the population in the world lives in cities and urban populations are still rapidly expanding. Increasing population growth in cities inevitably brings about the intensification of urban health problems. The multidimensional nature of factors associated with health together with the dynamic, interconnected environment of cities moderates the effects of policies and interventions that are designed to improve population health. With the emergence of the “Internet of Things” and the availability of “Big Data,” policymakers and practitioners are in need of a new set of analytical tools to comprehensively understand the social, behavioral, and environmental factors that shape population health in cities. Systems science, an interdisciplinary field that draws concepts, theories, and evidence from fields such as computer science, engineering, social planning, economics, psychology, and epidemiology, has shown promise in providing practical conceptual and analytical approaches that can be used to solve urban health problems. This chapter describes the level of complexity that characterizes urban health problems and provides an overview of systems science features and methods that have shown great promise to address urban health challenges. We provide two specific examples to showcase systems science thinking: one using a system dynamics model to prioritize interventions that involve multiple social determinants of health in Toronto, Canada, and the other using an agent-based model to evaluate the impact of different food policies on dietary behaviors in NewYork City. These examples suggest that systems science has the potential to foster collaboration among researchers, practitioners, and policymakers from different disciplines to evaluate interconnected data and address challenging urban health problems.
A Missouri author in a Roman law court: Pudd’nhead Wilson as an allegory of colourblind empire

In his novel Pudd’nhead Wilson, set in the later antebellum period but written after Reconstruction, Mark Twain dramatizes the contradictions of the American racial hierarchy. In the story a light-...
Brainstem network dynamics underlying the encoding of bladder information

How do we know when we need to find a bathroom? As the bladder fills up, it sends signals to the brain to say that it needs emptying. But before the brain sends a message back to the bladder muscles telling them to contract to release urine, it first triggers a change in behavior. By increasing our alertness and arousing our senses, the brain ensures that we begin to look for a place where it is safe and appropriate to urinate. Only when we have found such a place will the brain tell the bladder to empty. Previous work has suggested that two brain regions play important roles in this process: the pontine micturition center (PMC) and its neighbor, the locus coeruleus. The PMC is thought to act as an on-off switch. When the bladder reaches a certain level of fullness the PMC activates, which tells the bladder muscles to contract. The locus coeruleus helps animals pay attention to important stimuli by making them more alert and energized whenever such stimuli are present. By recording the activity of neurons in the brains of rats while also measuring the pressure inside their bladders, Manohar et al. show that the PMC and the locus coeruleus work together to coordinate behavior and bladder emptying. Filling the bladder causes neurons in the locus coeruleus to activate in synchronized waves. This helps the locus coeruleus communicate with the brain’s outer layer, the cortex, leading to an increase in sensory alertness and arousal. This all happens before the bladder reaches the threshold fullness that activates the PMC, explaining why behavioral changes occur before urination. Manohar et al. show too that PMC neurons also activate when the rat is not urinating, suggesting that the PMC is more than an on-off switch. Healthy people experience the sensation of needing to empty their bladder well before the bladder is full, but people who do not receive these sensory signals may be unable to tell when they need to take action. This can lead to bedwetting in children and to incontinence in the elderly. Targeting the brain circuit that responds to bladder signals could lead to new treatments for these conditions.
Dynamic Generative Model of the Human Brain in Resting-State

The human connectome is constructed by translating neuron activities into a complex network with nodes and edges. Although the topology of such networks is well studied, the formation rules and dynamics are not fully understood. It is challenging to develop a generative model for large scale dynamic complex networks due to the computational obstacle and nontrivial network structure. To study the node-based and subject-based network dynamics in resting-state brain, we divide the brain scan session into several sliding windows and generate a network for each segment. Then, an action-based model generator, which generates edges according to a topology manipulating actions, is fitted to the network series. This model, presumably as the first applicable approach for synthesizing the brain network dynamics, is shown capable of synthesizing a network series of the action-based model. Also, the estimated parameters shows that the actions of brain regions are related to their functionality.
A5-based GSM cryptosystem implementation and analysis

In this research, we would explore cryptosystems implemented in the Global System for Mobile (GSM) Communications. GSM is a standard developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe the protocols for second-generation (2G) digital cellular networks used by mobile phones. It was first deployed in Finland in July 1991. It is recently considered the de facto global standard for mobile communications — with over 90% market share, operating in over 219 countries and territories. A commonly used cryptosystem for GSM communications is the A5 ciphering algorithm. There are seven of such ciphers, designated as A5/1, A5/2, …, A5/7. These are stream ciphers based ona combination of Linear Feedback Shift Registers (LFSRs) with irregular clocking and non-linear combiner. The A5/1 uses 3 LFSRs and A5/2 uses 4 LFSRs. In this research, we will develop a general-purpose software Python library for A5 implementation. We would also consider the parallel implementation of A5 using Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) clusters. The simplicity and the linear arrangements of the flip-flop based shift registers and the internal state independency make the algorithms suitable for distributed computing.
Freehand 3D Ultrasound to Measure Thrombus Volume in Patients with Acute Deep-Vein Thrombosis:

Objective—Current imaging techniques are limited in their ability to quantify thrombus burden, progression, or resolution in patients with acute deep-vein thrombosis (DVT). These assessments are cr...
Criminal Procedure—Retention of Arrest Record Data—The FBI Has No Statutory Authority to Maintain in Its Criminal Files Information Concerning an Encounter with the Police Which Did Not Constitute an Arrest—Menard v. Saxbe

This Recent Decision is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Reviews at Digital Commons @ Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. For more information, please contact digitalcommons@lmu.edu. Recommended Citation
Association of CD49d expression with small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) presentation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).

e19008Background: CD49d is a surface integrin expressed on CLL lymphocytes that facilitates interactions between CLL B-cells and stromal cells in the microenvironment. CD49d has been shown to have ...
Early Life History and Conservation Status of the Monkeyface, Theliderma metanevra (Mollusca: Bivalvia) in Minnesota and Wisconsin

Conservation and restoration of freshwater mussel species requires an understanding of current and historical distributions as well as key aspects of life history. Most freshwater mussels (Unionoida) depend on particular species of host fish for the development and dispersal of the parasitic glochidia larvae. The degree of host specificity varies and is not well known for many mussel species. We tested 90 fish species in 18 families as potential hosts for the Monkeyface mussel (Theliderma metanevra), determined its brooding period, and assessed its distribution and current status in Minnesota and Wisconsin. Theliderma metanevra brood embryos and glochidia from late April-early August in the St. Croix River. In laboratory experiments, glochidia metamorphosed on 21 cyprinid species (11 genera) but not on other taxa, confirming the host association between Theliderma spp. and minnows. The historical and recent distribution of T. metanevra in the upper Midwest reflects geological dispersal barriers as well as its apparent sensitivity to a range of human disturbances. These results contribute to an understanding of the evolutionary diversification of the tribe Quadrulini and inform efforts to conserve this regionally threatened species.
Opioid free treatment algorithm for ED headache management: Effect on revisit rate.

Abstract Background The opioid epidemic is a crisis leading to over utilization of resources within emergency departments (EDs). We assessed how implementation of an opioid-free headache and migraine treatment algorithm in the ED impacted patient centered outcomes. Methods This was a retrospective review of patients presenting to EDs across a health network with a primary diagnosis of headache or migraine. Two analyses were completed comparing patients presenting before and after implementation of an opioid-free treatment algorithm and patients treated with or without opioids in the ED. The primary outcome was incidence of an ED revisit within thirty days. Secondary outcomes included ED length of stay, admission rate, and incidence of revisit during the entire study period. Results In total, 2953 patient encounters were included. Incidence of revisit within thirty days was lower in the post- (84/1339, 6.3%) versus pre-algorithm group (133/1614, 8.2%; odds ratio [OR] 0.75, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.56–0.99; p = 0.049), as was the incidence of revisit within the entire study period (9.2% vs. 12.1%; OR 0.74, CI 0.58–0.93; p = 0.014). In the secondary analysis, patients treated with opioids had a higher incidence of revisit within thirty days (51/335, 15.2%) compared to those not treated with opioids (166/2618, 6.3%). The opioid group also had a higher incidence of admission rates and median ED length of stay. Conclusions Opioid use in the ED to treat patients with headaches or migraines may have several negative ramifications including increased risk of revisit, hospital admission, and increased ED length of stay.
Azimuthal angle dependence of the longitudinal spin polarization in relativistic heavy ion collisions

The longitudinal quark spin polarization along the beam direction in noncentral relativistic heavy ion collisions is studied in the chiral kinetic approach. Its azimuthal angle dependence in the transverse plane of the collision is found to have a quadrupole structure as in studies from hydrodynamic and transport models based on the relativistic spin-vorticity coupling in a thermodynamically equilibrated hadronic matter at kinetic freeze-out. The direction of the quark longitudinal spin polarization is, however, opposite to that from these models, and this is due to the axial charge current induced by the transverse component of the vorticity field in the chiral kinetic approach. Our finding is consistent with the azimuthal angle dependence of the longitudinal spin polarization of $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$ hyperons, which is mainly determined by that of the strange quark, recently measured in the experiments by the STAR Collaboration at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider.
Nest structure affects auditory and visual detectability, but not predation risk, in a tropical songbird community

Offspring mortality varies dramatically among species with critical demographic and evolutionary ramifications, yet the causes of this variation remain unclear. Nests are widely used for breeding across taxa and thought to influence offspring mortality risk. Traditionally, more complex, enclosed nest structures are thought to reduce offspring predation by reducing the visibility of nest contents and muffling offspring sounds compared to open nests. Direct tests of the functional bases for nest structure influence on predation risk are lacking. We used experiments and 10 years of observational data to examine how nest structure influences nest predation risk in a diverse community of tropical songbirds. First, we examined how nest size was related to nest structure and nest predation rates across species. Second, we assessed how nest structure influences the detectability of nestling begging calls both in field and in laboratory settings. Finally, we examined how the acoustic properties of different nest structures influence nest predation risk. Specifically, we experimentally broadcast begging calls from open and enclosed nests to determine how auditory cues and nest structure interact to affect predation on plasticine and quail eggs. We also tested whether nest structure was associated with differences in nest predation rates between the incubation (no begging cues) and nestling (begging cues) stages. We found that enclosed nests are larger than open nests after accounting for adult size, and larger nests had increased predation rates. Moreover, enclosed nests did not consistently alter nestling begging calls in ways that reduce the likelihood of predation compared to open nests. Indeed, begging cues increased predation rates for enclosed but not open‐cup nests in our playback experiment, and nest predation rates showed greater increases after hatching in enclosed than open‐cup nests. Ultimately, enclosed nests do not necessarily provide greater predation benefits than open nests in contrast to long‐standing theory. A free plain language summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
T-Lymphoblastic Lymphoma

The highest-resolution HLA typing is thought to provide the best opportunity for matching a patient with a donor in order to reduce the risks for graft-versus host disease (GVHD) and graft rejection Linkage disequilibrium is an important concept regarding HLA type associations, and can be used to help surmise which HLA alleles may be present, while actual typing is typically necessary for confirmation of the results The use of “Common and Well-Documented” alleles is also helpful in determination of the present HLA types Currently, the NMDP does not consider matching for HLA-DRB3, -DRB4, -DRB5, or -DQ to be relevant for hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). However, in clinical practice, many transplanters prefer donors matched for these alleles as well HLA-DPB1 is now recognized to be relevant for HCT Matching can occur at two levels; first, the two-field nomenclature match and second, the examination of T cell epitope (TCE) groups for permissive versus non-permissive mismatching of HLA-DPB1 Long-term outcomes are similar to those with the HLA-DPB1 two-field nomenclature match and HLA-DPB1 TCE permissive mismatches Cytomegalovirus status match of the patient and donor is a critical factor for successful HCT outcomes The NMDP website provides invaluable information regarding HLA typing and HCT outcomes
Classroom Presentation of Code: An Alternative Peer Review Process

The present poster documents an attempt by the investigators to try out classroom presentations as a viable replacement for peer reviews in programming-heavy coursework. The results from the project provide helpful pointers for cues/comments that would enable reviewing students to think critically about code being presented. The results also indicate that the method used to form groups to solve assignments can have at least as strong an effect as code presentation. In addition, overall grade distribution in a course, as used in this project, may not be a reliable indicator for student learning when data is spread out over multiple semesters. As a pilot project, the information presented here is primarily helpful in determining the conditions required to test the utility of code presentation in future projects.
Novel therapeutic opportunities afforded by plasma cell biology in transplantation

Despite new immunotherapies aimed at B and T cells, plasma cells and their lifelong antibody secretion constitute a major immune barrier to long-term graft survival. In this mini-review, we survey the recent advances that have been made in the biology and immunometabolism of long-lived plasma cells, and outline aspects of plasma cell function that can be exploited for clinical benefit in recipients of solid organ transplants. A handful of ongoing studies are already targeting plasma cells to achieve desensitization and reduce the alloantibody burden in individuals posttransplant. In reviewing the recent strides made in our understanding of the molecular basis of plasma cell survival, we will place our discussions in the context of existing preclinical and clinical studies.
Strategies for Incorporating Long-Term, Distributed-Network Research Projects into the Undergraduate Curriculum: Lessons from the Ecological Research as Education Network's Decomposition Project

Increasingly, undergraduate institutions are incorporating original research into the curriculum as a matter of best practice. However, while the practice of science has grown more collaborative, undergraduate research has remained largely confined to single-institution studies. Incorporating long-term, distributed research projects into the undergraduate research experience can better prepare students to interpret and engage in science of the future. The Decomposition in Aquatic and Terrestrial Invaded Systems (DATIS) project within the Ecological Research as Education Network (EREN) offers a good model for examining how to minimize challenges and maximize opportunities associated with classroom use of long-term, collaborative research projects. Eleven key challenges are identified, and practical solutions are provided for each. By modeling this scientific approach in primarily undergraduate institutions, we are preparing graduates who will have the tools and knowledge to work collaboratively and create their own distributed research networks. Our goal is that the decomposition project we describe here can inform and inspire others seeking to engage in research at the undergraduate level, either as potential research coordinators or as collaborators in an existing network.
The impact of the corporate average fuel economy standards on technological changes in automobile fuel efficiency

Abstract This paper empirically examines the effect of the U.S. Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards on the technological progress in automobile fuel efficiency. Using detailed vehicle attributes data from 1978 through 2018, we find that more stringent fuel economy standards increase the rate of technological improvements in new passenger cars, and this effect is primarily driven by the response of U.S. automakers. We do not find evidence that CAFE standards have a similar effect on the technical change in light-duty trucks. Our results also indicate that higher gasoline prices have a significant and positive effect on the improvement of fuel-saving technology in both passenger cars and light trucks. Using our empirical estimates, we project that the recent rollback of Obama-era CAFE standards would forego an approximately 2-percent increase in cars’ fuel economy over the 2021–2025 period as a result of technological progress.
Constructing Polities and Markets: An Institutionalist Account of European Integration

As institutions and governance structures develop in modern markets, they tend to “feed back” onto economic activity. Through such feedback loops, market and political arenas can develop symbiotically into relatively coherent “fields” that gradually embed actors’ orientations and activities. Using these insights, this article develops and tests a theory of European integration focusing on the case of the European Community, the first pillar of the European Union. Traders, organized interests, courts, and the EC’s policy-making organs, over time, have produced a self-sustaining causal system that has driven the construction of the European market and polity. The generality of this explanation to a sociology of markets and polity-building projects is discussed in the conclusion.
Epinephrine Administration at Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Worsens Cerebral Cortical Microcirculatory Blood Flow After Experimental Pediatric Cardiac Arrest

Background Hypoxic ischemic brain injury after cardiac arrest (CA) is the principal factor limiting intact neurological recovery. Epinephrine (EPI), the fundamental therapy that facilitates restoration of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) after CA, has been identified as potentially contributing to brain injury. EPI’s detrimental effects are often attributed to cerebral microvascular constriction, however its effects on cortical microcirculatory blood flow after pediatric asphyxial CA have not been defined. Hypothesis Administration of EPI compared to normal saline (NS) produces vasoconstriction and capillary stasis after pediatric asphyxial CA. …
Yn-situ: a robust single RNA molecule in situ detection method

We describe a cost-effective, highly sensitive, and quantitative method for in situ detection of single RNA molecules in tissue sections. This method, dubbed Yn situ, standing for Y-branched probe in situ hybridization, uses a single-strand DNA preamplifier with multiple initiation sites that trigger hybridization chain reaction (HCR) to detect polynucleotide. We characterized the performance of this method and compared it to other approaches in the postnatal mouse olfactory epithelia. We find that the Yn situ method, in conjunction with an improved fixation step, is sensitive enough to allow detection of single molecules using a single pair of probes targeting a short nucleotide sequence. A set of 5-probes can produce quantitative results with smaller puncta and higher signal-to-noise ratio than the 20-probe sets commonly required for HCR and RNA-Scope. We show that the high sensitivity and wide dynamic range allow quantification of genes expressed at different levels in the olfactory sensory neurons. We describe key steps of this method to enable broad utility by individual laboratories.
Cost-Effective Evaluation of the Patient with a Thyroid Nodule

Fine-needle aspiration cytology has emerged as the primary diagnostic tool in the evaluation of the patient with a thyroid nodule. Its accuracy in predicting both benign and malignant lesions is greater than 90%. Guidelines for a cost-effective approach to management are presented.
Rural Healthy People 2020: New Decade, Same Challenges.

Purpose The health of rural America is more important than ever to the health of the United States and the world. Rural Healthy People 2020's goal is to serve as a counterpart to Healthy People 2020, providing evidence of rural stakeholders’ assessment of rural health priorities and allowing national and state rural stakeholders to reflect on and measure progress in meeting those goals. The specific aim of the Rural Healthy People 2020 national survey was to identify rural health priorities from among the Healthy People 2020's (HP2020) national priorities. Methods Rural health stakeholders (n = 1,214) responded to a nationally disseminated web survey soliciting identification of the top 10 rural health priorities from among the HP2020 priorities. Stakeholders were also asked to identify objectives within each national HP2020 priority and express concerns or additional responses. Findings and Conclusions Rural health priorities have changed little in the last decade. Access to health care continues to be the most frequently identified rural health priority. Within this priority, emergency services, primary care, and insurance generate the most concern. A total of 926 respondents identified access as the no. 1 rural health priority, followed by, no. 2 nutrition and weight status (n = 661), no. 3 diabetes (n = 660), no. 4 mental health and mental disorders (n = 651), no. 5 substance abuse (n = 551), no. 6 heart disease and stroke (n = 550), no. 7 physical activity and health (n = 542), no. 8 older adults (n = 482), no. 9 maternal infant and child health (n = 449), and no. 10 tobacco use (n = 429).
Optical Observations of the Crab Pulsar, and Searches for Other Optical Pulsars

The optical properties of the Crab nebula pulsar are reviewed. The Crab nebula pulsar has a high degree of constancy at optical wavelengths. No time variations over short or long periods have been detected; the light curve is nearly the same in all colors. The intensity and color of the pulsar are V = 16.5, B − V = + 0.5, U − B = − 0.45 and V − R = − 0.75. There is no precursor as found at radio wavelengths and the main pulse contains 65 per cent of the total energy. No lines have been detected.
Important Antioxidant Phytochemicals in Agricultural Food Products

Antioxidant phytochemicals are secondary plant metabolites widely present in the plant kingdom. Most of the phytochemicals are phenolic derivatives with monohydric or polyhydric phenols. Numerous clinical studies have confirmed that antioxidant phytochemicals can prevent some cholesterol-related and oxidation-induced chronic diseases. The antioxidant properties and health benefits of phytochemicals in different agricultural food plants have been intensively studied in recent years. This chapter will discuss the phytochemicals in common fruits, vegetables, and grains and their potential to reduce the risk of epidemiological disease. As more andmore consumers are becoming concerned about health functions of foods, the information of this chapter will be useful for scientists in the food, plant breeding and physiology, medicine, and epidemiology areas to understand and utilize natural antioxidant phytochemicals in health-promoting food and other products.
Fetal Death Before the Onset of Labor: An Analysis of 407 Cases

Abstract 1. 1. Four hundred and seven cases of antepartal fetal deaths are reviewed. 2. 2. Fetal deaths attributable to (a) unknown cause, (b) toxemia, and (c) abruptio placentae were found to account for two thirds of the series. 3. 3. The interval between fetal death and the onset of labor was found, in a definite but inconstant trend, to be inversely related to the gestational age of the fetus at the time of its death. 4. 4. The incidence of puerperal morbidity was increased. 5. 5. The incidence of postpartum hemorrhage was increased. 6. 6. Management was essentially conservative. 7. 7. Oxytocics, amniotomy, and cesarean section, when indicated, were employed. 8. 8. The syndrome of postmaturity and hypofibrinogenemia are briefly discussed and their importance questioned.
Perturbation functions: PAC probe nuclei, I=2, 5/2, and 3

Abstract The program, ACOEFF, calculates several theoretical quantities that are useful for analyzing Perturbed Angular Correlation (PAC) experiments. In particular, ACOEFF calculates perturbation functions, Gk k(t), a(k)n, n'-coefficients, and interaction frequencies for nuclear electric quadrupole interactions of PAC probe nuclei with non-axially symmetric electric field gradients. The program calculates these quantities for the specific cases of spin, I = 2, 5 2 , and 3, for polycrystalline sources. The program is written in FORTRAN IV and should run on any mainframe or minicomputer. It was tested using the WATFIV and VS compilers. The input consists of one data card, and the output is straightforward to understand.
Design Process for Multilayer Elastomeric Bearings

The design process for elastomeric bridge bearings is governed by a number of code specifications that reflect the fact that the loads to which the bearings are subjected are well defined and happen on a regular basis. If these provisions were to be applied to elastomeric bearings for isolation, they would result in unnecessarily conservative designs. In the design of seismic isolation bearings for buildings, it has to be recognized that codes such as the UBC 1991 require the isolation system to be designed for very severe seismic loading, that this loading may be interpreted as ultimate state loading and that the isolators should be designed to reflect this; conservatism is already incorporated in the specified site seismicity and need not be further increased by over-conservative design of the isolators and, further, the extreme loads to which the isolator may be subjected will occur, if at all, no more than once or twice over the lifetime of the structure.