cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aqueous-phase reforming of oxygenated hydrocarbons over Sn-modified Ni catalysts

Abstract Reaction kinetics measurements were conducted for aqueous-phase reforming of oxygenated hydrocarbons over Pt/Al 2 O 3 , Ni/Al 2 O 3 , NiSn/Al 2 O 3 , Raney-Ni, and Raney-NiSn catalysts at temperatures of 498 and 538 K. Raney-Ni, Raney-NiSn, and Pt/Al 2 O 3 catalysts display good stability with time on stream during aqueous-phase reforming, whereas Al 2 O 3 -supported Ni and NiSn catalysts exhibit deactivation caused by sintering. Aqueous-phase reforming of sorbitol, glycerol, and ethylene glycol solutions produces an effluent gas stream composed of 50–70 mol% H 2 , 30–40 mol% CO 2 , and 2–11 mol% alkanes (dry basis) at high conversion. Addition of Sn to Ni improves the selectivity for production of H 2 by ethylene glycol reforming from 35 to 51% at a Ni:Sn ratio of 270:1, while the alkane selectivity is reduced from 44 to 33%. At a Ni:Sn ratio of 14:1, the hydrogen selectivity increases to 90%, while alkane production is nearly eliminated. As the system pressure decreases to the bubble point of the feed (25.1 bar at 498 K), production of alkanes decreases and the hydrogen selectivity increases accordingly. Hydrogen selectivity is also maximized by operation at higher reactor space velocities. The addition of Sn to Ni significantly decreases the rate of methane formation from CO bond cleavage, while maintaining sufficiently high rates of CC bond cleavage required for hydrogen formation. Turnover frequencies for hydrogen production at 498 K over Raney-Ni-based catalysts are several times lower than that over 3 wt% Pt/Al 2 O 3 based on CO chemisorption. However, the high CO uptakes and high densities of Raney-Ni-based catalysts lead to comparable rates of hydrogen production per unit reactor volume as 3 wt% Pt/Al 2 O 3 at 498 K. Results from XRD, SEM, and 119 Sn Mossbauer spectroscopy suggest that Raney-NiSn catalysts comprise alumina and nickel particles surrounded by a Ni–Sn alloy. After exposure to reaction conditions, Sn is present primarily as Ni 3 Sn alloy with small amounts of Sn(IV) probably associated with alumina.
On Ibragimov–Iosifescu conjecture for φ-mixing sequences

Abstract The aim of this paper is to give new central limit theorems and invariance principles for φ-mixing sequences of random variables that support the Ibragimov–Iosifescu conjecture. A related conjecture is formulated and a positive answer is given for the distributions that have tails regularly varying with the exponent –2.
Team management of dysphagia in the institutional setting.

This study examined the use of herbal, botanical, and nonherbal dietary supplements (referred to as nonvitamin, nonmineral [NVNM] supplements) among rural older adults residing in southeast and south central Idaho, and explored perceptions of the safety and efficacy of these supplements. Data were collected from a convenience sample of 365 rural older adults participating in a congregate meals program at a local senior center using a written questionnaire developed for the study. Of the 365 study participants, 39.5% reported using NVNM supplements in the past 12 months. The majority of the participants felt that the NVNM supplements they used were effective, and few reported adverse effects. The majority of the participants felt that NVNM supplements were safe; however, safety concerns were expressed specifically in terms of concurrent use with prescription medication.
In-Situ Photoexcitation-Induced Suppression of Point Defect Generation in Ion Implanted Silicon

The formation of vacancy-related defects in n-type silicon has been studied immediately after implantation of He, Si, or Ge ions at 85 K using in-situ DLTS. A-center concentrations in He-implanted samples reach a maximum immediately after implantation, whereas, with Si or Ge ion implanted samples they continuously increase during subsequent anneals. It is proposed that defect clusters, which emit vacancies during anneals, are generated in the collision cascades of Si or Ge ions. An illumination-induced suppression of A-center formation is seen immediately after implantation of He ions at 85 K. This effect is also observed with Si or Ge ions, but only after annealing. The suppression of vacancy complex formation via photoexcitation is believed to occur due to an enhanced recombination of defects during ion implantation, and results in reduced number of vacancies remaining in the defect clusters. In p-type silicon, a reduction in K-center formation and an enhanced migration of defects are concurrently observed in the illuminated sample implanted with Si ions. These observations are consistent with a model where the injection of excess carriers modifies the defect charge state and impacts their diffusion.
Intracellular or extracellular calcium can be used to trigger C5a-stimulated enzyme secretion from rabbit neutrophils.

Abstract The ability of C5a to stimulate lysosomal enzyme release and 45Ca2+ efflux from rabbit neutrophils was studied. C5a stimulated β-glucuronidase release from cytochalasin B-treated neutrophils either in the presence or absence of extracellular calcium. Depletion of cell calcium by pretreatment with the calcium ionophore A23187 blocked both the ability of C5a to elicit enzyme release in the absence of extracellular calcium and its ability to stimulate 45Ca2+ efflux. Both actions were dose-dependent over the same concentration range (10−8–10−6 M ionophore A23187). In contrast, ionophore pretreatment had no effect on C5a-stimulated enzyme release in the presence of extracellular calcium. These results suggest that (a) release of cell calcium is required for enzyme secretion in the absence of extracellular calcium, and (b) C5a can trigger near-maximal enzyme release by using calcium from either of two sources: the extracellular space or an intracellular site.
RELATIONAL DEMOGRAPHY AND PERCEPTIONS OF GROUP CONFLICT AND PERFORMANCE: A FIELD INVESTIGATION

In recent years organizational scholars and practitioners have avidly pursued an in‐depth understanding of demographic diversity and its consequences. This study contributes to such an understanding by examining how an individual's demographic distance from others in a work group shapes his or her perception of the group's conflict and performance. Data from 233 members of 42 blue‐collar groups reveal that gender and tenure dissimilarity increase the perception of emotional conflict, indirectly reducing individual ratings of group productivity. These results suggest a process by which relational demography may indirectly affect members' confidence in their group.
A qualitative and quantitative method for predicting sentiment toward deployed U.S. forces

The ability to automatically predict likelihood of reaction to specific events and situational awareness is important to many military and commercial applications. Gauging population sentiment for targeted response areas and having the ability to predict or control sentiment within these areas is invaluable. Review of reception towards deployed forces must be analyzed, especially in areas vital for U.S. national interests. Predicting population behavior is critical for success and must include a qualitative as well as a quantitative solution. Additionally, a feedback mechanism is needed for periodically updating reception towards presence of U.S. Forces over time. We propose a method for predicting sentiment towards deployed U.S. Forces in near real time, to efficiently propitiate manpower resources, allocate equipment assets, and reduce cost of analyses. Sentiment prediction is becoming an increasingly important and feasible task based on social media, open source data, physical imagery and abundance of video data feeds. Predicting reaction to events can be time consuming. Locating the most likely affected areas is very tedious, requiring much human labor effort, and it is often difficult to obtain the best information on a timely basis. An efficient tool would be helpful to rapidly parse text that has been extracted from an intelligent algorithm in order to evaluate the population sentiment for the targeted area. Multiple data inputs and artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms are required in order to support sound decision making theory. The goal of our system, called GlobalSite, is to deliver trustworthy threat analysis systems and services that understand situations, while being a vital tool for continuing mission operations information.
Dispersible gold nanorod dimers with sub-5 nm gaps as local amplifiers for surface-enhanced Raman scattering.

We report the synthesis of solution-dispersible, 35 nm diameter gold nanorod dimers with gaps as small as ∼2 nm for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Using on-wire lithography (OWL), we prepared tailorable dimers in high yield and high monodispersity (∼96% dimers) that produce both large and reproducible SERS signals with enhancement factors of (6.8 ± 0.7) × 108 for single dimers in air and 1.2 × 106 for ensemble-averaged solution measurements. Furthermore, we show that these structures, which are the smallest ever made by OWL, can be used to detect molecules on flat surfaces and in aqueous solutions. When combined, these attributes with respect to sensitivity, reproducibility, and tailorability lead to a novel and powerful local amplification system for SERS applications.
Gonadotropin gene targeting and biological implications.

Pituitary gonadotropins FSH and LH are heterodimeric glycoproteins consisting of a common alpha and a hormone-specific beta subunit that are non-covalently linked. These hormones orchestrate gonadal growth, differentiation, and function by regulating both steroidogenesis and gametogenesis. Advances in the past two decades in manipulating the mouse genome by site-specific mutagenesis have heralded a new dimension to our understanding of the biology of gonadotropins. Using these gene-targeting approaches, knockout mice lacking the hormone-specific gonadotropin subunits, and hence the functional dimeric hormones, have been generated. These individual gonadotropin-deficient mice are useful to delineate the distinct in vivo biological roles of FSH and LH. These mice also serve as valuable genetic tools to study the signaling mechanisms within the gonads and help a better understanding of some forms of human infertility.
Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Nutrition and Lifestyle for a Healthy Pregnancy Outcome

It is the position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics that women of childbearing age should adopt a lifestyle optimizing health and reducing risk of birth defects, suboptimal fetal development, and chronic health problems in both mother and child. Components leading to a healthy pregnancy outcome include healthy prepregnancy weight, appropriate weight gain and physical activity during pregnancy, consumption of a wide variety of foods, appropriate vitamin and mineral supplementation, avoidance of alcohol and other harmful substances, and safe food handling. Pregnancy is a critical period during which maternal nutrition and lifestyle choices are major influences on mother and child health. Inadequate levels of key nutrients during crucial periods of fetal development may lead to reprogramming within fetal tissues, predisposing the infant to chronic conditions in later life. Improving the well-being of mothers, infants, and children is key to the health of the next generation. This position paper and the accompanying practice paper (www.eatright.org/members/practicepapers) on the same topic provide registered dietitian nutritionists and dietetic technicians, registered; other professional associations; government agencies; industry; and the public with the Academy's stance on factors determined to influence healthy pregnancy, as well as an overview of best practices in nutrition and healthy lifestyles during pregnancy.
PAH source fingerprints for coke ovens, diesel and, gasoline engines, highway tunnels, and wood combustion emissions

Abstract To evaluate the chemical composition (source fingerprint) of the major sources of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Chicago metropolitan area, a study of major PAH sources was conducted during 1990–1992. In this study, a modified high-volume sampling method (PS-1 sampler) was employed to collect airborne PAHs in both the particulate and gas phases. Hewlett Packard 5890 gas chromatographs equipped with the flame ionization and mass spectrometer detectors (GC/FID and GC/MS) were used to analyze the samples. The sources sampled were: coke ovens, highway vehicles, heavy-duty diesel engines, gasoline engines and wood combustion. Results of this study showed that two and three ring PAHs were responsible for 98, 76, 92, 73 and 80% of the total concentration of measured 20 PAHs for coke ovens, diesel engines, highway tunnels, gasoline engines and wood combustion samples, respectively. Six ring PAHs such as indeno(1,2,3- cd )pyrene and benzo( ghi )perylene were mostly below the detection limit of this study and only detected in the highway tunnel, diesel and gasoline engine samples. The source fingerprints were obtained by averaging the ratios of individual PAH concentrations to the total concentration of categorical pollutants including: (a) total measured mass of PAHs with retention times between naphthalene and coronene, (b) the mass of the 20 PAHs measured in this study, (c) total VOCs, and (d) total PM10. Since concentrations of the above categorical pollutants were different for individual samples and different sources, the chemical composition patterns obtained for each categorical pollutant were different. The source fingerprints have been developed for use in chemical mass balance receptor modeling calculations.
The effect of methadone maintenance on positive outcomes for opiate injection drug users

This study examined outcome variables for 160 opiate injection drug users (IDUs) who entered methadone maintenance between baseline and 6-month follow-up. Outcome variables of interest included drug use, productivity, and HIV risk behaviors. Participants were recruited through street outreach in Denver, CO, from 2000 through 2004 using targeted sampling. The sample was primarily men, White (48%), averaged 39 years of age, and had been injecting drugs for an average of nearly 20 years. Significant improvements were found in univariate tests. Logistic regression revealed that spending more time in treatment was a significant predictor of positive outcomes on drug use and HIV risk behaviors. The results underscore the importance of retaining IDUs in methadone maintenance to maximize their treatment success. Results from this study show that time in treatment can affect many aspects of the participant's life in a positive way, including reduction of HIV risk.
Influences of maternal caffeine on the neonatal rat brains vary with the nutritional states

Abstract The potential effect of maternal caffeine ingestion upon total brain protein and the concentration of two prototype neuropeptides, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and its derivative, cyclo(His-Pro) in neonates was examined during the nursing period in the context of variable maternal protein intake. Maternal caffeine intake (2 mg/100 g body weight) significantly increased the total brain protein of neonates derived from dams fed a 6% casein diet, but not from dams fed a 12%- or 20%-casein diet. Maternal caffeine consumption significantly increased the amount of cyclo (His-Pro) in the neonatal brains in all groups. The percent increments in pups from dams fed 6%, 12%, and 20% casein diets were respectively 137%, 131%, and 120%. By contrast, no significant alterations were observed in TRH concentrations between caffeine and control groups. It is concluded that maternal caffeine can influence neonatal brain protein and cyclo(His-Pro) during nursing under conditions of protein-energy malnutrition.
Subclavian artery injury and fracture of the scapula

A fracture of the scapula is frequently associated with other significant injuries. In the case described, a motorcycle accident victim sustained multiple injuries, including a scapular fracture associated with a tear of the subclavian artery, demonstrated by angiography and confirmed at operation. A literature review revealed no similar case.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of MAO-A selective 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl substrates.

Abstract Many mammalian tissues express both the A and B forms of monoamine oxidase (MAO), flavoenzymes that catalyze the oxidative deamination of a variety of endogenous and exogenous amines and the ring α-carbon oxidative bioactivation of neurotoxic 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl derivatives. Substrates selective for MAO-A that display good kinetic and spectroscopic properties would be of value for developing quantitative assays for MAO-A in tissues that express both the A and B forms of the enzyme. This paper describes the synthesis of several 1-substituted-4-(1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl derivatives. Kinetic parameters and MAO-A selectivity indicate that 1-allyl- and 1-propyl-4-(1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine should be good candidates to develop a robust spectrophotometric-based assay that is selective for MAO-A.
An Experimental Disposition of Alternative Bilateral Monopoly Models Under Conditions of Price Leadership

A controlled laboratory experiment was conducted to test human decision processes in an economic context. The economic model was bilateral monopoly, where one buyer is confronted by one seller. We employed the price leadership version, where one participant has an advantage over his adversary. The equilibrium solution developed by Cournot and, later, by Bowley for this situation is not Pareto optimal. This prediction is at variance with the observed central tendency of contracts negotiated under equal strength bilateral monopoly, so an established alternative hypothesis is available. The results, in general, support the Cournot-Bowley equilibrium solution. However, it is possible to shift the central tendency of contracts to the mid point of the Paretian optima by appropriate experimental controls.
Regulation of the in vitro anamnestic antibody response by cyclic AMP: III. Cholera enterotoxin induces lymph node cells to release soluble factor(s) which enhance(s) antibody synthesis by antigen-treated lymph node cells☆

Abstract Unprimed or KLH-primed rabbit lymph node cells were pulsed with cholera enterotoxin or KLH for 2 hr and washed. KLH-treated LNC were mixed with equal numbers of CT-treated LNC or boiled CT-treated LNC. Cocultivation of CT-treated LNC with KLH-treated cells resulted in at least a 100% increase in antibody synthesis compared to control cultures. Delaying cocultivation for 24 hr reduced enhancement to 25%. Thus it appears that an early event—before 24 hr—is involved in CT enhancement. Using 125 I-CT, it was shown that these effects were not due to CT carry-over. When KLH- and CT-pulsed LNC were cultured in chambers separated by polycarbonate membranes (0.2- to 0.4-μm pore size) antibody production was enhanced 50–80%. Supernates of CT-treated LNC also enhanced antibody production by KLH-treated LNC. These results suggest that CT triggers the release of soluble factor(s) which enhance(s) antibody synthesis by antigen-primed and antigen-challenged LNC.
Scalability analysis of NEMO prefix delegation-based schemes

A number of prefix delegation-based schemes have been proposed to solve the route optimization problem in NEMO, where a group of hosts move together as a mobile network. The schemes trade off between inefficiency of routes and various overheads. With the rapid growth of mobile computing, this overhead will give rise to the scalability issue of these schemes. However, there has been no quantitative study on the asymptotic scalability analysis of these schemes. In this paper, we have developed analytical models for scalability analysis of these schemes in terms of network size, mobility rate, distance between mobility agents, and traffic rate. Our analysis shows that the prefix delegation-based schemes exhibit asymptotically identical overhead on the network, and they show better asymptotical scalability in terms of number of mobile routers. The analytical framework for scalability analysis presented in this paper will help in visualizing the effects of future network expansion on the performance of these route optimization schemes of NEMO.
Refraction halos in the solar system. I. Halos from cubic crystals that may occur in atmospheres in the solar system

It is suggested that halos and other refraction effects caused by crystals of various solids that may occur in their atmospheres might occur on the planets of the solar system and their satellites. The detection of the halos would provide valuable information about the nature and the crystalline form of the solids. The halos caused by the octahedral and cubic crystals of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, ice Ic, ammonia, methane, and the structure-I clathrate hydrates of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and methane have been predicted over the range of temperatures that may occur in the atmospheres of the planets.
Enclaves de la transición y democracia chilena

Algunas de las dificultades del gobierno de Michelle Bachelet y la crisis mas generalizada del gobierno de la Concertacion han estado cada vez mas vinculadas a variables de liderazgo, al agotamiento de la coalicion con respecto a sus ideales basicos, o a la necesidad de diversos tipos de reformas institucionales. Este trabajo contempla la posibilidad de que el modelo mismo de transicion, que ha sido considerado como tan exitoso, podria ser el origen de las dificultades que hoy invaden tanto la Concertacion como la democracia chilena en general. Ademas, argumenta que la interaccion del sistema electoral y la estructura de la competencia postautoritaria han obligado a una politica elitista que ayuda a explicar las dificultades actuales que sufre la Concertacion, y ha forzado una crisis generalizada de representacion. Para elaborar este argumento el autor se basa en el trabajo de Manuel Antonio Garreton, sobre los enclaves autoritarios, senalando que hay ciertos enclaves de la transicion que dificultan el desarrollo de una democracia representativa de calidad. Estos enclaves de transicion incluyen: el cuoteo, control de la elite en la seleccion de candidatos y la politica electoral, dominacion de los partidos en la politica, formulacion de politicas elitista y extrainstitucional, y la intocabilidad del modelo economico heredado del gobierno de Pinochet.
Angiotensin type 1 receptor resistance to blockade in the opossum proximal tubule cell due to variations in the binding pocket

Blockade of the angiotensin (ANG) II receptor type 1 (AT1R) with angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) is widely used in the treatment of hypertension. However, ARBs are variably effective in reducing blood pressure, likely due, in part, to polymorphisms in the ARB binding pocket of the AT1R. Therefore, we need a better understanding of variations/polymorphisms that alter binding of ARBs in heterogeneous patient populations. The opossum proximal tubule cell (OKP) line is commonly used in research to evaluate renal sodium handling and therefore blood pressure. Investigating this issue, we found natural sequence variations in the opossum AT1R paralleling those observed in the human AT1R. Therefore, we posited that these sequence variations may explain ARB resistance. We demonstrate that OKP cells express AT1R mRNA, bind 125I-labeled ANG II, and exhibit ANG II-induced phosphorylation of Jak2. However, Jak2 phosphorylation is not inhibited by five different ARBs commonly used to treat hypertension. Additionally, nonradioactive ANG II competes 125I-ANG II efficiently, whereas a 10-fold molar excess of olmesartan and the ANG II receptor type 2 blocker PD-123319 is unable to block 125I-ANG II binding. In contrast, ANG II binding to OKP cells stably expressing rat AT1ARs, which have a conserved AT1R-binding pocket with human AT1R, is efficiently inhibited by olmesartan. A novel observation was that resistance to ARB binding to opossum AT1Rs correlates with variations from the human receptor at positions 108, 163, 192, and 198 within the ARB-binding pocket. These observations highlight the potential utility of evaluating AT1R polymorphisms within the ARB-binding pocket in various hypertensive populations.
When visuals are boundary objects in system dynamics work

Using modeling representations as boundary objects provides an important aid to collective meaning-making. By understanding the construct of boundary objects, which arises from sociological studies of cross-boundary work, we can increase our effectiveness in using visual representations to facilitate shared understanding for joint action. This paper draws on theories of social construction, distributed cognition, and boundary objects to build the argument that visual representations provide the crucial pivot between the system dynamics modeling method and socially constructing shared meaning. I highlight the role of visuals particularly in the context of group model building because it provides an explicit occasion devoted to shared meaning-making through facilitated execution of the system dynamics method. Many system dynamicists use the model-building process and simulation analyses to socially construct shared understanding among people with differing domain expertise, and the theoretical principles and practical guidelines described here can usefully inform efforts beyond participatory modeling workshops. Copyright © 2013 System Dynamics Society
Beta adrenergic receptors in lymphocyte subpopulations

To further evaluate the potential utility of lymphocyte beta adrenergic receptor assays in the study of receptor alterations in human disease, we studied highly purified populations of B and T lymphocytes in peripheral blood to see if differences existed in the concentration or affinity of beta adrenergic receptors and catecholamine-responsive cAMP levels. The mean number of receptors present in particulate fractions of B cells did not differ significantly from the number found in T cells. Similarly, no significant difference in the dissociation constant for (-)[3H]dihydroalprenolol was found. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) accumulation in whole lymphocytes as measured by radioimmunoassay was comparable, although a tendency toward lower basal and stimulated levels in the T cells was evident. The data suggest that differences observed in concentrations of beta adrenergic receptors or catecholamine-responsive cAMP accumulation in lymphocytes from patients with varying illnesses are not likely to be due to differences in the proportions of circulating B and T lymphocytes.
Gastric amyloidosis: clinicopathological correlations in 79 cases from a single institution

Gastrointestinal involvement by amyloidosis is common, but large clinicopathological studies specifically addressing gastric amyloidosis are lacking. Seventy-nine patients with biopsy-proven, gastric amyloidosis were identified by a retrospective review of our pathology archives, from 2007 to 2013. Amyloid typing was performed by laser microdissection/mass spectrometry (in 44 patients), immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and/or genetic testing. The median age at diagnosis was 62years, with 61% being males. The amyloid was derived from immunoglobulin light chain (67%), transthyretin (ATTR) (18%), serum amyloid A (9%), and apolipoprotein A1 (3%). When other gastrointestinal sites were biopsied, amyloid was demonstrated in the small bowel (89%), colon (81%), and esophagus (33%). The most common gastrointestinal manifestations were weight loss (37%), abdominal pain/dyspepsia (23%), and nausea/vomiting (23%). Endoscopic findings included normal (35%), erythema (33%), erosions (18%), and nodularity (15%) and were not related to amyloid type. No case showed gastric lymphoma. The most common location of amyloid was the muscularis mucosae regardless of the type of amyloid. Lamina propria involvement was less frequent in ATTR than other types. In 22% of patients, the first diagnosis of amyloid was based on the gastric biopsy. Patients' survival at 3years was 60% and was not different by type of amyloid. Our study shows that light-chain amyloidosis is the most common form of gastric amyloidosis, followed by ATTR. Type of amyloid cannot be predicted based on clinical or endoscopic findings, and therefore, biopsy with amyloid typing, preferably by laser microdissection/mass spectrometry, is critical to establish the correct diagnosis, prognosis, and appropriate treatment.
Bond Rating Changes and CEO Compensation

Jensen and Murphy (1990) and others have found a small but statistically significant relationship between firm performance (as measured by change in shareholder wealth or firm profits) and executive compensation. In this study we investigate the pay‐ performance relationship further by considering the relationship between an outside measure of firm performance (changes in the firm's bond rating) and the contemporaneous change in the compensation of the firm's CEO. We find that when a firm's bond rating is down‐graded, CEO total compensation declines by a relatively small amount ($165,500) and when a firm's bond rating is upgraded, CEO total compensation increases markedly ($3,202,900). Thus, while a positive pay‐performance relationship exists, the relationship is not symmetric. CEO compensation changes (increases) much more when firm performance improves than it changes (decreases) when firm performance declines. Further, most of the change in CEO compensation occurs in the stock gains (profits from the exercise of stock options) category for both firms experiencing bond rating upgrades and down‐grades.
Fully Evolvable Optimal Neurofuzzy Controller Using Adaptive Critic Designs

A near-optimal neurofuzzy external controller is designed in this paper for a static compensator (STATCOM) in a multimachine power system. The controller provides an auxiliary reference signal for the STATCOM in such a way that it improves the damping of the rotor speed deviations of its neighboring generators. A zero-order Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy rule base constitutes the core of the controller. A heuristic dynamic programming (HDP) based approach is used to further train the controller and enable it to provide nonlinear near-optimal control at different operating conditions of the power system. Based on the connectionist systems theory, the parameters of the neurofuzzy controller, including the membership functions, undergo training. Simulation results are provided that compare the performance of the neurofuzzy controller with and without updating the fuzzy set parameters. Simulation results indicate that updating the membership functions can noticeably improve the performance of the controller and reduce the size of the STATCOM, which leads to lower capital investment.
Response shaper: a novel technique to enhance unknown tolerance for output response compaction

The presence of unknown values in the simulation result is a key barrier to effective output response compaction in practice. This paper proposes a simple circuit module, called a response shaper, to reshape the scan-out responses before feeding them to a space compactor. Along with the proposed reshaping algorithm, response shapers can help the space compactor to reduce the number of undetectable modeled and unmodeled faults in the presence of unknown values. Moreover, the proposed compaction scheme is ATPG-independent and its hardware requirement is pattern-independent. In our experiments, we use a simple XOR compactor as the space compactor to evaluate the effectiveness of the response shaper. The results show that the number of undetectable faults and unobservable scan-out responses can be significantly reduced in comparison with the results of a convolutional compactor. The number of the extra scan-in bits required for the control signals of the response shapers is only a small fraction of the total test data volume. Also, its hardware overhead is acceptable and the runtime of the reshaping algorithm is scalable for large industrial designs.
Exercise and Cardiovascular Health

Over the past 4 decades, numerous scientific reports have examined the relationships between physical activity, physical fitness, and cardiovascular health. Expert panels, convened by organizations such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), and the American Heart Association (AHA),1–3 along with the 1996 US Surgeon General’s Report on Physical Activity and Health,4 reinforced scientific evidence linking regular physical activity to various measures of cardiovascular health. The prevailing view in these reports is that more active or fit individuals tend to develop less coronary heart disease (CHD) than their sedentary counterparts. If CHD develops in active or fit individuals, it occurs at a later age and tends to be less severe. As many as 250 000 deaths per year in the United States are attributable to a lack of regular physical activity. In addition, studies that followed large groups of individuals for many years have documented the protective effects of physical activity for a number of noncardiovascular chronic diseases, such as non–insulin-dependent diabetes, hypertension, osteoporosis, and colon cancer.4 In contrast, we see a higher rate of cardiovascular events and a higher death rate in those individuals with low levels of physical fitness.1,4 Even midlife increases in physical activity, through change in occupation or recreational activities, are associated with a decrease in mortality.5 Despite this evidence, however, the vast majority of adults in the United States remains effectively sedentary; less than one-third of Americans meets the minimal recommendations for activity as outlined by the CDC, ACSM, and AHA expert panels. A sedentary lifestyle is one of the 5 major risk factors (along with high blood pressure, abnormal values for blood lipids, smoking, and obesity) for cardiovascular disease, as outlined by the AHA. Evidence from many scientific studies shows …
Community Driven Development, Collective Action and Elite Capture in Indonesia

In response to the well documented limitations of top-down, modernist and authoritarian approaches that have dominated development, practitioners and academics increasingly promote more community-based approaches. The World Bank uses the term ‘community driven development’ to describe projects that increase a community's control over the development process. In an analysis of a community driven poverty alleviation project in Indonesia, this article examines the vulnerability of such an approach to elite capture. The expected relationships among a community's capacity for collective action, elite control over project decisions and elite capture of project benefits were not found. In cases where the project was controlled by elites, benefits continued to be delivered to the poor, and where power was the most evenly distributed, resource allocation to the poor was restricted. Communities where both non-elites and elites participated in democratic self-governance, however, did demonstrate an ability to redress elite capture when it occurred.
Evaluation of Link Protection Schemes in Physically Impaired Optical Networks

Link protection schemes for WDM-based optical networks have been extensively researched. Most work to date has ignored the physical layer impairments (PLIs) that could be dominant in transparent optical networks with long links. In this paper, we first evaluate the performance of two link protection schemes - namely, p-cycles and generalized loopback - when PLIs are considered. Our evaluation shows that a choice of p-cycles that merely tries to optimize the wavelength usage can be more susceptible to failures in a realistic environment. In particular, we show that the Hamiltonian p-cycle is not the optimal choice for p-cycle selection in all-optical networks. This is mainly due to the interference caused by the long lightpaths that appear in the network after a failure occurs. We show that although a selection of smaller p-cycles can cause higher blocking probability, it is less vulnerable to failures. We also compare the performance of p-cycles to the generalized loopback link cover approach in these environments. Finally, we apply a cross-layer routing and wavelength assignment algorithm to these schemes that significantly enhances performance in physically impaired optical networks.
Yersinia Activation of Type I Interferon

Pathogenic Yersinia cause a range of infections in mammals from mild gastroenteritis to the rapidly lethal pneumonic plague. Underlying the virulence of all three pathogens is the modulation of host immune responses that control recruitment and activation of innate immune cells. Yersinia grow and survive in intracellular and extracellular compartments, both of which have the potential to induce the activation of type I interferon (IFN). Furthermore, as Yersinia produce an atypical lipopolysaccharide (LPS) when in the host environment, activation of interferon responses proceeds without the stimulatory signal of LPS. Membrane-bound toll-like receptors may recognize Yersinia following bacterial uptake or invasion, leading to the activation of type I IFN. Extracellular Yersinia inject seven effector proteins into the cytoplasm of macrophages or other host cells using the type III secretion system. These proteins have activities in interfering and disrupting inflammatory responses, and may reduce the amplitude of IFN signaling. It is clear that Yersinia may induce the activation of type I IFN expression through multiple receptors, which leads to multiple downstream outcomes including immunopathology. In this chapter, we will review what is known about how Yersinia activates the production of type I interferon and the outcome of IFN signaling.
The Bureau of the Census and the Relocation of the Japanese Americans: A Note and a Document

(1982). The Bureau of the Census and the Relocation of the Japanese Americans: A Note and a Document. Amerasia Journal: Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 101-105.
General Purpose 2D and 3D Similarity Approach to Identify hERG Blockers

Screening compounds for human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) channel inhibition is an important component of early stage drug development and assessment. In this study, we developed a high-confidence (p-value < 0.01) hERG prediction model based on a combined two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) modeling approach. We developed a 3D similarity conformation approach (SCA) based on examining a limited fixed number of pairwise 3D similarity scores between a query molecule and a set of known hERG blockers. By combining 3D SCA with 2D similarity ensemble approach (SEA) methods, we achieved a maximum sensitivity in hERG inhibition prediction with an accuracy not achieved by either method separately. The combined model achieved 69% sensitivity and 95% specificity on an independent external data set. Further validation showed that the model correctly picked up documented hERG inhibition or interactions among the Food and Drug Administration- approved drugs with the highest similarity scores—with 18 of...
Alkylpyridine complexes of tungsten(II) and chromium(II). First rotational isomers of W2X4L4 molecules with D2h and D2 symmetries.

The compound W2Cl4(4-ButC5H4N)4 has been synthesized and obtained in several crystalline forms in which the angle of internal rotation about the W−W axis is χ = 0°, 8°, and 17° away from an eclipsed D2h structure.
Lattice Reduction Aided Transceiver Design for Multiuser MIMO Downlink Transmissions

In this paper, we present a linear joint transceiver design for downlink transmissions of multiuser multi-input multioutput (MU-MIMO) system using lattice reduction algorithms, based on the minimum sum of the mean-squared errors (MSEs) criterion and subject to a per-user power constraint. Our design consists of two main steps. First, we decompose the MU-MIMO system into parallel single user (SU-) MIMO systems using existing multiuser interference elimination methods (e.g., Block diagonalization, generalized zero forcing channel inversion), and then for each user, we formulate a transceiver optimization problem in lattice-reduced domain with the goal of minimizing sum of the MSEs of information symbols. The problem is solved sub-optimally with the help of lattice reduction algorithm for each user. We compare the error performance and complexity of our proposed design with several existing schemes through simulations and show that our new design performs very well with low complexity especially when each user is equipped with a large number of antennas (e.g., More than 3) and receives spatially multiplexed data streams.
The role of the Glenn shunt in patients undergoing the Fontan operation.

Twenty-seven patients (3 to 22 years) underwent the Fontan operation. Seventeen had tricuspid atresia and 10 had other complex lesions. Sixteen patients had a Glenn shunt (12 prior to, three simultaneous with, and one following the Fontan operation). One early death (3.7%) occurred in a 4½-year-old child with tricuspid atresia II-C, previous pulmonary artery banding, and a closing ventricular septal defect (80 mm Hg gradient). There were two late deaths (7.4%) from Candida sepsis, after 4 and 6 months, respectively. The 24 patients who survived the Fontan operation had postoperative hospital stays of 6 to 90 days (average 18). Patients with tricuspid atresia and an established Glenn shunt (nine patients, Group I) had postoperative hospital stays of 7 to 19 days (average 9.5), and none had significant pleural or pericardial effusions. Patients with tricuspid atresia without a Glenn shunt (seven patients, Group II) had postoperative hospital stays of 6 to 60 days (average 17.5), with three having significant effusions. Of the patients with other complex lesions, all without an established Glenn shunt, five had significant effusions. Four additional major complications (two tricuspid patch disruptions with ineffective pulmonary blood flow and two complete occlusions of a valved conduit) were encountered in which the Glenn shunt proved lifesaving. We believe that an established Glenn shunt played a major role in attaining minimal postoperative hemodynamic instability, effusions, renal failure, and mortality in our patients. The Glenn shunt should be considered in patients who are less than ideal candidates for the Fontan operation.
Perspectives and implications of the new sepsis clinical practice guidelines.

The Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) advocates for early recognition and prompt treatment to decrease mortality from sepsis (1). Currently, the mortality rate associated with septic shock is greater than 40%, which makes early detection imperative (2-4). In the article by Zhang and colleagues entitled, “AME evidence series 001—The Society for Translational Medicine: clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis and early identification of sepsis in the hospital”, the authors discuss recent evidence that supports early recognition of sepsis (5). The comprehensive analysis examines the new definition of sepsis based on the guidelines published by the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3) and provides a detailed assessment of sepsis screening using the Grades of Recommendation Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework.
Clutter covariance matrices for GMTI MIMO radar

We examine the clutter covariance matrices for ground moving-target indicator (GMTI) multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) radar systems, and, in particular, discuss a potential suboptimal increase in their rank. This increase in rank will generically degrade the ability of a MIMO GMTI system to detect slowly moving targets. We first give a general theoretical analysis and then focus on simulated and experimental data for MIMO systems employing fast-time random, time-division multiple-access (TDMA), and Doppler-division multiple-access (DDMA) waveforms. We will show that for the TDMA/DDMA waveforms the clutter covariance matrix in a given Doppler bin is effectively rank 1 for both the simulated and experimental data.
Supporting human rights, one patient at a time.

Medical exams can significantly increase the likelihood that asylum will be granted I saw my first asylum seeker around 10 years ago in my clinic. He came from a country with an autocratic president against whom he had peacefully protested. The government would not accept dissent from its citizens and they arrested, detained, and tortured him. He was released, but he was told that he would be killed for any future—real or perceived—opposition. He fled to the US for safety, and eventually came to my office for a forensic medical exam to document the scars of his torture. In the intervening years I have come across many people who have experienced human rights abuses …
Abstract LB-024: Inhibition of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptors in lung cancer cells activates the TGFβ signaling cascades which increases Id1 expression by TAK1

Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling increases Id1 expression while the transforming growth factor (TGF) signaling typically decreases Id1 expression. BMP antagonists decrease growth of cancer through the inhibition of Id1. Both the BMP and TGF signaling pathways activate TGF activated kinase1 (TAK1). TAK1 has been shown to phosphorylate and activate the BMP transcription factor Smad1/5. The purpose of this study was to understand the cross regulation between the BMP and TGFβ signaling pathways in lung cancer cell lines that occurs following the inhibition of BMP signaling. Antagonists targeting the BMP (DMH2, DMH1), TGFβ (SB-505124), and TAK1 ((5Z)-7-Oxozeaenol) signaling cascades were used to examine the cross regulation between these pathways. Here, we show using siRNA and BMP antagonists targeting the type I receptors that upon inhibition of BMP signaling in lung cancer cells, the TGFβ signaling cascade is activated. SB-505124 alone increases Id1 expression in H1299 cells. However, when BMP signaling was inhibited, SB-505124 decreases Id1 expression, which is associated with a decrease expression in pTAK1. When BMP signaling is inhibited, the TGFβ constitutively active alk5 receptor activates TAK1 and increases Id1 expression, which is attenuated with (5Z)-7-Oxozeaenol. A BMP antagonist together with a TGFβ antagonist further enhanced growth suppression. This study reveals that TGFβ signaling can increase the expression of Id1 when BMP signaling is inhibited in lung cancer cells, which is mediated by TAK1. The data suggests that the inhibition of both the BMP and TGF signaling pathways enhances growth suppression of lung cancer cells that involves the downregulation of Id1. Citation Format: John E. Langenfeld, Elaine Langenfeld, Monica Castle. Inhibition of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptors in lung cancer cells activates the TGFβ signaling cascades which increases Id1 expression by TAK1. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-024. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-LB-024