cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quality-Attribute Based Economic Valuation of Architectural Patterns

Architectural patterns generate value depending on the utility of the quality attributes that can be achieved from the application of those patterns. However, methods to rigorously evaluate the value-added of patterns do not exist. In this position paper, we make the case that architectural patterns carry economic value in the form of real options, providing designers with the right, but not the obligation, to take subsequent design actions in the future in the face of uncertainty. We summarize our observations in evaluating the relative value of patterns using real option valuation models on a model problem. We draw attention to how such economics-informed approaches can provide belter insights for the selection of situated design strategies.
Vertical Integration of System-on-Chip Concepts in the Digital Design Curriculum

The rapid evolution of System-on-Chip (SoC) challenges academic curricula to keep pace with multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary system thinking. This paper presents a curricular prototype that cuts across artificial course boundaries and provides a meaningful exploration of diverse facets of SoC design. Specifically, experimental contents of a digital flow SoC product design-a simplified Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)/Internet Protocol (IP) stack-are systematically developed and implemented in the series of courses that comprise the Digital Design track of the Rowan Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) curriculum. The System-on-Chip project and its progressively more complex laboratory modules are described and discussed. Its implementation in the existing ECE curriculum is also presented along with the assessment results.
Incompressible flow in a rapidly rotating cylinder with a source/sink distribution in the lateral wall and a free inner boundary

The flow of an incompressible fluid in a rapidly rotating right circular cylinder is considered. A source/sink mass distribution at the lateral wall, which is azimuthally uniform and symmetric across the midplane, causes a deviation from wheel flow. The container is only partially full and the inner free surface is allowed to deviate slightly from the vertical. A finite-difference solution of the full axisymmetric, non-linear governing equations was used to obtain the flow field. A special implicit technique for the Coriolis terms which maintains geostrophy was developed and is described. The results obtained for a low Rossby number flow compare quite favourably with the linearized solution. Results are also presented for a case wherein the non-linear terms are important.
Homotopy Types of Stabilizers and Orbits of Morse Functions on Surfaces

Let M be a smooth compact surface, orientable or not, with boundary or without it, P either the real line ℝ 1 or the circle S 1, and D(M) the group of diffeomorphisms of M acting on C^∞(M, P) by the rule h⋅ f = f ∘ h −1 for h ∊ D(M) and f ∊ C^∞ (M,P). Let f: M → P be an arbitrary Morse mapping, Σ f the set of critical points of f, D(M,Σ f ) the subgroup of D(M) preserving Σ f , and S(f), S (f,Σ f ), O(f), and O(f,Σ f ) the stabilizers and the orbits of f with respect to D(M) and D(M,Σ f ). In fact S(f) = S(f,Σ f ).
Variability and component criticality in component reuse and remanufacturing systems

Different operations, such as take-back, cleaning, and repair, lead to high system variability rendering remanufacturing systems difficult to manage. Even when a product is successfully remanufactured, there remains the problem of customer perception of remanufactured products being not able to perform as well as new ones. The possibility of several different options (reusing, remanufacturing, and recycling) further compound the complexity of the information set that should be considered for effective remanufacturing. This paper develops a method that can be employed for making component level decisions that accounts for aforesaid issues. A metric is proposed that measures the randomness or variability imposed by a reuse alternative. A measure of effective age is also proposed, extending the lines of previous research. A washing machine example illustrates the method and how the two measures can be incorporated into a design decision model.
Acute liver failure due to natural killer-like T-cell leukemia/lymphoma: A case report and review of the Literature

Acute liver failure (ALF) is a medical emergency requiring immediate evaluation for liver transplantation. We describe an unusual case of a patient who presented with ascites, jaundice, and encephalopathy and was found to have ALF due to natural killer (NK)-like T cell leukemia/lymphoma. The key immunophenotype was CD2+, CD3+, CD7+, CD56+. This diagnosis, which was based on findings in the peripheral blood and ascitic fluid, was confirmed with liver biopsy, and was a contraindication to liver transplantation. A review of the literature shows that hematologic malignancies are an uncommon cause of fulminant hepatic failure, and that NK-like T-cell leukemia/lymphoma is a relatively recently recognized entity which is characteristically CD3+ and CD56+. This case demonstrates that liver biopsy is essential in diagnosing unusual causes of acute liver failure, and that infiltration of the liver with NK-like T-cell lymphoma/leukemia can cause acute liver failure.
Vanadium-catalyzed addition of propargyl alcohols and imines.

A Mannich-type addition of propargylic alcohols and N-methoxycarbonylimines has been achieved by using a vanadium catalyst. The reactivity of the vanadium catalyst could be modulated by modifying the silanol ligands to avoid the background reaction. The strategy described herein provides an atom-economical access to β-aryl-substituted Z-enones with an allylic amino functional group, which are not readily accessible with other methods.
An inverse problem of ocean acoustics

Let ∆u+ kn(z)u = − 2πr f(z) in R × [0, 1], (1) u(x, 0) = 0, u(x, 1) = 0, (2) where u = u(x, z), x := (x1, x2), r := |x|, x3 := z, u′ = ∂u/∂z, δ(r) is the delta-function, n(z) is the refraction coefficient, which is assumed to be a real-valued integrable function, k > 0 is a fixed wavenumber. The solution to (1)–(2) is selected by the limiting absorption principle. It is proved that if f(z) = δ(z − 1), then n(z) is uniquely determined by the data u(x, 1) known ∀x ∈ R. Comments are made concerning the earlier study of a similar problem in the literature.
Monitors and concurrent Pascal: a personal history

This is a personal history of the early development of the monitor concept and its implementation in the programming language Concurrent Pascal. The paper explains how monitors evolved from the ideas of Dahl, Dijkstra, Hoare, and the author (1971-73). At Caltech the author and his students developed and implemented Concurrent Pascal and used it to write several model operating systems (1974-75). A portable implementation of Concurrent Pascal was widely distributed and used for system design (1976-90). The monitor paradigm was also disseminated in survey papers and text books. The author ends the story by expressing his own mixed feelings about monitors and Concurrent Pascal.
Tight closure commutes with localization in binomial rings

It is proved that tight closure commutes with localization in any domain which has a module finite extension in which tight closure is known to commute with localization. It follows that tight closure commutes with localization in binomial rings, in particular in semigroup or toric rings. Tight closure, introduced in [HHI], is a closure operation performed on ideals in a commutative, Noetherian ring containing a field. Although it has many important applications to commutative algebra and related areas, some basic questions about tight closure remain open. One of the biggest such open problems is whether or not tight closure commutes with localization. For an exposition of tight closure, including the localization problem, see [Hu]. The purpose of this paper is give a simple proof that tight closure commutes with localization for a class of rings that includes semi-group rings and, slightly more generally, the so-called "binomial" rings, that is, those that are a quotient of a finitely generated algebra by an ideal generated by binomials. Although this is a modest class of rings, the result here includes coordinate rings of all affine toric varieties, and is general enough to substantially improve previous results of a number a mathematicians, including Moty Katzman, Will Traves, Keith Pardue and Karen Chandler, Irena Swanson and myself. Throughout this note, R denotes a Noetherian commutative ring of prime characteristic. We say that tight closure commutes with localization in R if, for all ideals I in R and all multiplicative systems U in R, I*R[U-1] = (IR[U-1])*. The main result is the following: Theorem. Let R be a ring with the following property: for each minimal prime P of R, the quotient R/P has an integral extension domain in which tight closure commutes with localization. Then tight closure commutes with localization in R. Lemma 1. If tight closure commutes with localization in R/P for each minimal prime P of R, then tight closure commutes with localization in R. Received by the editors January 11, 1999 and, in revised form, May 15, 1999. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 13A35.
CONSISTENT TRADE POLICY AGGREGATION

Most empirical policy work requires policy aggregation. Trade policy aggregation exemplifies the aggregation problem poignantly, with thousands of highly dispersed trade barriers. This article provides methods of policy aggregation that are consistent with two common objectives of empirical work. One is to preserve real income. The other is to preserve the real volume of activity in the parts of the economy being aggregated. Both objectives must be achieved for consistent multicountry policy modeling. An application to India shows that the standard atheoretic method of aggregation overstates India’s real income by around three times the global gains from free trade. Aggregation of policy variables is unavoidable in empirical work. Data limitations and computational burdens dictate that extremely detailed policies must be combined into summary indices. The focus of this article is on trade policy aggregation, a particularly poignant form of the problem, 2 but the discussion applies to other policy aggregation problems as well. The dirty little secret of trade policy empirical work is that atheoretic policy aggregation contaminates the results. How much could not previously be even guessed at because no consistent aggregation concept existed against which to measure standard practice. This article develops aggregation methods that are consistent with two common intermediate objectives of empirical work: to preserve the relationship between the policy and real income and to preserve the relationship between the policy and the real volume of activities in sectors of the economy that are relevant to the purpose of the work. An application of the methods of this article to evaluation of Indian trade policy shows that aggregation bias is large. “Getting the policy wedges right” is important for getting real income right, as suggested by intuition based on dead weight loss triangles: The loss is roughly proportional to the square of the policy wedge. Reasoning developed below shows
Performance Comparison Between a Simplified and the Optimal Decoder for Minimizing Symbol Error Rate

The probability of error of the optimal decoder, based on the criterion of minimizing bit-error rate, is calculated for a Markov source imbedded in additive Gaussian noise for several specific cases. The tradeoff between bit-error rate and complexity of a simplified decoder is presented for various signal-to-noise ratios and Markov dependency.
The New Heretics: Hybrid Organizations and the Challenges They Present to Corporate Sustainability

Corporate sustainability has become mainstream; reaching into all areas of business management. Yet despite this progress, large-scale social and ecological issues continue to worsen. In this article, we examine how corporate sustainability has been enacted as a concept that supports the dominant beliefs of strategic management rather than challenging them to shift business beyond the unsustainable status quo. Against this backdrop, we consider how hybrid organizations (organizations at the interface between for-profit and nonprofit sectors that address social and ecological issues) are operating at odds with beliefs embedded in strategic management and corporate sustainability literatures. We offer six propositions that define hybrid organizations based on challenges they present to the beliefs embedded in these literatures and position them as new heretics of strategic management and corporate sustainability orthodoxy. We conclude with the implications of this heretical force for theory and suggest dire...
Individual QoS versus aggregate QoS: a loss performance study

This paper explores the differences that can exist between individual and aggregate loss guarantees in an environment where guarantees are only provided at the aggregate level. The focus is on understanding which traffic parameters are responsible for inducing possible deviations and to what extent. In addition, we seek to evaluate the level of additional resources, e.g., bandwidth or buffer, required to ensure that all individual loss measures remain below their desired target. This paper's contributions are in developing analytical models that enable the evaluation of individual loss probabilities in settings where only aggregate losses are controlled, and in identifying traffic parameters that have a major influence on the differences between individual and aggregate losses. The latter allows us to further construct practical tools and guidelines for rapidly assessing if specific traffic sources can be safely multiplexed into a common service class.
Who Benefits from a Minimum Wage Increase

The authors address the question of how a minimum wage increase affects the wages of low-wage workers relative to the wage the worker would have if there had been no minimum wage increase. The authors’ method allows for the effect to depend not only on the initial wage of the worker but also nonlinearly on the size of the minimum wage increase. Results indicate that low-wage workers who experience a small increase in the minimum wage tend to have lower wage growth than if there had been no minimum wage increase. A large increase to the minimum wage not only increases the wages of those workers who previously earned less than the new minimum wage but also spills over to workers with moderately higher wages. Finally, the authors find little evidence of heterogeneity in the effect by age, gender, income, and race.
Interpreting the M22 Spike Events

Recently Sahu et al., using the Hubble Space Telescope to monitor stars in the direction of the old (~12 Gyr) globular cluster M22, detected six events in which otherwise constant stars brightened by ~50% during a time of 1 day. They tentatively interpret these unresolved events as being caused by microlensing of background bulge stars by free-floating planets in M22. Using simple analytic arguments, I show that if these spike events are caused by microlensing, the lensing objects are unlikely to be associated with M22 and unlikely to be part of a smoothly distributed Galactic population. Thus, either there happens to be a massive dark cluster of planets along our line of sight to M22 or the spike events are not caused by microlensing. The lensing planets cannot be bound to stars in the core of M22: if they were closer than ~8 AU, the lensing influence of the parent star would have been detectable. Moreover, in the core of M22, all planets with separations 1 AU would have been ionized by random stellar encounters. Most unbound planets would have escaped the core via evaporation, which preferentially affects such low-mass objects. Bound or free-floating planets can exist in the outer halo of M22; however, for reasonable assumptions, the maximum optical depth to such a population falls short of the observed optical depth, τ ~ 3 × 10-6, by a factor of 5-10. Therefore, if real, these events represent the detection of a significant free-floating Galactic planet population. The optical depth to these planets is comparable to and mutually exclusive from the optical depth to resolved events measured by microlensing survey collaborations toward the bulge and, thus, implies a similar additional mass of lensing objects. If the spatial and kinematic distributions of the two populations are the same, there are more than 103 planets per bulge microlens. Such a population is difficult to reconcile with both theory and observations.
On the linearity problem for mapping class groups

Formanek and Procesi have demonstrated that Aut(Fn) is not linear for n 3. Their technique is to construct nonlinear groups of a special form, which we call FP-groups, and then to embed a special type of automorphism group, which we call a poison group ,i n Aut( F n), from which they build an FP-group. We rst prove that poison groups cannot be embedded in certain mapping class groups. We then show that no FP-groups of any form can be embedded in mapping class groups. Thus the methods of Formanek and Procesi fail in the case of mapping class groups, providing strong evidence that mapping class groups may in fact be linear. AMS Classication 57M07,20F65; 57N05,20F34
Intermediate evolution using SNIa, and BAO

We study the intermediate evolution model and show that, compared with the recent study of a power-law evolution, the intermediate evolution is a better description of the low-redshift regime supported by observations from type Ia supernovae and BAO. We found also that recent data suggest that the intermediate evolution is as good a fit to this redshift range as the $\varLambda$ CDM model.
Does Order Flow Commonality Extend Across Trade Sizes and Securities

We examine commonality in order imbalances across different types of securities and find that the extent of commonality is greater than previously documented. Order imbalances in portfolios of small stocks, large stocks, and closed-end funds have explanatory power for other portfolio returns even in the presence of own order flow. Our analysis of order flow composition reveals commonality in small and medium trades, but not in large trades, across portfolios. The activity from small-size trades is systemic, but not generally associated with returns on other securities. Order imbalances from larger size trades provide more information relevant to stock prices.
Databases are us

In the age of information overload, the primary concern for many knowledge areas becomes the organisation and retrieval of data. Artists have a unique opportunity, at this historical juncture, to play a role in the definition and design of systems of access and retrieval, and at the very least comment on the existing practices. In this article I show how some personalities have foreshadowed and indeed influenced the current practices and huge efforts in digitising our collective knowledge. This article is an effort to broadly contextualise the current atmosphere and environment that `information architects' are confronted with.
Computational Reconstruction of Three-Dimensional Integral Imaging by Rearrangement of Elemental Image Pixels

In this paper, we present a method to implement computational three-dimensional (3D) integral imaging (II). This method is based on Pixels of the Elemental Image Rearrangement Technique (PERT). In our proposed method for computational reconstruction of II, the reconstructed 3D image is obtained by using the entire elemental images which are captured from the lenslet array. Instead of averaging the elemental images, our proposed method rearranges pixels of each elemental image. Therefore, the reconstructed 3D image has the same number of pixels as the entire elemental images' pixels. To verify this computational reconstruction method, we have implemented optical experiments.
Domain walls, black holes, and supersymmetric quantum mechanics

Supersymmetric solutions, such as BPS domain walls or black holes, in four- and five-dimensional supergravity theories with eight supercharges can be described by effective quantum mechanics with a potential term. We show how properties of the latter theory can help us to learn about the physics of supersymmetric vacua and BPS solutions in these supergravity theories. The general approach is illustrated in a number of specific examples where scalar fields of matter multiplets take values in symmetric coset spaces.
Stability limits of an optical frequency standard based on free Ca atoms

We have quantified a short term instability budget for an optical frequency standard based on cold, freely expanding calcium atoms. Such systems are the subject of renewed interest due to their high frequency stability and relative technical simplicity compared to trapped atom optical clocks. By filtering the clock laser light at 657 nm through a high finesse cavity, we observe a slight reduction in the optical Dick effect caused by aliased local oscillator noise. The ultimately limiting technical noise is measured using a technique that does not rely on a second clock or fs-comb.
On the Capacity of Gaussian Weak Interference Channels with Degraded Message sets

This paper is motivated by a sensor network on a correlated field where nearby sensors share information, and can thus assist rather than interfere with one another. We consider a special class of two-user Gaussian interference channels (IFCs) where one of the two transmitters knows both the messages to be conveyed to the two receivers. Both achievability and converse arguments are provided for a channel with Gaussian inputs and Gaussian noise when the interference is weaker than the direct link (a so called weak IFC). In general, this region serves as an outer bound on the capacity of weak IFCs with no shared knowledge between transmitters.
Characterization of a risk sharing contract with one-sided commitment

In this paper I provide a stopping-time-based solution to a long-term contracting problem between a risk-neutral principal and a risk-averse agent. The agent faces a stochastic income stream and cannot commit to the long-term contracting relationship. To compute the optimal contract, I also design an algorithm that is more efficient than value-function iteration.
YBa2Cu3Oy as prototypes for the empirical bond order rules for high Tc superconductors

Abstract Doping curves for as quenched YBa 2 Cu 3 O y are discussed as prototype examples of bond ordering (BO) phenomenology, based on charge-lattice commensurabilities of holes ( h ) in the CuO 2 planes. Literature data for YBa 2 Cu 3 O y show extended linear T c ranges with y up to a ‘sharp’ T c optimum (designated Source region). There are relatively pronounced changes in slope at critical hole-concentrations. The sequence in the doping curve involves T c onset at h ∼1/24, a kink at h ∼1/12 (in annealed samples a T c ∼60 K plateau corresponds to h ∼1/6), and the optimum at about h ∼1/4.5. The unusually large extent of the Source region and the relatively high values for h (or T c ) for kink and optimum, compared with other materials such as La 2− x Sr x CuO 4 , are related to the relatively large lattice parameter. This behavior is discussed in terms of a BO model. Accordingly, T c scale universally with the number of superconducting pairs, n p , and an elasticity-related parameter. Analytical functions are given for n p , based on critical hole concentrations, which reflect BO transformations. In the Source region towards the optimum, T c is based directly on the number of holes, h (e.g. obtained by Knight shift), as in this region h =2 n p . A factor f accounts for the deleterious influence of the apical O. Pair generation out of a BO of single holes is discussed as a general crystal chemical problem, involving the lamination of stripes of single holes into strands of pairs. In addition, unusual cell volume expansion effects are dealt with as special manifestations of variety in hole placement into various bond systems.
A Really Simple Elementary Proof of the Uniform Boundedness Theorem

I give a proof of the uniform boundedness theorem that is elementary (i.e., does not use any version of the Baire category theorem) and also extremely simple.
An advanced atmospheric dispersion corrector: The Magellan visible AO camera

In addition to the BLINC/MIRAC IR science instruments, the Magellan adaptive secondary AO system will have an EEV CCD47 that can be used both for visible AO science and as a wide-field acquisition camera. The effects of atmospheric dispersion on the elongation of the diffraction limited Magellan adaptive optics system point spread function (PSF) are significant in the near IR. This elongation becomes particularly egregious at visible wavelengths, culminating in a PSF that is 2000mm long in one direction and diffraction limited (30-60 mm) in the other over the wavelength band 0.5-1.0mm for a source at 45° zenith angle. The planned Magellan AO system consists of a deformable secondary mirror with 585 actuators. This number of actuators should be sufficient to nyquist sample the atmospheric turbulence and correct images to the diffraction limit at wavelengths as short as 0.7mm, with useful science being possible as low as 0.5mm. In order to achieve diffraction limited performance over this broad band, 2000mm of lateral color must be corrected to better than 10mm. The traditional atmospheric dispersion corrector (ADC) consists of two identical counter-rotating cemented doublet prisms that correct the primary chromatic aberration. We propose two new ADC designs: the first consisting of two identical counter-rotating prism triplets, and the second consisting of two pairs of cemented counter-rotating prism doublets that use both normal dispersion and anomalous dispersion glass in order to correct both primary and secondary chromatic aberration. The two designs perform 58% and 68%, respectively, better than the traditional two-doublet design. We also present our design for a custom removable wide-field lens that will allow our CCD47 to switch back and forth between an 8.6" FOV for AO science and a 25.8" FOV for acquisition.
Affine fractals as boundaries and their harmonic analysis

We introduce the notion of boundary representation for fractal Fourier expansions, starting with a familiar notion of spectral pairs for affine fractal measures. Specializing to one dimension, we establish boundary representations for these fractals. We prove that as sets these fractals arise as boundaries of functions in closed subspaces of the Hardy space $H^2$. By this we mean that there are lacunary subsets $\Gamma$ of the non-negative integers, and associated closed $\Gamma$-subspace in the Hardy space $H^2(\bd)$, $\bd$ denoting the disk, such that for every function $f$ in in $H^2(\Gamma)$, and for every point $z$ in $\bd$, $f(z)$ admits a boundary integral represented by an associated measure $\mu$, with integration over $\supp{\mu}$ placed as a Cantor subset on the circle $\bt := \{bd}(\bd)$. We study families of pairs: measures $\mu$ and sets $\Gamma$ of lacunary form, admitting lacunary Fourier series in $L^2(\mu)$; i.e., configurations $\Gamma$ arranged with a geometric progression of empty spacing, or missing parts, gaps. Given $\Gamma$, we find corresponding generalized Szeg\" o kernels $G_\Gamma$, and we compare them to the classical Szeg\" o kernel for $\bd$. Rather than the more traditional approach of starting with $\mu$, and then asking for possibilities for sets $\Gamma$, such that we get Fourier series representations, we turn the problem upside down; now starting instead with a countably infinite discrete subset $\Gamma$, and, within a new duality framework, we study the possibilities for choices of measures $\mu$.
Distributed Representations of Words and Phrases and their Compositionality

The recently introduced continuous Skip-gram model is an efficient method for learning high-quality distributed vector representations that capture a large number of precise syntactic and semantic word relationships. In this paper we present several extensions that improve both the quality of the vectors and the training speed. By subsampling of the frequent words we obtain significant speedup and also learn more regular word representations. We also describe a simple alternative to the hierarchical softmax called negative sampling. An inherent limitation of word representations is their indifference to word order and their inability to represent idiomatic phrases. For example, the meanings of "Canada" and "Air" cannot be easily combined to obtain "Air Canada". Motivated by this example, we present a simple method for finding phrases in text, and show that learning good vector representations for millions of phrases is possible.
Opportunistic Cooperation in Cognitive Femtocell Networks

We investigate opportunistic cooperation between secondary (femtocell) users and primary (macrocell) users in cognitive femtocell networks. We consider two models for such cooperation. In the first model, called the Cooperative Relay Model, a secondary user cannot transmit its own data concurrently with a primary user. However, it can employ cooperative relaying of primary user data in order to improve the latter's effective transmission rate. In the second model, called the Interference Model, a secondary user is allowed to transmit its data concurrently with a primary user. However, the secondary user can "cooperate" by deferring its transmissions when the primary user is busy. In both models, the secondary users must make intelligent cooperation decisions as they seek to maximize their own throughput subject to average power constraints. The decision options are different during idle and busy periods of the primary user, and the decisions in turn influence the durations of these periods according to a controllable infinite state Markov chain. Such problems can be formulated as constrained Markov decision problems, and conventional solution techniques require either extensive knowledge of the system dynamics or learning based approaches that suffer from large convergence times. However, using a generalized Lyapunov optimization technique, we design a novel greedy and online control algorithm that overcomes these challenges. Remarkably, this algorithm does not require any knowledge of the network arrival rates and is provably optimal.
Formal synthesis of (+)-brefeldin A: application of a zinc-mediated ring expansion reaction.

An efficient formal synthesis of (+)-brefeldin A was accomplished through a synthetic approach that relied upon three keys steps. The five-membered ring was generated in a stereocontrolled fashion through application of a tandem conjugate addition-intramolecular cyclization method developed by Toru. Ring-closing metathesis provided access to a twelve-membered β-keto lactone, which was ring-expanded to the α,β-unsaturated-γ-keto lactone through a zinc carbenoid-mediated reaction. Conversion of this lactone to (+)-brefeldin A has been reported previously.
Spatial and temporal variability of the gamma radiation from Earth's atmosphere during a solar cycle

[1] The Solar Maximum Mission satellite’s Gamma Ray Spectrometer spent much of its 1980–1989 mission pointed at Earth, accumulating spectra of atmospheric albedo g-rays. Its 28� orbit ensured that a range of geomagnetic latitudes was sampled. We measured the variation with time and cutoff rigidity of some key g-ray lines which are diagnostic of the intensity of the Galactic cosmic radiation penetrating the geomagnetic cutoff and of the secondary neutrons produced in the atmosphere. We found that the intensities of nuclear lines at 1.6 MeV, 2.3 MeVand 4.4 MeV varied inversely with solar activity in cycles 21–22 as expected from the theory of solar modulation of cosmic rays. They were found to be strongly anticorrelated with cutoff rigidity, as expected from the theory of the cutoff, falling by a factor � 3.6 between the lowest ( 13 GV) rigidities sampled. The solar cycle modulation was particularly marked at the lowest rigidities, reaching an amplitude of16%.Theratios oftheintensities ofthelinesproduced bynuclearde-excitation (1.6 MeV, 2.3 MeV) and those from nuclear spallation (4.4 MeV) did not vary with either solar activity or cutoff rigidity, indicating that the shape of the secondary neutron spectrum in the atmosphere above 5 MeV was approximately constant over the times and regions sampled. If it is approximated by a power law in energy, we derive constraints on the absolute value of the power law index �� 1.15–� 1.45 and better constraints on its variability, � 5%overasolarcycle,and � 6%overSMM’srangeofsampledcutoffrigidities. We also measured the intensity of the electron-positron annihilation line at 0.511 MeV. This line also varies with the solar cycle, but its variation with cutoff rigidity is weaker than that of the nuclear lines, falling by a factor 2 (rather than 3.6) over SMM’s range of sampled cutoff rigidities. This can be understood in terms of the energy dependences of the cross sections for positron production and for the hadronic interactions which produce secondary neutrons. INDEX TERMS: 7554 Solar Physics, Astrophysics, and Astronomy: X rays, gamma rays, and neutrinos; 2104 Interplanetary Physics: Cosmic rays; 7536 Solar Physics, Astrophysics, and Astronomy: Solar activity cycle (2162); 7837 Space Plasma Physics: Neutral particles; KEYWORDS: Earth atmosphere neutrons, X rays, gamma rays, solar activity cycle, energetic particles
QUIT BEHAVIOR UNDER IMPERFECT INFORMATION: SEARCHING, MOVING, LEARNING

The paper provides a search ––– theoretic interpretation of a well-known empirical regularity ––– the inverse relationship between quit rates and job tenure. We consider a setting where the employed job searcher has incomplete information about non-wage job attributes at the time acceptance decisions are made; hence jobs will be accepted (or refused) without full knowledge of the value of the offers. The model implies that workers with long tenure will be less likely to quit, holding wage rates constant. We also show that a risk-neutral worker is willing to accept a wage offer that falls below his current “full” wage (in the absence of moving costs).
A Coarse-Grained Molecular Model for Glycosaminoglycans: Application to Chondroitin, Chondroitin Sulfate, and Hyaluronic Acid

A coarse-grained molecular model is presented for the study of the equilibrium conformation and titration behavior of chondroitin (CH), chondroitin sulfate (CS), and hyaluronic acid (HA)—glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) that play a central role in determining the structure and biomechanical properties of the extracellular matrix of articular cartilage. Systematic coarse-graining from an all-atom description of the disaccharide building blocks retains the polyelectrolytes' specific chemical properties while enabling the simulation of high molecular weight chains that are inaccessible to all-atom representations. Results are presented for the characteristic ratio, the ionic strength-dependent persistence length, the pH-dependent expansion factor for the end-to-end distance, and the titration behavior of the GAGs. Although 4-sulfation of the N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residue is found to increase significantly the intrinsic stiffness of CH with respect to 6-sulfation, only small differences in the titration behavior of the two sulfated forms of CH are found. Persistence length expressions are presented for each type of GAG using a macroscopic (wormlike chain-based) and a microscopic (bond vector correlation- based) definition. Model predictions agree quantitatively with experimental conformation and titration measurements, which support use of the model in the investigation of equilibrium solution properties of GAGs.
The Eccentric Kozai Mechanism for a Test Particle

We study the dynamical evolution of a test particle that orbits a star in the presence of an exterior massive planet, considering octupole-order secular interactions. In the standard Kozai mechanism (SKM), the planet's orbit is circular and so the particle conserves vertical angular momentum. As a result, the particle's orbit oscillates periodically, exchanging eccentricity for inclination. However, when the planet's orbit is eccentric, the particle's vertical angular momentum varies and its Kozai oscillations are modulated on longer timescales—we call this the eccentric Kozai mechanism (EKM). The EKM can lead to behavior that is dramatically different from the SKM. In particular, the particle's orbit can flip from prograde to retrograde and back again, and it can reach arbitrarily high eccentricities given enough time. We map out the conditions under which this dramatic behavior (flipping and extreme eccentricities) occurs and show that when the planet's eccentricity is sufficiently high, it occurs quite generically. For example, when the planet's eccentricity exceeds a few percent of the ratio of semimajor axes (outer to inner), around half of randomly oriented test particle orbits will flip and reach extreme eccentricities. The SKM has often been invoked for bringing pairs of astronomical bodies (star-star, planet-star, compact-object pairs) close together. Including the effect of the EKM will enhance the rate at which such matchmaking occurs.
Clifford tetrads, null zig zags, and quantum gravity

Quantum gravity has been so elusive because we have tried to approach it by two paths which can never meet: standard quantum field theory and general relativity. These contradict each other, not only in superdense regimes, but also in the vacuum, where the divergent zero-point energy would roll up space to a point. The solution is to build in a regular, but topologically nontrivial distribution of vacuum spinor fields right from the start. This opens up a straight road to quantum gravity, which we map out here.
Toward Internationally Regulated Goods: Controlling the Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons

Contrary to the general trend of trade liberalization, specific goods— such as small arms, drugs, and antiquities—have come under increasing international control in recent decades through a set of international regulatory agreements+ This article offers a theoretical framework of government preferences on the international regulation of these goods+ Departing from conventional models of trade policy, the theoretical framework introduces negative externalities, rather than protection, as the motivation for restricting trade; it also takes moral concerns into account+ I test this framework empirically through an original survey of government views on inter- national small-arms regulation+ Based on interviewing officials from 118 countries, the survey reveals a large variation in government preferences that conforms to the theoretical expectations+ I employ this variation to explain why the international reg- ulation of small arms is weak, despite the fact that these are the deadliest weapons of all in terms of actual death toll+
Clinical outcomes of 0.018-inch and 0.022-inch bracket slot using the ABO objective grading system.

Abstract Objective: To determine if there is a significant difference in the clinical outcomes of cases treated with 0.018-inch brackets vs 0.022-inch brackets according to the American Board of Orthodontics (ABO) Objective Grading System (OGS). Materials and Methods: Treatment time and the ABO-OGS standards in alignment/rotations, marginal ridges, buccolingual inclination, overjet, occlusal relationships, occlusal contacts, interproximal contacts, and root angulations were used to compare clinical outcomes between a series of 828 consecutively completed orthodontic cases (2005–2008) treated in a university graduate orthodontic clinic with 0.018-inch- and 0.022-inch-slot brackets. Results: A two-sample t-test showed a significantly shorter treatment time and lower ABO-OGS score in four categories (alignment/rotations, marginal ridges, overjet, and root angulations), as well as lower total ABO-OGS total score, with the 0.018-inch brackets. The ANCOVA—adjusting for covariants of discrepancy index, age, gend...
Cautious Defection: Group Representatives Cooperate and Risk Less than Individuals

Individuals often make decisions that affect groups, yet the propensities of group representatives are not as well understood than those of independent decision makers or deliberating groups. We ask how responsibility for group payoffs-in the absence of group deliberation-affects the choice. The experiment utilizes the Interdependent Security Dilemma paradigm. In its deterministic version, the game is identical to a finitely repeated Prisoner's Dilemma. In the stochastic version, potential losses are larger but uncertain, occurring with a predefined probability when one or both players choose to forgo investment in protection. Participants were assigned to play either as individuals, or as representatives of three-person groups, with each member's choices equally likely to determine the group's payoffs. In the deterministic condition, individuals were more likely to invest (cooperate) than group representatives (80% vs. 62% of rounds). In the stochastic condition, the pattern was reversed as representatives were slightly, but not significantly, more likely to invest than individuals (46% vs. 40%). The significant interaction effect suggested that group representatives were not only less cooperative but also more risk averse than individuals. A follow-up study supported this account by showing participants who construed the invest strategy as low-risk than those who perceived this strategy to be high risk. Overall, group representatives exhibited a tendency to act more competitively and more cautiously than individuals acting alone. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Deformation quantization as the origin of D-brane non-Abelian degrees of freedom

I construct a map from the Grothendieck group of coherent sheaves to K-homology. This results in explicit realizations of K-homology cycles associated with D-brane configurations. Non-abelian degrees of freedom arise in this framework from the deformation quantization of N-tuple cycles. The large-N limit of the gauge theory on D-branes wrapped on a subvariety V of some variety X is geometrically interpreted as the deformation quantization of the formal completion of X along V.
Securing ad hoc networks

Securing the operation of ad hoc networking protocols is a multifaceted and complex problem that poses new and unique challenges. All network nodes constitute a self-organizing infrastructure, while operating in an inherently unreliable and insecure environment. The boundaries of an ad hoc network are blurred, if not inexistent, and its membership may frequently change. Without security measures, attackers have ample opportunity to control, disrupt, and degrade the services or even disable communications of other users. As a result, applications based on the ad hoc networking technology cannot proliferate, unless such vulnerabilities are eradicated. For example, search-and-rescue, law enforcement, or battlefield networks must guarantee secure and reliable communication, even if a significant fraction of the network nodes are disabled or controlled by an adversary. Similarly, users will not enable their portable devices to join and form ad hoc networks, unless access to the sought services is protected from compromise. This talk discusses threats and security measures, focusing on a comprehensive solution for secure and fault-tolerant communication in ad hoc networks. We discuss our design of a protocol suite that addresses the security of the route discovery and the security of the data transmission in ad hoc networks. The presented material reflects on-going research, as well as research conducted over the past four years at Cornell University under the supervision of Prof. Z. J. Haas.
Alkyl–Alkyl Suzuki Cross‐Coupling of Unactivated Secondary Alkyl Chlorides

The first method for achieving alkyl–alkyl Suzuki reactions of unactivated secondary alkyl chlorides has been developed. Carbon–carbon bond formation occurs under mild conditions (at room temperature) with the aid of commercially available catalyst components. This method has proved to be versatile: without modification, it can be applied to Suzuki reactions of secondary and primary alkyl bromides and iodides, as well as primary alkyl chlorides. Mechanistic investigations suggest that oxidative addition is not the turnover-limiting step of the catalytic cycle for unactivated secondary alkyl iodides and bromides, whereas it may be (partially) for chlorides.
The Biology and Chemistry of the Zoanthamine Alkaloids

Marine natural products have long played an important role in natural products chemistry and drug discovery. Mirroring the rich variety and complicated interactions of the marine environment, the substances isolated from sea creatures tend to be incredibly diverse in both molecular structure and biological activity. The natural products isolated from the polyps of marine zoanthids are no exception. The zoanthamine alkaloids, the first of which were isolated over 20 years ago, are of particular interest to the synthetic community because they feature a novel structural framework and exhibit a broad range of biological activities. In this Review, we summarize the major contributions to understanding the zoanthamine natural products with regard to their isolation and structure determination, as well as studies on their biological activity and total synthesis.
Culture, Cognition, and Collaborative Networks in Organizations

This article examines the interplay of culture, cognition, and social networks in organizations with norms that emphasize cross-boundary collaboration. In such settings, social desirability concerns can induce a disparity between how people view themselves in conscious (i.e., deliberative) versus less conscious (i.e., automatic) cognition. These differences have implications for the resulting pattern of intra-organizational collaborative ties. Based on a laboratory study and field data from a biotechnology firm, we find that (1) people consciously report more positive views of themselves as collaborative actors than they appear to hold in less conscious cognition; (2) less conscious collaborative–independent self-views are associated with the choice to enlist organizationally distant colleagues in collaboration; and (3) these self-views are also associated with a person’s likelihood of being successfully enlisted by organizationally distant colleagues (i.e., of supporting these colleagues in collaboration...
Enantioselective ortho-C ? H Cross-Coupling of Diarylmethylamines with Organoborons

The commonly used para-nitrobenzenesulfonyl (nosyl) protecting group is employed to direct the CH activation of amines for the first time. An enantioselective ortho-CH cross-coupling between nosyl-protected diarylmethylamines and arylboronic acid pinacol esters has been achieved utilizing chiral mono-N-protected amino acid (MPAA) ligands as a promoter.
Meridional circulation from differential rotation in an adiabatically stratified solar/stellar convection zone

Meridional circulation in stellar convection zones is not generally well observed, but may be critical for the workings of MHD dynamos operating in these domains. Coriolis forces from differential rotation play a large role in determining what the meridional circulation is. Here, we consider the question of whether a stellar differential rotation that is constant on cylinders concentric with the rotation axis can drive a meridional circulation. Conventional wisdom says that it can not. Using two related forms of the governing equations that respectively estimate the longitudinal components of the curl of the meridional mass flux and the vorticity, we show that such differential rotation will drive a meridional flow. This is because to satisfy anelastic mass conservation, non-spherically symmetric pressure contours must be present for all differential rotations, not just ones that depart from constancy on cylinders concentric with the rotation axis. Therefore, the fluid is always baroclinic if differential...