cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional protuberance interference heating in high speed flow

Extensive experimental study was conducted on interference heating caused by three-dimensional cylindrical protuberances protruding from a flat plate. The parametric study includes variation of cylinder height and diameter, unit Reynolds number, flow length, and, consequently, boundary-layer thickness. The protuberance can be either submerged in the boundary layer or be infinitely long with the flow on the flat plate either laminar or turbulent. The heating data on the flat plate were correlated in such a way that generalized heating prediction methods were developed for thermal design purposes. One of the important findings from this study is the effect of the protuberance on the flat-plate boundary-layer state which is closely related to the heating levels. The data indicate that flow on the flat plate right in front of the protuberance is always laminar, even though the oncoming flow is turbulent. This is in contrast to the flow in the downstream region, where the laminar flow can be tripped to turbulent resulting in higher heating. Presented as Paper 80-0289 at the AIAA 18th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Pasadena, California, Jan. 14-16, 1980. Copyright© American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., 1980. All rights reserved. ^Engineering Specialist, Aerothermodynamics Office, Vehicle Engineering Division. "("Member of Technical Staff, Aerosciences Department, Space Division. 109 110 F. T. HUNG AND J. M. CLAUSS Nomenclature D = cylinder diameter H = heat-transfer coefficient K = cylinder height M = Mach number P = pressure Re = Reynolds number 5 = primary separation distance T = temperature U = velocity X = streamwise distance measured from flat-plate leading edge Z = vertical distance measured from flat-plate surface 6 = boundary-layer thickness * Halprin, Westkaemper,* Waltrup et al.,° Whitehead, Hiers and Loubsky, and Couch. PROTUBERANCE INTERFERENCE HEATING ___________ 24 in. _________ Flow 54 Chromel-Constantan Thermocouples Thermocouple Cylinder -*— + — H+ ++++ I MMIt Fig. 1 Test model configurations.
Cleaner technologies for sustainable tourism: Caribbean case studies

Abstract Tourists are becoming increasingly sophisticated in their selection of tourism destination. A major factor that has been gaining importance in their choice set is the environmental quality of their preferred destination. Tourism planners need to recognize that the sustainability of their destination and its various offerings necessitates the consideration of environmental protection and conservation-related issues. This paper undertakes the case study methodology to explore the link between implementing cleaner technologies, a major environmental issue, and sustainable tourism. The analysis of the case studies indicates that cleaner technologies are playing a role in enhancing the sustainability of the Caribbean tourism industry. It was also found that there is a Caribbean tourism cluster focused on developing an environmentally sound tourism product.
Peroxidase Mediated Antimicrobial Activities of Alveolar Macrophage Granules

The 20,000g pellet obtained by centrifugation of a homogenate of rabbit alveolar macrophages has antibacterial activity in the presence of a hydrogen peroxide-generating system and iodide. Peroxidase activity has been demonstrated in this fraction. Addition of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole diminished the antibacterial activity of the pellet-hydrogen peroxide-iodide system.
The Dynamics of a Flexible Beam With a Lubricated Prismatic Kinematic Pair

In this article we consider the influence of the prismatic kinematic pair lubrication film on the planar vibrations ofa constant cross-sectional straight link that is attached to the joint. The main objective is to develop an analytical model that incorporates the effect of the lubricant film on the vibration of elastic links in mechanisms. It has been assumed that the beam on which the prismatic kinematic pair translates is a linear elastic body. Equations for the translational and rotational motions of the link are developed by applying Hamilton's principle. Kinetic energy that is required for the application of this principle has been derived by utilizing a generalized velocity field theory for elastic solids. This approach provides means to include the inertia terms directly in the equations of motion. The pressure field exerted through the viscous, incompressible, lubricant film is obtained from the solution of the Reynolds equation of lubrication. We introduce a scheme to solve the resulting two sets of equations for the vibrations of the link and the motion of the fluid. The pressure field is used to compute the external force exerted by the fluid on the link. The utility of the method is demonstrated by considering a planar mechanism that includes an elastic element with a prismatic joint.
Morphological perspective on the classification and evolution of Recent Pterioidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia)

The evolutionary relationships of the Recent Pterioidea are inferred from a phylogenetic analysis of representatives of all pterioidean genera based on original observations of anatomy and shell morphology, and an extensive survey of bivalve literature. The well-resolved cladogram supports monophyly for the superfamily, but renders all but one family (the monotypic Pulvinitidae) polyphyletic. In addition, these results reveal a considerable level of convergence and parallelisms through the Pterioidea. The branching order of pterioid genera in the morphological analysis is largely corroborated by the sequence of their appearance in the fossil record. The palaeontological evidence provides important information on dating lineage splitting events and transitional taxa. The proposed phylogeny integrates the cladistic analysis of the Recent Pterioidea with the fossil record and suggests that the crown-group pterioideans probably originated in the Triassic from the Bakevelliidae, an extinct paraphyletic stem group from which the Ostreoidea are also ultimately derived. © 2006 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2006, 148, 253–312.
Experimental validation of acoustic radiation force induced shear wave interference patterns

A novel elasticity imaging system founded on the use of acoustic radiation forces from a dual beam arrangement to generate shear wave interference patterns is described. Acquired pulse-echo data and correlation-based techniques were used to estimate the resultant deformation and to visualize tissue viscoelastic response. The use of normal versus axicon focal configurations was investigated for effects on shear wave generation. Theoretical models were introduced and shown in simulation to accurately predict shear wave propagation and interference pattern properties. In a tissue-mimicking phantom, experimental results are in congruence with theoretical predictions. Using dynamic acoustic radiation force excitation, results confirm that shear wave interference patterns can be produced remotely in a particular tissue region of interest (ROI). Overall, preliminary results are encouraging and the system described may prove feasible for interrogating the viscoelastic properties of normal and diseased tissue types.
Nonperturbative potential model for light and heavy quark-antiquark systems

A potential model based on quantum-chromodynamics (QCD) considerations is developed. The model attempts to overcome the relativistic limitations associated with earlier models by introducing an effective size for quarks. Application of the model Hamiltonian to both light and heavy mesons yields an accurate description of the mass spectrum, radiative transitions, and annihilation widths for a large number of known mesons. Spin-dependent interactions are treated nonperturbatively using standard diagonalization procedures with an oscillator basis set and relativistic kinematics are adopted throughout. The scaling of the potential parameters is found to be similar to simple QCD predictions. Much of the anomalous behavior for pseudoscalar mesons appears to be resolved both for light and heavy mesons.
Food Insecurity and Chronic Disease

Household food insecurity has been previously hypothesized to promote dependence on inexpensive, highly palatable foods that are energy dense. Such dependence, and the cyclical nature of having enough food in the beginning of the month followed by food scarcity at the end of the month, could lead to weight gain over a short period of time. Such dependence on energy-dense foods and weight gain may play a direct role in the development of chronic conditions. Other compounding factors that result from exposure to household food insecurity have been well described, including pathways by which stress promotes visceral fat accumulation and chronic disease. This symposium review paper summarizes the literature on the link between food insecurity and the following: 1) diet, 2) weight gain, and 3) chronic disease, especially among women. This paper also proposes a framework for considering how the lived experience of household food insecurity may potentiate the development of chronic disease by activating the stress response among individuals at critical developmental periods in a food-impoverished environment.
Minimally invasive liver resection: robotic versus laparoscopic left lateral sectionectomy.

Background The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical and economic outcomes of robotic versus laparoscopic left lateral sectionectomy (LLS).
Environmentally-friendly physico-chemical rapid ultrasonic recycling of fumed silica-filled poly(dimethyl siloxane) vulcanizate

Fumed silica-filled PDMS, where quite a strong interaction exists between the filler and matrix via hydrogen bonding, was recycled by means of an extruder with high power ultrasound attachment. It was found that the reinforcing filler plays an important role in the devulcanization process. Compared to the precipitated silica-filled PDMS, higher power is consumed during the devulcanization process of fumed silica-filled PDMS due to a strong interaction between the fumed silica particles and PDMS chains. The decrease in crosslink density after the devulcanization process shows that the process is quite dependent on the concentration of fumed silica. Throughout a simulation of scission of chemical bonds during the process, the influence of the concentration of filler on the devulcanization was investigated. The scission of main chains (Si–O) and crosslinks (Si–C and C–C) concurrently occurs during the process. Crosslinks are predominantly severed in the absence of fumed silica while the main chain rupture tends to increase with the filler concentration. The main chain scission leads to the deactivation of filler which reduces gel fraction and crosslink density of the revulcanizates. The mechanical properties of the revulcanizate show that the fumed silica significantly affects the final properties of the recycled PDMS.
Supplemental nurse staffing in hospitals and quality of care.

Objective To promote evidence-based decision making regarding hospital staffing, the authors examined the characteristics of supplemental nurses, as well as the relationship of supplemental staff to nurse outcomes and adverse events. Background The use of supplemental nurses to bolster permanent nursing staff in hospitals is widespread but controversial. Quality concerns have been raised regarding the use of supplemental staff. Methods Data from the 2000 National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses were used to determine whether the qualifications of supplemental nurses working in hospitals differed from permanent staff nurses. Data from Pennsylvania nurse surveys were analyzed to examine whether nurse outcomes and adverse events differed in hospitals with varying proportions of nonpermanent nurses. Results Temporary nurses have qualifications similar to permanent staff nurses. Deficits in patient care environments in hospitals employing more temporary nurses explain the association between poorer quality and temporary nurses. Conclusion Negative perceptions of temporary nurses may be unfounded.
An Inner Bound of Capacity Region for the Gaussian Interference Channel

An inner bound of capacity region for the Gaussian interference channel is derived using Sato's modified frequency division multiplexing idea (Sato, 1978) and a special case of Han and Kobayashi's rate region (denoted by G' in Han and Kobayashi (1981)). We show that the new inner bound includes G', Sason's rate region D (Sason, 2004), as well as the achievable region via TDM/FDM (Carleial, 1978), as its subsets. The advantage of this improved inner bound over G' arises due to its inherent ability to utilize the whole transmit power range on the real line without violating the power constraint. We also provide analysis to show that the new achievable region strictly extends G' if max(R1, R2)isinG'{R1 + kR2} is nonconcave for some k isin 0, +infin, where R1 and R2 are the rates of the two users.
The Effects of Modeling Expert Cognitive Strategies during Problem-Based Learning

While problem-based learning (PBL) is widely regarded as an effective instructional approach, research on it has largely been restricted to advanced and/or gifted learners. This study examined the potential of a hypermedia based expert tool to scaffold regular education sixth graders engaged in a problem-based learning (PBL) program. Participants completed Alien Rescue, a hypermedia PBL environment on the solar system. The tool under investigation offered students interactive video of an expert modeling his cognitive processes as he performed tasks relevant to the development of a solution to the central problem of the PBL unit. Two other versions of the expert tool were developed to isolate the effect of the cognitive modeling. Results suggest that the cognitive modeling offered through the expert tool brought the way students worked during periods of self-directed study into line with expert actions and impacted the quality of the rationales students wrote for their solutions.
Low-Swing Signaling on Monolithically Integrated Global Graphene Interconnects

In this paper, we characterize the performance of monolithically integrated graphene interconnects on a prototype 0.35-μm CMOS chip. The test chip implements an array of transmitter/receivers to analyze the end-to-end data communication on graphene wires. Large-area graphene sheets are first grown by chemical vapor deposition, which are then subsequently processed into narrow wires up to 1 mm in length. A low-swing signaling technique is applied, which results in a transmitter energy of 0.3-0.7 pJ/b·mm-1 and a total energy of 2.4-5.2 pJ/b·mm-1. Bit error rates below 2 × 10-10 are measured using a 231 - 1 pseudorandom binary sequence. Minimum voltage swings of 100 mV at 1.5-V supply and 500 mV at 3.3-V supply have also been demonstrated. At present, the graphene wire is largely limited by its growth quality and high sheet resistance.
Tomographic Analysis of Unsteady, Reacting Flows: Numerical Investigation

The implementation of a new tomographic inversion method as a combustion diagnostic tool for the study of unsteady, reacting flows is evaluated using numerical experiments to reconstruct two-dimensional fuel concentration distributions obtained from a numerical simulation of a turbulent reacting square jet Reconstructions of nonaxisymmetric fuel concentration distributions are performed at various downstream locations from the jet exit using only a few line integrals made along multiple offsets and viewing angles. The new inversion method expresses the concentration distributions to be reconstructed as a weighted sum of Karhunen-Loeve eigenfunctions, produced by the Karhunen-Loeve procedure. These Karhunen-Loeve eigenfunctions and their associated time coefficients are mathematically constructed to form an optimal representation of the concentration distributions in the square jet and systematically quantify their spatial and temporal downstream evolution. Near the exit of the jet, only one eigenfunction is needed, and farther downstream more eigenfunctions (up to 24) are needed to capture the significant features in the concentration distributions. Ultimately, accurate reconstructions of the fuel concentration distributions at downstream locations away from the jet exit are obtained using only 28 line integrals. The effect of the number of eigenfunctions used in the reconstruction and the measurement configuration on the reconstruction accuracy is examined.
Metabolic Clearance Rates (MCR) and Production Rates (PR) of Plasma Progesterone in Pregnant and Pseudopregnant Rabbits

Our studies were designed to determine whether changing peripheral progesterone levels in rabbits reflected changing metabolic clearance rates (MCR) or changing production rates (PR), or both. Plasma progesterone concentrations rise from nonpregnancy levels to peak values at theend of the first third of gestation and at midpseudopregnancy. In the pregnant rabbit, these decline slowly during the second third of gestation and then more rapidly until near nonpregnancy values are reached at term. Progesterone levels decline sharply during the second half of pseudopregnancy. During pregnancy and pseudopregnancy, we found only small variations in MCRs which cannot account for the approximately 10-fold increase in plasma progesterone concentrations. The increases can, however, be accounted for by changes in PRs which rose sharply after conception or hCG injection to 14-fold the nonpregnancy level on day 16 of gestation and 11-fold on day 7 of pseudopregnancy. These results indicate that changes in ovarian PRs ar...
The economic value of informal caregiving

This study explores the current market value of the care provided by unpaid family members and friends to ill and disabled adults. Using large, national data sets we estimate that the national economic value of informal caregiving was $196 billion in 1997. This figure dwarfs national spending for formal home health care ($32 billion) and nursing home care ($83 billion). Estimates for five states also are presented. This study broadens the issue of informal caregiving from the micro level, where individual caregivers attempt to cope with the stresses and responsibilities of caregiving, to the macro level of the health care system, which must find more effective ways to support family caregivers.
Congenital Posterolateral Diaphragmatic Hernia

This is a review of cases of congenital posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia encountered at the Adelaide Children's Hospital in the period 1950 to 1969, which stresses particularly the causes of the high mortality in this condition in those cases presenting within 24 hours of birth.
Estimates of Logarithmic Coefficients of Univalent Funtions

In this paper, we derive some consequences of Milin's inequallty for the logarithmic coefficients of a univalent function by exploiting a reformulation of it.
The association of endothelin-1 signaling with bone alkaline phosphatase expression and protumorigenic activities in canine osteosarcoma.

Background Canine osteosarcoma (OS) is an aggressive sarcoma characterized by pathologic skeletal resorption and pulmonary metastases. A number of negative prognostic factors, including bone alkaline phosphatase, have been identified in dogs with OS, but the underlying biologic factors responsible for such observations have not been thoroughly investigated. Endothelin-1-mediated signaling is active during bone repair, and is responsible for osteoblast migration, survival, proliferation, and bone alkaline phosphatase expression. Hypothesis The endothelin-1 signaling axis is active in canine OS cells, and this pathway is utilized by malignant osteoblasts for promoting cellular migration, survival, proliferation, and bone alkaline phosphatase activities. Animals 45 dogs with appendicular OS. Methods The expressions of endothelin-1 and endothelin A receptor were studied in OS cell lines and in samples from spontaneously occurring tumors. Activities mediated by endothelin-1 signaling were investigated by characterizing responses in 3 OS cell lines. In 45 dogs with OS, bone alkaline phosphatase concentrations were correlated with primary tumor osteoproductivity. Results Canine OS cells express endothelin-1 and endothelin A receptor, and this signaling axis mediates OS migration, survival, proliferation, and bone alkaline phosphatase activities. In OS-bearing dogs, circulating bone alkaline phosphatase activities were positively correlated with primary tumor relative bone mineral densities. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Canine OS cells express endothelin-1 and functional endothelin A receptors, with the potential for a protumorigenic signaling loop. Increases in bone alkaline phosphatase activity are associated with osteoblastic OS lesions, and might be an epiphenomenon of active endothelin-1 signaling or excessive osteoproduction within the localized bone microenvironment.
NMR investigation of water and methanol transport in sulfonated polyareylenethioethersulfones for fuel cell applications

We report an investigation of water and methanol transport in polymer electrolyte membranes based on highly sulfonated polyarelenethioethersulfones (SPTES) for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) applications. Measurements of both water and methanol self-diffusion coefficients of SPTES polymer as well as in a reference sample of Nafion-117 equilibrated in 2 M methanol solution have been carried out, using the pulsed gradient spin echo technique, over a temperature range of 20–140 ◦ C. The selectivity of the membrane, defined as (DOH/DCH3), decreased from 6 to 2.4 as temperature increased from 20 to 140 ◦ C in SPTES sample while in Nafion, the value decreased from 3.2 to 1.4 as temperature increased from 20 to 100 ◦ C. These results indicate significantly lower fuel molecular permeability in SPTES compared to that of Nafion. All results suggest high-temperature stability in these materials, offering the possibility of fuel cell operation at temperatures >120 ◦ C. High pressure NMR diffusion measurements were also carried out for three different water contents (between 20 and 55 wt.%) in a static field gradient in order to get supplemental information regarding water transport in SPTES materials. The calculated activation volume increased from 1.54 to 8.40 cm 3 /mol as the water content decreased from 55 to 20%. This behavior is qualitatively similar to previously reported results
{4-[(7-Chloro-4-quinol­yl)amino]-N,N-di­ethyl­penta­naminium}(triphenyl­phos­phine)gold(I) dinitrate

The title compound, [Au(C18H27ClN3)(C18H15P)](NO3)2, is a coordination complex of gold(I) triphenyl­phosphine with the N atom in the quinoline ring of the common anti­malarial compound chloro­quine (CQ). The pendant diethyl­amino group of the CQ ligand was found to be protonated. The complex exhibits a nearly linear coordination geometry around the AuI atom [N—Au—P = 176.94 (6)°], with Au—N and Au—P bond lengths of 2.070 (2) and 2.2338 (7) A, respectively. The diethylammonium group and one of the two nitrate counter-ions are disordered with occupancy ratios of 0.519 (4):0.481 (4). The nitrate anions are hydrogen bound to both the amino and ammonium groups of the N,N-diethylpentanaminium fragment of the CQ.
Materials science for nuclear detection

The increasing importance of nuclear detection technology has led to a variety of research efforts that seek to accelerate the discovery and development of useful new radiation detection materials. These efforts aim to improve our understanding of how these materials perform, develop formalized discovery tools, and enable rapid and effective performance characterization. We provide an overview of these efforts along with an introduction to the history, physics, and taxonomy of radiation detection materials.
How are non-geography majors motivated in a large introductory world geography course?

University students who do not declare geography as their major are at risk of poor motivation to learn in an introductory geography class. However, research exploring the role of non-majors' motivation is lacking. This study examines motivational factors impacting non-geography students' engagement and performance. The findings suggest that non-geography majors demonstrate deep engagement when they focus on mastering the content and value geography. Also, when students feel confident of learning geography, they are more likely to demonstrate a high level of achievement. The paper concludes with practical suggestions for enhancing non-geography students' motivation and engagement in an introductory geography class.
Improved method for single-bolus kinetic measurements using a noncleared reference indicator

After intravenous injection of a tracer as a single bolus, its concentration decreases as it mixes with the plasma, disperses throughout the circulation, and enters body pools. Kinetic values that are dependent on early concentrations may be in considerable error because mixing is not instantaneous throughout the circulation, and this problem is particularly acute in the mammalian fetus, with its distinctive circulatory pattern. To minimize this error, a method was developed in which the noncleared reference tracer 125I-labeled albumin was injected together with a representative, rapidly cleared metabolite 14C-labeled palmitic acid, and the former was used to correct for mixing delay. A total of 19 disappearance curves were studied after intravenous injection into seven near-term fetal sheep. Kinetic values were calculated with and without correction for mixing delay. Taking account of mixing delay increased the calculated volume of distribution 41% [from 44 +/- 4 (SE) to 62 +/- 3 ml/kg, P < 0.001], increased plasma clearance rate 13% (from 41 +/- 2 to 47 +/- 1 ml-min-1.kg-1, P < 0.002), decreased the rate constant for irreversible loss 26% (from 1.05 +/- 0.07 to 0.78 +/- 0.04 min-1, P < 0.001), and increased the calculated effective half-life 26% (0.71 +/- 0.06 to 0.90 +/- 0.05 min, P < 0.001). Thus use of the additional reference marker significantly altered calculated results and provided values believed to more accurately describe rapid disappearance from the central mixing compartment into metabolic pools.
FIN 48 Adoption Disclosures

We analyze the first quarter 2007 10-Q filings of 348 S&P 500 calendar year-end firms to provide evidence concerning the levels of, and changes in, unrecognized tax benefits (UTBs) resulting from the adoption of FASB Interpretation No. 48 (FIN 48). We draw the following conclusions. First, firms need more guidance regarding how to disclose the FIN 48 UTBs, particularly with respect to interest and penalties, and how changes in UTBs affected accounts other than retained earnings (e.g., the UTBs' associated with temporary differences effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities). Second, focusing on reported UTBs, and not adding interest and penalties, understates the magnitude of firms' beginning (post-FIN 48 adoption) tax reserves. Third, scaling beginning tax reserves by firm size provides a different view of firms' aggressiveness in their prior tax return positions than the absolute UTB levels. Similarly, the percentage change in firms' UTBs that affect retained earnings is a more meaningful measure of firms' pre-FIN 48 tax reporting behavior than raw changes. Moreover, it appears that the largest firms in our sample displayed the most conservative tax reporting behavior. Finally, we present preliminary evidence that such behavior varied by auditor.
Phase Periodicity and Dissipation in Quantum Dynamics

In the past several years there has been a great interest in novel phenomena in mesoscopic systems. For example: Ultrasmali Capacitance Josephson Injections— Small junctions may display quantum phenomena due to the discrete nature of electronic charge. The junction dynamics is written in terms of o, a compact, periodic operator that measures the phase difference across the junction (Widom et al., 1982; Ben-Jacob and Gefen, 1985; Larkin et al., 1984). Small Normal Metal Rings— Persistent currents have been observed in mesoscopic normal metal rings. A single electron on a mesoscopic normal metal ring can be described by a compact, periodic variable, Θ, that denotes the angular position of an electron on the ring (Buttiker et al., 1983; Levy et al., 1990). Oscillatory Transport in Periodic Systems— An electron in a lattice accelerated by a constant electric field may be repeatedly Bragg scattered by the lattice potential. Different unit cells are distinguishable, so we view x as an extended coordinate (Ashcroft and Mermin, 1976). It is essential to understand when mesoscopic systems should be described by compact, periodic variables or extended variables, as well as the consequences of choosing a given description.
Epithelioid Sarcoma: An Immunohistochemical Study

The immunohistochemical findings in 14 epithelioid sarcomas, neoplasms of uncertain histogenesis, indicate that they react with antibodies against cytokeratin, epithelial membrane antigen, and vimentin. All cases were nonreactive for leukocyte common antigen, myoglobin, and Factor VIII-related antigen. These results point to the fact that epithelioid sarcoma expresses phenotypic characteristics more often associated with epithelioid neoplasms, rather than the mesenchymal profile of most soft tissue sarcomas. One explanation for this observation is that epithelioid sarcoma is in fact a carcinoma originating in the deep soft tissues. On the other hand, the pluripotential mesoderm has a known embryonic capacity to differentiate into epithelium and, therefore, it is plausible that epithelioid sarcoma is a mesenchymally derived neoplasm. Aside from histogenetic considerations, epithelioid sarcoma may be confused with a number of other neoplastic and granulomatous processes. Differential immunohistochemical stains are useful in selected instances wherein light and electron microscopic findings are diagnostically equivocal.
Peroneal Nerve Injury after Multiligament Knee Injury: a 12 Year Experience with a Focus on Outcomes after Posterior Tibial Tendon Transfer

Objectives:The incidence of neurologic injury with multi-ligament knee injuries (MLI) ranges from 10% - 40% and most commonly involves the peroneal nerve. Loss of active ankle dorsiflexion and/or e...
Narrow-band transmission filters from highly resonant gratings

Gratings implemented on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) structures have been used for waveguide coupling[1] Gratings can also form the end mirrors of DFB and DBR lasers. Recently, channel dropping filters have been fabricated in silicon from gratings with a quarter wave shift[2] Such resonant gratings transmit one frequency but reflect the others that fall within the “stop band” or band gap. In order for the stop bands to cover the 40 nm spectrum of erbium amplifers, deep gratings or large index modulations are needed. As the grating strength increases, light tends to radiate into the substrate.
NAFLD and Chronic Kidney Disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in developed countries and it is now considered a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Evidence linking NAFLD to the development and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is emerging as a popular area of scientific interest. The rise in simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation as well as the significant cost associated with the presence of chronic kidney disease in the NAFLD population make this entity a worthwhile target for screening and therapeutic intervention. While several cross-sectional and case control studies have been published to substantiate these theories, very little data exists on the underlying cause of NAFLD and CKD. In this review, we will discuss the most recent publications on the diagnosis of NAFLD as well new evidence regarding the pathophysiology of NAFLD and CKD as an inflammatory disorder. These mechanisms include the role of obesity, the renin-angiotensin system, and dysregulation of fructose metabolism and lipogenesis in the development of both disorders. Further investigation of these pathways may lead to novel therapies that aim to target the NAFLD and CKD. However, more prospective studies that include information on both renal and liver histology will be necessary in order to understand the relationship between these diseases.
516 DENVER II DEVELOPMENTAL SCREENING OF WOMEN, INFANTS, AND CHILDREN PROGRAM PARTICIPANTS IN CONRAD, MT.

Purpose Conrad, MT has a large number of young, single mothers with limited parenting support. This project aimed to provide parenting education regarding important childhood milestones to high-risk mothers. Methods Denver II Developmental Screening Tests were offered to mothers attending the Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) clinic with children from 2 months to 5 years of age. This test evaluates children for delays in the areas of gross motor, fine motor-adaptive, personal-social, and language development. The interaction was used to provide education and anticipatory guidance regarding the timely attainment of developmental milestones and to address issues of child safety during these vulnerable transitions. Discussion All of the parents that were offered a developmental screening test chose to participate. They enjoyed seeing that their children were generally in the normal range of development when compared to others of the same age. The parenting education provided ranged from the importance of “tummy time” and reading with children to the proper use of child safety devices. Conclusions The use of systematic developmental screening tests in concert with parenting education can be an effective means of providing support to high-risk families in a community-based setting.
Application of High Performance Liquid Chromatography in Monitoring of Food Contamination and Other Hazards

As a kind of fast and efficient separation and detection method, high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) has been widely used in biology, medicine, food, etc. The application of HPLC in monitoring of food contamination and other hazards was introduced in the paper.
Organic Matter Management and Utilization Of Soil and Fertilizer Nutrients

Agricultural management systems control crop residue placement, soil tillage, and the in situ production of soil organic matter. The long-term effects of management systems, the function of soil organic matter and the optimum balance between organic matter exploitation and conservation are discussed. There is a need for better methods of directly measuring nitrogen transformations in the field and for enhanced modelling capability.
Investigation of the modified beam-in-slab bridge system

This project (Phase 3 of the Investigation of Two Bridge Alternatives for Low Volume Roads) is a continuation of research which addresses some of the numerous bridge problems on Iowa's secondary road system. In the previous phases, Iowa DOT projects HR-382 (Phase 1) and TR-410 (Phase 2), alternative designs for replacing bridges on low volume roads (LVRs) were investigated. Phase 1 investigated two replacement concepts, the first being the development of Steel Beam Precast Units and the second the modification of the original Benton County Beam-in-Slab Bridge (BISB) design. Phase 2 continued with the development of an alternative shear connector (ASC) for obtaining composite action in the BISB system and an arch formwork between the girders to reduce the self weight of the system. Results from the first two phases of investigation supported the continued refinement of the Modified Beam-in-Slab Bridge (MBISB) design. This final phase of the investigation was undertaken to develop a competitive alternative bridge replacement for spans greater than 50 ft that is lower in cost than conventional systems and relatively easy to construct. This dissertation presents the development of the MBISB system in the form of three technical papers beginning with a summary of previous research and an overview of the laboratory testing. The results from the laboratory phase, presented in detail in the second technical paper, indicated the modifications were applicable to full scale LVR structures; thus, two demonstration bridges were designed and constructed. The first bridge, MBISB 1 (L = 50 ft, W = 31 ft), consists of 16-W12x79 girders on 2 ft centers; the second bridge, MBISB 2 (L = 70 ft, W = 32 ft), consists of 6-W27xl29 girders on 6 ft centers. The resulting structures were constructed by in-house forces and cost approximately 20 percent less than conventional designs. The demonstration bridges were field tested to determine the structural behavior; instrumentation was installed at critical sections to measure strains and deflections. The resulting data confirmed compliance with strength and serviceability requirements. Based on the field data and subsequent analysis, the demonstration bridges were found to exceed design requirements and possess
Association of Anticentromere Antibodies With More Severe Exocrine Glandular Dysfunction in Sjögren's Syndrome: Analysis of the Sjögren's International Collaborative Clinical Alliance Cohort

OBJECTIVE Anticentromere antibodies (ACAs) define a subset of primary Sjogren's syndrome (SS) with a unique phenotype, including features of limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis and a lower frequency of anti-SSA/SSB antibodies. We sought to determine whether ACAs are associated with more severe exocrine glandular dysfunction in a large cohort of primary SS subjects. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional analysis of 1,361 subjects with primary SS from the Sjogren's International Collaborative Clinical Alliance Registry, stratified by the presence or absence of ACAs. ACAs were assayed by immunofluorescence staining on HEp-2 cells. RESULTS ACAs were present in 82 of the 1,361 SS subjects (6%) and were associated with older age, female sex, and lower frequencies of anti-SSA/SSB, rheumatoid factor, and hyperglobulinemia. Among ACA-positive versus ACA-negative subjects, there was a higher frequency of a focus score ≥2 (71% versus 53%; P = 0.002), a higher median focus score (2.8 versus 2.5; P = 0.0440), and greater exocrine gland dysfunction: Schirmer's test value: median 4 versus 5 mm/5 minutes; P = 0.0003, and unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) flow rate: median 0.08 versus 0.37 ml/5 minutes; P < 0.0001. ACA-positive subjects had an increased risk of UWS <0.1 ml/minute (odds ratio [OR] 12.24 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 4.91-41.02]) and Schirmer's test value <5 mm/5 minutes (OR 2.52 [95% CI 1.50-4.36]) after correcting for age, sex, anti-SSA/SSB, and focus score. Labial gland fibrosis was not different between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION In a large international registry of SS, ACA had an independent association with more severe exocrine glandular dysfunction. This dysfunction was associated with more pronounced labial salivary glandular inflammation but not fibrosis.
Topicality: an alternative to the relational view of Bantu passive

In the past few years the theory of relational grammar and its universal definition of passive have provided a framework for much work on passive in Bantu. After extensive investigation it has become clear that across Bantu the theory and definition fail rather badly in the description of certain kinds of data. In an attempt to draw some positive conclusions from this situation, the present paper (1) presents the relational claim, (2) presents relatively typical data on passive from one Bantu language, Chichewa,* (3) outlines some of the problems relational grammar encounters with such data, and (4) suggests an alternative framework which makes extensive use of the discourse notion of topicality. Selection of this framework is based on (a) the repeating (nonrelational) tendencies which have been incidentally noted across relational descriptions of Bantu passive, and (b) the range of syntactic processes in Chichewa (in addition to passive) which these tendencies influence.
Comprehensive de Novo Peptide Sequencing from MS/MS Pairs Generated through Complementary Collision Induced Dissociation and 351 nm Ultraviolet Photodissociation

We describe a strategy for de novo peptide sequencing based on matched pairs of tandem mass spectra (MS/MS) obtained by collision induced dissociation (CID) and 351 nm ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD). Each precursor ion is isolated twice with the mass spectrometer switching between CID and UVPD activation modes to obtain a complementary MS/MS pair. To interpret these paired spectra, we modified the UVnovo de novo sequencing software to automatically learn from and interpret fragmentation spectra, provided a representative set of training data. This machine learning procedure, using random forests, synthesizes information from one or multiple complementary spectra, such as the CID/UVPD pairs, into peptide fragmentation site predictions. In doing so, the burden of fragmentation model definition shifts from programmer to machine and opens up the model parameter space for inclusion of nonobvious features and interactions. This spectral synthesis also serves to transform distinct types of spectra into a common representation for subsequent activation-independent processing steps. Then, independent from precursor activation constraints, UVnovo's de novo sequencing procedure generates and scores sequence candidates for each precursor. We demonstrate the combined experimental and computational approach for de novo sequencing using whole cell E. coli lysate. In benchmarks on the CID/UVPD data, UVnovo assigned correct full-length sequences to 83% of the spectral pairs of doubly charged ions with high-confidence database identifications. Considering only top-ranked de novo predictions, 70% of the pairs were deciphered correctly. This de novo sequencing performance exceeds that of PEAKS and PepNovo on the CID spectra and that of UVnovo on CID or UVPD spectra alone. As presented here, the methods for paired CID/UVPD spectral acquisition and interpretation constitute a powerful workflow for high-throughput and accurate de novo peptide sequencing.
Optimal glenoid fixation requires cement

Abstract The choice of cemented versus uncemented glenoid component fixation has generated controversy, but the evidence favors cement. Studies have shown survivorship of cemented all-polyethylene glenoid components of 95% at 10 years and still over 90% at 15 years. Virtually all glenoid with stiff metal backing, especially those that snap-fit to assemble, have had poor results even at early follow-up. Recent designs with either all-polyethylene cementless fixation or using a less-stiff, integrated tantalum backing have promising early results.
Outcome of neonates with gastroschisis at different gestational ages using a national database.

Abstract Background/purpose The optimal time for delivery of neonates with a prenatal diagnosis of gastroschisis (GS) is controversial. We compared the outcomes for GS at three different gestational ages (GAs), 33–34 weeks, 35–36 weeks, and ≥ 37 weeks. Methods We analyze hospital discharge data of neonates with GS using the 2006, 2009 and 2012 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Kids' Inpatient Database (HCUPKIDS). Multivariable analysis was used to compare the association between GS outcomes and the three GAs. Results Significantly higher number of 33–34 week infants had coexisting morbidities like respiratory distress syndrome, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, small bowel atresia, stenosis, or stricture, large bowel atresia and/or stenosis, malrotation, and atrial septal defect. In multivariable logistic regression, 33–34 week infants had higher NEC (p value=0.002, 95% CI1.64–10.32), small bowel resection (0.024, 1.12–5.25) and pRBCs transfusion (0.024, 1.05–2.11). No differences were found between 35–36 weeks and ≥37 weeks gest infants for NEC, malabsorption, small bowel resection, TPN cholestasis, sepsis, CLABSI, number of pRBCs transfusion, length of stay and total charges. Conclusion We did not show benefit for delivering early and in the absence of data, delivery at ≥37 weeks was noninferior to 35–36 weeks. We suggest that waiting for spontaneous onset of labor may be a better approach to balance the effects of prematurity and possible ongoing in utero bowel damage/stillbirth. Levels of evidence Level 3 (Retrospective comparative study).
Wafer-scale synthesis of monolayer and few-layer MoS2 via thermal vapor sulfurization

Monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is an atomically thin, direct bandgap semiconductor crystal potentially capable of miniaturizing optoelectronic devices to an atomic scale. However, the development of 2D MoS2-based optoelectronic devices depends upon the existence of a high optical quality and large-area monolayer MoS2 synthesis technique. To address this need, we present a thermal vapor sulfurization (TVS) technique that uses powder MoS2 as a sulfur vapor source. The technique reduces and stabilizes the flow of sulfur vapor, enabling monolayer wafer-scale MoS2 growth. MoS2 thickness is also controlled with great precision; we demonstrate the ability to synthesize MoS2 sheets between 1 and 4 layers thick, while also showing the ability to create films with average thickness intermediate between integer layer numbers. The films exhibit wafer-scale coverage and uniformity, with electrical quality varying depending on the final thickness of the grown MoS2. The direct bandgap of grown monolayer MoS2 is analyzed using internal and external photoluminescence quantum efficiency. The photoluminescence quantum efficiency is shown to be competitive with untreated exfoliated MoS2 monolayer crystals. The ability to consistently grow wafer-scale monolayer MoS2 with high optical quality makes this technique a valuable tool for the development of 2D optoelectronic devices such as photovoltaics, detectors, and light emitters.
Adaptive radiation dose escalation in rectal adenocarcinoma: a review.

Total mesorectal excision (TME) after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) has offered superior control for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer, but can carry a quality of life cost. Fortunately, some patients achieve a complete response after CRT alone without the added morbidity caused by surgery. Efforts to increase fidelity of radiation treatment planning and delivery may allow for escalated doses of radiotherapy (RT) with limited off-target toxicity and elicit more pathological complete responses (pCR) to CRT thereby sparing more rectal cancer patients from surgery. In this review, methods of delivering escalated RT boost above 45–50.4 Gy are discussed including: 3D conformal, intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), and brachytherapy. Newly developed adaptive boost strategies and imaging modalities used in RT planning and response evaluation such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) are also discussed.
Durable complete remission with combination chemotherapy and bortezomib in HIV-associated plasmablastic lymphoma

Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is an aggressive form of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) classically seen in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus, but can also be seen in other immunocompromised states such as transplant recipients, autoimmune diseases and the elderly. PBL is generally associated with a poor prognosis despite chemotherapy. There is evidence supporting the use of bortezomib in combination with standard chemotherapy to achieve durable responses in patients with PBL. We describe a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who presented with rectal pain and bright red blood per rectum. He was diagnosed with stage IVA PBL with anorectal, nodal, calvarial and hepatic involvement. Along with highly active antiretroviral therapy, he was treated with six cycles of dose adjusted etoposide, prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin (DA-EPOCH) plus bortezomib resulting in durable complete remission 30 months after diagnosis.