cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of Ribonucleic Acid and Deoxyribonucleic Acid Viruses to Different Species of Interferon in Cell Cultures

Although two deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) viruses, pseudorabies (PsRV) and vaccinia, are as susceptible as a ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus, vesicular stomatitis (VSV), to interferon when tested in chicken or mouse cells, they are refractory to inhibition in interferon-treated primary rabbit kidney cells and in a continuous line (RK-13) of rabbit kidney cells. Superinfection with VSV of RK-13 cells first infected with PsRV completely blocks the replication of PsRV with no effect on VSV yield. When the same experiment is carried out in RK-13 cells pretreated with 1,000 units of interferon, VSV replication is inhibited, which permits PsRV to replicate normally. These findings demonstrate that in the same cell one virus (PsRV) can be refractory to interferon and a second virus (VSV) can be susceptible. These experiments show that rabbit kidney cell cultures are deficient in the synthesis of resistance factors active against the DNA viruses tested and raise the possibility that separate resistance factors may exist for RNA and DNA viruses. In the case of sequential infection of interferon-treated RK-13 cells with vaccinia and VSV, it was found that not only was vaccinia replication refractory to inhibition by interferon, but also that prior infection with vaccinia was able to partially reverse the effect of the inhibitor on the replication of the VSV used for superinfection. On the basis of these and other data it is postulated that a vaccinia virion component or a replication product of vaccinia virus, or both, enables VSV to escape the inhibiting action of interferoninduced resistance factors.
Mobility changes anonymity: new passive threats in mobile ad hoc networks

Privacy in mobile ad hoc networks has new semantics in addition to the conventional notions for infrastructure networks. Mobility enabled by wireless communication has significantly changed privacy issues and anonymity research in many ways. In particular, mobility requires ad hoc routing schemes to transmit messages frequently in an open wireless medium. The routing traffic facilitates adversaries in conducting various attacks threatening the network security and privacy. In this work, we focus on passive routing attacks. We present an extensive study on new anonymity threats and classify the corresponding security demands into three new categories: (1) venue anonymity; (2) privacy of ad hoc network topology; and (3) privacy of motion pattern. These new aspects are all introduced by mobility and left unaddressed in fixed infrastructure. This leads us to investigate new design principles. Our study suggests that on-demand routing, identity-free routing, and neighborhood traffic mixing are better design choices to defend against the new anonymity threats in mobile networks. The paper also demonstrates through examples on the visualization of the mobile anonymity attacks and on the quantification of the effectiveness of the attacks. Copyright (c) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Brief Analysis Of Threats And Vulnerabilities In The Maritime Domain

The attacks of September 11 exposed the vulnerability of the American homeland to terrorism. Terrorists have already expressed their intentions to continue their aggression towards United States. Their goal is to incur maximum economic damage, inflict mass casualties, spread unprec- edented fear among citizens, and thus destabilize the nation to further their agenda. Many critical sites lie across U.S. maritime borders, all of which could be potential targets to accomplish these goals. All these sites are simple elements of a complex body where the vulnerability of the whole system is a function of the vulnerability of the weakest element against an adaptive adversary. Ports, nuclear facilities, liquid natural gas (LNG) facilities, urban areas, bridges, chemical plants, and other critical infrastructure are all ele- ments of this complex system. In this paper, we review the current status of security in the American maritime realm and discuss the programs and initiatives that seek to minimize terrorism risk. Our goal is to direct attention to various possible avenues that could be used to illegally introduce weapons, explosives, and other contraband as well as to penetrate terrorists into the American homeland.
Riboswitch RNAs: using RNA to sense cellular metabolism

Riboswitches are RNA elements that undergo a shift in structure in response to binding of a regulatory molecule. These elements are encoded within the transcript they regulate, and act in cis to control expression of the coding sequence(s) within that transcript; their function is therefore distinct from that of small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) that act in trans to regulate the activity of other RNA transcripts. Riboswitch RNAs control a broad range of genes in bacterial species, including those involved in metabolism or uptake of amino acids, cofactors, nucleotides, and metal ions. Regulation occurs as a consequence of direct binding of an effector molecule, or through sensing of a physical parameter such as temperature. Here we review the global role of riboswitch RNAs in bacterial cell metabolism.
Lock-in reduction technique for fiber-optic ring laser gyros.

We have demonstrated a Brillouin fiber-optic gyro that utilizes push–pull phase modulation in the ring cavity to suppress frequency locking. This in-line modulation allows an all-fiber system with optical reciprocity. A tenfold reduction of the width of the lock-in range is observed experimentally.
Foundations of positional games

This is the third piece of a series of papers about a new, quasiprobabilistic theory of positional games (i.e., “combinatorial games”). The strange thing is that we wrote these papers in reverse order. Chronologically the first paper, “Deterministic Graph Games and a Probabilistic Intuition,” was a highly technical one, and can be considered as part III of the series. The next paper, “Achievement Games and the Probabilistic Method,” was a survey that attempted to explain the role of the subject in discrete mathematics. We felt, however, that we did not quite succeed, and somehow the foundations were not very solid. This is why we had to write this paper, which should be considered as part I of the series. Our main object here is to explain what the basic questions of positional game theory are. The well-known algebraic theory of Nim-like games (called “combinatorial game theory”) and the quasiprobabilistic theory represent two entirely different viewpoints, and they in some sense complement each other. Indeed, combinatorial game theory (i.e., Nim-like games) is an exact local theory in the sense how seemingly complicated games start out as composites, or quickly develop into composites of several simple local games. On the other hand, the quasi-probabilistic theory attempts to solve “hopelessly complicated” Tic-Tac-Toe-like games which usually remain as single coherent entities throughout play. It is an efficient global approach which, roughly speaking, evaluates via loss probabilities. Because of the intractable complexity of the exhausting search through the game-tree, an efficient evaluation method has to approximate. So one cannot really expect from the quasi-probabilistic theory to solve evenly balanced “head-to-head games,” where a single mistake could be fatal, but it can effectively recognize and solve large classes of difficult “one-sided games.” Positional games are finite 2-player games of skill (i.e., no chance moves) with perfect information, and the payoff function has three values 1, 0, −1 only (“win,” “draw,” “loss”). These games, therefore, are deterministic, and because of the perfect information, the optimal strategies are deterministic. How can randomness then enter the story? To answer this, we very briefly summarize the simplest case of the quasi-probabilistic theory: the majority principle. The majority principle is in two parts. The first part is a probabilistic intuition that says in a nutshell that, in many complicated games, the outcome between two perfect players is the same as the “majority outcome” between two “random players” (random game). The point is that even relatively simple games are too hopelessly complicated to analyze in full depth, but to describe the “typical” behavior is usually a tractable problem to solve by using probability theory. However, the majority principle is more than merely predicting the outcomes of complicated games. The second part is to convert the probabilistic intuition, via potential techniques, into effective deterministic strategies, in fact, greedy algorithms. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
New kinematic models for Pacific‐North America motion from 3 Ma to present, I: Evidence for steady motion and biases in the NUVEL‐1A Model

We use velocities derived from 2–4.5 years of continuous GPS observations at 21 sites on the Pacific and North American plates along with a subset of the NUVEL-1A data to examine the steadiness of Pacific-North America motion since 3.16 Ma, the transfer of Baja California to the Pacific plate, and the magnitude of biases in the NUVEL-1A estimate of Pacific-North America motion. We find that Pacific-North America motion has remained steady since 3.16 Ma, but at rates significantly faster than predicted by NUVEL-1A. In the vicinity of Baja California, our GPS-derived model and recent seafloor spreading rates in the southern Gulf of California both indicate that the NUVEL-1A model underestimates Pacific-North America rates by 4±2 mm yr−1. Steady Pacific-North America motion since 3.16 Myr and increasing seafloor spreading rates since 3.58 Myr in the Gulf of California imply that Pacific-North America motion was partitioned between seafloor spreading in the Gulf of California and decelerating slip along faults in or offshore from the Baja peninsula.
Modeling and Measurement of a Bistable Beam in a Microelectromechanical System

Design and fabrication of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) can be costly, time consuming, and necessitating accurate models for their behavior. Current theoretical models of bistable beams in MEMS devices are limited to numerical or small deformation models and current measurement techniques are unable to fully characterize these devices as they only determine thresholds or have resolutions that are too coarse to adequately explore the force-deflection relationship of bistable mechanisms. Two analytical models are developed: a stepped Euler-Bernoulli beam and a large deformation model. To validate these models, a new technique for measuring in-plane mechanical properties of MEMS devices is introduced that measures normal and lateral forces against a probe tip, while electrostatic actuation and a force-feedback loop maintain the desired tip position. This allows true displacement-controlled measurements along two axes and facilitates automated positioning. Measurements validate the large deformation model and show that Euler-Bernoulli beam theory is inadequate for modeling the mechanism's bistable behavior. A parameter study in edge width using the large deformation model accounts for discrepancies between predicted and measured forces. The model's utility is further demonstrated by an optimization study that redesigns the mechanism to be less sensitive to the edge width variation introduced in the manufacturing process.
Optimal Concentration of 2,2,2-Trichloroacetic Acid for Protein Precipitation Based on Response Surface Methodology

For low protein concentrations containing biological samples (in proteomics) and for non proteinaceous compound assays (in bioanalysis), there is a critical need for a simple, fast, and cost-effective protein enrichment or precipitation method. However, 2,2,2-trichloroacetic acid (TCA) is traditionally used for protein precipitation at ineffective concentrations for very low protein containing samples. It is hypothesized that response surface methodology, can be used to systematically identify the optimal TCA concentration for protein precipitation in a wider concentration range. To test this hypothesis, a central composite design is used to assess the effects of two factors (X1 = volume of aqueous solution of protein, and X2 = volume of TCA solution 6.1N) on the optical absorbance of the supernatant (Y1), and the percentage of protein precipitated (Y2). Using either bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model protein or human urine (with 20 ppm protein content), 4% w/v (a saddle point) is the optimal concentration of the TCA solution for protein precipitation that is visualized by SDS-PAGE analysis. At this optimal concentration, the Y2-values range from 76.26 to 92.67% w/w for 0.016 to 2 mg/mL of BSA solution. It is also useful for protein enrichment and xenobiotic analysis in protein-free supernatant as applied to tenofovir (a model HIV microbicide). In these conditions, the limit of detection and limit of quantitation of tenofovir are respectively 0.0014 mg/mL and 0.0042 mg/mL. This optimal concentration of TCA provides optimal condition for protein purification and analysis of any xenobiotic compound like tenofovir.
Separating introspection and intercession to support metamorphic distributed systems

Many middleware platforms use computational reflection to support adaptive functionality. Most approaches intertwine the activity of observing behavior (introspection) with the activity of changing behavior (intercession). This paper explores the use of language constructs to separate these parts of reflective functionality. This separation and "packaging" of reflective primitives is intended to facilitate the design of correct and consistent adaptive middleware. A prototype language, called Adaptive Java, is described in which this functionality is realized through extensions to the Java programming language. A case study is described in which "metamorphic" socket components are created from regular socket classes and used to realize adaptive behavior on wireless network connections.
Expression, Structure, and Location of Epitopes of the Major Surface Glycoprotein of Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. carinii

The major surface glycoprotein (MSG) of Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. carinii consists of a heterogeneous family of proteins that are encoded by approximately 100 unique genes. A genomic expression library was screened with a panel of MSG-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to identify conserved and rare epitopes. All of the antibodies reacted with epitopes that are encoded within the 5′ end of MSG. The results from the expression screening identified antibodies that recognize highly conserved, moderately conserved, and rare epitopes. Four MAbs (MAbs RA-F1, RA-E7, RA-G10, and RB-E3) reacted with a maltose binding protein–MSG-B fusion protein (MBPMSG-B41–1065) by immunoblotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Three of the MAbs (MAbs RA-F1, RA-G10, and RA-E7) reacted with the same continuous epitope that was localized to amino acids 278 to 290 of MSG-B. Comparison of the sequence of the RA-F1-, RA-G10-, and RA-E7-reactive epitope to the deduced amino acid sequences of multiple MSGs demonstrated that it is highly conserved. The reactivity of RB-E3 with MSG-B was shown to be dependent on amino acids 184 to 192, which may comprise a portion of a discontinuous epitope.
Neurodevelopmental Outcome and Growth at 18 to 22 Months' Corrected Age in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants Treated With Early Erythropoietin and Iron

Background. Clinical trials evaluating the use of erythropoietin (Epo) have demonstrated a limited reduction in transfusions; however, long-term developmental follow-up data are scarce. Objective. We compared anthropometric measurements, postdischarge events, need for transfusions, and developmental outcomes at 18 to 22 months9 corrected age in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants treated with early Epo and supplemental iron therapy with that of placebo/control infants treated with supplemental iron alone. Methods. The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network completed a randomized, controlled trial of early Epo and iron therapy in preterm infants ≤1250 g. A total of 172 ELBW (≤1000-g birth weight) infants were enrolled (87 Epo and 85 placebo/control). Of the 72 Epo-treated and 70 placebo/control ELBW infants surviving to discharge, follow-up data (growth, development, rehospitalization, transfusions) at 18 to 22 months9 corrected age were collected on 51 of 72 Epo-treated infants (71%) and 51 of 70 placebo/controls (73%) by certified examiners masked to the treatment group. Statistical significance was determined using χ2 analysis. Results. There were no significant differences between treatment groups in weight or length or in the percentage of infants weighing Conclusions. Treatment of ELBW infants with early Epo and iron does not significantly influence anthropometric measurements, need for rehospitalization, transfusions after discharge, or developmental outcome at 18 to 22 months9 corrected age.
Biliary strictures in liver transplant recipients: Survival of grafts and patients managed with endoscopic retrograde cholangiography

A 21-year-old female patient underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy with subsequent elevation ofbilirubin postoperatively. An ERCP revealed that a surgical clip (Liga clip) had been placed across the common bile duct resulting in a high-grade stricture. A biliary stent was placed across this lesion, and the patient subsequently went to surgery. The clip was removed at open Iaparotomy ten days after the original surgery. A followup ERCP at four months revealed no evidence o f a stricture after the stent was removed. A five-year foUowup of this patient revealed that the patient had normal liver function tests (TBIL0.8, GGT-10, ALP-60). There are no apparent sequelae of the common bile duct injury.
A high-order positivity-preserving single-stage single-step method for the ideal magnetohydrodynamic equations

We propose a high-order finite difference weighted ENO (WENO) method for the ideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) equations. The proposed method is single-stage (i.e., it has no internal stages to store), single-step (i.e., it has no time history that needs to be stored), maintains a discrete divergence-free condition on the magnetic field, and has the capacity to preserve the positivity of the density and pressure. To accomplish this, we use a Taylor discretization of the Picard integral formulation (PIF) of the finite difference WENO method proposed in Christlieb et al. (2015) 23, where the focus is on a high-order discretization of the fluxes (as opposed to the conserved variables). We use the version where fluxes are expanded to third-order accuracy in time, and for the fluid variables space is discretized using the classical fifth-order finite difference WENO discretization. We use constrained transport in order to obtain divergence-free magnetic fields, which means that we simultaneously evolve the magnetohydrodynamic (that has an evolution equation for the magnetic field) and magnetic potential equations alongside each other, and set the magnetic field to be the (discrete) curl of the magnetic potential after each time step. In this work, we compute these derivatives to fourth-order accuracy. In order to retain a single-stage, single-step method, we develop a novel Lax-Wendroff discretization for the evolution of the magnetic potential, where we start with technology used for Hamilton-Jacobi equations in order to construct a non-oscillatory magnetic field. The end result is an algorithm that is similar to our previous work Christlieb et al. (2014) 8, but this time the time stepping is replaced through a Taylor method with the addition of a positivity-preserving limiter. Finally, positivity preservation is realized by introducing a parameterized flux limiter that considers a linear combination of high and low-order numerical fluxes. The choice of the free parameter is then given in such a way that the fluxes are limited towards the low-order solver until positivity is attained. Given the lack of additional degrees of freedom in the system, this positivity limiter lacks energy conservation where the limiter turns on. However, this ingredient can be dropped for problems where the pressure does not become negative. We present two and three dimensional numerical results for several standard test problems including a smooth Alfven wave (to verify formal order of accuracy), shock tube problems (to test the shock-capturing ability of the scheme), Orszag-Tang, and cloud shock interactions. These results assert the robustness and verify the high-order of accuracy of the proposed scheme.
Initiation of Chondrocyte Self-Assembly Requires an Intact Cytoskeletal Network

Self-assembly and self-organization have recently emerged as robust scaffold-free tissue engineering methodologies that can be used to generate various tissues, including cartilage, vessel, and liver. Self-assembly, in particular, is a scaffold-free platform for tissue engineering that does not require the input of exogenous energy to the system. Although self-assembly can generate functional tissues, most notably neocartilage, the mechanisms of self-assembly remain unclear. To study the self-assembling process, we used articular chondrocytes as a model to identify parameters that can affect this process. Specifically, the roles of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion molecules, surface-bound collagen, and the actin cytoskeletal network were investigated. Using time-lapse imaging, we analyzed the early stages of chondrocyte self-assembly. Within hours, chondrocytes rapidly coalesced into cell clusters before compacting to form tight cellular structures. Chondrocyte self-assembly was found to depend primarily on integrin function and secondarily on cadherin function. In addition, actin or myosin II inhibitors prevented chondrocyte self-assembly, suggesting that cell adhesion alone is not sufficient, but rather the active contractile actin cytoskeleton is essential for proper chondrocyte self-assembly and the formation of neocartilage. Better understanding of the self-assembly mechanisms allows for the rational modulation of this process toward generating neocartilages with improved properties. These findings are germane to understanding self-assembly, an emerging platform for tissue engineering of a plethora of tissues, especially as these neotissues are poised for translation.
Robustness of the quantum Fourier transform with respect to static gate defects

The quantum Fourier transform (QFT) is one of the most widely used quantum algorithms, ranging from its primary role in finding the periodicity hidden in a quantum state to its use in constructing a quantum adder. Testing how the QFT performs under more realistic conditions, we find that the QFT, when used for period finding, shows extraordinary robustness with respect to static gate defects. For instance, replacing all rotation angles $\ensuremath{\pi}/{2}^{j}$ of the controlled rotation gates in the QFT circuit by $\ensuremath{\pi}(1+r)/{2}^{j}$, where $r$ is a uniformly distributed random variable taking values in the range $[\ensuremath{-}1,1]$, effectively resulting in a QFT with random gates, the QFT performs well above the expected random result. However, it is important to keep the ${2}^{j}$ terms in the denominators of the rotation angles, resulting in random, but hierarchically random, gates. Relaxing this hierarchical structure of the QFT circuit, we find that the performance of the QFT deteriorates significantly. This observation indicates that the hierarchical structure of the quantum circuit of the QFT is more important for the observed robustness in performance than the precise actions of individual gates. In addition to the specific example of the QFT circuit studied here, this observation also corroborates our experience with more general and more complex quantum circuits. Thus, backed by our detailed numerical and analytical results, we may condense the results of our research into the following general principle: The topology of a quantum circuit is more important than the precise actions of its gates.
Effect of liver failure on the cerebral circulatory and metabolic responses to hypoxia in the goat.

1. Six unanaesthetized goats were used to evaluate the effect of liver failure on the hypoxic responsiveness of cerebral blood flow. The animals breathed air and several different hypoxic gas mixtures enriched with sufficient CO2 to maintain an isocapnic state. The cerebral metabolic rate for O2 (CMRo2) was also measured in four of these goats. 2. In baseline studies there was a linear relationship between cerebral blood flow and arterial O2 saturation (Sa,o2) measured at different levels of isocapnic hypoxia. The slopes of the cerebral blood flow/Sa,o2 response lines were used to quantify the response of cerebral blood flow to hypoxia. In the healthy goat, CMRo2 was not depressed by hypoxia until the O2 tension (Po2) in arterial and cerebral venous blood had fallen below critical threshold values of approximately 3-2 and 2-2 kPa (24 and 16 mmHg) respectively. 3. Liver failure was accompanied by a fall in cerebral blood flow and CMRo2. There was also a depression in the response of cerebral blood flow to hypoxia and a disproportionate reduction of cerebral O2 delivery in hypoxia. CMRo2 was further reduced at arterial and cerebral venous Po2 values, which were much higher than the critical threshold values for producing hypoxic CMRo2 depression in health. 4. It is concluded that the brain becomes more vulnerable to the adverse effects of hypoxia during liver failure. This may be of practical importance in the management of patients with arterial hypoxaemia or other complications (e.g. anaemia or shock), which may reduce cerebral oxygen delivery.
Opposing roles of nuclear receptor HNF4α isoforms in colitis and colitis-associated colon cancer

HNF4α has been implicated in colitis and colon cancer in humans but the role of the different HNF4α isoforms expressed from the two different promoters (P1 and P2) active in the colon is not clear. Here, we show that P1-HNF4α is expressed primarily in the differentiated compartment of the mouse colonic crypt and P2-HNF4α in the proliferative compartment. Exon swap mice that express only P1- or only P2-HNF4α have different colonic gene expression profiles, interacting proteins, cellular migration, ion transport and epithelial barrier function. The mice also exhibit altered susceptibilities to experimental colitis (DSS) and colitis-associated colon cancer (AOM+DSS). When P2-HNF4α-only mice (which have elevated levels of the cytokine resistin-like β, RELMβ, and are extremely sensitive to DSS) are crossed with Retnlb(-/-) mice, they are rescued from mortality. Furthermore, P2-HNF4α binds and preferentially activates the RELMβ promoter. In summary, HNF4α isoforms perform non-redundant functions in the colon under conditions of stress, underscoring the importance of tracking them both in colitis and colon cancer.
The research on birdsong feature extraction method

The birdsong research and analysis methods are important to develop ornithological study.The FFT analysis,spectrographic analysis,Mel-cepstrum and principal components analysis are introduced in the paper,together with explanations of the birdsong features extraction.It offers technical support for the birdsong individual identification and the research of vocal behavior of birds.
Reflection on Establishing a National Food Aid Program in China Based on the Nutritional Status of Impoverished People in China and the Experience of US and Other Countries' Food Aid Programs

This paper has studied the food consumer behavior and nutritional status of impoverished People in China, combined with analyzing the survey of 1300 low- income residents of 5 undeveloped district( county) in Gansu and Hunan provinces,which led to the disposable income of the poor in China is not enough to satisfy the demand for food nutrition at the present stage,and has a serious impact on their nutrition health statue. This condition will have a deeply impact on the overall quality of labor force in our country,the impoverished childrenhealth,as well as the intergenerational transmission of poverty,have a great impact on social justice. In order to solve such a problem above effectively, many countries become more widely adopted the"Food Aid Program". Have a detail analysis of advantage of the Food Aid Program in those countries,such as US,Argentina,India and so on,coordinated with the new situation,new questions,and new trends of the poverty in our country. Base on the perspective of national poverty reduction policy,proposingand perfect a Food Aid Program for China. This program can break the boundaries of poverty reduction policy between urban and rural,universal coverage all kinds of poverty,take the special populations into a full consideration such as women children and the left- behind children,meet the demands of new poverty group,promote national finance area further to livelihood of people. Finally,the country will achieve social justice.
Divergence of a conserved elongation factor and transcription regulation in budding and fission yeast

Complex regulation of gene expression in mammals has evolved from simpler eukaryotic systems, yet the mechanistic features of this evolution remain elusive. Here, we compared the transcriptional landscapes of the distantly related budding and fission yeast. We adapted the Precision Run-On sequencing (PRO-seq) approach to map the positions of RNA polymerase active sites genome-wide in Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Additionally, we mapped preferred sites of transcription initiation in each organism using PRO-cap. Unexpectedly, we identify a pause in early elongation, specific to S. pombe, that requires the conserved elongation factor subunit Spt4 and resembles promoter-proximal pausing in metazoans. PRO-seq profiles in strains lacking Spt4 reveal globally elevated levels of transcribing RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) within genes in both species. Messenger RNA abundance, however, does not reflect the increases in Pol II density, indicating a global reduction in elongation rate. Together, our results provide the first base-pair resolution map of transcription elongation in S. pombe and identify divergent roles for Spt4 in controlling elongation in budding and fission yeast.
Effect Evaluation on TB Control Program After Implementing DOTS in Zhanggong District,Ganzhou City,Jiangxi Province

Objective To analyze the effect of TB control program after implementing DOTS(directly observed treatment,short-course) in Zhanggong District,Ganzhou City.Method The data of TB control program from 2005 to 2007 in Zhanggong District were analyzed. Results Totally 5,443 suspected pulmonary tuberculosis cases were registered in Zhanggong District from 2005 to 2007.Among them,895 cases were smear-positive patients.The registration rate of active pulmonary tuberculosis cases went up to 75.42/100,000 in the period of 2005～2007 from 9.85/100,000 in the period of 2002～2004.The curative rate of new-smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients was 87.9%,89.5%,and 92.6% in 2005,2006,and 2007,respectively. Conclusions The effect of TB control program after implementing DOTS in Zhonggong District is significant.The middle-aged and elderly persons and the males are the most vulnerable population of TB for prevention and treatment in future.
Intraoperative Airway Fire

This chapter discusses the case of the intraoperative airway fire which is a potential catastrophic emergency. It is estimated that about 100–200 airway fires occur yearly in the United States, causing one to two deaths per year. For a fire to occur, three components are needed: fuel (ETT), oxidant (oxygen), and ignition (spark). In our case, the oxidant for the fire was the mixture of oxygen and nitrous oxide. The spark came from inadvertently tearing the trachea and using electrocautery. Our case points to the importance of rapid recognition of airway fire and methods to resecure the airway.
Phase I Trial of Consolidative Radiotherapy with Concurrent Bevacizumab, Erlotinib and Capecitabine for Unresectable Pancreatic Cancer.

Purpose To determine the safety, tolerability and maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of addition of erlotinib to bevacizumab and capecitabine-based definitive chemoradiation (CRT) in unresectable pancreatic cancer.
IDO2: A Pathogenic Mediator of Inflammatory Autoimmunity

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2), a homolog of the better-studied tryptophan-catabolizing enzyme IDO1, is an immunomodulatory molecule with potential effects on various diseases including cancer and autoimmunity. Here, we review what is known about the direct connections between IDO2 and immune function, particularly in relationship to autoimmune inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. Accumulating evidence indicates that IDO2 acts as a pro-inflammatory mediator of autoimmunity, with a functional phenotype distinct from IDO1. IDO2 is expressed in antigen-presenting cells, including B cells and dendritic cells, but affects inflammatory responses in the autoimmune context specifically by acting in B cells to modulate T cell help in multiple model systems. Given that expression of IDO2 can lead to exacerbation of inflammatory responses, IDO2 should be considered a potential therapeutic target for autoimmune disorders.
High-temperature delamination mechanisms of thermal barrier coatings: In-situ digital image correlation and finite element analyses

Abstract Through in-situ high-temperature digital image correlation (DIC) and finite element simulation, we unveil new, critical delamination and fracture mechanisms of dense vertically cracked thermal barrier coatings (DVC TBCs). Full-field DIC strain maps of cross-sectioned TBCs during thermal cycling up to 1200 °C reveal the coupled formation mechanisms of vertical and horizontal cracks, which showed that horizontal cracks were formed by vertical crack deflection/branching. Horizontal crack growth was characterized by crack bridging, crack shielding, and crack deflection. Internal defects and weak interfaces such as pre-existing voids and inter-splat boundaries promoted crack formation. Finite-element simulations revealed that the interaction between the vertical and horizontal cracks produced favorable strain energy release rates (ERR) for horizontal crack initiation and propagation on the interior of the coating compared to along the bond coat interface, which contrasts with conventional delamination mechanisms. These results indicate that high-temperature DIC is a powerful tool for in-situ measurement of microstructure-processing-deformation-failure relationships that are otherwise unobtainable.
Assessing Student Response to Intervention

Stephanie C. Olson, MA, is a graduate student in Educational (School) Psychology at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. scolson@bigred.unl.edu Edward J. Daly III, PhD, is Associate Professor of Educational (School) Psychology at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. edaly2@unl.edu Melissa Andersen, MA, is a graduate student in Educational (School) Psychology at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. melissandersen@gmail.com April Turner, MA, is a graduate student in Educational (School) Psychology at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. april d turner@yahoo.com Courtney LeClair, MA, is a graduate student in Educational (School) Psychology at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. cleclai1@bigred.unl.edu
Patient Experience With Care and Its Association With Adherence to Hypertension Medications.

Background Medication adherence is crucial to effective chronic disease management, yet little is known about the influence of the patient-provider interaction on medication adherence to hypertensive regimens. We aimed to examine the association between the patient's experience with care and medication adherence. Methods We collected 2,128 surveys over 4 years from a convenience sample of hypertensive patients seeking care at three urban safety-net practices in upstate New York. The survey collected adherence measures using the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) and patient experience measures. We used regression models to adjust for age, gender, race/ethnicity, self-reported health status, and clustering by patients. The primary outcome was reporting of medium-to-high adherence (MMAS ≥ 6) vs. low adherence. Results A total of 62.5% of respondents reported medium-to-high medication adherence. The concern the provider demonstrated for patient questions or worries (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1-1.7), provider efforts to include the patient in decisions (AOR 1.5; 95% CI 1.8-1.9), information given (AOR 1.3; 95% CI 1.0-1.6), and the overall rating of care received (AOR 1.4; 95% CI 1.1-1.8) were associated with higher medication adherence. The amount of time the provider spent was not associated with medication adherence (AOR 1.2; 95% CI 0.9-1.4). Medium-to-high medication adherence was in turn associated with increased hypertension control rates. Conclusions Overall, better experiences with care were associated with higher adherence to hypertension regimens. However, the amount of time the provider spent with the patient was not statistically associated with medication adherence, suggesting that the quality of communication may be more important than the absolute quantity of time.
Conserving Fuel in Statistical Language Learning: Predicting Data Requirements

In this paper I address the practical concern of predicting how much training data is sufficient for a statistical language learning system. First, I briefly review earlier results and show how these can be combined to bound the expected accuracy of a mode-based learner as a function of the volume of training data. I then develop a more accurate estimate of the expected accuracy function under the assumption that inputs are uniformly distributed. Since this estimate is expensive to compute, I also give a close but cheaply computable approximation to it. Finally, I report on a series of simulations exploring the effects of inputs that are not uniformly distributed. Although these results are based on simplistic assumptions, they are a tentative step toward a useful theory of data requirements for SLL systems.
Biosecurity Assessment and Seroprevalence of Respiratory Diseases in Backyard Poultry Flocks Located Close to and Far from Commercial Premises

SUMMARY Raising backyard chickens is an ever-growing hobby in the United States. These flocks can be a substrate for respiratory disease amplification and transmission to commercial facilities. Five hundred fifty-four chickens from 41 backyard flocks were sampled in this study. ELISA kits were used to detect antibodies against avian influenza (AI), infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT), Newcastle disease (ND), infectious bronchitis (IB), Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT), Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS). All visited flock owners answered a biosecurity questionnaire that assessed biosecurity measures. The questionnaire revealed that backyard poultry owners lack simple biosecurity measures such as use of dedicated shoes, their chicken sources are unreliable, and few of them benefit from veterinary oversight. Only one flock had a clear vaccination history against ND and IB. ORT, ND, IB, MS, MG, and ILT were the most seroprevalent in backyard poultry flocks with 97% (41/42), 77.5%...
Topic-based knowledge mining of online student reviews for strategic planning in universities

Abstract Over the past few years, studies observe a continuous decline in university enrollment and retention rates resulting in millions of dollars in lost revenue. Past research shows that 95% of the students rely heavily on the positive word-of-mouth to select a college. Especially, with the advent of Web 2.0 tools, students are able to make informed decisions due to increased awareness through online reviews. Academic institutions can also leverage this information to understand and improve their students’ perception. The objective of this paper is to identify the current strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) of a university by analyzing online student reviews using text analytics. Our proposed approach integrates four different techniques: topic modeling, sentiment analysis, root cause and SWOT analyses. First, we introduce an ensemble of Latent Dirichlet Allocation (E-LDA) topic models to automatically identify the key features (topics) that are predominantly discussed by students and categorize each review sentence into the most related topic. We then detect the opinion associated with each sentence (positive, negative and neutral) using sentiment analysis. Finally, a topic-based opinion summary (TOS) for a university is established to identify its strengths and weaknesses from the students’ perspective, and the opportunities and threats are determined by analyzing the TOS of the competitors (or other similar institutions). A case study is used to illustrate the feasibility and application of the proposed approach. The results indicate that the proposed method provides an efficient and economic performance summary of a university and its competitors, and could help its leaders in recruitment and retention efforts.
Die sich ändernden Rahmenbedingungen

Auch wenn der Ubergang in die Resonanzgesellschaft der fundamentalste ist, so gibt es eine Reihe weiterer Veranderungen, die gesellschaftliche Bedeutung haben und sich auf Unternehmen und ihre zukunftigen Erfolge auswirken werden. Auch sie durfen bei einer Betrachtung uber den Einstieg in die Resonanzgesellschaft nicht unter den Tisch fallen. Die Wichtigsten sind:
Adapting Mass Algaculture for a Northern Climate

Most attention for algal biofuel-related schemes has been focused on ‘optimal’ locations, such as the southwestern USA. While these locations have clear advantages such as high yearly insolation and availability of unused land, we believe a case can also be made for adapting algal biofuels for a diversity of ‘suboptimal’ climates. The key, as in other regions, will be to link algaculture with industrial and municipal waste resources, including nutrients from wastewater and CO2 from point source industrial emissions. Productivities comparable to warmer climates may be obtained throughout the year by a combination of factors, including appropriate strain selection for low temperature and waste heat utilization, or by switching to a heterotrophic growth mode when light is insufficient for productive photosynthesis. In this manner, mass algaculture and associated R&D can be justified by offering valuable remediatory functions (i.e. tertiary wastewater treatment and CO2 abatement), rather than relying on optimistic estimations of oil and biomass productivity to spur development in this field.
Turbulent Vortex-Flow Simulation Over a 65 Deg Sharp and Blunt Leading-Edge Delta Wing at Subsonic Speeds

Turbulent thin-layer, Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes solutions, based on a multi-block structured grid, are presented for a 65 deg delta wing having either a sharp leading edge (SLE) or blunt leading edge (BLE) geometry. The primary objective of the study is to assess the prediction capability of the method for simulating the leading-edge flow separation and the ensuing vortex flow characteristics. Computational results are obtained for two angles of attack of approximately 13 and 20 deg, at free-stream Mach number of 0.40 and Reynolds number of 6 million based on the wing mean aerodynamic chord. The effects of two turbulence models of Baldwin-Lomax with Degani-Schiff (BL/DS) and the Spalart-Allmaras (SA) on the numerical results are also discussed. The computations also explore the effects of two numerical flux-splitting schemes, i.e., flux difference splitting (fds) and flux vector splitting (fvs), on the solution development and convergence characteristics. The resulting trends in solution sensitivity to grid resolution for the selected leading-edge geometries, angles of attack, turbulence models and flux splitting schemes are also presented. The validity of the numerical results is evaluated against a unique set of experimental wind-tunnel data that was obtained in the National Transonic Facility at the NASA Langley Research Center.
Never the Same Stream: netomat, XLink, and Metaphors of Web Documents

Document engineering employs practices of modeling and representation. Enactment of these practices relies on shared metaphors. However, choices driven by metaphor often receive less attention than those driven by factors critical to developing working systems, such as performance and usability. One way to remedy this issue is to take a historical approach, studying cases without a guiding concern for their ongoing development and maintenance. In this paper, we compare two historical case studies of "failed" designs for hypertext on the Web. The first case is netomat (1999), a Web browser created by the artist Maciej Wisniewski, which responded to search queries with dynamic multimedia streams culled from across the Web and structured by a custom markup language. The second is the XML Linking Language (XLink), a W3C standard to express hypertext links within and between XML documents. Our analysis focuses on the relationship between the metaphors used to make sense of Web documents and the hypermedia structures they compose. The metaphors offered by netomat and XLink stand as alternatives to metaphors of the "page" or the "app." Our intent here is not to argue that any of these metaphors are superior, but to consider how designers' and engineers' metaphorical choices are situated within a complex of already existing factors shaping Web technology and practice. The results provide insight into underexplored interconnections between art and document engineering at a critical moment in the history of the Web, and demonstrate the value for designers and engineers of studying "paths not taken" during the history of the technologies we work on today.
Analytical and Monte Carlo comparisons on the optical transport mechanisms of powder phosphors

Abstract In indirect medical imaging systems, the optical transfer properties of powder phosphor materials are affected by the intrinsic mechanisms of light extinction. Light extinction (absorption and scattering) can be described either through theoretical models or with Monte Carlo simulation techniques. The purpose of the present paper is to compare both methodologies and assess the association of their optical parameters by examining either the structural (e.g., particle size) or the optical (e.g., light wavelength) intrinsic properties of the phosphor. Comparisons were carried out for the widely used host Gd2O2S for granular phosphors. The parameters considered in Monte Carlo simulation were: (i) a phosphor layer composed of grains with diameter 4–12 μm, (ii) the light wavelength (420 nm, 545 nm and 610 nm), (iii) the refractive index of the phosphor (real part: 2.3, imaginary part: 10−6 and 10−5), (iv) the packing density 50%. The results were compared with the Swank analytical model, based in Boltzman diffusion equation, by considering three cases for optical coefficients determination with the help of which the Luminescence Efficiency (LE) and the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) of the phosphor could be predicted. It was found that Swank's model seems more appropriate for estimating the MTF values, presenting a deviation less than 5% in all the frequency range. for: wavelength 420 nm, considering (i) grain size 4 μm and thicknesses above 250 μm, (ii) grain size 12 μm and thicknesses above 300 μm, (b) wavelength 545 nm, grain size 8 μm and thicknesses above 160 μm, and (c) wavelength 610 nm, considering (i) grain size 4 μm and thicknesses above 200 μm, (ii) grain size 8 μm and thicknesses above 120 μm and (iii) grain size 12 μm and thicknesses above 80 μm.