cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hypersonic Stability and Transition Prediction

The development, validation, and introduction of physics-based approaches for accurate stability and transition prediction will lead to much smaller and manageable uncertainties in the design of hypersonic vehicles. Through mechanism identification, verification, and validation activities for 2D and 3D geometries, the following lessons have been learned: Related to the verification of the basic-state solution, the acid test is to refine the basic state until the stability results do not change. In validation activities in hypersonic flow, it is very important to work on the same geometries computationally and experimentally, and confirm it; for example, model alignment and freestream flow angularity are found to be important. As observed from verification studies on 3D geometries, numerical errors in the steady basic state, especially near the attachment line, can seed the stationary crossflow instability in the supposedly undisturbed basic state; the stationary crossflow instability is sensitive. The marching path is important for 3D geometries and should be in the group velocity direction; N-factor has some uncertainty in it for 3D geometries and caution should be used in quoting it with precision. Nonlinear effects must be included in detailed studies of crossflow instability necessitating a nonlinear parabolized stability equation approach or direct numerical simulation.
Study on the change of local power structure in countryside——Base on the governance of Guanyiqian village in Poyang county

As the contemporary rural villagers' autonomy policy was developed into large areas, mode of governance based of direct elections was carried out generally in villages. Local power in rural areas still played a certain role, and local elites also hold the discourse power. The contemporary rural governance showed complex pattern of interaction. The village committee was regarded as the national agent, and political function decreased accordingly, while economic and management function gradually emerged. Local folk organizations and groups were based on their cultural network, on behalf of the formation of local protection. The power of the vast rural areas form simplified as "country" and "local" binary pattern. The relationship between the two powers changed accordingly over time.
Effect and nursing of vitamin A in pedo-measles

Objective:To study the curative effect of oral vitamin A in treatment of pedo-measles.Methods:Eighty morbillous children were divided into the treatment group and control group randomly and egually.The control group was treated with the conventional medicine and nursing,and the treatment group with vitamin A except for the conventional medicine.Results:The clinical effect of the treatment group was significantly better than that of the control group,with significant difference between them(P0.05).Conclusion:It indicates that vitamin A can be used as an adjunctive drug in the treatment of pedo-measles.
Physics of light and lasers.

SUMMARY Because most laser procedures use the heating effect of the light and given the number of parameters that may be varied—such as power density, power, pulsing, and heating of fiber tips and probes—significant overlap in applications of the various lasers can result. This is readily apparent in the conflicting claims of laser manufacturers seen in promotional materials. Despite this, each type has its strengths. The CO2 laser is a specialty instrument, particularly for microscopic applications in neurosurgery, otolaryngology, and gynecology. Its hemostasis and vaporizing abilities allow its use in dermatology and in general surgery for tumor resection and hemostasis. In gynecology it seems best for colposcopy (cervical and vaginal) and, through a micromanipulator, for laparotomy. The beam is focused and delivered by handpieces and micromanipulators on microscopes. Through the laparoscope, it requires the use of a special laser coupler on a special laser laparoscope to allow for line-of-sight delivery of the beam through the operating channel. Waveguide delivery systems have been introduced for CO2 laser laparoscopy using standard laparoscopes. These function as hollow, slender tubes through which the beam is transmitted by means of hundreds of glancing internal reflections in the tube, which emits the beam at its tip. This eliminates many of the alignment problems of coupler cube-type systems and allows the beam to be delivered close to the target. The Nd:YAG laser is the primary endoscopic instrument in pulmonology, gastroenterology, and urology. The use of contact tips, though not a panacea, increases its applications, particularly in general surgery. Its primary use in gynecology is for endometrial ablation with bare fibers for deep coagulation. Its use for laparoscopy with contact probes or sculpted fibers is quickly growing. Green light lasers (argon and KTP) are color-selective photocoagulators and may be used to cut tissue. They are fiberoptically delivered like the Nd:YAG laser. Their best use in gynecology appears to be as versatile instruments for operative laparoscopy and the simple treatment of endometriosis. A standard quartz fiber with these lasers is usually more versatile than a contact tip with an Nd:YAG laser when used for cutting.
Screening for osteoporosis.

Case study: A 59-year-old black woman presents for a routine well visit. She reports that her 60th birthday is in a few days, and asks if she should make an appointment to be screened for osteoporosis. She also asks whether her husband, who is 66 years of age, should be screened as well.
Radiographic Evaluation of Solitary Bone Lesions

Diagnosis of solitary bone lesions through the use of plain film requires a careful evaluation of several diagnostic variables, the recognition and association of different radiographic signs, and an analytic approach to diagnosis. Diagnostic principles are discussed that can aid the physician in arriving at a correct diagnosis or in narrowing the diagnostic possibilities.
TH-E-209-01: Fluoroscopic Dose Monitoring and Patient Follow-Up Program at Massachusetts General Hospital

Radiation dose monitoring solutions have opened up new opportunities for medical physicists to be more involved in modern clinical radiology practices. In particular, with the help of comprehensive radiation dose data, data-driven protocol management and informed case follow up are now feasible. Significant challenges remain however and the problems faced by medical physicists are highly heterogeneous. Imaging systems from multiple vendors and a wide range of vintages co-exist in the same department and employ data communication protocols that are not fully standardized or implemented making harmonization complex. Many different solutions for radiation dose monitoring have been implemented by imaging facilities over the past few years. Such systems are based on commercial software, home-grown IT solutions, manual PACS data dumping, etc., and diverse pathways can be used to bring the data to impact clinical practice. The speakers will share their experiences with creating or tailoring radiation dose monitoring/management systems and procedures over the past few years, which vary significantly in design and scope. Topics to cover: (1) fluoroscopic dose monitoring and high radiation event handling from a large academic hospital; (2) dose monitoring and protocol optimization in pediatric radiology; and (3) development of a home-grown IT solution and dose data analysis framework. Learning Objectives: 1.Describe the scope and range of radiation dose monitoring and protocol management in a modern radiology practice 2.Review examples of data available from a variety of systems and how it managed and conveyed. 3.Reflect on the role of the physicist in radiation dose awareness.
Data mining of genomic data generated from soybean treated with different phytohormones

Plant hormones, or phytohormones, have been implicated in a range of defensive reactions in plants. They have been found to help plants ward off pathogenic infections ranging from fungi to nematode\pest infections. Soybean (Glycine max) is the second most valuable agricultural commodity and an inexpensive source of proteins for humans and animals in the United States. In this study we use next generation sequencing (Illumina, RNASeq) and Bioinformatics analysis methods to study the impact of four natural phytohormones on soybeans and it's resistance to a nematode called the soybean cyst nematode (SCN), which causes over 1 billion dollars in losses to US farmers per annum. To that end we have developed a relational database that stores genomic information from soybean in addition to the RNASeq data from each hormone treated soybean sample. Together the database provide a resource to mine the data to find key genes and pathways. The database can be accessed from: http://bioinformatics.towson.edu/soybean/D efault.aspx
The Continued Quest for Low-Temperature Formability in Mg Alloys: Historical Developments and Future Opportunities

It is well-known that opportunities for the application of wrought magnesium alloys have been limited by the limited low-temperature formability. The roots of this problem lie in the limited number of active slip mechanisms and strong basal textures, which result in strong deformation anisotropy, and thus brittle behavior. Historically, there have been many studies on approaches that aim at activation of non-basal deformation mechanisms and weakened or randomized texture to lend magnesium allows more formability. On the processing side, these approaches include rolling variants such as cross-rolling, twin-cast rolling, and differential speed rolling. On the alloying side, it has been shown that the addition of rare-earth elements (REs) activates non-basal slip modes and simultaneously weakens texture, therefore improving the plasticity, however the cost and availability or REs has encouraged the search for similar, yet cheaper alternatives. In this regard, Ca has emerged as a strong candidate replacement element, with Mg–Ca alloys showing many similar behaviors to Mg-RE alloys. Another less-common approach to enhanced formability is grain refinement. It is commonly believed that fine grained Mg-alloys will not behave in a uniform plastic manner due to the suppression of the twinning mechanisms that are critical to c-axis deformation. New studies, however, indicate that reduction of grain sizes to the sub-micrometer, and even nanoscale, can alter plasticity mechanisms and promote more uniform material flow. Other novel approaches to enhancing formability, including nanoparticle dispersions and tension-twin promotion will be presented. The scientific opportunities and challenges for each mechanism will be deliberated, and future research and development opportunities will be considered.
Measuring Experiential Avoidance: Evidence toward Multidimensional Predictors of Trauma Sequelae

The current study sought to investigate measurement discrepancies in self-report assessment of experiential avoidance (EA). Recent research indicates that EA may be more appropriately conceptualized as a multidimensional construct, operationally defined in terms of specific avoidance strategies. To test this notion, EA was measured using two self-report assessment instruments, the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II) and the Multidimensional Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire (MEAQ) in a convenience sample of university students. Measurement differences across measures and unique contributions to prediction of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and engagement in problematic behaviors were evaluated. Both the AAQ-II and MEAQ were found to significantly mediate the effect of childhood trauma exposure on PTSS. However, when levels of PTSS were dummy coded into dichotomies of those with a likely PTSD diagnosis and those without, the MEAQ was a stronger predictor symptoms of those with a likely PTSD diagnosis than AAQ-II did. These results provide initial support for the discriminant validity of the MEAQ, which appears to be a more specific predictor of trauma-related symptoms.
Multivariate phenotypic selection on a complex sexual signal.

Animal signals are complex, comprising multiple components that receivers may use to inform their decisions. Components may carry information of differing value to receivers, and selection on one component could modulate or reverse selection on another, necessitating a multivariate approach to estimating selection gradients. However, surprisingly few empirical studies have estimated the strength of phenotypic selection on complex signals with appropriate design and adequate power to detect non-linear selection. We used phonotaxis assays to measure sexual selection on the advertisement signal of Cope's gray tree frog, Hyla chrysoscelis. Female preferences were assessed for five signal components using single-stimulus and two-stimulus behavioral assays. Linear, quadratic, and correlational selection gradients were estimated from the single-stimulus data. Significant directional selection is acting on call duration, call rate, pulse rate, and relative amplitude; stabilizing selection is acting on call duration and call rate. Under the two-stimulus paradigm, conclusions were qualitatively different, revealing non-linear selection on all components except call duration. For individual subjects, the outcomes of single-stimulus and two-stimulus trials were frequently discordant, suggesting that the choice of testing paradigm may affect conclusions drawn from experiments. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Reference Limits for Outlier Analyses in Randomized Clinical Trials

Reference limits used in clinical medicine to screen and manage patients are typically developed nonparametrically using reference values from a limited number of healthy subjects using a 95th percentile reference interval. We have evaluated alternative methods of computation and the resulting limits for use in the analyses of treatment-emergent outliers in clinical trials. We developed a set of alternative reference limits for 38 laboratory analytes based on alternative statistical methods and assessed their relative performance in clinical trial analysis. Performance assessment was based on the clinical credibility of the limits, inferential statistical performance, consideration of incidences for the test drug and control (placebo) in cases where the drug was reasonably believed to be associated with a change in an analyte (positive cases), and in cases where prior analyses failed to demonstrate a change associated with the drug (negative cases). Based on consideration of these cases, no single method resulted in optimal limits for all cases considered. However, with the limits developed using clinical trial subjects’ values at baseline as reference values, excluding outliers, the robust method and the 98th percentile interval appeared to produce optimal limits across the greatest number of cases considered. Although no single method of limit computation will result in optimal limits for all outlier analyses for all analytes across all clinical trials, the 98th percentile reference interval robust limits based on clinical trial reference values appeared superior to multiple alternatives considered for such analyses.
Experimental Determination of Activation Energy of Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution on Porphyrins

A physical organic chemistry experiment is described for second-year college students. Students performed nucleophilic aromatic substitution (NAS) reactions on 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin (TPPF20) using three different nucleophiles. Substitution occurs preferentially at the 4-position (para) because it is thermodynamically favored, and the 2- and 6- (ortho) positions are kinetically disfavored because of steric interactions with the porphyrin ring. The activation energy depends heavily on the nucleophile. Open-source software (ImageJ from NIH) was used to quantify relative intensities of spots on a TLC plate obtained from different times and varying temperatures. These data were used to generate Arrhenius plots allowing students to determine relative activation energies for three different primary nucleophiles. The experiment was developed by 5 undergraduates and evaluated by 40 organic chemistry II students and 8 students in a physical chemistry laboratory. Students gained a...
Swine skin: a model to evaluate dose recovery from different radiations.

Unacceptable scalp and facial skin reactions were produced during the first clinical trials of neutron capture therapy. These complications resulted because the half-value layer (HVL) of thermal neutrons in tissue is small (about 1.8 cm), and the boron-10 partition between the blood/skin and cancer located several centimeters below the surface was poor. As a consequence, when a therapeutic dose was delivered to the cancer at depth, the dose from the adventitious gamma, fast-neutron and capture radiations to the skin exceeded the limits of tolerance.1
Gender and Motivation for Achievement, Affiliation–Intimacy, and Power

Research on achievement, affiliation–intimacy, and power motivation is tied intimately to the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), co-developed by Christiana D. Morgan and Henry A. Murray (1935). In the TAT, respondents are shown pictures of people (often line drawings) and asked to write a story in response to each picture cue. Researchers assume that test takers will tell stories that reflect their own conscious and unconscious motives and impulses. As the methodology evolved, these stories (or thought samples) were content coded by experts for recurring themes that reflect major human motives. The three most studied motives, also referred to as social motives, are achievement, affiliation–intimacy, and power.
THE IDEOLOGY OF PROFESSIONALISM IN HIGHER EDUCATION

This essay begins by describing the components and dimensions of the ideal of professionalism. It is then argued that in the bureaucratic context professionalism functions as an ideology that disto...
On Multi-dimensional Envy-Free Mechanisms

We study the problem of fairness design . Specifically, we focus on approximation algorithms for indivisible items with supporting envy-free bundle prices. We present the first polynomial-communication envy-free profit-maximizing combinatorial auctions for general bidders. In this context, envy-free prices can be interpreted as anonymous non-discriminatory prices. Additionally, we study the canonical makespan-minimizing scheduling problem of unrelated machines, in an envy-free manner. For the special case of related machines model we show that tight algorithmic bounds can be achieved.
The Sigmoid Upper Lid Blepharoplasty

Redefining beauty in the upper eyelid can entail more than the traditional blepharoplasty which removes skin and fat. A youthful female upper eyelid contour includes a concave medial portion along with a fuller, convex lateral lid without hooding. This is a sigmoid shape in three dimensions.
Parallel Computing At The Undergraduate Level: Lessons Learned and Insights

All computing devices we currently use are parallel machines. This includes the whole range from portable devices to supercomputers. Until recently, parallel computing at the undergraduate level was considered an advanced elective topic in most computer science and engineering departments. If this continues, undergraduate students will not be competitive in the market. If they decide to go to graduate studies, they will be late in acquiring parallel computing skills.In this paper we discuss the challenges and insights in designing an undergraduate parallel computing course in computer science department. These insights stem from our experience in offering this course for six years, once per year.
Clickybot: A Low-Cost Platform for Networked Robotics

This paper presents an effort to create low-cost autonomous multi-robot network where robots can communicate wirelessly with each other. The robots are designed to use various sensors for obstacle avoidance and communication. All programs are written in the same high level language to maintain a cohesive language set across all aspects of each robot. Each robot utilizes a visual sensor, the uCAM-TTL, to aid in cooperative tasks, such as navigation. The mechanical frames of the robots are built from commercially available kits. Another part of the project is to make the robot network easily expandable for use in other projects. This aspect leads to developing modularly built robots. Modularity allows for easy exchanging of core components and sensors. It also allows for easy upgrades to the robots for future use.
Multiple phosphatidylinositol(3)phosphate roles in retinal pigment epithelium membrane recycling

Abstract The low-abundance lipid phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI(3)P) is important for membrane dynamics in autophagy, endosome processing, and phagocytosis. In retinal pigmented epithelial cells (RPE) all three pathways are important, but phagocytosis of disk membranes shed from adjacent photoreceptors is especially important for ensuring health of photoreceptors and preventing retinal degeneration. By eliminating Vps34, the kinase responsible for synthesizing PI(3)P in RPE, we have found that PI(3)P plays distinct roles in each pathway. In phagocytosis it is not required for disk engulfment or phagosome transport but is essential for recruitment and lipidation of LC3. In contrast, initiation of autophagy and LC3 recruitment to autophagosomes does not require PI(3)P, which can be bypassed by an alternative mechanism of ATG16L recruitment that does not require PI(3)P, Rab11a, or WIPI2. In all three pathways, PI(3)P is essential for fusion with lysosomes; autophagosomes, phagosomes, and Rab7-positive late endosomes, as well as enlarged lysosomes, accumulate in large numbers in the absence of Vps34, leading to cell death.
On the statistical attribution of changes in monthly baseflow across the U.S. Midwest

Abstract Baseflow, or the groundwater component of streamflow, is an important source of water for several applications, from increasing demands on freshwater resources to ecosystem health. Despite its relevance, our understanding of the processes driving baseflow and its interannual variability is limited. In this study, we focus on 458 U.S. Geological Survey streamflow gauges that have at least 50 years of daily data. We use a statistical modeling framework to select a set of predictors that represent the role of climate (i.e., precipitation, temperature and antecedent wetness) and land use (harvested acres of corn and soybeans). The models are able to describe well the variability in monthly baseflow across the region, with an average correlation coefficient between the observational records and the median of the fitted distribution of 0.70 among all months. Our results indicate that precipitation and antecedent wetness are the strongest predictors, where the latter was selected the most often. Temperature is an important predictor during the spring when snow-related processes are the most relevant. Agriculture was frequently selected in the Cornbelt region during the growing season (from March to July). The results of this study can inform future watershed management that sustains low flows and improves water quality.
Atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesions of undetermined significance: What radiologists need to know.

Atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesions of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS) refers to an intermediate histologic category of thyroid nodules in The Bethesda System for Reporting ...
Shifting principal preparation candidates’ common beliefs of diversity in school settings

This paper reports on a study completed with principal preparation students to measure the change in their beliefs about how to provide leadership that affirms diverse students and families in scho...
The Mediating role of perceived discrimination and stress in the associations between neighborhood social environment and TV Viewing among Jackson Heart Study participants.

Objectives The aim of this study was to test the mediating role of perceived discrimination and stress on associations between perceived neighborhood social environment (PNSE) and TV viewing. Methods Baseline data were used for 4716 participants (mean age = 55.1 y; 63.4% female) in the Jackson Heart Study (JHS), a large prospective cohort study of African Americans in Jackson, Mississippi. One binary TV viewing outcome was created: ≥4 h/day versus <4 h/day. PNSE variables included neighborhood violence, problems (higher value = more violence/problems), and social cohesion (higher value = more cohesion). Mediators included perceived lifetime discrimination, daily discrimination, and chronic stress (higher value = greater discrimination/stress). Multivariable regression was used with bootstrap-generated 95% bias-corrected confidence intervals (BC CIs) to test for mediation adjusting for demographics, health-related and psychosocial factors, and population density. Results Neighborhood violence, problems, and social cohesion were indirectly associated with TV viewing through lifetime discrimination (OR = 1.03, 95%BC CI = 1.00, 1.07; OR = 1.03, 95%BC CI = 0.99, 1.06 [marginal]; OR = 0.98, 95%BC CI = 0.94, 0.99, respectively) and chronic stress (OR = 0.95, 95%BC CI = 0.90, 0.99; OR = 0.96, 95%BC CI = 0.92, 0.99; OR = 1.05, 95%BC CI = 1.01, 1.10, respectively). Daily discrimination was neither directly nor indirectly associated with TV viewing. Conclusions Each PNSE variable was indirectly associated with TV viewing via lifetime discrimination and perceived stress, but not with daily discrimination among JHS participants. Unexpected directionality of mediating effects of lifetime discrimination and chronic stress should be replicated in future studies. Further research is also needed to pinpoint effective community efforts and physical environmental policies (e.g., installing bright street lights, community policing) to reduce adverse neighborhood conditions and psychosocial factors, and decrease TV viewing and subsequent cardiovascular disease risk.
The earliest palpimanid spider (Araneae: Palpimanidae), from the Crato Fossil-Lagerstätte (Cretaceous, Brazil)

The Crato Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of Brazil is well known for an exceptionally preserved terrestrial arthropod fossil assemblage. Spiders are relatively abundant, but few have been formally described. A fossil spider belonging to the family Palpimanidae, araneophageous ground-dwelling spiders with distinctly robust front legs, is preserved with the dorsal side hidden within the rock matrix. For the first time, micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) was used to image a fossil spider preserved in a rock matrix, to reveal the dorsal side of this specimen, revealing the eye arrangement, a useful taxonomic character in most spiders, and a deflated abdomen, likely the result of taphonomic processes. The specimen possesses other distinguishing characteristics of Palpimanidae, including an inflated first leg femur, a heavily sclerotized scutum, and a reduced number of spinnerets (2) surrounded by a sclerotized ring. The spider has eight eyes with the lateral pairs extremely close together, a trait suggestive of the subfamily Chediminae. The specimen also possesses an unusual first leg patella with a retrolateral excavation and a thorn-like projection. A new genus is erected, and the spider is named Cretapalpus vittari gen. et sp. nov. A phylogenetic analysis including extant species from each of the subfamilies within Palpimanidae places the fossil at the base of Chediminae + Otiothopinae. This is the earliest reported fossil palpimanid and first chedimine from South America. A fossil chedimine in South America is not surprising because the South American and African plates were still relatively close during the Early Cretaceous.
Distal Radius Fractures: Recognizing and Treating Complex Fracture Patterns.

SUMMARY Volar fixed-angle plate fixation is a commonly used treatment modality for distal radius fractures. However, not all fracture patterns are amenable to this type of fixation strategy. In this article, we review pertinent anatomy and radiographic landmarks that together highlight key differences when considering treatment strategies for complex distal radius fractures.
Research and Utilization on RFID Label in Substation Inspection

By using RFID technology of the network, device label can storage the basic information and necessary information about devices. And system manager can use the IPv6 network protocol to achieve unified management of these labels. Through these methods, it realizes standardized management of the equipment information. The RFID technology and IPv6 design have been researched to provide a modernization, information and intelligent method of substation inspection.
The Role of Long Chain Acyl-CoA Esters in the Regulation of Gene Expression and Metabolism in Escherichia Coli

The pathways of lipid synthesis and degradation are co-ordinately regulated in most cells at the level of transcription. A number of studies have been directed at elucidating a role for acyl-CoA compounds in the regulation of the activity of lipid-responsive transcription factors24,25,28,32. However, there has been only indirect evidence that acyl-CoA compounds regulate eucaryotic gene activity by interaction with transcription factors 1,7,8,15,36. Escherichia coli FadR is the only transcription factor for which there is substantial and convincing evidence that direct binding of LCACoA to the protein prevents DNA binding, transcription activation or repression 11,12,17. Among the genes directly regulated by FadR are those encoding a specific membrane associated fatty acid transport protein (FadL), acyl-CoA synthetase, all the enzymes required for the s-oxidation of fatty acids, two enzymes essential for unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis and a protein of undetermined function which is expressed during a number of stress reponses 2,14. In this article we review our current understanding of FadR-dependent gene regulation and regulation of FadR by long chain acyl-CoA.
Improving health through health marketing.

Mention the word marketing to employees at most companies, and they will understand how it relates to their business. Successful commercial marketing can mean the difference between a company's profit and loss, jobs or layoffs, growth or bankruptcy. Mention the word marketing to public health professionals, and you may get blank stares, head shakes, or looks of confusion (and I've seen them all). Marketing is not well-known or understood in the public health community, in part because it is rarely taught in public health or medical schools. Nonetheless, the time has come to increase our awareness, training, and application of health marketing strategies and principles, because the field holds great promise for increasing the adoption of health promotion and protection information and interventions.
Methods and Standards for Lossless Compression

Lossless compression refers to compression methods for which the original uncompressed data set can be recovered exactly from the compressed stream. The need for lossless compression arises from the fact that many applications, such as the compression of digitized medical data, require that no loss be introduced from the compression method. Bitonal image transmission via a facsimile device also imposes such requirements. In recent years, several compression standards have been developed for the lossless compression of such images. We discuss these standards later in this chapter. In general, even when lossy compression is allowed, the overall compression scheme may be a combination of a lossy compression process followed by a lossless compression process as depicted in Figure 1.5. Various image, video, and audio compression standards follow this model, and several of the lossless compression schemes used in these standards are described in this chapter.
Olson, Mancur (1932–98)

One of the founding figures in the economic discipline of ‘Public Choice,’ Mancur Olson developed the logic of how a group provides itself with nonrival, nonexcludable, public goods. Because individual rationality leads every member of a group to free riding behavior, the result of individual rationality is not the group rational outcome. His early writings established the nature of individually rational voluntary provision group equilibrium, described its characteristics, and identified its sweeping scope.
Kinematic methods for automated fixture reconfiguration planning

A kinematic method is developed to analyze the workholding condition by evaluating the motion stops corresponding to the reciprocal screw motions within a given fixture configuration. More significantly, the method can be used to compare the relative quality of two or more configurations in terms of the overall kinematic constraint. Graphically based methods are then developed which can be used to synthesize a fixture layout configuration for a given 3-D workpart geometric model. A CAD system is used to demonstrate the techniques for automated fixture layout planning. The results of this work have been applied directly to a set of modular fixture elements for sheet metal workparts. For simple geometries, the fixture configurations chosen with the motion stop method agree well with the intuitive choices an engineer would make. However, for complicated geometries, these methods provide analysis and synthesis solutions which would not otherwise be possible. >
The Adolescent Attempter: Sex, Sibling Position, and Family Constellation

: Data from 17 adolescents who attempted suicide and came to the attention of the Payne Whitney Suicide Prevention Clinic during the years 1968–70 were analyzed for information regarding sex, birth order, sex of siblings, and family constellation. The results indicated that there was a significant trend for firstborn females to be overrepresented among adolescent suicide attempters. In addition, father loss was frequently noted in their histories. A theoretical rationale for the investigation is presented with the results of the study.
Azoles with 3-4 Heteroatoms

Direct metalation of various 1,2,3-triazoles, 1,2,4-triazoles, tetrazoles, and 1,3,4-oxadiazoles is reviewed through early 2012. The monograph is divided into sections by heterocycle; the most attention is paid to lithiation chemistry, however, transmetalation, directed ortho-lithiation, and other applications are noted where applicable.
Between Interlochen and Idaho: Hermeneutics and Education for Understanding

“Where are you going?” Harley asked his seatmate. “Home,” the boy replied, “to Idaho.” “Where’ve you been?” Harley inquired. “I was at Interlochen [music camp],” the boy said. “I play trumpet. I played with some of the best people I’ve ever met. And you know what? Last night, I played first chair. Last night we played the ‘Planets’ by Holszt. Do you know it? It’s so big. It’s so beautiful.” As the boy spoke, Harley noticed that he sat forward in his seat, spreading his arms in an effort to express himself. But he couldn’t. He sat back again.
Megaesophagus in two cats

Megaesophagus was diagnosed in 2 cats. Both had a history of regurgitation, and one was dyspneic. Radiography of the thorax and abdomen revealed generalized megaesophagus and gastric distention with gas. There was no esophageal motility during fluoroscopic observation. The prognosis for cats with megaesophagus is guarded. Although they may be satisfactory pets, cats with this condition should not be used for breeding because the condition is believed to be inherited through recessive genes.
Genomic organization and expression analysis of the murine Fam3c gene

Previously, we identified FAM3C as a candidate gene for autosomal recessive nonsyndromic hearing loss locus 17 (DFNB17). This gene has since been found to be a member of a cytokine-like gene family, but its function has not been determined. The purpose of this study was thus to elucidate the gene structure and pattern of expression, providing information that might allow a hypothesis to be developed about FAM3C function of in the inner ear. To do this we analyzed its mouse ortholog, Fam3c. Fam3c was found to be ubiquitously expressed in all analyzed tissues, and had two major transcript variants presumed to result from an alternative use of two distinct polyadenylation signals. In situ hybridization experiments revealed a predominant Fam3c pattern of expression in the nonsensory epithelium of the growing semicircular canals at embryonic day (E) 15.5. This expression pattern resembles the known pattern of the Nkx5 homeobox genes. Analysis of the Fam3c promoter region demonstrated a putative Nkx5.1 binding site. Based on our findings, we hypothesize that Fam3c may be a downstream target gene for the Nkx5.1 transcription factor, and may thus be involved in cell differentiation and proliferation during inner ear embryogenesis. Additionally, analyses of putative amino acid sequences of FAM3C orthologous proteins showed that their primary and secondary structures and overall topology were highly conserved. Further study is underway to determine the role of FAM3C in inner ear development.
Cooperation, competition, and interpersonal attitudes in small groups

Previous theorizing maintains that interpersonal attitudes of cooperating and competing individuals are primarily a function of the antecedent motivational interdependence that characterizes these relations. The present experiment sought to establish if outcomes, rather than motivational antecedents, of cooperation and competition are a sufficient condition of the resultant interpersonal attitudes. Two-man teams played a non-zero sum game, in which one member of each team always increased the likelihood of his team’s success, while the other always decreased it. Successful members were found to have more favorable attitudes toward their opponents than toward their teammates. The opposite results were obtained for unsuccessful members. While the evidence for the dependence of interpersonal attitudes upon the outcomes of cooperation and competition was clear, no support was found for the hypothesis that interpersonal attitudes also depend on antecedent motivational interdependence.
Natural family planning and sex selection: fact or fiction?

Determining sex of offspring by timing of intercourse has been a subject of intense interest for the lay public and professional community. This metaanalysis of couples practicing natural family planning provides an opportunity to evaluate sex ratios in relation to the timing of conception with several parameters, including basal body temperature shift and peak mucus as markers of ovulation. Data from six studies show a statistically significant lower proportion of male births among conceptions that occur during the most fertile time of the cycle.
Entre o sentido da colonização e o arcaísmo como projeto: a superação de um dilema através do conceito de capital escravista-mercantil

This paper discusses Pires and Costa's (1995, 2000) claim that the Brazilian economy during the slavery period functioned under the direction of a specific form of capital, called mercantile slavery capital. Their proposal allows us to overcome a dichotomy between the traditional interpretive model of the Meaning of Colonization, originally proposed by Caio Prado Junior in the 1940's, and the new model of Archaism as a Project, proposed by Fragoso and Florentino (2001). The former, by depicting the Brazilian colonial society as an immediate result of the European commercial expansion, has had difficulties in explaining recent empirical evidence that the colonial economy was relatively autonomous, being able to carry out endogenous capital accumulation. The latter, however, in trying to explicitly accommodate this evidence turns out to reject the original formulation of the Meaning of Colonization as a fundamental external determination of the colonial economy. In order to make explicit the way in which the concept of mercantile slavery capital overcomes this dilemma, we suggest an analogy with the way Marx's theory of value is developed in Capital.
The history of lamaze continues: an interview with sunnye strickland.

Although the most publicized beginnings of the Lamaze method in this country took place in the New York City area in the 1950s and 1960s, change was taking place even earlier in other parts of the United States as well, for women everywhere were eager to be educated and awake for their birth experiences. One of the early leaders of the “natural childbirth movement” in Colorado, Wyoming, and Oklahoma from the late 1940s through the early 1960s was Sunnye Strickland. Strickland began her career as a labor and delivery nurse, became a devoted advocate of prepared childbirth as a result of her own birth experiences, and embraced the philosophy of the psychoprophylactic method after visiting Dr. Pierre Vellay in Paris. She then became a faculty member with the American Society of Psychoprophylaxis in Obstetrics (ASPO/Lamaze, now Lamaze International, Inc.) and eventually a certified nurse-midwife. Her professional story spans five states, several countries, and 46 years, with a rich variety of experiences in which she was a change agent, educator, and active leader in the childbirth education movement.
Inelastic behavior of materials. Part II. Energetics associated with discontinuous deformation twinning

Abstract Following the recent work of Rajagopal and Srinivasa (“On the inelastic behavior of solids—part I. Twinning,” Int. J. Plasticity , 11 , 653) on the development of a macroscopic theory to model the inelastic deformation twinning of polycrystals, we provide in this paper a thermomechanical framework for the study, albeit under the assumption that the process is isothermal. A criterion based on energetics is proposed for the initiation and propagation of twinning. The theory is based on the notion of multiple natural configurations which was introduced earlier by Wineman and Rajagopal (“On a constitutive theory for materials undergoing microstructural changes”, Arch. Mech. , 42 , 53) and Rajagopal and Wineman (“A constitutive equation for non-linear solids which undergo deformation induced microstructural changes”, Int. J. Plasticity , 8 , 385) for the study of the inelastic behavior of polymer networks. In this paper, we bring out the important role played by the dissipative processes on the onset and arrest of twinning. We show that the entire constitutive structure of the material can be reduced to the specification of three scalar functions to model “quasi-equilibriated deformation twinning”: the Helmholtz potential ψ, the rate of dissipation function ξ and the activation function g . For the dynamical case (when inertial effects are not negligible), an additional constitutive function for the kinetic energy due to the growth of the twinned regions must be specified. We demonstrate the versatility and the efficacy of the theory by choosing special forms for these functions and applying them to the slow compression of steel at 4.2K. The results agree very well with the experiments of Madhava et al. (“Discontinuous Twinning during essentially elastic compression of steel at 4.2 K”, Phil. Mag. , 25 , 519) We also include a generalization of the theory to account for multiple twin orientations.
Full-field velocity and temperature measurements using magnetic resonance imaging in turbulent complex internal flows

Abstract Flow and heat transfer in complex internal passages are difficult to predict due to the presence of strong secondary flows and multiple regions of separation. Two methods based on magnetic resonance imaging called 4D magnetic resonance velocimetry (4D-MRV) and thermometry (4D-MRT) are described for measuring the full-field mean velocities and temperatures, respectively, in complex internal passage flows. 4D-MRV measurements are presented for flow through a model of a gas turbine blade internal cooling passage geometry with Reh = 10,000 and compared to PIV measurements in a highly complex 180° bend. Measured three-component velocities provide excellent qualitative and quantitative insight into flow structures throughout the entire flow domain. The velocities agree within ±10% in magnitude and ±10° in direction in a large portion of the bend which is characterized by turbulent fluctuations as high as 10–20% of the passage inlet bulk velocity. Integrated average flow rates are accurate to 4% throughout the flow domain. Preliminary 4D-MRV/MRT results are presented for heated fully developed turbulent pipe flow at ReD = 13,000.
Progesterone studies in the Macaca fascicularis.

Plasma progesterone levels were determined in the crab—eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis) during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy, including parturition. Menstrual cycles averaged 31 days in duration. Progesterone levels rose above 1 ng/ml plasma about 15 days prior to the onset of menstruation with peak values (7.8 ng/ml) observed on day 7 prior to menstruation. Progesterone levels declined to > 1 ng/ml 1–4 days before menstruation. Two animals studied daily for the first 30 days postbreeding, and then 2 times weekly, had 2 distinct progesterone peaks, one about IS days postbreeding and another at about 34 days with a low point in progesterone levels observed between these peaks at about days 23 to 25. The progesterone decline which followed the second peak reached minimal levels (1 to 2 ng/ml) by about day 45 of gestation. Progesterone levels increased gradually throughout the rest of gestation with average values of about 4 ng/ml observed the last 2 weeks prior to parturition. No significant changes...
Assembly core of bacteriophage T4: an intermediate in head formation.

An unstable assembly core initiates phage T4 head formation. T4 core proteins—P22 and internal proteins—nucleate capsid assembly but have no structural role in the completed capsid.
Computerized biofeedback knee goniometer: acceptance and effect on exercise behavior in post-total knee arthroplasty rehabilitation

Abstract Kuiken TA, Amir H, Scheidt RA. Computerized biofeedback knee goniometer: acceptance and effect on exercise behavior in post-total knee arthroplasty rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004;85:1026–30. Objective To assess device accuracy, patient acceptance, and effect of a computerized biofeedback knee goniometer (CBG), on patients' compliance with active range of motion (AROM) exercises after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Design Two-stage study: measurement validation on asymptomatic controls and an unblinded, multiple crossover trial. Setting Inpatient rehabilitation. Participants Asymptomatic controls (n=14) and post-TKA inpatients (n=11). Interventions For measurement validation, CBG-angle measurements were compared with manual, clinician-obtained angles. To assess motivational effect, the CBG was worn after TKA; on alternating days, it either monitored AROM silently (no feedback) or provided audiovisual feedback about reaching preset range of motion (ROM) goals and prompted the patients to exercise when idle. Main outcome measures To assess accuracy, the device's readings were compared with manual measurements. Patient satisfaction was determined by a self-report questionnaire; exercise compliance was assessed by calculating activity rate and stratified interactivity intervals. Results CBG readings reproduced clinician measurements reliably between 0° and 100° (η 2 =98.5%). Auditory feedback was more helpful than visual feedback for motivating exercise. During feedback-on days, the mean total activity rate ± standard deviation was 15.1±10.9 activity counts per hour, and the interactivity interval was 6.7±5.7 minutes. The activity rate was higher on feedback-off days—22.5±11.1 counts/hour ( P =.11)—and the mean interactivity interval was 3.6±2.7 minutes ( P =.07). Conclusions The CBG provided reliable, unbiased estimates of clinician measurements of joint angle within the range of 0° to 100°. The CBG was accepted well by most patients. Surprisingly, slightly more ROM activity was noted during feedback-off days than feedback-on days.