cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teaching addition and subtraction to first graders: A Chinese perspective

Cross-cultural studies on mathematical cognition and education have suggested that curriculum and teaching have contributed to U.S. versus Asian differences in student performance; however, previous discussions of curriculum and teaching practices have been very general and have not focused on a detailed analysis of how mathematics concepts are taught and presented in textbooks. To address this limitation, this article focuses on the teaching of addition and subtraction to first-grade students in China. We discuss how curriculum topics are arranged, how concrete and abstract mathematical knowledge are reconciled in learning these concepts, and how teachers facilitate children's conceptual understanding of the logic behind addition and subtraction procedures. Toward this end, we analyze a research-based Chinese mathematics curriculum to highlight the sequencing of topics pertaining to addition and subtraction and the instructional practices used by teachers to help students develop an understanding of these concepts. The purpose of this article is not to suggest that other nations' curriculum and instructional practices ought to follow the Chinese model. Rather, we attempt to provide useful information about developing effective curriculum and instructional practices that could help young children make sense of the mathematics they learn in school. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 42: 259–272, 2005.
A formal approach to software error removal

Abstract There is a dichotomy of opinion on the use of software testing versus formal verification in software development. Testing has been the accepted method for detecting and removing errors and has played a significant error removal role. Formal verification has only recently matured into accepted practice but shows the potential for playing an even more significant error prevention role. The Cleanroom software development process which has been developed by the IBM Federal Systems Division combines both ideas into an effective development tool. Software engineering methods based on functional verification support the production of software with sufficient quality to forego traditional unit or structural testing. Statistical methods are introduced that define objective and formal strategies for product or functional testing. The synergism between the two ideas results in software with fewer errors which are both easier to find and to fix and in products with exceptional operating characteristics. Error prevention, not removal, is the key and the only viable approach to any sustained software quality growth. The Cleanroom development method and its impact on the error prevention and removal processes are covered in this paper. The results from its use for software development are also discussed.
Organizational Stress as Threat to Reputation: Effects on Anxiety at Work and at Home

This study's premise is that job stressors that threaten an employee's reputation with his or her supervisor are particularly likely to generate anxiety symptoms that carry over from work to home. Thirty-six raters, primarily working accountants, identified job stressors as high or low on threat to reputation. Independently, 102 accountants rated their own exposure to these stressors and their anxiety at work and home. As predicted, the high-threat stressors were the most likely generate home-experienced anxiety, and work-experienced anxiety served as u key mediator. Implications relating to models of work and family well-being are discussed.
Formalin in the treatment of massive bladder hemorrhage Techniques, results, and complications

Abstract Our experience during the past five years with the use of formalin instillations in the treatment of massive bladder hemorrhage is reported. The initial use of 10 per cent formalin was discontinued because of the severe complications encountered in 3 of the 4 patients. One per cent formalin has been found to be equally effective in the majority of patients, and no serious complications have developed in a follow-up period ranging from six to thirty-six months. The use of intravesical instillation of 1 per cent formalin solution should be considered in all patients suffering with massive bladder hemorrhage.
On liapunov functions of high order nonlinear systems

Abstract A systematic procedure is developed to generate Liapunov functions of third and higher order nonlinear systems. The Liapunov functions V are represented in quadratic form which involves a symmetric matrix S whose elements contains functions of the state variables. The given nonlinear system is characterized by a matrix A whose elements are specified by the nonlinearities. The problem is to get a Liapunov stability matrix T which makes V negative semidefinite. It is shown that T = B′A, where B′ is the transpose of matrix B, which defines ▿V and is obtainable from S. The method is illustrated by a fourth order example and two-third order examples. Conditions of stability are derived from the T and S matrices.
The Applicability of Generalization Gradients to the Transfer of a Discrimination

(1955). The Applicability of Generalization Gradients to the Transfer of a Discrimination. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 52, No. 1, pp. 37-48.
Age-dependent CNS control of the habituating gill withdrawal reflex and of correlated activity in identified neurons inAplysia

The parieto-visceral ganglion (PVG) control of the gill withdrawal reflex to tactile stimulation of the gill is absent in young animals, weighing 25 g or less. In older animals, weighing 160 g or more, the PVG control causes suppression of the reflex amplitude and a faster rate of habituation. 1) In youngAplysia the PVG did not suppress the reflex amplitude nor did it accelerate the rate of habituation (Fig. 2). The gill neural plexus, through which presumably, PVG control of the reflex is mediated, is as competent in young as in older animals to mediate habituation (Fig. 2). 2) PVG control was not evoked by increasing the intensity of the tactile stimulus 12 fold, from 0.15 g to 1.8 g, to the gill; in older animals the extent of control was dependent on stimulus intensity (Fig. 3). 3) In young animals the 0.15 g stimulus evoked spiking in L7, a gill motor neuron, and it evoked only an EPSP in L7 in olderAplysia (Figs. 4, 5). The decrement of evoked activity in L7 from both groups of animals was correlated with habituation of the reflex (Fig. 8). 4) Induced spiking of L7, in young and olderAplysia, resulted in dishabituation of the gill reflex (Fig. 8). These results and those in (3) show that the pathways between the gill and the PVG are functional in young animals. 5) No differences were found in membrane properties of L7 from young and older animals; L7's were only differentiated by cell size (Table 1, Figs. 6, 7). 6) In contrast R2, which is not involved in the reflex, was responsive to the weaker gill stimuli only in young animals (Figs. 4, 5). R2's greater responsiveness is attributed to small cell size which accounts for greater input resistance (Table 1, Fig. 7). 7) The absence of control of the gill withdrawal reflex and the greater synaptic efficacy in L7 to gill stimulation, we suggest, results from incompletely developed inhibitory mechanisms in the PVG of young animals (Fig. 9).
First-order phase transitions with more than one conserved charge: Consequences for neutron stars.

We consider how first-order phase transitions in systems having more than one conserved charge (multicomponent systems) differ from those in systems having only one. In general, the properties of the transition are quite different in the two cases. Perhaps most importantly the pressure varies continuously with the proportion of phases in equilibrium, and is not a constant in the mixed phase as in the example of the gas-liquid transition in familiar one-component systems. We identify the microphysics responsible for the difference. In the case that one of the conserved charges is the electric charge, a geometrical structure in the mixed phase is expected. As an example, possible consequences are developed for the structure of a neutron star in which the transition to quark matter in the core occurs. It is also pointed out that the general results pertain to relativistic nuclear collisions in the so-called stopping or baryon-rich domain where there are three conserved charges (baryon, electric, and strangeness), and impact the expected phase transition from confined hadronic matter to quark matter as regards signals that are supposedly driven by pressure. The physics discussed here is also relevant to the subunclear gas-liquid transition that is under study in lower-energy nuclear collisions.
Capping of concanavalin A receptors and their association with microfilaments in monolayer grown human fibroblastoid cells.

The distribution of ConA binding sites on the surface of normal human fibroblastoid cells grown in monolayer culture was carefully examined. Low concentrations of ConA (between 0.5–5.0 μg/ml) were found to induce the ConA receptors to form a single, large cap structure. High concentrations of ConA (between 50–100 μg/ml) inhibit cap formation at temperatures above 20° C. Pretreatment of the cells in the cold or with colchicine allows cap formation to occur with high concentrations of ConA. The ConA caps appear to be preferentially localized near the nucleus. Using a double immunofluorescence technique, we have observed actin and myosin molecules concentrated underneath the surface receptor cap in the perinuclear region of the cells. These findings suggest that the binding of ConA to fibroblastoid cells may trigger the transmembrane association of cytoplasmic microfilaments with surface membrane receptors as previously proposed for lymphocytes and other round cells grown in suspension culture.
Freezing Induced Microstructural Change of Collagen Matrix

Freezing of biological tissue occurs in many modern biomedical applications. These include cryosurgery for cancer, cryoablation for cardiac arrhythmia, cryoplasty for restenosis, and cryopreservation of native and engineered biomaterials. While the short-term success of these applications depends on the cellular viability — low viability for the therapeutic applications, and high viability for the preservation applications, the long-term success is determined by whether the functional properties of tissue are controlled as well as the viability. This becomes more important as the freezing-based technologies begin to be applied to larger and more complex biomaterials. However, the effects of freezing on these functional properties are rarely understood. Although several studies have been done on the freezing-induced change of the mechanical properties, the results are highly tissue-type dependent and the underlying biophysical mechanisms are poorly understood. Since the functional properties are associated with or often determined by the microstructural characteristics of the extracellular matrix (ECM), it is hypothesized that freezing-induced changes on the ECM microstructure affect the post-thaw functional properties. Thus, in this study, microstructural changes of collagen matrix were investigated using scanning electron microscopy and image analysis.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Delivery Room Management of The Apparently Vigorous Meconium-Stained Neonate: Results Of The Multicenter Collaborative Trial • 1185

Delivery Room Management of The Apparently Vigorous Meconium-Stained Neonate: Results Of The Multicenter Collaborative Trial • 1185
Physical and Chemical Characterizations of Normal and High‐Oleic Oils from Nine Commercial Cultivars of Peanut

Density and viscosity data as a function of temperature (5–100 °C) were collected for oils (normal and high-oleic) from nine cultivars of peanut. Density decreased linearly (R 2 ≥ 0.99) with increasing temperature for all oils, whereas viscosity (dynamic or kinematic) decreased exponentially with increasing temperature. At any particular temperature, dynamic viscosity increased linearly (R 2 ≥ 0.95) with decreasing oil density among the various oils. Slopes of the linear fits (with units of kinematic viscosity) for dynamic viscosity versus density plots decreased in an exponential fashion as the measurement temperature decreased. High-oleic oils had both the lowest densities and highest viscosities, with viscosity differences being most apparent at cooler temperatures. Increasing contents of oleic acid, decreasing contents of linoleic acid, and decreasing contents of palmitic acid were each associated with decreased density and increased viscosity among the oils. Two of the three high-oleic oils had the significantly (p < 0.05) highest content of total tocopherols, while the other high-oleic oil was statistically grouped with the oils having the 2nd highest total tocopherol content. This suggests a link between increased total tocopherols and high-oleic peanut oils; however, no obvious linear correlations were observed in tocopherol content and oil physical properties (density or viscosity).
Increased barium influx and potassium current in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats

Arterial potassium permeability is increased in hypertension. In this study we conducted voltage-clamp experiments to determine whether the whole-cell K+ current is increased in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner in aortic smooth muscle cells from stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). Aortic cells from Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats and SHRSP demonstrated an outward rectifying current elicited by depolarization. The current was carried primarily by K+, because intracellular Cs+ replacement eliminated more than 97% of the current. The current density was higher (P < .05) in SHRSP cells at positive potentials. In the presence of LaCl3 (200 mumol/L) or tetraethylammonium (10 mmol/L), the residual current was similar in WKY and SHRSP cells. Also, the current density did not differ between WKY and SHRSP cells in which the intracellular Ca2+ concentration was clamped at zero. Fura 2 ratio measurement showed similar resting myoplasmic Ca2+ concentration (Ca2+m) in WKY and SHRSP cells (100 +/- 10 versus 117 +/- 9 nmol/L, P = .2). Under low extracellular Na+ conditions, which had a minimal effect on Ca2+m, Ba2+ replacement of Ca2+ caused a continuous and approximately linear increase in the fura 2 ratio, which was twofold faster in SHRSP cells. Because Ca2+ pumps do not transport Ba2+ and Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange was inhibited by low extracellular Na+, this increase reflected unidirectional Ba2+ influx.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Simulated Relationships between Sea Surface Temperatures and Tropical Convection in Climate Models and Their Implications for Tropical Cyclone Activity

AbstractThe impact of enhanced atmospheric CO2 concentrations on tropical convection and sea surface temperatures (SSTs) over the global tropics is assessed using five fully coupled atmospheric–oceanic general circulation models (AOGCMs). Relationships between SST and either outgoing longwave radiation or convective precipitation rates are evaluated for three climate states: present day, a doubled-CO2 scenario, and a quadrupled-CO2 scenario. All AOGCMs capture a relationship between present-day outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and SST and between convective precipitation rate (PRC) and SST: deep tropical convection (DTC)—signified by rapidly decreasing OLR and rapidly increasing PRC rates—occurs above an SST threshold of around 25°C. Consistent across all AOGCMs, as concentrations increase to 2 × CO2 and 4 × CO2, the threshold SSTs for DTC to occur shift to 25.5°–28°C and 26.5°–30°C, respectively. Annual PRC rates in the 20°N–20°S region increase for two AOGCMs [Meteorological Research Institute Coupled ...
Performance of novel high voltage outdoor thermoplastic elastomeric insulators

Thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) is a third generation polymeric material expected to meet most of the requirements of the high voltage outdoor insulation, at least for the distribution class applications, especially at light contamination environments. As a thermoplastic, it has benefits such as better speed, efficiency, and economy of processing over silicone rubber or any other thermoset polymers. Additionally, it is 100% recyclable and reusable and hence environmentally friendly. Being new, there are no published results available on the performance of TPE insulators under contaminated conditions. This paper reports the performance of 28 kV distribution class dead-end TPE insulator in comparison with same kV silicone rubber (SiR) insulator under two different salt fog conditions (4000 and 16000 /spl mu/S/cm) for 1000h. Both materials showed comparable performance in general.
Absorption spectrum (340–640 nm) of pure water. I. Photothermal measurements

We measured the absorption spectrum (340-640 nm) of the purest available water with photothermal deflection spectroscopy. Our spectrum exhibits an absorption minimum in the blue region of the spectrum that is deeper than in most previously documented pure-water absorption studies. We attribute this to exceptional sample purity and our technique's inherent freedom from scattering effects. Because the absorption minimum is significantly lower, our spectrum displays high-order molecular resonance structure not observed in any previous absorption studies to our knowledge. We find the minimum in the absorption spectrum of pure water is 0.0062 ? 0.0006 m(-1) at 420 nm and 25 degrees C.
Malignant Hyperthermia and Idiopathic HyperCKemia

Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a rare but life-threatening condition that is more frequently encountered and discussed within the anesthesia literature. Here we through a case specifically discuss the susceptibility of individuals and/or families with asymptomatic unexplained elevations of creatine kinase (CK), also frequently referred to as hyperCKemia or idiopathic hyperCKemia (IHCK) in recent reports. The clinical implications would be to underscore the importance of this as a susceptibility to developing MH and highlight the importance of genetic susceptibility testing in such cases. Anesthesiologists and critical care intensivists as well as primary care physicians should keep this in mind when seeing patients with asymptomatic hyperCKemia and potentially inform them about the possibility of developing MH if exposed to triggering agents. Genetic susceptibility testing should be considered if available and family members should also receive nontriggering agents when undergoing anesthesia and wear Medic Alert tags.
Serum HE4 levels are less frequently elevated than CA125 in women with benign gynecologic disorders.

Objective The human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) is a novel biomarker for ovarian cancer. This study measured the HE4 and CA125 levels in women with benign gynecological disorders. Study Design Sera were obtained from women prior to surgery for a pelvic mass and HE4 and CA125 levels were determined. The proportions of patients with elevated biomarker levels were compared. Results There were 1042 women with benign disease. HE4 levels were less often elevated than CA125 (8% vs 29%, P P P = .0002); uterine fibroids in 8% vs 26% ( P = .0083); dermoids in 1% vs 21% ( P = .0004); and inflammatory disease in 10% vs 37% ( P = .014). Conclusion HE4 is elevated less frequently than CA125 in benign disease, particularly in premenopausal patients.
S-wave travel times for a spherically averaged earth

Summary. Shear-wave travel times in a spherically averaged earth are estimated using ‘differential’S minus P (S–P) travel-time measurements and detailed statistical procedures. Fourteen earthquakes and 48 stations are specially selected, yielding 302 S - P times for 6° < Δ < 111°. Analysis of variance techniques are used to estimate simultaneously azimuthally varying source and station adjustments while constructing an S–P travel-time model. A method of weighting the equations of condition based on the distribution of stations and epicentres is developed to reduce the effects of systematic errors due to non-random sampling of the Earth. The resulting S - P travel times are added to the 1939 Jeffreys–Bullen and the 1968 Herrin P travel times as a function of distance to obtain shear-wave travel-time models. Confidence intervals for the models are estimated from the variance of the observed S–P travel times. The standard error for a single observed S–P travel time (6° < Δ < 111°) is 2.1 s and the residual distribution is not significantly different from a normal distribution at the 95 per cent confidence level. For 30° < Δ < 80° the mean S travel time is 1.3 s later than the corresponding mean for Jeffreys–Bullen tables, which is significant at the 95 per cent confidence level.
Effect of Energy Intake on Reproductive Performance of Dairy Bulls. II. Semen Production and Replenishment

Summary Semen production and the rate of sperm replenishment after partial depletive collections were determined in two groups of Holstein bulls fed from 8 wk to 46 months of age on 60 or 100% of the recommended total digestible nutrient (TDN) intake. From 46 to 58 months of age the feeding regimen of the two groups was reversed. A series of partial-depletions involving the collection of ten consecutive ejaculates at intervals of 1, 4, 7, and 13 days following an initial partial depletion was repeated every four months after the bulls were 12 months of age. The production of semen in appreciable quantities following puberty was delayed eight months or more in the underfed group. After 20 to 24 months of age the percentage reduction between the groups for body size, testis size, and semen production were quite similar. Switching the rations during the last year of the investigation caused a slight reduction in semen production by the bulls previously on the control ration and failed to bring about an appreciable increase in semen production by the bulls changed from underfeeding to normal feeding. In addition to reducing their capacity to produce semen volume and sperm numbers, underfeeding from 8 wk to 46 months of age caused the bulls to be slower in replenishing depleted supplies of sperm reserves. Although from 20 to 44 months of age the control bulls produced approximately 43, 73, 98, and 125% as many sperm at intervals of 1, 4, 7, and 13 days after a previous partial-depletive collection, the underfed bulls produced only 27, 56, 75, and 86% as many at the respective intervals. The level of TDN intake had less effect on the production and replenishment of semen volume than on sperm numbers. Changing the TDN intake had little effect on the semen replenishment rate of the normally grown bulls reduced to 60% TDN, and only improved slightly the rate of replenishment of the original underfed bulls as they were increased to 100% TDN.
Model of carbachol-induced gamma-frequency oscillations in hippocampus☆

Recent experiments in hippocampus show that a cholinergic drive can induce gammafrequency oscillations. At present, it is unclear what is the speci"c role of interneurons in producing these oscillations. Here we compare two possible mechanisms that can generate this type of rhythmogenesis in the hippocampus: (i) Recurrent excitatory, non-NMDA, coupling between pyramidal neurons in combination with fast feed-forward inhibition, versus (ii) pyramidal neurons stochastically entrained to the rhythm of interneurons that are synchronized by mutual inhibition. ( 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Pancreaticoduodenectomy can be Performed Safely in Patients Aged 80 years and Older

Surgery offers the only chance for cure in patients with pancreatic cancer, and a growing number of elderly patients are being offered resection. We examined outcomes after pancreaticoduodenectomy in patients 80 years and older. We retrospectively collected data on pancreaticoduodenectomy patients from 1992 to 2009 to compare outcomes between patients older and younger than 80 years. Variables were compared using t-, Wilcoxon rank-sum, or Fisher’s exact tests. Survival was compared using Kaplan–Meier analysis and log-rank test. Patients 80 years and older who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy were similar with respect to sex, race, blood loss, operative times, reoperation, length of stay, and readmission compared to younger patients. There were no differences in overall complications (47% vs. 51%, p = 0.54), major complications (19% vs. 25%, p = 0.25), and mortality (5% vs. 4%, p = 0.53) when comparing older to younger patients. In a subset who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy for ductal adenocarcinoma, older patients (n = 45) had a median survival time of 11.6 months compared to 18.1 months in younger patients (n = 346; p < 0.01). Pancreaticoduodenectomy can be performed safely in select patients 80 years and older. Age alone should not dissuade surgeons from offering patients resection, though elderly patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma appear to have shorter survival than younger patients with the same disease.
Media Arts: Arts Education for a Digital Age

While new technologies have been largely absent in arts education curriculum, they offer opportunities to address arts integration, equity, and the technological prerequisites of an increasingly digital age. This paper draws upon the emerging professional field of “media arts” and the ways that youth use new technologies for communication as a way to design a 21
"When Are You Getting Married?": The Intergenerational Transmission of Attitudes Regarding Marital Timing and Marital Importance

Using a sample of 335 young adults and their parents, this study investigated the intergenerational transmission of marital attitudes from parents to their children and how parental marital quality moderates that relationship. Results suggested that the marital attitudes of both mothers and fathers are related to the marital attitudes of their children. Parents’ marital quality had little direct impact on the marital attitudes of their young adult children but did moderate the relationship between fathers’ marital attitudes and their young adults’ marital attitudes. The association between fathers’ marital attitudes and their children’s marital attitudes increased at higher levels of marital quality.
Global diversification strategy and corporate profit performance

Based on a sample of 62 multinationals, this paper examines the impact of global diversification strategy on corporate profit performance by integrating the product and the international market dimensions of diversification. The results suggest that the corporate profit performance impact of related and unrelated diversification varies contingent upon the extent of a firm's international market diversification. One important lesson of this work is that both business strategy researchers and managers should review corporate diversification as having distinct yet interactive strategic dimensions—product and international market—and they would do well to recognize both the different and the joint effect of these dimensions on corporate profit performance.
Seismic Behaviors of a Leafminer, Antispila nysaefoliella (Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae)

Abstract This paper presents the first descriptions of 2 distinct behaviors of the Tupelo leafminer, Antispila nysaefoliella Clemens (Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae). Through the use of specialized morphological structures, the leafminers use these behaviors to generate substrate-borne vibrations that can be emitted as audible sounds to humans. Scanning electron micrographs of these structures are presented. In 1 behavior, the larvae “tick” their abdomens back and forth rhythmically; and in the other, they “rattle” their abdomens in short rapid pulses. These are named for the sounds produced. Previous studies have shown that parasitoids emit substrate vibrations while walking and probing during their search for hosts from the leaf surface. The experimental results show that the larvae of A. nysaefoliella are sensitive to vibrational stimuli in general by “wriggling to all frequencies”, but “ticked” only to some frequencies which are characteristic of parasitoid probing behavior, and “rattled” rarely. Supplemen...
Replication strategies for peer-to-peer based multimedia distribution service

Peer-to-peer based multimedia distribution service draws great attention in recent years. In order to improve system performance and provide high service availability, we propose a hierarchy replication strategy based on the topology-aware overlay, which can achieve the scalable and QoS-awareness. Specifically, we propose two distributed heuristic replication strategies: inter-group replication and intra-group replication, both strategies are simple and based on theoretic analysis. Simulation results show that, the latency in our proposed scheme is up to 20% less than that of the FreeNet and up to 50% less than that of the randomly replication system.
The projections of different morphological types of ganglion cells in the cat retina

The central projections of the retinal ganglion cells of the cat were examined using the method of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Peroxidase was injected into the lateral geniculate nucleus and into the superior colliculus by means of a recording micropipette. After injections at retinotopically homologous points in these two structures in separate animals, tha patterns of retinal ganglion cell labeling were compared. We found that there were three populations of ganglion cells: small cells, that projected predominantly to the superior colliculus; medium-sized cells, that projected predominantly to the lateral geniculate nucleus; and large cells, some of which projected to both structures, and some of which projected to the lateral geniculate nucleus alons. Quantitative studies showed that the average size of the cells in each population was smaller at the area centralis than in the periphery. These results could be directly related to physiological classifications of retinal ganglion cells proposed by other authors.
Measurements of the scattering of sound by a line vortex

This paper presents measurements of the phase and magnitude of the scattered field arising from the incidence of a monochromatic plane sound field as a steady vortex. The amplitude of the scattered field was found to vary linearly with the vortex strength, and with the incident wave amplitude and frequency as predicted by solutions based on the Born approximation. The scattered field was observed to be nonsingular in the incidence direction, and this was similar to predictions by the Parabolic Equation Method (PEM) rather than the Born approximation, which predicts singular behavior in the incidence direction.
Noncommuting observables in quantum detection and estimation theory

Basing decisions and estimates on simultaneous approximate measurements of noncommuting observables in a quantum receiver is shown to be equivalent to measuring commuting projection operators on a larger Hilbert space than that of the receiver itself. The quantum-mechanical Cramer-Rao inequalities derived from right logarithmic derivatives and symmetrized logarithmic derivatives of the density operator are compared, and it is shown that the latter give superior lower bounds on the error variances of individual unbiased estimates of arrival time and carrier frequency of a coherent signal. For a suitably weighted sum of the error variances of simultaneous estimates of these, the former yield the superior lower bound under some conditions.
GAD65 and insulin B chain peptide (9-23) are not primary autoantigens in the type 1 diabetes syndrome of the BB rat.

To investigate whether GAD65 whole molecule, GAD65 p35 or insulin B chain peptide (amino acids 9-23) play an essential role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes in the BioBreeding (BB) rat, we gave serial injections of GAD65, p35 or insulin B chain (9-23) to six groups of BB/Worcester rats. The individual antigens were administered either intrathymically on day 2 and intraperitoneal in MF 59-0 adjuvant 5 times during the first 5 weeks, or by intranasal instillation once neonatally and 5 days/week for the following 6 weeks. Control groups were injected with vehicle only. Age of onset of diabetes and degree of insulitis were not different between controls and antigen-treated rats. Rats that received GAD65 intrathymically and intraperitoneal!) developed high GAD65-antibody titers without altering diabetes development. In GAD65-treated animals, serum antibodies recognized epitopes at 3 sites on GAD65 in diabetic animals but only at 1 site in non-diabetic animals. GAD65-injected animals also showed a signifi...
Effectiveness of CO2 sequestration in the oceans considering location and depth

Abstract A carbon cycle model based on a 15 level ocean general circulation model is employed to estimate the effectiveness of ocean sequestration of fossil fuel derived CO 2 at locations near Tokyo, San Francisco, New York, and Miami. Significant differences are found. Off the East Coast of the USA, the atmospheric concentration quickly rises to near the final equilibrium value, for all depths below about 800 m. Off the West Coast of the USA, the CO 2 is effectively hidden from the atmosphere for several hundred years, for depths below 800 m. Then the atmospheric concentration rises to larger values than for sequestration off the East Coast. Sequestration off the coast of Japan at 800 m is similar to sequestration off the West Coast of the USA, but without the delay. These predicted differences are due to the effect of ocean circulation.
Enhancing Capabilities Through Labour Law: Informal Workers in India

One of the most frequent phenomena in the Global South is that poor and marginalized citizens often have restricted development opportunities, even though they constitute a large share of total pop...
Samarita Ibanez: An Identity Journey from First Life to Second

When we are given the chance to have a Second Life online, we often choose to modify our offline
Two Enterprises: Star Trek's Iconic Starship as Studio Model and Celebrity

Abstract:The studio model of the USS Enterprise used in filming the original Star Trek television program (NBC, 1966–69) began as a simple prop but gained celebrity as the universe of all things Star Trek expanded over time. Analyzing how a filming miniature came to be treated as a television star highlights the dual nature of celebrity, which rests in the body of the actor and exists as a separate but overlapping phenomenon. Examining the celebrity of an inanimate object highlights how the internal cohesion of Star Trek's megatext results from the interplay between production and consumption.
Geometry, Electronic Properties, and Hydrogen Adsorption Properties of Li3N-Based Nanostructures

Recent studies of hydrogen storage have focused on lithium metal atoms as dopants in a variety of substrates as Li is the lightest metallic element in the periodic table. In this work, we have expl...
Anuria Secondary to Bilateral Obstructing Ureteral Stones in the Absence of Renal Colic.

Abstract Background: Obstructing ureteral stones are a rare cause of anuria, which is typically from prerenal or renal etiologies. Classically, obstructive stones cause moderate to severe renal colic. Urolithiasis is rarely considered during evaluation of painless anuria. Case Presentation: We present an unusual case of a 73-year-old Caucasian female who presented with anuria and was found to have large bilateral obstructing ureteral stones in the absence of renal colic. Conclusion: Given that patients with obstructive anuria can be asymptomatic, urolithiasis should be considered in all patients presenting with anuria.
Case analysis on pharmacology-toxicology section of mock-up package inserts in registration

Pharmacology Toxicology section is an important element of package inserts.The section aims to describe the essential disciplines of drug interaction with organisms(in particular referring to human body),including dose-effect relationship,time-effect relationship and mechanism of action,etc.From the several hundreds mock-up package inserts in registration database,specific issues from 17 typical cases in which the section of Pharmacology Toxicology violated the requirement of related US and Chinese regulatory guidance.The expertise are identified and discussed one by one.The authors wish the review would be a useful reference to the authors,users and governors of package inserts,and also helpful in the improvement for quality of package inserts.
Microstructure and Property of Cu/Al Asynchronous Rolling Composite Strip Based on Different Working Modulus

Copper/aluminium laminated composites were produced by asynchronous roll and were annealed subsequently.Their microstructure and property were investigated by optical microscope(OM),scanning electron microscope(SEM)and tensile testing machine,respectively.The results reveal that the peel strength of the composite belt obviously increases with increasing working modulus,and the extension and tensile strength of the compound belt increase and then decrease,reaching its maximum at the working modulus of 65%.Also with the increasing working modulus the diffusion of interface elements becomes obvious and the diffusion distances of copper and aluminum atoms all increase.The difference of working modulus of both sides decreases with the increase in the total working modulus,leading the deformation to tend to synchronization.
Characteristics of Yield Components of Super-rice Cultivars in Fujian

Relationship between yield and yield components of the Super-rice cultivars in Fujian was studied.It aimed to provide reference for Super-rice breeding and high yield cultivation.Four Super-rice cultivars bred in the province and approved by China′s Ministry of Agriculture,along with Shanyou 63 as the control,were used for the study.The results showed that the Super-rice yielded 10 t·hm-2,which was significantly or very significantly higher than the control.The common characteristics of the yield components included(a) the number of grains per spike was very significantly higher than the control;and(b) the yield did not significantly correlate to any individual yield component,but highly and positively correlated to the grains per spike.The path analysis indicated that the grains per spike had the greatest contribution(i.e.,70.55%)to the yield,among all factors.Rice yield was very significantly correlation to the sink size(number of panicle × number of grains per panicle × grain weight).The dominant factor for a high yield Super-rice was believed to be the large sink size,which depended mainly on total grains per unit area or the number of grains per panicle.Consequently,in order to improve the rice yield,large panicles should be cultivated within a certain number of panicles.
[Prevalence of hepatitis C virus antibody among newly reported HIV infection cases in Henan, 2012-2014].

Objective To study the prevalence of antibody to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) among newly reported HIV infection cases in Henan province, 2012-2014. Methods HIV-1 BED incidence test and anti-HCV test were conducted in newly diagnosed HIV infection cases in Henan, which were reported through national AIDS information system between 1 July 2012 and 30 June 2014. Results The data of 4 267 newly reported HIV-1 infection cases were analyzed, the positive rate of anti-HCV was 13.19% (563/4 267). The anti HCV was highest in those infected with HIV through injection drug use (77.27%), the anti-HCV positive rates in those infected with HIV through blood donation/transfusion, heterosexual contact, homosexual contact and mother-to-child transmission were 15.06%, 15.81%, 3.74% and 8.96%, respectively. Kaifeng (32.04%), Nanyang (14.67%), Shangqiu (25.00%), Zhumadian (25.00%) and Zhoukou (18.86%) were the first five prefectures with the high anti-HCV positive rates. The anti-HCV positive rate in BED positive patients (recent HIV-1 infections) was 7.50% (86/1 146). The multivariate logistic regressions analysis revealed that BED negative, aged >40 years, being farmer, HIV infection though injection drug use and living in in Kaifeng, Nanyang, Shangqiu, Zhumadian and Zhoukou were the risk factors for HCV infection. Conclusion The positive rate of anti-HCV declined between 2012-2014 in newly reported HIV infection cases in Henan, but the positive rate of anti-HCV was high in risk population and in some areas. Key words: HIV; Anti-HCV; New report
THE DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE OF SOLID CIRCUITS: With special reference to Micrologic

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the design and manufacture of solid circuits. There are two approaches to microminiaturization, that is, thin film approach and the semiconductor integrated circuit approach. Each has its own peculiar advantages and disadvantages, and ultimately they may become combined into a single technology. A normal integrated bipolar transistor requires three diffusions. Any other component should, therefore, be fabricated at the same time by one, or more of these diffusion processes. Transistors and diodes are the cheapest of all components in terms of area. The micrologic series of elements has been designed to contain large numbers of transistors, and very few other components. The manufacture of a new circuit requires an initial investment in masks, and perhaps the development of a special diffusion programmed, which has to be amortized over a given production run. The larger the production run, the less important does this cost become. In general, a production run of at least a few thousand circuits is necessary before production of a special circuit becomes economic.
Conclusion: Russia as a Re-Emerging Great Power

The question posed at the beginning of this volume concerning the status of Russia as a great power remains unanswered fully. Has Russia regained the status of great power or, at least, is Russia on the verge of regaining great power status? The point most immediately relevant to a response to this question is the fact that Russia retains a very significant nuclear weapons capacity and, as a major nuclear power, virtually automatically has a voice in global and regional affairs. A second factor of importance, although one that has been developed comphrehensively in the preceding pages, is the fact that the Russian economy has been flourishing since the turn of the century. Yet, that growth has depended almost entirely upon the dramatic increase in world petroleum and natural gas prices. Russian industry is still floundering and generally non-competitive in the global market, and the domestic economy is based more on exchange than on production. It is questionable when the foundations of a comprehensive economy will be in place in Russia that will enable the country to compete in the global economy and that can serve as the base for a major role in world affairs that extends beyond the immediate post-Soviet region.
Marine methane paradox explained by bacterial degradation of dissolved organic matter

A lot of methane is emitted from oxygenated seawater, where its production should be inhibited. Seawater incubations and organic matter characterizations reveal that bacteria aerobically produce methane from phosphonates in organic matter. Biogenic methane is widely thought to be a product of archaeal methanogenesis, an anaerobic process that is inhibited or outcompeted by the presence of oxygen and sulfate1,2,3. Yet a large fraction of marine methane delivered to the atmosphere is produced in high-sulfate, fully oxygenated surface waters that have methane concentrations above atmospheric equilibrium values, an unexplained phenomenon referred to as the marine methane paradox4,5. Here we use nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to show that polysaccharide esters of three phosphonic acids are important constituents of dissolved organic matter in seawater from the North Pacific. In seawater and pure culture incubations, bacterial degradation of these dissolved organic matter phosphonates in the presence of oxygen releases methane, ethylene and propylene gas. Moreover, we found that in mutants of a methane-producing marine bacterium, Pseudomonas stutzeri, disrupted in the C–P lyase phosphonate degradation pathway, methanogenesis was also disabled, indicating that the C–P lyase pathway can catalyse methane production from marine dissolved organic matter. Finally, the carbon stable isotope ratio of methane emitted during our incubations agrees well with anomalous isotopic characteristics of seawater methane. We estimate that daily cycling of only about 0.25% of the organic matter phosphonate inventory would support the entire atmospheric methane flux at our study site. We conclude that aerobic bacterial degradation of phosphonate esters in dissolved organic matter may explain the marine methane paradox.
Kosher: Private Regulation in the Age of Industrial Food

Generating over $12 billion in annual sales, kosher food is big business. It is also an unheralded story of successful private-sector regulation in an era of growing public concern over the government's ability to ensure food safety. Kosher uncovers how independent certification agencies rescued American kosher supervision from fraud and corruption and turned it into a model of nongovernmental administration. Currently, a network of over three hundred private certifiers ensures the kosher status of food for over twelve million Americans, of whom only eight percent are religious Jews. But the system was not always so reliable. At the turn of the twentieth century, kosher meat production in the United States was notorious for scandals involving price-fixing, racketeering, and even murder. Reform finally came with the rise of independent kosher certification agencies which established uniform industry standards, rigorous professional training, and institutional checks and balances to prevent mistakes and misconduct. In overcoming many of the problems of insufficient resources and weak enforcement that hamper the government, private kosher certification holds important lessons for improving food regulation, Timothy Lytton argues. He views the popularity of kosher food as a response to a more general cultural anxiety about industrialization of the food supply. Like organic and locavore enthusiasts, a growing number of consumers see in rabbinic supervision a way to personalize today's vastly complex, globalized system of food production.
Charge transfer excitations in VUV and soft X-ray resonant scattering spectroscopies

Abstract The utility of resonant scattering for identifying electronic symmetries and density distributions changes dramatically as a function of photon energy. In the hard X-ray regime, strong core hole monopole potentials tend to produce X-ray absorption features with well-defined electron number on the scattering site. By contrast, in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV), resonant scattering from Mott insulators tends to reveal spectra that are characteristic of only the nominal valence, and are insensitive to deviations from nominal valence brought on by metal-ligand hybridization. Here, atomic multiplet simulations are used to investigate the interplay of monopolar and multipolar Coulomb interactions in the VUV and soft X-ray regimes, to identify how charge transfer thresholds and other signatures of mixed valence can manifest in this low photon energy regime. The study focuses on the Mott insulator NiO as a well-characterized model system, and extrapolates interactions into non-physical regimes to identify principles that shape the spectral features.
Conduction abnormalities in the His-Purkinje tissue

The ventricles are activated by the left and right bundles and the Purkinje system. The rapid conduction velocity of these specialized myocytes leads to almost simultaneous activation of the entire myocardium, which in turn leads to a narrow QRS complex recorded by the ECG (usually less than 0.10 s). However, abnormalities of the bundles will lead to sequential activation of the ventricles that in turn will cause a wide QRS complex. The left bundle is composed of two major divisions: anterior and posterior. Abnormal conduction in one of these divisions or fascicles of the left bundle will not necessarily lead to a wide QRS complex but will cause characteristic QRS patterns on the ECG. The recognition of different types of conduction abnormalities in the bundle branches and fascicles will be the subject of this chapter.