cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Renters vs. Homeowners: Income and Liquid Asset Trends during COVID-19

The COVID-19 recession hit the lowest-paid sectors of the economy the hardest, resulting in lower-income Americans losing their jobs and income at higher rates. Therefore, renters are more likely to have been impacted negatively by the economic shocks of the pandemic. While the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act that passed in March 2020 provided one year of easily attainable mortgage forbearance for most homeowners, renters did not receive any form of federally-provided rent relief until the Coronavirus Response and Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act of 2021, which provided $25 billion in rental assistance through the Emergency Rental Assistance Program to cover current or past due balances. We examine income and savings patterns for renters and mortgages holders during the pandemic and ask: is there evidence that renters needed more assistance than they received? We find evidence that renters indeed needed more of a financial safety net than was available during the pandemic. The renters we analyze are much more affluent than typical renters and even among this population, they were more likely than mortgage holders to have lost their job and suffered large swings in their labor income, including large drops. Even with unusually generous UI benefits and stimulus checks, more than one in five renters experienced a greater than 10 percent drop in their total income. These income swings were more negative relative to the pre-COVID period. Finally, renters not only had lower incomes than mortgage holders, they also had much less of a savings buffer entering the pandemic. While more generous UI benefits and stimulus checks dramatically boosted their savings, they had depleted most of the additional savings by the end of the year, their position relative to mortgage holders did not improve significantly, and nearly one in four renters saw their savings decrease in 2020.
Alterations of Dopamine-Related Transcripts in A11 Diencephalospinal Pathways after Spinal Cord Injury.

The diencephalic A11 nuclei are the primary source of spinal dopamine (DA). Neurons in this region project to all levels of the spinal cord. Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) often interrupts descending and ascending neuronal pathways and further elicits injury-induced neuronal plasticity. However, it is unknown how A11 neurons and projections respond to SCI-induced axotomy. Based on preliminary observation, we hypothesized that A11 DA-ergic neurons rostral to the lesion site might change their capacity to synthesize DA after SCI. Adult rats received a complete spinal cord transection at the 10th thoracic (T10) level. After 3 or 8 weeks, rostral (T5) and caudal (L1) spinal cord tissue was collected to measure mRNA levels of DA-related genes. Meanwhile, A11 neurons in the brain were explicitly isolated by laser capture microdissection, and single-cell qPCR was employed to evaluate mRNA levels in the soma. Histological analysis was conducted to assess the number of A11 DA-ergic neurons. The results showed that, compared to naive rats, mRNA levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine decarboxylase (DDC), and D2 receptors in the T5 spinal segment had a transient decrease and subsequent recovery. However, dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH), D1 receptors, and DA-associated transcription factors did not change following SCI. Furthermore, axon degeneration below the lesion substantially reduced mRNA levels of TH and D2 in the L1 spinal segment. However, DDC transcript underwent only a temporary decrease. Similar mRNA levels of DA-related enzymes were detected in the A11 neuronal soma between naive and SCI rats. In addition, immunostaining revealed that the number of A11 DA neurons did not change after SCI, indicating a sustention of capacity to synthesize DA in the neuroplasm. Thus, impaired A11 diencephalospinal pathways following SCI may transiently reduce DA production in the spinal cord rostral to the lesion but not in the brain.
Survey to inform trial of low-titer group O whole-blood compared to conventional blood components for children with severe traumatic bleeding.

Background Low-titer group O whole-blood (LTOWB) is being used for children with life-threatening traumatic bleeding. A survey was conducted to determine current LTOWB utilization and interest in participation in a randomized control trial (RCT) of LTOWB versus standard blood component transfusion in this population. Study design and methods Transfusion medicine (TM) directors and pediatric trauma directors at 36 US children's hospitals were surveyed by e-mail in June 2020. Hospitals were selected by participation in the Massive Transfusion Epidemiology and Outcomes in Children Study or being among the largest 30 children's hospitals by bed capacity per the Becker Hospital Review. Results The response rate was 83.3% (30/36) from TM directors and 88.9% (32/36) from trauma directors. The median of massive transfusion protocol activations for traumatic bleeding was reported as 12 (IQR 5.8-20) per year by TM directors. LTOWB was used by 18.8% (6/32) of trauma directors. Survey responses indicate that 86.7% (26/30) of TM directors and 90.6% (29/32) of trauma directors either moderately or strongly agree that a LTOWB RCT is important to perform. About 83.3% (25/30) of TM directors and 93.8% (30/32) of trauma directors were willing to participate in the proposed trial. About 80% (24/30) of TM directors and 71.9% (23/32) of trauma directors would transfuse RhD+ LTOWB to male children, but fewer would transfuse Rh + LTOWB to females [20% (6/30) TM directors and 37.5% (12/32) of trauma directors]. Conclusions A majority of respondents supported an RCT comparing LTOWB to component therapy in children with severe traumatic bleeding.
Harassment’s Toll on Democracy: The Effects of Harassment Towards US Journalists

Journalists in democratically “free” countries have faced harassment from those external to the newsroom for decades, though that has recently increased in the United States by many accounts. To as...
Taking the Family Seriously: Beyond Best Interests

William Ruddick leads us beyond a simple-minded appeal to the best interests of children in determining levels of treatment. Nothing ever happens to anyone only in terms of his best interests, nor should it. Treatment and care are provided to adults not just in terms of what would be best for them. Consideration is given as well, and correctly, to the financial, psychological, and social costs to others. Societies establish levels of treatment by also asking the question, how will particular policies of providing care affect the providers and those who pay for the care? Ruddick’s “biographical” question for parents, “How will treatment affect our lives?”, reminds us that families should be concerned about their own burdens as well. The best-interests standard as a single standard is unreasonable. It would suggest that choices about the best interests of children can be made apart from decisions regarding the best interests of their families and society. Taken in isolation, it would suggest that obligations to achieve the best interests of children are absolute and cannot be defeated by costs or by obligations to others.
A spectral analysis of the domain decomposed Monte Carlo method for linear systems

Abstract The domain decomposed behavior of the adjoint Neumann-Ulam Monte Carlo method for solving linear systems is analyzed using the spectral properties of the linear operator. Relationships for the average length of the adjoint random walks, a measure of convergence speed and serial performance, are made with respect to the eigenvalues of the linear operator. In addition, relationships for the effective optical thickness of a domain in the decomposition are presented based on the spectral analysis and diffusion theory. Using the effective optical thickness, the Wigner rational approximation and the mean chord approximation are applied to estimate the leakage fraction of random walks from a domain in the decomposition as a measure of parallel performance and potential communication costs. The one-speed, two-dimensional neutron diffusion equation is used as a model problem in numerical experiments to test the models for symmetric operators with spectral qualities similar to light water reactor problems. In general, the derived approximations show good agreement with random walk lengths and leakage fractions computed by the numerical experiments.
Length of online course and student satisfaction, perceived learning, and academic performance

This research presents findings from a two-part study. In the first part, graduate students taking online courses were given a course evaluation form. Student responses from online abbreviated summer sessions were compared to student responses from online full-semester courses. Both the intensive and full-semester courses were taught by the same professor and both had identical requirements in terms of assignments and exams. The independent variable was the length of time taken to complete the requirements, with the dependent variables being satisfaction with the course, perceived learning, and academic performance. A statistical analysis of the data found significant differences in a number of areas.
Low Probability of Interception of an Advanced Noise Radar Waveform with Linear-FM

This research considers an advanced pulse compression noise (APCN) radar waveform possessing salient features from linear-FM (LFM) and noise waveforms. A cross-correlation model considering several chirp waveform profiles is used to simulate the output of a passive electronic intelligence (ELINT) intercept-receiver. By doing so we are able to demonstrate the low probability of interception (LPI) characteristic of the APCN waveform for different κ values.
Pentobarbital-induced modulation of flexor and H-reflexes in spinal rats

Electrophysiological recordings of the H-reflex and nonnociceptive flexion reflex were obtained from pentobarbital-anesthetized Intact rats and from both, anesthetized and unanesthetized groups of Acute and Chronic Spinal rats. Results showed that the flexor, but not H-reflex, of Chronic Spinal rats was significantly larger than that of all other groups, which did not differ among themselves. The antispastic drug baclofen dose-dependently decreased the flexion response of Chronic Spinal rats (A(50)=4.3 mg/kg+/-2.1 and 9.0 mg/kg).
I1-imidazoline receptors and cholinergic outflow to the airways

Abstract We examined the role of I1-imidazoline receptors in the control of airway function, by testing the effects of systemic administration of the I1-imidazoline agonist moxonidine on reflex responses of tracheal smooth muscle (TSM) tone to either lung deflation or mechanical stimulation of intrapulmonary rapidly adapting receptors. Experiments were performed in either α-chloralose anaesthetized or decorticate, paralyzed and mechanically ventilated beagle dogs. Moxonidine (10–100 μg/kg) administered via three different routes (the femoral vein, muscular branch of superior thyroid artery, and vertebral artery) attenuated TSM responses to stimulation of airway sensory nerve fibers by two different ways, and caused a decrease in arterial pressure and heart rate. These effects were dose-dependent, and were significantly reversed by efaroxan (an I1-imidazoline and α2-adrenergic blocker) administered via the vertebral artery. Intravertebral efaroxan abolished the hemodynamic effects of moxonidine. Intravenous moxonidine (10–100 μg/kg) did not alter airway smooth muscle responses to electrical stimulation of the peripheral vagus nerve. In addition, in vitro moxonidine (1–100 μg/ml) had no effect on contractile responses to increasing doses of acetylcholine. These findings indicate that moxonidine may act at a central site to suppress reflex airway constriction, even when given into the systemic circulation. Given the presence of I1-imidazoline sites and α2-adrenergic receptors in brain regions participating in airway reflexes, these receptor classes may be involved in brainstem control of the cholinergic outflow to the airways.
Worst case asymptotics for some classical optimization problems

We provide a simple and natural method for obtaining the worst case asymptotics of some of the classical problems in combinatorial optimization and operations research. Worst case asymptotics for the minimal spanning tree, shortest tour, and minimal matching onn points are found. The key simplifying idea involves consideration of the associated “boundary” processes. The general approach considered here also handles the case of power weighted edges.
High School Gymnasium Roof Truss Support Collapse

Roof truss supports from a high school gymnasium were evaluated after the roof collapsed under a heavy load of snow. The roof collapsed when the truss supports buckled. Three significant structural deficiencies were identified during the evaluation: (1) Truss supports were not gusseted, allowing for side-to-side movement. (2) Yield strength of the support was 9% below the minimum specified yield strength specified for the base material, ASTM A36. (3) Full penetration was not achieved on the butt weld between the truss and support.
Ovine bronchial-derived relaxing factor: changes with development and hyperoxic ventilation.

Recent studies suggest that a bronchial-derived relaxing factor (BrDRF) decreases the contractility of newborn, but not fetal, rat pulmonary arteries (PAs) by a nitric oxide (NO)-mediated mechanism...
The chaperonin GroEL binds to late-folding non-native conformations present in native Escherichia coli and murine dihydrofolate reductases.

Abstract Dihydrofolate reductases from mouse (MuDHFR) or Escherichia coli (EcDHFR) are shown to refold via several intermediate forms, each of which can bind to the chaperonin GroEL. When stable complexes with GroEL are formed, they consist of late-folding intermediates. In addition, we find that late-folding intermediates that are present in the native enzyme bind to GroEL. For the E. coli and murine proteins, the extent of protein bound increases as the temperature is increased from 8°C to 42°C, at which temperature either protein is completely bound as the last (EcDHFR) or the last two (MuDHFR) folding intermediate(s). Thus for EcDHFR, the binding is transient at low temperature ( 35°C). For MuDHFR, complex formation appears less temperature dependent. In general, the data demonstrate that the overall binding free energy for the interaction of GroEL with native DHFR is the sum of the free energy for the first step in DHFR unfolding, which is unfavorable, and the free energy of binding the non-native conformation, which is favorable. For EcDHFR, this results in an overall binding free energy that is unfavorable below 30°C. Over the temperature range of 8°C to 42°C, GroEL binds MuDHFR more tightly than EcDHFR, due partially to a small free energy difference between two pre-existing non-native conformations of MuDHFR, resulting in binding to more than one folding intermediate.
Iterative Learning Control With Optimal Feedback and Feedforward Control

Iterative learning control (ILC) is a feedforward control strategy used to improve the performance of a system that executes the same task repeatedly, but is incapable of compensating for non-repetitive disturbances. Thus a well-designed feedback controller needs to be used in combination with ILC. A robustness filter called the Q-filter is essential for the ILC system stability. The price to pay, however, is that the Q-filter makes it impossible for ILC to achieve perfect tracking of the repetitive reference or perfect cancellation of repetitive disturbances. To reduce error, it is effective to apply a pre-design feedforward control input in addition to ILC. In this paper, a simple P-type ILC is combined with an optimal feedback-feedforward control inspired by classic predictive control, so as to take advantages of each control strategy. It will be shown that the choice of the injection point of the learned ILC effort is crucial for a tradeoff between stability and performance. Therefore, the stability and performance analysis based on different injection points is studied. A systematic approach to the combined control scheme is also proposed. The combined control scheme is attractive due to its simplicity and promising performance. The effectiveness of the combined control scheme is verified by simulation results with a wafer scanner system.© 2010 ASME
Ligand substitution reactions in paramagnetic ruthenium(III) phosphine complexes. X-ray crystal structure of [methyltriphenylphosphonium] [tetrachloro-bis(triphenylphosphine)-ruthenium(III)]

Abstract Reaction of the tetrachlorobis(triphenylphosphine)Ru(III) union with either 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (diphos) or bis(2-diphenylphosphinoethyl)phenylphosphine (triphos) in CH2Cl2 leads to the reduction of the Ru(III) centre with concomitant formation of dichlorobis(1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane)Ru(II) and dichloro(bis(2-diphenylphisphinoethyl)phenylphosphine)Ru(II), respectively. The products were characterized by 31P NMR spectroscopy and the crystal structure of the anionic Ru(III) complex, [MePPh3][RuCl4(PPh3)2], was determined and shown to possess trans octahedral geometry. The crystals are orthorhombic, space group P212121, with a=10.744(3)A, b = 20.875(5)A, c = 21.637(6)A, and V=4832(2)A3. Convergence to conventional R values of R=0.086 and R w = 0.070 was obtained for 186 variable parameters and 1466 reflections with I>2σ(I).
Three-quantum transition probabilities in the ν3 manifold of SF6 and the assignment of the observed 3ν3 transition in the i.r. spectrum

Abstract A theoretical expression has been derived for the intensity of a three-vibrational-quantum electric-dipole transition and has been used to calculate the intensities of the transitions from the ground state to the two F 1 u components of 3ν 3 of SF 6 . The calculated intensity of 1.02 × 10 −2 km/mol is in reasonable agreement with the observed intensity of 4.8 × 10 −2 km/mol.
Studies of the Cognitive Representation of Spatial Relations: I. Overview.

The present article reviews the major results and conclusions of two experiments on the mapping and planning of actual (campus buildings) and hypothetical (ideal town facilities) items in a two-dimensional space. Direct mapping (planning) techniques are preferred over the method of pair comparisons, especially in the case of the actual environment.
Self-assembly and structural behavior of a model rigid C60-terminated thiolate on Au(111)

Abstract We have constructed a potential energy function to model the self-assembly of rigid C60-terminated thiolates on Au(1 1 1). This potential was used to carry out Monte Carlo simulations over a range of temperatures and surface coverage. We find the intermolecular attraction between the C60 moieties leads to facile self-assembly. At low coverage, the molecules bind in a lying down phase; at higher coverage both lying down and standing up molecules coexist. The strong interaction between C60 and the metal hinders the formation of highly ordered domains.
Vaginal flora and pelvic inflammatory disease

Forty-one patients with acute pelvic inflammatory disease were evaluated for the coexistence of bacterial vaginosis. Because all patients had a copious purulent vaginal discharge, microscopic criteria could not be used and microbiologic criteria were employed. The vaginal bacterial flora were not consistent with that of bacterial vaginosis, because Lactobacillus and other gram-positive bacteria dominated with colony counts of 10 3 to 10 5 cfu/ml (colony-forming units per milliliter). Endocervical specimens yielded Neisseria gonorrhoeae from 20 patients and Chlamydia trachomatis from 11 patients. Anaerobes were not dominant in any site sampled. A total of 147 bacteria were isolated from the endometrium, 16 (11%) of which were anaerobes. Thus the endogenous bacterial flora were not consistent with that of the microbiologic definition of bacterial vaginosis. N. gonorrhoeae was the most common isolate from the endocervix and endometrium; it was isolated three times more frequently from the endocervix and two times more frequently from the endometrium than was C. trachomatis .
An optimal parallel algorithm for linear programming in the plane

Abstract In this paper we give an optimal parallel algorithm for two-dimensional linear programming with processor-time complexity ( n /log n , log n ) on a CRCW PRAM.
Ethnic Differences in Academic Retracking: A Four-Year Longitudinal Study

Abstract The data for this article were taken from a multiple cohort, longitudinal evaluation of a school reform experiment termed Project 2000, a cooperative effort of businesses and the Kern High School District of California, designed to improve the quality of education for high school students. The project involved “the forgotten half,” those students scoring between the 25th and 65th percentiles on a standardized achievement test, who were usually placed in the general or vocational curriculum tracks. Preliminary results are included for the first cohort, alpha. Our data strongly suggest that, irrespective of race, these average to below-average students can prosper in a more rigorous academic environment, with positive benefits to their academic performance. Midrange minority students prospered as well as, or better than, White students in a modest curriculum reform that retracked general education students into a college-preparatory curriculum.
The use of role-play in teaching research ethics: a validation study.

Rosnow's ( 1 990) role-play exercise for teaching research ethics was used in undergraduate research methods courses, and its effectiveness was evaluated. Results indicate that the exercise can be a valuable tool for sensitizing students to the factors involved in judging the ethics of research.
Thin Multiwall Carbon Nanotube Field Emitters with Microchannel Plate for High Current Emission

We report a method to amplify the electron current of carbon nanotube field emitter cathode using an electron multiplier and synthesis of thin multiwall carbon nanotubes by thermal chemical vapor deposition. A commercial microchannel plate which is an array of microscopic electron multipliers was used for this purpose. A microchannel plate placed between the cathode and anode amplified the current and also acted as protection shield for nanotubes during vacuum arcing. The turn-on field was approximately 1 V/µm for both cases, but current obtained was 3 times higher and the field was also lower. The increase in current is attributed to the electron multiplication, and to the increase in field enhancement factor from 9296 to 12815 (37%) with microchannel plate. The thin multiwall carbon nanotubes were synthesized using Mo/Fe catalyst solution. The inner and outer wall diameters of the nanotubes were in the range of 2.5-5 nm and 7-15 nm respectively, determined by Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The nanotubes had excellent field emission property which is attributed to their thin wall diameters ∼10 nm, high aspect ratio of 1500 and the high field enhancement factor of 9296. The emission current was stable with an average fluctuation of 2%.
Scheduling the production of several items with random demands in a single facility

Consider the problem of scheduling the production of several items in a single facility that can produce only one item at a time. This problem occurs since it is often economic to produce several items in a single facility. The objective is to reduce the long run average holding, backorder and setup costs. We assume that demands are random with constant expected rates. We allow backorders and charge holding and backlogging costs at linear time weighted rates. Items are produced at continuous constant rates. Setup times and setup costs are item dependent constants. These parameters, however, are independent of the order of setups. A real-time scheduling tool is developed in three steps. First, with demands replaced by their expectations, we compute an optimal or near-optimal target cyclic schedule. Next, we study the problem of scheduling the facility after a single disruption perturbs the inventories. The goal is to recover the target cyclic schedule at minimal excess over the average cost of the cyclic schedule. We formulate this as a control problem and obtain a linear recovery policy that is optimal for a large configuration of disruptions. Finally, we select safety stocks to minimize the long run average cost of following the target schedule with the recovery policy. We show that optimal safety stocks are unique and have the property that in the long run the proportion of time that an item is in stock is the ratio of backorder to holding plus backorder cost. We present an example that integrates the cyclic schedule, the control policy and the safety stocks.
Impingement Syndrome Following Total Shoulder Arthroplasty and Humeral Hemiarthroplasty: Treatment With Arthroscopic Acromioplasty

Pain following total shoulder arthroplasty or humeral hemiarthroplasty is uncommon. Impingement syndrome can be an infrequent source of pain following shoulder arthroplasty. We retrospectively reviewed six patients with refractory impingement syndrome treated with arthroscopic acromioplasty following either total shoulder arthroplasty (four patients) or humeral hemiarthroplasty (two patients). Chronic impingement syndrome requiring acromioplasty affected 3% of all patients who underwent total shoulder arthroplasty or humeral hemiarthroplasty during the study period. A thorough history, physical examination, and radiographic findings made the clinical diagnosis of impingement syndrome. All six patients had positive impingement signs and a positive impingement test with subacromial lidocaine injection. Preoperative radiographs revealed a type II or III acromion and subacromial outlet narrowing in five of six patients. Other sources of shoulder pain including prosthesis loosening, infection, and rotator cuff tear were ruled out preoperatively by physical examination and radiographic findings, and were confirmed by arthroscopic examination. The results of arthroscopic acromioplasty were a reduction in pain from 7.5 preoperatively to 1.6 postoperatively, on a scale from 0 to 10. Five of six patients were completely satisfied with the results of their arthroscopic surgery. Overall, according to the University of California at Los Angeles end-result score, the results were rated as excellent or good in five patients, and unsatisfactory in one patient. Arthroscopic acromioplasty can be a successful technique for the treatment of chronic impingement syndrome following total shoulder arthroplasty or hemiarthroplasty in appropriate patients.
Xeroderma pigmentosum group E cells lack a nuclear factor that binds to damaged DNA

The disease xeroderma pigmentosum is characterized by deficient repair of damaged DNA. Fusions of cells from different patients have defined nine genetic complementation groups (A through I), implying that DNA repair in humans involves multiple gene products. In this report, an extension of the gel electrophoresis binding assay was used to identify at least one nuclear factor that (i) bound to DNA damaged by ultraviolet radiation or the antitumor drug cisplatin, but (ii) was notably absent in cells from complementation group E. Therefore, the factor appears to participate in a versatile DNA repair pathway at the stage of binding and recognition.
Epistemological Beliefs in Introductory Physics

Students' beliefs about knowledge and learning in a domain may have a significant effect on how they approach the material and on what they learn. This article describes a study of such epistemological beliefs in the context of an introductory physics course. I interviewed 6 students, meeting several times with each over one semester. The interviews involved a variety of conversations and tasks closely tied to the course. Through the development and use of an analytic framework, it was possible to characterize subjects' beliefs. The framework consisted of three dimensions:
The Environment Makes History

Through unconventional environmental perspectives on nine familiar episodes in U.S. history, Fiege demonstrates the importance of the natural world for understanding the past.
Characterization of a new spontaneously developed murine mammary adenocarcinoma in syngeneic BALB/c hosts.

A mouse mammary tumor cell line, designated JC, has been established from a spontaneously developed primary adenocarcinoma of an aged virgin female BALB/c mouse. Isoenzyme analyses including glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, and peptidase proved that this cell line is of murine origin and devoid of contamination from other species. Karyotyping revealed that the number of chromosome ranged from 26 to 100, with a modal number of 40. Electron microscopic examination detected the presence of tonofilament and desmosomes confirming its epithelial nature. In addition, no type B or C virus particle was detected, although intracysternal A particle was observed occasionally. Tumorigenicity in immunocompetent syngeneic hosts was easily established by s.c., i.p., and i.v. injection of viable JC tumor cells. A very weak immunogenicity of the JC tumor was demonstrated through its immunization-challenging on syngeneic immunocompetent hosts. Although no rejection of JC tumor was noted, a significant prolongation for the incubation period before an obvious and palpable tumor growth was detected between the experimental and the control animals. Development of a concomitant immunity was also detected. The JC tumor represents a valuable murine mammary tumor model which is different from other available models because of its unique origin, absence of virus particles, very weak immunogenicity, and high tumorigenicity in syngeneic hosts. The cell line has been maintained for more than 5 yr and has been used for experimental immunotherapy in our laboratory.
Thermally activated flux motion under a distribution of activation energies in high Tc superconductors

Abstract Within a thermally activated flux motion model and assuming a distribution of barriers, we derive exact closed form expressions for various parameters for magnetic relaxation in high T c superconducting material. In particular, we introduce a new parameter S * proportional to S , the normalized logarithmic decay of magnetization, and show that S * is a monotonically increasing function of temperature.
Representing and identifying alternative movement techniques for goal-directed manual tasks

Differences in motion patterns subserving the same movement goal can be identified qualitatively. These alternatives, which may characterize 'movement techniques' (e.g., the stoop and the squat lifting technique), may be associated with significantly different biomechanical constraints and physiological responses. Despite the widely shared understanding of the significance of alternative movement techniques, quantitative representation and identification of movement techniques have received little attention, especially for three-dimensional whole-body motions. In an attempt to systematically differentiate movement techniques, this study introduces a quantitative index termed joint contribution vector (JCV) representing a motion in terms of contributions of individual joint degrees-of-freedom to the achievement of the task goal. Given a set of uncharacterized (unlabeled) motions represented by joint angle trajectories (motion capture data), the JCV and statistical clustering methods enable automated motion classification to uncover a taxonomy of alternative movement techniques. The results of our motion data analyses show that the JCV was able to characterize and discern stoop and squat lifting motions, and also to identify movement techniques for a three-dimensional, whole-body, one-handed load-transfer task. The JCV index would facilitate consideration of alternative movement techniques in a variety of applications, including work method comparison and selection, and human motion modeling and simulation.
Evidence for activation of an active electrogenic proton pump in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells during glycolysis.

The addition of glucose to a suspension of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells results in rapid acidification of the extracellular medium due to lactic acid production. The nature of the H+ efflux mechanism has been studied by measuring the time course of the acidification, the rate of proton efflux, the direction and relative magnitude of the H+ concentration gradient, and the voltage across the membrane. Using the pH-sensitive dye acridine orange, we have established that after addition of 10mm glucose an outward-directed H+ concentration gradient develops. As the rate of glycolysis slows, the continued extrusion of H+ reverses the direction of the H+ concentration gradient. Changes in absorbance of the voltagesensitive dye diethyloxadicarbocyanine iodide (DOCC), and changes in the distribution of the lipid permeant cation tetraphenyl phosphonium, showed a dramatic and persistent hyperpolarization of the membrane voltage after glucose addition. The hyperpolarization was prevented by the protonophore tetrachlorosalicylanalide (TCS) and by valinomycin, but not by the neutral-exchange ionophore nigericin. Inhibitors of lactate efflux were found to reduce the rate of acidification after glucose addition but they had no effect on the magnitude of the resulting hyperpolarization. On the basis of these and other data we suggest that an active electrogenic pump mechanism for H+ efflux may be activated by glucose and that this mechanism operates independently of the lactate carrier system.
Generalized spectral estimation of the consumption-based asset pricing model

This paper provides a framework for estimating parameters of a wide class of dynamic rational expectations models in the frequency domain. The approach is particularly useful for models that are meant to match the data only in limited ways. Specifically, this holds when interest is focused on a subset of frequencies. The estimation strategy generalizes band spectrum regression to more general settings and allows for more general loss functions. A noteworthy special case involves whitening estimators which force estimated innovations to be close to white noise. These estimators can be understood as minimizing a set of moment conditions which grows with sample size and which are typically implied by RE models.
Elevating stakeholder voice: Considering parent priorities in model development for community mental health center services

Abstract Peer-support services, including Parent Support and Training, have traditionally subscribed to a strict definition of what it means to qualify as a peer, and therefore as a provider of these services. This article examines views of peer and non-peer stakeholders in Kansas CMHCs on additional characteristics of “peer-ness.” The findings of this analysis result in a call for a broadening of the definition of “peer” in order to creatively meet the needs of families in the current service climate while still providing support for upholding the family-driven paradigm that brought about inclusion of parent voice in the treatment process—a hallmark of the PST service.
Game theory’s role in role-playing

Green (International Journal of Forecasting ,1 8 , 321-344) considers one method of testing the predictive value of game theory for conflict situations, and finds that role-playing does better. I discuss a second method, one that combines game theory and role-playing. This method has already been used with success to solve practical business problems. I argue game theory will have to play a critical part if role-playing is to be reliable for forecasting conflict outcomes. Existing research that combines game theory and experimental economics holds important lessons for the design of role-playing exercises.  2002 International Institute of Forecasters. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Depression and Event-related Potentials: Emotional disengagement and reward insensitivity.

Event-related potentials (ERPs) provide economical neural indices of information-processing abnormalities in relation to depression and depression risk. Early ERP studies of depression focused on cognitive deficits, more recent studies have examined ERPs to emotionally and motivationally relevant stimuli. Both the late positive potential (LPP), a measure of sustained processing of motivationally salient stimuli, and the reward positivity (RewP), an index of reactivity to receipt of reward, appear to be diminished in individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) and depressive symptoms, suggesting that depression is associated with emotional disengagement and deficits in reward processing.
THE CONTEMPORARY VALUE OF PRETREATMENT PROSTATIC ACID PHOSPHATASE TO PREDICT PATHOLOGICAL STAGE AND RECURRENCE IN RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY CASES

AbstractPurpose: We examine the clinical prognostic value of the currently available simple and inexpensive immunoenzymatic prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) assay for the staging and prognosis of radical prostatectomy cases.Materials and Methods: Between February 1, 1990 and May 3, 1996 pretreatment PAP was measured in 295 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy. From February 1, 1990 to May 17, 1992 the Hybritech Tandem-E [dagger] assay was used in 75 cases, from May 18, 1992 to February 28, 1993 the Abbott EIA [double dagger] assay was used in 49 and from March 1, 1993 to May 3, 1996 the Abbott IMx [double dagger] assay was used in 171. PAP assays were analyzed individually and the results were combined with pretreatment prostate specific antigen (PSA) values to assess the ability to predict organ confined prostate cancer and serological recurrence after radical prostatectomy.[dagger] Hybritech, Inc., San Diego, California.[double dagger] Abbott Diagnostics Division, Abbott Park, Illinois.Results: ...
Dosimetric measurements in the neutron field produced by a deuterium gas target with a compact medical cyclotron

Several dosimetric measurements have been carried out in the neutron field produced by accelerated deuterons incident upon a pressurized deuterium gas target. A significant improvement has been achieved in central-axis depth dose when compared to the /sup 9/Be(/sup 3/He,n)/sup 11/C interaction previously studied. Designs for a target with a high-power dissipation capability are currently underway.
On Real Quadratic Number Fields and Simultaneous Diophantine Approximation

Here we provide a necessary and sufficient condition on the partial quotients of two real quadratic irrational numbers to insure that they are elements of the same quadratic number field over ℚ. Such a condition has implications to simultaneous diophantine approximation. In particular, we deduce an improvement to Dirichlet’s Theorem in this context which, as an immediate consequence, shows the Littlewood Conjecture to hold for all numbers α and β both from \(\). Specifically, for all such pairs we have \(\).
Hematologic and selenium status of low-birth-weight infants fed formulas with and without iron.

Preterm infants with birth weights between 1,001 and 1,600 gm were randomly assigned at one week of age to one of three groups and fed a standard milk-based formula, the same formula with iron, or a soybased formula with iron. Hematologic values and selenium status were then studied prospectively for five weeks. Rates of decline in hematocrit and hemoglobin did not differ significantly among the three groups and did not correlate with red cell selenium values or glutathione peroxidase activity. Attainment of vitamin E sufficiency was variable among the infants, with no significant intergroup differences. Plasma selenium concentrations did not change significantly, but plasma glutathione peroxidase activity declined consistently in all three groups. Under the conditions of this study, iron at a concentration of 12 mg/L of infant formula did not accelerate hemolysis; nor was there evidence of a direct association between selenium values and early anemia of prematurity.
Extraction of selected trivalent lanthanide and actinide cations by bis(hexoxy-ethyl) phosphoric acid

Abstract The extraction of Eu(III) and Am(III) from aqueous chloride and perchlorate media into benzene and cyclohexane solutions of (n-C6H13OCH2CH2O)2PO(OH), HDHoEP, has been shown to be 2·5 power dependent upon the formality of HDHoEP in the organic phase and inversely third-power dependent upon the concentration of hydrogen ion in the aqueous phase. The extracted entity, in the benzene system, is postulated as M(Y)(HY2)2, where (HY)2 represents the dimer of HDHoEP, shown to be dimeric in dry benzene in the concentration range considered. In dry cyclohexane, HDHoEP is “empirically” trimeric and tetrameric, respectively, at 0·02F and 0·2F concentrations. The extractant is tentatively considered to exist as a mixture of trimers and tetramers in the “wet” cyclohexane of the system investigated. No attempt to formulate the extracted entity in Eu(III) and Am(III) extractions has been made. Under comparable conditions, both Eu(III) and Am(III) are extracted by HDHoEP with distribution ratio, K, values approximately 500 times greater in cyclohexane than in benzene.
Multiple density–dependence mechanisms regulate a migratory bird population during the breeding season

The mechanisms regulating bird populations are poorly understood and controversial. We provide evidence that a migratory songbird, the black-throated blue warbler (Dendroica caerulescens), is regulated by multiple density-dependence mechanisms in its breeding quarters. Evidence of regulation includes: stability in population density during 1969-2002, strong density dependence in time-series analyses of this period, an inverse relationship between warbler density and annual fecundity, and a positive relationship between annual fecundity and recruitment of yearlings in the subsequent breeding season. Tests of the mechanisms causing regulation were carried out within the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire, during 1997-1999. When individuals from abutting territories were experimentally removed in a homogeneous patch of high-quality habitat, the fecundity of focal pairs nearly doubled, revealing a locally operating crowding mechanism. A site-dependence mechanism was indicated by an inverse relationship between population size and mean territory quality, as well as by greater annual fecundity on the sites that were most frequently occupied and of highest quality. These site-dependence relationships were revealed by intensive monitoring of territory quality and demography at the landscape spatial scale. Crowding and site-dependence mechanisms, therefore, acted simultaneously but at different spatial scales to regulate local abundance of this migratory bird population.
Coronal leakage of mixed anaerobic bacteria after obturation and post space preparation

Abstract Objectives. The purpose of this study was to assess bacterial leakage of a mixed anaerobic community of organisms in obturated canals after post space preparation. Study design. A mixed microbial community of strict anaerobic organisms (F. nucleatum, P. micros and C. rectus) was developed. With the use of an in vitro model system, coronal leakage was assessed in 40 anterior teeth after obturation and post space preparation. The specific leakage time in days for each organism to penetrate through the obturating material was determined. In addition, colonization of the apical canal space was assessed by scanning electron microscope after longitudinal splitting of randomly selected specimens. Results. Eighty percent of the teeth demonstrated coronal leakage of F. nucleatum and C. rectus by the 90 day interval. Bacterial penetration occurred from 48 days to 84 days. Scanning electron microscope examination showed a heterogeneous biofilm of coccal and bacillary species colonizing the apical portion of the canal wall. Conclusions. This study demonstrated that coronal leakage phenomena do occur after loss of coronal seals. The model system developed using mixed, anaerobic bacterial cultures is more clinically relevant and may be used to assess bacterial penetration through gutta percha obturation.
Propagation of VHF and UHF electromagnetic waves over a grove of trees in full leaf

Results are reported of horizontally polarized signal strength measurements at frequencies of 82,210,633, 1280, and 2950 MHz. Measurements of signal strength versus height were made at various distances behind a grove of live oak and hackberry trees in full leaf. Propagation took place over approximately the same path neat the receiver terminal at all frequencies. Ideal knife edge diffraction curves provided exceptionally good agreement with the measured curves.
Robbing from the pore.

How do you build a sorting machine that can function with less than half of its sorting components? This problem challenges our understanding of nucleocytoplasmic transport after the finding that yeast can survive with nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) containing only half their original mass of transport-factor-binding domains.
Hypoglycemia and the sympathoadrenal system: neurogenic symptoms are largely the result of sympathetic neural, rather than adrenomedullary, activation

The relative contributions of the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal medullae, the two components of the sympathoadrenal system, to the manifestations of hypoglycemia are largely unknown. W...
Dynamic hybrid neural network model of an industrial fed-batch fermentation process to produce foreign protein

An industrial pharmaceutical company has provided industrial pilot scale fed-batch data from a biological process used to produce a foreign protein from fed-batch fermentation. This process had proven difficult to control due to the complex behavior of the bacteria after induction. Because of the difficulty of modeling the process fundamentally, neural networks are an attractive alternative. To capture dynamic systems a gray box model approach of parameter function neural networks was used. The parameter function neural network approach has been able to capture well this pilot scale fed-batch fermentation process. In order to obtain accurate training data, the data sets were fit and smoothed using smoothing cubic spline functions. Neural networks were found for the five critical parameter functions of growth rate, glucose consumption rate, oxygen consumption rate, acetate production rate, and protein production rate. Relatively simple networks were used in order to capture process behavior and not the significant noise in the industrial scale pilot data. Simulations using the neural network parameters predicted dynamic response data well.
Accurate Measurement of Wire Strand Position in Plastic Cables

The paper describes how a research facility in a large company assists the manufacturing effort. Electronics, optics, and precision mechanics are all used by the research group to solve the difficult problems encountered by manufacturing.
Subharmonic Analysis for Buck Converters With Constant On-Time Control and Ramp Compensation

This paper presents a new subharmonic analysis for buck converters with constant on-time control and ramp compensation. For constant on-time control, subharmonic oscillation can be eliminated by adding a compensation ramp with a fixed slope during the off time and a fixed level during the on time. Based on the inductor current information, the compensation ramp, and the charge variations of the output capacitor, the minimum amount of compensation ramp to avoid subharmonic is derived, and the effect of circuit propagation delay is quantified. A prototype of buck converter is built by using constant on-time control with ramp compensation. Experimental results demonstrate the detailed theoretical analysis.