cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment of N-acetylcysteine as a therapy for phosgene-induced acute lung injury.

The toxic industrial chemical (TIC1) phosgene remains an important chemical intermediate in many industrial processes. Inhalation of phosgene can cause an acute lung injury (ALI) which, in severe cases may result in death. There are currently no effective pharmacological therapies or evidence-based treatment guidelines for managing exposed individuals. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a commercially available drug licensed in the UK and elsewhere for the treatment of paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose. It has a number of mechanisms of action which may provide therapeutic benefit for the treatment of phosgene-induced ALI. It has previously been shown to provide therapeutic efficacy against the lung damaging effects of sulfur mustard vapour exposure, when given by the inhaled route, in the pig (Jugg et al., 2013). Our research objective was to determine whether inhaled NAC might also be therapeutic for other chemicals, in this case, phosgene. This study has demonstrated that multiple nebulised doses, administered from 30 min after exposure of terminally anaesthetised pigs to phosgene, is not an effective therapy when administered at the times and doses employed in this study. There remains no pharmacological treatment for phosgene-induced lung injury.
Multiple Answer Extraction for Question Answering with Automated Theorem Proving Systems.

The Multiple ANSwer EXtraction system is a framework for interpreting a conjecture with outermost existentially quantified variables as a question, and extracting multiple answers to the question by repetitive calls to a base system that can report the bindings for the variables in one proof of the conjecture. This paper describes the framework and demonstrates its use on an illustrative example.
Abstract 328: Effects of Unilateral Hindlimb Venous Occlusion in a Murine Model

Introduction: Acute and chronic venous occlusion from thrombosis or other causes leads to long-term morbidity in a significant number of individuals. Understanding mechanisms of venous flow restoration may lead to future treatments and prevention of morbidity. Authors have previously hypothesized that this occurs by a combination of thrombus recanalization and neovascularization with collateral formation. A model of permanent hindlimb venous occlusion may allow the study of flow restoration independent of vein recanalization. Methods: Adult C57Bl/6 mice (n=9 total, n=6 operated, n=3 unoperated controls) were subjected to identical unilateral hindlimb venous occlusive surgeries (n=6 limbs total) involving both vein ligation and permanent ablation using an external thermal device. Contralateral limbs underwent no surgery and served as in-vivo controls (n=6 limbs total). Laser speckle perfusion imaging of hindlimbs was conducted for 10 post-operative days. Real-time qPCR was used to measure tissue mRNA expre...
Long-term outcomes and mutation profiling of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) who discontinued ibrutinib.

Long term outcomes and mutations in patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) who discontinued ibrutinib have not been described. Using deep targeted next generation sequencing, we performed somatic mutation profiling from 15 MCL patients (including 5 patients with paired samples; before and after progression on ibrutinib). We identified 80 patients with MCL who discontinued ibrutinib therapy for various reasons. Median follow-up after ibrutinib discontinuation was 38 months. The median duration on ibrutinib was 7·6 months. Forty-one (51%) patients discontinued ibrutinib due to disease progression/transformation, 20 (25%) for intolerance, 7 (9%) due to patient choice, 5 (6%) for stem cell transplant, 4 (5%) due to second cancers and 3 (4%) other causes. The median survival after ibrutinib was 10 and 6 months for disease progression and transformation, respectively, and 25 months for patients with ibrutinib intolerance. Overall, BTK mutations were observed in 17% patients after progression on ibrutinib. Notably, TP53 alterations were observed after progression in 75% patients. Among the 4 patients with blastoid transformation, 3 (75%) had NSD2 mutations (co-existing with TP53). Ibrutinib-refractory MCL patients had a short survival. Demonstration of TP53 and NSD2 mutations in patients who developed blastoid transformation and ATM and TP53 mutations in patients who progressed, opens the door for future investigations in ibrutinib-refractory MCL.
A Probability Consistent Closure Method

A probability-consistent closure method is developed for finding approximate probabilistic characteristics of the response of a nonlinear dynamic system subject to a random input. The method is based on an estimator of the probability density of the system response that consists of a linear combination of specified kernels. The parameters of the linear combination can be determined from the condition that the moment equations of the dynamic system are satisfied in an optimal sense up to a closure level. The optimization involves constraints that assure that the estimator is a probability density function. Several examples are presented to illustrate the proposed closure method.
You have the right to remain silent: The ability of adolescents with developmental language disorder to understand their legal rights.

Abstract Purpose This study compared Miranda Rights comprehension of adolescents with developmental language disorder (DLD) and their typically developing (TD) peers. Method Instruments for Assessing Understanding and Appreciation of Miranda Rights ( Grisso, 1998 ) was administered to 20 adolescents with DLD and 20 age-matched TD peers. Results The DLD group exhibited significantly greater difficulty in understanding and appreciating Miranda Rights than their TD peers. Adolescents with DLD were 7 times more likely to be at risk of failing to sufficiently understand the Miranda warnings than adolescents in the TD group. Discussion Adolescents with DLD are particularly vulnerable to failing to understand Miranda Rights and the consequences of waiving them. Future work should determine if there is a link between difficulty comprehending legal rights and the high prevalence of adolescents with language disorder in juvenile detention facilities.
“I Kind of Have a Goal When I Do It”: The Phenomenology of Cultural Variability in Southeast Asian American Tricultural Emerging Adults

Cultural variability (CV) is a dynamic identity process by which individuals play up and play down their cultural identities from day to day. This study examines the phenomenology of CV in a unique...
HIV Testing and ART Adherence Among Unstably Housed Black Men Who Have Sex with Men in the United States

Black men who have sex with men (BMSM) have the highest HIV incidence rate among all MSM in the United States (US), and are also disproportionately affected by homelessness and housing instability. However, little is known about the effects of homelessness on the HIV testing and care continuum for BMSM. Between 2014 and 2017, the Promoting Our Worth, Equality, and Resilience (POWER) study collected data and offered HIV testing to 4184 BMSM at Black Pride events in six US cities. Bivariate analyses were used to assess differences in sociodemographics and healthcare access between BMSM who self-reported homelessness and those who did not. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess differences in HIV testing by homelessness status. Finally, bivariate and multivariable models were used to assess differences in HIV care continuum and treatment adherence outcomes by homelessness status. 615 (12.1%) BMSM in our sample experienced homelessness in the last 12 months. BMSM who self-reported homelessness had higher odds of receiving an HIV test in the past 6 months compared to their stably housed counterparts. BMSM who self-reported homelessness had higher odds of reporting difficulty taking ART and of missing a dose in the past week compared to stably housed BMSM. Findings suggest that HIV testing outreach and treatment-related services targeting unstably housed BMSM may be effective. Future community-based research is needed to investigate how homelessness and housing instability affect ART adherence, and how this population may experience success in HIV testing and adherence despite economic and social marginalization.
Power and Performance Tradeoffs for Visualization Algorithms

One of the biggest challenges for leading-edge supercomputers is power usage. Looking forward, power is expected to become an increasingly limited resource, so it is critical to understand the runtime behaviors of applications in this constrained environment in order to use power wisely. Within this context, we explore the tradeoffs between power and performance specifically for visualization algorithms. With respect to execution behavior under a power limit, visualization algorithms differ from traditional HPC applications, like scientific simulations, because visualization is more data intensive. This data intensive characteristic lends itself to alternative strategies regarding power usage. In this study, we focus on a representative set of visualization algorithms, and explore their power and performance characteristics as a power bound is applied. The result is a study that identifies how future research efforts can exploit the execution characteristics of visualization applications in order to optimize performance under a power bound.
The ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20 regulates synapse remodeling and efficacy

Ubiquitination and its reverse process, deubiquitination, play essential roles in neural development, function, and plasticity. A20, a ubiquitin editing enzyme that can remove K63-polyubiquitin chains from substrates and attach K48-polyubiquitin chains to them, is a critical component in the NF-κB signaling pathway in the immune system. This dual ubiquitin enzyme is also present in mammalian brains, but its potential role in neurons and synapses is unknown. We show that A20 in pyramidal neurons potently regulates dendritic arborization, spine morphogenesis, and synaptic transmission through an NF-κB-dependent mechanism. In cultured hippocampal neurons, overexpression of A20 reduced dendritic complexity and spine size and density, whereas A20 knockdown increased spine size and density, as well as clustering of the postsynaptic scaffold PSD-95 and glutamate receptor subunit GluA1. A20 effects in vitro were recapitulated in vivo where increasing or decreasing A20 expression in mouse brains reduced and enhanced spine density, respectively. Functionally, A20 knockdown significantly increased the amplitude, but not frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents, suggesting a role in postsynaptic efficacy. A20 negatively regulated NF-κB activation in neurons and A20 mutants deficient in either the deubiquitinase or the ubiquitin ligase activity failed to suppress NF-κB activation or reduce spine morphogenesis. Finally, selective inhibition of NF-κB abolished A20 knockdown-elicited spine formation, suggesting that A20 exerts its modulation on synapses through NF-κB signaling. Together, our study reveals a previously unknown role for A20, the only known ubiquitin editing enzyme with both deubiquitinase and ubiquitin ligase activity, in dendritic arborization, spine remodeling, and synaptic plasticity.
Use of viral DNA surrogate markers to study routes of transmission of healthcare-associated pathogens

Background: The hands of healthcare personnel are the most important source for transmission of healthcare-associated pathogens. The role of contaminated fomites such as portable equipment, stethoscopes, and clothing of personnel in pathogen transmission is unclear. Objective: To study routes of transmission of cauliflower mosaic virus DNA markers from 31 source patients and from environmental surfaces in their rooms. Design: A 3-month observational cohort study. Setting: A Veterans’ Affairs hospital. Methods: After providing care for source patients, healthcare personnel were observed during interactions with subsequent patients. Putative routes of transmission were identified based on recovery of DNA markers from sites of contact with the patient or environment. To assess plausibility of fomite-mediated transmission, we assessed the frequency of transfer of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from the skin of 25 colonized patients via gloved hands versus fomites. Results: Of 145 interactions involving contact with patients and/or the environment, 41 (28.3%) resulted in transfer of 1 or both DNA markers to the patient and/or the environment. The DNA marker applied to patients’ skin and clothing was transferred most frequently by stethoscopes, hands, and portable equipment, whereas the marker applied to environmental surfaces was transferred only by hands and clothing. The percentages of MRSA transfer from the skin of colonized patients via gloved hands, stethoscope diaphragms, and clothing were 52%, 40%, and 48%, respectively. Conclusions: Fomites such as stethoscopes, clothing, and portable equipment may be underappreciated sources of pathogen transmission. Simple interventions such as decontamination of fomites between patients could reduce the risk for transmission.
Disconnected, Not Polarized: Four Decades of the Rural-urban Interface in Mainstream Country Music:

Rural scholars have regularly analyzed media representations of rural communities, but there are a lack of analyses considering whether media representations of the rural-urban interface have trans...
“It All Goes Back to the Services”: A Rural/Urban Comparison of Service Providers’ Perceptions of Challenges and Facilitators to Disability Services

Purpose: The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore rural/urban differences in service providers’ perceptions of challenges and facilitators to services for children with special health care needs (CSHN) and their families in southeast Georgia. Methodology: A total of 23 individual interviews were conducted with service providers in one rural county in southeast Georgia (N = 12) and in one urban county in north central Georgia (N = 11). Interviews were based on the National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs 2009-2010 survey. All interviews were audio recorded, transcribed and coded with the intent of identifying themes and illustrative quotes. Findings: Service providers discussed a variety of challenges to accessing services related to socioeconomic status and the transition out of the school system. Urban and rural service providers’ perceptions were similar overall, with the exception of lack of transportation and access to a variety of services in rural area. Service providers overcome challenges through identifying parents’ needs and limitations and adapting service provision. Some of the facilitators mentioned by both urban and rural service providers are availability of transportation and resources. Practical Implications: The results of this study provide public health practice and policy implications that could guide the pathways of targeted interventions to improve the access and availability of variety of services for CSHCN. Originality/value of paper: This paper represents an in-depth exploration of service provider’s perceptions of challenges and facilitators related to service provision for children with special healthcare needs.
“That Was Fun, I Gotta Run:” Comparing Exit Strategies of a One-Time Sexual Encounter to Buyer–Seller Relationship Dissolution

Existing literature on sexual behavior has often examined several different types of casual sexual relationships (CSRs) collectively as a CSR as opposed to looking at each type of CSR individually. Research has previously looked at exit strategies in conjunction with committed relationships, but there is a dearth of research looking at how individuals exit noncommittal sexual encounters, such as a one-time sexual encounters (OTSE). This study aimed to examine exit strategies from an OTSE and then compare them to exit strategies used in business relationship dissolution. We gathered qualitative data from 48 participants and analyzed it using thematic analysis. Three main themes from this data were (1) communications that signaled the end of an OTSE, (2) actions taken that signaled the end of an OTSE and (3) agreements made about an OTSE. Eleven of our subthemes mapped on to the business model used. These findings demonstrate that OTSEs may be viewed as a transactional encounter instead of a short-term personal relationship by those who engage in them.
A High Capacity Cubical Device and Multi-Axial Testing for Constitutive Modeling of Concrete

A high capacity (30,000 psig) cubical device was designed and fabricated to conduct testing of materials under general three-dimensional loading. The test set-up and procedures are described, and some selected test results and back-prediction using a plasticity-based two surface constitutive model are reported for plain concrete.
Laser Optogalvanic Spectroscopy and Collisional State Dynamics Associated with Hollow Cathode Discharge Plasmas

In this chapter we will discuss the laser optogalvanic effect in a discharge plasma environment, specifically associated with an iron-neon (Fe–Ne) hollow cathode lamp. The history of the optogalvanic effect will serve as an introduction to the importance of the phenomena. The theoretical model behind the optogalvanic effect will provide insight into the importance of laser optogalvanic spectroscopy as a tool for spectral characterization of the plasma processes and enhanced understanding of the collisional state dynamics associated with the discharge species in hollow cathode lamps. The present chapter will focus on transition states of neon in the Fe–Ne hollow cathode lamp. The results presented here will use, for illustrative purposes, the waveforms associated with the laser-excited optogalvanic transitions of neon: 1s4–2p3 (607.4 nm), 1s5–2p7 (621.7 nm), 1s3–2p5 (626.6 nm), 1s5–2p8 (633.4 nm) and 1s5–2p9 (640.2 nm). A comparison between the experimentally recorded optogalvanic signal waveforms and the Monte Carlo fitting routine, along with a discussion related to the variation of the (ai and bj) fitting coefficients as a function of the discharge current, will illustrate the success of our theoretical model. We will also briefly touch upon the potential applications of the optogalvanic effect at the nanoscale in fields such as graphene-based nanoelectronics and nanoplasmonics.
Hyperuricemia: An Early Marker for Severity of Illness in Sepsis

Background. Uric acid can acutely activate various inflammatory transcription factors. Since high levels of oxyradicals and lower antioxidant levels in septic patients are believed to result in multiorgan failure, uric acid levels could be used as a marker of oxidative stress and poor prognosis in patients with sepsis. Design. We conducted a prospective cohort study on Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU) patients and hypothesized that elevated uric acid in patients with sepsis is predictive of greater morbidity. The primary end point was the correlation between hyperuricemia and the morbidity rate. Secondary end points were Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), mortality, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), and duration of stay. Results. We enrolled 144 patients. 54 (37.5%) had the primary end point of hyperuricemia. The overall morbidity rate was 85.2%. The probability of having hyperuricemia along with AKI was 68.5% and without AKI was 31.5%. Meanwhile the probability of having a uric acid value <7 mg/dL along with AKI was 18.9% and without AKI was 81.1% (p value < 0.0001). Conclusion. We report that elevated uric acid levels on arrival to the MICU in patients with sepsis are associated with poor prognosis. These patients are at an increased risk for AKI and ARDS.
A test for injectivity for asymptotic morphisms

The purpose of this note is to prove the following result which gives a sufficient condition for an asymptotic morphism to be associated to a deformation of C*-algebras. All C*-algebras in this paper will be assumed separable. See [1, 2] for definitions, etc.
Muddled Measures of Risks and Misremembered Reasons

A commentary on “Were There ‘Additional Foreseeable Risks’ in the SUPPORT Study?,” by Henry J. Silverman and Didier Dreyfuss; “SUPPORT: Risks, Harms, and Equipoise,” by Robert M. Nelson; “The Controversy over SUPPORT Continues and the Hyperbole Increases,” by Alan R. Fleischman; and “SUPPORT and Comparative Effectiveness Trials: What's at Stake?,” by Lois Shepherd, all in the January-February 2015 issue.
Uncertainty, learning, and the optimal management of wildlife

Wildlife management is limited by uncontrolled and often unrecognized environmental variation, by limited capabilities to observe and control animal populations, and by a lack of understanding about the biological processes driving population dynamics. In this paper I describe a comprehensive framework for management that includes multiple models and likelihood values to account for structural uncertainty, along with stochastic factors to account for environmental variation, random sampling, and partial controllability. Adaptive optimization is developed in terms of the optimal control of incompletely understood populations, with the expected value of perfect information measuring the potential for improving control through learning. The framework for optimal adaptive control is generalized by including partial observability and non-adaptive, sample-based updating of model likelihoods. Passive adaptive management is derived as a special case of constrained adaptive optimization, representing a potentially efficient suboptimal alternative that nonetheless accounts for structural uncertainty.
Differential processing of sindbis virus glycoprotein PE2 in cultured vertebrate and arthropod cells.

A step in the maturation of Sindbis virus glycoproteins is the cleavage of the precursor glycoprotein PE2 into E3 and E2 by furin or a furin-like host cell protease. The results presented here suggest that PE2 cleavage is an obligatory event for Sindbis virus maturation in C6/36 cells and demonstrate that certain mutants display a cell-specific PE2 cleavage phenotype. We previously have described Sindbis virus variants which fail to cleave PE2 because of incorporation of a signal for N-linked glycosylation immediately adjacent to the PE2 cleavage site but are viable in BHK-21 cells by virtue of an additional mutation at E2 216 or E2 191 (TRSB-NE2G216 and TRSB-NE2T191, respectively) (H. W. Heidner, K. L. McKnight, N. L. Davis, and R. E. Johnston, J. Virol. 68:2683-2692, 1994). Other viable PE2 cleavage-defective mutants were constructed by substituting the parental residue at E2 position 1 (Arg), with Leu or Val (TRSB-E2L1 and TRSB-E2V1, respectively) (H.W. Heidner and R. E. Johnston, J. Virol. 68:8064-8070, 1994). When grown in BHK-21 cells, all four of these viruses replicated normally and incorporated PE2 in place of E2 in released virions. However, growth of TRSB-NE2G216 and TRSB-NE2T191 was severely restricted in cultured arthropod cells (C6/36 cells). Analysis of infected C6/36 cells by flow cytometry demonstrated that the restricted growth of TRSB-NE2G216 and TRSB-NE2T191 was not due to an impaired ability to initiate infection. In addition, TRSB-NE2G216 and TRSB-NE2T191 remained growth restricted in C6/36 cells following introduction of in vitro transcriptions by electroporation. In contrast, the PE2 cleavage defect of TRSB-E2L1 and TRSB-E2V1 was cell type specific. In C6/36 cells, the majority of PE2 was converted to E2, and these viruses replicated normally in C6/36 cells. These results demonstrated a consistent link between expression of a PE2 cleavage defect and restricted growth in C6/36 cells and suggest that cleavage of PE2 is required for maturation of Sindbis virus late in infection of C6/36 cells.
A northward shift of the North Atlantic Ocean Intertropical Convergence Zone in response to summertime Saharan dust outbreaks

The influence on the summertime North Atlantic Ocean inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ) of Saharan dust outbreaks is explored using nine years of continuous satellite observations and atmospheric reanalysis products. During dust outbreak events rainfall along the ITCZ shifts northward by 1 to 4 degrees latitude. Dust outbreaks coincide with warmer lower-tropospheric temperatures compared to low dust conditions, which is attributable to advection of the warm Saharan Air Layer, enhanced subtropical subsidence, and radiative heating of dust. The enhanced positive meridional temperature gradient coincident with dust outbreaks is accompanied by an acceleration of the easterly winds on the n011h side of the African Easterly Jet (AEJ). The center of the positive vorticity region south of the AEJ moves north drawing the center of low-level convergence and ITCZ rainfall northward with it. The enhanced precipitation on the north side of the ITCZ occurs in spite of widespread sea surface temperature cooling north of the ITCZ owing to reduced surface solar insolation by dust scattering.
Forward osmosis desalination of oil and gas wastewater: Impacts of membrane selection and operating conditions on process performance

Abstract Water treatment technologies that employ sustainable driving forces for treatment of high ionic strength, complex feed streams and have the capacity to separate a broad range of contaminants are needed for economical treatment of flowback and produced waters in the oil and gas industry. This is especially true given the surging interest in treatment of oil and gas wastewaters for reuse in hydraulic fracturing or discharge to the environment in lieu of deep well injection. Forward osmosis is a robust membrane separation technology that can provide superior rejection of a broad range of feed stream contaminants and dissolved ions, thus providing a brine stream suitable for reuse in hydraulic fracturing or excellent pretreatment for downstream desalination processes. In this work, the impacts of membrane selection (asymmetric cellulose triacetate versus polyamide thin-film composite) and system operating conditions on the performance of FO membranes for desalination of produced water for the Niobrara shale formation are investigated. Specifically, water flux, contaminant rejection, membrane fouling, and chemical cleaning were evaluated using a combination of standard methodology and operating conditions analogous to those employed when operating industrial spiral wound FO membrane modules. Membrane autopsy was conducted to determine what effect(s) membrane physiochemical properties might have on system performance and to interpret the potential molecular level interactions occurring near the membrane-feed stream interface. Results from this study indicate that FO can achieve high rejection of organic and inorganic contaminants, membrane fouling can be mitigated with chemical cleaning, and long-term FO system performance might be better controlled with optimized hydrodynamic conditions near the membrane surface (i.e., feed flow velocity, module design, membrane packing) and not by membrane selection.
Resonance Raman Spectra of Electrons Solvated in Liquid Alcohols

Resonance Raman spectra of electrons solvated in liquid methanol, ethanol, and n-propanol are presented. At least five distinct solvent modes exhibit resonantly enhanced scattering, including the OH torsion, CO/CC stretches, the OH in-plane bend, methyl deformations, and the OH stretch. The 200−350 cm-1 frequency downshift of the OH stretch indicates a strong H-bond interaction between the electron and the hydroxyl group. The multiple modes including alkyl vibrations that are coupled to the electronic transition of the solvated electron reveal the extension of the electron's wavefunction into the alkyl solvent environment.
Immunofluorometric determination of antigenic differences between whole-cell antigens ofLegionella pneumophila

The immunofluorometric procedure has been utilized to assess the relative antigenicity of whole-cell antigens ofLegionella pneumophila. Observed response curves and interpretations of them are presented with experimental results that directly support the interpretation of such reaction curves. Application of the method for evaluating the relative antigenicity of strains maintained in tissue versus laboratory strains, routinely transferred on Feeley-Gorman or charcoal yeast extract agar, showed that laboratory strains have quantitatively gained, rather than lost, surface antigens directly involved in the human immune response to infection.
African American Adolescents and Use of Prenatal Care Services. Is There a Relationship between Self-Esteem and Seeking Care?.

This article explores the relationship between self-esteem among 30 African American adolescent females and their participation in a supportive prenatal care program designed specifically for this age group. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire conducted in two settings--the center or a participants home. Frequency and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents while correlational analysis was performed to examine the relationship between participation and self-esteem. Findings indicate no significant relationship between overall self-esteem construct and use of prenatal services by African American adolescents. The results of the correlational analyses conducted are instructive in which only 1 of 10 items approached a level of significance. This suggests that self-esteem may not be important in determining use of prenatal care among African American adolescents. Further research studies must be designed to involve the multiple factors found to be associated with African American adolescents use of the services particularly the influence of psychosociological sociodemographic and structural factors.
Using an Investment Project to Develop Professional Competencies in Introduction to Financial Accounting

Abstract This article describes an investment project used to stimulate student interest in and understanding of business, economics, finance, and the uses and limitations of accounting information. Student groups invest in a portfolio of stocks after completing an analysis of financial information. Project success is evaluated through assessment of economic decisionmaking skills, financial statement analysis, understanding of underlying accounting concepts and procedures, portfolio outcome, portfolio goals, effectiveness of communication, and oral presentations. In completing the project, students develop competencies needed for success in business careers.
A note on the 2-part of K2(oF) for totally real number fields F

where p,,, := eZnr “I. Equivalently, NS~( F) = 2 n PC”‘); the product is taken over all prime numbers 1, and n,(F) := max{ n 3 0: E,, G F}, with E,, being the maxima1 totally real subfield of the full cyclotomic field O(n,,,). The work of Mazur and Wiles on the “Main conjecture” confirms the odd part of the BirchhTate conjecture if F is abelian. The 2-part has been established for certain families of abelian number fields, see [3, 4, 5, 6, 73. We give a proof for all totally real-&not necessarily abelian--number fields having the property that 2rlQ1 is the exact 2-power dividing ,v,(F) cp( 1) or the order of Kz(oP), respectively. It is based on results given in [l] and [2].
The Comparison of Single Serum Antibody Values Against B. pertussis, C. pneumoniae , and M. pneumoniae Antigens in Active Duty American Soldiers in Korea Who Had Prolonged Cough Illnesses (Cases) with Similar Antibody Values in Sera from Well Active Duty Soldiers in Hawaii (Controls)

The Comparison of Single Serum Antibody Values Against B. pertussis, C. pneumoniae , and M. pneumoniae Antigens in Active Duty American Soldiers in Korea Who Had Prolonged Cough Illnesses (Cases) with Similar Antibody Values in Sera from Well Active Duty Soldiers in Hawaii (Controls)
The effect of antilymphocyte serum on the recognition of tumor-specific transplantation antigens.

SummaryAntilymphocyte serum, when administered to mice together with transplanted tumor, not only induces augmented neoplastic growth but also blocks host recognition of tumor-specific antigens.
Future air traffic management: technology, operations, and human factors implications

Abstract The NASA, the FAA and Eurocontrol have initiated programs of research and development to provide flight crew, air line operators and air traffic managers with automation aids to increase capacity in enroute and terminal areas, to support the goals of safe, flexible, predictable and efficient operations, and to ensure, and to enhance the safety of operations in the response to demands for capacity enhancement. Achievement of these goals is enabled by increased precision of knowledge of aircraft and asset position in space and time, by increased density and bandwidth of transmitted information among the airspace assets and users, and by increased service and information to the flight deck, ATC and airline operations centers. These aiding technologies are intended to support exploitation of timely and dynamic information on atmospheric hazards, traffic fluctuations, and airspace utilization. These systems are intended to support the human operators who maintain the authority and responsibility for safe, efficient operations through cognitive aiding technologies, to serve as cognitive orthoses (Reason, 1988) [12].
Improving confidence in environmental DNA species detection

Will we catch fish today? Our grandfathers’ responses were usually something along the lines of, ‘Probably. I've caught them here before’. One of the foundations of ecology is identifying which species are present, and where. This informs our understanding of species richness patterns, spread of invasive species, and loss of threatened and endangered species due to environmental change. However, our understanding is often lacking, particularly in aquatic environments where biodiversity remains hidden below the water's surface. The emerging field of metagenetic species surveillance is aiding our ability to rapidly determine which aquatic species are present, and where. In this issue of Molecular Ecology Resources, Ficetola et al. (2015) provide a framework for metagenetic environmental DNA surveillance to foster the confidence of our grandfathers’ fishing prowess by more rigorously evaluating the replication levels necessary to quantify detection errors and ultimately improving our confidence in aquatic species presence.
The status of Asarum marmoratum (Aristolochiaceae)

Asarum marmoratum Piper, a species with marbled leaves from southern Oregon and northern California, differs fromA. hartwegii. S. Wats. in many respects, and should be recognized as distinct. The species is described, illustrated, and compared to the four other western North American species ofAsarum in a synoptic key.
Sweet Success — A Treatment for McArdle's Disease

Carbohydrates are often stored as glycogen in the body. Pathways for the synthesis and breakdown of glycogen (see Figure) permit the maintenance of a steady blood glucose level and provide a source...
Spatial and temporal dynamics of Aroga moth (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) populations and damage to sagebrush in shrub steppe across varying elevation.

ABSTRACT Spatial and temporal variation in the density of the Aroga moth, Aroga websteri Clarke (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), and in its damage to its host plant, big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nuttall), were examined at 38 sites across a shrub steppe landscape in mountain foothills of northern Utah. Sites were sampled from 2008 to 2012 during and after an outbreak of the moth, to assess whether and how local variation in moth abundance, survivorship, and damage to the host plant was accounted for by sagebrush cover, elevation, slope, aspect, or incident solar radiation. As moth numbers declined from a peak in 2009, individual sites had a consistent tendency in subsequent years to support more or fewer defoliator larvae. Local moth abundance was not correlated with sagebrush cover, which declined with elevation, and moth survivorship was highest at intermediate elevations (1,800–2,000 m). North-facing stands of sagebrush, characterized by lower values of incident solar radiation, were found to be espec...
Evolution of proviral gp120 over the first year of HIV-1 subtype C infection.

The evolution of proviral gp120 during the first year after seroconversion in HIV-1 subtype C infection was addressed in a case series of eight subjects. Multiple viral variants were found in two out of eight cases. Slow rate of viral RNA decline and high early viral RNA set point were associated with a higher level of proviral diversity from 0 to 200 days after seroconversion. Proviral divergence from MRCA over the same period also differed between subjects with slow and fast decline of viral RNA, suggesting that evolution of proviral gp120 early in infection may be linked to the level of viral RNA replication. Changes in the length of variable loops were minimal, and length reduction was more common than length increase. Potential N-linked glycosylation sites ranged ±one site, showing common fluctuations in the V4 and V5 loops. These results highlight the role of proviral gp120 diversity and diversification in the pathogenesis of acute HIV-1 subtype C infection.
Fourier transformable properties of paraboloidal mirror segments

Fourier transformable properties of paraboloidal mirror segments also experimental results of spatial filtering
Correction of Lower Extremity Deep Venous Incompetence by Ablation of Superficial Venous Reflux

Chronic venous insufficiency which produces lipodermatosclerosis, varicosities, or ulceration, is frequently caused by superficial venous reflux and deep venous incompetence. The anatomy of venous insufficiency has been clarified with duplex ultrasound, thus allowing appropriately directed therapy. However, postoperative venous physiology in patients undergoing superficial venous ablation has been infrequently reported. This study was undertaken to document the effect of superficial venous ablation on deep venous reflux. Between April 1994 and May 1995, 45 patients were examined preoperatively with duplex ultrasound. All patients had symptomatic venous insufficiency and were found to have greater saphenous vein reflux. Clinical classification of venous insufficiency (according to the criteria of the joint councils of the vascular societies) included class I in 30 patients, class II in 12, and class III in 3. Seventeen patients (38%) had reflux in the femoral venous system in addition to superficial reflux. All patients underwent removal of the proximal greater saphenous vein in concert with multiple stab avulsions of identified varicosities. Postoperative interrogation of the venous system revealed that in 16 (94%) of 17 patients, coexistent femoral venous insufficiency completely resolved. Thus ablation of superficial venous reflux eliminated incompetence in the deep venous system in patients with combined disease. These preliminary results suggest that superficial venous incompetence may be a cause of deep venous insufficiency. Whereas alternative methods to correct deep venous insufficiency have met with limited success, it appears that saphenectomy (when combined disease is present) may be effective in correction of deep venous reflux.
The Factorial Validity of the Family Environment Scale

The present study attempted to determine whether the 10 subscales of the Family Environment Scale do measure 10 dimensions (factors) of the family environment. In a factor analysis of data from high school freshmen and sophomores (n = 344), the 10 subscales did not emerge as 10 factors. Hence, seven new sub-scales were proposed: Conflict, Group Cohesion, Structure, Religion, Activities, Verbal-Intellectual Orientation, and Protestant Ethic. The responses of a second sample of students (n = 342) were then factor analyzed to determine the stability of the proposed subscales. The factor structure of the first four subscales was interpreted to replicate well, whereas that of the last three subscales was judged to replicate moderately well. Implications of the factor structure for conceptualization and measurement of family environment variables are discussed.
Impairment as a Human Constant: Cross-Cultural and Historical Perspectives on Variation

The social science literature on physical disabilities suffers a curious omission in the relative lack of attention paid to a cross-cultural or historical perspective. We argue that disability is a human constant—that is, all human societies have and have always had disabled members. While the presence of such individuals is a constant, culturally shared responses to them vary greatly across time and social context.
Charge-balanced time-optimal control for spiking neuron oscillators

In this paper, we investigate the fundamental limits on how the inter-spike time of a neuron oscillator can be perturbed by the application of an external control input (a current stimulus) with zero net electric charge accumulation. We derive the minimum and maximum inter-spike time assignment controls for phase models using the maximum principle, and fully characterize the possible range of neuronal spiking times with respect to a given bound on the control amplitude. We apply the derived optimal controls to both mathematically ideal and experimentally observed phase models of spiking neurons to demonstrate their applicability to neuroscience.
Hunting and Rural Socialization: Contingent Effects of the Rural Setting on Hunting Participation

Abstract This paper examines the relationship between rural socialization and hunting participation. Assessments of the cultural significance of hunting as a “way of life” in rural areas echo traditional assertions of the importance of rurality, but do not consider the interplay between rural residence and other variables that affect hunting participation. Although previous research has demonstrated that rural residents are more likely to participate in hunting, as are males and those who are influenced by family, the interaction of these variables is poorly understood. A national survey used a socialization framework to explore the more specific conditions under which rural upbringings were associated with increased hunting participation. Rural upbringings fostered an increase in hunting primarily when the socialization relationship between agent and target was unlikely to do so and when participation was consistent with gender norms: rural males whose fathers did not hunt were more likely to hunt than urban males whose fathers did not. In no other cases did rural upbringings result in an increased propensity for hunting. Therefore we suggest that broad statements about the cultural significance of hunting to rural life be made more cautiously, with the effects of other variables taken into account.
Anaerobic filters for the treatment of coal gasification wastewater

A process train consisting of the following sequence of unit processes, a berl-saddle-packed anaerobic filter, an expanded bed, granular activated carbon anaerobic filter, and an activated sludge nitrification system was evaluated for the treatment of a synthetically prepared coal gasification wastewater. The first-stage anaerobic filter resulted in very little removal of organic matter and no methane production. Excellent reduction in organic matter occurred in the granular activated carbon anaerobic filter. The removal mechanism was initially adsorptive and near the end of the study, removal of organic matter was primarily through conversion to methane gas. It is felt that the success of the activated carbon anaerobic filter was due to the ability of the activated carbon to sequester some components of the wastewater that were toxic to the mixed culture of anaerobic microorganisms. The activated sludge nitrification system resulted in complete ammonia oxidation and was very efficient in final effluent polishing.
Accommodation Without Feedback Suggests Directional Signals Specify Ocular Focus

Abstract Accommodation was monitored continuously under open-loop conditions while subjects viewed a sinusoidally oscillating sine-wave grafting (0.2 Hz; ±1 D; 2.7 c/d; 0.56 contrast) in a Badal optometer. The target was illuminated by monochromatic light (590 nm) or white light (3000 K) with longitudinal chromatic aberration (LCA) normal, doubled, neutralized and reversed. Subjects (12) accommodated well in white light with LCA normal and doubled (mean gains = 0.85 and 0.94), gain was reduced in the neutralized condition (0.54), in monochromatic light (0.43), and especially when LCA was reversed (0.30). The results suggest that accommodation responds to changes in the relative contrast of spectral components of the retinal image and perhaps to the vergence of light.
Designing macromolecules for therapeutic applications: polyester dendrimer-poly(ethylene oxide) "bow-tie" hybrids with tunable molecular weight and architecture.

The design and preparation of new polyester dendrimer, poly(ethylene oxide) hybrid systems for drug delivery and related therapeutic applications, are described. These systems consist of two covalently attached polyester dendrons, where one dendron provides multiple functional handles for the attachment of therapeutically active moieties, while the other is used for attachment of solubilizing poly(ethylene oxide) chains. By varying the generation of the dendrons and the mass of the poly(ethylene oxide) chains, the molecular weight, architecture, and drug loading can be readily controlled. The “bow-tie” shaped dendritic scaffold was synthesized using both convergent and divergent methods, with orthogonal protecting groups on the periphery of the two dendrons. Poly(ethylene oxide) was then attached to the periphery of one dendron using an efficient coupling procedure. A small library of eight carriers with molecular weights ranging from about 20 kDa to 160 kDa were prepared and characterized by various tech...
Poly(4-vinylpyridine) and Quadrapure TU as Selective Poisons for Soluble Catalytic Species in Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling Reactions – Application to Leaching from Polymer-Entrapped Palladium

Poly(4-vinylpyridine) and Quadrapure TU were successfully used as poisons for palladium-catalyzed Heck couplings of iodoarenes and n-butyl acrylate using a poly(urea) entrapped palladium precatalyst, Pd-EnCat 40, in a variety of reaction solvents and conditions. These results suggest that all of the Heck coupling takes place outside the poly(urea) matrix via a soluble palladium species leached from the solid. This observation is consistent with previous conclusions that leached species are also solely active when using other supported catalysts such as Pd/C or with supported palladacycles. Control experiments including poisoning by Hg(0), hot filtration, 3-phase tests, and monitoring of reaction kinetics after recycle support this conclusion. The quantity of PVPy or Quadrapure TU needed for quenching depends on the amount of palladium that is leached and thus applying these poisons to other palladium catalysts in which the amount of soluble palladium is unknown requires an initial trial and error approach.
A Model of Quality of Work Life as a Developmental Process

Quality of Work Life (QWL) is both a goal and an on‐going process for achieving it. As a goal, QWL is the commitment of any organization to work improvement — the creation of more involving, satisfying and effective jobs and work environment for people at all levels of the organization. As a process, QWL calls for efforts to realise this goal through the active involvement of people throughout the organization.
Myoglobin: an aid in the early detection of myocardial infarction

Summary Serum myoglobin has been shown to be a useful biochemical marker during the early hours following an acute myocardial infarction. Myoglobin levels rise above the upper limit of the reference interval within approximately 2 hours in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) as compared to the 4 to 6 hours it takes for CK-MB. This article reviews the characteristics of this transport protein and discusses the accurate, precise and rapid radial partition immunoassay for this analyte. Data are presented from five medical centers that have implemented myoglobin into the triage of chest pain patients. Finally, a strategy is outlined for the use of myoglobin and creatine kinase-MB (mass assay) for the evaluation of such individuals.