cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Theory of Saving and the Stability of Growth Equilibrium

I. Introduction and summary of main conclusions, 491. — II. The structure of an aggregate economy, 493. — III. The general saving function and the existence of the steady-state growth path, 494. — IV. Uniqueness and stability of the steady-state growth path, 498.
Grain growth and particle pinning in a model Ni-based superalloy

Abstract An experimental study has been performed on the grain growth in a model Ni-based superalloy, with particular emphasis on the pinning effect of the second-phase particles. Extensive annealing experiments were performed, and the microstructural development was evaluated in detail using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. It was found that grain growth was strongly inhibited by the pinning effect of both the coarse γ′ phase and the inert precipitates. For samples heat-treated at temperatures below the γ′ solvus (1143 °C), the limiting grain size was determined by the size and volume fraction of the γ′ phase. For samples heat-treated at super-solvus temperatures, the stability of the MC-type carbides and yttrium oxides led to a nearly constant Zener limiting grain size over the temperature range 1143–1244 °C. Samples heat-treated at 1270 °C had larger grain sizes due to the coarsening and/or dissolution of the MC-type carbides and yttrium oxides.
Correlations between MRI-assessed volumes of the thalamus and cortical Brodmann's areas in schizophrenia

Abstract Background We compared the thalamic–cortical volumetric correlational patterns in patients with schizophrenia and normal comparison subjects, and evaluated their relations to outcome. Methods High-resolution MR images were acquired in patients with schizophrenia ( n =106) and normal comparison subjects ( n =42). Patients were divided into good-outcome ( n =52) and poor-outcome (Kraepelinian, n =54) subtypes based on their ability for self-care. Correlations between the relative gray and white matter volumes of the individual cortical Brodmann's areas and five dorsoventral levels of the thalamus were assessed. Results Compared to normal subjects, schizophrenia patients lacked significant thalamic gray matter volume correlations with the prefrontal and medial temporal cortical regions in the right hemisphere, and with frontal, cingulate, posterior parietal and occipital regions in the left hemisphere, while normal white matter volume cortical–thalamic correlations along the cingulate gyrus and in the temporal lobe were not found in schizophrenia patients in both hemispheres. In contrast to both normal comparison subjects and good-outcome group, schizophrenia patients with poor outcomes showed significant bilateral gray matter volume correlations between the dorsal thalamus and ventral prefrontal cortex, while the group differences in the white matter volume correlations were mostly restricted to the cingulate arch. Conclusions Whereas patients with schizophrenia exhibit deficiencies in cortical–thalamic correlational patterns, poor outcome is associated with abnormal interregional correlations not observed in either normal subjects or patients with good outcomes. This latter finding may be explained by a core neurodevelopmental disturbance that results in aberrant cortical–thalamic connectivity in poor-outcome schizophrenia.
SOCIAL CHALLENGES TO ECONOMIC ACCOUNTING AND ECONOMIC CHALLENGES TO SOCIAL ACCOUNTING

The question addressed in this paper is: Why can't we have a good measuring rod of the economic and social performance of our society? The answers are basically positive but lie mostly in the direction of (1) avoiding simplistic solutions such as turning the national income accounts into a measure of social welfare and (2) providing the elements of an information strategy to obtain such a measure or more accurately such a set of measures. The proposed information strategy highlights five activities: (1) the presentation and analysis of welfare outcomes, an activity which is analogous to but broader than “social indicators”; (2) social accounting which includes economic accounting, demographic accounting, and time-use accounting; (3) model building and operation which, unlike accounting, are concerned with behavioral or causal relationships used to explain and project welfare outcomes; (4) hypothesis testing to develop new insights into economic and social behavior; and finally (5) the building and maintenance of a data base required for carrying on the aforementioned four activities.
CTrack: A cyber-physical approach to construction site work improvement studies

Determining what physical activity the user is performing using mobile devices is an elusive task even though consumer off the shelf (COTS) mobile devices carried by most users contain a vast array of physical sensors. When conducting work improvement studies, construction crew members are typically observed by eye to record information about the physical activities being performed. Another approach to capturing crew member activities is utilizing sensors within COTS mobile devices carried by crew members. This paper presents CTrack: an approach for capturing telemetry from the array of sensors on-board COTS mobile devices. The resulting sensor telemetry is fused together and can be used to make informed decisions when characterizing crew member activities. Additionally, this paper presents results from field testing CTrack and discusses the current benefits and limitations of fusing multiple telemetry sources to characterize crew member activities.
The Nature and Conditions of Panic

Current conceptions of the nature and conditions of panic are inadequate and lack an empirical basis. Using data gathered by the Disaster Team of the National Opinion Research Center and other documentary sources, a comparative and analytical examination of specific instances of the behavior is made. A conception is developed of panic as the very antithesis of organized group activity-as an acute fear reaction marked by loss of self-control which is followed by nonsocial and nonrational flight. Such behavior arises upon a definition of possible entrapment, a perception of collective powerlessness, and a feeling of individual isolation in a crisis.
The atomic arrangement of merrillite from the Fra Mauro Formation, Apollo 14 lunar mission: The first structure of merrillite from the Moon

The atomic arrangement of lunar merrillite has been refined to R = 0.0452 in R 3 c using X-ray diffraction data recorded on a CCD detector; previous attempts at structure solution using a point detector were not successful because of the poorly crystallized nature of the lunar material. The atomic arrangement of merrillite has a structural unit of [(Mg,Fe)(PO 4 ) 6 ] 16− 2 that forms a “bracelet-and-pinwheel” unit that is common in hexagonal-closest-packed layers. The individual structural units are not polymerized and exist in layers at z = 1/6, 1/3, 1/2, 2/3, and 5/6. In lunar merrillite, the [(Mg,Fe)(PO 4 ) 6 ] 16− 2 structural units are linked by a [(Ca,REE) 18 Na 2 (PO 4 ) 2 ] 32+ interstitial complex, formed of Ca1O 8 , Ca2O 8 , Ca3O 8 , NaO 6 , and P1O 4 polyhedra. There has long been speculation regarding the relationship between merrillite and terrestrial whit-lockite, and the solution of the Fra Mauro merrillite atomic arrangement allows the characterization of the lunar phase. Lunar merrillite and terrestrial whitlockite have largely similar atomic arrangements, but the phases differ due to the presence or absence of hydrogen. In whitlockite, H is an essential element and allows the charge balance. Hydrogen is incorporated into the whitlockite atomic arrangement by disordering one of the phosphate tetrahedra and forming a PO 3 (OH) group. Lunar merrillite is devoid of hydrogen, and thus no disordered tetrahedral groups exist. Charge balance for substituents Y and REE (for Ca) is maintained by Si ↔ P tetrahedral substitution and □ ↔ Na at the Na site. The structure solution demonstrates the effectiveness of the CCD detector in unraveling previously intractable diffraction data and urges that previously analyzed lunar material be reexamined using this instrumentation.
On the contribution of out-migration to changes in net migration: A time series confirmation of Beale's cross-sectional results

Recent cross-sectional studies of population migration patterns have consistently failed to find any relationship between the economic conditions prevalent in an area and the propensity of its inhabitants to emigrate. Changes in the rate of out-migration apparently occur only slowly as the age composition and mobility history of the population change. Thus, in the short run, changes in out-migration are small and contribute little to changes in net migration. This article tests this “model” of the migration process by making a time series analysis of gross and net migration between Japanese prefectures. We find that, among rural areas, changes in out-migration are a consistently significant component of changes in net migration. If changes in net migration reflect changes in economic conditions in these areas, then one can only conclude that the latter do have an effect on out-migration rates, an effect which is missed by cross-sectional studies. Beale's graphical analysis, which is also cross-sectional, is a notable exception and would have predicted our results.
Examination of the Sephadex G10 Beads Uptake Method for Determination of Bile Salt Monomer Concentration in Taurocholate–Lecithin Solutions

Experiments have been undertaken to examine the validity of the method of Ammon and Walter for the determination of bile acid monomer concentrations in taurocholate—lecithin (TC—L) solutions. The procedure involves, basically, the uptake of the bile acid monomer by Sephadex G10 beads (exclusion limits 700 Da) in the presence of a suitable aqueous phase marker (raffinose). Several of the experimental variables involved in the bead-washing technique have been critically studied, and good precision in data (SD in the range of ±2–5% of the mean value) has been obtained. Monomer concentrations determined in the absence of lecithin over a wide range (10–70 mM) of TC were found to be in agreement with those obtained by Ammon. Most important, however, is the finding that TC monomer concentrations at constant NMBS were found to be constant in all solutions containing or not containing lecithin [here, the nonmixed micelle bile salt (NMBS) is the total bile salt concentration, but not including species involving lecithin, and is determined by dialysis equilibrium experiments].
The business case for research and development

Presentation des sept etapes qui permettent de determiner la valeur nette actuelle d'une nouvelle technologie, sa valeur monetaire et le cout d'opportunite lie a son retard de developpement. Application a la nouvelle technologie d'inhibition cinetique des hydrates, utilisee pour la production de gaz en eau profonde.
Large diameter rotating lid vacuum chamber

Abstract A new design for a large diameter rotating lid vacuum chamber is presented which incorporates two innovations: 1) a statically loaded rotating double lid; 2) a ferromagnetic liquid vacuum seal. These features nearly eliminate the normal friction from atmospheric loading and vacuum seal compression, thus requiring extremely low torque for rotation. The lid on a typical chamber 1 m in diameter with a hard vacuum against 1 atm could be rotated at 0.1 rpm with a torque of about 0.1 inch ounce. Model tests have verified the principles of the design.
Caffeine fatality: A case report

Abstract A case of fatal caffeine toxicity due to suicidal ingestion of a “look-alike” illicit drug is reported. Caffeine concentrations were determined by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with the brain having the highest level reported in the literature to date. Also, the blood concentration of caffeine was one of the highest among the cases reported. A literature review of caffeine fatalities is presented.
In silico prediction of binding of putative antigenic peptides to HLA-DRB1 alleles in Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease

Abstract We evaluated peptides demonstrated to be immunogenic in studies of HLA-DRB1*0405-restricted T cells from patients with Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada (VKH) disease for likelihood of binding to HLA-DRB1*0405 using internet-accessible algorithms. Immunogenic peptides were more likely to overlap with fragments predicted to have a high likelihood of binding to HLA-DRB1*0405 and were more likely to bind to HLA-DRB1*0405 than the negative control, HLA-DRB1*0701. We also determined the likelihood of binding to other HLA molecules associated with VKH disease. The peptide immunogenic in the most patients was predicted to bind to HLA-DRB1*0101, 0404, and 0405, but not to the negative control, HLA-DRB1*0701. In silico methods hold promise for high-throughput evaluation of putative auto-antigens, for testing and generating hypotheses, and suggest a correlation between HLA binding and immunogenicity.
Studies on some ferrocenyl ketones and pinacols

Abstract The pinacol rearrangement of 1,2-diphenyl-l,2-diferrocenylethanediol produces pinacolones resulting from both phenyl and ferrocenyl group migration. The phenyl migration product, ferrocenoyldiphenylferrocenylmethane, has been converted to diphenylferrocenylmethane and ferrocenoic acid. Reduction of pivaloylferrocene with methylmagnesium bromide and cobalt chloride produces tert-butylferrocenylmethanol rather than a bimolecular product, while reduction with magnesium and magnesium iodide gives 1,2-di-tert-butyl-l,2-diferrocenylethene in good yield. The latter undergoes reduction with sodium in ethanol to form 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-3,4-diferrocenylhexane.
Effects of phenobarbitol on aggressive behaviors in a program of required relaxation: A case study

A naturally occurring experiment of the effects of two dosage levels of phenobarbitol on aggressive behaviors in a program of required relaxation is described. A required relaxation program was initiated as a consequence for throwing and hitting by a 13-year-old developmentally disabled male resident of an institutional cottage. The resident had been receiving 50 mg of phenobarbitol twice per day to control seizure activity for two years prior to the introduction of this program. Aggressive behavior decreased from an average of 7.2 incidents a day during baseline to 1.7 per day after six weeks of the required relaxation program. Following several reported seizures, medical staff increased phenobarbitol dosage to 100 mg twice per day and hitting behavior increased beyond baseline levels. After five weeks at this dosage, medication was returned to 50 mg twice a day and hitting behavior returned quickly to the lower intervention levels, while seizure activity remained stable. All observations of behavior were collected during unstructured and regularly occurring events of the individual's daily life. These data suggested that changes in medication influenced observed changes in behavior.
The coming African tsunami of information insecurity

As the affordability and use of mobile phones in Africa increase, so too will security vulnerabilities.
On the Origin of the Clinical Standpoint in Psychiatry: By Dr Ewald Hecker in Görlitz

Ewald Hecker (1843-1909), a friend and disciple of Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum (1828-1899), was a relentless advocate of his teacher’s psychiatric nosology. This paper is an early manifesto of their ideas...
A critique on the misuse of the Gross-Pitaevskii equation

The Gross-Pitaevskii equation, which is valid only for diffuse boson gases having purely positive interatomic potentials, continues to be used where this condition is not satisfied. An alternate formulation that is universally applicable is discussed.
Explanations of body image disturbance: a test of maturational status, negative verbal commentary, social comparison, and sociocultural hypotheses.

Objective A number of hypotheses have been offered to explain the development and/or maintenance of body image disturbance. In this study, four factors which have been hypothesized to lead to body image problems were tested: maturational status (early physical development), negative verbal commentary (a history of being teased regarding physical appearance), behavioral social comparison, and awareness/internalization of sociocultural pressures. Methods: One hundred sixty-two college females completed measures designed to index these four influences. Predictors were regressed onto multiple measures of body image and two indices of eating disturbance. Results: Even with self-esteem and level of obesity removed as influences, social comparison and societal factors were significant predictors of body dissatisfaction and eating disturbance. Negative verbal commentary also explained a small part of the variance, however, maturational status did not contribute uniquely in any analysis. Discussion: The findings offer further support for emerging theories of body image and eating disturbance. © 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Rate of reproductive involution following either exposure to short days or daily administration of melatonin is faster in inbred than in random-bred female Syrian hamsters

The onset of cessation of oestrous cyclicity and associated organ and hormonal changes were compared in random-bred (RB) and inbred (IB) female Syrian hamsters kept either under short days (8 h light:16 h darkness; 8L:16D) or long days (14L:10D) and given daily afternoon injections of 25 micrograms melatonin. In response to short-day treatment, 100% of the IB hamsters exhibited vaginal acyclicity within 35 days; by comparison, none of the RB animals were acyclic at this time. The IB hamsters also exhibited other changes associated with exposure to short days, including increased body weight, enlarged ovaries, regressed uteri, elevated pituitary concentrations of FSH, and depressed pituitary and plasma concentrations of prolactin. At this time, only the pituitary FSH levels were increased in the RB animals kept under the same short-day conditions. In a second experiment, RB and IB female Syrian hamsters were maintained under long days (14L:10D) and the rate of reproductive regression in response to daily afternoon injections of melatonin was compared. After 8 weeks of melatonin injections, 80% of the IB females were anoestrous, while all RB hamsters were still exhibiting 4-day oestrous cycles. Other changes associated with melatonin administration in the IB females included a marked drop in uterine weight and a depression in pituitary and plasma prolactin levels. The RB hamsters, although they were all still cyclic after 8 weeks, had increased body and ovarian weights, increased pituitary concentrations of FSH, and lower pituitary and plasma prolactin levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Polyglutamyl folate coenzymes and inhibitors of chicken liver glycinamide ribotide transformylase

Chicken liver glycinamide ribotide transformylase (5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate:5'phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase, EC 2.1.2.2), an enzyme of purine biosynthesis de novo, has greater specificity for its poly-γ-glutamyl folate coenzymes, 5,10-methenyltetrahydropteroyl(glutamate)n, where n = 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7, when compared to the monoglutamyi folate coenzyme. The relative specificity constants (V/Km) for the coenzymes 5,10-methenyltetrahydropteroyl(glutamate)n are 1.0, 1.6, 2.6, 2.4, 2.4, 4.9 and 1.5 for n=1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7, respectively. Pteroylpoly-γ-(glutamate)n, where n=3, 4, 5, 6 or 7, are much better inhibitors of this enzyme when compared to the pteroylmonoglutamate. The concentration of inhibitor required for 50% inhibition was found to be 490, 120, 58, 28, 16, 14 and 12 μM for n=1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7, respectively. Inhibitors with four or more glutamic acid residues gave grossly non-linear Dixon plots, in contrast to the linear plots obtained using inhibitors with three or less glutamic acid residues. The above findings make it feasible for the activity of glycinamide ribotide transformylase to be regulated by alteration in the length of the poly-γ-glutamyl chain of its folate coenzymes and of folate inhibitors.
Measurement of regional circulation by the local clearance of radioactive sodium

Abstract A method is described for determining the clearance of radioactive sodium from its site of injection in a tissue. It is theoretically predicted and empirically found that the sodium remaining at the site of injection decreases along an exponential curve, the slope of which, plotted semilogarithmically, is a constant called the clearance constant. It is suggested that the clearance constant represents a valid and convenient measure of the local circulation in its broadest sense, and therefore a clinically useful determination.
Recent developments in urban bus transit

Problems associated with replacing street cars with buses, improving bus transit by preferential treatment, ramp and land metering, and reserved freeway lanes are discussed. Comparison is made between rail and bus rapid transit. Examples of priority bus lanes on arterial streets are presented. Terminals, special services and technology are covered.
Echo source discrimination in single-pass airborne radar sounding data from the Dry Valleys, Antarctica: Implications for orbital sounding of Mars

The interpretation of radar sounding data from Mars where significant topographic relief occurs will require echo source discrimination to avoid the misinterpretation of surface echoes as arising from the subsurface. This can be accomplished through the identification of all radar returns from the surface in order to positively identify subsurface echoes. We have developed general techniques for this using airborne radar data from the Dry Valleys of Antarctica. These data were collected in a single pass, including Taylor Glacier, ice-covered Lake Bonney, and an ice-free area of Taylor Valley. The pulsed radar (52.5-67.5 MHz) was coherently recorded. Our echo discrimination techniques included a radar simulator using a digital elevation model (DEM) to predict the location and shape of surface echoes in the radar data. Real and simulated echo strengths were used to calculate a signal-to-clutter ratio. This was complemented by the cross-track migration of radar echoes onto the surface. These migrated echoes were superimposed on the DEM and imagery in order to correlate with surface features. Using these techniques enabled us to identify a number of echoes in the radar data as arising from the surface and to identify subsurface echoes, including a continuous reflector under the main trunk of Taylor Glacier and multiple reflectors beneath the terminus of Taylor Glacier. Surface-based radar confirms the thickness of the glacier at three crossing points. The results illustrate the importance of using complementary techniques, the usefulness of a DEM, and the limitations of single-pass radar sounding data.
The cross-cultural adaptation of the disability of arm, shoulder and hand (DASH): a systematic review

A systematic review of cross-cultural adaptations of the Disability of Arm, Shoulder and Hand into other languages was undertaken focusing on the translation and adaptation process, the problems during the translation process and proposed solutions. Nine articles were selected for analysis. All were written in English and addressed the qualitative issues of the cross-cultural adaptation process. The results demonstrated strong evidence that translation, adaptation and technical issues are most influential in the cross-cultural adaptation process. Awareness, understanding and incorporation of these issues will assist in future translations and adaptations of occupational therapy evaluation tools for use in other countries with different cultures. Implications for occupational therapy education, practice and research are discussed.
Life not lived due to disequilibrium in heterogeneous age-structured populations

Three models of age-structured populations with demographically heterogeneous subpopulations are analyzed. In the first model, each subpopulation has its own age-specific vital rates which are fixed in time. In the second model, the vital rates of each subpopulation are uniformly inhibited by increasing total numbers of individuals. In the third, the vital rates of groups of subpopulations are inhibited by the total numbers of individuals in other groups of subpopulations with an intensity that depends on the interacting pair of groups. Three functions are defined to measure disequilibrium in the subpopulation frequencies, subpopulation age structures, and total population size. For the first model, we show that disequilibrium will shift the trajectory of the total numbers of individuals forward or backward in time by an asymptotic constant that is proportional to the sum of the disequilibrium measures. For the second model, we establish sufficient conditions for the existence of a globally stable equilibrium and we show that disequilibrium will result in a finite loss or gain in life which is proportional to the sum of the disequilibrium measures. For the last model, we show that the loss or gain in life for each group of subpopulations is a linear combination over all groups of the sums of the three disequilibrium measures. We illustrate these results with numerical examples and give possible biological interpretations of the models. We relate these new results to previous work on the cost of natural selection and measures of demographic disequilibrium.
Perceived Discrimination and Use of Preventive Health Services

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the relation between perceptions of health care discrimination and use of health services.
Induction of suppressor cells in vitro by Candida albicans

Abstract Normal splenocytes cultured with Formalin-killed Candida albicans were shown to acquire significant suppressor cell activity in a period of 3 days. These cells were found to suppress both the phytohemagglutinin-induced mitogen response as well as the anti-sheep erythrocyte antibody response. Experiments were carried out to determine the nature of the suppressor cell population. Results showed that these cells were not susceptible to treatment with anti-Thy 1 antibody and complement. Panning experiments showed that the suppressor cells were not plastic-adherent or Mac-1 antigen-positive. The suppressor cells were, however, adherent to anti-mouse immunoglobulin (F(ab′) 2 -fragment)-coated dishes. Additional experiments showed that the suppressor cell activity was susceptible to treatment with monoclonal anti-Lyb 2.1 antibody and complement. These results suggest that the suppressor cell induced in vitro by Candida is a member of the Blymphocyte lineage.
Measurement of dielectric tan δ during deformation of a polyurethane elastomer

Dielectric measurements were carried out during deformation of a polyurethane elastomer. Dielectric tan δ was used to monitor deformation during and after stress relaxation experiments. The polyurethane elastomer exhibited multiple dielectric relaxation behavior: an α peak associated with the glass transition and a β peak attributed to the local motions of the groups in the main chain or pendant to it. At high stress levels, both α and β peaks are shifted to higher temperatures, resulting in higher activation energies. These results can be interpreted in terms of increasing chain orientation and the resultant changes in the local environments of chain segments during deformation.
Interventions to mitigate emergency department and hospital crowding during an infectious respiratory disease outbreak: results from an expert panel.

Objective To identify and prioritize potential Emergency Department (ED) and hospital-based interventions which could mitigate the impact of crowding during patient surge from a widespread infectious respiratory disease outbreak and determine potential data sources that may be useful for triggering decisions to implement these high priority interventions. Design Expert panel utilizing Nominal Group Technique to identify and prioritize interventions, and in addition, determine appropriate "triggers" for implementation of the high priority interventions in the context of four different infectious respiratory disease scenarios that vary by patient volumes (high versus low) and illness severity (high versus low). Setting One day in-person conference held November, 2011. Participants Regional and national experts representing the fields of public health, disease surveillance, clinical medicine, ED operations, and hospital operations. Main outcome measure Prioritized list of potential interventions to reduce ED and hospital crowding, respectively. In addition, we created a prioritized list of potential data sources which could be useful to trigger interventions. Results High priority interventions to mitigate ED surge included standardizing admission and discharge criteria and instituting infection control measures. To mitigate hospital crowding, panelists prioritized mandatory vaccination and an algorithm for antiviral use. Data sources identified for triggering implementation of these interventions were most commonly ED and hospital utilization metrics. Conclusions We developed a prioritized list of potentially useful interventions to mitigate ED and hospital crowding in various outbreak scenarios. The data sources identified to "trigger" the implementation of these high priority interventions consist mainly of sources available at the local, institutional level.
The effect of cardiac genetic testing on psychological well-being and illness perceptions

Abstract Objective To assess the effects of positive cardiac genetic diagnoses, ICD discharges, and arrhythmias on measures of psychological well-being. Methods Fifty-eight adults with prior cardiac genetic testing were enrolled. Patient well-being was determined using the SF-36 (QoL), HADS-A and HADS-D (anxiety/depression), and IPQ-R (patients' perceptions of illness). Patients with positive and negative cardiac genetic test results were compared using non-parametric statistics. Results Genetic testing yielded 76% with a positive diagnosis and 29% reported an ICD shock. QoL assessments ( n = 33) were within normal ranges (mean of 50) with the exceptions of general health (44.1 ± 12.2, p p Conclusion Positive genetic results did not negatively impact patient well-being with the exception of the bodily pain domain of the SF-36.
SOME ASPECTS OF THE CONTROLLED PRODUCTION OF THE BAY SCALLOP (Argopecten irradians)

Methods for the intermediate and final grow-out of hatchery-reared bay scallops are presented. Hatchery seed 5 mm in length can be efficiently grown to 20 mm in less than 2 months in a pumped raceway system at ambient temperature and phytoplankton levels between June and October. The maximum carrying capacity of the raceways at a seawater flow of 50 liters/min is about 5 liters of scallop biomass. At 10 liters of scallops per raceway phytoplankton availability is limiting. Growth is not affected by scallop densities as high as 1.8 liters/ m2. Raceway depth does not influence growth. Suspending small scallops in a net in the raceway does not improve growth. Seed scallops stocked at various densities in lantern nets deployed in Long Island Sound grow rapidly. Densities up to 1000/m2 seem feasible and this grow-out method may prove to be cost-effective.
Amphioxus encodes the largest known family of green fluorescent proteins, which have diversified into distinct functional classes

Green fluorescent protein (GFP) has been found in a wide range of Cnidaria, a basal group of metazoans in which it is associated with pigmentation, fluorescence, and light absorbance. A GFP has been recently discovered in the pigmentless chordate Branchiostoma floridae (amphioxus) that shows intense fluorescence mainly in the head region. The amphioxus genome encodes 16 closely-related GFP-like proteins, all of which appear to be under purifying selection. We divide them into 6 clades based on protein sequence identity and show that representatives of each clade have significant differences in fluorescence intensity, extinction coefficients, and absorption profiles. Furthermore, GFPs from two clades exhibit antioxidant capacity. We therefore propose that amphioxus GFPs have diversified their functions into fluorescence, redox, and perhaps just light absorption in relation to pigmentation and/or photoprotection. The rapid radiation of amphioxus GFP into clades with distinct functions and spectral properties reveals functional plasticity of the GFP core. The high sequence similarities between different clades provide a model system to map sequence variation to functional changes, to better understand and engineer GFP.
Innovations in local government: A sociocognitive network approach

What frames of reference (assumptions, values, and belief systems) are used by municipal decision makers to guide their assessments of management innovations? Are frames of reference related to an actor’s position in an interpersonal communication network? Can the study of frames of reference and communication roles be combined in a new “sociocognitive network” approach to the study of innovation adoption and diffusion? This study addresses these questions in the context of local government decision making. The results suggest that a sociocognitive network approach, which considers both frames of reference and communication roles, holds significant promise as an element in multivariate representations of innovative behavior. The results of this study are best viewed as contributing to theory development in research on innovative behavior in organizational decision making. Additional research will be required to test and refine this theory in other organizational contexts.
Performance-Based Seismic Design of Wood Framed Buildings

An important advancement in structural engineering in recent years has been the development of performance-based seismic design. However, its application to engineered wood framed buildings remains largely unexplored. This paper discusses the application of performance-based seismic design to wood framed buildings through a direct-displacement methodology. In the first part of the paper, limitations of the current force-based seismic design procedure for wood framed buildings are outlined. Thereafter, the fundamentals of displacement-based seismic design are presented along with a description of the system parameters required for its application. For the purpose of evaluating these parameters for wood framed buildings, a simple numerical model capable of predicting the cyclic response and energy dissipation characteristics of wood shear walls under general quasi-static cyclic loading is presented. The generalization of this model to three-dimensional wood framed structures is also discussed. As an application example, the displacement-based seismic design of a simple one-story shear wall building is presented. In turn, this design approach is validated by nonlinear dynamic time-history analyses using earthquake records representative of the hazard levels that were associated with the design performance levels.
Balancing the One-to-One Equation: Equity and Access in Three Laptop Programs.

Seeking to improve teaching and learning and to narrow gaps between students of high and low socioeconomic status, many school districts in the United States are implementing one-to-one laptop programs. In this comparative case study, we examine one-to-one laptop programs in Colorado, California, and Alabama, all of which deployed low-cost netbook computers and open source software with the aim of enhancing digital participation and increasing educational equity. In spite of overlapping goals, the projects had very different outcomes. We analyze the roots and implications of these differences.
EI Extended Model and the Fear of Ecological Fallacy

Most existing models of ecological inference are based on the assumption that there is no aggregation bias. Few studies have focused on how to correct/ model aggregation bias. This article takes ad...
Pharmacologic Interventions to Reduce the Risk of Asthma Exacerbations

Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are known to reduce the risk of asthma exacerbations and asthma fatalities. In addition, an increased dose of ICS at the onset of exacerbation can reduce the need for systemic corticosteroids, although this may require a fourfold increase in dose. The overuse of short-acting β2-agonists or long-acting inhaled β2-agonists, used as monotherapy, increases these risks. By contrast, the use of long-acting β2-agonists together with ICS has been demonstrated to reduce the doses of ICS needed for ideal asthma control, as well as to reduce asthma exacerbations. This has been best demonstrated in the Formoterol and Corticosteroids Establishing Therapy and Oxis and Pulmicort Turbuhaler in the Management of Asthma studies, which demonstrated that the combination of inhaled budesonide and formoterol reduced the risk of asthma exacerbations over that achieved by budesonide alone. Even the “as needed” use of inhaled formoterol added to ICS reduces asthma exacerbations. The combination inhal...
Neonatal outcomes in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants exposed to antenatal indocin versus sulindac

ANTENATAL INDOCIN VERSUS SULINDAC SHARI GELBER, DAVID PAUL, AMY MACKLEY, ANTHONY SCISCIONE, Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Christiana Care Health Services, Dept of Neonatology, Newark, Delaware OBJECTIVE: Sulindac, a similar but chemically distinct non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) has been reported to have a better safety profile compared to indocin. We sought to compare the neonatal outcomes in VLBW neonates exposed to antepartum indocin versus antepartum sulindac. STUDY DESIGN: We reviewed our neonatal database for infants !1500 g delivered between 1993 and 2003 with antenatal exposure to either indocin or sulindac for tocolysis. Infants with congenital anomalies were excluded. Outcome variables included bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), and death. Univariate analyses were performed by ANOVA and chi squared. A P ! .05 was considered significant. RESULTS: A total of 68,000 deliveries were performed during the study period. 965 VLBW infants treated for preterm labor were admitted to the intensive care nursery, 147 (15%) of whom were exposed to indocin and 51 (5%) of whom received sulindac. There were no significant differences between the indocin and sulindac cohort in gestational age, birth weight, maternal age, chorioamnionitis, mode of delivery, or antepartum antibiotic use. More infants in the indocin cohort received steroids (88% vs. 75%; P= .02), MgSO4 (81% vs 63% P = .02), and were multiple gestations (47% vs 24% P = .003). There was no difference in rate of IVH (29% vs. 31%; P = .7), grade III-IV IVH (16% vs. 16% P = .91), NEC (10% vs. 12%; P= .77) death (17% vs. 27%; P = .13), or PDA (31% vs 27%; P = .61). However, the group exposed to antenatal indocin was more likely to have BPD (66% vs 35%; P = .0001). Even after controlling for potential confounders using logistic regression, there was an increased risk of BPD in the indocin cohort (OR 3.7; 95% CI = 1.8-7.6). There were no significant differences in IVH (OR 0.75; 95% CI = 0.34-1.6), grade III-IV IVH (OR 1; 95% CI = 0.49-2.0) or death (OR 0.40; 95% CI = 0.14-1.1). CONCLUSION: Neonates exposed to antenatal indocin versus sulindac appear S120 SMFM Abstracts
Patterns of ED use and perceptions of the elderly regarding their emergency care: A synthesis of recent research

Abstract Introduction: The research literature reveals that the emergency care rendered to elderly patients may be of poor quality. Research examining elderly patients' ED use and their perceptions of their ED experiences was analyzed and synthesized, revealing gaps in the research and identifying areas for future research. Methods: A computerized search was made of 3 databases (medline, HealthSTAR, and CINAHL). Each of the studies was systematically evaluated with use of the Nursing Practice Research Analysis Tool. Results: Despite increased length of stay, more diagnostic tests, and higher expenses, the elderly have a higher rate of recidivism and are dissatisfied with their outcomes upon leaving the emergency department. Several areas that need to be explored further include quality of services rendered from the elderly ED patient's perspective; whether ageism exists within the emergency department; and the consequences of that ageism on the quality of care provided. Discussion: The elderly are being cared for by ED personnel who have limited geriatric education within an environment that is antithetical to their needs. Research and endeavors that concentrate on improving the care of the elderly ED patient must be given top priority.
Using quantiles in ranking and selection procedures

A useful performance measure on which to compare manufacturing systems is a quantile of the cycle time distribution. Unfortunately, aside from order statistic estimates, which can require significant data storage, the distribution of quantile estimates has not been shown to be normally distributed, violating a common assumption amongst ranking-and-selection (R&S) procedures. To address this, we provide empirical evidence supporting an approach using the mean of a group of quantile estimates as the comparison measure. The approach is detailed and illustrated through experimentation on four M/M/1 queues in which the 0.9 cycle-time quantile is the performance measure. Results in terms of simulation effort and accuracy are reported and compared to results obtained using the macro-replications approach for inducing normality as well as to results obtained by applying R&S procedures to quantile estimates directly. The suggested procedure is shown to provide significant savings in simulation effort while sacrificing very little in accuracy.
Using data from an encounter sampler to model fish dispersal

A method to estimate speed of free-ranging fishes using a passive sampling device is described and illustrated with data from the Everglades, U.S.A. Catch per unit effort (CPUE) from minnow traps embedded in drift fences was treated as an encounter rate and used to estimate speed, when combined with an independent estimate of density obtained by use of throw traps that enclose 1 m(2) of marsh habitat. Underwater video was used to evaluate capture efficiency and species-specific bias of minnow traps and two sampling studies were used to estimate trap saturation and diel-movement patterns; these results were used to optimize sampling and derive correction factors to adjust species-specific encounter rates for bias and capture efficiency. Sailfin mollies Poecilia latipinna displayed a high frequency of escape from traps, whereas eastern mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki were most likely to avoid a trap once they encountered it; dollar sunfish Lepomis marginatus were least likely to avoid the trap once they encountered it or to escape once they were captured. Length of sampling and time of day affected CPUE; fishes generally had a very low retention rate over a 24 h sample time and only the Everglades pygmy sunfish Elassoma evergladei were commonly captured at night. Dispersal speed of fishes in the Florida Everglades, U.S.A., was shown to vary seasonally and among species, ranging from 0· 05 to 0· 15 m s(-1) for small poeciliids and fundulids to 0· 1 to 1· 8 m s(-1) for L. marginatus. Speed was generally highest late in the wet season and lowest in the dry season, possibly tied to dispersal behaviours linked to finding and remaining in dry-season refuges. These speed estimates can be used to estimate the diffusive movement rate, which is commonly employed in spatial ecological models.
Recent development of discriminative training using non-uniform criteria for cross-level acoustic modeling

In this paper, we extend our previous study on discriminative training using non-uniform criteria for speech recognition. The work will put emphasis on how the acoustic modeling interacts with the risk at a higher level, which is more relevant to the most used evaluation measures, e.g., word error rate(WER). To be specific, the non-uniform error cost is first derived at the word level to minimize the risk w.r.t. WER and then computed on the word lattice using the forward-backward algorithm. With the statistics obtained from the forward-backward algorithm, the competing hypotheses for each label word are searched by performing dynamic programming between the label word sequence and the word lattice at the phone level. In order to alleviate the level inconsistency between the acoustic model(phone level) and the evaluation measure(word level), the derived error cost is embedded into the overall objective function in a cross-level fashion. Experiments on a large vocabulary task WSJ0 demonstrate the effectiveness of the overall approach, which show it outperforms two prevalent discriminative training methods and achieves about 13% relative improvement over the baseline system.
Endometrial infusion of human chorionic gonadotropin at the time of blastocyst embryo transfer (ET) does not improve clinical outcomes

OBJECTIVE: Blastocyst production of hCG has been posited to play a role in facilitating implantation. A recent study found that 500 IU of hCG augmented this process resulting in increased implantation rates of cleavage-stage embryos. No data are available to determine whether intrauterine hCG infusion improves sustained implantation rates (SIR) after blastocyst ET. DESIGN: Prospective, double-blind randomized controlled trial. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients <43 years of age undergoing blastocyst ET were randomized to receive intra-endometrial infusion of 20 mL of media laden with 500IU of hCG (hCG group) or a sham infusion of media only (control group). The infusion was done 3 minutes prior to ET with a Wallace catheter under ultrasound guidance. A new Wallace catheter was used for the actual ET. SIR was calculated as the proportion of transferred embryos with cardiac activity at 9 weeks gestation. Pearson’s chi square was used for data analysis. RESULTS: 216 patients were randomized and 349 embryos were transferred. The hCG and control groups had comparable mean age (34.9 versus 35.1 years), number of embryos transferred (1.6 versus 1.6), and use of aneuploidy screening (37.9% versus 37.9%). The SIR and ongoing pregnancy rates (OPR) were equivalent between the two groups.
Regulatory Capitalism as a Networked Order: The International System as an Informational Network

This article conceptualizes the international system as an informational network—where the sovereign units in the system produce and process information, and linkages among units in the system are conduits for information. Building on a substantial literature that documents the diffusion of policies across nations, this article draws on concepts from network analysis to ask a critical question: what governance issues are raised by viewing the international system as an informational network? The author asserts that the core governance challenge is to balance the benefits of eliminating costly reinvention of the wheel, while maintaining continued innovation and minimizing the dissemination of welfare-reducing policies (fads). Increases in the linkages in the system, while improving the availability of information to all actors, may decrease innovation and increase fads.
DETECTION OF LOCAL DYSFUNCTION IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE USING RESTING-STATE FUNCTIONAL MRI

volume measured ex-vivo and age-related neuropathologies, controlling for age at death, sex, education, height, postmortem interval to fixation and to imaging. Results: It was demonstrated that the total WMH volume was significantly associated with the summary measure of AD pathology (p1⁄40.003) and gross chronic infarcts (p1⁄40.0007).Conclusions:The results of this study offer support to the hypotheses that WMHs may result from Wallerian degeneration secondary to neurodegenerative changes, or from ischemia leading to both vascular injury and neurodegenerative changes of AD. To our knowledge, this study is the largest MRI-pathology investigation of WMHs in a community cohort to date. This is an ongoing study. Additional neuropathologies will be considered.