cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
When the type of practice matters: The relationship between typical writing instruction, student practice, and writing achievement in first grade

Abstract A substantial body of research has demonstrated the efficacy of early writing interventions that target skills and composing processes; however, much less is known about the effectiveness of classroom writing instruction outside of the context of an intervention. The goal of this study was to investigate if writing instruction and student practice predict first-grade writing achievement and if the relations between writing instruction, practice and achievement depend on student factors. Assessments of students’ spelling, handwriting, vocabulary, and reading were collected in the fall of first grade, and norm-referenced and researcher-designed writing tasks were administered in the spring (N = 391). During the school year, four full-day observations of classroom instruction and student writing practice were conducted in 50 classrooms. The effects of writing instruction and student writing practice on spring writing achievement were analyzed using two-level, fixed-effects hierarchical linear models. Composing instruction was negatively related to contextualized spelling, but no other main effects of instruction were found. One type of writing practice, generative writing, was positively related to all three measures of writing achievement. Interactions were also found between student gender, minority status and multiple types of writing instruction and practice. These results point to the potential benefit of generative writing practice and indicate that efforts to differentiate instruction and practice may be beneficial for students. Additionally, the findings raise doubts about the effectiveness of current writing instruction.
Cerebral concussion in sport. Management and prevention.

This article explains the various stresses (tensile, compressive, and shearing) that can affect the brain, and how they may produce the different types of brain injury. The biomechanical forces and dynamics that produce coup versus contra coup injury are covered, as are the common intracranial athletic head injuries, i.e. concussion and the various intracranial haematomas (epidural, subdural, subarachnoid and intracerebral). Though less common in occurrence, because their outcome is so catastrophic, space is also devoted to the recognition, the treatment and (especially in the latter case) the prevention of the malignant brain oedema syndrome of the adolescent and the second impact syndrome of the adult. A major emphasis of this paper is the recognition of the 3 grades of cerebral concussion and the delineation of clear guidelines as to when it is safe to return to collision sports after sustaining such injuries, for the first, second or third time during a given season. Clear guidelines are also presented as to when to discontinue collision sport competition for the remainder of the season after multiple concussions. Because of the concern for the second impact syndrome, the requirement to never allow an athlete with postconcussion syndrome symptoms to return to competition is emphasised. Also covered is the prevention of head injuries, which sports are at greatest risk, and the need for additional research on the cumulative effects of concussion.
Experimental Injury Biomechanics of the Pediatric Neck

Motor vehicle related crashes rank as the most common cause of spinal related injuries in the pediatric population (Platzer et al. 2007; Brown et al. 2001; Kokoska et al. 2001; Eleraky et al. 2000; Hamilton and Myles 1992a; Bonadio 1993; Babcock 1975). Pediatric spinal related trauma accounts for between 1 and 12 % of all spinal related injuries (Hamilton and Myles 1992a; Hadley et al. 1988; Aufdermaur 1974). Cervical spine trauma in children accounts for approximately 2 % of all cervical spinal injuries (Henrys et al. 1977). Approximately 1–2 % of all children admitted for traumatic injury are related to injuries to the cervical spine (Platzer et al. 2007; Brown et al. 2001; Kokoska et al. 2001; Orenstein et al. 1994; Rachesky et al. 1987). Overall, pediatric neck injury rates are significantly lower than adult rates; however, the neck injury rate in children between the ages of 11 and 15 years approaches the adult rate of 18.8 per 100,000 (McGrory et al 1993; Myers and Winkelstein 1995). For children less than 11 years of age, neck injuries are relatively rare (1.2 per 100,000), but have particularly devastating consequences (McGrory et al. 1993). The overall mortality rate amongst victims of pediatric spinal trauma is approximately 16–41 % but considerably higher for the youngest ages (Platzer et al. 2007; Brown et al. 2001; Kokoska et al. 2001; Eleraky et al. 2000; Givens et al. 1996; Orenstein et al. 1994; Hamilton and Myles 1992b).
Educational Strategies in Autism

The mid-1960s witnessed a transformation in the education of children with autism. As we moved away from a psychodynamic conceptualization of this disorder and began to explore its biological roots (Rimland, 1964; Schopler & Reichler, 1971b), it became possible to construe treatment in new ways. This led to an appreciation of the value of such phenomena as a structured learning environment (Schopler, Brehm, Kinsbourne, & Reichler, 1971), operant teaching techniques (Lovaas, Berberich, Perloff, & Schaeffer, 1966), and the role of parents as cotherapists (Lovaas et al., 1973; Schopler & Reichler, 1971a).
Platinum-Group Element Mineralogy of the Pole Corral Podiform Chromite Deposit, Rattlesnake Creek Terrane, Northern California

The Pole Corral deposit (Red Mountain group) was selected for mineralogic studies because it contained some of the highest platinum-group element (PGE) contents found in a geochemical survey of 280 podiform chromite deposits in California and Oregon. The deposit is located about 11 airline km southwest from the town of Beegum, CA. It occurs in serpentinized dunite hosted by serpentinized harzburgite, part of a disrupted ophiolite, in the fault bounded Rattlesnake Creek terrane, which is a subdivision of the western Palaeozoic and Triassic belt of the Klamath Mountains province. Chromitite crops out on the walls of a prospect pit and consists of 25–50 mm, thick layers in dunite, disrupted by faulting and shearing, with an aggregate length of about 12 m. In 11 samples of chromitite, Pd, Pt, Rh, Ir and Ru, contents range from 1 to 15, 35 to 2530, 3 to 74, 70 to 2930, and 70 to 4930 ppb, respectively, and average 4·3, 271, 23, 999, and 1909 ppb, respectively. The mineralogy also indicates Os is present. Increased PGE contents are not associated with increased Cu (maximum 7ppm) or Ni (maximum 1500 ppm) contents, which suggests that the chromitites are poor in base-metal sulphides.
Annulate Lamellae (Porous Cytomembranes): With Particular Emphasis on Their Possible Role in Differentiation of the Female Gamete

Annulate lamellae (AL) is a term used to identify and characterize an organelle that is relatively widespread in occurrence, especially in the cytoplasm of the developing female gamete. AL are primarily cytoplasmic membranes. However, in a limited number of cell types, including oocytes, they are present within the nucleus and are called intranuclear annulate lamellae (IAL). Details about the structure, function, and morphogenesis of AL in the female gamete are considered in this chapter.
The CCi-MOBILE Vocoder

The UT-Dallas Costakis Cochlear Implant Mobile (CCi-MOBILE) research platform enables experimental research with hearing-aid (HA) and cochlear-implant (CI) devices. The platform substitutes the clinical sound processor (CI/HA) with an Android smartphone/tablet or a PC as a computing hardware to run custom speech processing algorithms. The flexibility offered by such a setup enables researchers to provide custom-designed electric and acoustic stimuli (EAS) to CIs and HAs bilaterally in a time-synchronized manner. With this bimodal (electric + acoustic) capability, the platform can be used to undertake studies with individuals who either use a CI in one ear and a HA in the contralateral ear, or use hybrid implants in one or both ears. The CCi-MOBILE software suite includes a range of research applications which address different experimental needs. In the present work, a real-time VOCODER is incorporated in the CCi-MOBILE platform to facilitate research involving acoustic simulations of CIs. Two traditional flavors of VOCODER processing are implemented, namely noise-band and sine-wave vocoding. Flexibility is provided to modify processing parameters such as number of channels, frequency band-widths, filter attributes, etc. This flexibility combined with the ability to conduct long-term studies beyond the laboratory in diverse naturalistic acoustic environments will help advance research in psychoacoustics.
TEACHING THE PERFORMING ARTS IN GHANAIAN PRIMARY SCHOOLS: A DILEMMA FOR PRE-SERVICE GENERALIST TEACHERS

Pre-service generalist teachers in Ghanaian Colleges of Education spend two years for studies on campus and one year for practical training in teaching in partner primary schools during which they teach all curriculum subjects. They however express fear and lack of adequate preparation to teach the performing arts. Through action research, nine selected pre-service teachers were guided to plan and implement activity based Performing Arts lessons. Participants’ confidence and competence of teaching the Performing Arts appreciated significantly after the study, suggesting that knowledge, understanding and skills of pre-service teachers who did not offered the full complement of the Performing Arts courses in College can be built through training workshops during their practical training session. Regular training workshops and in-service training for both generalist pre-service and in-service teachers in teaching the Performing Arts is recommended. Article visualizations:
Setting up your Clinical Practice – Keys for Growth and Success

Unfortunately, no time is spent during medical school, residency, or fellowship in preparing young physicians in the nonclinical aspects of starting a practice. Most physicians “learn on the fly” through trial-and-error on how to recruit patients, market their practice, and navigate the challenging bureaucracy that is modern-day medicine. The goal of this chapter is to provide physicians with practical advice on how to successfully (and efficiently) start, build, and grow a clinical practice. Fundamental aspects of marketing, outreach, and office/surgical protocol preparations are reviewed in this chapter.
Collegiate Assistant Coaches’ Perceptions of Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Thwarting from Head Coaches: A Qualitative Investigation

Seventeen National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I assistant coaches participated in semi-structured interviews about the role head coaches play in fulfilling or thwarting their basic ps...
Perception of Emotion in Body Expressions from Gaze Behavior

Developing affectively aware technologies is a growing industry. To build them effectively, it is important to understand the features involved in discriminating between emotions. While many technologies focus on facial expressions, studies have highlighted the influence of body expressions over other modalities for perceiving some emotions. Eye tracking studies have evaluated the combination of face and body to investigate the influence of each modality, however, few to none have investigated the perception of emotion from body expressions alone. This exploratory study aimed to evaluate the discriminative importance of dynamic body features for decoding emotion. Eye tracking was used to monitor participants' eye gaze behavior while viewing clips of non-acted body movements to which they associated an emotion. Preliminary results indicate that the two primary regions attended to most often and longest were the torso and the arms. Further analysis is ongoing, however initial results independently confirm prior studies without eye tracking.
Ureteral Rest is Associated With Improved Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Robotic Ureteral Reconstruction of Proximal and Middle Ureteral Strictures

Objectives To evaluate the effect of ureteral rest on outcomes of robotic ureteral reconstruction. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all patients who underwent robotic ureteral reconstruction of proximal and/or middle ureteral strictures in our multi-institutional database between 2/2012—03/2019 with ≥12 months follow-up. All patients were recommended to undergo ureteral rest, which we defined as the absence of hardware (ie. double-J stent or percutaneous nephroureteral tube) across a ureteral stricture ≥4 weeks prior to reconstruction. However, patients who refused percutaneous nephrostomy tube placement did not undergo ureteral rest. Perioperative outcomes were compared after grouping patients according to whether or not they underwent ureteral rest. Continuous and categorical variables were compared using Mann-Whitney U and 2-tailed chi-squared tests, respectively; P Results Of 234 total patients, 194 (82.9%) underwent ureteral rest and 40 (17.1%) did not undergo ureteral rest prior to ureteral reconstruction. Patients undergoing ureteral rest were associated with a higher success rate compared to those not undergoing ureteral rest (90.7% versus 77.5%, respectively; P = .027). Also, patients undergoing ureteral rest were associated with lower estimated blood loss (50 versus 75 milliliters, respectively; p Conclusions Implementing ureteral rest prior to ureteral reconstruction may allow for stricture maturation and is associated higher surgical success rates, lower estimated blood loss, and decreased utilization of buccal mucosa graft ureteroplasty.
Higher Order Lamb-Chaplygin Vortices, Chaplygin Antisymmetric Vortices, and Atmospheric Blocking

The equations describing the two-dimensional vortices first described by Chaplygin in 1899 and 1903 are shown to have solutions of higher order that differ from a simple dipole. It is also shown that for these higher-order vortices a very small asymmetry dramatically changes the topology of the stream function. These vortices could be important for understanding the phenomenon of atmospheric blocking.
Malcolm X’s Analysis of Citizenship & Rights For Black Americans

In this study, I conducted a discourse analysis of Malcolm X’s descriptions and usage of citizenship, membership, & related concepts within his speeches to better understand his usage of these highly contested terms, specifically how it compares to the usage by other scholars and Black American civil rights activists in the 1960s. This study will be conducted by analyzing how many times he used these words in various speeches, interviews, and debates and how his usage and context of these terms evolved as his political philosophy evolved from Nation of Islam orthodoxy to Pan-African socialism.
Decreased Iron Intake Parallels Rising Iron Deficiency Anemia and Related Mortality Rates in the US Population.

Background Prevalence of iron deficiency anemia and its related mortality rate are on the rise in the United States and causes are unclear. Objectives The aim was to examine trends and causes of Fe deficiency anemia prevalence and Fe deficiency-related mortality rates in the total US population. Methods Changes in daily dietary Fe intake, serum iron concentration, hemoglobin, red cell distribution width (RDW), and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) obtained from the laboratory files of NHANES, Fe deficiency anemia-related mortality rates from the CDC, and iron concentrations of US food products from the USDA between 1999 and 2018 were analyzed. Results Of food items with revised concentrations in USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference [SR28 (2015)], 62.4% had lower Fe concentrations than in SR11 (1999). There was a 15.3% reduction in beef (relatively higher in heme iron) and a 21.5% increase in chicken meat consumption in the American diet between 1999 and 2018. Dietary iron intake decreased by ∼6.6% and ∼9.5% for male and female adults, respectively. Increases of prevalence of estimated anemia in the United States ranged from 10.5% to 106% depending on age and sex. Age-adjusted mortality rates with iron deficiency anemia as the underlying cause of death increased from ∼0.04 to ∼0.08 deaths per 100,000 people, whereas all other anemias as the underlying causes of death decreased by ≥25%. Mean RDW and serum folate concentrations increased, whereas hemoglobin, serum iron concentrations, and MCV, parameters traditionally associated with Fe deficiency anemia, decreased during this period. Conclusions Increased iron deficiency anemia and related mortality rates in the US population between 1999 and 2018 were likely related to the decline in dietary iron intake resulting from an Fe concentration decline in US food products and a shift in dietary patterns.
The Thermal Conductivity of Nonmetallic Crystals

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the thermal conductivity of nonmetallic crystals at temperatures comparable to or higher than the Debye temperature. It deals with the intrinsic behavior of such pure crystals at high temperatures. In such crystals, the dominant carriers of thermal energy are phonons and the dominant scattering mechanism to be considered is the intrinsic phonon–phonon scattering. This is a small section of the much larger problem of the thermal conductivity of nonmetallic solids and clearly it neglects possible heat transport by photons, charge carriers, polarons, and magnons. It also neglects other possible phonon scattering mechanisms such as isotopes, impurities, vacancies, charge carriers, dislocations, grain boundaries, and crystal boundaries. It presents the absolute value of the thermal conductivity, K, as determined by phonon–phonon scattering, the temperature dependence of K, the volume dependence of K, the change in K upon melting, and the minimum value of K. The chapter discusses a composite curve for the thermal conductivity versus temperature of pure KCl measured at a constant pressure of, say, one atmosphere.
A factorization network based method for multi-lingual domain classification

In many spoken language understanding systems (SLUS), domain classification is the most crucial component, as system responses based on wrong domains often yield very unpleasant user experiences. In multi-lingual domain classification, the training data for some poor-resource languages often comes from machine translation. Some of the higher order n-gram features are distorted during machine translation. Feature co-occurrence becomes reliable feature in multi-lingual domain classification. In this paper, in order to effectively model feature co-occurrences, we propose Factorization Networks that are combinations of Factorization Machines (FMs) with Neural Networks (NNs). FNs extend the linear connections from the input feature layer to the hidden layer in NNs to factorization connections that represent the weights of feature co-occurrences using factorized method. In addition to FNs, we also propose a hybrid model that integrates FNs, NNs and Maximum Entropy (ME) models together. The component models in the hybrid model share the same input features. Based on two data sets (ATIS data set and Microsoft Cortana Chinese data ), the proposed models shows promising results. Especially for large Microsoft Cortana Chinese data which is translated from well annotated English data, FNs using unigram, class and query length features achieve more than 20% relative error reduction over linear (SVMs).
Deferred commitment in UNIMEM: waiting to learn

Abstract Incremental learning allows a system to have available efficiently concepts learned so far from a continuous input stream. A problem for such systems is that they are often subject to order effects or simply need to wait to make decisions during processing. In this paper we describe a deferred commitment version of UNIMEM that often suspends processing of input until a time when a decision can be better made. Specifically, when the definition of a concept is in flax, the program will wait until it has been clarified. This method is designed as a bridge between incremental and non-incremental methods. We illustrate the system's performance on examples from the university and census domains.
A cultivated taste for yeast

The availability of complete genomic sequences of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has catalyzed a cultural change in the practice of yeast biology, providing opportunities to develop high throughput techniques to define protein function, to define drug targets, and to discover and characterize drugs.
A Formalization of Metaphors and Image-Schemas in User Interfaces

Sound engineering approaches to user interface design require the formalization of key interaction concepts, one of them being metaphor. Work on interface metaphors has, however, been largely non-formal so far. The few existing formal theories of metaphor have been developed in the context of natural language understanding, learning, or reasoning. We propose to formalize interface metaphors by algebraic specifications. This approach provides a comprehensive formalization for the essential aspects of metaphorical user interfaces. Specifically, metaphor domains are being formalized by algebras, metaphorical mappings by morphisms, and image-schemas by categories. The paper explains these concepts and the approach, using examples of spatial and spatializing metaphors.
Chapter 8 Three-dimensional magnetotelluric modeling and inversion: Application to sub-salt imaging

Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) magnetotelluric (MT) forward and inverse solutions are reviewed and applied in a resolution study for sub-salt imaging of an important target in marine magnetotellurics for oil prospecting. In the forward problem, finite-difference methods are used to efficiently compute predicted data and cost functional gradients. A fast preconditioner is introduced at low induction numbers to reduce the time required to solve the forward problem. We demonstrate a reduction of up to two orders of magnitude in the number of Krylov subspace iterations and an order of magnitude reduction in time needed to solve a series of test problems. For the inverse problem, we employ a nonlinear conjugate gradient solution developed on massively parallel computing platforms. Solution stabilization is achieved with Tikhonov regularization. To further improve the image resolution of sub-salt structures, we have also incorporated two additional constraints within the inversion process. The first constraint allows for the preservation of known structural boundaries within the inverted depth sections. This type of constraint is justified for the sub-salt imaging problem because the top of salt is constrained by seismic data. The other constraint employed places variable lower bounds on the electrical conductivity above and below the top of salt. Cross-sections of the inversion results over the center of the salt structures indicate that the 3D analysis provides somewhat more accurate images compared to faster 2D analysis, but is computationally much more demanding. On the flanks of the structures, however, 3D analysis is necessary as 2D inversion shows image artifacts arising from the 3D nature of the data. We conclude, however, that 3D inversion may not be cost effective for the sub-salt imaging problem. Very fine data sampling along multiple profiles employed in the 3D analysis yielded only a marginal imporvement in image resolution compared to 2D analysis along carefully selected data profiles. The study also indicates that in order to provide resolution that is required to accurately define the base of the salt, additional constraints beyond that employed here, need to be incorporated into the 3D inversion process.
Incorporating sociocultural adaptive capacity in conservation hotspot assessments

Aim To highlight the importance of combining the geographies of sociocultural adaptation and biodiversity risk for creating global change conservation strategies. Location Global. Methods We review global conservation adaptation strategies and the geographies that influence biological risk, as well as sociocultural capacity to set priorities for a conservation response. We then describe relationships among these geographies and discuss criteria for prioritizing areas that will have the greatest potential for effective adaptive action. Results Strategic conservation requires integrating biological geographies with physical and cultural geographies to maximize potential success with limited resources. Main conclusions Biogeography is important for strategic conservation, but it is not the only geography that matters. There is a physical geography of global change providing a complex backdrop against which biodiversity is responsive. Additionally, there is a human geography that drives the degree of threat through variations in anthropogenic disturbance of natural systems and also drives variation in potential mitigation through sociocultural capacity for conservation action. Conservation biogeography typically considers the physical geography of change and the biogeography of threat; it must expand to consider the sociocultural geography of intervention, negative and positive, if it is to be effective. Consideration of these varying geographies also drives different choices for how to implement conservation strategies.
Zhuangzi and Thoreau: Wandering, Nature, and Freedom

Zhuangzi and Henry David Thoreau share a critical interest in the relations between wandering, nature, and experience. Their attitudes toward nature provide a basis for their views of human well-being, which in turn inform their attitudes toward language, society, and politics. Both celebrate nature as a source of constant novelty, change, and nourishing life. These values clash against social conformity and political homogeneity. For both Zhuangzi and Thoreau, how we experience life is already constitutive of human well-being. Wandering thus provides a unique vision of freedom, one that binds experience, nature, and social-political criticism.
Are We Really Measuring the $\rho$-Value?

The ``normal'' analysis of $\pbar p$ and $pp$ elastic scattering uses a `spinless' Coulomb amplitude, \ie a Rutherford amplitude ($2\sqrt{\pi}\alpha/t$) multiplied by a Coulomb form factor $G^2(t)$, an {\em ansatz} that pretends that the nucleon does not have any magnetic scattering. In this note, we investigate the role of the anomalous magnetic moment of the nucleon, $\kappa \approx 1.79$. Given the method of analysis currently used by most published experiments, we conclude that the current experimentally inferred values of $\rho$ for $\pbar p$ should be {\em systemeatically lowered} by $\approx 0.005$---0.0100 and, correspondingly, the $\rho$ values for $pp$ should be {\em systematically raised} by the same amount. We discuss the theoretical uncertainties and a method of experimentally minimizing them.
On a spectral property of Jacobi matrices

Let J be a Jacobi matrix with elements b k on the main diagonal and elements a k on the auxiliary ones. We suppose that J is a compact perturbation of the free Jacobi matrix. In this case the essential spectrum of J coincides with [-2,2], and its discrete spectrum is a union of two sequences {x ± j},x + j > 2,x - j -∞, ii) Σ 3 (x ± j ∓ 2) 7/2 < ∞.
Optimal previsualized image vector quantization

The authors present a novel technique for image vector quantization (VQ) at a bit rate of 0.75 bits/pixel or below with moderately low to very low subjective distortion. The encoding scheme incorporates the multiplicative visual model as part of the distortion measure. By modeling the quantization noise as an additive signal-dependent noise process, an optimal pre- and postprocessing system, which minimizes the mean-squared error measured inside the visual model, is derived. The design algorithm for this optimal system is also developed. Using this optimal system, a set of experiments was conducted. Images of surprising quality have been produced at the bit rate of 0.1 bits/pixel with a compression rate of 80:1 relative to a normal 8 bits/pixel original. >
Decadal Variability of Asian–Australian Monsoon–ENSO–TBO Relationships

AbstractA set of dynamically coupled ocean–atmosphere mechanisms has previously been proposed for the Asia–Pacific tropics to produce a dominant biennial component of interannual variability [the tropospheric biennial oscillation (TBO)]. Namely, a strong Asian–Australian monsoon is often associated with negative SST anomalies in the equatorial eastern Pacific and a negative Indian Ocean dipole in northern fall between the strong Indian monsoon and strong Australian monsoon, and tends to be followed by a weak monsoon and positive SST anomalies in the Pacific the following year and so on. These connections are communicated through the large-scale east–west (Walker) circulation that involves the full depth of the troposphere. However, the Asia–Pacific climate system is characterized by intermittent decadal fluctuations whereby the TBO during some time periods is more pronounced than others. Observations and models are analyzed to identify processes that make the system less biennial at certain times due to o...
Nonhodgkin's Lymphoma of the Male Urethra

AbstractTen cases of malignant lymphoma of the female urethra have been reported. To our knowledge we report the first such case in a man who presented in acute urinary retention with a mass protruding from the urethral meatus. Multiple subcutaneous nodules developed over the anterior abdominal wall and a 3 × 3 cm. mass developed above the umbilicus. Wedge resection of this mass was consistent with large cell lymphoma. Treatment consisted of 2 courses of arabinoside C, doxorubicin and prednisone. Followup 6 months later showed no urethral or other recurrence. Local excision, radical excision, radiotherapy (external beam and intracavitary) and chemotherapy have been used with success in other cases.
Cation separation and preconcentration using columns containing cyclen and cyclen-resorcinarene derivatives.

The selectivity and separation of transition metal ions on two columns packed with cyclen-based macrocycles adsorbed onto 55% cross-linked styrene–divinylbenzene resin are presented. The N-cyclen and cyclen–resorcinarene stationary phases were made by adsorbing hydrophobically substituted N-cyclen or a cyclen–resorcinarene derivative (cyclenbowl) on the resin, respectively. The stability constants of cyclen with transition metal ions demonstrate that cyclen has selectivity for Cu2+ over other transition metal ions. Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, and Zn2+ ions were separated from Cu2+ using HNO3 eluent with the cyclenbowl column. The preconcentration of Cu2+ in parts per billion level from a high concentration matrix of Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, and Zn2+ ions was achieved in the cyclenbowl column using a nitric acid eluent gradient. Recovery of Cu2+ at >98% was obtained based on direct interaction of metal ion and cyclen. Although Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, and Zn2+ were not separated by HNO3 eluent, addition of oxalic acid yielded a very good separation. A retention mechanism is proposed for the latter system in which the protonated cyclen units attract negatively charged HC2O4− ions that cooperate with cyclen sites in retaining transition metal ions.
Actin-binding protein amplifies actomyosin contraction, and gelsolin confers calcium control on the direction of contraction.

Abstract Cross-linking of muscle actin filaments by low concentrations of actin-binding protein reduces the concentration of muscle myosin required for contraction of actin. Gelsolin, a macrophage protein that divides actin filaments in the presence of calcium, inhibits the amplifying effect of actin-binding protein on contraction of actomyosin. In a calcium gradient, the actomyosin gel moves from high to low calcium concentrations, indicating that calcium-controlled lattice formation can impart directionality to the movement of an isotropic actin network.
THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR MEF2C-NULL MOUSE EXHIBITS COMPLEX VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS AND REDUCED CARDIAC EXPRESSION OF ANGIOPOIETIN 1 AND VEGF

Abstract The MEF2 family of transcription factors has been implicated in transcriptional regulation in a number of different cell types. Targeted deletion of the MEF2C gene, in particular, revealed its importance for early cardiogenesis (Q. Lin et al., 1997, Science 276, 1404–1407). We report here that this deletion also resulted in vascular anomalies characterized by extreme variability in lumen size and defects in remodeling. While primary vascular networks formed in the yolk sac of the mutants, they failed to remodel into more complex vascular structures. Likewise, although the primordia of the dorsal aortae formed normally, anomalies were observed in these vessels later in development. Dorsal and anterior to the heart, the aortae exhibited abnormally small lumens, as did the anterior cardinal veins and intersegmental arteries. In contrast, the dorsal aortae and intersegmental arteries caudal to the heart were grossly enlarged. Cranial vessels were also enlarged and less branched than normal. Endocardiogenesis in the mutant was abnormal with the endothelial cells exhibiting a number of aberrant phenotypes. These endocardial defects were accompanied by a notable reduction in angiopoietin 1 and VEGF mRNA production by the myocardium, indicating that MEF2C is required for myocardial expression of these important endothelial-directed cytokines and thus for correct endocardial morphogenesis.
A DISCUSSION OF THE LUNAR LANDING PROBLEM

Problems concerned with lunar landings by manned and unmanned vehicles including guidance, landing sensors and trajectory difficulties
The First Extracellular Loop of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae G Protein-coupled Receptor Ste2p Undergoes a Conformational Change upon Ligand Binding

In this study of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae G protein-coupled receptor Ste2p, we present data indicating that the first extracellular loop (EL1) of the α-factor receptor has tertiary structure that limits solvent accessibility and that its conformation changes in a ligand-dependent manner. The substituted cysteine accessibility method was used to probe the solvent exposure of single cysteine residues engineered to replace residues Tyr101 through Gln135 of EL1 in the presence and absence of the tridecapeptide α-factor and a receptor antagonist. Surprisingly, many residues, especially those at the N-terminal region, were not solvent-accessible, including residues of the binding-competent yet signal transduction-deficient mutants L102C, N105C, S108C, Y111C, and T114C. In striking contrast, two N-terminal residues, Y101C and Y106C, were readily solvent-accessible, but upon incubation with α-factor labeling was reduced, suggesting a pheromone-dependent conformational change limiting solvent accessibility had occurred. Labeling in the presence of the antagonist, which binds Ste2p but does not initiate signal transduction, did not significantly alter reactivity with the Y101C and Y106C receptors, suggesting that the α-factor-dependent decrease in solvent accessibility was not because of steric hindrance that prevented the labeling reagent access to these residues. Based on these and previous observations, we propose a model in which the N terminus of EL1 is structured such that parts of the loop are buried in a solvent-inaccessible environment interacting with the extracellular part of the transmembrane domain bundle. This study highlights the essential role of an extracellular loop in activation of a G protein-coupled receptor upon ligand binding.
Cytolytic effect of homogenates of mouse adenocarcinomas on white cells.

HOMOGENATES of the adenocarcinomas of mice (females of the C3H strain) haemolyse red cells of mouse and of man. This is due, in part at least, to the higher fatty acids which can be extracted from the tumours and also from normal mouse tissue1. The question which now arises is whether these higher fatty acids cytolyse white cells.
Specific Aptitude Theory Revisited: Is There Incremental Validity for Training Performance?

There has been controversy over the years about whether specific mental abilities increment validity for predicting performance above and beyond the validity for general mental ability (GMA). Despite its appeal, specific aptitude theory has received only sporadic empirical support. Using more exact statistical and measurement methods and a larger data set than previous studies, this study provides further evidence that specific aptitude theory is not tenable with regard to training performance. Across 10 jobs, differential weighting of specific aptitudes and specific aptitude tests were found not to improve the prediction of training performance over the validity of GMA. Implications of this finding for training research and practice are discussed.
Stability of thermally-induced martensitic transformations in Bi-atomic lattices

A well-known feature of some metallic alloys, such as NiTi, is their thermally induced, stress-dependent shape memory behavior. These alloys' remarkable properties are due to one or more martensitic transformations near room temperature, in which the crystalline configuration changes from a higher symmetry austenite (cubic lattice), to a lower symmetry martensite (rhombohedral, orthorhombic, tetragonal or monoclinic lattice) with decreasing temperature. In contrast to existing phenomenological approaches, the present work constructs a continuum energy density function W(F;θ) (as a function of a uniform deformation gradient and temperature) of a perfect periodic bi-atomic lattice from temperature dependent atomic potentials. Of interest in this work are the equilibrium solutions and their stability as functions of temperature for crystals under an applied pressure. Although the full problem is solved numerically, a post-bifurcation asymptotic analysis is necessary to guide the numerical solution near multiple bifurcation points. For the particular choice of a Morse-type pair potential, two stable cubic phases are predicted, one that corresponds to austentite (CsCl structure), which is stable at higher temperatures, and one that has a denser packing (NaCI structure), which is stable at lower temperatures. Theses stable portions overlap at intermediate temperatures, which is suggestive of a hysteretic temperature-induced martensitic transformation. Lower symmetry crystals, such as orthorhombic, monoclinic, and rhombohedral structures, are also predicted.
Proactive management of menstrual cycle abnormalities in young women.

The goal of an integrative science of womens health is bringing together childbearing with womens health during the lifespan. Enhancing a womans ability to conceive and maintain a pregnancy is influenced by decisions made well before the beginning of a pregnancy. Identifying ovulatory disorders makes it possible to intervene early in a young womans childbearing years. Gynecologic charting typically used in natural family planning provides information to the woman and to the healthcare provider that is useful for diagnosis. If young women have a better understanding of fertility and menstrual cycle function they are in a stronger position to make informed decisions about how they wish to manage their reproductive and sexual health. It may be possible to educate the young woman in health habits that will lead to a healthy pregnancy when she chooses and/or to treat the cause of the ovulatory disorder. This article focuses on polycystic ovary syndrome and hypothalamic dysfunction which can cause menstrual cycle abnormalities in which gynecologic charting is useful in young women. (authors)
Zonal and Seasonal Variations of the Near-Surface Heat Balance of the Equatorial Pacific Ocean

Abstract This study calculates a detailed climatological inventory of the oceanic heat balance in the equatorial Pacific. The gridded climatology of Weare et al. is used as an estimate of net surface heating. Zonal and meridional/vertical advection are estimated in a manner similar to that of Wyrtki, using the gridded climatologies for wind stress (Wyrtki and Meyers) and sea surface temperature (Reynolds), plus estimates of zonal transport. In addition, the meridional diffusion of heat into the cold tongue has been estimated from the work of Hansen and Paul and the terms of the heat flux has been examined for consistency with expectations about the remaining, vertical diffusion process. The effects of using the alternate climatologies of Esbensen and Kushnir and Reed for the net surface heating are also calculated. The total advective heat flux divergence is calculated to be −27 ± 7, −91 ± 17 and −48 ± 17 W m2, respectively, in the western, central and eastern equatorial Pacific with meridional advection ...
The Underutilized Potential of the Hybrid Educator in Teacher Education.

The hybrid educator is an essential contributor to the development of new public school teachers. A hybrid educator is a college adjunct professor employed full time by a public school system. The role of the hybrid educator involves the navigation of two separate systems in developing new teachers: the university and the public school. This requires working knowledge of the bureaucracies of dual systems in order to successfully interact in both. The hybrid educator is in the unique position of belonging to both institutions. The characteristics of hybrid educators will be identified, examples of their boundary crossings presented, and recommendations to effectively utilize their talents will be offered.
Outgrowth and maintenance of neurites from cultured goldfish retinal ganglion cells

Summary Single retinal ganglion cells obtained from goldfish retina are shown to support outgrowth of neurites. Processes up to 1 mm in lenght grow out over a two week period from cells identified as retinal ganglion cells on the basis of morphological criteria, in the absence of supporting elements. Prior crush of the optic nerve significantly enhances neuritic outgrowth. Fibers emerging from single cells often associate to form a single process. A tendency for characteristic clockwise patterning of neurite outgrowth from single cells is seen, similar to that obtained from retinal explants.
A photoelectron spectroscopic study of proximity effects in 8,11-disubstituted pentacyclo(5.4.0.02.6 .03,10 .05,9) Undecanes

Abstract Photoelectron spectra of six 8,11-disubstituted pentacycloundecanes (1, 3 - 7) are reported; the results suggest that the through-space interaction betweeen unsaturation centers in 1 and 3 dominates over the through-bond interaction mechanism.
The impact of surface science on the commercialization of chemical processes

Surface science developed instruments for atomic- and molecular-scale studies of catalyst surfaces, their composition and structure, both in a vacuum and at high pressures, under reaction conditions (bridging the pressure gap). Surfaces ranging from single crystals, nanoparticles and thin films to porous high surface area catalytic materials have been studied. Classes of surface structure sensitive and insensitive reactions have been identified by surface science studies, including ammonia synthesis, hydrodesulfurization, reforming, combustion and hydrogenation. Rates of reactions often vary by orders of magnitude between using the right and the wrong surface structures. The roles of many promoters that modify the catalyst surface structures and bonding of adsorbates have been verified. Surface reaction intermediates could be identified and the mobility of adsorbates and the adsorbate induced reconstruction of the catalysts attest to the dynamic nature of the catalytic systems during the reaction turnover. The important active sites for catalysis include the low coordination surface step, kink, oxygen and chloride ion vacancies sites and sites at oxide-metal interfaces. Uncovering the molecular ingredients of heterogeneous catalysts will have a major impact on the understanding of reaction selectivity to help the evolution of green chemistry and selective reaction of many types.
Judgment heuristics and medical decisions

Abstract The literature of social psychology and cognitive science is reviewed to examine possible effects on medical decisions of common judgment heuristics or intuitive decision rules and biases. Prior expectations, the availability bias, false consensus, and illusory correlations are reviewed for their effect on the recognition and reporting of signs and symptoms. Physician's desire to avoid risk, representativeness, and adjustment or anchoring heuristics are reviewed for possible effects on diagnostic strategy. The perception of risk, regret, framing effects, and illusions of control are examined for effects on the selection of treatment options. The implications of these heuristics and biases for medical education, provider-patient communications, and informed consent are also discussed.
Temporal and ontogenetic variation in the escape response of Ameiva festiva (Squamata: Teiidae)

Temporal and ontogenetic variation in the escape response of Ameiva festiva (Squamata, Teiidae). Several factors have been shown to affect lizard escape behavior (flight initiation distance or FID, the distance between predator and prey when the prey initiates escape). Patterns of daily activity, such as foraging or movement behavior, vary with respect to time of day, supporting that escape responses may vary temporally as well. However, there remains scant information regarding the effects of time of day on FID. During peak activity, FID may decrease due to increased cost of giving up resources (e.g., prey or potential mates). An alternative hypothesis is that FID may increase because lizard activity in general may serve to alert a predator in advance of its approach. A lizard in this scenario may be favored to flee sooner rather than later. Moreover, juvenile and adult lizards of multiple species may differ in behavioral, ecological, and morphological traits that could influence escape decisions. I tested the effects of time of day (in 30-min intervals) and age (juvenile or adult) on the FID of a tropical whiptail lizard, Ameiva festiva in Costa Rica. I found that A. festiva escape responses varied with time of day such that in general, their FID decreased throughout the day. In addition, I observed a peak in FID from mid to late-morning that matches published estimates of peak activity times for A. festiva. Overall, juvenile A. festiva initiated an escape response sooner than adults, which may be related to differences in perceived risk associated with differences in size and predator experience between the two age groups. I conclude that escape responses may be contingent on both the activity level of the animal at the time of approach and its age.
Effect of dietary nucleotide supplementation on performance and development of the gastrointestinal tract of broilers.

1. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of dietary nucleotide supplementation on broiler performance, and physical and morphological development of the gastrointestinal tract. 2. Experiment 1: A total of 180 one-d-old male chicks were placed in battery brooders in 3 × 6 replicate pens containing 10 chicks each. Chicks were randomly assigned to one of the three dietary treatments; a maize-soyabean meal based diet supplemented with 0, 0·25, and 0·50% Torula yeast RNA (as a source of nucleotides) from 0 to 16 d of age. 3. Experiment 2: A total of 1344 one-d-old male chicks were placed in floor pens and reared on recycled wood shavings (two flocks) under a high stocking density (0·068 m2/bird). Chicks were randomly assigned to one of the 4 dietary treatments (0, 0·25% Torula yeast RNA, 2% and 6% Nupro®) for the starter period (0 to 14 d of age) with 6 replicate pens containing 56 chicks each. All the birds were fed on the same common grower diet with no supplementation of nucleotides from 1...