cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Drosophila Forkhead/Fox transcription factor Jumeau mediates specific cardiac progenitor cell divisions by regulating expression of the kinesin Nebbish

Forkhead (Fkh/Fox) domain transcription factors (TFs) mediate multiple cardiogenic processes in both mammals and Drosophila. We showed previously that the Drosophila Fox gene jumeau (jumu) controls three categories of cardiac progenitor cell division-asymmetric, symmetric, and cell division at an earlier stage-by regulating Polo kinase activity, and mediates the latter two categories in concert with the TF Myb. Those observations raised the question of whether other jumu-regulated genes also mediate all three categories of cardiac progenitor cell division or a subset thereof. By comparing microarray-based expression profiles of wild-type and jumu loss-of-function mesodermal cells, we identified nebbish (neb), a kinesin-encoding gene activated by jumu. Phenotypic analysis shows that neb is required for only two categories of jumu-regulated cardiac progenitor cell division: symmetric and cell division at an earlier stage. Synergistic genetic interactions between neb, jumu, Myb, and polo and the rescue of jumu mutations by ectopic cardiac mesoderm-specific expression of neb demonstrate that neb is an integral component of a jumu-regulated subnetwork mediating cardiac progenitor cell divisions. Our results emphasize the central role of Fox TFs in cardiogenesis and illustrate how a single TF can utilize different combinations of other regulators and downstream effectors to control distinct developmental processes.
Quotient of Waist Circumference and Body Mass Index: A Valuable Indicator for the High-Risk Phenotype of Obesity.

Objective: Measuring the body mass index (BMI) or waist circumference (WC) alone is insufficient for assessing possible health risks due to obesity. This study aimed to investigate whether the quotient of WC and BMI can be used as a proxy of the high-risk phenotype of obesity. Methods: Data for analysis were derived from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 1999-2014). The Waist-BMI Ratio was defined as WC divided by BMI. The associations between Waist-BMI Ratio and mortality were estimated using Cox regression models. Restricted cubic spline and two-piecewise linear regression models were used to identify non-linear relationships. The discriminative abilities of different anthropometric measures were compared using receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC). Results: This study is based on data from 35557 adults (51.1% female, mean age 44.9 years). During an average follow-up of 101.8 months, 3680 participants died, including 807 of cardiovascular causes. In fully adjusted models, Waist-BMI Ratio was independently associated with overall (hazard ratio [HR], 1.78; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.48-2.13) and cardiovascular (HR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.25-2.52) mortality. Spline analyses revealed that dose-response relationships existed between Waist-BMI Ratio and death. The mortality risk rises dramatically above the cut-off point of the Waist-BMI Ratio (HR, 3.22; 95% CI, 2.43-4.26 for overall mortality and HR, 3.07; 95% CI, 1.71-5.52 for cardiovascular mortality). ROC curve analysis suggested that Waist-BMI Ratio was a better discriminator of mortality (AUC 0.637 for overall and 0.639 for cardiovascular mortality) than BMI, WC, and waist-to-height ratio (Delong’s test all P <0.001). Conclusions: Waist-BMI Ratio was independently associated with overall and cardiovascular mortality in a J-shaped pattern, offering an immense potential risk marker for obesity in the clinical setting.
Moral Innovation and the Man Within the Breast

In treating Adam Smith’s moral theory, several scholars have emphasized the socially-constructed nature of the conscience or “man within the breast.” In this paper I suggest that the process of such construction lies within two bounds. On one side is the most extreme historicity and determinism, where “the community” imprints its norms on the individual. At the other is the most extreme autonomy, where the individual fashions his own world in his own way with no significant dependence on any cultural influences. Smith sees humans as developing between the two extremes. People do depend on customs and traditions; the man within the breast is path dependent. But “the community” is not monolithic; rather, a variety of cultural resources are available, and every individual combines elements in her own way; we have some autonomy to fashion our respective men within the breast. In doing so, the individual faces the tension between innovation and tradition — what Thomas Kuhn called the essential tension. Innovation does not mean complete autonomy, complete independence of customs and traditions. But it represents a new kind of dependence, or a dependence on a new combination or formulation of such influences. In fashioning her own dependence, the individual may achieve an independence of any one cultural force, and hence a relative independence, generally considered. Smith teaches the hazards of, on the one side, adhering too faithfully to established conventions (or “usages”) and, on the other, of paying too little regard to custom and expectations.
Molecular and Biologic Targets for Radiation Fibrosis: Implications for Rehabilitation

The purpose of this article is to describe the pathophysiology of radiation fibrosis (RF) as well as highlight and review the evidence for novel molecular and biologic targets under investigation to address RF. This article also summarizes the treatment paradigms for radiation fibrosis syndrome (RFS) involved in comprehensive cancer rehabilitation. Recent preclinical studies have investigated various agents targeting transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), many of which showed favorable outcomes. However, results have been mixed and suggest potential for tissue-specific results. In a small pilot study, pirfenidone was found to improve symptoms. The combination of pentoxifylline and vitamin E has been utilized clinically and has mixed results in the literature. RF is progressive sclerosis of tissue that results in a myriad of clinical manifestations referred to as RFS. The pathophysiology of RF is multifaceted involving multiple molecular pathways. Molecular and biologic targets involved in these pathways are under investigation. Most remain in preclinical stages, and many have mixed results. Given the dearth of clinically available treatments for RF, cancer rehabilitation is essential to help ameliorate symptoms as well as optimize and maintain function and quality of life.
How do Patient-Reported Outcomes Vary between Lumbar Fusion Patients with Complete vs Incomplete Follow-up.

Abstract Objective To assess differences in PROMs between patients who do and do not follow-up through 2-years following lumbar fusion. Methods Primary, elective, single-level ALIF, LLIF, or TLIF procedures were identified. Patients were grouped by 2-year PROM follow-up completion. Mean and delta PROM scores for VAS back and leg, ODI, SF-12 PCS and MCS were computed for both groups preoperatively and postoperatively. MCID achievement was determined for PROM scores using established threshold values. Linear and logistic regression assessed mean and ΔPROM scores as predictors of 2-year follow-up completion and to compared MCID achievement between groups, respectively. Results 316 lumbar fusion patients were included. PROM scores were more favorable for complete follow-up patients for 6-month VAS back (p=0.003), 6-months and 1-year ODI (p≤0.027, both), and 6-weeks and 6-months SF-12 PCS (p≤0.015, both). 6-month VAS back (p=0.007), 6-months and 1-year ODI (p≤0.028, both), 6-weeks, 6-months, and 1-year SF-12 PCS (p≤0.041, all), and 6-weeks SF-12 MCS (p≤0.028, both) significantly predicted 2-year follow-up. ΔPROMs significantly differed between groups at 1-year for ΔVAS leg (p=0.029), ΔODI (p=0.013), and ΔSF-12 MCS (p=0.004). 1-year ΔVAS leg (p=0.035), ΔODI (p=0.011), and ΔSF-12 MCS (p=0.003) significantly predicted follow-up. MCID achievement for ΔPROMs significantly differed between groups for 6-week VAS leg (p=0.035), overall ODI (p=0.034), and SF-12 PCS from 12-weeks through 1-year (p≤0.011, all) and overall (p Conclusion Patients with full follow-up demonstrated significantly more favorable outcome scores and improvement in pain, disability, and physical function at several postoperative time points.
Psychosocial Status of Disabled Athletes

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews research on the psychosocial status of disabled athletes. This is accomplished by identifying and discussing the most frequently used data collection instruments, organizing findings whenever possible in relation to established or emerging theories, and speculating about future directions. Several reviews of psychosocial research on adult disabled athletes and young handicapped performers already exist, and the contents of these are not duplicated. The chapter focuses on theory-related research. The researchers debated the merits of various approaches: (a) trait or general personality theory, (b) situational theory, largely concerned with states, and (c) interactional theory, which focused on the interactions between the two.
The role of O-linked-N-acetylglucosamine transferase in regulating autophagy (1094.7)

OGT catalyzes the addition of β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to the hydroxyl group to serine/threonine residues of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins, which regulates many biological processes critical for normal cell function. Autophagy is a highly conserved cellular self repair and survival mechanism also critical for normal cell function. We have previously reported that increases in cellular O-GlcNAc levels interfere with autophagic signaling; therefore, we hypothesized that protein O-GlcNAcylation may also regulate autophagy. O-GlcNAc turnover was modulated in cultured human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells by overexpressing either OGT or a dominant negative OGT (dnOGT). Autophagy was induced either by nutrient deprivation (i.e., ND, serum and glucose free media) or rapamycin (RAP, 100 nM) for 3 hours, which was associated with an increase in overall O-GlcNAc levels as well as O-GlcNAcylation of Beclin-1. Overexpressing OGT increased basal O-GlcNAc levels and was associated with a decrease in the ...
Rectangular reconfigurable antenna (RRA) with ultra wideband tuning ability

A rectangular reconfigurable antenna (RRA) is presented in this paper. The antenna system consists of 8 rectangular radiating components functioning independently. The power radiated equation as well as the equivalent circuit for the antenna is presented in this paper. Each rectangular radiating part has its own individual substrate so as to have each radiating component function independently. The results showing the S parameters and the radiation characteristics are presented and discussed in this paper.
Domain Decomposition Preconditioners for Spectral Nédélec Elements in Two and Three Dimensions

In this paper, we present several domain decomposition preconditioners for high-order Spectral Nedelec element discretizations for a Maxwell model problem in H(curl), in particular overlapping Schwarz preconditioners and Balancing Neumann-Neumann preconditioners. For an efficient and fast implementation of these preconditioners, fast matrix-vector products and direct solvers for problems posed on one element or a small array of elements are needed. In previous work, we have presented such algorithms for the two-dimensional case; here, we will present a new fast solver that works both in the two- and three-dimensional case. Next, we define the preconditioners considered in this paper, present numerical results for overlapping methods in three dimensions and Balancing Neumann-Neumann methods in two dimensions. We will also give a condition number estimate for the overlapping Schwarz method.
The effects of distraction and reappraisal on children's parasympathetic regulation of sadness and fear

Children commonly experience negative emotions like sadness and fear, and much recent empirical attention has been devoted to understanding the factors supporting and predicting effective emotion regulation. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), a cardiac index of parasympathetic function, has emerged as a key physiological correlate of children's self-regulation. But little is known about how children's use of specific cognitive emotion regulation strategies corresponds to concurrent parasympathetic regulation (i.e., RSA reactivity while watching an emotion-eliciting video). The current study describes an experimental paradigm in which 101 5- and 6-year-olds were randomly assigned to one of three different emotion regulation conditions: Control, Distraction, or Reappraisal. All children watched a sad film and a scary film (order counterbalanced), and children in the Distraction and Reappraisal conditions received instructions to deploy the target strategy to manage sadness/fear while they watched. Consistent with predictions, children assigned to use either emotion regulation strategy showed greater RSA augmentation from baseline than children in the Control condition (all children showed an overall increase in RSA levels from baseline), suggesting enhanced parasympathetic calming when children used distraction or reappraisal to regulate sadness and fear. But this pattern was found only among children who viewed the sad film before the scary film. Among children who viewed the scary film first, reappraisal promoted marginally better parasympathetic regulation of fear (no condition differences emerged for parasympathetic regulation of sadness when the sad film was viewed second). Results are discussed in terms of their implications for our understanding of children's emotion regulation and affective physiology.
Muscle architecture and out-force potential of the thoracic limb in the Eastern mole (Scalopus aquaticus).

Moles have modified thoracic limbs with hypertrophied pectoral girdle muscles that allow them to apply remarkably high lateral out-forces during the power stroke when burrowing. To further understand the high force capabilities of mole forelimbs, architec- tural properties of the thoracic limb muscles were quantified in the Eastern mole (Scalopus aquaticus). Architectural properties measured included muscle mass, moment arm, belly length, fascicle length, and pennation angle, and these were used to provide esti- mates of maximum isometric force, joint torque, and power. Measurements of muscle moment arms and limb lever lengths were additionally used to analyze the out-force contributions of the major pectoral girdle muscles. Most muscles have relatively long fascicles and little-to-no pennation. The humeral abductor/rota- tors as a functional group are massive and are capable of relatively high force, power, and joint torque. Of this group, the bipennate m. teres major is the most mas- sive and has the capacity to produce the highest force and joint torque to abduct and axially rotate the humerus. In general, the distal limb muscles are rela- tively small, but have the capacity for high force and mechanical work by fascicle shortening. The muscle architectural properties of the elbow extensors (e.g., m. triceps brachii) and carpal flexors (e.g., m. palmaris longus) are consistent with the function of these muscles to augment lateral out-force application. The humeral abductor/rotators m. latissimus dorsi, m. teres major, m. pectoralis, and m. subscapularis are calcu- lated to contribute 13.9 N to out-force during the power stroke, and this force is applied in a 'frontal' plane causing abduction of the humerus about the sternocla- vicular joint. Moles have several specializations of their digging apparatus that greatly enhance the application of out-force, and these morphological features suggest convergence on limb form and burrowing function between New and Old World moles. J. Morphol. 000:000-000, 2013. V C 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dynamical Systems on a Torus

In this chapter we consider a dynamical system on a two-dimensional torus. A general theory for such systems was developed by A. Poincare and A. Denjoy, and it has numerous applications in science and engineering. In particular, this theory has important applications to phase-locked loop electronic circuits that are considered in the next chapter. This theory also plays an important role in the Kolmogorov-Arnol’d-Moser theory of oscillatory solutions to nonlinear systems. In the first part of the chapter we describe the theory as it was developed for flows that have no random elements. In the second part, we consider random perturbations of the same problems.
Tenacity: The American Pursuit of Corporate Responsibility

This article attempts to answer the question, “What are the most important ideas from serving as Executive Editor of the five-year history project that culminated in the book, Corporate Responsibility: The American Experience?” The ideas focus on (1) clarifying the phenomenon of tenacity; (2) looking at three foundations of our tenacity; and (3) asking “How fragile is our tenacity?” This article also presents three foundational principles that underlie the American experience of corporate responsibility. First, the Checks & Balances Principle tells us that there are checks and balances in democratic capitalism which give us confidence that the pursuit of economic goals will be moderated for the common good. Second, the Moral Projection Principle shows that there is good reason to consider the corporation not only as a legal person under corporate law but also as a moral person. And, last, the Moral Common Ground Principle reflects that there are shared moral values ascertainable by well-developed consciences in individuals and in corporations. The article concludes with this argument: The tenacity regarding corporate responsibility that has been so characteristic of American capitalism is fragile—calling for serious vigilance if it is to endure.
Seymour Sarason in Memorial: Prospects for Community and Social Change.

Seymour Sarason passed away on January 10, 2010 at the age of 91. He was the author of more than 40 books, including The Culture of the School and the Problem of Change (1971), The Creation of Settings and the Future Societies (1972), and The Psychological Sense of Community: Prospects for a Community Psychology (1974). His groundbreaking ideas were major influences in the .elds of education, community psychology, mental retardation, and care of the aged. Seymour is a seminal figure in the development of community psychology, providing a paradigm for action research (Psychoeducational Clinic). He generated key ideas to guide the field, emphasized the importance of historical and cultural context, and developed intellectually and personally meaningful relationships with many of the field's leaders
PACU PTH facilitates safe outpatient total thyroidectomy.

Objective. To determine if a serum parathyroid hormone (PTH)–based discharge algorithm can be used to safely facilitate outpatient total thyroidectomy.Study Design. Case series with chart review of...
Aniline hydroxylation in the human placenta—Mechanistic aspects

Abstract Attempts to demonstrate aniline p-hydroxylating activity in particulate fractions of human or rat placental homogenates yielded consistently negative results, even in subfractions with very high aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity. p-Hydroxylation of aniline, however, was readily detected in 104,000 g supernatant fractions from both species. Characteristics of the placental reaction differed markedly from the reaction classically observed in hepatic microsomes. Ammonium sulfate fractionation and column chromatography analyses indicated that hemoglobin and/or methemoglobin were strongly associated with placental catalytic activity. Substitution of hemoglobin for placental tissues in reaction flasks resulted in an easily measurable reaction. Cytochrome c could substitute for hemoglobin but was a much less efficient catalyst under the reaction conditions utilized. Flavins were not required as components of these model system reactions, but FMN or FAD markedly accelerated the cytochrome c catalyzed reactions. Comparisons of tissue-free (model system) reactions with those catalyzed by components present in placental homogenates indicated that hemoglobin was a principal factor responsible for catalysis of p-hydroxylation of aniline in these placental preparations, thus suggesting that placental trophoblasts per se were either devoid of or extremely low in aniline p-hydroxylating activity. The results also indicated separate mechanisms for aniline and 3,4-benzpyrene hydroxylation processes.
Deficiencies in tRNA synthetase editing activity cause cardioproteinopathy

Misfolded proteins are an emerging hallmark of cardiac diseases. Although some misfolded proteins, such as desmin, are associated with mutations in the genes encoding these disease-associated proteins, little is known regarding more general mechanisms that contribute to the generation of misfolded proteins in the heart. Reduced translational fidelity, caused by a hypomorphic mutation in the editing domain of alanyl-tRNA synthetase (AlaRS), resulted in accumulation of misfolded proteins in specific mouse neurons. By further genetic modulation of the editing activity of AlaRS, we generated mouse models with broader phenotypes, the severity of which was directly related to the degree of compromised editing. Severe disruption of the editing activity of AlaRS caused embryonic lethality, whereas an intermediate reduction in AlaRS editing efficacy resulted in ubiquitinated protein aggregates and mitochondrial defects in cardiomyocytes that were accompanied by progressive cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction. In addition, autophagic vacuoles accumulated in mutant cardiomyocytes, suggesting that autophagy is insufficient to eliminate misfolded proteins. These findings demonstrate that the pathological consequences of diminished tRNA synthetase editing activity, and thus translational infidelity, are dependent on the cell type and the extent of editing disruption, and provide a previously unidentified mechanism underlying cardiac proteinopathy.
The redispersion of sintered Pt, Rh, and Pt/Rh catalysts

Abstract Sintered Pt/alumina catalysts can be readily redispersed by treatment with chlorine, chlorine/air mixtures, or bromine at temperatures above 400 °C. The redispersion of Pt has been verified by hydrogen chemisorption, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, and catalytic activity measurements. Sintered Rh/alumina catalysts can be redispersed by a chlorine treatment at 500 °C, but only when this treatment is preceded by a hydrogen treatment at or above 700 °C. Sintered bimetallic PtRh/alumina catalysts can be partially redispersed by direct treatment with chlorine at 500 °C and more completely redispersed if the chlorine treatment is preceded by a hydrogen treatment at 700 °C. However, unlike Pt/alumina, improvements in the catalytic activity of Rh/alumina or PtRh/alumina do not necessarily accompany improvements in dispersion. For these catalysts, activity appears to be dominated by the recent oxidation or reduction history of the catalyst.
Results and Prognostic Factors in Penetrating Ocular Injuries with Retained Intraocular Foreign Bodies

Abstract Of 105 eyes with ocular injuries involving retained intraocular foreign bodies, 63 (60%) had a final visual acuity of 20/40 or better; 20 (19%) were 20/50 to 5/200; and 15 (14%) were worse than 5/200. Six eyes (6%) were enucleated. The extent of visual recovery was limited in selected cases by the characteristics of the initial injury. Multivariate analysis was used to identify prognostic factors. Predictive of a good visual outcome (≥20/40) were: (1) initial visual acuity better than 20/40 and (2) the need for only one or two operations in the treatment of the injury. Predictive of a poor visual outcome (
Voter rationality: A retest of the Downsian model

Abstract This article tests the model of voter rationality developed by Anthony Downs. Using data originally presented by Sanders (1980) and using log-linear techniques, a model is constructed that confirms Down's formulation. The analysis indicates that all of the terms proposed by Downs are required to build the model, plus several interactions among those terms. Thus the article notes that while Downs is correct, the voting decision is more complex than originally developed.
Agriculture and Inequality in the Colonial Andes: A Simulation of Production and Consumption Using Administrative Documents

During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, indigenous communities in the Viceroyalty of Peru suffered forced resettlement, introduced disease, and onerous colonial tribute levies. These produced an onslaught of petitions for new tribute counts, as their diminished populations were obliged to pay the head taxes set by earlier censuses. The resulting visitas (administrative surveys) provide a wealth of information on the demography and agricultural systems of colonial Andean communities. However, comparatively little quantitative research exists on the distribution of agricultural resources and the nutritional demands of households. We model agricultural production and nutritional demand using household demographic and landholding declarations in the visitas from the Colca Valley of southern highland Peru, combined with ethnographically-derived estimates of agricultural production and nutritional demand. The results indicate that despite surplus agricultural production in the aggregate, there were significant differences in intra- and inter-community land wealth and production sufficiency ratios, leaving about 30% of households with caloric shortfalls. In contrast to regional-scale carrying capacity-type models, this simulation characterizes agricultural inequality within colonial Andean communities, and thus accounts for the hardship evidenced by tributary recount petitions, even in a breadbasket province from which much surplus production was extracted to fill colonial coffers.
For a Healthy Tomorrow

When health education becomes mired in the past, our cause is lost. Education must be dynamic to respond to constantly changing needs. All changes in our approach to educating young people about cancer have been carefully planned. Changes in the American Caner Society's program have enabled us to reach more young people than ever before, and these young people are more involved in learning about cancer and meople, they have a fear-free attitude about the disease that we are encouraging them to maintain throughout their lives. The more young people know about cancer and their own role in preventing or treating the disease, the less chance there is that cancer will pose a serious threat to their health as adults.
Myocardial imaging and radionuclide angiography in survivors of sudden cardiac death due to ventricular fibrillation: Preliminary report

Twenty-one long-term survivors of out of hospital sudden cardiac death due to ventricular fibrillation underwent radionuclide angiography and myocardial imaging with thallium-201. In 13 patients images were obtained at rest and after maximal treadmill exercise; 11 of these 13 (85 percent) had an image defect in one or both studies. Eleven of the 21 patients (52 percent) had a defect in the image obtained at rest. The magnitude of myocardial image defects was typically great; some patients had an image abnormality without other clinical evidence (angina, S-T depression) of ischemia. The mean ejection fraction, assessed in 16 patients with radionuclide angiography, was 0.41 ± 0.15 (standard deviation); in 5 of the 16 the ejection fraction was normal (more than 0.50) and in 3 it was severely abnormal (less than 0.25). Thus, noninvasive radionuclide studies defined a broad spectrum of ischemic and ventriculographic abnormalities in survivors of sudden cardiac death. Further application of these noninvasive studies may identify those at high risk.
Recurrent gram-negative bacteremia

Purpose Recurrent gram-negative bacteremia is defined as two or more episodes of bacteremia occurring in the same patient with an infection-free interval between each episode. Our purpose was to identify patients with recurrent gram-negative bacteremia in order to define possible risk factors for its recurrence. Patients and methods During a recently completed prospective study of all episodes of gramnegative bacteremia at the Buffalo Veterans Administration Center between April 1, 1984, and May 31, 1987, 35 patients with 74 episodes of gram-negative bacteremia were identified. The following information was obtained from all 35 patients: age, service, date of hospital admission, date of the bacteremia, underlying diseases, initial antimicrobial therapy, focus of infection, the presence or absence of shock, antimicrobial susceptibility of the blood isolate, and outcome. Results All 35 patients were men, had a mean age of 69 years, and all had one or more underlying diseases; 45 percent had a malignancy. The duration of time between a pair of episodes was four weeks or more for 74 percent of 38 pairs of episodes. In 25 of 38 (66 percent) pairs of episodes, the focus of infection was the same; in 80 percent of these 25 pairs, the urinary tract was the focus. Overall, the urinary tract was the focus of gramnegative bacteremia in almost 50 percent. Escherichia coli was the single most common organism isolated (28 percent of all episodes), followed by Proteus mirabilis (17.5 percent) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (17.5 percent). Six of 35 (17 percent) patients died due to gram-negative bacteremia; five of these six had a respiratory tract focus of infection. Conclusions In a population of veterans, recurrent gram-negative bacteremia was identified in almost 10 percent of all patients with gram-negative bacteremia during a 37-month study period. Recurrent gram-negative bacteremia most frequently occurred in the setting of underlying malignancy with the urinary tract as a common focus of infection. The mortality rate of 17 percent was similar to that of all patients with gram-negative bacteremia reported in previous studies.
Indoor tanning, mental health, and substance use among college students: The significance of gender

This study examined relations among indoor tanning frequency, symptoms of depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder, and substance use. A total of 421 college students (68% female) completed self-report measures on one occasion. Among men, indoor tanning was positively associated with symptoms of anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorder, whereas indoor tanning was unrelated to these symptoms among women. Among women, indoor tanning was positively associated with the use of alcohol, tobacco, and other substances. Further research is needed to explore contextual and coping processes that may underlie these gender differences.
Detection and identification of underwater targets by resonance or resonant scattering

This paper presents the resonance or resonant scattering technique for detection and identification of underwater targets. Based on the resonance theory and the resonant scattering theory (RST), all underwater objects resonate at their natural frequencies when impinged by acoustic energy. These resonating natural frequencies appear as modulations on the frequency domain of the target echoes. Since these natural resonances are correlated and quasi-stationary signals originate from these underwater targets, the G-transform can efficiently be used for detecting the presence of a target by detecting the presence of some stationary signal. Furthermore, since these targets resonate at their natural frequencies based on target sizes, shapes and material compositions, the G-transform of these echoes can present these target resonances as unique signatures of each target. These unique signatures can then be used for target identification with trained neural networks.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Children′s Understanding of the Relation between Referential Knowledge and Referential Behavior

Abstract Young children often confuse what is said and meant in referential communication. This study determines exactly what is confused by kindergarten children, second graders, and fourth graders. In each of four experiments, a story listener′s referential knowledge variously came from object details in the context and in an utterance, and children were asked independently to judge knowledge sufficiency for identifying one referent in a display, and whether the knowledge came from the utterance alone. In Experiments 1 and 2, experimenter identification of the correct referent was manipulated to determine if children confuse internal representations of information knowledge and referential behavior, or behavior and the real world referent, in determining the listerner′s knowledge. In other experiments, the consistency of referential behavior with the correct referent was manipulated to determine the basis of children′s knowledge assessments. Overall the results show that children′s say-mean confusion varies depending on situational factors and variably reflects children′s use of internal representations and external referential behavior in assessing knowledge.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and the dermatologist*1

Abstract The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is a federal agency responsible for conducting research and making recommendations for the prevention of work-related illnesses and injuries. NIOSH has a broad scope of activities, including activities that are of interest to the dermatologist. In addition, NIOSH supports extramural research and provides information on occupational exposures and health and safety issues.
Characterization of partial monolayers on glass using friction force microscopy

Partial octadecylsiloxane monolayers were formed on borosilicate glass substrates and characterized using friction force microscopy (FFM) and contact angle techniques. Use of the friction force microscope allowed the film composition to be investigated despite significant roughness of the underlying substrate. The height variations of the substrate were of the same order as the film thickness: a situation in which conventional atomic force microscopy can produce ambiguous or inconclusive results. Substrates with a range of partial surface coverages were prepared, and contact angle measurements demonstrated the expected decrease in wettability with increasing siloxane coverage. Friction force microscopy revealed a corresponding decrease in the friction coefficient of the surface with increasing coverage. Microscope resolution determined an upper limit of 15 nm for the lateral size of isolated siloxane domains for all coverages.
Expression of MUM1/IRF4 correlates with clinical outcome in patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia

In this study, we evaluated the prognostic significance of multiple myeloma-1/interferon regulatory factor-4 (MUM1/IRF4) expression in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL). Our results demonstrated that the absence of MUM1/IRF4 expression showed the highest relative risk among the factors analyzed in determining the probability for death in patients with B-CLL using univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis. Patients without MUM1/IRF4 expression had significantly worse overall survival than did those with MUM1/IRF4 expression (52% cumulative survival, 63 months vs not reached, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis; P
Survival Analysis: A Survey

This paper is a survey of statistical methods used to analyze the length of time until a specified event occurs. These models have often been used to analyze the survival times (i.e., time until death) of medical patients, and so the term survival analysis is natural. In criminology, the main application of these models has been to analyze the time until recidivism, but many other applications are possible. The paper summarizes the statistical literature on survival analysis, and describes its applications in criminology. The methods are illustrated by an application to the prediction of time until recidivism for a sample of North Carolina prison releasees.
Introduction to Population Council Symposium articles.

The contents of this issue include several manuscripts of papers presented at a Symposium organized by the International Committee for Contraception Research (ICCR) of the Population Council, as a tribute to C. Wayne Bardin, M.D., Ph.D., who has inspired and led the research and development of new contraceptives in his role of Vice President of the Center of Biomedical Research of the Population Council and as a chairperson of the ICCR from 1978 to 1996. His vision and leadership led to the initiation of comprehensive research in male contraception, a neglected field and an obvious unmet need for couples of reproductive age. He trained a new generation of scientists in the field of Reproductive Endocrinology who have pursued the mission of the Population Council both in the United States and abroad in developed and less developed countries. He has also developed and achieved Food and Drug Administration approval for Paragard®, Norplant® and Jadelle®, major long-acting methods of contraception as well as mifepristone, a unique molecule with several indications in the field of gynecology. The ICCR, which was created by Dr. Sheldon Segal and then led by Dr. C. Wayne Bardin, has been instrumental in generating new concepts and developing new contraceptive technology. Thanks to the collaboration between the Council research laboratories and the clinical network of the ICCR, the Population Council has been a pioneer in developing long-acting contraceptive methods that are now used by millions of women worldwide such as Norplant®, Jadelle®, Mirena®, Paragard® and Progering®. In spite of advances in contraception, many couples of reproductive age who would prefer to avoid pregnancy do not use contraception, and millions of unintended pregnan-
Beyond similarity: Masking of the target is sufficient to cause the attentional blink

When subjects are asked to identify a letter target embedded in a rapid serial visual presentation stream, the detection of a subsequent letter probe is briefly impaired. This transient deficit in probe detection, termed the “attentional blink,” depends on the type of item that immediately follows the letter target (Raymond, Shapiro, & Arnell, 1995). Two models have been proposed to account for this effect. The interference model of the attentional blink predicts that visual similarity between the probe and item immediately following the target (+1 item) causes the attentional blink, whereas the two-stage model is based on the notion that increased time needed to process the target letter causes the attentional blink. In order to test between these two possibilities, the masking properties of the +1 item and its similarity to the probe were varied. We found the attentional blink when the +1 item acted as a mask of the target, even though the +1 item and the probe were visually dissimilar. This pattern of results supports the two-stage model of the attentional blink.
Zeeman splitting measurements of local magnetic fields in wire z-pinch plasmas

Wire z-pinch experiments at the University of Michigan are in progress to test potential spectral lines for use as a local magnetic field diagnostic in dense plasmas driven by high currents. The goal of these experiments is to determine several spectral lines that can be used to reliably characterize the magnetic field and current density profiles of high energy density plasmas. Initial feasibility experiments were performed on a compact pulser, in which 50–60 kA currents were conducted in a single wire with 400 ns risetime. A lower-inductance, higher-current pulser is currently under construction. An optical fiber collected visible light emission from the wire ablation plasma for measurement by a timegated ICCD coupled to a 0.75-m optical spectrograph. Spectra have been collected for several plasmas including W, Mo, Na, and Al. Magnetic fields of 5–6 T have been measured using Zeeman splitting.
Development of machine vision and laser radar based autonomous vehicle guidance systems for citrus grove navigation

Current production navigation systems for agricultural vehicles rely on GPS as the primary sensor for steering control. In citrus groves, where the tree canopy frequently blocks the satellite signals to the GPS receiver, an alternative method is required. This paper discusses the development of an autonomous guidance system for use in a citrus grove. The vehicle used for this study was a common tractor. Machine vision and laser radar (ladar) were individually used for guidance and a rotary encoder was used to provide feedback on the steering angle. A PID controller was developed to minimize the path error. The vehicle's guidance accuracy was tested in flexible test paths constructed of common hay bales. Path tracking performance was observed. The guidance system guided the tractor automatically through straight and curved paths. An average error of 2.8 cm using machine vision guidance and an average error of 2.5 cm using ladar guidance was observed, when the vehicle was tested in a curved path at a speed of 3.1 m/s. The guidance system successfully guided the vehicle in a citrus grove alleyway.
Absence of overshadowing in rats with hippocampal lesions

Rats with hippocampal, cortical, and sham lesions were trained in two simultaneous discriminations: one between two odors, and the other between two visual stimuli. One odor signaled shock and another odor “no shock,” both with probability of 1. A visual stimulus signaled shock with probability of 1, but the other visual stimulus signaled “no shock” only two-thirds of the time. In this situation, the odor dimension overshadowed the visual dimension in sham animals but not in the hippocampal-lesioned animals. No assessment can be made of the behavior of animals with only neocortical damage, since they did not learn the visual stimulus-shock association even when the visual stimulus was given alone. These results support a description of some of the sequelae of the hippocampal lesions in terms of attentional deficits.
Two-dimensional echocardiographic identification of intracardiac leiomyomatosis.

We are reporting the first case of an intracardiac leiomyoma visualized by real-time two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE). A 52-year-old white female was referred for evaluation of presumed mitral stenosis. In 1965, a 7.5 k.g uterine leiomyoma with invasion of pelvic veins was surgically removed. In 1967, she was noted to have ventricular ectopic beats, bilateral leg edema, and cardiomegaly on chest x-ray. Six years later, calcifications within the cardiac silhouette were first observed on chest x-ray. In 1979 and 1980, several episodes of lightheadedness occurred which were thought to be related to supraven-
The Reformation Defense of Clerical Marriage in the Reigns of Henry VIII and Edward VI

The abolition of monastic vows and mandatory clerical celibacy and the exaltation of marriage and the family were among the most revolutionary changes in religion and ethics produced by the Reformation. Although scholars have given it too little attention, the controversy over the relative merits of marriage and celibacy, and particularly the campaign for clerical marriage, played a major role in the development of the Reformation. The law of celibacy and vows of chastity became principal topics of discussion when the reformers strove to break down the old order of medieval Christianity. The most concrete manifestation of the impact of the controversy over marriage and celibacy lay in the fact that many priests joined the Reformation movement precisely to escape the restrictions imposed upon their domestic life by the old order.
Intracellular Insulin-Responsive Glucose Transporter (GLUT4) Distribution But Not Insulin-Stimulated GLUT4 Exocytosis and Recycling Are Microtubule Dependent

To investigate the potential role of microtubules in the regulation of insulin-responsive glucose transporter (GLUT4) trafficking in adipocytes, we examined the effects of microtubule depolymerizing and stabilizing agents. In contrast to previous reports, disruption or stabilization of microtubule structures had no significant effect on insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation. However, consistent with a more recent study (Molero, J. C., J. P. Whitehead, T. Meerloo, and D. E. James, 2001, J Biol Chem 276:43829-43835) nocodazole did inhibit glucose uptake through a direct interaction with the transporter itself independent of the translocation process. In addition, the initial rate of GLUT4 endocytosis was not significantly affected by microtubule depolymerization. However, these internalized GLUT4 compartments are confined to regions just beneath the plasma membrane and were not exposed to the extracellular space. Furthermore, they were unable to undergo further sorting steps and trafficking to the perinuclear region. Nevertheless, these apparent early endocytic GLUT4 compartments fully responded to a second insulin stimulation with an identical extent of plasma membrane translocation. Together, these data demonstrate that although microtubular organization may play a role in the trafficking of GLUT4 early endocytic vesicles back to the perinuclear region, they do not have a significant role in insulin-stimulated GLUT4 exocytosis, initial endocytosis from the plasma membrane and/or recycling back to the plasma membrane.
Expressed emotion in families and the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) often has burdensome and debilitating effects on families. Family responses range from support and empathy to excessive accommodation and overinvolvement to hostility and rejection. Assessment of individual family members' responses in these arenas help determine psychoeducational content for family members and whether relatives should participate in behavioral treatment sessions and homework assignments. Research evidence indicates that families may be helpful in assisting with treatment, especially in a multifamily behavioral treatment (MFBT) format. Strategies for addressing problematic family behaviors and attitudes are illustrated with case examples. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Reliability of Interviewers Using the Seven-Day Physical Activity Recall

The Seven-Day Physical Activity Recall interview is commonly used in epidemiologic research, but the methods of training and certifying interviewers have not been studied or standardized. The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability of the Seven-Day Physical Activity Recall interviews after a structured training program. Twenty-one volunteer interviewers participated in a five-session group training program that targeted standardized interview techniques and scoring procedures. Interviewers scored eight videotaped interviews on two occasions to assess scoring skills. Across all videotapes and interviewers, the test-retest reliability was .99. Two interviewers independently interviewed the same person on the same day, and the reliability of kilocalorie expenditure across interviewers was .86. It was concluded that naive individuals can be taught to reliably conduct and score the Seven-Day Physical Activity Recall interview in a brief training program.
Factors to Assess Self-Archiving in Institutional Repositories

This paper proposes a group of factors that may be used to assess the success of open access self-archiving. It concentrates on self-archiving in institutional repositories. The authors emphasize the importance of examining content materials, particularly the availability of full text versus abstracts and the deposits archived by authors versus by others.