cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coordinated Topology Attacks in Smart Grid Using Deep Reinforcement Learning

In this article, we investigate the coordinated topology attacks in smart grid, which combine a physical topology attack and a cyber-topology attack. The physical attack first trips a transmission line. In order to deceive the control center, the attacker masks the outage signal of the tripped line in the cyber layer and then creates a fake outage signal for another transmission line. The goal of coordinated topology attacks is to overload a critical line (different from the physical tripped line and the fake outage line) by misleading the control center into making improper dispatch. In order to determine the attack strategy, we propose a deep-reinforcement-learning-based method to identify the physical tripped line and the fake outage line. Besides, in order to block the outage signal of the tripped line and create the fake outage signal with limited attack resources, we propose a deep-reinforcement-learning-based approach to determine the minimal attack resources. Numerical simulations verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Neighborhood income and physical distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S.

Introduction: Although physical distancing has been the primary strategy to reduce the spread of COVID-19 in the U.S., people9s ability to distance may vary by socioeconomic characteristics, leading to higher transmission risk in low-income neighborhoods. Methods: We used mobility data from a large, anonymized sample of smartphone users to assess the relationship between neighborhood median household income and physical distancing during the COVID-19 epidemic. We assessed changes in several behaviors including: spending the day entirely at home; working outside the home; and visits to supermarkets, parks, hospitals, and other locations. We also assessed differences in effects of state policies on physical distancing across neighborhood income levels. Results: We found a strong gradient between neighborhood income and physical distancing. Compared to January and February 2020, the proportion of individuals spending the day entirely at home in April 2020 increased by 10.9 percentage points in low-income neighborhoods and by 27.1 percentage points in high-income neighborhoods. During April 2020, people in low-income neighborhoods were more likely to work outside the home, compared to people in higher-income neighborhoods, but not more likely to visit non-work locations. State physical distancing orders were associated with a 1.5 percentage-point increase (95% CI [0.9, 2.1], p < 0.001) in staying home in low-income neighborhoods and a 2.4 percentage point increase (95% CI [1.4, 3.4], p < 0.001) in high-income neighborhoods. Discussion: People in lower-income neighborhoods have faced barriers to physical distancing, particularly the need to work outside the home. State physical distancing policies have not mitigated these disparities.
Emotion Regulation Difficulties Strengthen Relationships Between Perceived Parental Feeding Practices and Emotional Eating: Findings from a Cross-Sectional Study

People with emotional eating (EE) may experience weight gain and obesity, eating disorder psychopathology, and emotion dysregulation. Limited research has examined experiences in childhood that may be associated with EE in adulthood. Perceived parental feeding practices and emotion regulation difficulties were examined as correlates of negative and positive EE in adulthood. A cross-sectional study using an online community sample of adults (N = 258) examined self-reported negative (Emotional Eating Scale-Revised; EE-anger/anxiety, EE-boredom, and EE-depression) and positive (Emotion Appetite Questionnaire; EE-positive) EE, perceived parental feeding practices (Child Feeding Questionnaire), and emotion regulation difficulties (Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale). Moderation analyses calculated in PROCESS macro examined emotion regulation difficulties as a moderator of relationships between perceived parental feeding practices and EE. Across all models tested, age, BMI, and gender were entered as covariates. Higher perceptions of parental control (monitoring and restriction) of unhealthy eating behaviors and pressure to eat were more strongly associated with EE-anger/anxiety and EE-positive when emotion regulation difficulties were high. Higher perceptions of parental restriction of unhealthy eating behaviors and pressure to eat were more strongly associated with higher EE-boredom when emotion regulation difficulties were high. No significant interactions between perceived parental feeding practices and emotion regulation difficulties emerged in relation to EE-depression. Perceived controlling parental feeding practices and emotion regulation difficulties may explain meaningful variance in negative and positive EE in adulthood.
The room where it happened: Conversation analysis of entrepreneur meetups

Entrepreneurs interact with their environment and other people to consider new possibilities that develop into opportunities to be exploited. Yet the interactions that contribute to the emergence o...
Naturally occurring combinations of receptors from single cell transcriptomics in endothelial cells

VEGF inhibitor drugs have been successful, especially in ophthalmology, but not all patients respond to them. Combinations of drugs are likely to be needed for a really effective therapy of angiogenesis-related diseases. In this paper we describe naturally occurring combinations of receptors in endothelial cells that might help to identify targets for drug combinations. We also develop and share a new computational method and a software tool called DECNEO to identify them. Single-cell gene expression data are used to identify a set of co-expressed endothelial cell receptors, conserved among species (mice and human) and enriched, within a network, of connections to up-regulated genes. This set includes several receptors previously shown to play a role in angiogenesis. The reproducibility, evolutionary conservation and role in angiogenesis of the naturally occurring combinations of receptors are supported by multiple highly significant statistical tests from large datasets, including an independent validation set. We also show tissue-specific combinations and, in the case of choroid endothelial cells, consistency with both well-established and recent experimental findings, presented in a separate experimental paper. The results and methods presented here allow one small step forward in the understanding of the syntax of intercellular communication.
Faces of Open Courts and the Civil Right to Counsel

The courts are often the last guardian of the most vital needs of the poor. Thus the poor rely upon the courts to protect basic human needs like shelter, sustenance, personal safety, and child custody with fair process and equal treatment. But the poor all too often lack legal counsel to help press and defend these interests. And without an equal voice in the courts, the poor are often overmatched, and their rights are frequently trampled. This is most alarming in those state-initiated proceedings designed to deprive the poor of their fundamental rights, like state-initiated cases to terminate parental rights. In order to secure an equal voice for the poor in these cases, advocates have used test cases and impact litigation to try to establish a civil right to counsel, or a Civil Gideon. This effort, however, faces an enduring and formidable roadblock in the 1981 United States Supreme Court case Lassiter v. Department of Social Services, which held that the poor had no categorical constitutional right to counsel under Fourteenth Amendment due process. In the wake of Lassiter, advocates seek to secure a Civil Gideon right either by pushing the bounds of Lassiter, or by securing the right via some other constitutional vehicle. This paper explores a potentially powerful but underutilized strategy that falls into the latter camp: Civil Gideon via state constitutional "open courts" clauses. These clauses, drawn directly from Magna Carta, require that state courts remain "open" and that justice remain "free," "full," and "speedy." They have provided fodder for litigants in a wide range of challenges to access barriers, from tort-reform damage caps to fee-shifting statutes. Although open courts doctrine is notoriously confused, this paper argues that clear patterns emerge in the open courts jurisprudence when viewed through the lens of Civil Gideon. These patterns - along with the plain language and purpose of open courts provisions - suggest that state constitutional open courts provisions could provide an attractive option for Civil Gideon instigators and sound support for a civil right to counsel.
Dynamics associated with the Corer on M2020 Perseverance Rover

This paper will report on the development of the Dynamics specifications for the Corer on Mars 2020. The corer is a critical piece of the M2020 mission, leading into the planned Mars Sample Return campaign. However, the configuration of the rover places it on the turret of the Robotic Arm assembly, and near to several science sensors (PIXL, SHERLOC) which are also mounted to the Turret. This paper will provide some similarities and differences to the MSL drill. Details in the development, evolution, and verification of the Dynamics specifications will be described in detail, including the hardware which had to meet these challenging specifications. In addition, the special testing venues used throughout the development & verification of M2020 (EDU corer, EM actuators, HALT testing [simulation of coring dynamics], and QMDT) will be described.
Using clinical pathways to prospectively identify poor prognosis cancer patients: A preliminary analysis.

329Background: Cancer patients in the last year of life may have different clinical needs and evolving goals of care. Helping clinicians consistently identify such patients in a systematic and pros...
School-based health centers as a context to engage and serve communities.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW School-based health centers (SBHCs) primarily serve underserved students and families through removing barriers to care. The number of SBHCs have increased dramatically with investments from state-funding and federal-funding programs, including expanded funding from the American Rescue Plan. This article reviews findings on the perceived importance of school and community partnership. It also provides a critical review of the evidence base on impact on health, mental health, and education indicators. RECENT FINDINGS Recent findings underscore the importance of SBHCs engaging the school and community to build trust while identifying and responding to needs. Engagement supports planning, implementing, and sustaining SBHCs. Studies of impact find that SBHCs increase participation in preventive and routine health and decrease emergency department utilization and hospitalization. However, additional research needs to rigorously test for effects of SBHCs on symptoms and indicators of wellbeing, especially with respect to mental health and education. SUMMARY SBHCs increase participation of students from marginalized groups in preventive and routine care. School and community engagement are vital aspects of SBHCs, likely removing barriers related to trust. Additional rigorous evidence is needed testing efficacy of SBHCs when it comes to improving health, mental health, and education.
Inadvertent Arterial Placement of Central Venous Catheters: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategies.

Background Central venous catheterization (CVC) is among the most ubiquitous medical procedures. Inadvertent arterial placement of the catheter presents a challenging dilemma to the interventionalist. Treatment options include: removal and manual compression, off-label use of percutaneous closure devices and/or stent grafts, and open surgical removal. Potential sequelae include bleeding, thrombosis, stroke, limb ischemia, neurologic deficit, and death. Our aim is to evaluate the use of open and endovascular techniques for the management of iatrogenic carotid, subclavian, and brachiocephalic arterial injuries related to inadvertent arterial CVC placement. Methods Retrospective chart review revealed 13 patients with iatrogenic arterial injuries related to inadvertent arterial CVC placement over a 5-year period at Northwestern Memorial Hospital using Current Procedural Terminology codes and interventional radiology and vascular databases. Presenting features, radiographic diagnosis, therapeutic maneuvers, and outcomes were reviewed. Results Endovascular therapy was instituted in 10 cases with 3 requiring an adjunctive open procedure. In the endovascular therapy group, stent grafts were used in 5 patients and 4 patients were managed with percutaneous closure devices. In 1 patient, multiple embolization procedures were performed in an attempt to close a large innominate artery arteriovenous fistula (AVFs) that ultimately required sternotomy and surgical ligation for complete closure. Primary open repair was carried out in 3 patients. Two patients developed embolic stroke before therapy and removal, with 1 death reported at 36-month follow-up. Overall success rate with a single intervention was 100% (4 of 4) with closure devices, 80% (4 of 5) covered stents, 0% (0 of 1) with embolization, and 100% (3 of 3) with open intervention. Overall complication rate was 7% (1 of 13) requiring further open, invasive intervention. Conclusions Management of carotid, subclavian, and brachiocephalic arterial injuries from attempted jugular or subclavian venous cannulation can be challenging. The risk of embolic phenomenon associated with arterial catheterization, and the noncompressible anatomic location at the base of the neck frequently prevent simple removal. We use a strategy of immediate computed tomography or magnetic resonance to facilitate the most appropriate therapy. Endovascular treatment with covered stent grants, percutaneous closure devices, and embolization offer good results when selected appropriately based on imaging evaluation. However, more complex cases with associated pseudoaneurysms and/or AVFs with larger catheters may require definitive open repair.
Why are TLR's inefficient and how to correct them with locational prices

Summary form only given, as follows. Transmission loading relief (TLR) as a means for attaining secure operation is a methodology advocated and implemented by NERC (the North American Electric Reliability Council). The methodology is based on the design of a procedure for selecting and ordering curtailments of transactions as they occur. The original methodology is based on an arbitrary (although explainable and to some extent rational) formula. While the formula is effective for purposes of load relief, it can have a highly distortive economic effect on the system. This formula leads to inefficient operation, possible price spikes and potential gaming opportunities. Improvements in the NERC protocols have led to the notion of market redispatch (MRD). MRD can improve on matters, but because of its restricted bilateral nature it cannot lead to optimality. In an attempt to overcome the bilateral problems of TLR, some authors have proposed a multilateral variant of TLR. Although both of these approaches are improvements over the basic TLR procedures, this paper contends that all such methods still result in significant distortions leading to potential operational problems. Only the proper consideration of both marginal production costs and network effects is likely to lead to efficient and stable prices without constraint violations. The paper elaborates further on the distinction that can be made on locational pricing approaches based on flowgate rights (the direct approach) and by the sale of nodal transmission congestion contracts (TCCs). This paper highlights both similarities and differences of these two approaches.
A Dynamic Prime Lending Rate and Growth Rate Theory of Economy

There is enormous invested interest and capital in national and global economies. Deriving an accurate mathematics theory of economy and with sufficient detail such that various observables indicators of an economy can be inter-related at the same time with the control methods and overall results of growth rates would be of use for quantified prediction and control and the economics field known as forecasting. There are many available methods, that provide some or all of these requirements to various accuracies. We present in this paper a multi-variable theory of economy that relates control such as prime lending rate and growth rates indicators that range from current economic theory's methodology to inclusion of general observables continuous and discrete such new home starts, gross domestic product, to psychological consumer confidence levels and external-to-the economy factors such as interacting economies correlations and to the inclusion of large 'shocks' or large random perturbations such as news. The theory is multi-scale, multi-variate discrete-continuous and we intend describes with sufficient detail real-world economies. We illustrate this by discussing numerical methods and results.
Synthesis of DL-α-(Dihexanoyl-, Dioctanoyl-, and Didecanoyl) -Phosphatidyl DL-Serines

Condensation of monophenylphosphoryl N-carbobenzyloxy DL-serine benzyl ester monosilver salt with the appropriate α-iodo diglyceride by the procedure of Bevan, Malkin, and Tiplady for the synthesis of racemic α-(distearoyl)-phosphatidyl serine, afforded dihexanoyl-, dioctanoyl-, and didecanoyl-DL-α-glycerylphenylphosphoryi N-carbobenzyloxy DL-serine benzyl esters. These esters, upon removal of the protective phenyl, benzyl, and carbobenzyloxy groups by catalytic hydrogenolysis, gave the short-chain fatty acid, DL-α-phosphatidyl DL-serines. In contrast to a- (distearoyl) phosphatidyl serine, these three phosphatidyl serines easily form an emulsion with water and should prove to be suitable substrates for biological and chemical studies.
Educating for Social Justice: Transformative Experiential Learning, by Birkenmaier, J., Cruce, A., Burkemper, E., Curley, J., Wilson, R. J., & Stretch, J. J. (Eds.)

The text, Educating for Social Justice: Transformative Experiential Learning, contributes to the theoretical and practical conversation about social justice and its application to social work educa...
A Predictive Model for Whisker Formation Based on Local Microstructure and Grain Boundary Properties

Whisker and hillock formation in thin films is well known as a highly local mechanism for stress relaxation, where in many cases, only a few whiskers form out of thousands of grains in a film. In this article, the microstructural characteristics for specific grains to form whiskers in β-Sn films are discussed in light of our recent whisker growth model, establishing a relationship among grain boundary sliding limited Coble creep, surface grain geometry, and film stress for different stress conditions, including for thermal cycling. Through our recent finite-element simulations of stresses induced by room-temperature aging and thermal cycling of textured microstructures, the role of elastic and thermoelastic anisotropy in creating preferred whisker formation sites and the general propensity of a film to form whiskers have been proposed for a range of β-Sn film textures. Taken together, these models suggest a strategy for identifying the effects of local microstructure and β-Sn anisotropy on whisker formation. If these predictions are accurate, then whisker growth risk may be effectively reduced by engineering film microstructures and textures for specific applications and stress conditions.
Tendon xanthoma: A physical manifestation of hyperlipidemia

Tendon xanthoma, a nonneoplastic tumor of tendon is a significant physical manifestation of hyperlipidemia. These lesions may accompany rapidly progressive atherosclerosis and may signal the presence of life threatening hyperlipidemia. We have seen three patients with tendon xanthoma, and one patient was treated by surgical excision of large xanthomas arising from the substance of the extensor tendons over the metacarpophalangeal (MP) joints of the hand. Because these lesions arise from the substance of the extensor tendons complete removal may result in loss of tendon continuity and function. Surgery in the form of subtotal excision is advised for functional or cosmetic reasons. Although incomplete removal may be associated with recurrence, appropriate medical management may prevent or delay this recurrence.
Disordered network state in hydrated block-copolymer surfactants.

Hydration of poly(butadiene-$b$-ethylene oxide) diblock copolymers leads to various ordered and disordered phases, analogous to the aqueous phase behavior of surfactants and lipids. Small-angle x-ray scattering measurements corroborated by cryogenic scanning electron microscopy imaging reveal a random network ($N$) morphology at polymer compositions and water content intermediate to those associated with ordered cylinders (${H}_{1}$) and lamellae ($L$). This sequence of self-assembled structures is strikingly similar to the phase behavior of certain water-oil-surfactant microemulsions.
BTBT Transistor Scaling: Can they be Competitive with MOSFETs?

The authors analysis shows the significant challenges facing the development of TFETs. Our simulation results show that it is unlikely that Si TFETs will be able to achieve the necessary ON-current to compete with MOSFETs. The exponential drain characteristic is a problem fundamental to TFET structures demonstrated so far. Overcoming this problem will require device improvements and more efficient tunneling materials to achieve higher ON-currents. It may also be possible to engineer novel BTBT based devices without exponential drain voltage characteristics, but doing so while also achieving steeper than 'kT/q' subthreshold slope will be difficult.
Retrospect on modular organisms

Modularity is a new term, but some associated ideas have been with us for a long time. Animals like bryozoans, traditionally recognized as colonial, would all be considered modular at this meeting. It has also been realized for a long time that reproduction can be asexual and produce individuals that differ only from developmental asynchrony or environmental effects. The concept of metamerism is likewise a venerable one, and involves the repetitive units of construction (Hardwick) or products of iterative growth (Mackie) characteristic of modularity. Despite the antiquity of many of the concepts, I think it clear that there is something new about the idea of a modular organism. It is an idea that can give a benthic ecologist working on sea anemones a feeling that in some ways he may have more in common with a plant ecologist studying herbaceous perennials than with another benthic ecologist mainly interested in molluscs. It would appear that some participants at the meeting find cloning an unnecessary criterion, or metamerism an insufficient criterion of modularity.
Analyses of the Role of Surface Roughness on Contact Stresses Between Elastic Cylinders With and Without Soft Surface Coating

Effets de la rugosite de surface sur les contraintes superficielles dans le contact entre deux cylindres elastiques avec ou sans des revetements en materiau tendre
Histamine release by passive sensitization with murine neoplastic mast cells in vitro.

Mastociti neoplastici di un clono diploide, coltivati nel topo come tumore-ascite, sono stati impiegati per produrre nel coniglio un antisiero specifico verso celiule dello stesso clono. L'incubazione con l'antisiero produce liberazione di istamina da parte di mastociti dello stesso clono; l'effetto non si osserva se i mastociti sono incubati con sieri ottenuti dagli stessi animali prima della sensibilizzazione. Viene prospettato 1'uso di questo modello sperimentale per sue possibili applicazioni allo studio iella liberazione dell'istamina nella sensibilizzazione passiva dei mastociti.
Rapid method for determination of lipid bound radioiodine in blood.

SummaryA method is reported for determination of lipid-bound radioiodine in blood by ion exchange resin technic. The method has been shown to be reproducible, accurate, rapid, and economical.
Effect of Processing Variables on Flame Pasteurization of Liquids in Aluminum Cans

Studies were performed with 203 x 413 aluminum cans using 1% bentonite suspension and 0.4% carbonated water as models, simulating fruit juices and carbonated beverages, respectively. The cans were heated in a pilot flame sterilizer. Of the variables studied at pasteurization temperatures (max. 85°C), the can rotational speed had only a small effect on the heating rate in the range 10-100 rpm. Gas flow rate, on the other hand, was a very important factor controlling the process. In the range tested, the heat addition rate increased linearly with increasing gas flow rate. The optimum separation distance between the can and the burner was approximately 4 cm for 1 % bentonite and 2 cm for carbonated water. Optimum distances depended on the gas flow rates used.
DESTABILIZED PCNA TRIMERS SUPPRESS DEFECTIVE RFC1 PROTEINS IN VIVO AND IN VITRO

Replication factor C (RFC) and the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) are two essential DNA polymerase accessory proteins that are required for numerous aspects of DNA metabolism including DNA replication, DNA repair, and telomere metabolism. PCNA is a homotrimeric ring-shaped sliding DNA clamp that can facilitate DNA replication by tethering DNA polymerase delta or DNA polymerase epsilon to the DNA template. RFC is the 5-subunit multiprotein complex that loads PCNA onto DNA at primer-template junctions in an ATP-dependent reaction. All five of the RFC subunits share a set of related sequences (RFC boxes) that include nucleotide-binding consensus sequences. We report here that a mutation in the gene encoding the large subunit of yeast RFC gives rise to DNA metabolism defects that can be observed in vivo and in vitro. The rfc1-1 substitution (D513N) lies within the widely conserved RFC box VIII consensus sequence and results in phenotypes including DNA replication defects, increased sensitivity to DNA damaging agents, and elongated telomeres. Mutant Rfc1-1 complexes exhibit in vitro DNA replication defects that are sensitive to ATP concentrations, and these defects can be suppressed by mutant PCNA proteins which contain substitutions that destabilize the homotrimeric sliding DNA clamp.
Patterns of relapse in locally advanced head and neck cancer patients who achieved complete remission after combined modality therapy

Relapse patterns in patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer who achieved complete remission were evaluated. After combined modality therapy with induction chemotherapy followed by surgery and/or radiotherapy, 71 of 103 patients were clinically free of disease. The 5-year recurrence rate was estimated at 51%, with a 39% local and 26% distant failure rate by 5 years. The factors significantly affecting the relapse patterns were: the site of the primary tumor (those with oral cavity lesions were more likely to fail locally, whereas hypopharynx patients had a higher risk of distant metastases); the type of definitive local treatment (those patients who received surgery and radiotherapy were at lower risk of pure local failure); TN Stage (patients with T4N3 or T3N3 tumor were at higher risk of both local and distant failure); and time to response and presence of oropharyngeal lesions (patients who had a longer period from diagnosis to final complete response [CR] and patients with oropharyngeal primaries were at higher risk for simultaneous local and distant failure). Type of chemotherapy, patient age, tumor differentiation, and response to induction chemotherapy did not significantly influence the patterns of relapse. A combined modality approach with induction chemotherapy, surgery, and/or radiotherapy does not seem to reduce the incidence of distant metastases significantly.
Infrence for non-negative autoregressive schemes

The object of this paper is the statistical analysis of Several Closely related models arising in water quality analysis. In particular, concern is with the autoregressive scheme Xr = ρXr−1 + Yr where 0 < ρ < 1 and Y's are i.i.d, and non-negative. The estimation and testing problem is considered for three parametric models - Gaussian, uniform and exponential - as well as for the nonparametric case where it is assumed that the Y's have a positive continuous distribution.
From Piecewise to Full Physiologic Pharmacokinetic Modeling: Applied to Thiopental Disposition in the Rat

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling procedures employ anatomical tissue weight, blood flow, and steady tissue/blood partition data, often obtained from different sources, to construct a system of differential equations that predict blood and tissue concentrations. Because the system of equations and the number of variables optimized is considerable, physiologic modeling frequently remains a simulation activity where fits to the data are adjusted by eye rather than with a computer-driven optimization algorithm. We propose a new approach to physiological modeling in which we characterize drug diposition in each tissue separately using constrained numerical deconvolution. This technique takes advantage of the fact that the drug concentration time course, CT(t), in a given tissue can be described as the convolution of an input function with the unit disposition function (UDFT) of the drug in the tissue, (i.e., CT(t)=(Ca(t)Qr)*UDFr(t) whereCa(t) is the arterial concentration,QT is the tissue blood flow and * is the convolution operator). The obtained tissue unit disposition function (UDF) for each tissue describes the theoretical disposition of a unit amount of drug injected into the tissue in the absence of recirculation. From theUDF, a parametric model for the intratissue disposition of each tissue can be postulated. Using as input the product of arterial concentration and blood flow, this submodel is fit separately utilizing standard nonlinear regression programs. In a separate step, the entire body is characterized by reassembly of the individuals submodels. Unlike classical physiologic modeling the fit for a given tissue is not dependent on the estimates obtained for other tissues in the model. Additionally, because this method permits examination of individualUDFs, appropriate submodel selection is driven by relevant information. This paper reports our experience with a piecewise modeling approach for thiopental disposition in the rat.
Atrial Septal Defect

A total of 696 patients with atrial septal defect (ASD) of either the secundum (90.5%) or the sinus venosus (9.5%) type were operated on at the Mayo Clinic from 1954 through 1965. Pulmonary hypertension (PHT, defined as pulmonary artery systolic pressure of 60 mm Hg or greater) or chronic congestive cardiac failure (CCF) (or both) was associated with 80% of the hospital deaths. For the years 1958 through 1965 (531 cases), the hospital mortality for these three groups was 10% (three of 30), 14% (one of seven), and 18% (two of 11), respectively; only two (0.4%) of the remaining 483 patients died, and both were more than 45 years old (among a total of 93 patients more than 45 years old). There have been no operative deaths among those less than 45 years of age and without PHT or CCF (390 cases) in the years 1958 through 1965. No operative deaths occurred in the years 1963 through 1965. Of 16 patients 60 years or older (1954 through 1965), one has died. A 6- to 12-year follow-up was possible on 397 patients operated on from 1954 through 1960. In the absence of PHT or CCF, 330 survived operation. Among the 53 patients more than 45 years old, four died later (not definitely related to closure of ASD), three were not well, 32 were in excellent health, and 14 were lost to follow-up in 1966. Among the 277 patients less than 45 years old, 10 died later (all but one probably unrelated to closure of ASD), three were unwell, 186 were in excellent health, and 78 were lost to follow-up in 1966. Forty-two patients with PHT survived operation in the period from 1954 through 1960. Ten had pulmonary resistance of more than 640 dynes sec cm-5; four of these were well, two had died (with PHT), two had severe PHT, one was in CCF, and one was moderately disabled. Thirty-two had pulmonary resistances of 640 dynes sec cm-5 or less; three of these had died (unrelated to closure of ASD), five were moderately disabled, 16 were in excellent health, and eight were lost to follow-up in 1966. Eighteen patients with CCF survived operation in the period from 1954 through 1960. All had had grade IV disability (New York Heart Association classification). There were three late deaths (one due to severe pulmonary vascular disease and two unrelated to closure of ASD), one patient had grade IV disability, five had grades I to II disability, eight were in excellent health, and one was lost to follow-up in 1966. Paroxysmal arrhythmia occurred in 75 of 397 patients (19%) operated on from 1954 through 1960. In 53 patients it was present preoperatively and persisted postoperatively in 15 of them (28%); in an additional 22 it appeared for the first time after closure of the ASD.
Mechanism of exercise hypotension after sympathetic blockade

Blood pressure measured immediately after a brief period of upright leg exercise was considerably lower than the resting standing blood pressure in 38 hypertensive patients treated with guanethidine or debrisoquin. The hemodynamic mechanism of this hypotension after exercise was studied in 6 hypertensive patients given guanethidine intravenously and in 16 patients treated with effective oral doses of guanethidine or debrisoquin. Intravenous and oral drug treatment blocked the reflex forearm vasoconstriction that normally occurs during leg exercise. Although supine exercise was associated with a modest fall in arterial pressure from hypertensive levels, the most dramatic effects of the blocking agents on the response to exercise were observed when patients were in the upright position. Blood pressure rose from normal to above normal levels during exercise and fell promptly to below resting levels when leg movement was stopped. Upright leg exercise in the treated patients was accompanied by a large increase in cardiac output and a sharp fall in leg volume. Immediately after exercise, cardiac output fell moderately and leg volume rapidly increased. These studies suggest that alterations in the hemodynamic response to exercise induced by sympathetic blocking agents are due both to inhibition of reflex arteriolar constriction and to large passive shifts in blood volume that occur in the upright position as a result of blockade of venous reflex adjustments. Hypotensive symptoms related to exertion probably result from the combined effects of gravitational pooling after exercise and a persistently low peripheral vascular resistance. These symptoms can promptly be corrected by reinstitution of leg exercise. It is suggested (1) that immediately after upright leg exercise the blood pressure is more sensitive to mild degrees of adrenergic blockade than when patients are in the resting standing position and (2) that the postexercise blood pressure may serve as a more reliable guide to adjustment of the dose of sympathetic blocking agents in patients with hypertension.
Are chicken embryos endotherms or ectotherms? A laboratory exercise integrating concepts in thermoregulation and metabolism

This investigative laboratory exercise uses the different relations between ambient temperature and metabolic rate in endotherms and ectotherms as a core concept to answer the following question: What thermoregulatory mode is employed by chicken embryos? Emphasis is placed on the physiological concepts that can be taught with this exercise, including methods for measuring rates of oxygen consumption, the relation between oxygen consumption and metabolic rate, the influence of temperature on metabolic rate, and the differences between endotherms and ectotherms both in the overall magnitude of metabolic rate and in the shape of the relation between metabolic rate and ambient temperature. Included in this article are respirometer designs suitable for teachers working with a wide variety of budgets and available equipment, specific laboratory protocols for collecting data, sample data, thought questions with sample answers, and suggestions for classroom implementation as a 1-, 2- or 3-wk laboratory exercise that can be taught at a variety of undergraduate levels.
Computer aided manufacturing planning for mass customization: part 2, automated setup planning

Setup planning plays a crucial role in CAPP to ensure product quality while maintaining acceptable manufacturing cost. The tasks of setup planning include identifying manufacturing features and corresponding manufacturing processes, determining the number of setups, part orientation, locating datum and process sequence in each setup, and selecting machine tools and fixtures. An automated setup planning technique and system has been developed based on not only the tolerance analysis, but also the manufacturing resource capability analysis. The automated setup planning is divided into two levels: setup planning in single part level and in machine station level. Algorithms for setup generation and process sequencing have been developed and a case study of setup planning is presented.
Generalized magnetostatic modes and pinning in ferromagnets

Abstract Ferromagnetic normal modes having comparable exchange and demagnetization energies have been observed and explained by a new theory.
Probing the ladder of dressed states and nonclassical light generation in quantum-dot–cavity QED

A single-optical mode confined inside an optical cavity behaves like a simple harmonic oscillator, where all the energy levels are equally spaced. When this cavity mode is strongly coupled to a two-level quantum emitter such as a quantum dot (QD), the energy structure of the coupled system becomes anharmonic. This anharmonic (Jaynes-Cummings) ladder has been recently probed in atomic [1] and superconducting [2] cavity quantum electrodynamics (cQED) systems. Nonclassical correlations between photons transmitted through the cavity can result from such anharmonicity, which in turn leads to fundamental phenomena of photon blockade and photon-induced tunneling. These effects have been recently demonstratedinatomicsystems[3],aswellasinthesolid-state platform [4]. Moreover, photon blockade and photon-induced tunnelingcanbeusedforapplicationsbeyondcQED,including the generation of single photons on demand [5] for quantum information processing, high precision sensing and metrology [6], as well as quantum simulation of complex many-body systems [7]. In this Rapid Communication, we explore the utility of the photon-induced tunneling and blockade for nonclassical light generation and probing of higher-order dressed states in the solid-state cQED system consisting of a single QD coupled to a photonic crystal cavity. First, we provide numerical simulation data showing that photon-induced tunneling can be used to preferentially generate specific multiphoton states. Following this, we present experimental data demonstrating the transition from a blockade to tunneling regimeinsuchasystemandshowthesignatureofhigher-order dressed states observed in the measured photon statistics. The probing of the ladder of dressed states by photon-correlation measurement has previously been performed experimentally only in an atomic cavity QED system [1], while in solid-state systems it has been studied theoretically [8] and signatures of higher-order dressed states were observed only using four wave mixing [9]. The dynamics of a coupled QD-cavity system, coherently driven by a laser field [Fig. 1(a)], is well described by the
Non-interference between two protein carriers when used with the same polysaccharide for pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in 2-year-old children.

Abstract The carriers tetanus toxoid (T) and diphtheria CRM-197 (C) were compared in conjugate vaccines using identical coupling chemistry and polysaccharide (PS) loading, for safety and immunogenicity in 2-year-old children. Also tested were a mixture of halved doses of both carriers bearing the same PS serotypes. For this study, PS types 6A, 14, 19F, and 23F (separately) were coupled to T or C by reductive amination at PS/protein ratios of 0.50±0.18. With each carrier the four PS types were combined, giving the tetravalent vaccines “T-6, -14, -19, -23” or “C-6, -14, -19, -23” containing 50 μg of the carrier and roughly 20 μg total PS per ml of saline (no adjuvant). The children received primary (1′) injections of 50 μg (protein) of either vaccine or a mixture of 25 μg of both; identical secondary (2′) injections were given 2 months afterwards. Sera were taken before the 1′ and 2′ and 1 month post-2′, and serum IgG responses to the four PS were determined by ELISA. For geometric mean (GM) post-1′ antibody, “C-6, -14, -19, -23” exceeded “T-6, -14, -19, -23” for type 19F; for 2′ antibody, “T-6, -14, -19, -23” exceeded “C-6, -14, -19, -23” for type 14, but “C-6, -14, -19, -23” and the T/C mixture exceeded “T-6, -14, -19, -23” for the type 23F response. No other differences were significant. Analyzed by individual fold-rises, “C-6, -14, -19, -23” and the T/C mixture exceeded “T-6, -14, -19, -23” for types 19F and 23F. Thus, there was no consistent difference between the T and C carriers; rather, the results differed by serotype. When a mixture of halved doses of “T-6, -14, -19, -23” and “C-6, -14, -19, -23” was injected, neither negative nor positive interference with the PS antibody responses was found. Anticipating multivalent PS conjugate vaccines of the future to be used in infancy, this strategy would have two hypothetical advantages worth further investigation—avoiding “carrier epitopic overload” by reducing each carrier dosage and recruiting T-helper activity by both carriers for each PS.
Auxiliary silicon in regioselective cobalt catalyzed protoberberine syntheses

Abstract η 5 -Cyclopentadienyl dicarbonyl cobalt catalyzes the cocyclization of 1,2-bis(propargyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines 4b and 5 with alkynes to provide a novel synthetic entry into the tetrahydroprotoberberine nucleus. By judicious choice of trimethylsilyl substituents, regiocontrol in the D-ring can be achieved. Reaction of 4b with benzonitrile in the presence of the catalyst furnishes the rare isoquino[2, l- b ]-2,6-naphthyridine framework, also regioselectively.
IOTA: the array controller for a gigapixel OTCCD camera for Pan-STARRS

The PanSTARRS project has undertaken an ambitious effort to develop a completely new array controller architecture that is fundamentally driven by the large 1gigapixel, low noise, high speed OTCCD mosaic requirements as well as the size, power and weight restrictions of the PanSTARRS telescope. The result is a very small form factor next generation controller scalar building block with 1 Gigabit Ethernet interfaces that will be assembled into a system that will readout 512 outputs at ~1 Megapixel sample rates on each output. The paper will also discuss critical technology and fabrication techniques such as greater than 1MHz analog to digital converters (ADCs), multiple fast sampling and digital calculation of multiple correlated samples (DMCS), ball grid array (BGA) packaged circuits, LINUX running on embedded field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) with hard core microprocessors for the prototype currently being developed.
On the generalization of the receiver operating characteristic analysis to the population of readers and cases with the jackknife method: an assessment.

Rationale and Objectives. A new methodology that analyzes receiver operating characteristic (ROC) data sets based on jackknifing and that considers both case and reader variability has been proposed. The purpose of this investigation was to compare results using this method to those using commonly reported methodology. Methods. ROC data sets using discrete and continuous rating scales were analyzed using the proposed jackknifing method, and results were compared to analysis of the same data sets using the paired t test. Results. The two methodologies did not result in the same significance levels, and in some cases, the difference was sufficient to affect conclusions regarding comparisons of diagnostic modalities. The probability value for the jackknifing procedure is based on large sample distribution theory, and its appropriateness is unknown for sample sizes used in practice. Also, the jackknifing technique was found to be sensitive to outliers resulting when data from the computer programs used to estimate area under the ROC curve failed to converge. Conclusion. Although the proposed methodology yields reasonable results, several fundamental and practical issues must be addressed before it can be used widely as the analytic method of choice in ROC studies comparing different imaging techniques or reading environments.
The Pain-Depression Relationship

TO THE EDITOR: I wish to thank Dr. Berkowitz for correcting the error I perpetuated in my article. As I noted in the article, the Argyll-Robertson pupil is not very sensitive as a sign of neurosyphilis, and we can now see that it also is not specific. The complex diagnosis of neurosyphilis becomes even a little more difficult with this knowledge. Burton Hutto, M.D. Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, N.C.
Differential Categorization of Words by Learning Disabled, Gifted, and Nonexceptional Students

This research was done to answer whether learning disabled students attend to different word features than nonexceptional and gifted students and whether there is a difference by grade. Word sorts of meaningful and nonsense words were used to estimate differences between 145 first- and fifth-grade learning disabled, nonexceptional, and gifted groups. Analyses indicated that 54 learning disabled students were more likely to provide no response or to give simpler responses than 61 nonexceptional or 30 gifted peers. Older children (n = 78) attended to more and varied word features, were more likely to focus on recognizable meaning, and were more able to use syllables as a tool for sorting than were 67 younger children. Significant differences were noted between grade and exceptionality groups. Implications for practical application and further research are discussed.
Eddy viscosity and laminarization of sheared flow in three dimensional reduced magnetohydrodynamic turbulence

The effect of Alfven waves on turbulent momentum transport is studied in three-dimensional reduced magnetohydrodynamic turbulence. A strong external uniform magnetic field B0 is assumed to be present orthogonal to both background shear flow and its inhomogeneity. Energy is injected into the fluid and/or magnetic field on small scales. It is shown analytically that eddy viscosity is reduced as 1/B02 for a strong B0, due to the cancellation of the Reynolds stress by Maxwell stress. The sign of eddy viscosity is found to depend on the detailed properties of forcings. Specifically, it is positive for fluid forcing but depends on the anisotropy of the forcing in the case of magnetic forcing. Furthermore, it is indicated that a magnetic field tends to laminarize a mean shear flow. The possible implication of these results for the dynamics of the zonal flows in tokamaks is discussed in view of the cancellation of stresses.
Observations of o (1s) and o (1d) in spectra of c/1999 s4 (linear)

Abstract We report on high spectral resolution observations of Comet C/1999 S4 (LINEAR) obtained at McDonald Observatory in June and July 2000. We report unequivocal detections of the O ( 1 S) and O ( 1 D) metastable lines in emission in the cometary spectrum. These lines are well separated from any telluric or cometary emission features. We have derived the ratio of the two red doublet lines and show that they are consistent with the predictions of the branching ratio. We also derived a ratio of 0.06±0.01 for the green line flux to the sum of the red line fluxes. This ratio is consistent with H 2 O as the dominant parent for atomic oxygen. We have measured the widths of the lines and show that the widths imply that there must be some parent of atomic oxygen in addition to the H 2 O.