cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prolonged electrophysiological and behavioral alterations following a single injection of methadone in the cat.

Abstract Visual evoked potentials (VEPs), EEG, plasma methadone concentrations, blood gas values, and behavioral ratings were recorded periodically for 4 days following a single injection (4 mg/kg IP) of methadone in cats. Most measurements indicated a prolonged drug effect which lasted into the 4th day. Independent alterations of VEP component amplitudes suggested site-specific variations in the time-course of the drug effects. An early component, reflecting activity of classical ascending pathways, was quite resistant to the drug effects immediately following injection. Only after 31 hours was this component significantly attenuated. The amplitude approached predrug values at the time of final measurement. A late VEP component was quickly suppressed following methadone and returned to predrug values after 55 hours. Decreases in EEG frequency, on the other hand, evidenced no time-dependency following drug administration. All animals were behaviorally normal after 55 hours with no further evidence of mania. The results confirm the prolonged effects of methadone in a species known for its unusual and complex response to opiates. Sites within the visual system are apparently highly sensitive to the drug and are differentially altered over time following methadone injection. These alterations are, for the most part, correlated with plasma methadone concentration.
Competition between Predator and Prey: Resource‐Based Mechanisms and Implications for Stage‐Structured Dynamics

In predator-prey interactions between size-structured populations, small (young) predators may compete with species that ultimately become their prey. We tested experimentally whether such competition occurs between young-of-year (YOY) largemouth bass and their eventual prey, bluegill. In a divided experimental pond, target densities of YOY bass and juvenile bluegill were subjected to different densities of bass and bluegill neighbors to examine the dependence of juvenile growth on fish density and species com- position. After 7 wk, clear differences in growth rates of both species existed across den- sities. Bass growth was reduced in the presence of both bass and bluegill neighbors, whereas bluegill growth was primarily affected intraspecifically. Bluegill had strong competitive effects on bass despite substantial resource partitioning between the two species. These effects were mediated through changes in the size-structure of important invertebrate prey in both open water and vegetation habitats. Data collected from a set of seven lakes in Michigan indicate that interspecific competition between juvenile bluegill and YOY bass is an important process in natural populations. However, once bass become piscivorous, bluegill become a significant resource for bass. As a result, bass populations are split into two functionally distinct stages that respond differently across a gradient of bluegill density. Because of the competitive stage between predator and prey, dynamics of the interaction differ from predictions based on classical predator-prey or competition theory.
Abstract 5466: Butyrate effect on expression of quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) and cytochrome P450 CYP1A1 enzymes

Butyrate is a small chain fatic acid formed by bacterial fermentation of plant foods in guts. It has been shown to induce Quinone Oxidoreductase (NQO1) enzyme in tumor cell lines, which may contribute to the detoxification of dietary carcinogens with out any effect to the expression of carcinogen activation enzymes, such as cytochrome P450 CPY1A1 and epoxide hydrolase. The risk from chemical carcinogens and environmental toxins is dependent on the metabolic balance between bioactivation and detoxification enzymes. Cancer chemoprevention therefore may be achieved through alterations in the expression of these enzymes. There is substantial evidence that chemoprevention comprises multiple intervention methods to impede, arrest, or reverse carcinogenesis at various stages. Transcriptional regulation of activation and detoxification enzymes competing for the carcinogen substrate is strongly affected by intracellular oxidation reduction potential change. Treatment of cells with butyrate causes a change in intracellular redox potential which results in transcriptional regulation of activation and detoxification enzymes. Indicators of redox potential may include the concentration ratio of glutathione (GSH): glutathione disulfide (GSSG), cysteine (CYH): cystine (CYSS) and other redox couples. Treatment of human liver HepG2 cells with sodium butyrate (5mM, 48-72Hr) results in an oxidation of both GSH: GSSG and CYH: CYSS to approximately the same extent up on calculation based on Nernst equation of concentrations determined by HPLC analysis. The present study shows that both the steady-state redox potential of the cysteine/cystine couple (Eh = -155 mV) and GSH/GSSG couple (Eh = -255 mV) in cells are sufficiently oxidized (>40 mV) up on treatment of cells with butyrate. The GSH oxidation, in response to 5mM butyrate at 48 -72 Hr for HepG2 cells were associated with an approximately 3-4-fold increase in mRNA for NQO1 as measured by quantitative PCR and 40-85 fold increase as a luciferase measure for relative change in a of transcriptional activation of NQO1 as comparing to the control respectively. However, CYP1A1 expression was not significantly different from controls. Changes in redox potential may directly release transcriptional proteins from within the cytoplasm for traslocation to the nucleus or alter their affinity for transcription response elements. These possibilities are under investigation using nuclear extracts of HepG2 and HT29 cells treated to alter intracellular redox potential. Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization (SELDI) allows rapid identification and quantitation of changes in transcription proteins in response to intracellular redox potential change. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5466. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5466
Public documents in library education at the University of Wisconsin Library School, 1895–1939☆

Abstract During the 1890s political progressivism made it necessary for Wisconsin public libraries to acquire federal, state and local documents. Short summer courses for training library workers to handle these documents were taught by practicing librarians at the University of Wisconsin Summer School. When the Library School opened in 1906, documents study was expanded and required of all students. Between 1913 and 1916 a program was introduced to train political science and economics graduates in legislative reference librarianship. Although it grew out of the other two programs, this course differed from that taken by public librarians. It required extensive research based on subject knowledge. This article examines these three programs, course objectives, course content, and teaching methodologies.
Un marco de referencia nuevo para la psiquiatría: la mente encuentra al cerebro. II. Fundamentos históricos

Antecedentes. Eric Kandel trazo la evolucion conceptual de la especialidad en Estados Unidos desde un modelo teorico predominante a otro en el curso del siglo XX. Objetivo. Revisar las sucesivas transiciones que, en la mitad del siglo XX, movilizaron a la psiquiatria desde un campo basado en la neuropatologia estructural hacia el psicoanalisis. Metodo. Investigar la region en la que "mente y cerebro" se originan de acuerdo a la evolucion conceptual segun Kandel. Resultados. Los avances evolutivos de la psicofarmacologia, biologia molecular, imagenes cerebrales funcionales y genetica que han estado ocurriendo desde el final del siglo XX hacen surgir la preocupacion antipodica, es decir, que la psiquiatria podria hipercorregir con un creciente foco biologico estrecho que podria poner en peligro el humanismo del campo. Conclusiones: Un resultado potencial de un tal reduccionismo biologico seria la fragmentacion del cuidado psiquiatrico hasta un punto que el psiquiatra solamente diagnosticaria enfermedades y prescribiria medicamentos, con la consecuente devaluacion de los aspectos psicologicos y sociales en la causacion y sanacion de los trastornos mentales.
UNIFORM SERVICEABILITY LOAD LIMITS FOR MECHANICAL FLANGE CONNECTORS

Multilevel parking structures are often constructed using prestressed concrete double-Tee beams that form their floor and roof diaphragms. Mechanical flange connectors are typically used to connect the flanges of these beams. Cracking of the concrete around the connectors is a common problem requiring significant person-hours to repair and maintain. This paper presents suggested design load levels that may significantly reduce the cracking in these structures based on the results of 49 monotonic displacement control tests performed on 6 different types of commercially available mechanical flange connectors embedded in concrete slabs. The slabs were designed to be representative of the overhang on a typical precast concrete double-Tee beam. Three different types of monotonic tests were performed: horizontal shear, vertical shear, and tension. Basic statistics were then used to analyze the data from each of these three test types and the load ranges were divided into four regions, termed cracking unlikely, ...
Combined pretrauma scopolamine and phencyclidine attenuate posttraumatic increased sensitivity to delayed secondary ischemia.

ABSTRACT Fasted Wistar rats were given a mild level of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and then subjected to 6 min of transient forebrain ischemia 24 h posttrauma. One group was given simultaneous 1 m...
Evidence for diversity of substrate specificity among members of the chymase family of serine proteases

The term chymase is used to signify a chymotrypsin-like protease stored within the secretory granules of mast cells. Primarily based on amino acid sequence homology, 18 chymases have been identified among different animals. This study, which compares the structure of the primary specificity pocket (S1 subsite), defines a subgroup of four chymases likely to have a substrate specificity with more elastase- than chymotrypsin-like qualities. This difference is due, primarily, to finding a Val instead of a Gly at residue 199, a position corresponding to Gly216 in bovine chymotrypsin and Val216 in neutrophil and porcine elastases. Chymases with Val at 199 are found only in animals expressing multiple chymases, consistent with the premise that their substrate specificity differs from that of chymases with Gly at 199.
Klinefelter's syndrome. Down's syndrome (Mongolism), and twinning in the same sibship.

Two sibships are reported upon in which Klinefelter's syndrome, Mongolism, and twinning were present. Each family was initially identified by the presence of the individual with Klinefelter's syndrome. The frequency with which multiple chromosome aberrations within families has been reported suggests a common factor producing repeated meiotic errors.
Diagnosis and treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease and gonorrhea in the emergency department.

One hundred emergency department charts on cases of suspected pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) were reviewed to determine method of diagnosis and treatment. Seventy-three gonococcus smears, 60 gonococcus cultures and 53 VDRL tests for syphilis were done. Of these, 20 smears, 19 cultures, and 1 VDRL were positive. All 100 patients were treated for gonorrhea with either spectinomycin, tetracycline, ampicillin or penicillin. The author concludes there is no need to procure VDRL tests on all patients with suspected gonorrhea, nor do gonococcus cultures on all patients with suspected PID. Also, since only 39% of patients had a positive gonococcus smear or culture, penicillin may not always be the appropriate treatment.
Pressure effects on intra- and intermolecular interactions within proteins

The effects of pressure on protein structure and function can vary dramatically depending on the magnitude of the pressure, the reaction mechanism (in the case of enzymes), and the overall balance of forces responsible for maintaining the protein's structure. Interactions between the protein and solvent are also critical in determining the response of a protein to pressure. Pressure has long been recognized as a potential denaturant of proteins, often promoting the disruption of multimeric proteins, but recently examples of pressure-induced stabilization have also been reported. These global effects can be explained in terms of pressure effects on individual molecular interactions within proteins, including hydrophobic, electrostatic, and van der Waals interactions, which can now be studied in greater detail than ever before. However, many uncertainties remain, and thorough descriptions of how proteins respond to pressure remain elusive. This review summarizes basic concepts and new findings related to pressure effects on intra- and intermolecular interactions within proteins and protein complexes, and discusses their implications for protein structure-function relationships under pressure.
New modalities in treating pneumococcal pneumonia.

AbstractDespite the availability of effective antibiotics and intensive medical care, pneumococcal pneumonia is still associated with substantial mortality. Early diagnosis is becoming increasingly possible. This article reviews several adjunctive measures that might be instituted at or soon after admission in patients who are hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia that is found to be due to Streptococcus pneumoniae. Available data favor the use of a macrolide together with a β-lactam antibiotic for treatment, based largely on immunomodulatory activity of macrolides. Two large subgroup analyses from a single major study suggest that activated protein C (eg, drotrecogin) should be considered for patients with severe sepsis, organ failure, and an Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score > 25 due to pneumococcal pneumonia. Statins exert an antiinflammatory effect and several retrospective studies suggest that their use might ameliorate the adverse effects of pneumonia. Because inflammat...
Relationships between stream acidity and bacteria, macroinvertebrates, and fish: a comparison of north temperate and south temperate mountain streams, USA

A comparative study of relationships between stream acidity and bacteria, macroinvertebrates, and fish in the Adirondack Mountains of upper New York state and in the Southern Blue Ridge Mountains of eastern Tennessee, USA, was conducted. Although the study sites in both regions spanned a pH range from approximately 4.5 to 6.4, considerably greater seasonal variability in pH and higher monomeric Al concentrations characterized the Adirondack sites. Relationships between several biological characteristics and stream water acidity were similar in both regions, including lower production of epilithic bacteria and bacteria on decomposing leaves, lower leaf decomposition rates, lower density and generic richness of scraper/grazer macroinvertebrates, particularly Ephemeroptera, and lower fish abundance and survival in more acidic streams. Densities of total macroinvertebrates and densities of macroinvertebrates and bacteria inhabiting or closely associated with stream sediments were generally not related to stream water acidity.
Personality characteristics of successful applicants to the priesthood

This study investigated personality characteristics of successful pastoral candidates to a major Catholic religious order. Personality measures (i.e., MMPI-2 and 16PF) were administered to 21 male applicants between 1990 and 1994 who subsequently entered into religious life. Results suggest that these clergy applicants were generally well-adjusted, socially responsible, and interpersonally sensitive. However, results also suggest a tendency for defensiveness. Coping with perceived negative impulses (i.e., anger and hostility) may also be an issue for many. Implications for future research are offered.
Protocol for the Locomotor Experience Applied Post-stroke (LEAPS) trial: a randomized controlled trial

Background Locomotor training using body weight support and a treadmill as a therapeutic modality for rehabilitation of walking post-stroke is being rapidly adopted into clinical practice. There is an urgent need for a well-designed trial to determine the effectiveness of this intervention. The objective of the Locomotor Experience Applied Post-Stroke (LEAPS) trial is to determine if there is a difference in the proportion of participants who recover walking ability at one year post-stroke when randomized to a specialized locomotor training program (LTP), conducted at 2- or 6-months post-stroke, or those randomized to a home based non-specific, low intensity exercise intervention (HEP) provided 2 months post-stroke. We will determine if the timing of LTP delivery affects gait speed at 1 year and whether initial impairment severity interacts with the timing of LTP. The effect of number of treatment sessions will be determined by changes in gait speed taken pre-treatment and post-12, -24, and -36 sessions.
Raindrop sorting induced by vertical drafts in convective clouds

Evidence of raindrop sorting induced by a convective updraft is presented. Using a vertically pointing 94-GHz Doppler radar (λ=3.2 mm) and capitalizing on the resonant nature of the backscattering cross-section as a function of the raindrop size (Mie scattering), the vertical air motions to an accuracy of 0.1 ms−1, and the shape of the raindrop size distribution are retrieved from the Doppler spectra. The interaction of vertical drafts and raindrops is documented for the first time by high resolution radar data. The updraft structure clearly causes horizontal and vertical sorting of the raindrops. In the updraft core, small raindrops (D ≤ 1.7 mm) that have terminal velocities less than the updraft velocities (6–7 ms−1) and a clear absence of drops ≥3 mm are observed. Towards the updraft periphery, a gradual increase in the raindrop sizes is documented where large raindrops (D ≥ 3 mm) are observed. The observations demonstrate the importance of updrafts in distributing the raindrops in space.
Asymmetrical Gene Flow in a Hybrid Zone of Hawaiian Schiedea (Caryophyllaceae) Species with Contrasting Mating Systems

Asymmetrical gene flow, which has frequently been documented in naturally occurring hybrid zones, can result from various genetic and demographic factors. Understanding these factors is important for determining the ecological conditions that permitted hybridization and the evolutionary potential inherent in hybrids. Here, we characterized morphological, nuclear, and chloroplast variation in a putative hybrid zone between Schiedea menziesii and S. salicaria, endemic Hawaiian species with contrasting breeding systems. Schiedea menziesii is hermaphroditic with moderate selfing; S. salicaria is gynodioecious and wind-pollinated, with partially selfing hermaphrodites and largely outcrossed females. We tested three hypotheses: 1) putative hybrids were derived from natural crosses between S. menziesii and S. salicaria, 2) gene flow via pollen is unidirectional from S. salicaria to S. menziesii and 3) in the hybrid zone, traits associated with wind pollination would be favored as a result of pollen-swamping by S. salicaria. Schiedea menziesii and S. salicaria have distinct morphologies and chloroplast genomes but are less differentiated at the nuclear loci. Hybrids are most similar to S. menziesii at chloroplast loci, exhibit nuclear allele frequencies in common with both parental species, and resemble S. salicaria in pollen production and pollen size, traits important to wind pollination. Additionally, unlike S. menziesii, the hybrid zone contains many females, suggesting that the nuclear gene responsible for male sterility in S. salicaria has been transferred to hybrid plants. Continued selection of nuclear genes in the hybrid zone may result in a population that resembles S. salicaria, but retains chloroplast lineage(s) of S. menziesii.
Detection of thymidine kinase activity using an assay based on the precipitation of nucleoside monophosphates with lanthanum chloride.

Abstract A new assay method for the measurement of thymidine kinase (TK) is described. Cytosols were prepared from TK − and TK + cells and evaluated for TK activity using an assay which is based on the phosphorylation of [ 125 I]-iododeoxyuridine, [ 125 I]-iododeoxycytidine, or [ 3 H]thymidine and the precipitation of the monophosphates of these nucleosides by lanthanum chloride. The specificity, reproducibility, sensitivity, and convenience of this assay are demonstrated.
Attitudes Toward Affirmative Action as a Function of the Strength of Ethnic Identity Among Latino College Students1

The present study examined support for affirmative action among Latino college students as a function of ethnic identity. We found that, overall, Latino students generally endorsed affirmative action and did not feel undermined by it. Of primary interest to us was variation in support for affirmative action as a function of ethnic identity. The more the Latino students identified with their ethnic group, the more they endorsed affirmative action.
A high speed pipelined FFT processor

The authors describe a novel modular design and a VLSI implementation of a bit-serial pipelined fast Fourier transform (FFT) coprocessor. The proposed architecture is based on a distributed hardwired control mechanism. The control of various subunits in the processor is done by local controllers and the synchronization of operations is provided by a global controller. This FFT processor is a custom-built chip which has a built-in self-test (BIST) capability. BIST is provided using a coprocessor to a microprocessor, and the data transfer is controlled by asynchronous signals. A prototype of the proposed processor was implemented in 3- mu m SCMOS technology; it can operate at a maximum frequency of 50 MHz. The chip is a 32-pin square package, and it has a total area of 2.2 cm/sup 2/. >
Cell adhesion on poly(propylene fumarate-co-ethylene glycol) hydrogels.

We synthesized poly(propylene fumarate-co-ethylene glycol) block copolymers [P(PF-co-EG)] that were crosslinked to form hydrogels and investigated the effect of copolymer composition on cell adhesion to the hydrogels. These copolymers were water soluble when the molar ratio of ethylene glycol repeating unit to propylene fumarate repeating unit was higher than 4.4. The water content of swollen hydrogels increased from 29 to 63% and the water contact angle decreased from 38 to 21° as the molar ratio increased from 0.6 to 4.4. No significant change in either property was observed for ratios higher than 4.4. In a cell adhesion assay under serum-free conditions, the number of adherent platelets and smooth muscle cells decreased from 21 to 2% and from 78 to 20% of the initial seeding density, respectively, as the molar ratio increased from 0.6 to 7.8. Adherent smooth muscle cells did not spread on the hydrogels of the compositions tested. Adherent platelets did not show any filopodia. These results suggest that the hydrophilicity of P(PF-co-EG) hydrogels is one of the factors affecting cell adhesion, and that copolymer modification may be required for enhancing cell adhesion for an application involving the copolymers as in situ crosslinkable cell carriers. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 62: 558–566, 2002
Ultrafast laser induced condensation of molecules

We have found that ultrafast laser microbeam inducing bubble(s) can lead to condensation of molecules in solution. The laser microbeam was generated by coupling a near infrared mode-locked femtosecond (fs) laser beam onto an inverted fluorescence microscope and focusing it with a 100X objective. Fluorescence imaging revealed that collapse of cavitation micro-bubbles created high-concentration regions of dye molecules in the aqueous solution. Further, twophoton excitation of the molecules under the ultrafast laser microbeam showed significant increase in fluorescence intensity as a function of laser exposure time without micro-bubble formation. This may be attributed to nano-bubble formation and or conformational change in the molecules under intense laser intensity at the focused spot to significantly enhance the molar absorptivity (extinction coefficient) or fluorescence excitation cross-section. High-concentration regions of the dye molecules are found to be retained for a longer period of time and therefore provide an opportunity for collection of these condensed molecules using microcapilary and/or for further analysis.
Laparoscopic Thal Fundoplication with Gastrostomy in Children

A technique was developed to adapt the Thal fundoplication to the laparoscopic approach. Modifications include tying an umbilical tape (as a loop) around the esophagus for retraction, interrupted fundoplication sutures, and extracorporeal gastrostomy through a trocar site. This technique was completed successfully in 10 pediatric patients.
Contact Analysis of Regular Patterned Rough Surfaces in Magnetic Recording

The contact of regular patterned rough surface in magnetic recording was analyzed to predict the contact area, meniscus force and permissible load under thin-film lubricated conditions. The contact area, the meniscus force, and the permissible load at the magnetic head-disk interface were studied as a function of the shape, size and the occupation of asperities. Optimum design criteria for both constant occupation and nonconstant occupation of identical asperities were developed to design future magnetic head and disk surfaces.
Electrophoretically mediated microanalysis of leucine aminopeptidase using two-photon excited fluorescence detection on a microchip.

Two-photon excited fluorescence detection was performed on a microfabricated electrophoresis chip. A calibration curve of the fluorescent tag β-naphthylamine was performed, resulting in a sensitivity of 2.5 × 109 counts M-1 corresponding to a detection limit of 60 nM. Additionally, leucine aminopeptidase was assayed on the chip using electrophoretically mediated microanalysis. The differential electroosmotic mobilities of the enzyme and substrate, l-leucine β-naphthylamide, allowed for efficient mixing in an open channel, resulting in the detection of a 30 nM enzyme solution under constant potential. A zero potential incubation for 1 min yielded a calculated detection limit of 4 nM enzyme.
Planktonic foraminiferal fluxes in the Santa Barbara Basin: response to seasonal and interannual hydrographic changes

Results of a three-year time-series sediment trap experiment in the Santa Barbara Basin indicate linkages between water-column dynamics and variations in plankton fluxes on both seasonal and interannual time scales. The two-week collection interval utilized for this study allows evaluation of high-frequency changes in the production and flux of planktonic foraminifera, which are compared to those of siliceous microorganisms (diatoms, radiolaria and silicoflagellates). Annual hydrographic conditions in Santa Barbara Basin are influenced by seasonal changes in insolation, the wind field and source waters. This study includes periods of weak to moderate El Nino conditions followed by a transitional period to a non-El Nino state. Planktonic foraminiferal fluxes and species turnover are related to seasonal and interannual changes in source waters and water column conditions. Globigerina bulloides, G. quinqueloba and Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (dextral) dominate the planktonic foraminiferal population in this location and are present throughout the year. Globigerina bulloides and G. quinqueloba have similar flux patterns, and highest fluxes occur in association with diatom blooms. The flux patterns of G. bulloides and G. quinqueloba in general are inversely related to that of N. pachyderma (dextral). Globigerina quinqueloba seems to respond earlier to the onset of upwelling than G. bulloides. Three temperature-limited species, Neogloboquadrina dutertrei, Orbulina universa and Globigerinoides ruber, are present in lower numbers and show more restricted seasonal ranges. In the thermal regime of the Santa Barbara Basin, N. dutertrei, like O. universa, disappears during upwelling. Neogloboquadrina dutertrei occurs in highest abundance when the water column is thermally stratified and there is a well developed deep chlorophyll maximum. Increased fluxes of Globigerinoi ruber the most thermally restricted of the dominant species in the basin, are associated with the presence of warm oceanic diatoms and warm-water radiolarians. Total planktonic foraminiferal fluxes were lower in 1995 than during the previous two years, which were characterized by El Nino conditions.
The Science of Safety Curriculum in US Colleges and Schools of Pharmacy

Objective. To describe the integration of science of safety (SoS) topics in doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) curricula of US colleges and schools of pharmacy. Methods. A questionnaire that contained items pertaining to what and how SoS topics are taught in PharmD curricula was e-mailed to representatives at 107 US colleges and schools of pharmacy. Results. The majority of the colleges and schools responding indicated that they had integrated SoS topics into their curriculum, however, some gaps (eg, teaching students about communicating risk, Food and Drug Administration [FDA] Sentinel Initiative, utilizing patient databases) were identified that need to be addressed. Conclusions. The FDA and the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) should continue to collaborate to develop resources needed to ensure that topics proposed by the FDA in their SoS framework are taught at all colleges and schools of pharmacy.
Resting and action potentials in white muscle of potassium deficient rats

Abstract 1. 1. Na + -loaded and K + -depleted extensor digitorum longus muscles (“Na-rich” EDL muscles) of potassium-depleted rats showed greater resting potentials than those found in the muscles of normal rats. The observed hyperpolarization in the Na-rich muscle fibers also exceeded the theoretical potential based on the constant-field equation. 2. 2. The overshoot of action potential decreased linearly with logarithmic increases of [Na] 1 , 3. 3. The maximum rates of rise and fall of action potential depended on the respective concentration gradients of Na + and K + across the cell membrane. 4. 4. The measured maximum rate of rise, and the calculated P Na / P K or g Na in the active membrane were transiently facilitated by the hyperpolarization produced by pump electrogenesis, stimulated with the increased [Na + ] i .
Genetic tests in mice of caffeine alone and in combination with mutagens

The possible mutagenicity of caffeine has been studied in mice by the dominant-lethal method, in three experiments. (I) Male mice were given caffeine in drinking water for 8 weeks at 3.6, 13.4, 49, and 122 mg/kg/day (comparable to human consumption of 2.8–95 cups of coffee per day). Subsequent mating of each of six males from each group to five females per week for 8 weeks showed no significant increase in dominantlethal mutations (embryonic deaths) whether expressed as early deaths per pregnant female or as mutation index. Although males consuming the two higher levels of caffeine produced fewer pregnancies, litter sizes of females giving birth were not reduced. (II) Single ip injections of caffeine (15 mg/kg) were given to groups of male mice prior to, subsequent to, and immediately at the time of receiving X-rays (100 r). Each of five males from each group was mated to five females per week for 7 weeks. Embryonic deaths did not show any enhancing effect of caffeine on the mutagenicity produced by the irradiation. (III) Three groups of male mice ingested caffeine in water for 16 weeks at levels of 0, 4 and 13 mg/kg/day. Subgroups of five from each group were given either: no further treatment, a single dose of triethylene melamine at 0.2 mg/kg, or 100 r of X-ray, and mated for 7 weeks as above. Fertility and litter size were not affected by the caffeine pretreatment, nor did it modify the induction of dominant-lethal mutations by triethylene melamine or X-rays. Litter sizes showed no significant preimplantation losses in any experiment. Thus, under the conditions described herein and at the doses employed (higher than human exposure), there was no evidence for the mutagenicity of caffeine or the inhibition of DNA repair mechanisms in these mammalian systems.
Computer analysis of a rotating axial-turbomachine blade in coupled bending-bending-torsion vibrations

Basic equations are derived for a comprehensive computer analysis for an equivalent lumped parameter system which simulates a pre-twisted, rotating or non-rotating. Timoshenko beam in coupled bending-bending-torsion vibrations. These equations enable one to develop straightforwardly digital computer programs for studying vibration problems related to compressor or turbine blades in turbomachinery as well as in other structural dynamics applications. The validity of the lumped parameter approach is established through a free vibration study. Good agreement between the present computer results and those obtained theoretically or experimentally by other investigators is demonstrated. In particular, it is found that the natural frequencies obtained in the free vibration study for all beams examined converge from below the exact values at a convergence rate of N−4, where N is the total number of the lumped parameters used in the computer simulation. The rapid rate of convergence shows that the mathematical model used in deriving the basic equations can adequately represent the type of beams under consideration. The known convergence rate also provides an estimate on the accuracy of the computer results, and a means to improve these results by extrapolation.
The nuclear fibrous lamina in human cells: Studies on its appearance and distribution

The nuclear fibrous lamina, a structure of unknown function, is situated at the nuclear periphery directly apposed to the inner nuclear membrane. Although it has been well described in invertebrate and many non-human vertebrate cells, its occurrence in human tissue has not been emphasized. This survey of a large variety of human cells has documented the lamina to be present, although of varying thickness, in a large number of cell types. It is consistently thickest in mesenchymal or mesenchymally derived cells and its appearance and thickness is not correlated with pathologic alterations.
Intravascular brachytherapy using 90Sr for saphenous vein grafts having diameters ranging from 2.0-5.0 mm.

Abstract Purpose Symptomatic coronary artery disease is routinely treated with angioplasty and stenting. Unfortunately, treatment failure in the form of in-stent restenosis (ISR) occurs relatively frequently. Intravascular brachytherapy (IVBT) is a safe and effective method proven to markedly reduce the rate of ISR in native coronary arteries. The commercially available devices for IVBT are not FDA-approved for treatment of saphenous vein grafts (SVG). This article presents calculated dosimetry for treatment of a wide range of SVG, in addition to further evaluating the dose homogeneity for native coronary arteries. Methods and materials AAPM Task Group 43 and 60 formalisms permitted dose calculations for a wide range of vessel internal diameters (ϕ) in both native coronary arteries and SVG. Doses were analytically calculated for the Novoste Beta-Cath 5.0 French (F) treatment devices (30, 40, and 60 mm sourcetrains) when employed for the treatment of native vessels with 2.7 ⩽ϕ ⩽ 4.0 mm and for SVG with 2.0 ⩽ ϕ ⩽ 5.0 mm. This latter range of ϕ was segmented into 7 bins to facilitate rapid clinical implementation with minimal errors. Calculations of dose and dose rate for the 3.5 F devices were also performed. Dose inhomogeneity in the form of dose maxima and minima were calculated for the 3.5 and 5.0 F catheters, with the 30, 40, and 60 mm sourcetrains, and for 2.0 ⩽ ϕ ⩽ 5.0 mm. Results The calculated doses rates for the 30 mm device were in agreement (typically ±0.3%) with measured dose rates. Reference dose calculations performed for SVG with 2.0 ⩽ ϕ ⩽ 5.0 mm were in alignment with those used for the more narrow range of native coronary arteries currently approved for IVBT. Errors associated with using a ϕ binning technique for simplifying clinical implementation did not exceed 15%, and were typically under 9%. The degree of dose inhomogeneity at a depth of 0.5 mm increased as ϕ increased, catheter size decreased, and sourcetrain length decreased, and was −42% and +101% relative to the prescribed dose for the 40 mm 5.0 F system with ϕ = 4.0 mm. Conclusions Use of 7 ϕ bins facilitates rapid clinical implementation of IVBT in the typical cardiac catheterization laboratory. While calculation of reference dose for treatment of large vessels is possible with established formalisms, the degree of dose inhomogeneity in light of current clinical results suggests further research is needed.
Illegal College ADHD Stimulant Distributors: Characteristics and Potential Areas of Intervention

This study identifies indicators of college students, with prescriptions to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) stimulants, who are most likely to distribute their medication to nonprescribed peers. 2,313 undergraduate students at a large Southeastern University were surveyed from 2009 to 2011. 5.2% (n = 120) were currently taking a prescribed ADHD stimulant. Analyses revealed that distributors are more likely to (1) take their medication less frequently; (2) misuse their stimulants for "off label" purposes; (3) be a member of a fraternity; (4) overestimate the percentages of users; and (5) belong to at-risk peer groups. The work concludes by discussing the study's implications, limitations and future research.
THE PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF MORPHOLOGICAL POLARITY IN REGENERATION. I

1. In Bryophyllum calycinum two apical leaves suppress the shoot formation in all the dormant buds situated basally from the leaf; one apical leaf suppresses the shoot formation in the basal buds situated in the same half of the stem where the leaf is, and, if one-half of the petiole of such a leaf is removed, the growth of basal buds in one quadrant of the stem is suppressed. 2. This inhibitory influence of a leaf upon shoot formation in the basal part of a stem is diminished or disappears when the mass of the leaf is reduced below a certain limit. 3. The inhibitory influence of an apical leaf upon the growth of shoots in horizontally suspended stems is greater when the leaf is on the upper than when it is on the lower side of the stem. 4. All these facts suggest the possibility that the inhibitory influence of the leaf upon shoot formation is due to inhibitory substances secreted by the leaf and carried by the sap from the leaf towards the base of the stem. 5. An apical leaf accelerates root formation in the basal part of a stem and this accelerating effect increases with the mass of the leaf. 6. This inhibitory influence of a leaf upon shoot formation and the favoring influence upon root formation in the more basally situated parts of the stem is one of the factors determining the polar character of regeneration.
Dissociable Interference-Control Processes in Perception and Memory

Control over interference is a pervasive feature of cognitive life. Central to research on interference control has been the identification of its underlying mechanisms. Investigations have focused on processes that filter out distracting perceptual information, leading to negative priming, and processes that discard intruding memories that cause proactive interference. Theories differ regarding whether or not a single process during episodic retrieval underlies both negative priming and the resolution of proactive interference. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we combined both phenomena into a single paradigm and found that occipital cortex shows activation uniquely related to negative priming, whereas activation increases in left lateral prefrontal cortex are uniquely associated with proactive interference. This pattern of results contradicts theories that rely on a single process to account for both phenomena. However, results also showed common recruitment of right dorsolateral prefrontal ...
Asymptotics of the list-chromatic index for multigraphs

The list-chromatic index, χl′(G) of a multigraph G is the least t such that if S(A) is a set of size t for each A∈E≔E(G), then there exists a proper coloring σ of G with σ(A)∈S(A) for each A∈E. The list-chromatic index is bounded below by the ordinary chromatic index, χ′(G), which in turn is at least the fractional chromatic index, χ′*(G). In previous work we showed that the chromatic and fractional chromatic indices are asymptotically the same; here we extend this to the list-chromatic index: χl′(G)∼χ′*(G) as χl′(G)∞. The proof uses sampling from “hard-core” distributions on the set of matchings of a multigraph to go from fractional to list colorings. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 17: 117–156, 2000
Reliance of ER-mitochondrial calcium signaling on mitochondrial EF-hand Ca2+ binding proteins: Miros, MICUs, LETM1 and solute carriers.

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria are functionally distinct with regard to membrane protein biogenesis and oxidative energy production, respectively, but cooperate in several essential cell functions, including lipid biosynthesis, cell signaling and organelle dynamics. The interorganellar cooperation requires local communication that can occur at the strategically positioned and dynamic associations between ER and mitochondria. Calcium is locally transferred from ER to mitochondria at the associations and exerts regulatory effects on numerous proteins. A common Ca2+ sensing mechanism is the EF-hand Ca2+ binding domain, many of which can be found in proteins of the mitochondria, including Miro1&2, MICU1,2&3, LETM1 and mitochondrial solute carriers. Recently, these proteins have triggered much interest and were described in reports with diverging conclusions. The present essay focuses on their shared features and established specific functions.
Algorithms for the generation of state-level representations of stochastic activity networks with general reward structures

Stochastic Petri nets (SPNs) and extensions are a popular method for evaluating a wide variety of systems. In most cases, their numerical solution requires generating a state-level stochastic process, which captures the behavior of the SPN with respect to a set of specified performance measures. These measures are commonly defined at the net level by means of a reward variable. In this paper, we discuss issues regarding the generation of state-level reward models for systems specified as stochastic activity networks (SANs) with "step-based reward structures". Step-based reward structures are a generalization of previously proposed reward structures for SPNs and can represent all reward variables that can be defined on the marking behavior of a net. While discussing issues related to the generation of the underlying state-level reward model, we provide an algorithm to determine whether a given SAN is "well-specified" A SAN is well-specified if choices about which instantaneous activity completes among multiple simultaneously-enabled instantaneous activities do not matter, with respect to the probability of reaching next possible stable markings and the distribution of reward obtained upon completion of a timed activity. The fact that a SAN is well specified is both a necessary and sufficient condition for its behavior to be completely probabilistically specified, and hence is an important property to determine.
Microwave breast imaging: 3-D forward scattering simulation

Active microwave imaging (MWI) is emerging as a promising technique for the detection of biomedical anomalies such as breast cancer because of the high electrical contrasts between malignant tumors and normal tissue. Previously, we have developed fast two-dimensional forward and inverse scattering algorithms for MWI systems. In this paper, we report the full three-dimensional (3-D) forward scattering simulation in order to account for 3-D effects and to provide a fast solver in future 3-D nonlinear inverse scattering methods. The 3-D fast forward method is based on the stabilized biconjugate-gradient fast Fourier transform (BCGS-FFT) algorithm. The method has been validated for various MWI measurement scenarios. Using this fast simulation method, we demonstrate the importance of accounting for 3-D effects in MWI, and we compare numerical results with the measurements from an experimental prototype.
Are State Marriage Initiatives Having an Eff ect ?An Initial Exploration of the Impact on Divorce and Childhood Poverty Rates

The central question addressed by this article is the effect of state-level marriage initiatives on divorce and childhood poverty rates. State divorce rates have been problematic for researchers because of variation across states in the way they are compiled. This research takes a different approach, measuring instead the prevalence of divorce rather than the number of divorces granted in a given state or year. The authors use this indicator, derived from Current Population Survey data, as an outcome measure in a test of marriage initiatives, and as an independent variable in a childhood poverty analysis. The quasi-experimental design employs time-series and cross-section regression analysis. Results show a significant negative effect from marriage initiatives on divorce prevalence, and a significant positive association between divorce prevalence and childhood poverty rates.
Uncertainty in object pose determination with three light-stripe range measurements

The pose (position and orientation) of a polyhedral object can be determined by using a set of simple light-stripe range sensors. Data from these sensors, however, inherently contains errors which result in pose uncertainty. Therefore, in addition to calculating the pose itself, it is often desirable to estimate how certain the pose determination is. This paper presents a method for estimating the uncertainty in determining the pose of an arbitrarily positioned object with three light-stripe range finders. We analyze the perturbation of a least squares fit of sensed 3D segments to object faces, and obtain a relationship between the sensing error and the object pose error. Experiments demonstrate that the method provides the estimate of accuracy in pose determination. >
A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON ACID-RESISTING BACILLI, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THEIR OCCURRENCE IN THE LOWER ANIMALS.

The results obtained in this study may be briefly summarized: 1. Acid-resisting bacilli are found in many of the lower animals, more especially the horse, cow, dog, guinea-pig and white rat. In the case of the rabbit and cat no such organisms were detected. 2. Many of these acid-resisting bacilli resemble the tubercle bacillus and the smegma bacillus of man. 3. The acid-resisting organisms are undoubtedly of different species and there is good reason to believe that the term smegma bacillus denotes not a definite species but rather a group of bacilli having common staining properties.
Pricing and capital allocation in catastrophe insurance

Abstract This paper studies multi-line pricing and capital allocation by insurance companies when solvency matters to consumers, capital is costly to hold, and the average loss is uncertain. In this environment, product quality concerns lead firms to diversify across markets and charge high prices for risk that threatens company solvency, even if the risk is unrelated to other asset risk. Price differences across markets are traced to differences in capital required at the margin to maintain solvency. Finally, the paper shows that capital costs have significant effects on catastrophe insurance markets because of high marginal capital requirements.