cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Firm location and land use in discrete urban space

Abstract The paper seeks to probe the underlying causes of the observed polycentricity in spatial structure of the Dallas-Fort Worth area by examining the intra-metropolitan location decisions of establishments in major industrial categories. Zip code zones are used to characterize the set of alternatives available to profit-maximizing firms, and the determinants of spatial choice are estimated in a multinomial logit framework. The model specification includes monocentric as well as more complex multidimensional interactions over discrete urban space. Results confirm a considerable degree of decentralization in most activities, predicting employment subcenters and nodes quite well. Implications for land use and city structure should inform both positive and normative contemporary urban issues.
How Prevalent Are Autistic Traits Among Children With Attention- Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? A Qualitative Review of the Literature

Background: Twin, family, and linkage studies have indicated that attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) share a portion of their heritable etiology. This suggests that individuals with ADHD may manifest different forms of ASDs that may range from fully developed syndromic forms of the disorder to milder manifestations of ASD symptomatology, which will henceforth be referred to as autistic traits. Objective: The main purpose of this study was to conduct a literature search to examine the current body of knowledge regarding the prevalence of autistic traits (operationalized as the presence of autistic symptoms in the absence of a diagnosis of ASD) among children with ADHD and the associated morbidity of such traits. Method : A systematic literature search in PubMed was conducted to discover all controlled studies published in the English language that systematically assessed the presence of autistic traits in children with ADHD who did not meet the criteria for ASDs. Three articles met our inclusion and exclusion criteria and were included in this qualitative review. Results: Only three scientific papers that met our a priori inclusion and exclusion criteria were identified. These articles described findings obtained from clinical samples and identified a prevalence of autistic traits among children with ADHD that ranged from 7% to 60%. As compared with children with ADHD without these traits, the presence of autistic traits in children with ADHD was associated with more severe dysfunction in a wide range of non-overlapping domains and in the social and communication domains in particular. Conclusions: Although this study was limited by the small amount of available literature about this subject, these findings suggest that a sizeable subset of children with ADHD manifest autistic traits and that the presence of these traits is associated with increased dysfunction and social and communication deficits.
A novel multi-level phase-controlled resonant inverter with common mode capacitor for wireless EV chargers

A novel multi-level phase-controlled resonant inverter is presented in this paper. The inverter is intended for wireless energy transfer systems. The proposed converter topology is obtained with two identical multi-level dc-ac inverters, connected in parallel through two common-mode capacitors. To overcome high voltage and current stresses across the switches, the proposed topology splits the voltage and current in each phase so that high power applications are possible with the proposed converter. An asymmetrical phase-shift modulation with a constant frequency regulates the output voltage in order to overcome the drawback of a wide range of operating frequency that occurs in conventional wireless power topologies. Theoretical and simulation results of the proposed circuit show that the converter performance is suitable for high power contactless electric vehicle (EV) chargers. The performance of the proposed converter is confirmed with experimental results using 8 inch air gap coreless transformer, which has dimension 2.5 by 2.5 feet. The converter is tested at 120 V input with the output of 120 V at a full power of 1 kW with a maximum efficiency of 93.7%.
Synchronization in Generalized Erd&#246;s-R&#233;nyi Networks of Nonlinear Oscillators

In this paper, we study synchronization of complex random networks of nonlinear oscillators, with specifiable expected degree distribution. We review a sufficient condition for synchronization and a sufficient condition for desynchronization, expressed in terms of the eigenvalue distribution of the Laplacian of the graph and the coupling strength. We then provide a general way to approximate the Laplacian eigenvalue distribution for the case of large random graphs produced by a generalization, [2], of the Erdos-Renyi model. Our approach is based on approximating the moments of the eigenvalue density function. The analysis is illustrated by using a complex network of nonlinear oscillators, with a power-law degree distribution.
Federal Statistical Confidentiality and Business Data: Twentieth Century Challenges and Continuing Issues

The roots of the modern concept of statistical confldentiality in the US federal statistical system can be traced directly back to the late nineteenth century efiorts of statisticians to ensure full and accurate responses by businesses to statistical inquiries. O-cials argued that such confldentiality guarantees were needed to ensure that the providers of enterprise and establishment data could be confldent that the statistical agencies could not be forced to share their responses with others, such as regulatory or tax authorities, congressional investigators, pry- ing journalists, and competitors, who might use this information to the detriment of the data provider. Nevertheless, over the years, the principle of statistical confl- dentiality with respect to information provided by businesses in statistical inquiries has been repeatedly challenged by other executive branch departments, indepen- dent regulatory agencies, the courts, Congress, and members of the public, with quite varied results. The paper uses the published record and archival research to examine the his- tory of challenges to statistical confldentiality, and the responses of the statistical agencies, the federal statistical system as a whole, including the o-ce of the chief statistician in OMB (and its predecessors), executive department and independent non-statistical agencies, the courts, and Congress as well as representatives of the business community. Long-term trends and the implications for maintaining and strengthening the confldentiality protections for establishment- and enterprise-level business data provided to federal agencies for statistical purposes are discussed.
The contrasting roles of IL-2 and IL-15 in the life and death of lymphocytes: implications for the immunotherapy of rheumatological diseases.

Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a 14-15-kDa member of the 4α helix bundle family of cytokines that stimulate T and NK (natural killer) cells. IL-15 and IL-2 utilize heterotrimeric receptors that include the cytokine-specific private receptors IL-2Rα and IL-15Rα, as well as two receptor elements that they share, IL-2Rβ and γc. Although IL-2 and IL-15 share two receptor subunits and many functions, at times they provide contrasting contributions to T-cell-mediated immune responses. IL-2, through its pivotal role in activation-induced cell death (AICD), is involved in peripheral tolerance through the elimination of self-reactive T cells. In contrast, IL-15 in general manifests anti-apoptotic actions and inhibits IL-2-mediated AICD. IL-15 stimulates the persistence of memory phenotype CD8+ T cells, whereas IL-2 inhibits their expression. Abnormalities of IL-15 expression have been described in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease and in diseases associated with the retrovirus HTLV-I (human T-cell lymphotropic virus I). Humanized monoclonal antibodies that recognize IL-2Rα, the private receptor for IL-2, are being employed to inhibit allograft rejection and to treat T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. New approaches directed toward inhibiting the actions of the inflammatory cytokine, IL-15, are proposed for an array of autoimmune disorders including rheumatoid arthritis as well as diseases associated with the retrovirus HTLV-I.
On the Feasibility of Developing a Global Atmospheric Model Extending from the Ground to the Exosphere

It is well known that solar EUV and UV forcing and auroral heat and momentum sources have a significant effect on thermospheric and ionospheric structure and dynamics. Yet the observed variability in these regions appears to be more than can be accounted for by considering only these processes. It is also known that the upward propagating diurnal and semi-diurnal tides affect the thermosphere and ionosphere and there are also studies that show that large scale planetary waves, such as the Quasi-two day wave, and 5 and 15 day waves produce signals as high as the ionospheric F-region. Furthermore, planetary wave and gravity wave breaking in the mesosphere has been shown to affect the stratosphere through downward control. Most models of the middle atmosphere have their upper boundary in the 70-150 km region whereas most models of the thermosphere/ionosphere have their lower boundary near 80-95 km. This region of the atmosphere is highly dynamic making the specifications of thermal, compositional, dynamical and electrodynamical boundary conditions difficult. There is an important need for the development of a model of the entire atmosphere that can be used to investigate couplings between atmospheric regions and solar-terrestrial interactions. A crude attempt has been made to develop such a model by coupling the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM3) and the Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Mesosphere-Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIME-GCM). This coupled model has been run for two years and the findings from this simulation indicate that important couplings between atmospheric regions occur. These results suggest that a model of the entire atmosphere is feasible and it will be needed to address many of the important problems that will arise in the new millenium.
Can the creation of matter in the early universe stall inflation

It is argued that the dominant creation of matter in the very early universe can stall and delay the period of inflation suggesting that inflation might inseparably be related to the conservative phase or phase when the relation Tμvjv=0 rigorously applies.
Long-Time Behaviour of Solutions of Quasilinear Parabolic Equations

1. Statement of the problem . In this note, we report on some joint work with Albert Milani concerning the existence and long-time behaviour of solutions to certain quasilinear parabolic initial-boundary value problems.
Air-mass origin in the tropical lower stratosphere: The influence of Asian boundary layer air

A climatology of air-mass origin in the tropical lower stratosphere is presented for the Goddard Earth Observing System Chemistry Climate Model. During late boreal summer and fall, air-mass fractions reveal that as much as 20% of the air in the tropical lower stratosphere last contacted the planetary boundary layer (PBL) over Asia; by comparison, the air-mass fractions corresponding to last PBL contact over North America and over Europe are negligible. Asian air reaches the extratropical tropopause within a few days of leaving the boundary layer and is quasi-horizontally transported into the tropical lower stratosphere, where it persists until January. The rapid injection of Asian air into the lower stratosphere—and its persistence in the deep tropics through late (boreal) winter—is important as industrial emissions over East Asia continue to increase. Hence, the Asian monsoon may play an increasingly important role in shaping stratospheric composition.
Late seroconversion following HPV-77, DE5 rubella virus vaccine.

Abstract The HAI antibody responses to HPV-77, DE5 rubella virus vaccine were evaluated with respect to time in 258 rubella-susceptible children. Seroconversion after 28 days post inoculation with this vaccine was not uncommon. These findings indicate a greater degree of modification of the HPV-77, DE5 rubella virus vaccine since most vaccinees have been shown to seroconvert by 28 or 30 days post inoculation with the HPV-77 and other HPV-77 derived rubella vaccines. With respect to the routine of inoculating rubella-susceptible women in the childbearing age, late seroconversion could be of importance beacause of the uncertainty of the time of viremia and the increased chance of pregnancy with increasing time following immunization. Comparative information is needed for the Cendehill and candidate RA 273 rubella virus vaccines. That vaccine showing an early and predictable higher conversion ratio would be the most desirable for use the above population.
The conserved polarity factor PodJ1 impacts multiple cell envelope‐associated functions in Sinorhizobium meliloti

Summary Although diminutive in size, bacteria possess highly diverse and spatially confined cellular structures. Two related alphaproteobacteria, Sinorhizobium meliloti and Caulobacter crescentus, serve as models for investigating the genetic basis of morphological variations. S. meliloti, a symbiont of leguminous plants, synthesizes multiple flagella and no prosthecae, whereas C. crescentus, a freshwater bacterium, has a single polar flagellum and stalk. The podJ gene, originally identified in C. crescentus for its role in polar organelle development, is split into two adjacent open reading frames, podJ1 and podJ2, in S. meliloti. Deletion of podJ1 interferes with flagellar motility, exopolysaccharide production, cell envelope integrity, cell division and normal morphology, but not symbiosis. As in C. crescentus, the S. meliloti PodJ1 protein appears to act as a polarity beacon and localizes to the newer cell pole. Microarray analysis indicates that podJ1 affects the expression of at least 129 genes, the majority of which correspond to observed mutant phenotypes. Together, phenotypic characterization, microarray analysis and suppressor identification suggest that PodJ1 controls a core set of conserved elements, including flagellar and pili genes, the signalling proteins PleC and DivK, and the transcriptional activator TacA, while alternative downstream targets have evolved to suit the distinct lifestyles of individual species.
MHC class Ia–restricted memory T cells inhibit expansion of a nonprotective MHC class Ib (H2-M3)–restricted memory response

Listeria monocytogenes infection generates major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class Ia–restricted and MHC class Ib-(H2-M3)–restricted effector and memory CD8+ T cells. However, only MHC class Ia–restricted memory cells expand after rechallenge, and it is unknown if MHC class Ib–restricted memory CD8+ T cells generated by vaccination are protective. We show here that H2-M3-restricted memory CD8+ T cells were capable of secondary expansion but, in contrast to primary H2-M3-restricted effector cells, failed to provide protective immunity. In lm-immune mice, MHC class Ia–restricted memory CD8+ T cells prevented the expansion of H2-M3-restricted memory T cell populations by limiting dendritic cell antigen presentation. Thus, protective immunity by H2-M3-resricted T cells is limited to primary infection, indicating that memory MHC class Ia–restricted T cells prevent nonessential immune responses during secondary infection.
Computational adaptive optics for broadband optical interferometric tomography of biological tissue

High-resolution real-time tomography of biological tissues is important for many areas of biological investigations and medical applications. Cellular level optical tomography, however, has been challenging because of the compromise between transverse imaging resolution and depth-of-field, the system and sample aberrations that may be present, and the low imaging sensitivity deep in scattering tissues. The use of computed optical imaging techniques has the potential to address several of these long-standing limitations and challenges. Two related techniques are interferometric synthetic aperture microscopy (ISAM) and computational adaptive optics (CAO). Through three-dimensional Fourierdomain resampling, in combination with high-speed OCT, ISAM can be used to achieve high-resolution in vivo tomography with enhanced depth sensitivity over a depth-of-field extended by more than an order-of-magnitude, in realtime. Subsequently, aberration correction with CAO can be performed in a tomogram, rather than to the optical beam of a broadband optical interferometry system. Based on principles of Fourier optics, aberration correction with CAO is performed on a virtual pupil using Zernike polynomials, offering the potential to augment or even replace the more complicated and expensive adaptive optics hardware with algorithms implemented on a standard desktop computer. Interferometric tomographic reconstructions are characterized with tissue phantoms containing sub-resolution scattering particles, and in both ex vivo and in vivo biological tissue. This review will collectively establish the foundation for high-speed volumetric cellular-level optical interferometric tomography in living tissues.
Liberal Arts Colleges and Science Education

I'm tired of seeing letters from faculty at small liberal arts colleges (for example, [18 Oct., p. 326][1]) piously proclaiming that they, and they alone, are the only ones capable of reforming the way science is taught at colleges and universities. Although many faculty at research universities do not place much value on teaching, there is a growing cadre of faculty at such institutions who are strongly committed to undergraduate teaching and to the improvement of science education. In many departments and even across entire campuses, these groups are beginning to reach the critical mass needed to bring about substantial change. Although there are many reasons why reform at research institutions has lagged behind change at small liberal arts colleges, one of the most important is that the magnitude of the problems at large universities dwarfs that at small colleges. Indeed, it is not all that difficult to teach effectively when one is dealing with a class of 20 students, carefully selected for their homogeneity. It is another matter completely to deal with 100 to 250 students with a full range of abilities, backgrounds, and learning styles. If faculty at small, liberal arts colleges truly want to contribute to the improvement of science education on the national level, they should join with faculty at larger institutions to find ways of adapting the successes of small institutions to the realities of large ones. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.274.5286.324c
Generalized fiducial confidence intervals for extremes

The generalized Pareto distribution is relevant to many situations when modeling extremes of random variables. In particular, peaks over threshold data approximately follow the generalized Pareto distribution. We use a fiducial framework to perform inference on the parameters and the extreme quantiles of the generalized Pareto. This inference technique is demonstrated both when the threshold is a known and unknown parameter. Assuming the threshold is a known parameter resulted in fiducial intervals with good empirical properties and asymptotically correct coverage. Likewise, our simulation results suggest that the fiducial intervals and point estimates compare favorably to the competing methods seen in the literature. The proposed intervals for the extreme quantiles when the threshold is unknown also have good empirical properties regardless of the underlying distribution of the data. Comparisons to a similar Bayesian method suggest that the fiducial intervals have better coverage and are similar in length with fewer assumptions. In addition to simulation results, the proposed method is applied to a data set from the NASDAQ 100. The data set is analyzed using the fiducial approach and its competitors for both cases when the threshold is known and unknown. R code for our procedure can be downloaded at http://www.unc.edu/~hannig/.
Interactions of Atlantic salmon in the Pacific Northwest

This review, and the following papers in the series, are specific to the presence of non-indigenous Atlantic salmon in the Pacific Northwest. A short geography of the Pacific Northwest is followed by a brief description of the 100-year history of attempted Atlantic salmon introductions and culture for sport fishing in the region, and the subsequent divergence into culture for farming. Although Atlantic salmon are still maintained for sport fishing in some land-locked lakes in Oregon, its predominant presence is in saltwater net-pen farms in Puget Sound, Washington, and contiguous waters to the north in the Canadian Province of British Columbia. Consequently, from hereon the review focuses on the presence and interactions of Atlantic salmon in Puget Sound. A brief description of production facilities for salmon, and their regulatory structure in Washington fisheries, is followed by a comparison of the current production of salmon for mitigation and enhancement with production directly for food. After an economic description of salmon fishing and salmon farming in Puget Sound, the final section reviews some societal interactions of farming, particularly employment and wages, recreational fishing and boating, and coastal property values. The review ends with some conclusions.
DX CENTERS IN AlGaN

In this letter, recent theoretical and experimental investigations of DX centers in AlxGa1-xN are reviewed. Due to the technological importance of III–V nitride semiconductors, studies of deep-level defects in AlGaN have attracted a great deal of interest. Oxygen impurities form DX centers in GaN under hydrostatic pressure and in AlxGa1-xN alloys. For GaN under pressures greater than 20 GPa, the DX level emerges from the conduction band, leading to a decrease in the free-electron concentration. The localization of free carriers leads to a decrease in the far-infrared absorption and an increase in the LO Raman peak intensity. In AlxGa1-xN alloys, Hall effect and persistent photoconductivity measurements indicate that the DX state is energetically favorable for x>0.3. The experimental data for oxygen DX centers are in excellent agreement with first-principles calculations. Experiments have shown that silicon remains a shallow donor up to at least x=0.5 and theory indicates that it may remain shallow up to x=1.
The diagnosis and management of asthma is much tougher in older patients

Half the elderly individuals with asthma have not been diagnosed, yet their quality of life is substantially impaired. Primary care physicians should, therefore, be encouraged to ask about respiratory symptoms in elderly patients, and then perform office spirometry for those with symptoms. Airway obstruction increases the likelihood of asthma, but the lack of a 'significant' acute bronchodilator response is clinically meaningless. Methacholine challenge testing is safe and useful for detecting asthma in patients with normal baseline spirometry. Only one in five life-long smokers ever develops chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, so elderly smokers should also be evaluated for reversible airways obstruction. A normal diffusing capacity test will rule out emphysema in current and former smokers. Elderly individuals whose asthma has been diagnosed are often receiving sub-optimal treatment, resulting in poor asthma control and a high death rate. Co-morbidities (recognized or not) are the rule in elderly patients, and these conditions, or the drugs taken to treat them, may exacerbate asthma. Conversely, bronchodilators and corticosteroids used to treat asthma often worsen co-morbid conditions, such as osteoporosis, ocular disease, and cardiac arrhythmias. Therefore, extra caution is needed when treating elderly asthmatic patients, and objective monitoring of their response to each new asthma medication is important.
Buckling of thick orthotropic cylindrical shells under combined external pressure and axial compression

A formulation based on the three-dimensional theory of elasticity is employed to study the buckling of an orthotropic cylindrical shell under combined external pressure and axial compression. A properly defined load interaction parameter expresses the ratio of axial compression and external pressure loading, and critical loads are thus derived for a given load interaction. The results from this elasticity solution are compared with the critical loads predicted by the orthotropic Donnell and Timoshenko nonshallow classical shell formulations. Two cases of orthotropic material are considered with stiffness constants typical of glass/epoxy and graphite/epoxy. Furthermore, two cases of load interaction are considered, representing a relatively high and a relatively low axial load. For both load interaction cases considered and for both materials, the Donnell and the Timoshenko bifurcation points are higher than the elasticity solution, which means that both shell theories are nonconservative. However, the bifurcation points from the Timoshenko formulation are always found to be closer to the elasticity predictions than the ones from the Donnell formulation. An additional common observation is that, for a high value of the load interaction parameter (relatively high axial load), the Timoshenko shell theory is performing remarkably well, approaching closely the elasticity solution, especially for thick construction. Finally, a comparison with some available results from higher order shell theories for pure external pressure indicates that these improved shell theories seem to be adequate for the example cases that were studied.
Assisted Suicide is Compatible with Medical Ethos

We agree with the main conclusion of Raus and colleagues (2011) that continuous deep sedation (CDS) isn't necessarily in all cases an appropriate alternative to physician-assisted suicide (PAS). In...
Scaring Them into Learning!? Using a Snake Screen to Enhance the Knowledge Transfer Effectiveness of a Web Interface.

It seems that surprise events have the potential to turn short-term memories into long-term memories, an unusual phenomenon that may have limited but interesting applications in learning tasks. This surprise-enhanced cognition phenomenon is theoretically modeled based on the notion that many human mental traits have evolved through natural selection; a mathematical analysis building on Price's covariance theorem is employed in this modeling effort. Additionally, the phenomenon is discussed in the context of an online learning task, based on a study involving 186 student participants. A simulated threat was incorporated into a human–computer interface with the goal of increasing the interface's knowledge-transfer effectiveness. The participants were asked to review Web-based learning modules and subsequently take a test on what they had learned. Data from six learning modules in two experimental conditions were contrasted. In the treatment condition, a Web-based screen with a snake in attack position was used to surprise the participants; the snake screen was absent in the control condition. As predicted, the participants in the treatment condition did significantly better in the test for the modules immediately before and after the snake screen than the participants in the control condition. These findings are extrapolated to classroom applications in general. Ethical considerations are also discussed.
The feasibility of converting Cannabis sativa L. oil into biodiesel

Cannabis sativa Linn, known as industrial hemp, was utilized for biodiesel production in this study. Oil from hemp seed was converted to biodiesel through base-catalyzed transesterification. The conversion is greater than 99.5% while the product yield is 97%. Several ASTM tests for biodiesel quality were implemented on the biodiesel product, including acid number, sulfur content, flash point, kinematic viscosity, and free and total glycerin content. In addition, the biodiesel has a low cloud point (-5 degrees C) and kinematic viscosity (3.48mm(2)/s). This may be attributed to the high content of poly-unsaturated fatty acid of hemp seed oil and its unique 3:1 ratio of linoleic to alpha-linolenic acid.
Vitamin G Saturation--Kidney Retention after an Intravenous Test Dose of Ascorbic Acid

Conclusions1. The intravenous test dose method for the determination of Vitamin C saturation in the body by the study of the urinary excretion eliminates the factor of uncertain absorption of the ascorbic acid from the gastro-intestinal tract, but the problem of faulty kidney elimination remains. 2. In order to properly evaluate this factor a study of the blood curve for possible renal retention is essential. 3. A test is outlined which permits a more complete study of Vitamin C saturation. 4. Results illustrating certain types of curves obtained with and without renal retention are presented and interpreted. Thus far retention of Vitamin C has been noted in patients with marked nitrogenous retention only. 5 . All patients with nitrogenous retention do not have Vitamin C retention, but renal retention of Vitamin C may occur. To our knowledge this has not been demonstrated before.
The Personalization of Collective Memory: The Smithsonian's September 11 Exhibit

History museums communicate the past and thereby contribute to a society's collective memory. In the past, curators used their professional standing to convey information and analysis. However, history museums increasingly take account of individuals' and groups' views of the past and are ever more wary of politically charged criticism. Drawing from interviews with key museum staff members, internal assessments and other writings about the exhibit and its creation, and observations of the exhibit, this article analyzes the Smithsonian's September 11 exhibit and the process of its development. Curators designed an exhibit that cast all, including museum visitors, as “witnesses” to events within a sharply delineated time period. By personalizing this traumatic day, this approach averted political pressure. At the same time, the September 11 exhibit delivered implicit and explicit political messages rallying citizens around national symbols and key leaders. The exhibit's combination of a focus on the individ...
Nitric oxide production by superficial and deep articular chondrocytes

Objective. Chondrocytes have been shown to produce large amounts of nitric oxide (NO) when appropriately stimulated with proinflammatory cytokines or bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In view of recent observations underscoring profound phenotypic differences between superficial and deep articular chondrocytes, these studies investigated NO production, inducible NO synthase (iNOS) activity, and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of superficial and deep cartilage explants and cells. Methods. Superficial and deep bovine and human articular cartilage explants and isolated bovine chondrocytes were cultured in the presence of stimulating cytokines or LPS. NO was measured by the Griess reagent. Inducible NOS activity was quantitated by conversion of L-14C-arginine to L-14C-citrulline. Inducible NOS mRNA expression was quantitated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and in situ hybridization. Results. Superficial bovine cartilage explants stimulated with interleukin-1α, LPS, or tumor necrosis factor α for 24 and 48 hours produced significantly more NO than did deep explants with all stimulants and at both times. Similar results were obtained with stimulated isolated superficial and deep cells. NO synthase activity, measured by the conversion of L-14C-arginine to L-14C-citrulline, paralleled NO production. Comparable results were obtained using explants from a normal human donor. Semiquantitation of iNOS mRNA by RT-PCR showed significantly larger amounts of PCR products in superficial cells and superficial explants. These results were confirmed by in situ hybridization of explants and isolated cells. Conclusion. Increased NO production at the cartilage surface-synovial fluid interface may play an important role in the modulation of cartilage damage in inflammatory arthritis.
Studies on new, centrally active and reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

We have synthesized the tertiary amines of pyridostigmine and neostigmine, 3-pyridinol dimethylcarbamate (norpyridostigmine) and 3-dimethylaminophenol dimethylcarbamate (norneostigmine) respectively, and we have tested their abilities to cross the blood-brain barrier and inhibit mouse brainAChE activity. The in vivo inhibition of AChE activity by norpyridostigmine reaches 72% at 10 minutes which is comparable to that seen with physostigmine (73% at 10 minutes). Inhibition by norneostigmine is less effective (50% at 10 minutes) and approaches that obtained with tetrahydroaminoacridine (57% at 10 minutes). These data show that both norpyridostigmine and norneostigmine cross the blood-brain barrier and that they are effective inhibitors of mouse brain AChE activity. These drugs could be useful in the treatment of memory, impairment associated with Alzheimer's disease, and other memory disorders.
Numerical simulation of premixed turbulent methane combustion

With adaptive-grid computational methodologies and judicious use of compressible and low Mach number combustion models, we are carrying out three-dimensional, time-dependent direct numerical simulations of a laboratory-scale turbulent premixed methane burner. In the laboratory experiment, turbulence is generated by a grid located in the throat of a 50mm diameter circular nozzle; swirl is be introduced by four tangential air jets spaced uniformly around the circumference of the nozzle just above the turbulence grid. A premixed methane flame is stabilized above the nozzle in the central core region where a velocity deficit is induced7the swirling flow. The time-dependent flow field inside the nozzle, from the turbulence grid and the high-speed jets, to the nozzle exit plane is simulated using an adaptive-grid embedded-boundary compressible Navier-Stokes solver. The compressible calculation then provides time-dependent boundary conditions for an adaptive low Mach number model of the swirl-stabilized premixed flame. The low Mach model incorporates detailed chemical kinetics and species transport using 20 species and 84 reactions. Laboratory diagnostics available for comparisons include characterizations of the flow field just down stream of the nozzle exit plane, and flame surface statistics, such as mean location, wrinkling and crossing frequencies.
Convergence theorems for renormalized Feynman integrals with zero-mass propagators

A general momentum-space subtraction procedure is proposed for the removal of both ultraviolet and infrared divergences of Feynman integrals. Convergence theorems are proved which allow one to define time-ordered Green functions, as tempered distributions, for a wide class of theories with zero-mass propagators.
The relationship between condylar guidance and temporomandibular joint clicking

The association between condylar inclination and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) clicking was tested by measuring the angles of condylar guidance in the sagittal plane during opening and closing movements in 12 subjects with temporomandibular joint clicks and 16 subjects without TMJ clicks. Each subject had tracings made by using a customized functional clutch. All subjects had full dentition and were without symptomatic mandibular dysfunction. Condylar inclinations were measured in parasagittal tracing planes. The travel path of the hinge axis of the condyle's movements was recorded, directly formed, and compared with a four-component axiograph recording that used the axis-orbital plane as a reference for the subjects. The measurements of angles along several distances (millimeters) of condylar guidance from the axis-orbital plane were obtained and evaluated. The measurements were made in the sagittal plane and through opening-closing movements starting from the actual occlusal vertical dimension of each subject. The results do not support the hypothesis that mean angles of the condylar guidance are significantly different in the group with TMJ clicking compared with the group without TMJ clicking.
CONTENT AND CAUSE IN THE ARISTOTELIAN MIND

L'A. defend la legitimite de la these aristotelicienne soutenue dans «La physique» , these qui affirme la dependance du contenu mental et des etats physiques de l'organisme, en vertu du processus causal de la survenance applique de la matiere a la psychologie
Aquatic photochemistry: Selected topics from current research

Photochemical reactions induced by sunlight contribute to the overall chemistry of natural water systems in many ways. The degradation of pollutants, dissolution of iron and manganese sediments, cycling of trace metal nutrients, and reactions of aquatic nitrogen and oxygen species are some of the many processes having solar photolysis pathways. This paper reviews recent research concerned with photo‐decomposition of pollutants, photolysis of nitrite and nitrate, photosensitization by humic materials and the generation of reactive intermediates. In addition, background material is presented concerning the basic principles of photochemistry and the limited wavelength range of effective solar radiation.
Effective bi-static array factor for tomographic imaging

In many antenna array applications, the beam pattern is defined as a product of the individual element pattern and the array factor generated by the spacing, orientation and relative phasing and apodization of the elements. In this paper we explore the interaction between the two beam patterns of associated antennas in a circular tomographic imaging configuration and demonstrate that the effective zones of sensitivity are relatively narrow cigar-shaped swathes between the transmit and receive antennas in spite of the isotropic beam patterns of the individual monopole antennas. In this case, the rows of the Jacobian matrix used in the image reconstruction process provide the maps of the sensitivity within the propagation zone which become the bi-static array factor. This analysis further informs antenna design and the overall impact on signal-to-noise considerations.
Village Health Workers in the Sahel (a Report of four years experience with "Agents de Sante de Village" in Upper Volta).

To help alleviate disease and suffering in the Sahel 2 aid agencies cooperated with government nurses to train village health workers. The role of the village health workers or agents is to provide disease prevention and promotion of health basic curative medicine disease surveillance and follow up medical care. Agents are trained in a 2 week course and supplied with a medicine chest stocked with commonly needed drugs. Agents who have begun to work are visited and supervised by mobile teams from the aid agencies (Save the Children Fund and the Comite International de Development Rural). Of 30 agents originally trained 22 are still working each serving 500 to 2000 people. Malaria takes up 45% of consultations during the mosquito season. Chloroquine is administered alleviating much suffering. A fee is paid by the villagers for each treatment.
Rectal toxicity profile after transperineal interstitial permanent prostate brachytherapy: use of a comprehensive toxicity scoring system and identification of rectal dosimetric toxicity predictors.

Purpose: To better understand rectal toxicity after prostate brachytherapy, we employed the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE version 3.0), a comprehensive system with distinct and separately reported gastrointestinal adverse event items (unlike Radiation Therapy Oncology Group morbidity scoring), to evaluate item-specific postimplant rectal toxicities. Methods and Materials: We analyzed 135 patients treated with brachytherapy ± hormonal therapy, using CTCAE v3.0 to score acute/late rectal toxicities (median follow-up, 41 months). Dosimetric parameters were evaluated for ability to predict toxicities. Results: Use of CTCAE yielded a novel rectal toxicity profile consisting of diarrhea, incontinence, urgency, proctitis, pain, spasms, and hemorrhage event rates. No item had a 25 (percent of rectal volume receiving 25% of prescribed prostate dose) ≤ 25% vs. 60% for %V 25 > 25% ( p 10 ≤ 40% vs. 44% for %V 10 > 40% ( p = 0.007). Conclusions: A comprehensive understanding of item-specific postimplant rectal toxicities was obtained using CTCAE. Rectal %V 25 > 25% and %V 10 > 40% predicted worse late diarrhea and maximum toxicity, respectively.
Nominalization and Alternations in Biomedical Language

Background This paper presents data on alternations in the argument structure of common domain-specific verbs and their associated verbal nominalizations in the PennBioIE corpus. Alternation is the term in theoretical linguistics for variations in the surface syntactic form of verbs, e.g. the different forms of stimulate in FSH stimulates follicular development and follicular development is stimulated by FSH. The data is used to assess the implications of alternations for biomedical text mining systems and to test the fit of the sublanguage model to biomedical texts.
Cries That Shake the Earth Military Atrocities and Popular Protests in Warlord China

This article examines a rare instance in China’s warlord period when military officers were actually held accountable for military atrocities. These atrocities occurred in 1920, when retreating Northern troops pillaged and murdered their way through three Hunan counties before being forced to surrender to a Hunan army. A popular outcry immediately arose in Hunan to punish the officers for the crimes of their troops. Responding to this pressure, a Hunan military court ultimately sentenced two commanders and several other officers to death. Nonetheless, it was only the specter of possible political disorder, as protests escalated from angry press reports and petitions into actual street demonstrations by atrocity victims, that convinced Hunan’s new and relatively unstable provincial government to accede to these popular demands. The case therefore illuminates both the potential political power and limits of public opinion and popular protests in Republican China.
Separable approximations to local interactions

A technique for approximating local interactions by separable interactions of simple analytic form is examined. Approximations to an exponential potential are calculated. Near zero energy, where the local potential possesses an antibound state, a rank three potential is required to produce a reasonable approximation. The unique feature of the approximation proposed here is that it can produce separable potentials whose scattering amplitudes are good approximations near a predetermined energy. The range of validity of the approximation is found to expand rapidly as one increases the rank of the potential.
Exploring why more communication is not better: insights from a computational model of cross-functional teams

Abstract Recent evidence suggests that communication and performance in cross-functional new product development (NPD) teams are curvilinearly related, but fails to pinpoint the reasons for this relationship. We developed a computational model to study the communication activities of cross-functional new product development teams. Our simulation confirms the recent evidence and offers insights into the underlying reasons for the curvilinearity. We provide guidelines regarding when the top performance occurs, for both frequency and duration of synchronous and asynchronous communication. Further, we perform a series of post-hoc analyses to examine the reasons for the curvilinearity of the communication–performance relationship. The work concludes with a discussion of the theoretical and practical applications of the results.
Managing organizational capabilities: the Keystone step

Purpose – This paper seeks to contribute to the RBV by focusing on a central construct, the “Keystone step”, within the firms' capability management field. It aims at providing a conceptual framework for top managers to understand the main related issues and steps, and to position their own organizational perspective.Design/methodology/approach – The study explores the associated conceptual and empirical literature, borrowing from a strategic and a cognitive perspective, and defines and characterizes the central construct.Findings – The author identifies a three‐step managerial process to handle capabilities: the Analytical step, the Action step, and the Keystone step. After briefly reviewing the resource‐based view, he suggests definitions and critical dimensions to design a conceptual frame articulated around the Keystone step, within which top managers can position and build their own approach. The critical founding rationale of capability management, rooted in underlying assumptions and beliefs, often...
The influence of age and education on epistemological beliefs

Background. Individuals' beliefs about the nature of knowledge and learning, or epistemological beliefs, have been linked to their comprehension, meta-comprehension, persistence, and interpretation of information (e.g., Kitchener & King, 1981; Ryan, 1984; Songer & Linn, 1991). Little is known about the development of epistemological beliefs. Aims. This research examines the contributions of age and education to adults' epistemological beliefs. Sample. A total of 418 adults from all walks of life (e.g., homemakers, waitresses, teachers, farmers, carpenters, executives, and lawyers) participated in this study. Stratified random sampling was used to ensure that one-third of the sample had only a high school education, another third had some college undergraduate experience, and the other third had some graduate school experience. Method. Adults completed an epistemological questionnaire that assesses beliefs about the structure and stability of knowledge, and the speed and control of learning. Results. To ensure that the epistemological questionnaire was suitable for this sample, a factor analysis was carried out. Factor scores that were generated replicated a factor structure that had been found in earlier studies (Dunkle, Schraw & Bendixen, 1993; Schommer, 1990). Results from multiple regression analyses indicated that education predicted beliefs about the structure and stability of knowledge. Age predicted beliefs about the ability to learn. Conclusions. This evidence suggests that both age and education affect individuals' epistemological beliefs in unique ways. This may have implications for older adults who return to school eager to learn but with misunderstandings about the nature of knowledge, and younger adults who attend school with doubts about the malleability of the ability to learn.
Muon Anomalous Magnetic Dipole Moment in Supersymmetric Theories

We study the muon anomalous magnetic dipole moment in supersymmetric theories. The impact of the recent Brookhaven E821 experimental measurement on both model-independent and model-dependent supersymmetric parameter spaces is discussed in detail. We find that values of $\mathrm{tan}\ensuremath{\beta}$ as low as 3 can be obtained while remaining within the E821 one-sigma bound. This requires a light smuon; however, we show that, somewhat surprisingly, no model-independent bound can be placed on the mass of the lightest chargino for any $\mathrm{tan}\ensuremath{\beta}g~3.$ We also show that the maximum contributions to the anomalous magnetic moment are insensitive to CP-violating phases. We provide analyses of the supersymmetric contribution to the muon anomalous magnetic moment in dilaton-dominated supergravity models and gauge-mediated supersymmetry-breaking models. Finally, we discuss how other phenomena, such as $B(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{b}s\ensuremath{\gamma}),$ relic abundance of the lightest superpartner, and the Higgs boson mass may be correlated with the anomalous magnetic moment, but do not significantly impact the viability of a supersymmetric explanation, or the mass limits obtainable on smuons and charginos.