cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predicting flammability-leading properties for liquid aerosol safety via machine learning

Abstract Flammable and explosive hazards, which have been well studied, are major safety concerns in industrial processes. However, the liquid aerosolization phenomenon, which increases the fire and explosion hazard of bulk liquids, has not been widely recognized. This work aims at identifying the contributors influencing liquid aerosol flammability and solving their data deficiencies by developing quantitative structure − property relationship (QSPR) models. 1215 liquid chemicals and 14 predictors have been input to train the developed machine learning models via k-fold cross validation with the consideration of principal component analysis. Three rounds of model performance comparisons are conducted to find the optimal models for liquid dynamic viscosity (LDV), surface tension (ST), and liquid vapor pressure (LVP). The most persuasive model for LDV is obtained by the exponential Gaussian process regression (GPR) approach with seven principal components, while the Matern 5/2 GPR algorithm is the most robust model for predicting ST and LVP. Due to their good interpretation and prediction performance, the optimized machine learning models can be used to predict flammability-leading properties for aerosols and can therefore help design inherently safer processes involving potential liquid aerosolization.
Advocacy and Ethics

Advocacy and ethics are two of the most widely discussed topics in the historic preservation field, but are rarely compared side by side. This discussion delves into some of the thorniest recent issues that have divided preservationists on local projects. The chapter begins by exploring the fundamental links between cultural norms and social values, which lie at the heart of our activities. In a country with Judeo-Christian roots, these values provide the prevailing framework for decision-making.
Copy Number Control and Incompatibility of incFII R Plasmids

Bacterial plasmids are stably inherited even when present in low copy number in host cells. Thus, plasmid inheritance must be controlled by a mechanism which ensures that these extrachromosomal elements are replicated during each cell division cycle and that at least one copy is segregated to each daughter cell at division. The molecular nature of the control of plasmid replication and segregation is presently not understood in any detail. Most available data are consistent with the negative control mechanism proposed by Pritchard (1978). This repressor dilution model postulates that an inhibitor or repressor specified by a gene on a replicon interacts with a specific receptor on the DNA to control the frequency of initiation of replication. This model can account for the control of plasmid copy number and also for the inability of two plasmids which share the same replication control mechanism to coexist stably in descendants of the same host cell (incompatibility). Mutations in either the repressor molecule or its binding site could lead to less stringent control so that plasmid copy number would be increased. A number of plasmid copy number mutants have been isolated and many, but not all, have been found to have altered incompatibility properties (Uhlin and Nordstrom, 1975; Miki et al., 1980; Rownd et al., 1980).
Legal Forms and the Common Law of Patents

The question of institutional choice is important in all areas of the law, but particularly in the context of patent law with its divergent stakeholders, decentralized variance among industries regarding how the patent system is viewed and relied upon, and a persistent focus on reform in recent years. For over two hundred years, the courts have been the dominant force in the development of patent law. It should therefore come as no surprise to learn that a significant portion of American patent law, including some of the most important and controversial patent law doctrines, is either built upon judicial interpretation of elliptical statutory phrases or is devoid of any statutory basis. Thus, while Congress and the courts each have a hand in constructing the latticework of patent law, judges - not the authors of lex scripta - are the principal architects.The common law process - in the Hayekian sense - situates the judge within a given technological community, where norm identification can be more easily recognized and representative legal frameworks constructed that are more closely tethered to relevant social context. Such a pronounced common law role offers an opportunity to exercise significant discretion. How this judicial discretion has been managed can be gleaned from the common law’s willingness to construct legal forms, most notably the choice and balance between the creation of a rule-based (or rule-like) jurisprudence and a more standard-oriented approach. The evolution of the common law of patents has been interstitial and nuanced, displaying an understanding that a body of law devoted to promoting technological innovation - a decentralized enterprise with attendant norms unique to each innovative community - more often than not requires a less dichotomous approach, constructing analytical frameworks that are situated somewhere between a spotless rule and a pure standard.Through the lens of comparative advantage, therefore, this experience provides a strong case for judicial primacy in the context of substantive reform, and an important, yet modest, Congressional role, one limited to (1) bringing about procedural change or altering patent law’s judicial architecture; and (2) engaging in substantive corrective action by addressing a common law gone awry.
The Economic Family in Global Context: A Case Study of Migrant Domestic Workers in Egypt

This essay links a particular legal case study with a broader set of questions about the “family” in global political and economic context. Part I of this essay clarifies the analytic links between the household, the market and globalization. By studying Egypt, the essay focuses on one part of this global sociolegal continuum and draws out the special significance of transnational background rules and conditions for the “developmental state.” Part II presents my case study of the legal framework affecting labor conditions of sub-Saharan African women who are migrant domestic workers in Egypt, and particularly the legal framework that affects their ability to bargain in securing livelihood strategies. Domestic and international law fail to provide adequate assistance and support for these efforts, but they indelibly construct the environments for them: “foreground” rules of employment and contract law (but not family law) affect the bargaining environment for migrant domestic workers; “background” rules, most importantly those related to sovereignty and immigration, also crucially influence the bargaining environment. Part III returns to the conceptual landscape, connecting this study with critical understandings of the “economic family” and current quandaries in “global governance” studies. In conclusion, the household is not only an economically significant site, but is also linked to patterns of globalization: governance of the household constitutes an aspect of “global governance,” and vice versa. Such a conclusion may require rethinking some assumptions about gender roles and power dynamics that have characterized legal theories of the family.
A gradient rule for the plasticity of a neuron’s intrinsic excitability

While synaptic learning mechanisms have always been a core topic of neural computation research, there has been relatively little work on intrinsic learning processes, which change a neuron’s excitability. Here, we study a single, continuous activation model neuron and derive a gradient rule for the intrinsic plasticity based on information theory that allows the neuron to bring its firing rate distribution into an approximately exponential regime, as observed in visual cortical neurons. In simulations, we show that the rule works efficiently.
Protein kinase C regulates the nuclear localization of diacylglycerol kinase-ζ

Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) terminate signalling from diacylglycerol by converting it to phosphatidic acid1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8. Diacylglycerol regulates cell growth and differentiation, and its transient accumulation in the nucleus may be particularly important in this regulation9,10. Here we show that a fraction of DGK-ζ is found inthe nucleus, where it regulates the amount of nuclear diacylglycerol. Reducing nuclear diacylglycerol levels by conditional expression of DGK-ζ attenuates cell growth. The nuclear-localization signal of DGK-ζ is located in a region that is homologous to the phosphorylation-site domain of the MARCKS protein. This is, to our knowledge, the first evidence that this domain, which is amajor target for protein kinase C, can localize a protein to thenucleus. Two isoforms of protein kinase C, but not others, regulate the localization of DGK-ζ. Our results define a cycle in which diacylglycerol activates protein kinase C, which then regulates the metabolism of diacylglycerol by alternating the intracellular location of DGK-ζ. This may be a general mechanism to control mitogenic signals that depend on nuclear diacylglycerol.
Characteristic mode analysis of electrically large conformal bifilar helical antenna

A characteristic mode analysis of an electrically large bifilar helix is presented in this paper. Characteristic mode analysis is typically performed on electrically small to intermediate size antennas for simplicity. When the antenna becomes electrically large, there are many modes and it is difficult to identify the dominant modes. A procedure for determining the important characteristic modes is outlined in this paper and applied to a bifilar helix. The key features of the dominant modes making up the total current and pattern will be discussed.
Marital Quality Buffers the Association Between Socioeconomic Status and Ambulatory Blood Pressure.

Socioeconomic status is robustly associated with rates of death and disease. Psychophysiological stress processes are thought to account for a portion of this association. Although positive and supportive relationships can buffer psychophysiological stress responses, no studies have examined whether the quality of a primary adult relationship—marriage—may buffer the negative association between socioeconomic status and stress-related disease processes. The current study examines the interaction between income and marital quality (supportive vs. ambivalent) on individuals’ daily ambulatory blood pressure, a valid and reliable indicator of cardiovascular risk. Results revealed that supportive marital relationships buffered the otherwise higher ambulatory diastolic blood pressure associated with low income. Results are consistent with the buffering hypothesis of social support and suggest that a supportive spouse may buffer stress-related autonomic processes linking low socioeconomic status to risk for cardiovascular disease.
Case-Based Reasoning in the Care of Alzheimer's Disease Patients

Planning the ongoing care of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) patients is a complex task, marked by cases that change over time, multiple perspectives, and ethical issues. Geriatric interdisciplinary teams of physicians, nurses and social workers currently plan this care without computer assistance. Although AD is incurable, interventions are planned to improve the quality of life for patients and their families. Much of the reasoning involved is case-based, as clinicians look to case histories to learn which interventions are effective, to document clinical findings, and to train future health care professionals. There is great variability among AD patients, and within the same patient over time. AD is not yet well enough understood for universally effective treatments to be available. The case-based reasoning (CBR) research paradigm complements the medical research approach of finding treatments effective for all patients by matching patients to treatments that were effective for similar patients in the past. The Auguste Project is an effort to provide decision support for planning the ongoing care of AD patients, using CBR and other thought processes natural to members of geriatric interdisciplinary teams. System prototypes are used to explore the reasoning processes involved and to provide the forerunners of practical clinical tools. The first system prototype has just been completed. This prototype supports the decision to prescribe neuroleptic drugs to AD patients with behavioral problems. It uses CBR to determine if a neuroleptic drug should be prescribed and rule-based reasoning to select one of five approved neuroleptic drugs for a patient. The first system prototype serves as proof of concept that CBR is useful for planning ongoing care for AD patients. Additional prototypes are planned to explore the research issues raised.
A Review of: “Trans-Saharan Africa in World History. By Ralph A. Austen.”

Ralph A. Austen has written a highly accessible book on the role played by trans-Sahara—the region comprising the region of North Africa and the Sahel—in world history. Unlike many historians whose...
Supplementing Ferrets with Canthaxanthin Affects the Tissue Distributions of Canthaxanthin, Other Carotenoids, Vitamin A and Vitamin E

To study the effects of canthaxanthin supplementation on the tissue distribution of canthaxanthin, other carotenoids, vitamin A and vitamin E, 26 spayed female ferrets (2 mo of age) were used. Ferrets were assigned to receive a commercial ferret diet and a gavage of canthaxanthin [50 mg/(kg body wt.d)] or a gavage of placebo beadlets (0 mg canthaxanthin) 5 d/wk. Serum canthaxanthin concentrations in the canthaxanthin-fed group increased from 0 at baseline to 37.76 +/- 5.34 nmol/L trans and 77.10 +/- 12.60 nmol/L cis canthaxanthin at 12 mo. Further accumulation of canthaxanthin did not occur with continuous dosing. After 2 y of receiving canthaxanthin beadlets by gavage, the ferrets did not show a detectable concentration of canthaxanthin in the eyes, nor did they have clinical signs of toxicity. Canthaxanthin concentrations were highest in liver, with high concentrations also seen in fat, lung and small intestine. The sum of alpha and beta-carotene concentrations detected in livers was significantly higher in the canthaxanthin-fed group than in the placebo-fed group, but not significantly higher when individual carotenes were compared. However, alpha-tocopherol concentrations in the livers and lungs and lutein/zeaxanthin in the fats of the ferrets fed canthaxanthin were significantly lower than in those fed the placebo. Retinoid concentrations in tissues of the ferrets fed canthaxanthin were not different from those of the placebo-fed group. The effects of canthaxanthin supplementation on other antioxidants and vitamin A nutrients demonstrate either a synergistic or antagonistic relationship, depending on the specific tissue assayed.
Technology for changing feelings

Feelings change and technology usually ignores such changes, despite thattechnology often is credited with causing the changed feelings, especiallyfrustration, irritation, annoyance, or (sometimes) interest and delight. This talk will demonstrate technology we’ve built to recognize and respond to emotion anddiscuss some ways it can help people better change their own emotionsif they want to do so. I will attempt to demo some of the new technologies live, and discuss their beneficial uses (e.g. helping people with anxiety,stress or health-behavior change). I will also mention some worrisome usesand solicit ideas for how to minimize or prevent abusive uses.
Música para las divinidades de la lluvia. Reconstrucción de los ritos mayas del período clásico tardío en la Grieta Principal de Aguateca, El Petén, Guatemala

Resumen es: Investigaciones arqueologicas en la Grieta Principal de Aguateca, El Peten, Guatemala, una grieta profunda que corre en medio de este sitio maya del peri...
The two nucleon interaction and the Cohen approximation

Abstract The Cohen approximation to the scalar Bethe-Salpeter equation is used to study the exchange of mesons between nucleons. Numerically, the Cohen approximation is more accurate than the Blankenbecler-Sugar approximation in all partial waves.
The wound-inducible Lls1 gene from maize is an orthologue of the Arabidopsis Acd1 gene, and the LLS1 protein is present in non-photosynthetic tissues

Previous studies indicated that the lethal leaf spot 1 lesion mimic locus of maize ( ZmLls1 ) encodes a novel cell protective function in plants. Here we show that the accelerated cell death 1 ( acd1 ) locus of Arabidopsis thaliana corresponds to gene At3g44880 on chromosome 3. Proof that the Acd1 gene is an orthologue of ZmLls1 is provided by in vivo complementation of the acd1 mutant by the ZmLls1 gene. The Atlls1 lesion mimic phenotype was delayed in a chlorophyll a oxygenase (CAO) mutant chlorina1 background which is deficient in chlorophyll b synthesis. The interpretation that the cell protective function of LLS1 is linked with the removal of a phototoxic chlorophyll intermediate is supported by the recent report that the maize Lls1 gene encodes pheophorbide a oxygenase (PaO). Western blot analysis demonstrates that the LLS1 protein is present constitutively in all photosynthetic plant tissues. A transient increase in Lls1 gene expression by about 50-fold upon physical wounding of maize leaves indicates that the function of Lls1 is regulated in response to stress. We show that the LLS1 protein is also present at low levels in non-photosynthetic tissues including etiolated leaves suggesting that the ability to degrade chlorophyll exists in a standby mode in plant cells.
An in vitro 1H nuclear magnetic resonance study of the temporoparietal cortex of Alzheimer brains

The concentrations of selected metabolites in the posterior temporoparietal cortex of 13 Alzheimer's diseased (AD) and four nondemented postmortem brains (of individuals between the ages of 63 and 95) were determined using high-resolution 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The estimates for glutamate and inositol for AD brains did not show any statistically significant difference (P>0.05) from those for the nondemented brains. The putative neuronal marker N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), creatine, and GABA were decreased in AD brains compared with the nondemented brains. The estimates for creatine, glutamate, and GABA showed significant linear correlations with those of NAA. Creatine, glutamate, GABA, and NAA appeared to be negatively correlated with the neurofibrillary tangles. Our results support a neuronal loss in the posterior temporoparietal cortices of AD brains.
Origin of Colossal Ionic Conductivity in Oxide Multilayers: Interface Induced Sublattice Disorder

Oxide ionic conductors typically operate at high temperatures, which limits their usefulness. Colossal room-temperature ionic conductivity was recently discovered in multilayers of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and SrTiO3. Here we report density-functional calculations that trace the origin of the effect to a combination of lattice-mismatch strain and O-sublattice incompatibility. Strain alone in bulk YSZ enhances O mobility at high temperatures by inducing extreme O disorder. In multilayer structures, O-sublattice incompatibility causes the same extreme disorder at room temperature.
High-Throughput Screening of T Cell Cytotoxic Events by Biomass Profiling

Adoptive immunotherapies against cancer, in which cytotoxic, CD8+ T cells engineered to express T cell receptors (TCRs) targeting cancer-associated antigens are transplanted into a patient, have shown dramatic promise in clinical trials. A major impediment to the widespread use of this technique for treatment of diverse cancers is the lack of a fast approach for the identification of TCRs from patient samples. In this talk, we present a method for high-throughput screening of T cell/target cell interactions by measurements of cell biomass. This live cell approach is label-free and allows cells to be recovered for downstream analysis. To ensure specificity, three parameters are tracked: target cell appearance, target cell mass loss during cell death, and T cell mass during and after the cytotoxic event (Figure panels a-c). Our results demonstrate, for the first time, the kinetics of T cell mass increase during activation. Finally, we will present an extension of this method to a microfabricated microwell format for the screening of patient samples and discovery of novel TCRs.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Crystal Pseudopolymorphism of Cephaloglycin and Cephalexin

The systematic investigation of the crystallization of cephaloglycin and cephalexin leads to a better understanding of the part that pseudopolymorphic crystal transitions play in the analysis, processing, and formulation of these and many other pharmaceutical compounds.The employment of solubility versussolvent composition diagrams to detect various crystal forms of compounds is discussed.This appears to be a convenient and sensitive method for detecting new crystalline phases.It should find application whenever crystallizations are performed with more than one solvent, and particularly when instability of the compound at elevated temperatures prevents the use of conventional thermal methods or when poor crystal development limits the use of microscopic methods.Interpretation of vapor pressure-composition relationships for various crystal forms of these compounds points to the advisability of obtaining such data for all pharmaceutical solids.
Modeling in desalination—electro-dialysis reversal

The first innovative model is developed in electro-dialysis reversal (EDR) desalination. First, theoretical limiting current density (LCD) determination is fitted and validated with four test-runs literature lab data. The goodness of fit and validation of LCD is statistically high with overall r 2 0.966 at p < 0.001. Second, a sensitivity analysis is done to study the most sensitive parameter in EDR with the LCD to its six modeling parameters; it was found that transport numbers of ions in membrane (t im) and in solution (t is) are rate limiting. Third, the model is constructed with emphases on LCD, concentration potential (CP), and total area of resistances of both membrane and solution to highlighting these two limiting parameters. Fourth, the model is fitted, verified, and validated with six different sets of both desalting energy and TDS in concentrate data from five literatures including 59 measured data points with five different feedwater characteristics. The values of five parameters (t Ca++, m′, ...
An extension of the median test to analysis of variance

In a k-way analysis of variance model, the major concern is testing for main effects and for the presence of interaction between the factors. When the assumptions of normality and equal variances are satisfied, the appropriate test to use is the usual F-test for ANOVA. However, when the normality assumption is not satisfied then a robust or nonparametric test is needed to conduct the analysis. In this paper a nonparametric method based on cell counts is proposed. Each cell is divided into L subcells based on predetermined outpoints and the resulting frequencies are laid out in a contingency table. Then the Pearson x2 and tne likelihood ratio tests are performed. A comparison with the classical ANOVA F-test indicates that the proposed method is preferable when the data comes from a thick-tailed highly skewed distribution.
Private Label Expansion and Supermarket Milk Prices

This article investigates the impacts of private labels (PLs) on fluid milk prices and price differentials using 2,759 supermarket-level observations from 10 cities. Non-parametric results reveal that although PL milk prices decrease as PL milk shares expand, eventually the effect is to increase the prices of manufacturers brands as well as the price gap between private labels and manufacturers brands. Econometric results further reveal that supermarkets exert some degree of price discrimination through controlling the brands of milk sold.
Nation, Governance, and Modernity in China: Canton, 1900-1927

Introduction 1. In the name of society 2. Toward modernity 3. The contested nation 4. Privileging labor The riddle of mobilization Epilogue Character list Abbreviations Notes Bibliography Index.
Analysis of Longitudinal ThicknessrShear Stiffness of a Monolayer Filamentary Composite

The longitudinal thickness-shear behavior of a rectangular cross-section prism containing circular cross-section fibers embedded in a matrix is analyzed. The problem is formulated as a Saint-Venant flexure problem modeled by a tip-loaded cantilever composite beam and solution is obtained by the boundary-point least-squares method. It is shown that the longitudinal thickness-shear modulus is much greater than the in-plane shear modulus for a monofilament composite and therefore an independent analysis is necessary to predict the longitudinal thickness-shear behavior of the composite. Numerical results are presented in graphical form for various values of fiber volume fraction and material parameters typical of modern advanced composites.
Myopathy in cattle induced by alkaloid extracts from Thermopsis montana, Laburnum anagyroides and a Lupinus sp.

A purified alkaloid preparation containing N-methylcytisine, cytisine, 5,6-dehydrolupanine, thermopsine and anagyrine from Thermopsis montana induced prolonged recumbency and microscopic acute hyaline skeletal myodegeneration with myofibre regeneration in cattle similar in type and severity to that induced by Thermopsis montanta plant material. This indicates that the alkaloid(s) of Thermopsis montana are responsible for the myopathy caused by the plant. An alkaloid preparation containing mostly anagyrine from a Lupinus sp. and an alkaloid preparation containing only cytisine from Laburnum anagyroides each caused microscopic skeletal muscle degeneration and necrosis similar to, but less severe than, the alkaloid extract from T. montana, but without clinical recumbency. Dosage and severity of response suggest that neither of those two alkaloids alone can account for the effects induced by Thermopsis. The data suggest that quinolizidine alkaloids with a alpha-pyridone A-ring may be responsible for the lesions and that individual alpha-pyridones may have additive effects.
Reverse protonation is the key to general acid-base catalysis in enolase

The pH dependence of enolase catalysis was studied to understand how enolase is able to utilize both general acid and general base catalysis in each direction of the reaction at near-neutral pHs. Wild-type enolase from yeast was assayed in the dehydration reaction (2-phospho-d-glycerate → phosphoenolpyruvate + H2O) at different pHs. E211Q, a site-specific variant of enolase that catalyzes the exchange of the α-proton of 2-phospho-d-glycerate but not the complete dehydration, was assayed in a 1H/2H exchange reaction at different pDs. Additionally, crystal structures of E211Q and E168Q were obtained at 2.0 and 1.8 A resolution, respectively. Analysis of the pH profile of kcat/KMg for wild-type enolase yielded macroscopic pKa estimates of 7.4 ± 0.3 and 9.0 ± 0.3, while the results of the pD profile of the exchange reaction of E211Q led to a pKa estimate of 9.5 ± 0.1. These values permit estimates of the four microscopic pKas that describe the four relevant protonation states of the acid/base catalytic groups...
Spatial Distribution and Dispersal of Unfed Larval Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae) in Southern New York

The spatial distribution of larval Ixodes dammini Spielman, Clifford, Piesman, & Corwin was examined at two sites in Westchester County, N.Y., an area endemic for Lyme disease. Larval abundance peaked in early August and was marked by a highly clumped distribution reflecting high concentrations of newly hatched larvae. Subsequent sampling indicated an increasingly uniform distribution of larvae as measured by the variance/mean ratio and Lloyd's index of patchiness. An experiment using ticks marked with fluorescent powder to illustrate the degree of active dispersal (tick disperses by its own movement) indicated little lateral movement; only 3 (4%) of the 77 marked larvae recovered during the experiment were found beyond 3 m from the release point. The recovery of unfed larvae (12 larvae [0.6% of total] were recovered from raccoons, Procyon lotor (L.); 9 [3.4%] from mice, Peromyscus leucopus Rafinesque; and 32 [9.0%] from opossums, Didelphis virginiana (Kerr)) from captive hosts in the laboratory suggests that passive transport of unfed larvae may be a mechanism of dispersal.
Investigation of the metabolic fate of the neuroleptic drug haloperidol by capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

Combined capillary electrophoresis—mass spectrometry (CE—MS) is a powerful analytical tool for the characterization of components of complex mixtures. Furthermore, when interfaced with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source, skimmer induced fragmentation can yield structural information that aids compound identification. We show that these techniques can be used to probe the metabolic fate of drugs by investigation of the phase I metabolism of the widely used neuroleptic drug haloperidol. In addition, we demonstrate differences of in vitro metabolism of haloperidol by mouse and guinea pig hepatic microsomes.
Dynamic fracture of a beam or plate under tensile loading

Abstract The dynamic fracture response of a long beam of brittle elastic material under tensile loading is studied. If the magnitude of the applied loading is increased to a critical value, a crack is assumed to propagate across the beam cross section. In a parallel analysis to [t] the crack length and applied loading at the fracture face are determined as functions of time measured from fracture initiation. The results of the analysis are shown in graphs of crack length, crack tip speed and fracturing section tensile loading vs time. As found in [1], the crack tip accelerates very quickly to a speed near the characteristic terminal speed for the material, travels at this speed through most of the beam thickness, and then decelerates rapidly in the final stage of the process. Finally, by appropriate change of the elastic modulus, the results may be applied to plane strain fracture of a plate under pure tensile loading.
Stability and continuity of child-caregiver and child-peer relationships

We examined the relationship quality of 55 (27 girls) 9-year-old children with their mothers, teachers, and friends as rated by teachers and by the children themselves. The goal of this longitudinal study was to examine stability and continuity in the quality of children's relationships between infancy and 9 years of age. At age 9, children's perception of their relationships with their teachers was associated with their current teachers' ratings of their relationships with the children. Children's perceptions of their relationships with their mothers were consistent with earlier ratings of attachment security. Children's perceptions of their relationships with teachers were predicted by the quality of their attachment relationships with their first teachers. Children's perceptions of their friendship quality was predicted by preschool teacher ratings of friendship quality and the quality of their attachment relationships with their first teachers.
Behavioural insensitivity to supplementary testosterone during the parental phase in the chestnut-collared longspur,Calcarius ornatus

In seasonally breeding male birds that show paternal care, plasma testosterone (T) peaks in the early spring coincident with territory establishment and pair bonding. Once nests are initiated, T declines precipitously and remains low as nestlings hatch and males become parental. A growing body of evidence suggests there is a trade-off between a male's level of T and his expression of paternal care: high T enhances sexual behaviour but reduces paternal care. Male chestnut-collared longspurs show high levels of paternal care. They feed and brood young, act as nest sentries and aggressively defend the nest against predators. We experimentally altered males' plasma levels of T such that the early spring T peak was extended through the parental phase. T enhanced song behaviour typical of the sexual phase and decreased nest sentry behaviour during incubation, but did not reduce brooding or feeding of nestlings. Thus, males responded behaviourally to T during incubation, but, unlike most other temperate-breeding birds studied, did not respond to T after eggs hatched. Based on these data and similar results in an Arctic passerine, we suggest that the pattern of males' reduced responsiveness to T during the nestling phase may reflect the relative importance of male care to nest success in this species, or a phylogenetic constraint common to the genusCalcarius . Copyright 2002 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Secondary Flow Effects in a Bounded Rectangular Jet

The isotach pattern in a bounded jet with an aspect ratio of 6 suggests the presence of a secondary flow structure. A physical flow model is presented, and further measurements substantiate the model and support the conclusion that three-dimensional effects are highly significant in bounded jets of modest aspect ratio, even in the mid plane between the bounding walls.
Adequate language description in L2 research/teaching: the case of pro‐drop language speakers learning L2 English

Taking the example of ESL learners’ difficulties in resetting the pro-drop parameter, this paper explores the need for L2 research and teaching to be based on sound linguistic data and description. First of all, it reviews key studies on the acquisition of non-null arguments in English, focusing on the varying difficulties that speakers of different pro-drop languages face in the acquisition process. Secondly, it examines some major English grammar reference books and student textbooks, illustrating the inadequacy of the existing depiction of the English argument parameter. Finally, it suggests how a more accurate description can result in a better understanding of ESL learners’ difficulties and lead to an informed pedagogy, tailored to the unique needs of learners of different L1 backgrounds.
Retinal hemorrhages in a patient with dyskeratosis congenita

Dyskeratosis congenita, also referred to as Zinsser-Cole-Engman syndrome, is characterized by reticular skin pigmentation, dystrophic nail changes, and mucosal leukoplakia. 1 , 2 Other findings include carious teeth, premature graying of hair, and osteoporosis. Approximately 50% of patients develop pancytopenia. Ophthalmologic manifestations include blepharitis, conjunctivitis, obliteration of the lacrimal puncta, nasolacrimal duct obstruction, ectropion, and loss of eyelashes. We report bilateral retinal hemorrhages from pancytopenia in a patient with dyskeratosis congenita.
Starting from Mexico: Estridentismo as an Avant-Garde Model

The avant-garde movement Estridentismo (Stridentism) erupted in 1921, in the aftermath of the Mexican Revolution, with the distribution of the poet Manuel Maples Arce's subversive manifesto Actual No. 1, which disparaged local art and literature as retardataire and outlined an aesthetic plan based on models from Futurism and Dada. As a result of dialogues between artists – including Mexico's first generation of mural painters – and writers over the course of the 1920s, Estridentismo eventually expanded its original proposal, increasingly embracing socially responsible causes and allying itself with radical politics. It became emblematic of the complexities of avant-garde thought in Latin America, torn between formal innovation and social relevance, cosmopolitan dreams and local concerns. This paper uses the example of Estridentismo and its offshoot movement i30–30! to shift the geography of modernism, assessing how such movements upset Eurocentric narratives and force us to recognize the importance of oth...
Expansion of a Photoionized Stellar Wind

In the late stages of evolution, a star may make a transition from an extended, cool state where it has a slow, dense wind to a compact, hot state where it has a fast wind. The compact star can be a source of photoionizing radiation and may completely photoionize the dense wind. If the photoionized gas is isothermal, with sound speed a, and the fast wind power is steady, the subsequent expansion of the slow wind gas becomes self-similar. Starting from the center, the structure is characterized by a hot bubble of shocked fast wind, a region of shocked, photoionized slow wind, and a region of slow wind that is accelerated by the photoionization heating. In the limit of pure photoionization (previously studied by Meyer), a shock wave is generated with a minimum velocity of 2.56a. Even a weak fast wind tends to fill the central region of the flow. For conditions typical of planetary nebulae and a weak fast wind, the preshock flow is accelerated by roughly a above the initial slow wind velocity and the shock compression is roughly a factor of 2. As the inner wind power rises, the shock compression rises and the shocked slow wind region becomes thinner. Although the evolution in the actual stellar properties is likely to cause deviations from these solutions, they do give insight into the combined effects of stellar winds and photoionization.
Semantics-directed machine architecture

We show how to analyze the denotational semantics for a programming language to obtain a compiler and a suitable target machine for the language. We do this by rewriting the equations using suitable combinators. The machine operates by simulating the reduction sequences for the combinator terms. The reduction sequences pass through certain standard forms, which become an architecture for the machine, and the combinators become machine instructions. Despite the abstract nature of its development, the machine greatly resembles a conventional one. The method is illustrated by a simple expression language with procedures and input-output.
RESULTS OF CONSERVATIVE OPERATIONS FOR MALIGNANT TUMORS OF THE THYROID

ALL malignant tumors of the thyroid seen on the Surgical Service of the first author between the years 1937 and 1954 have been reviewed. Of 182 such tumors, 59 per cent were classified as papillary carcinoma Table 1). PAPILLARY CARCINOMA About a third (33) of the 107 patients with papillary carcinoma of the thyroid had had a previous operation on the thyroid and will be referred to as the secondary group. The larger remaining group of 74 patients had had no previous operation on the thyroid itself and will be referred to as the primary group. Included in this primary group are 23 patients who had had previous neck dissections or biopsies of cervical nodes. In the primary group of 74 patients (no previous operation on the thyroid), 47 (63.5 per cent) had metastases to the regional lymph nodes at the time of operation. Twenty-seven patients (36.5 per cent) had no gross evidence of lymph node metastases. Four patients (5.4 per cent) had distant metastases when first seen. Three of these had pulmonary metasta...
Synthesis and in vitro stability of amino acid prodrugs of 6-β-naltrexol for microneedle-enhanced transdermal delivery

Abstract A small library of amino acid ester prodrugs of 6-β-naltrexol (NTXOL, 1) was prepared in order to investigate the candidacy of these prodrugs for microneedle-enhanced transdermal delivery. Six amino acid ester prodrugs were synthesized (6a–f). 6b, 6d, and 6e were stable enough at skin pH (pH 5.0) to move forward to studies in 50% human plasma. The lead compound (6e) exhibited the most rapid bioconversion to NTXOL in human plasma (t1/2 = 2.2 ± 0.1 h).
Measuring Child Visual Attention using Markerless Head Tracking from Color and Depth Sensing Cameras

A child's failure to respond to his or her name being called is an early warning sign for autism and response to name is currently assessed as a part of standard autism screening and diagnostic tools. In this paper, we explore markerless child head tracking as an unobtrusive approach for automatically predicting child response to name. Head turns are used as a proxy for visual attention. We analyzed 50 recorded response to name sessions with the goal of predicting if children, ages 15 to 30 months, responded to name calls by turning to look at an examiner within a defined time interval. The child's head turn angles and hand annotated child name call intervals were extracted from each session. Human assisted tracking was employed using an overhead Kinect camera, and automated tracking was later employed using an additional forward facing camera as a proof-of-concept. We explore two distinct analytical approaches for predicting child responses, one relying on rule-based approached and another on random forest classification. In addition, we derive child response latency as a new measurement that could provide researchers and clinicians with finer grain quantitative information currently unavailable in the field due to human limitations. Finally we reflect on steps for adapting our system to work in less constrained natural settings.
Status of the Use of Title IV-E Funding in BSW and MSW Programs

Social work education programs collaborate with child welfare agencies in efforts to promote the recruitment and retention of competent and professional child welfare workers. Title IV-E training funds have been a major source of support of these efforts by facilitating the social work education of child welfare workers, as well as supporting currently employed workers who return to school. This study describes the current status of Title IV-E funds in BSW and MSW programs. There were 65 respondents representing 31 states and 94 social work education programs. These recent data identify current trends and practices that could strengthen future efforts.
Germanium: semiconductor properties

THIS paper is designed to be a concise review of the semiconductor properties of germanium. The emphasis will be on those properties of particular interest to those concerned with infrared radiation, As such, some topics will be emphasized, possibly at the expense of others. It is hoped that this article will still be of some interest to the general reader. Germanium has been studied more, in both breadth and depth, than any other semiconductor. The pertinent literature is enormous. Therefore this article will be, in the interests of maintaining a manageable size, essentially a “review of reviews”. It will not, of necessity, attempt to treat its topic exhaustively. Basic data and phenomena will be stressed. Details, if not described, will be referenced in a manner designed to provide the maximum information with a minimum of searching of the literature. In this spirit, no attempt will be made to cite exhaustively the work in a given field. The convenience of the reader will be the prime consideration.
PECAM-independent thioglycollate peritonitis is associated with a locus on murine chromosome 2.

Background Previous studies have demonstrated that knockout or inhibition of Platelet/Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (PECAM, CD31) in a number of murine strains results in impaired inflammatory responses, but that no such phenotype is seen in the C57BL/6 (B6) murine background. Methodology/Principal Findings We have undertaken a quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping effort between FVB/n (FVB) and B6 mice deficient for PECAM to identify the gene or genes responsible for this unique feature of B6 mice. We have identified a locus on murine chromosome 2 at approximately 35.8 Mb that is strongly associated (LOD score = 9.0) with inflammatory responses in the absence of PECAM. Conclusions/Significance These data potentiate further study of the diapedesis machinery, as well as potential identification of new components of this machinery. As such, this study is an important step to better understanding the processes of inflammation.
Shaftesbury and the Modern Problem of Virtue

Anthony Ashley Cooper (1671–1713), the Third Earl of Shaftesbury, was the grandson of the First Earl of Shaftesbury (also Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1621–1683). The First Earl, along with John Locke, was a leader and founder of the Whig movement in Britain. Locke was the First Earl's secretary and also the tutor of the Third Earl. Both the First and Third Earls were members of parliament and supporters of Whig causes. Although both the First and Third Earls were involved in politics, the Third Earl is better known for intellectual pursuits. Indeed, the Third Earl (henceforth simply “Shaftesbury”) is second only to Locke in terms of influence during the eighteenth century. Yet if one takes into account effects upon literature, the arts, and manners, as well as upon philosophical trends and theories, Shaftesbury might be even more influential. Even if we restrict ourselves to philosophy, Shaftesbury's ideas were admired by thinkers as different as Leibniz and Montesquieu—something which could obviously not be said about Locke. Within ethics, Shaftesbury influenced Francis Hutcheson, David Hume, Samuel Butler, and Adam Smith and is credited with founding the “moral sense” school of thought.
Viriobenthos production and virioplankton sorptive scavenging by suspended sediment particles in coastal and pelagic waters.

Virus production in oxic surface sediments and virioplankton sorption to suspended particles was estimated across three stations in the Southern California region (33.4°N, 118.6°W). Viriobenthos production was estimated using a sterile sediment and filtered porewater dilution technique that targeted production from both attached bacteria and bacteria living free in the porewater, and attached bacteria alone. Potential virus production rates by bacteria free in the porewater ranged from 1.7 to 4.6 × 108 VLP cm−3 h−1, while attached bacteria had slower potential production rates of between 0.4 and 1.1 × 108 VLP cm−3 h−1, suggesting turnover rates of viruses in sediments (1–5 h) which are significantly higher than those of virioplankton (~24–48 h). Virioplankton adsorbed to small (<150 µm) suspended sediments at stations with high ambient suspended solid concentrations. Virioplankton scavenging rates combined with published sedimentation rates demonstrate that this mechanism of virus arrival could only account for 0.01% of daily benthic virus production. Calculated mortality rates of benthic bacteria (4–14% h−1) suggest viruses may play an important role in sediment carbon cycling.
Contrast sensitivities through spectacles and soft contact lenses

Contrast sensitivity function (CSF) measurements were made on nine subjects who wore a spectacle lens on one eye and a soft contact lens on the other eye continuously for 18 hr. The functions were the same for the two types of correction and did not become worse over time. Contrary to an earlier report by Applegate and Massof (1975), there was no evidence of a visual decrement caused by the wearing of soft contact lenses or from the moderately prolonged use of a contact lens. A major difference between our study and theirs was that none of our subjects had more than 0.12 D of astigmatism, whereas their soft contact lens subjects had from 0.75 to 1.00 D of astigmatism. Thus, impairments that were previously noted by soft lens wearers may be limited to astigmatic subjects. In addition, no evidence was found that occasional 18-hr use of soft contact lenses has any measurable, immediate effects on visual acuity as inferred from contrast thresholds.