cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
141 INTRAVENOUS DILANTIN PROTOCOL FOR VENTRICULAR DYSRHYTHMIAS IN CHILDREN

Dilantin (D) is one of the most effective drugs in the treatment of ventricular dysrhythmias (VDYS) in children. Even with a loading dose, 48 hrs of oral treatment are required before an effective serum concentration (SC) of 15-20 mcg/ml is achieved. To accelerate this process, we have developed an intravenous (IV) loading dose protocol accompanied by oral therapy. Over 1 hr, 15mg/kg is given IV. Every 5 min, 1/13 of the total dose is pushed, undiluted, and cleared from the tubing with normal saline. At the same time, oral D is begun with 3mg/kg, followed 6 hrs later by 2mg/kg and 6 hrs later, maintenance oral D: 2.5-3.0mg/kg q12h. We administered IV D to 19 pts who had an abnormal heart and VDYS (mean age 12.9yrs; range lwk- 24yrs). On 24-hr ECG before Rx, 6 had VT, 4 couplets, 2 multiform PVC, and 7 frequent uniform PVC (10 or more/hr). After Rx, 16/19 had none or infrequent uniform PVC (0-9/hr) and 3 had frequent uniform PVC. D effect on VDYS occurred in 1-2 hrs in all pts with a SC of 19.8-26.9. During IV administration, 4 pts became hypotensive; in 3 the protocol could be continued with doses spaced q15min. We conclude: (1) D is an effective antidysrhythmic agent in children, whether given orally or IV; (2) VDYS can be controlled within 2 hrs of beginning this IV loading protocol; (3) because of the possibility of hypotension, IV D should not be given to pts with cardiac decompensation and should be given cautiously over several hrs in pts with severely abnormal hemodynamics.
Demonstration of a high power 1.5344 μm output Nd:YAG pumped OPO

A high output power, eye-safe, lidar transmitter based on a KTA optical parametric oscillator (OPO) was demonstrated. The OPO was based on a two crystal, doubly resonant, non-critically phase-matched, KTA ring cavity. An injection seeded, 7ns, 30Hz, flashlamp-pumped, Q-switched Nd:YAG laser was used to pump the OPO. The OPO converted the 1064nm pump beam into a 1533nm signal wave and 3475nm idler wave. In addition to demonstrating a high power OPO system, we investigated the effects of seeding the pump laser on the OPO's conversion efficiency, oscillation threshold, maximum signal power, and beam quality. The power conversion efficiency between the signal and the injection seeded pump was 22% with an oscillation threshold of 104MW/cm 2 (500mJ) and a maximum signal power of 6.44W (215mJ). The power conversion efficiency between the signal and the unseeded pump was 24% with an oscillation threshold of 77MW/cm 2 (367mJ) and a maximum signal power of >7W (243mJ). When the pump laser was seeded, the full angle divergence improved by nearly a factor of five.
The erasure of reinstated fear

Three experiments investigated the reinstatement of fear to a previously conditioned and extinguished CS as a result of separate presentation of the original US. That reinstatement was found to be sharply attenuated by nonreinforcement of a second fear elicitor between presentations of the US and testing of the CS. This “erasure” of reinstatement depended upon the fear-eliciting power of the intervening stimulus and, under some circumstances, was essentially complete. Moreover, erasure reduced not only the response to the CS but also the extinction it underwent as a result of subsequent nonreinforcement. It is argued that neither the conditioning of background stimuli nor stimulus generalization among explicit CSs provides an adequate account of these reinstatement and erasure results. Rather, they are interpreted in terms of the construction and destruction of a nonassociative representation of the US during conditioning, extinction, reinstatement, and erasure. In that context, some inferences can be made about the rules governing these nonassociative changes and the ways in which they interact with modifications in associations.
Mainstreaming Complementary Therapies: New Directions In Health Care

Within the past decade, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has penetrated mainstream U.S. health care. Major medical journals are publishing research on the efficacy of specific CAM therapies, physicians are attending oversubscribed continuing medical education courses on CAM, and hospitals are offering CAM services, sometimes through outpatient integrative medicine clinics. This paper presents factors behind the growth of CAM, analyzes its relationship with conventional medicine, and suggests how the integration of CAM and conventional medicine can be more effectively guided.
Pleural and pericardial effusions associated with daily intravenous administration of acetylated tartaric acid esters.

Abstract Experimental pleural and pericardial effusions have been produced in dogs by the intravenous administration of TEM. Thirteen dogs were infused daily with 0.5% TEM at a dose rate between 40 and 50 ml/kg. A fall in hemoglobin concentration occurred in 11 dogs, a pleural effusion in 6. BSP and BUN determinations remained within normal limits. The concentration of electrolytes in the effusion were slightly less than that of serum. Effusion protein concentrations were about half that of dog sera. The active principle of TEM or the mechanism responsible for the effusions are not known. TEM has been demonstrated as a component of the intravenous fat emulsion, SR emulsion, capable of producing the intravenous fat pigment.
Oncogene-related growth factors and growth factor receptors in human malignant glioma-derived cell lines

Oncogenes induce malignant transformation of cells. Two oncogenes are closely related to genes coding for a mitogenic growth factor (v-sis to the PDGF gene) and a receptor for a mitogenic growth factor (v-erb B to the EGF receptor gene). We studied the possibility that cells derived from malignant gliomas produce mitogenic factors that bind to cell surface receptors, the activation of which could lead to excessive stimulation of cell proliferation. All six cell lines tested secrete into their medium factors that stimulate DNA synthesis. The factor secreted by one cell line was characterized and found to resemble PDGR Six of 11 cell lines had receptors for PDGF demonstrable by binding and receptor autophosphorylation assays. Six of six cell lines tested had EGF receptors demonstrable by binding and receptor autophosphorylation experiments. The extremely high levels of EGF receptor in one cell line may reflect excessive expression of the erb B oncogene associated with abnormalities of chromosome 7 that occur in this cell line.
Fast high-quality numerical shadowing of chaotic maps using synchronization

For a chaotic, dynamical system, a typical noisy trajectory diverges exponentially from the true trajectory with the same initial conditions. Nonetheless, the noisy trajectory, as representative of the dynamical system, may have credibility if there exists a true trajectory, corresponding to a slightly different initial condition, that stays close to the noisy trajectory for long periods of time. For finding such shadowing trajectories, a synchronization based method is presented. We call it the synchronize-and-pullback algorithm. Several numerical examples are shown illustrating the method. Finally, an application of the proposed shadowing technique for noise filtration in the context of communication is presented.
Fourier Parameterization of Attractors for Dissipative Equations in One Space Dimension

For dissipative equations of the form $$u_t + ( - 1)^m u^{(2m)} + f(x,u,u_x ,...,u^{(2m - 1)} ) = 0$$ we show that the global attractor is a Lipschitz graph over a finite dimensional Fourier eigenspace. In particular, the statement applies to the Burgers equation u t −u xx +uu x =f and the modified Burgers equation u t −u xx +uu x −u=0.
Fatal and Nonfatal Injuries Among Emergency Medical Technicians and Paramedics

AbstractBackground. Emergency medical technicians (EMTs) and paramedics serve as primary providers of urgent medical care and are integral components in disaster response. They are at risk for fatal and nonfatal injuries during these activities. Objectives. To describe fatal and nonfatal injuries occurring to EMTs and paramedics. Methods. We analyzed data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI) and the occupational supplement to the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS–Work) for the period 2003–2007. Results. We identified 99,400 (95% confidence interval [CI], 71,700, 127,100) nonfatal injuries treated in emergency departments and 65 fatal injuries from the period 2003–2007. Most fatalities were related to motor vehicle incidents (45%) and aircraft crashes (31%). Among compensated EMTs and paramedics, the rate of fatal injuries was 6.3 per 100,000 full-time equivalents. Nonfatal injuries were primarily associated with stress on some part of t...
Densification during the supersolidus liquid-phase sintering of nickel-based prealloyed powder mixtures

This article examines densification during supersolidus liquid-phase sintering (SLPS) of a mixture of two nickel-based prealloyed powders. The two powders were of similar compositions, where one powder alloyed with boron had a lower melting-temperature range than the other. Sintering of such binary powder systems is performed at temperatures above the solidus of the low-melting powder, to form a liquid phase that promotes densification. Measurements of shrinkage, sintered density, and melting were used to determine the densification mechanism. An increase in the fraction of the high-melting powder resulted in retardation of sintering. A densification model based on viscous flow was developed using rheological principles. The model is a first step in the extension of the conventional models of densification of single prealloyed powders to ones of mixtures of prealloyed powders. It incorporates the effects of homogenization between the two powders, specifically, the diffusion of boron from the low-melting to the high-melting powder. The densification of the powder mixture was found to depend on the extent of melting of the low-melting powder and the fraction of the high-melting powder.
Variable selection via a multi-stage strategy

Variable selection for nonlinear regression is a complex problem, made even more difficult when there are a large number of potential covariates and a limited number of datapoints. We propose herein a multi-stage method that combines state-of-the-art techniques at each stage to best discover the relevant variables. At the first stage, an extension of the Bayesian Additive Regression tree is adopted to reduce the total number of variables to around 30. At the second stage, sensitivity analysis in the treed Gaussian process is adopted to further reduce the total number of variables. Two stopping rules are designed and sequential design is adopted to make best use of previous information. We demonstrate our approach on two simulated examples and one real data set.
Activating mutations of the TRPML1 channel revealed by proline-scanning mutagenesis.

The mucolipin TRP (TRPML) proteins are a family of endolysosomal cation channels with genetically established importance in humans and rodent. Mutations of human TRPML1 cause type IV mucolipidosis, a devastating pediatric neurodegenerative disease. Our recent electrophysiological studies revealed that, although a TRPML1-mediated current can only be recorded in late endosome and lysosome (LEL) using the lysosome patch clamp technique, a proline substitution in TRPML1 (TRPML1V432P) results in a large whole cell current. Thus, it remains unknown whether the large TRPML1V432P-mediated current results from an increased surface expression (trafficking), elevated channel activity (gating), or both. Here we performed systemic Pro substitutions in a region previously implicated in the gating of various 6 transmembrane cation channels. We found that several Pro substitutions displayed gain-of-function (GOF) constitutive activities at both the plasma membrane (PM) and endolysosomal membranes. Although wild-type TRPML1 and non-GOF Pro substitutions localized exclusively in LEL and were barely detectable in the PM, the GOF mutations with high constitutive activities were not restricted to LEL compartments, and most significantly, exhibited significant surface expression. Because lysosomal exocytosis is Ca2+-dependent, constitutive Ca2+ permeability due to Pro substitutions may have resulted in stimulus-independent intralysosomal Ca2+ release, hence the surface expression and whole cell current of TRPML1. Indeed, surface staining of lysosome-associated membrane protein-1 (Lamp-1) was dramatically increased in cells expressing GOF TRPML1 channels. We conclude that TRPML1 is an inwardly rectifying, proton-impermeable, Ca2+ and Fe2+/Mn2+ dually permeable cation channel that may be gated by unidentified cellular mechanisms through a conformational change in the cytoplasmic face of the transmembrane 5 (TM5). Furthermore, activation of TRPML1 in LEL may lead to the appearance of TRPML1 proteins at the PM.
Objects as session-typed processes

A key idea in object-oriented programming is that objects encapsulate state and interact with each other by message exchange. This perspective suggests a model of computation that is inherently concurrent (to facilitate simultaneous message exchange) and that accounts for the effect of message exchange on an object's state (to express valid sequences of state transitions). In this paper we show that such a model of computation arises naturally from session-based communication. We introduce an object-oriented programming language that has processes as its only objects and employs linear session types to express the protocols of message exchange and to reason about concurrency and state. Based on various examples we show that our language supports the typical patterns of object-oriented programming (e.g., encapsulation, dynamic dispatch, and subtyping) while guaranteeing session fidelity in a concurrent setting. In addition, we show that our language facilitates new forms of expression (e.g., type-directed reuse, internal choice), which are not available in current object-oriented languages. We have implemented our language in a prototype compiler.
Effects of pretreatments on the oxidation behavior of NiCoCrAlY coatings

The influence of some pretreatments on the oxidation behavior of electron-beam-deposited NiCoCrAlY-type coatings has been investigated in order to obtain a dense electrically insulating Al2O3 layer for subsequent deposition of Pt, Pt + Rh thin film thermocouples. The results of hardness, adhesion and conductivity measurements, X-ray diffraction studies, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA) investigations of surface topography are reported. The cross section and underside of the oxide were observed by SEM and those findings are also reported. X-ray diffraction studies in conjunction with EDXA of the cross section and underside of the oxide show that, in samples pretreated at 1000°C for 5 h in a vacuum or hydrogen environment and subsequently thermally oxidized in oxygen for 50 h, the chemical nature of the oxide varies from the top surface to the alloy matrix in the order, NiAl2O4, Al2O3 and Y4Al2O9. Below the Y4Al2O9, some enrichment of elemental chromium is observed. In samples thermally oxidized after an Al2O3 precoating, no NiAl2O4 and Y4Al2O9 were detected. The sequence of the oxides was first Al2O3 and then Cr2O3. The sample thermally oxidized without any pretreatments showed NiAl2O4, Al2O3 and Cr2O3. Adhesion of the oxide scale on the pretreated samples was excellent. Although the oxide scale on the untreated sample did not spall off during the cool-down from the oxidation temperature, the adhesion test showed poor bonding with the base matrix. SEM studies of the underside of the oxide scale of all the samples did not show any yttrium-based stringers (or pegs) which could have been responsible for mechanical bonding of the scale with the base. A comparative study of all the samples reveals that an optimum combination of the hardness, adhesion, microstructure and electrical conductivity of the oxide scale for fabrication of thin film thermocouples can be obtained by depositing an Al2O3 precoating prior to thermal oxidation.
Induction of alkaline phosphatase and the glycoprotein hormone α subunit in HeLa cells by inhibitors of DNA polymerase

Abstract Levels of the glycoprotein hormone α subunit and alkaline phosphatase activity were increased in cultures of HeLa S3 cells exposed to aphidicolin (0.2–10 μg/ml) or phosphonoformic acid (0.1–3 m m ), inhibitors of DNA polymerase α. Induction was dependent on both the concentration and duration of exposure to the inhibitors and was prevented by cycloheximide and actinomycin D. Limited characterization of the induced α subunit and alkaline phosphatase activity suggest that they are similar to the uninduced proteins expressed by this cell line. Induction of both proteins by aphidicolin and phosphonoformic acid was enhanced by the simultaneous addition of 3 m m sodium butyrate but was depressed by 1 m m hydroxy urea. In contrast, both butyrate and hydroxy urea cause induction of these proteins when added alone to HeLa cultures. It is unlikely that a direct relationship exists between protein induction and the inhibition of DNA synthesis produced by aphidicolin and phosphonoformic acid since the concentrations required to produce half-maximal induction are 5 to 10 times greater than those needed to inhibit replication by 50%.
Influences on inferences. Effect of errors in data on statistical evaluation

Background. Inadvertent random and systemic errors introduced into data sets and manipulation of data are well-defined sources of discrepancies in statistical evaluation of clinical trials. In this study, the authors show the influence of errors on the widely used statistical result, P values. Methods. Using data from a retrospective study of patients with Hodgkin disease treated at the University of Minnesota between 1970 and 1984 and observed to 1988, we introduced various errors into the data to study the impact on results. Results. Inadvertent random and systemic errors affect statistical results. Data entry and transcription errors, vague definitions of endpoints and prognostic factors, and the omission and selection of patients are examples of frequent errors that affect statistical evaluation. Conclusion. The results and inferences of many studies are sensitive to systemic errors and data manipulation. Great care must be given to the clear definitions of terms, exclusion and inclusion criteria, group assignments, treatment protocols, and the subgroups on which statistical analysis is performed. Clinicians and statisticians must work together to improve the performance and interpretation of clinical trials.
Effect of acute ethanol on uptake of [3H]adenosine by rat cerebellar synaptosomes.

Many classes of CNS-acting drugs have been suggested to act at least partially via inhibition of adenosine uptake. Synaptosomal uptake of [3H] adenosine and the effect of acute ethanol on it were studied in a rat brain area known to be involved in the coordination and modulation of normal motor activity, the cerebellum. Uptake of [3H] adenosine was found to be linear with time (about 40 sec) and increasing concentrations (up to 1.5 μM) of adenosine. The uptake of [3 H] adenosine was inhibited by dilazep (IC50= 2.5 × 10-7 M) in a dose-dependent manner. Pharmacologically and/or toxicologically relevant concentrations of ethanol (2.5 to 100 mM) significantly inhibited the uptake of [3 H] adenosine between 12 and 15%. Lineweaver-Burk plots indicated that both in vitro (25 mM) and in vivo (1.5 g/kg i.p.; 30 mM blood level) ethanol lowered Km as well as Vmax. values for adenosine uptake to nearly the same extent. In the case of in vivo ethanol, no ethanol was present during the assay since synaptosome preparation would wash out residual ethanol. The results of the present study indicate possible membranal alterations by in vivo ethanol. It is concluded that the uptake of [3 H] adenosine is inhibited by intoxicating concentrations of ethanol in vitro and by acute ethanol (1.5 g/kg) in vivo. This may partially explain the modulatory role of endogenous adenosine in ethanol-induced motor disturbances.
A Pilot Assessment of Occupational Health Hazards in the US Electronic Scrap Recycling Industry

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) surveyed a randomly selected sample of electronic scrap (e-scrap) recycling facilities nationwide to characterize work processes, exposures, and controls. Despite multiple attempts to contact 278 facilities, only 47 responded (17% response rate). Surveyed facilities reported recycling a wide variety of electronics. The most common recycling processes were manual dismantling and sorting. Other processes included shredding, crushing, and automated separation. Many facilities reported that they had health and safety programs in place. However, some facilities reported the use of compressed air for cleaning, a practice that can lead to increased employee dust exposures, and some facilities allowed food and drinks in the production areas, a practice that can lead to ingestion of contaminants. Although our results may not be generalizable to all US e-scrap recycling facilities, they are informative regarding health and safety programs in the indu...
The relationship between cocaine self-administration and actigraphy-based measures of sleep in adult rhesus monkeys.

Rationale Clinical trials show that chronic cocaine users suffer from sleep disturbances and preclinical research has shown that acute sleep deprivation increases the rate of cocaine self-administration in rats.
Excitation Wavelength Dependence of Terahertz Emission from Indium Nitride Multiple Quantum Wells

We report the excitation wavelength dependence of terahertz emission from N-face InN/InGaN multiple quantum wells relative to that from bulk N-face InN when excited by femtosecond optical pulses tunable from 800 nm to 1700 nm.
Corrugated epitaxial graphene/SiC interfaces: photon excitation and probing

Localized energy exchange and mechanical coupling across a few nm gap at a corrugated graphene–substrate interface remain great challenges to study. In this work, an infrared laser is used to excite an unconstrained epitaxial graphene/SiC interface to induce a local thermal non-equilibrium. The interface behavior is uncovered using a second laser beam for Raman excitation. Using Raman peaks for dual thermal probing, the temperature difference across a gap of just a few nm is determined precisely. The interfacial thermal conductance is found to be extremely low: 410 ± 7 W m−2 K−1, indicating poor phonon transport across the interface. By decoupling of the graphene's mechanical and thermal behavior from the Raman wavenumber, the stress in graphene is found to be extremely low, uncovering its flexible mechanical behavior. Based on interface-enhanced Raman, it is found that the increment of interface separation between graphene and SiC can be as large as 2.9 nm when the local thermal equilibrium is destroyed.
The mechanism by which degenerating peripheral nerve produces extrajunctional acetylcholine sensitivity in mammalian skeletal muscle.

Abstract Previous studies by others showed that a graft of peripheral nerve, placed on the surface of a muscle, induced acetylcholine hypersensitivity in the underlying muscle fibers, and it was therefore suggested that denervation-induced acetylcholine sensitivity also results from the release of substances from the degenerating peripheral nerve rather than from the loss of neurotrophic influences. To examine the basis for this hypothesis, we repeated the experiments, and in addition to the biophysical investigation, we also included histological analysis of the muscle. An autograft of brachial nerve was placed on the soleus or extensor digitorum longus muscle of adult rats. Three days postoperatively, the muscle fibers underlying the graft and immediately adjacent to that site were depolarized by 30% and exhibited extrajunctional acetylcholine sensitivity. Histopathological changes accompanied these physiological abnormalities. Within 2 days postoperatively an inflammatory response was seen and vacuoles appeared in the sarcoplasm. By 3 days the vacuoles had enlarged and coalesced so that many muscle fibers appeared devoid of sarcoplasm. By 4 days, regeneration was initiated by the fusion of mononuclear cells which gave rise to syncytial cells, and by 7 days these elements had developed into typical basophilic myotubes with central nuclei. Although certain diseases such as muscular dystrophy display a histopathological picture of degeneration and regeneration, this is not found after denervation (which is characterized by atrophy rather than degeneration of muscle fibers). The present findings therefore do not support the hypothesis that products of degenerating nerve play a role in the genesis of denervation hypersensitivity and depolarization.
Schools' Role in Shaping Race Relations: Evidence on Friendliness and Conflict

This study uses macrostructural theory, contact theory, and group threat theory to examine how schools influence interracial friendliness and interracial conflict. Using perceived measures of both interracial friendliness and interracial conflict with data from the High School Effects Study, results from multilevel models show partial support for all three theories. As predicted by macrostructural theory, school integration raises perceptions of both friendliness and conflict, with conflict increasing more rapidly. Consistent with contact theory, segregated tracks, fewer minority teachers, less group work, and segregated extracurricular activities worsen racial relations. In support of group threat theory, evidence suggests that students are especially likely to avoid interracial contact in biracial schools with equally-sized groups. These results emphasize the importance of researching both negative and positive outcomes simultaneously when studying racial relations. The research also alerts school personnel that integration will likely result in more conflict than friendliness unless proactive steps are taken.
Amniotic Fluid Volume and Composition in Mouse Pregnancy

The current study was undertaken to determine simultaneous changes in amniotic fluid (AF) volume and composition across gestation in the pregnant mouse. Young adult mice (6 to 7 weeks old) of the CB6F1 strain were mated overnight. AF was collected on consecutive days from embryonic days 9.5 through 18.5 for measurements of volume and composition. Statistical analysis included one-factor analysis of variance (AN OVA). AF volume increased from 18 ± 4 (SE) µL on day 9.5 to a maximum of 147 ± 4 µL on days 15.5 to 16.5 and decreased sharply to 17 ± 3 µL on day 18.5. AF osmolality was unchanged except for a rise prior to delivery on day 19.5 to 20.5. AF sodium, calcium, and glucose concentrations increased and subsequently decreased as gestation progressed. AF potassium, chloride, and lactate concentrations initially decreased and then increased across gestation. Prior to day 9.5 and after day 18.5, AF volume was too small for volume or compositional determinations. In the mouse, the rise in AF volume from mid gestation to a maximum late in gestation is similar to that in humans while the sharp fall prior to delivery is not. As observed in the fetal sheep, the changes in fluid volume are associated with AF osmolality and solute concentration changes that are correlated with advancing gestational age. These observations together with the feasibility of quantifying AF volume and composition in the mouse fetus demonstrate the possibility of using genetically altered mice as a model for future studies on the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of AF volume and composition.
Pathophysiology of Mifepristone-Induced Septic Shock Due to Clostridium sordellii

OBJECTIVE:To explain the role of mifepristone in medical abortions that results in fulminant and lethal septic shock due to Clostridium sordellii.DATA SOURCES:MEDLINE, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases were searched (1984–March 2005%). Key search terms were mifepristone, RU38486, RU486, Mifeprex, medical abortion, septic shock, innate immune system, cytokines, and Clostridium sordellii.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:All articles identified from the data sources were evaluated and all information deemed relevant was included for the information related to the development of the understanding of the pathophysiology of mifepristone-induced septic shock due to C. sordellii.DATA SYNTHESIS:The mechanisms of action of mifepristone were incorporated into the pathophysiology of septic shock due to C. sordellii. Mifepristone, by blocking both progesterone and glucocorticoid receptors, interferes with the controlled release and functioning of cortisol and cytokines. Failure of physiologically controlled cort...
Alleviation of infantile amnesia in rats by means of a pharmacological contextual state.

Although a number of studies have demonstrated that the relatively rapid rate of forgetting in young rats (i.e., infantile amnesia) can be alleviated by various reminder treatments, the possibility of enhancing retention by other procedures seems largely unexplored. Given the putative importance of contextual cues as sources of memory retrieval, this experiment examined whether the presence of a distinctive pharmacological state at training and testing could override infantile amnesia. Weanling rats were given pentobarbital or saline prior to Pavlovian fear-conditioning. When tested 1 week later, subjects in the same-state drug condition showed better retention than the same-state saline group. This finding extends previous work on memory recovery in young animals by demonstrating alleviation of infantile amnesia without a re-exposure to the CS or UCS during the retention interval.
Low incidence of transplantation-related acute complications in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation with a low-dose (550 cGy) total body irradiation conditioning regimen

Although allogeneic transplantation is a curative therapy for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), treatment-related mortality is still a major cause of posttransplantation mortality, especially for patients older than 40 years. We investigated, in a phase II trial, the role of a low-dose (550 cGy) high-dose rate (35 cGy/min) single-exposure total body irradiation (TBI) conditioning regimen for allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) transplantation in patients with CML. Between June 1997 and August 2000, 30 adult patients with CML underwent cytokine-mobilized allogeneic PBSC transplantation from HLA-matched siblings following administration of cyclophosphamide (60 mg/kg per day intravenously on days -2 and -1) and single-dose TBI (550 cGy delivered at 30 cGy/min on day 0). Cyclosporine A alone was administered for prophylaxis against graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Median patient age was 47 years (range, 21-63 years), with 23 patients (77%) older than 40 years. The preparative regimen was well tolerated. Grade 4 toxicities and oral mucositis were not observed. Graft failure did not occur. Severe acute GVHD was observed in 5 patients (17%). The median follow-up was 23 months (range, 6-39 months). Cytogenetic or hematologic relapse was detected in 3 patients (10%), 2 of whom subsequently entered remission following a taper of immunosuppression. Nonrelapse mortality occurred in 5 patients (17%), and the Kaplan-Meier estimate of survival at 2 years was 83% (95% confidence interval, 70%-97%). In summary, this low-dose TBI-based preparative regimen resulted in uniform donor engraftment, with markedly reduced organ toxicity and nonrelapse mortality, in this relatively older cohort of patients with CML.
Uncertainty versus choice in rule-based fuzzy logic systems

We demonstrate that some of the so-called uncertainties that may be present in a rule-based fuzzy logic system (FLS) are not uncertainties, but are instead choices that must be made as a result of the rich variety of mathematical models associated with the various elements of a FLS. We have established a hierarchy for the uncertainties and the choices, one that will hopefully guide us in developing FLS models that can better account for all sources of uncertainties than do present models. It seems that, at the very least, we must account for the uncertainties present in all rule-words, including connector words. This can be accomplished by using type-2 fuzzy sets for antecedent and consequent words and parametric operators for connector words.
A Pilot Study of the Effectiveness of Using Leisure versus Activities of Daily Living to Increase Standing Tolerance in the Elderly Population

Objectives. The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate whether leisure activities are more effective than activities of daily living (ADL) in improving standing tolerance in an elderly popu...
Information Sources Concerning Infrared Spectroscopy and Spectra

In biochemical and related types of research it is often imperative that one be able to compare the spectrum of an unknown substance with those in a collection. There are many such collections available in books and other commercial sources, but it is equally important to maintain a collection of spectra recorded in the laboratory, since these are specifically related to the research interests of the workers in that laboratory. For references to individual compounds (many of which are biochemicals) the reader is referred to the indexes of this book.
Efficient BP stereo with automatic paramemeter estimation

In this paper, we propose a series of techniques to enhance the computational performance of existing Belief Propagation (BP) based stereo matching that relies on automatic estimation of the Markov random field (MRF) parameters. First, we show how convergence in matching can be achieved faster than with the existing message comparison technique by skipping comparisons in early inferences. Second, assuming that a stereo pair is captured with identical cameras, we apply a hypothesis called noise equivalence to pre-estimate the likelihood parameters and thus, avoid costly nested inferences to reduce the computational time. The likelihood parameters and intensity information are used for accelerated message propagation in image regions lacking gradients. Third, the prior model parameters are estimated with a combination of maximum likelihood (ML) estimation and disparity gradient constraint to further reduce the computational time. Supporting experiments for the proposed algorithms show encouraging results on ground truth test images.
Community-based Learning I Track Summary

Community-based learning (CBL) reflects the principle that political science courses should do more than simply teach students about politics. As participants in the community-based learning track, we believe that courses in our discipline should equip students with the combination of knowledge, skills, and values required to engage in a life of active citizenship. Designing a course that meets these goals is not impossible. Community-based projects include several different types of experiential learning, including: service-learning, community-based learning, and community-based research. We believe that all of these forms of learning about, from, and with the community inspire and encourage students to live an active political life.
Rotavirus Vaccines-From Licensure To Disease Reduction

Rotavirus infection produces a serious health burden in the United States, causing an estimated >100,000 hospitalizations and >100 deaths annually. This health burden is comparable to that for measles, pertussis, mumps, and varicella before vaccines for these diseases were routinely given to children. Rotavirus vaccines have the potential to significantly reduce a serious public health problem in the United States. However, while development and licensure of vaccines is a major breakthrough, it represents only the first step in disease prevention. Vaccines must be recommended by major immunization advisory committees, financed in both the public and private sectors, and successfully integrated into the existing vaccination schedule. Vaccines must reach all targeted children, and monitoring systems must be established or adapted to better determine vaccine safety and disease impact. Reevaluation of disease prevention strategies must be ongoing and fueled by new information on safety and disease reduction.
The Implications of Marriage Structure for Men’s Workplace Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviors toward Women

Based on five studies with a total of 993 married, heterosexual male partici- pants, we found that marriage structure has important implications for atti- tudes, beliefs, and behaviors related to gender among heterosexual married men in the workplace. Specifically, men in traditional marriages—married to women who are not employed—disfavor women in the workplace and are more likely than the average of all married men to make decisions that prevent the advancement of qualified women. Results show that employed men in tra- ditional marriages tend to (a) view the presence of women in the workplace unfavorably, (b) perceive that organizations with higher numbers of female employees are operating less smoothly, (c) perceive organizations with female leaders as relatively unattractive, and (d) deny qualified female employees opportunities for promotions more frequently than do other married male employees. Moreover, our final study suggests that men who are single and then marry women who are not employed may change their attitudes toward women in the workplace, becoming less positive. The consistent pattern of results across multiple studies employing multiple methods (lab, longitudinal, archival) and samples (U.S., U.K., undergraduates, managers) demonstrates the robustness of our findings that the structure of a man's marriage influences his gender ideology in the workplace, presenting an important challenge to workplace egalitarianism.
Demonstrations of gravity-independent mobility and drilling on natural rock using microspines

The video presents microspine-based anchors being developed for gripping rocks on the surfaces of comets and asteroids, or for use on cliff faces and lava tubes on Mars. Two types of anchor prototypes are shown on supporting forces in all directions away from the rock; >160 N tangent, >150 N at 45°, and >180 N normal to the surface of the rock. A compliant robotic ankle with two active degrees of freedom interfaces these anchors to the Lemur IIB robot for future climbing trials. Finally, a rotary percussive drill is shown coring into rock regardless of gravitational orientation. As a harder-than-zero-g proof of concept, inverted drilling was performed creating 20mm diameter boreholes 83 mm deep in vesicular basalt samples while retaining 12 mm diameter rock cores in 3–6 pieces.
Historical biogeography, divergence times, and diversification patterns of bumble bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombus )

Bumble bees (Bombus )a r ea cold-adapted, largely alpine group that can elucidate patterns of Holarctic historical biogeography, particularly in comparison to the alpine plants with which they likely coevolved. A recently published molecular phylogeny of bumble bees provides uniquely comprehensive species sampling for exploring historical patterns of distribution and diversification. Using this phylogeny and detailed data on extant distributions, I reconstruct the historical distribution of bumble bees in a temporal framework, estimating divergence times using fossil data and molecular rates derived from the literature. The nearly comprehensive phylogeny allows assessment of the tempo of diversification within the bumble bees using lineage-through-time plots and diversification statistics, which have been performed with special consideration to confidence intervals. These analyses reveal movements of Bombus concordant with geographic and climatic events of the late Cenozoic. The initial diversification of extant bumble bee lineages was estimated at around 25 to 40 Ma, near the Eocene-Oligocene boundary 34 Ma, a period of dramatic global cooling. Dispersal-vicariance analysis (DIVA) predicted an Old World Bombus ancestor, with early diversification events largely restricted to the eastern Old World. The numerous intercontinental dispersal events occurred mostly in the direction of Old World to New World and North America to South America. Early movements from the Palearctic into the Nearctic most likely took place after 20 Ma and may have coincided with a period of Miocene cooling that gave rise to taiga habitat across Beringia. Subsequent dispersal between these regions is estimated to have occurred among boreal and tundra-adapted species mostly in the last 5 million years. Radiations are estimated in both Nearctic and Neotropical regions at ∼ 6t o8M aand after 3.5 Ma, concordant with the opening of land corridors between the continents. (Alpine; bumblebees; Holarctic; lineage-through-time; molecular dating.) Bumble bees (Bombus Latr.) are an excellent system for exploring historical biogeographic patterns of cold- adapted, alpine, or Holarctic groups. A long history of taxonomic research on Bombus has resulted in rel- atively well-defined species, with descriptions of cur- rently accepted species plateauing over 50 years ago (Williams, 1998). The distributions of the species are also relatively well documented and encompass a wide geo- graphic range across the cool temperate and cold regions of the Holarctic and beyond, including Eurasia, North America, Africa north of the Sahara, and much of South America (Williams, 1998). Although distributional pat- terns of extant bumble bees suggest possible scenarios for historical biogeography and fossil evidence provides approximate dates for these events, estimation of the ancestral biogeographic distributions of Bombus clades and the temporal framework of such divergences are best examined using a robust phylogeny. Much effort
A new model of abstraction for operating system design

This historical basis of operating systems work has been the concept of black-box abstraction. But this traditional notion of abstraction fails to support emerging practice in the operating system community where, more and more, one seems to want to give clients access to previously internal aspects of the implementation. The authors present a new model of abstraction, dual-abstraction, and show how to think about existing work under that model. They also discuss some issues for future work that the new model makes evident. >
Automatic Data Processing

Computers have been applied to all aspects of mass spectrometry from control of the instrument and acquisition of data to automated compound identification. This chapter will focus on the factors to be considered in interfacing a computer to a mass spectrometer and in designing a system for interactive data storage and display, and will touch on some of the other applications of computer technology.
Mothers of Invention: Women in the Postwar Battle for Air Pollution Control and the Emergence of Citizen Activism in Environmental Policy, 1945-1970

In answer to longstanding criticism from the Left as well as the Right that environmentalism has always been essentially white, middle-class, and male, this paper shows that many significant early postwar anti-air pollution activists were women, some of them clearly not middle class, some perhaps also not white. Such women helped to invent the new environmental movement of the 1970s as the new environmentalism moved away from traditional outdoor recreation, wilderness preservation, and resource conservation concerns characteristic of the first half of the 20th century and toward concern with pollution and public health. In so doing, the women activists took action in keeping with traditional feminine roles associated with the cleanliness and health of the home, neighborhood, and community - sometimes described as "municipal housekeeping" or "civic motherhood" and a feminine reform model dating back to before the beginning of the 20th century - but also explored women's mobilization in ways that helped to lead to feminism and the women's movement. This paper focuses on examples from Los Angeles, New York City, and Florida, among others.
Evolution of the coral-zooxanthellae symbiosis during the Triassic: a geochemical approach

Scleractinian corals first appeared during Triassic time in tropical shallow water envi- ronments. Controversy surrounds the paleoecology of scleractinian corals of the Late Triassic. Were they like their living counterparts, capable of supporting reefs, or had they not yet coevolved the important association with zooxanthellae that facilitated reef growth and construction? Indirect evidence suggests that some Upper Triassic corals from the Tethys played important constructional roles as reef builders within tropical carbonate complexes of the Tethys. To evaluate this idea, we have employed a geochemical approach based on isotope fractionation to ascertain if Late Triassic corals once possessed zooxanthellae. We have determined evidence for the ancient presence of algal symbiosis in 13 species of Triassic scleratinians from reef complexes in Turkey and northern Italy. In contrast, two higher latitude Jurassic species used as a control group for isotope analysis, lacked isotopic indications of symbiosis. These findings, together with stratigraphic and paleoecologic criteria, support the contention that Late Triassic scleractinian corals inhabiting shallow-water carbonate complexes of the Tethys were predominantly zooxanthellate, like their living counterparts from present day reefs. We view the zooxanthellate condition in calcifying reef organisms as a necessary prerequisite for constructional reef development. Our results emphasize the power of stable isotope studies in helping to answer paleobiological questions.
Introduction to 'Christianity and Law: An Introduction'

This chapter offers a moving picture of the Western legal tradition -- rooted in the ancient civilizations of Israel, Greece, and Rome, and nourished for nearly two millennia by Christianity and for more than two centuries by the Enlightenment. This Western legal tradition has developed enduring postulates about justice and mercy, rule and equity, nature and custom, canon and commandment. It has featured evolving ideas about authority and power, rights and liberties, individuals and associations, public and private. It has developed distinctive methods of legislation and adjudication, of negotiation and litigation, of legal rhetoric and textual interpretation, of legal science and legal philosophy. The precise shape and balance of the Western legal tradition at any period has been determined, in part, by the Western religious tradition. And when the prevailing ideas, officials, symbols, and methods of the Western religious tradition have changed, the shape and balance of the Western legal tradition have changed as well. Four major shifts in the Western religious tradition have triggered the most massive transformations of the Western legal tradition: (1) the Christian conversion of the Roman Empire in the fourth through sixth centuries; (2) the Papal Revolution of the late eleventh to thirteenth centuries; (3) the Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth century; and (4) the Enlightenment movements of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.