cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HBONext: HBONet with Flipped Inverted Residual

The top-performing deep CNN (DCNN) architectures are presented every year based on their compatibility and performance ability on the embedded edge applications, significantly for image classification. There are many obstacles in making these neural network architectures hardware friendly due to the limited memory, lesser computational resources, and the energy requirements of these devices. The addition of Bottleneck modules has further helped this classification problem, which explores the channel interdependencies, using either depthwise or groupwise convolutional features. The classical inverted residual block, a well-known design methodology, has now gained more attention due to its growing popularity in portable applications. This paper presents a mutated version of Harmonious Bottlenecks (DHbneck) with a Flipped version of Inverted Residual (FIR), which outperforms the existing HBONet architecture by giving the best accuracy value and the miniaturized model size. This FIR block performs identity mapping and spatial transformation at its higher dimensions, unlike the existing concept of inverted residual. The devised architecture is tested and validated using CIFAR-10 public dataset. The baseline HBONet architecture has an accuracy of 80.97% when tested on CIFAR-10 dataset and the model’s size is 22 MB. In contrast, the proposed architecture HBONext has an improved validation accuracy of 88.30% with a model reduction to a size of 7.66 MB.
Antiplatelet therapy and delayed cerebral ischemia in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) is a potentially preventable cause of morbidity and mortality after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). The authors performed a meta-analysis to assess the effect of antiplatelet therapy (APT) on DCI in patients with aSAH. METHODS A systematic review of the PubMed and MEDLINE databases was performed. Study inclusion criteria were 1) ≥ 5 aSAH patients; 2) direct comparison between aSAH management with APT and without APT; and 3) reporting of DCI, angiographic, or symptomatic vasospasm rates for patients treated with versus without APT. The primary efficacy outcome was DCI. The outcomes of the APT versus no-APT cohorts were compared. Bias was assessed using the Downs and Black checklist. RESULTS The overall cohort comprised 2039 patients from 15 studies. DCI occurred less commonly in the APT compared with the no-APT cohort (pooled = 15.9% vs 28.6%; OR 0.47, p < 0.01). Angiographic (pooled = 51.6% vs 68.7%; OR 0.46, p < 0.01) and symptomatic (pooled = 23.6% vs 37.7%; OR 0.51, p = 0.01) vasospasm rates were lower in the APT cohort. In-hospital mortality (pooled = 1.7% vs 4.1%; OR 0.53, p = 0.01) and functional dependence (pooled = 21.0% vs 35.7%; OR 0.53, p < 0.01) rates were also lower in the APT cohort. Bleeding event rates were comparable between the two cohorts. Subgroup analysis of cilostazol monotherapy compared with no APT demonstrated a lower DCI rate in the cilostazol cohort (pooled = 10.6% vs 28.1%; OR 0.31, p < 0.01). Subgroup analysis of surgically treated aneurysms demonstrated a lower DCI rate for the APT cohort (pooled = 18.4% vs 33.9%; OR 0.43, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS APT is associated with improved outcomes in aSAH without an increased risk of bleeding events, particularly in patients who underwent surgical aneurysm repair and those treated with cilostazol. Although study heterogeneity is the most significant limitation of the analysis, the findings suggest that APT is worth exploring in patients with aSAH, particularly in a randomized controlled trial setting.
How Do Informational Frictions Affect the Firm's Choice of Asset Liquidity? The Effect of SOX Section 404

Although existing theories predict a causal link between informational frictions in financial markets and a firm's choice of asset liquidity, the lack of an exogenous and clean measure of informational frictions hinders the precise identification of this link. Using the discontinuous requirement of financial reporting introduced by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, we identify a causal effect of informational frictions on the holding of liquid assets. By employing the cash ratio as a measure of corporate liquidity, we show that firms that comply with Section 404 and provide more reliable information to the financial markets reduce their holding of liquid assets compared to observationally similar firms. Finally, firms that comply with Section 404 and hold less cash present a higher expenditure in R&D relative to firms not complying with the rule. This difference sheds light on the opportunity cost of holding cash.
Multirate System Performance Evaluation using Singular Value Analysis

The scope of this paper is to present a new approach to developing meaningful criteria for evaluating the performance of a feedback multirate digital control system and to investigate sampling interval selection based upon the application of the powerful tools of singular value analysis and robust control theory.
Cotton and Protein Interactions

The adsorbent properties of important wound fluid proteins and cotton cellulose are reviewed. This review focuses on the adsorption of albumin to cotton-based wound dressings and some chemically modified derivatives targeted for chronic wounds. Adsorption of elastase in the presence of albumin was examined as a model to understand the interactive properties of these wound fluid components with cotton fibers. In the chronic non-healing wound, elastase appears to be over-expressed, and it digests tissue and growth factors, interfering with the normal healing process. Albumin is the most prevalent protein in wound fluid, and in highly to moderately exudative wounds, it may bind significantly to the fibers of wound dressings. Thus, the relative binding properties of both elastase and albumin to wound dressing fibers are of interest in the design of more effective wound dressings. The present work examines the binding of albumin to two different derivatives of cotton, and quantifies the elastase binding to the same derivatives following exposure of albumin to the fiber surface. An HPLC adsorption technique was employed coupled with a colorimetric enzyme assay to quantify the relative binding properties of albumin and elastase to cotton. The results of wound protein binding are discussed in relation to the porosity and surface chemistry interactions of cotton and wound proteins. Studies are directed to understanding the implications of protein adsorption phenomena in terms of fiber-protein models that have implications for rationally designing dressings for chronic wounds.
Differences Between Bilateral Adrenal Incidentalomas and Unilateral Lesions

Importance Adrenal incidentalomas are found in 1% to 5% of abdominal cross-sectional imaging studies. Although the workup and management of unilateral lesions are well established, limited information exists for bilateral incidentalomas. Objective To compare the natural history of patients having bilateral incidentalomas with those having unilateral incidentalomas. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective analysis of a prospective database of consecutive patients referred to an academic multidisciplinary adrenal conference. The setting was a tertiary care university hospital among a cohort of 500 patients with adrenal lesions between July 1, 2009, and July 1, 2014. Main Outcomes and Measures Prevalence, age, imaging characteristics, biochemical workup, any intervention, and final diagnosis. Results Twenty-three patients with bilateral incidentalomas and 112 patients with unilateral incidentalomas were identified. The mean age at diagnosis of bilateral lesions was 58.7 years. The mean lesion size was 2.4 cm on the right side and 2.8 cm on the left side. Bilateral incidentalomas were associated with a significantly higher prevalence of subclinical Cushing syndrome (21.7% [5 of 23] vs 6.2% [7 of 112]) ( P = .009) and a significantly lower prevalence of pheochromocytoma (4.3% [1 of 23] vs 19.6% [22 of 112]) ( P = .003) compared with unilateral lesions, while rates of hyperaldosteronism were similar in both groups (4.3% [1 of 23] vs 5.4% [6 of 112]) ( P > .99). Only one patient with bilateral incidentalomas underwent unilateral resection. The mean follow-up was 4 years (range, 1.2-13.0 years). There were no occult adrenocortical carcinomas. Conclusions and Relevance Bilateral incidentalomas are more likely to be associated with subclinical Cushing syndrome and less likely to be pheochromocytomas. Although patients with bilateral incidentalomas undergo a workup similar to that in patients with unilateral lesions, differences in their natural history warrant a greater index of suspicion for subclinical Cushing syndrome.
When Friends Have Other Friends Friendship Jealousy in Childhood and Early Adolescence

Children rarely have their friends to themselves. At all ages, but especially in late childhood and early adolescence, friendship experiences are normally embedded in the wider relational context of group interaction and networks of peer relationships (Cairns, Xie, L Fletcher, Hunter, & Eanes, 2006; Sabongui, Bukowski, & Newcomb, 1998; South & Haynie, 2004). For example, studies employing diaries, observations, surveys, or other techniques that assess time use indicate that children’s opportunities for interaction with their friends are almost overwhelmingly public in that other children are present and interacting as well (e.g., Crockett, Losoff, & Petersen, 1984; Larson & Richards, 1991; Montemayor & Van-Komen, 1985; see Brown, Larson, & Saraswathi, 2002). In addition, most children have several friends and are aware that their specific friends like or have friendships with other, outside children (e.g., George & Hartmann, 1996; Parker & Seal, 1996). Isolated friendships, it seems, are the exception not the rule. The public nature of friendship in late childhood and early adolescence is a potentially important but often underappreciated consideration in understanding why these relationships form, have certain qualities, and take specific directions. In particular, by serving as the broader context in which friendship experiences unfold, outsiders and outside relationships shape children’s experiences within friendships in important ways. At times, outsiders have a positive influence on specific friendships (see Milardo & Helms-Erikson, 2000). For example, when third parties and other friends recognize and respond to pairs of children as friends, this can have an important ‘‘audience effect’’ that cements the partners’ identification with and commitment to one another (McCall, 1988). Outsiders can also positively influence friendships in more direct ways. For example, if motivated to do so, outsiders can be effective at helping members resolve disputes or rectify perceived injustices (e.g., Simmons, 2002). Hart: Handbook of Jealousy, Theory, Research, and Multidisciplinary Approaches 9781405185790_4_022 Final Proof page 516 12.2.2010 3:03pm
Co-titration of AgNO3 and HAuCl4: a new route to the synthesis of Ag@Ag–Au core–frame nanocubes with enhanced plasmonic and catalytic properties

We report a new strategy for the synthesis of Ag@Ag–Au core–frame nanocubes by co-titrating AgNO3 and HAuCl4 concomitantly into an aqueous suspension of Ag nanocubes in the presence of ascorbic acid (AA) and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) at room temperature. When the molar ratio of AgNO3 to HAuCl4 was larger than three, we discovered that the added Ag+ ions could effectively push the galvanic replacement reaction between Ag nanocubes and HAuCl4 backward and thus inhibit it, making it possible to achieve the co-reduction of the two precursors by AA without involving any galvanic replacement. By increasing the volumes of the two co-titrated precursors, we validated that the added AgNO3 and HAuCl4 were completely reduced to Ag and Au atoms, respectively, followed by their co-deposition onto the edges, corners, and then side faces of the Ag nanocubes in a fashion similar to seeded growth. As a result, the co-titration process offers an exquisite control over the relative amounts of Ag and Au atoms being deposited by simply varying the feeding ratio between the two precursors. We also demonstrated that the Ag@Ag–Au core–frame nanocubes exhibited unique plasmonic properties. Upon etching of the Ag templates from the core–frame nanocubes by an oxidant, we obtained Ag–Au nanoframes that could serve as an active catalyst for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol by NaBH4.
The Conformation of Sterically Congested Seven-Membered Rings Containing Tetracoordinate Germanium(IV): A First X-Ray Crystallographic Structure Determination

The X-ray crystallographic analysis of 6,6-dimethyl-2,4,8,10-tetra-tert-octyl-dibenzo[d,f][1,3,2]dioxagermepin, 1 is reported. In the solid-state conformation of 1, the dihedral angle about the C─C sp2-sp 2 σ bond connecting the two aryl rings is 50.1°. The observed C2 symmetry in the solid-state conformation of 1 is consistent with the previously suggested solution conformation.
EFFECT OF BREAK TEMPERATURE ON QUALITY OF TOMATO JUICE RECONSTITUTED FROM FROZEN TOMATO CONCENTRATES

The effect of break temperatures at 220, 200, 180 and 160°F on chemical, physical and sensory properties of frozen concentrate made from M-32 tomatoes was investigated. Titratable acidity increased while pH and total pectin decreased with decreasing break temperatures. Ascorbic acid retention was higher at lower break temperatures. Agtron E-5 readings showed that color was somewhat affected by the heat treatments, being better at lower break temperatures. Serum separation on centrifugation was minimum at 220 and 200°F (0.0 and 1.1% respectively), and it was much greater (36 and 38%) for the samples with low break temperature treatments. Sensory evaluation of the reconstituted juice showed that break temperature has no significant effect on color, although those preheated at lower temperatures were slightly better in color retention. Aroma and flavor were rated better in samples preheated at higher temperatures.
Detecting regularity in minefields using collinearity and a modified Euclidean algorithm

Minefields have point patterns that tend to exhibit regularity such as equal-spacing and collinearity that provide potentially valuable discriminants against natural occurring clutter. Previously, several simple procedures based on the empty boxes test and its extensions have ben shown to be effective detectors of generic regularity in minefields without explicitly taking advantage of collinearity and equal-spacing. Recently, modifications of the Euclidean algorithm have been applied to the problem of determining the period from a sparse set of detection times which arises in pulse repetition interval analysis. Besides the intriguing properties of this approach because of its number theoretic roots, the resulting algorithms are both computationally efficient and robust to errors introduced by missed detections, noise in time location, and false alarms. In this paper, a two-step procedure for detecting minefields is proposed whereby collinear points are first detected using a standard approach, the Hough transform, and the period estimated using the modified Euclidean algorithm. One advantage of this approach is that prior information on minefield spacing can be utilized to exclude collinear points that do not exhibit any periodicity or are spaced too close together or too far apart. The preliminary detection performance of some of these minefield detection methods are quantified for using a point pattern extracted from real sensor data.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Behavioral assay procedures for transfer of learned behavior by brain extracts, ii.

In Part I of this paper,' we presented details of the first seven of a series of ten experiments, aimed at finding a suitable behavioral assay procedure for studies of transfer of learned behavior by means of brain extracts. In continuing this presentation, we shall be chiefly concerned with experiments 8, 9, and 10, which made use of reinforced test procedures in a pair of left-right discrimination tasks in a Y-maze and a two-lever Skinner box. Methods.-The equipment used in these experiments was discussed in Part I, and is shown in Figure 1 of that paper. Extraction procedures, injection techniques, and methods of analysis were also discussed in Part I, and the same notation and conventions will be used here. Each of the following three experiments used intravenous injections, through the external jugular vein. Expeimnent 8 and following experiments made use of reinforced tests in place of the previous method of extinction testing. This experiment used 15 leftand 15 righttrained donors (10 sessions, 15 min each). Recipients were given two unreinforced sessions in the Y-maze (Fig. IF in Part I) followed by three 15-min training sessions in the shuttle box (Part I, Fig. IE) prior to injection, and were given a minimal cage diet during this time. Test sessions, in which the rats were fed regardless of which way they chose to turn, lasted 10 min each. In this and the following experiments, volume reduction in extract preparation was done by lyophilization. Further details can be found in Table 1. Experiment 9 repeated the design of experiment 8, with 24 left and 24 right donors. Three sessions of pretraining of the recipients in the shuttle box were followed by two 5-min unreinforced sessions in the Y-maze before injection, and tests were reduced to 5 min each. Experimnent 10 used 20 left and 20 right donors trained in the two-lever box (Part I, Fig. ID) for 10 days, and recipients received 5 days of pretraining in the one-lever box (Fig. IC) with minimal feeding before injection. Water and sucrose homogenates were prepared, half of the donors being used for each, and were centrifuged immediately after homogenization, at 100,000 g. Triton extracts of the particle fractions were precipitated with ethanol and a water wash of the precipitate divided into two portions (extract E and F), half injected without further treatment and half treated with TCA, the precipitate being discarded. All test sessions lasted 5 min. Results.--As in the previous experiments, the measure of transfer is given by A, which is equal to L R, where L is the mean percentage of left responses made by rats receiving extract from left-trained donors, and R is the mean percentage of left responses made by rats receiving extracts from right-trained donors. A positive A indicates that the left-injected rats were biased more strongly to the left than the right group, while a negative A indicates an inversion of the expected bias. In the unreinforced test procedures, which allow the rats to extinguish relatively quickly, the value of A is rarely very large. In the reinforced test procedures, the
The effect of nitrogen starvation on Tenebrio molitor L.

Abstract Half-grown larvae of the mealworm, Tenebrio molitor L., were deprived of nitrogen during 4 weeks either by feeding glucose alone or by feeding cellulose alone, and were used for several analyses and enzyme assays. Glucose-fed larvae increased their body weight slightly, but the efficiency of the diet, expressed in weight increase per g ingested, was low compared to larvae on a complete diet. Starved larvae lost weight mainly by utilizing glycogen and fat, whereas glucose-fed larvae increased glycogen and fat deposition. Glucose-fed larvae contained a higher portion of ether-extractable nitrogen than normal and starved larvae and excreted more uric acid than starved ones. The rate of respiration was highest in the glucose-fed larvae and lowest in the starved larvae. Furthermore, glucose-fed larvae showed a higher RQ value and a higher rate of cyanide-sensitive respiration than larvae on the control diet. The particulate fraction prepared from glucose-fed larvae exhibited an increased activity for cytochrome oxidase and succinic dehydrogenase, and an increased rate of oxidation of TCA cycle members. Lactic dehydrogenase activity was also increased in total homogenates prepared from these larvae. However, these hormogenates exhibited a highly reduced tyrosinase activity.
Explicit dynamical equations for constrained and unconstrained planar multi-rigid-body systems

This paper presents general dynamical equations for constrained and unconstrained planar multi-rigid-body systems. Explicit expressions for the coefficients of these equations are developed using Kane's method together with procedures developed by Huston et al. Lagrange multipliers are employed to accommodate the constraints, which may be either geometrical or kinematical. A FORTRAN subroutine to numerically generically generate the coefficients is also presented. Finally, a test example problem is presented and the results (that is, accuracy and run time) are compared with those obtained using other analysis procedures.
ISTEA: A New Direction for Transportation Policy

The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) of 1991 is likely to be remembered as one of President Bush's most significant contributions to government decentralization and the ideals of New Federalism. It is a landmark piece of legislation that makes wholesale revisions in the federal government's role in transportation policy, providing state and, especially, local policymakers with an unprecedented opportunity to determine the future direction of the nation's surface transportation programs. However, at the same time it decentralized authority over project selection, it continued to expand the number of crossover sanctions attached tofederal transportationfunding and preempted state authority over truck weights and lengths. This underscores recent research findings that suggest that federalism principles are important tofederalpolicymakers but not necessarily more important than other competing values that emanate from different political, social, and economic views.
THE SUPERIORITY OF LOW-GRADE IRON ORE∗

At the mine, pelletized low-grade taconite iron ore requires more energy and labor than rich hematite. In blast furnaces, however, taconite pellets are much more efficient than hematite. Overall, pellets save energy and labor. Attempts to pelletize hematite have not worked well. Therefore, many hematite mines have closed and miners have relocated to taconite plants. Also, some jobs, capital investments, and pollution have decreased at steel mills while increasing in the sparsely populated mining regions as a result of pelletizing.
Miss behavior for caching with lease

Caching with lease is to evict the data record from cache after its associated lease term expires. This policy differs from the traditional caching algorithms, e.g., LRU, by introducing a dimension of time to the data record stored in the cache. This model has recently attracted increasing interest not only from a theoretical perspective, but also in real system implementation. For the related theoretical studies, lease of each data record, also known as cache characteristic time and Time-To-Live (TTL), provides a convenient approximation that can simplify the complexity in analyzing popular caching algorithms such as LRU. This approach ignores the finite capacity of the cache size and assumes the lease term to be a known parameter that matches with the measurements. Recently, with new development in system engineering, caching with lease has been shown to be an efficient way to improve the performance of RDMA based key-value stores. This engineering practice imposes new challenges for designing caching algorithms based on lease. It calls for further theoretical investigation on the lease term in presence of a finite cache capacity. To this end, we derive the miss probabilities for caching with lease compared to LRU, when the frequency of requesting a data record is equal to the generalized Zipf's law. Based on the miss probability depending on the lease term, we also discuss adaptive algorithms that can optimally determine the lease term.
Improvement of integrated utrasonic transducer sensitivity

Abstract In this paper, we present a micromachined diaphragm structure for integrated ultrasound transducers. This structure greatly reduces the parasitic capacitance between the lower electrode and the conductive Si substrate in a nonmicromachined structure. The micromachining improves both sensitivity and minimum detectable signal. It also reduces crosstalk between transducer elements.
A dynamic program with fathoming and dynamic upper bounds for the assembly line balancing problem

Abstract It has been suggested that relaxation and fathoming methods can be used to reduce the state space of certain dynamic programs. This paper applies these techniques to the dynamic program for assembly line balancing and shows that with an optimal upper bound, a substantial reduction in state space is possible. With a static nonoptimal upper bound however, the approach is found to offer little improvement over conventional dynamic programming. To achieve more consistent results, a dynamic upper bound procedure is proposed. Applied to a well-known set of assembly line balancing problems, the performance of the proposed algorithm was found comparable to a state-of-the-art integer programming method. The approach appears generalizable to dynamic programs with a similar structure.
The Human Reduced Folate Carrier Gene Is Regulated by the AP2 and Sp1 Transcription Factor Families and a Functional 61-Base Pair Polymorphism

Abstract Recently, our laboratory reported an intricate regulation of the human reduced folate carrier (hRFC) gene, involving multiple promoters and noncoding exons. We localized promoter activity to a 452-bp GC-rich region upstream of noncoding exon A, including a 47-bp basal promoter with a CRE/AP-1-like consensus element that bound the bZip family of DNA-binding proteins (e.g.CREB-1 and c-Jun). We now report that three nearly identical tandem repeats (49–61 bp) in the hRFC-A upstream region are involved in regulating promoter activity. By in vitro binding assays, multiple transcription factors (e.g. AP2 and Sp1/Sp3) bound this region. When AP2 was cotransfected with the hRFC-A reporter construct into HT1080 cells, promoter activity increased 3-fold. In Drosophila SL2 cells, Sp1 transactivated promoter A and showed synergism with CREB-1. However, c-Jun was antagonistic to the effects of Sp1. A sequence variant in the hRFC-A repeated region was identified, involving an exact duplication of a 61-bp sequence. This variant had an allelic frequency of 78% in 72 genomic DNAs and resulted in a 63% increase in promoter activity. These results identify important regions in the hRFC-A promoter and critical roles for AP2 and Sp1, in combination with the bZip transcription factors. Moreover, they document a functionally novel polymorphism that increases promoter activity and may contribute to interpatient variations in hRFC expression and effects on tissue folate homeostasis and antitumor response to antifolates.
A comparative study of the neurons of origin of the spinocerebellar afferents in the rat, Cat and squirrel monkey based on the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase

The cell bodies of the neurons of the spinocerebellar pathways were examined using large injections of horseradish peroxidose into the cerebellum. Sections of each spinal segment were examined with both the DAB and the de Olmos O-dianisidine techniques. Results common to all three species were found. In Clarke's nucleus, the central cervical nucleus, and the spinal border cells there were many heavily labeled cells. Clarke's nucleus was found to project primarily ipsilaterally; the spinal border cells primarily contralaterally; and the central cervical nucleus bilaterally. In addition to these aggregates of spinocerebellar neurons there were numerous labeled neurons scattered throughout the spinal grey. Labeled neurons were found in all portions of the spinal grey except the substantia gelatinosa and lateral cervical nucleus and occurred in all spinal segments. They varied in morphology from large multipolar neurons, found predominantly in the ventral horn to small globular and fusiform neurons that were most abundant in the dorsal horn. These cells were found to project both ipsilaterally and contralaterally. Results common to only two of the species examined were also found. In the dquirrel monkey and the cat, but not the rat, the marginal layer of the dorsal horn in all segments of the spinal contained numerous labeled neurons. These marginal neurons were especially numerous in the squirrel monkey, where as many as 13 to 16 labeled neurons per section of the dorsal horn were found. In the rat and the squirrel monkey but not the cat, some intensely labeled large multipolar neurons were found in the sacral and caudal segments. These are the cells of Stilling's nucleus, a column of cells similar in position and orientation to that of Clarke's column but different in its projections and details of cytoarchitecture. Thus we have not only confirmed that Clarke's nucleus, the central cervical nucleus, and the spinal border cells project to the cerebellum but we have also found several new sources of spinocerebellar afferents.
Measurement of blood flow before and after embolization with use of fluorescent microspheres in an animal model.

PURPOSE Catheter-directed embolization has become a widespread technique for the treatment of benign and malignant neoplasms. The mechanism whereby embolization leads to selective atrophy of these neoplasms is largely speculative. As a potential model for the large regional perfusion differences between normal and neoplastic tissues, renal perfusion was studied before and after catheter-directed embolization. The working hypothesis was that embolization would create measurable changes in blood flow in the renal cortex and medulla. MATERIALS AND METHODS Microspheres (l0 μm in diameter) containing a series of different fluorophores were injected into the arterial system before and after the renal arteries were embolized with a series of larger (100–300 μm) particulate embolic agents. The distribution of the microspheres in the renal cortex, renal medulla, and liver was analyzed by fluorescence microscopy as well as by extraction of the fluorophores. RESULTS The distribution of the fluorescent microspheres was readily assessed by fluorescence microscopy or extraction of the fluorophores. Before embolization, the renal cortex received approximately three times more flow than the medulla. After embolization, perfusion of the renal cortex and medulla decreased in parallel. CONCLUSION Fluorescent microspheres are a powerful tool for measuring the changes in flow that occur after catheter-directed embolization. The fact that parallel decreases in flow were found in the renal cortex and medulla indicates that the distribution of each embolic agent was flow-directed. These results might provide insight into the mechanism of tumor atrophy after uterine artery embolization or hepatic chemoembolization.
Development and validation of a life history index of adult adjustment for women.

A multidimensional longitudinal study of alumnae of a prominent women's college, begun in 1958, provided a unique opportunity to study adaptation among women throughout early and middle adulthood in a manner similar to Valliant's landmark study of men. This article describes the development and initial validation of 3 multifaceted index of concrete life history markers of adjustment likely to be observed in the lives of women over time. Results indicate that this measure reliably and validly delineates a continuum of effectiveness among this homogeneous sample of healthy women, and the criteria most indicative of positive adjustment for women are similar to those for men. Moderately strong correlations between this index and the California Psychological inventory (CPI) provide important additional external evidence of validity for this index.
Testing for HER2 in Breast Cancer: A Continuing Evolution.

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is an important prognostic and predictive factor in breast cancer. HER2 is overexpressed in approximately 15%–20% of invasive breast carcinomas and is associated with earlier recurrence, shortened disease free survival, and poor prognosis. Trastuzumab (Herceptin) a “humanized” monoclonal antibody targets the extracellular domain of HER2 and is widely used in the management of HER2 positive breast cancers. Accurate assessment of HER2 is thus critical in the management of breast cancer. The aim of this paper is to present a comprehensive review of HER2 with reference to its discovery and biology, clinical significance, prognostic value, targeted therapy, current and new testing modalities, and the interpretation guidelines and pitfalls.
Effects of norepinephrine infusion (IV) on colloid osmotic pressure of systemic arterial plasma.

Abstract The purpose of these studies was to examine the effects of systemic infusion of norepinephrine on the oncotic pressure of circulating blood. This was achieved by measuring plasma colloid osmotic pressure (COP) from samples of central arterial blood obtained before, during, and after intravenous infusion of this catecholamine at a rate of 4 μg/kg/min for 7–9 min. Arterial blood pressure increased over the first 2 min of infusion from a control average of 85 mm Hg to an average peak value of 164 mm Hg. Pressure then decreased to a steady state value averaging 107 mm Hg. Corresponding control maximum and steady state values for COP were 18, 21, and 20 cm H 2 O, respectively. In a second series of experiments, arterial pressure was maintained relatively stable during infusion by means of an arterial reservoir. In these experiments, COP steadily decreased throughout infusion from a control value of 19 to a minimum value of 17 cm H 2 O, reflecting net absorption. In summary, these studies demonstrated that blood-tissue fluid shifts that occur during both systemic pressure variant and invariant norepinephrine infusions are sufficient to alter the COP of arterial plasma. We conclude from these results that shifts in capillary blood pressure accompanying sympathetic activity would in part become balanced by adjustments in COP of the blood arriving on the input side of a capillary network. These adjustments would contribute to blood-tissue fluid homeostasis during sympathetic episodes.
The effects of adsorbed anions on the oxidation of D-glucose on gold single crystal electrodes

Abstract The effects of various anions on the oxidation of glucose on single crystal gold electrodes were studied in HClO 4 , CF 3 SO 3 H, HNO 3 , H 2 SO 4 , H 3 PO 4 and HCl solutions. Contrary to common belief, glucose can be oxidized on gold in acid solutions, but only in the absence of strongly adsorbed anions such as chlorides, sulfates and phosphates. The reaction is partly or completely inhibited in solutions containing specifically adsorbed anions. The data show some indication of an (OH) ads layer on gold at potential cathodic to +1.2 V vs rhe in HClO 4 and CF 3 SO 3 H solutions. Based on the rates of oxidation of glucose, the following sequence has been found for the inhibition of the glucose oxidation by adsorbed anions: ClO − 4 ≈ CF 3 SO − 3 ⪡ NO − 3 ⪡ HSO − 4 (SO 2− 4 ) 2 PO − 4 (HPO 2− 4 − .
Dilated Episcleral Vessels and Open-Angle Glaucoma

We studied four patients with idiopathic dilated episcleral vessels. Three of these patients had asymmetric or unilateral open-angle glaucoma in the eye with the greater degree of episcleral vascular anomaly. The fourth patient showed dilated episcleral vessels, but the intraocular pressure (IOP) was not increased. In the three patients with increased IOP, the facility of outflow was decreased. The episcleral venous pressure was not measured, but in one eye Schlemm's canal was engorged with blood despite an IOP of 35 mm Hg. We explored the possibility of a congenital vascular anomaly in the four cases.
Further comments on the stabilizability of the angular velocity a rigid body

Abstract We prove that the angular velocity equations can be smoothly stabilized with a single torque controller for bodies having an axis of symmetry. This complements a recent result of Aeyels and Szafranski.
Oyster larval transport in coastal Alabama: Dominance of physical transport over biological behavior in a shallow estuary

[1] Among the various factors affecting recruitment of marine invertebrates and fish, larval transport may produce spatial and temporal patterns of abundance that are important determinants of management strategies. Here we conducted a field and modeling study to investigate the larval transport of eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, in Mobile Bay and eastern Mississippi Sound, Alabama. A three-dimensional larval transport model accounting for physical transport, biological movement of larvae, and site- and larval-specific conditions was developed. A hydrodynamic model was used to simulate physical transport, and biological movement was parameterized as a function of swimming and sinking velocity of oyster larvae. Site- and larval-specific conditions, including spawning location, spawning stock size, spawning time, and larval period, were determined based on the previous studies. The model reasonably reproduced the observed gradient in oyster spat settlement and bivalve larval concentration, although the model results were less dynamic than the data, probably owing to the simplified biological conditions employed in the model. A persistent gradient decreasing from west to east in the model results at time scales of overall average, season, and each survey in 2006 suggests that the larval supply may be responsible for the corresponding gradient in oyster spat settlement observed over the past 40 years. Biological movement increased larval retention near the spawning area, thus providing a favorable condition for local recruitment of oysters. Inclusion of biological movement, however, caused little change in the overall patterns of larval transport and still resulted in a west-east gradient, presumably because of frequent destratification in the shallow Mobile Bay system.
A simple model for proton transfer

Abstract A simple model is presented for the study of proton transfer in hydrogen bonds. The energetics and dynamics of a simplified unidimensional proton coordinate under the presence of an effective potential is considered. The transfer of a proton from one nucleus to another depends on the effective potential at each site and the coupling between the two electronic states. The model describes these features with three factors: the geometry of the system, the non-bonding interaction, and the electronic coupling strength. The validity of a two level approximation for proton transfer is considered. The transition from a two level to a non-two level system is dependent on the effective hydrogen bond length R used, the electronic coupling T AB , and the non-bonding interaction strength represented by Δ v . For a reasonable range of T AB (0.5–2.5 eV) and Δ v (350–550 cm −1 ) the transition occurs for R = 2.6–2.9 A. The application of the model to realistic systems is discussed.
A multi-channel integrated circuit for use in low- and intermediate-energy nuclear physics—HINP16C

The design, simulations, and tests of a 16-channel chip for solid-state detectors are presented. The chip produces sparsified pulse trains for both linear (pulse height) and timing (relative to an external reference) and allows the use of one of two internal charge sensitive amplifiers or an external amplifier. A shaper and peak detector are implemented in the linear branch and a pseudo-constant fraction discriminator and time-to-voltage converter are implemented in the logic/timing branch. The internal plus external gain options and the preparation of both pulse height and timing pulse trains suitable for pipeline ADCs, makes the chip suitable for a wide variety of applications. The chip was fabricated in the AMI 0.5 μm n-well (C5N) process available through MOS implementation services (MOSIS).
Regulation of inhibitory neurotransmission by the scaffolding protein ankyrin repeat-rich membrane spanning/kinase D-interacting substrate of 220 kDa

Scaffolding proteins play a critical role in the proper development and function of neural circuits. In contrast to the case for excitatory circuits, in which the role of several scaffolding proteins has been characterized, less is known about the scaffolding proteins that regulate inhibitory neurotransmission. The ankyrin repeat-rich membrane spanning (ARMS)/kinase D-interacting substrate of 220 kDa (Kidins220) scaffolding protein is expressed during the establishment of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmission and is highly regulated by activity. To evaluate whether ARMS/Kidins220 expression affects GABAergic neurotransmission, we modified the ARMS/Kidins220 levels during the period of its maximum expression in culture (DIV 1–10). Whereas a decrease in ARMS/Kidins220 levels suppressed GABAergic neurotransmission, overexpression of ARMS/Kidins220 produced an increase in GABAergic neurotransmission in hippocampal neurons. In addition, we found that ARMS/Kidins220 regulates GABAergic neurotransmission by a presynaptic mechanism. Our results suggest that the ARMS/Kidins220 scaffold protein plays a critical role in the regulation of inhibitory transmission in hippocampal neurons. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Patient Perceptions on the Use of Advance Directives and Life Prolonging Technology

Introduction: Use of advance directives is underutilized despite the Patient Self Determination Act of 1990. This study was undertaken to determine use and opinions of advance directives by patient...
Second interim report of the A.O.A.C.‐A.O.C.S. Crude Fiber Liaison Committee

The results obtained in this collaborative study show that none of the methods tested offer sufficient advantages in precision and accuracy to warrant selection as an official method to the exclusion of other methods studied. Also the precision of all methods tested show these methods to be inadequate for checking crude fiber specification limits set up by the N.S.P.A. on soybean oil meal. This statement would also apply to any other product where specification limits on crude fiber are narrower than the precision shown in Table VI. Ease and speed for manipulation are also an important criterion for choosing an official method. A poll of committee members showed no definite preference for any one method studied; every method received the support of two or more of the committee members. The Liaison Committee is still hopeful that a method can be devised that will give a precision in line with trade specifications and practices. The committee will continue to work toward the development of such a method.
Silicide precipitation and silicon crystallization in nickel implanted amorphous silicon thin films

The nucleation and growth kinetics of NiSi2 precipitation in amorphous silicon thin films ion implanted with nickel was investigated using scanning transmission electron microscopy. It was found that the nucleation rate could be approximately described by a delta function at time t = 0 when the films were annealed between 325 and 400 °C. The growth kinetics of the precipitates at these temperatures were described by r ∝ tn, where r was the average radius and n was about 1/3. This behavior is consistent with models for growth of three-dimensional particles in a two-dimensional diffusion field. It was also found that the implanted amorphous films displayed an enhanced rate of single crystal silicon formation, apparently catalyzed by migrating silicide precipitates.
Reform and Revolution: The Life and Times of Raymond Robins

The author made use of recently available collections of personal letters and documents of Progressive reformer Raymond Robins in the papers of his sister, Elizabeth Robins, at the Fales Library of New York University to develop this complete analysis of Robins and his work.
Lichtkatalysierte organische Reaktionen. 3. Mitteilung. Cis-α-Jonon

cis-α-Jonon wurde durch lichtkatalysierte Isomerisation aus trans-α-Jonon gewonnen. Die Spektren des neuen Isomeren bestatigen die schon fruher vorgeschlagenen Stereoformeln der Jonone.
The Impact of Subsidies to Elementary Schooling on Enrolment Rates in Nineteenth‐century England

Considerable controversy exists about the role of public elementary schooling in the development of mass education in nineteenth-century England. Some recent accounts continue to support the long-standing view that the development of a public system of elementary schooling was the central force behind the rise in working-class educational attainment during the nineteenth century. Other accounts have suggested instead that this rise can be attributed to the growth in working-class demand for education and that this demand could have been met by private schooling. However, little attempt has been made to assess directly the effect of public elementary schooling on working-class educational attainment. Much of the debate has focused on the extent and quality of the private provision of working-class schooling in the first half of the nineteenth century. West and Laqueur have argued that an active private market financed in large part by fees was present. However, Hurt and Kiesling have argued that many of the schools West and Laqueur consider private were dame schools primarily providing childcare not instruction, or were aimed at a middle-class clientele, or were financed in part by subsidies from religious, philanthropic, or government sources. Although the state of the private schooling market in the first half of the nineteenth century is of interest as an indicator of the potential for the growth of working-class education under the circumstances of the time, it does not establish how much of the actual rise in school enrolment rates observed in the last half of the nineteenth century can be attributed to the development of a system of public elementary schooling. An initially limited private schooling market could have become much larger with extensive growth in working-class demand for schooling. On the other hand, the extent of education achieved with an initially active private market could perhaps have been markedly increased by the further development of public elementary schooling. 1 Those studies which have considered the relationship between the development of public elementary schooling and the rise of working-class education in the last half of the nineteenth century have tended to rely on post hoc,
Alcohol and pregnancy: highlights from three decades of research

The detrimental effects of alcohol on offspring have been alluded to for centuries, although only in the past few decades has the relationship between alcohol and birth defects been shown conclusively. This review article begins with a historical overview of the understanding of alcohol's effects on the offspring, followed by a description of the first clinical reports of fetal alcohol syndrome. The contribution of animal models is highlighted and some possible mechanisms of alcohol's teratogenicity are discussed. Challenges and opportunities for future research are offered.
Making a life in multiethnic Miami: immigration and the rise of a global city

As the title implies Making a Life in Multiethnic Miami addresses several central themes related to processes that define our post-industrial, post-traditional world. Globalization is largely synon...