cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatial Organization and the Mechanics of Signal Transduction in Cell Membranes

Signal transduction in living cells is carried out through cascades of chemical reactions, which generally begin on the cell membrane surface. In recent years, there has been growing realization that the large-scale spatial arrangement of cell surface receptors can regulate the outcome of ensuing signal transduction process. Signaling through the T cell receptor (TCR) in the context of the immunological synapse provides a case in point. Spatial reorganization of TCRs occurs on multiple length-scales, and apparently with multiple purposes, during antigen recognition by T cells. The cell membrane and cytoskeleton, working as an inseparable unit in this case, create the mechanical framework within which TCR signaling processes occur. To better study these phenomena, a new experimental strategy, in which the spatial positions of cell membrane receptors are directly manipulated through mechanical means, has emerged. By physically inducing a ‘spatial mutation’ of the signaling apparatus, the role of spatial organization in signal transduction as well as the mechanisms by which it arises can be illuminated. Specific applications of this strategy to TCR signaling and other cell-cell signaling systems will be discussed.
Effect of pharmacologic manipulation of protein kinase C by phorbol dibutyrate and bryostatin 1 on the clonogenic response of human granulocyte-macrophage progenitors to recombinant GM-CSF.

The effect of pharmacologic manipulation of protein kinase C (PK-C) activity on the response of committed human myeloid progenitor cells (CFU-GM) to recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (rGM-CSF) was assessed. Coadministration of the PK-C activating agents, phorbol dibutyrate (PDBu) or bryostatin 1, with rGM-CSF resulted in a dose-dependent and, under some conditions, highly synergistic increase in the number of CFU-GM. With optimal combinations, colony formation far exceeded that which could be obtained with high concentrations of rGM-CSF alone. High concentrations of PDBu (e.g. greater than or equal to 50 nM), but not bryostatin 1, completely inhibited the CFU-GM response. These inhibitory effects could be reversed by bryostatin 1, but not by high concentrations of rGM-CSF. Bryostatin 1 also potentiated colony formation in response to rGM-CSF, and blocked the inhibitory effects of high concentrations of PDBu in bone marrow cells highly enriched for progenitors bearing the MY-10 antigen. The increase in CFU-GM induced by PDBu or bryostatin 1 was associated with little change in the morphologic type of colony observed. Continuous exposure of cells to the calcium ionophore, ionomycin (500 nM), reduced the number of granulocyte-macrophage colonies, but produced little change in the concentration-response of rGM-CSF and PK-C activating agents. Finally, the PK-C inhibitors H-7 and tamoxifen, when administered at concentrations exhibiting minimal inhibitory effects in the presence of rGM-CSF alone, led to no change or small increases in the numbers of colonies formed in response to rGM-CSF and bryostatin-1, and a substantial increase in the number of colonies formed in the presence of rGM-CSF and PDBu. These results suggest that PK-C activation may play a complex role in regulating the response of normal myeloid progenitors to growth factors such as rGM-CSF. They also raise the possibility that under some circumstances the phorbol ester PDBu may trigger events that inhibit the growth of myeloid progenitors, and that this process may be blocked by bryostatin 1.
Endovascular Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke

Endovascular therapy for acute stroke has evolved with the use of intra-arterial thrombolytics, intravenous/intra-arterial bridging strategies, and mechanical thrombectomy/aspiration devices. Despite widespread use in clinical practice, randomized trials of first-generation devices failed to demonstrate improved outcomes compared with standard care. New-generation stent retriever devices demonstrate higher rates of revascularization and clinical outcomes compared with first-generation devices. Additional randomized trials are underway and have the potential to confirm clinical efficacy of new-generation devices compared with standard care. The role of additional advanced imaging for patient selection remains unclear, and further trials are needed to demonstrate the role of these techniques for patient selection.
Evaluation of the 45-degree labial bevel with a shoulder preparation

This study compared the margin opening of cemented porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns of three different casting designs: 80-degree bevels with metal collars, 80-degree bevels with porcelain applied to the labial collars, and 45-degree labial bevels with metal and porcelain to a common margin termination. There were no statistically significant differences between the margin opening of the three groups. Porcelain application and firing did not distort the facial margin. The 45-degree bevel with porcelain to the margin has greater esthetic potential and the same margin adaptation as the 80-degree bevel with an all-metal collar.
Biomass-dependent effects of common carp on water quality in shallow ponds

We examined the biomass-dependent effects of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) on water quality in 10 ponds at the Eagle Mountain Fish Hatchery, Fort Worth, Texas, USA. Ponds contained 0–465 kg ha−1 of common carp. We measured limnological variables at weekly intervals for four weeks in early summer, after which ponds were drained and the biomass of fish and macrophytes was determined. Common carp biomass was significantly positively correlated with chlorophyll a, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, and Keratella spp. density and negatively correlated to bushy pondweed (Najas guadalupensis) biomass. In addition, we combined our data with data from comparable studies to develop more robust regression models that predict the biomass-dependent effects of common carp on water quality variables across a wide range of systems.
Reduced-Order Aerodynamic Modeling of Flapping Wing Energy Harvesting at Low Reynolds Number

Energy harvesting from flowing fluids using flapping wings and fluttering aeroelastic structures has recently gained significant research attention as a possible alternative to traditional rotary turbines, especially at and below the centimeter scale. One promising approach uses an aeroelastic flutter instability to drive limit cycle oscillations of a flexible piezoelectric energy harvesting structure. Such a system is well suited to miniaturization and could be used to create self-powered wireless sensors wherever ambient flows are available. In this paper, we examine modeling of the aerodynamic forces, power extraction, and efficiency of such a flapping wing energy harvester at a low Reynolds number on the order of 1000. Two modeling approaches are considered: a quasi-steady method generalized from existing models of insect flight and a modified model that includes terms to account for the effects of dynamic stall. These two modeling approaches are applied to predicting the instantaneous aerodynamic for...
The effect of the route of administration of bacillus Calmette-Guerin on regional immunity

Abstract In conclusion, under the conditions of the study, oral BCG caused a significant immunopotentiating effect in mesenteric lymph nodes. During the time period studied, the response was regional. However, the most consistent immunopotentiating effect was that shown by the hind-limb injection of BCG. Although there was a more significant regional response from hind-limb injection, there was also a definite tendency toward systemic immunopotentiation. Intraperitoneal BCG did not produce consistent immunopotentiation.
Insolubilized D-Amino Acid Oxidase: Properties and Potential Use

Abstract D-Amino acid oxidase has been amide-linked to ω-aminoalkyl agarose particles. The insolubilized enzyme has characteristics similar to the soluble form with respect to stability, pH optimum, affinity for flavin adenine dinucleotide, and general substrate specificity, although smaller Michaelis constants were found for some substrates. The potential application for the separation of the natural L-amino acid isomers from racemates has been demonstrated.
Androgen treatment in early infancy: effect upon adult adrenal cortical response to stress and adrenal and ovarian compensatory hypertrophy.

Treatment of the 1-day-old rat with 1 mg of testosterone propionate (TP) produced in the female animal the expected anovulatory, persistent estrus syndrome. The adult adrenal cortical response to stress was normal in both male and female rats treated with TP in early infancy. The extent of compensatory adrenal, but not ovarian, hypertrophy appeared to be less in the TPtreated females, while control and TP-treated males exhibited no differences in either gonad or adrenal weights or in compensatory hypertrophy. (Endocrinology 77: 585, 1965) T ADMINISTRATION of testosterone propionate (TP) to the female rat during the first 10 days of life will induce a permanent anovulatory state with persistent vaginal estrus. The absence of cyclic pituitary gonadotropin secretion and failure of these animals to ovulate is thought to be due to fixation of the central nervous systemgonadotropin control mechanism in the male pattern (1). The preoptic region of the hypothalamus may be specifically involved (2). The hypothalamus also plays a critical role in initiating the secretion of ACTH following stress; this response is not the same in the Received March 26, 1965. normal male and female rat (3). The present report compares the adrenal cortical response to stress in adult male and female rats treated with sterilizing doses of testosterone propionate during the early postnatal period. In addition, the extent of compensatory adrenal and ovarian hypertrophy was compared in both treated and untreated groups. Materials and Methods Litters born on the same day were used for all experiments. On the 4th day of life half of each litter received testosterone propionate (1 mg in .01 ml). The rats were left undisturbed until weaning at day 21, at which time males and females were separated. From day 42 to day 62 vaginal smears were made daily to assess the 586 NOTES AND COMMENTS Volume 77 TABLE 1. Effect of testosterone propionate (TP) on postnatal day 1 upon the adrenocortical response to stress and adrenal and gonadal compensatory hypertrophy. Plasma corticosterone (CS) determined one to two minutes (A) and 15 minutes (B) after ether anesthesia
Effect of variations in sequencing of clinical tutorials.

Summary The sequence in which different specialties are presented to medical students may influence their impact. However, the subject has been rarely examined. In the present study a variety of educational outcomes were evaluated for a second-year medical school class. They followed a series of eight clinical tutorials but did so in four different sequences. The outcomes assessed were: (1) student achievement during their tutorial year and in several major clinical courses taken in the third medical school year; (2) student perceptions of the tutorial experiences and the impact of the tutorials on subsequent clinical training; and (3) student choices of clinical courses and programmes in their third and fourth years. The results indicated that the sequence of the eight tutorials had no adverse effect upon the educational outcomes examined.
The Punch‐Through Transistor with MOS Controled Gate

The possibility of using the subsurface punch-through mechanism controlled by MOS gate is studied. The subthreshold conduction and the punch-through are usually considered undesirable effects in MOS devices. The described device takes advantage of these effects to achieve faster operation with higher voltage. This device is suitable for integration since gate is not shorted to the substrate like in the lateral punch-through transistor described in earlier work. Two devices with 7 and 10 pm channels were fabricated and operating voltages are relatively high. The space-charge-limited current flow is the dominant mechanism in these devices.
Automatic design of application specific instruction set extensions through dataflow graph exploration

General-purpose processors are often incapable of achieving the challenging cost, performance, and power demands of high-performance applications. To meet these demands, most systems employ a number of hardware accelerators to off-load the computationally demanding portions of the application. As an alternative to this strategy, we examine customizing the computation capabilities of a processor for a particular application. The processor is extended with hardware in the form of a set of custom function units and instruction set extensions. To effectively identify opportunities for creating custom hardware, a dataflow graph design space exploration engine heuristically identifies candidate computation subgraphs without artificially constraining their size or shape. The engine combines estimates of performance gain, cost, and inherent limitations of the processor to grow candidate graphs in profitable directions while pruning unprofitable paths. This paper describes the dataflow graph exploration engine and evaluates its effectiveness across a set of embedded applications.
Polysynaptic inputs to vestibular efferent neurons as revealed by viral transneuronal tracing

The Bartha strain of the alpha-herpes pseudorabies virus (PrV) was used as a retrograde transneuronal tracer to map synaptic inputs to the vestibular efferent neurons of the Mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus. Although previous experiments have shown that vestibular efferent neurons respond to visual motion and somatosensory stimuli, the anatomic connections mediating those responses are unknown. PrV was injected unilaterally into the horizontal semicircular canal neuroepithelium of gerbils, where it was taken up by efferent axon terminals. The virus was then retrogradely transported to efferent cell bodies, replicated, and transported into synaptic endings projecting onto the efferent cells. Thirty animals were sacrificed at approximately 5-h increments between 75 and 105 h post-infection after determining that shorter time points had no central infection. Infected cells were visualized immunohistochemically. Temporal progression of neuronal infection was used to determine the nature of primary and higher order projections to the vestibular efferent neurons. Animals sacrificed at 80-94 h post-inoculation exhibited immunostaining in the dorsal and ventral group of vestibular efferent neurons, predominately on the contralateral side. Neurons within the medial, gigantocellular, and lateral reticular formations were among the first cells infected thereafter. At 95 h, additional virus-labeled cell groups included the solitary, area postrema, pontine reticular, prepositus, dorsal raphe, tegmental, the subcoeruleus nuclei, the nucleus of Darkschewitsch, and the inferior olivary beta and ventrolateral subnuclei. Analysis beyond 95 h revealed virus-infected neurons located in the vestibulo-cerebellar and motor cortices. Paraventricular, lateral, and posterior hypothalamic cells, as well as central amygdala cells, were also labeled. Spinal cord tissue exhibited no labeling in the intermediolateral cell column, but scattered cells were found in the central cervical nucleus. The results suggest functional associations among efferent feedback regulation of labyrinthine sensory input and both behavioral and autonomic systems, and support a closed-looped vestibular feedback model with additional open-loop polysynaptic inputs.
Effect of glycemic changes on lipolysis in sheep in vivo

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of glycemic changes on lipolysis in sheep. To prevent hyperglycemia from altering insulin concentrations and hypoglycemia from altering adrenomedullary hormonal secretion, the experiments were conducted in insulin-treated alloxan diabetic sheep whose adrenal glands were denervated. Hyperglycemia was associated with a reduction in glycerol concentrations and hypoglycemia with elevated glycerol. These changes in glycerol concentrations were independent of changes in plasma insulin, glucagon, catecholamine, and cortisol concentrations. It appears that change in glucose concentrations per se can alter lipolysis in sheep.
Anatomical organization of the visual system of the mink, Mustela vison.

The organization of the retinogeniculocortical visual system of the mink was studied by anterograde and retrograde tracer techniques, by physiological mapping, and by direct recordings from axonal terminals after injection of kainic acid. In the lateral geniculate nucleus, retinogeniculate afferents are segregated according to eye of origin between the two principal layers, A and Al. Within each of these layers there is a further parcellation according to functional type: on-center afferents terminate in the anterior leaflets of A and Al, and off-center afferents in the posterior leaflets. This separation is preserved in area 17: geniculocortical afferents terminate in ocular dominance patches in layer IV, and these patches coexist with an alternating, partially overlapping set of patches for on-center and off-center inputs that we have demonstrated previously (McConnell and LeVay: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:1590–1593. '84). In both the lateral geniculate nucleus and in area 17, the contralateral eye predominates to a much greater extent than in the cat. Visual cortical areas corresponding to the cat's areas 17, 18, and 19 can be identified in the mink, but they are shifted posterolaterally in the hemisphere, and they show less emphasis on the representation of central retina. Mapping studies also revealed the existence of a fourth visual area in the splenial sulcus (area SV) adjacent to the representation of the far periphery in area 17. This area differs from the corresponding region in the cat in that it receives direct projections from the lateral geniculate nucleus and from areas 17 and 18. The lateral geniculate nucleus projects to each of the four cortical areas that were mapped. The bulk of the projection to area 17 is derived from the principal layers, A and Al, while most cells projecting to areas 18 and SV are found in the C-layer complex. The recurrent projection from area 17 to the lateral geniculate nucleus arises from pyramidal neurons in layer VI, and terminates through all layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus, but most densely in the interlaminar zones. Areas 18 and SV projectt predominantly to the C layers. Areas 17, 18, and SV are reciprocally connected with tiie claustrum and the LP-pulvinar complex, and project to the superior colliculus: All four visual cortical areas are mutually interconnected; these associational projections arise from both the supragranular and infragranular layers.
Evaluating a Team-Based Learning Method for Detecting Dental Caries in Dental Students

The purpose of the study was to investigate whether the team-based learning environment facilitated the competencyof third year dental students in caries detection and activity assessment. Corresponding data were achieved usingdigital radiographs to determine the carious lesions in three clinical cases. The distribution of the caries evaluationsfor each of the 36 students and the 12 teams were tabulated for each mesial and distal surface of each tooth for thethree patients. In the first stage of the evaluation, students worked individually for caries assessment. In the secondstage, twelve teams of three students each performed the assessment. The teams had a significantly larger percentageof accurate anterior caries evaluations (54%) than the individual students (33%) (X2 = 5.50; p = .019), but also sawsignificantly more carious lesions when there was no lesion (126%) compared to the students working singly (85%)(X2 = 7.55; p = .006). The individual students, however, were significantly more likely to incorrectly call incipientcaries active (81%) than the teams (14%).
The Smith Mountain‐Leesville Project: A Case History

Abstract The Smith Mountain Pump Storage Project consists of two reservoirs in tandem on the Roanoke and Blackwater Rivers approximately 64 km southeast of Roanoke, Virginia. The reservoirs have provided sites for evaluating the impact of pump storage operation on primary productivity, fisheries, and water quality. Due to the location of the dam and the dendritic nature of the basin, the effect of recycling to alleviate detrimental water quality effects caused by thermal stratification were minimal. Moreover, as might be expected, the quality of water found in the upper reservoir depends upon the quality of water being recycled from the lower impoundment. Recycling appears to enhance primary productivity rates, at least in the vicinity of the dam. Pump storage operation does not appear to detract from the fishery in either reservoir. Although comprehensive studies are still needed in many areas, the results of all studies to date indicate a net beneficial effect of pump storage operation on environmental ...
Inadvertent exposure of endoscopy patients to viral hepatitis B

During 6 months of surveillance for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in patients undergoing endoscopy in a hospital, 4(2%) of 199 patients were found to be positive. Only 1 of the 4 was previously known to be an HBsAg carrier. The first 5 patients endoscoped after each of 2 HBsAg-positive index patients were followed prospectively for evidence of hepatitis B infection. The endoscope used was routinely cleaned and disinfected (not sterilized) after each use. Transmission of viral hepatitis B was not demonstrated even though the index patients were "e" antigen positive. Our results show that inadvertent contamination of endoscopes with blood and saliva from HBsAg-positive patients occurs frequently (1.5% of 199 endoscopies) and suggest that meticulous cleaning and disinfection of endoscopes after all procedures may diminish the risk of hepatitis B transmission by this route.
FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF SWIM-BLADDER MUSCLES ENGAGED IN SOUND PRODUCTION OF THE TOADFISH

A functional analysis of the striated swim-bladder muscles engaged in the sound production of the toadfish has been performed by simultaneous recording of muscle action potentials, mechanical effects, and sound. Experiments with electrical nerve stimulation were made on excised bladder, while decerebrate preparations were used for studies of reflex activation of bladders in situ. The muscle twitch in response to a single maximal nerve volley was found to be very fast. The average contraction time was 5 msec. with a range from 3 to 8 msec., the relaxation being somewhat slower. The analysis of muscle action potentials with surface electrodes showed that the activity of the muscle fibers running transversely to the long axis of the muscle was well synchronized both during artificial and reflex activation. With inserted metal microelectrodes monophasic potentials of 0.4 msec. rise time and 1.2 to 1.5 msec. total duration were recorded. The interval between peak of action potential and onset of contraction was only 0.5 msec. Microphonic recordings of the characteristic sound effect accompanying each contraction showed a high amplitude diphasic deflection during the early part of the contraction. During relaxation a similar but smaller deflection of opposite phase could sometimes be distinguished above the noise level. The output from the microphone was interpreted as a higher order derivative function of the muscle displacement. This interpretation was supported by complementary experiments on muscle sound in mammalian muscle. The dependence of the sound effects on the rate of muscle contraction was demonstrated by changing the temperature of the preparation and, in addition, by a special series of experiments with repeated stimulation at short intervals. Results obtained by varying the pressure within the bladder provided further evidence for the view that the sound initiated in the muscle is reinforced by bladder resonance. Analysis of spontaneous grunts confirmed the finding of a predominant sound frequency of about 100 per second, which was also found in reflexly evoked grunts. During these, muscle action potentials of the same rate as the dominant sound frequency were recorded, the activity being synchronous in the muscles on both sides. Some factors possibly contributing to rapid contraction are discussed.
Stabilization and robustness of non-linear unity-feedback system - Factorization approach

The paper is a self-contained discussion of a right factorization approach in the stability analysis of the nonlinear continuous-time or discrete-time, time-invariant or time-varying, well-posed unity-feedback system S1(P, C). It is shown that a well-posed stable feedback system S1(P, C) implies that P and C have right factorizations. In the case where C is stable, P has a normalized right-coprime factorization. The factorization approach is used in stabilization and simultaneous stabilization results.
Simultaneous detection and screening of T833C and G919A mutations of the cystathionine β-synthase gene by single-strand conformational polymorphism

Objective: We used single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) to screen for mutations at nucleotides 833 and 919 of the cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) gene in 13 patients with homocystinuria and 11 of their relatives. Methods: Exon 8 of genomic DNA was selectively amplified by PCR using primers derived from intronic sequences of the human CBS gene. SSCP analysis was performed on the amplified products. Genotypes identified by SSCP were confirmed by DNA sequencing and an allele-specific PCR method. Results: SSCP identified 5 patterns corresponding to five genotypes. We confirmed that the different genotypes result from mutations at nucleotides 833 and 919 of the CBS gene, and that these 2 mutations account for approximately 50% of affected alleles in homocystinuria patients. Conclusion: Our recent elucidation of intron-exon borders and intronic sequences of the CBS gene has made possible the use of SSCP to screen for known/unknown mutations in the CBS gene. Because T833C and G919A represent the two most common mutations and both are located within exon 8 of the CBS gene, SSCP of exon 8 allows screening of the heterozygous carrier state of these mutations in a large population, to determine the importance of heterozygosity of CBS mutations as the cause of mild hyperhomocyst(e)inemia associated with premature vascular diseases.
Mammalian Y chromosomes retain widely expressed dosage-sensitive regulators

The human X and Y chromosomes evolved from an ordinary pair of autosomes, but millions of years ago genetic decay ravaged the Y chromosome, and only three per cent of its ancestral genes survived. We reconstructed the evolution of the Y chromosome across eight mammals to identify biases in gene content and the selective pressures that preserved the surviving ancestral genes. Our findings indicate that survival was nonrandom, and in two cases, convergent across placental and marsupial mammals. We conclude that the gene content of the Y chromosome became specialized through selection to maintain the ancestral dosage of homologous X-Y gene pairs that function as broadly expressed regulators of transcription, translation and protein stability. We propose that beyond its roles in testis determination and spermatogenesis, the Y chromosome is essential for male viability, and has unappreciated roles in Turner's syndrome and in phenotypic differences between the sexes in health and disease.
EXPERIMENTAL RABIES VIRUS INFECTION OF BIG BROWN BATS (EPTESICUS FUSCUS)

A captive colony of adult Big Brown Bats (Eptesicus fuscus) was experimentally infected with a rabies virus (RABV) variant isolated from the salivary glands of a naturally infected Big Brown Bat and passaged once through murine neuroblastoma cell culture. Bats were divided into 11 groups, which were composed of one to three noninfected and one to three infected individuals each. Twenty of 38 animals were infected intramuscularly into both left and right masseter muscles; they received a total of 10 3.2 median mouse intracerebral lethal dose (MICLD50) of Big Brown Bat RABV variant. Experimental outcome after viral exposure was followed in the bats for 140 days postinoculation (PI). Of 20 infected bats, 16 developed clinical rabies, and the mean incubation period was 24 days (range: 13-52 days). Three infected bats never seroconverted and succumbed early to infection (13 days). Four infected bats that survived until the end of the experiment without any signs of disease maintained detectable antibody titers until the third month PI, peaking between days 13 and 43, and consequent drop-off below the threshold for detection occurred by day 140. Limited excretion of virus in saliva of infected bats during the clinical course of disease was observed in two individuals on days 13 and 15 PI (,24 hr prior to onset of clinical illness). No bat-to-bat transmission of RABV to noninfected bats was detected.
Muscle Protein Catabolism After Severe Burn: Effects of Igf-1/igfbp-3 Treatment

Objective To determine the effects of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) complexed with its principal binding protein, IGFBP-3, on skeletal muscle metabolism in severely burned children. Background Data Severe burns are associated with a persistent hypermetabolic response characterized by hyperdynamic circulation and severe muscle catabolism and wasting. Previous studies showed that nutritional support and pharmacologic intervention with anabolic agents such as growth hormone and insulin abrogated muscle wasting and improved net protein synthesis in the severely burned. The use of these agents, however, has several adverse side effects. A new combination of IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 is now available for clinical study. Methods Twenty-nine severely burned children were prospectively studied before and after treatment with 0.5, 1, 2, or 4 mg/kg/ day IGF-1/IGFBP-3 to determine net balance of protein across the leg, muscle protein fractional synthetic rates, and glucose metabolism. Another group was studied in a similar fashion without IGF-1/IGFBP-3 treatment as time controls. Results Seventeen of 29 children were catabolic before starting treatment. The infusion of 1.0 mg/kg/day IGF-1/IGFBP-3 increased serum IGF-1, which did not further increase with 2.0 and 4.0 mg/kg/day. IGF-1/IGFBP-3 treatment at 1 to 4 mg/ kg/day improved net protein balance and increased muscle protein fractional synthetic rates. This effect was more pronounced in catabolic children. IGF-1/IGFBP-3 did not affect glucose uptake across the leg or change substrate utilization. Conclusions IGF-1/IGFBP-3 at doses of 1 to 4 mg/kg/day attenuates catabolism in catabolic burned children with negligible clinical side effects.
United States cost of military force projection in the Persian Gulf, 1976-2007

This paper presents the first estimate of United States military cost for Persian Gulf force (CPGfp) derived entirely by a quantitative method. An activity-based cost (ABC) model uses geographic distribution of aircraft carriers as a proxy allocator of Department of Defense (DoD) baseline cost to regional operations. Allocation follows simply from DoD data that since 1990 no less than one aircraft carrier has been continuously on-station in the Persian Gulf; that eight are required to keep one on-station there; that the Navy has had eleven–fifteen carriers since 1990; and that Army and Air Force units are virtually never deployed to combat operations without Navy units. For 1976–2007 CPGfp is estimated to be $6.8 � 10 12 and for 2007 $0.5 � 10 12 (2008$). This substantial military investment is not a remedy for the market failure at the heart of regional security problem, which is oil market power. When CPGfp is added to economic losses attributed to market power in another recent study (Greene, 2010), the severity of this market failure becomes more apparent.
Fundamental Modeling of Transient Enhanced Diffusion through Extended Defect Evolution

In summary, we were able to model the formation and evolution of dislocation loops by extending our model for {311} defects to a system with two distributions and accounting for the transfer between {311} defects and dislocation loops. We also extended out model to formation of dopant precipitates with incorporation of point defects. Not only were we able to model individual systems, but also accounted for cases where a combination of the processes were occurring, such as boron interstitial cluster kinetics with {311} defect formation and arsenic deactivation with dislocation loop formation. We believe that our model provides a unified and fundamental approach to all aspects of extended defect formation and evolution. This work was supported by the Semiconductor Research Corporation.
Identification of chondrocyte proliferation following laser irradiation, thermal injury, and mechanical trauma

Background and Objective Cartilage has a limited regenerative capacity, and there are a lack of reliable techniques and methods to stimulate growth of new tissue to treat degenerative diseases and trauma. This study focused on identifying chondrocyte cell proliferation in ex vivo cartilage tissue following heating Nd:YAG laser using whole-mount analysis and flow cytometry, and compared findings with results produced by contact, and water bath heating methods, mechanical injury, and the addition of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Study Design/Materials and Methods Ex vivo rabbit nasal septal cartilages were either irradiated with an Nd:YAG laser (λ = 1.32 μm, 2–16 seconds, 6 W/cm2), heated by immersion in a warm saline bath, heated by direct contact with a metal rod, or mechanically damaged by scoring with a scalpel or crushing. After treatment, specimens were incubated for 7 or 14 days in growth media containing 10 μM bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). Additional specimens were cultured with both BrdU and TGF-β. Both whole-mount BrdU-double-antibody detection techniques and flow cytometry were used to determine the presence of DNA replication as a marker of proliferation. Result An annular region of regenerating chondrocytes was identified surrounding the laser irradiation zone in whole-mount tissue specimens, and the diameter of this region increased with irradiation time. Using whole-mount analysis, no evidence of chondrocyte DNA replication was observed in tissues heated using non-laser methods, grown in TGF-β, or mechanically traumatized. In contrast, flow cytometry identified the presence of BrdU-positive cells in the S-phase of the cell cycle (synthesis of DNA) for all protocols, indicating chondrocyte proliferation. The percentage of cells that are in S-phase increased with irradiation time. Conclusion These data provide evidence that laser irradiation, along with other thermal and mechanical treatments, causes a proliferative response in chondrocytes, and this is observed ex vivo in the absence of cellular and humoral repair mechanisms. The advantage of using optical methods to generate heat in cartilage is that microspot injuries could be created in tissue and scanned across surfaces in clinical applications. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Airflows and turbulent flux measurements in mountainous terrain: Part 2: Mesoscale effects

Abstract The location of the Niwot Ridge Ameriflux site within the rocky mountains subjects it to airflows which are common in mountainous terrain. In this study, we examine the effects of some of these mesoscale features on local turbulent flux measurements; most notably, the formation of valley/mountain flows and mountain lee-side waves. The valley/mountain flows created local non-stationarities in the wind flow caused by the passage of a lee-side convergence zone (LCZ) in which upslope and downslope flows met in the vicinity of the measurement tower. During June–August, 2001, possible lee-side convergences were flagged for ∼26% of all half-hour daytime flux measurement periods. However, there was no apparent loss of flux during these periods. On some relatively stable, summer nights, turbulence (designated via σw), and scalar fluctuations (temperature and CO2, for example) exhibited periodicities that appeared congruent with passage of low frequency gravity waves (τ ∼ 20 min). Spectral peaks at 0.0008 Hz (20 min) in both vertical velocity and scalar spectra were observed and indicated that 25–50% of the total scalar covariances were accounted for by the low frequency waves. During some periods of strong westerly winds (predominantly in winter), large mountain gravity waves were observed to form. Typically, the flux tower resided within a region of downslope “shooting flow”, which created high turbulence, but had no detrimental effect on local flux measurements based on valid turbulence statistics and nearly complete energy budget closure. Periodically, we found evidence for re-circulating, rotor winds in the simultaneous time series of wind data from the Ameriflux tower site and a second meteorological site situated 8 km upslope and to the West. Only 14% of the half-hour time periods that we examined for a 4 month period in the winter of 2000–2001 indicated the possible existence of rotor winds. On average, energy budget closure was ∼20% less during periods with rotor occurrence compared to those without. Results from this study demonstrate that the potential exists for relatively rare, yet significant influences of mesoscale wind flow patterns on the local half-hour flux measurements at this site. Occurrence of these events could be detected through examination of normal turbulence statistical parameters.
A Disguised Defeat: The Myanmar Campaign of the Qing Dynasty

The Qing Myanmar campaign (1765-1770) was the most disastrous frontier war that the Qing dynasty had ever waged. In the beginning, the Qianlong emperor (r. 1735-1795) of the Qing dynasty had envisaged winning this war in one easy stroke, as he deemed Myanmar no more than a remote barbarian tribe without any power. But he was wrong. After the Green Standard troops in Yunnan failed to bring the Myanmar to their knees, Qianlong sent his elite Manchu troops in. A regional conflict was thus escalated into a major frontier war that involved military maneuvers nationwide. At the front, the Manchu Bannermen had to deal with the unfamiliar tropical jungles and swamps, and above all, the lethal endemic diseases. Not only did one after another commander-in-chief of the Qing dynasty fail to conquer Myanmar, but the Qing troops also suffered extremely heavy casualties. After a gruelling four-year campaign, a truce was reached by the field commanders of the two sides at the end of 1769 with the Qing invading expedition failing to conquer Myanmar and withdrawing in disarray. To rehabilitate itself, the Qing dynasty kept a heavy military lineup in the border areas of Yunnan for about one decade in an attempt to wage another war while imposing a ban on inter-border trade for two decades.
Subgroup J avian leukosis virus-induced histiocytic sarcomatosis occurs only in persistently viremic but not immunotolerized meat-type chickens.

The role of subgroup J avian leukosis virus (ALV J) infection profile in the development of histiocytic sarcomatosis (HS) in chickens was evaluated using retrospective analysis of 2 experiments involving in ovo and at-hatch inoculation of commercial meat-type and ADOL line 0 chickens with 100 or 10,000 TCID50 of various strains ALV J. HS was observed only in persistently viremic, meat-type chickens that were inoculated at hatch, but not in immunotolerized (persistently viremic, with no antibodies), in ovo inoculated chickens. However, the immunotolerized, in ovo inoculated chickens developed a high incidence of myeloid tumors. HS appeared to arise from the splenic ellipsoids and red pulp, and metastasized to liver, kidney, and other organs. The neoplastic cells were diffusely positive for ChL5, CD45, and MHC class II with multifocal infiltration of T and B lymphocytes. Expression of viral antigen gp85 within HS was very low compared with that noted in ALV J-induced myelocytomas. The above observations sug...
Premarital Sexual Permissiveness and Illegitimacy in the Nordic Countries

The Nordic countries differ from other Western societies in their long histories of premarital sexual permissiveness. Yet, in spite of this general permissiveness, there are enormous variations in the frequency of illegitimacy and in the tolerance of it, both among the five Nordic countries and within each of them. Iceland is an exception; here the rate of illegitimacy is high throughout the country, and so is tolerance of it. Sweden appears to be moving in this direction, but the historical situation is more complex. Recent percentages of all live births out of legal wedlock for the five countries are:
Fashion Industry Career Matrix: Encouraging Students to Explore Fashion-Related Careers:

This paper describes an innovative career exploration project that uses collaborative learning methods and technology to increase design and merchandising students' understanding of career options ...
On the Interactions Between Routing and Inventory-Management Policies in a One-Warehouse N-Retailer Distribution System

This paper examines the interactions between routing and inventory-management decisions in a two-level supply chain consisting of a cross-docking warehouse and N retailers. Retailer demand is normally distributed and independent across retailers and over time. Travel times are fixed between pairs of system sites. Every m time periods, system inventory is replenished at the warehouse, whereupon an uncapacitated vehicle departs on a route that visits each retailer once and only once, allocating all of its inventory based on the status of inventory at the retailers who have not yet received allocations. The retailers experience newsvendor-type inventory-holding and backorder-penalty costs each period; the vehicle experiences in-transit inventory-holding costs each period. Our goal is to determine a combined system inventory-replenishment, routing, and inventory-allocation policy that minimizes the total expected cost/period of the system over an infinite time horizon. Our analysis begins by examining the determination of the optimal static route, i.e., the best route if the vehicle must travel the same route every replenishment-allocation cycle. Here we demonstrate that the optimal static route is not the shortest-total-distance (TSP) route, but depends on the variance of customer demands, and, if in-transit inventory-holding costs are charged, also on mean customer demands. We then examine dynamic-routing policies, i.e., policies that can change the route from one system-replenishment-allocation cycle to another, based on the status of the retailers' inventories. Here we argue that in the absence of transportation-related cost, the optimal dynamic-routing policy should be viewed as balancing management's ability to respond to system uncertainties (by changing routes) against system uncertainties that are induced by changing routes. We then examine the performance of a change-revert heuristic policy. Although its routing decisions are not fully dynamic, but determined and fixed for a given cycle at the time of each system replenishment, simulation tests with N = 2 and N = 6 retailers indicate that its use can substantially reduce system inventory-related costs even if most of the time the chosen route is the optimal static route.
Aqueous alkylation of anions for static headspace sampling with analysis by capillary gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry

The formation of ethyl derivative from anions and the conjugate bases of weak acids through the reaction with ethyl p-toluenesulfonate in strongly basic aqueous systems was used as a precursor to analysis by static headspace sampling with capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A host of materials are amenable to the technique including: cyanide, butyrate, caproate, fluoroacetate, iodide, and phenol. These analytes were used to study the performance of the system in relation to the behavior of commercially obtained ethyl derivatives. 18-Crown-6 (1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxacyclooctadecane) effectively catalyzes the reaction which appears to require the presence of high concentrations (5 M) of a basic salt, such as potassium carbonate. A 1:1 (molar) mixture of dibasic and tribasic potassium phosphate effectively substitutes for potassium carbonate and provides improved performance for fluoroacetate while reducing interferences such as diethyl carbonate. Quantitative yields were obtained in the concentration range 0.05-2 mM, except for cyanide which produced propionitrile with an efficiency of 55–80%. Fructose, at the 10% w/v level, exerted little influence upon the reaction. Calibration curves (selected ion monitoring) were linear between 0.001 and 1 mM. This approach extends the applicability of static headspace sampling and offers a potentially simple alternative to ion chromatography for complicated matrices. It should prove useful for confirming results obtained by other methods or for screening poorly characterized samples. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Tattooing for preservation of oral and oropharyngeal cancer resection margins

En bloc composite cancer surgery for head and neck tumors is now available with reconstruction. Pre-operative adjuvant therapy threatens the concept of wide resection because of alteration of tumor margins. Pre-irradiation tattooing at resection margins will preserve this fundamental surgical doctrine.
Forest soil respiration across three climatically distinct chronosequences in Oregon

To assess the relative influence of edaphoclimatic gradients and stand replacing disturbance on the soil respiration of Oregon forests, we measured annual soil respiration at 36 independent forest plots arranged as three replicates of four age classes in each of three climatically distinct forest types. Annual soil respiration for the year 2001 was computed by combining periodic chamber measurements with continuous soil temperature measurements, which were used along with site-specific temperature response curves to interpolate daily soil respiration between dates of direct measurement. Results indicate significant forest type, age, and type × age interaction effects on annual soil respiration. Average annual soil respiration was 1100–1600, 1500–2100, and 500–900 g C m−2 yr−1 for mesic spruce, montane Douglas-fir, and semi-arid pine forests respectively. Age related trends in annual soil respiration varied between forest types. The variation in annual soil respiration attributable to the climatic differences between forest types was 48%(CV). Once weighted by the age class distribution for each forest type, the variation in annual soil respiration attributable to stand replacing disturbance was 15%(CV). Sensitivity analysis suggests that the regional variation in annual soil respiration is most dependent on summer base rates (i.e. soil respiration normalized to a common temperature) and much less dependent on the site-specific temperature response curves (to which annual rates are relatively insensitive) and soil degree-days (which vary only 10% among plots).
On the Computation of Roll Waves

The phenomenon of roll waves occurs in a uniform open-channel flow down an incline, when the Froude number is above two. The goal of this paper is to analyze the behavior of numerical approximations to a model roll wave equation ut + uux = u; u(x; 0) = u0(x); which arises as a weakly nonlinear approximation of the shallow water equations. The main diculty associated with the numerical approximation of this problem is its linear instability. Numerical round-o error can easily overtake the numerical solution and yields false roll wave solution at the steady state. In this paper, we rst study the analytic behavior of the solution to the above model. We then discuss the numerical diculty, and introduce a numerical method that predicts precisely the evolution and steady state of its solution. Various numerical experiments are performed to illustrate the numerical diculty and the eectiveness of the proposed numerical method.