cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Description of growth of Clostridium perfringens in cooked beef with multiple linear models

The traditional linear model used in food microbiology employs three linear segments to describe the process of food spoilage and categorize a growth curve into three phases F lag, exponential, and stationary. The linear model is accurate only within certain portions of each phase of a growth process, and can underestimate or overestimate the transitional phases. While sigmoid functions (such as the Gompertz and logistic equations)can be used to ¢t the experimental growth data more accurately, they fail to indicate the physiological state of bacterial growth. The objective of this paper was to develop a new methodology to describe and categorize accurately the bacterial growth as a process using Clostridium perfringens as a test organism. This methodology utilized ¢ve linear segments represented by ¢ve linear models to categorize a bacterial growth process into lag, ¢rst transitional, exponential, second transitional, and stationary phases. Growth curves described in this paper using multiple linear models were more accurate than the traditional three-segment linear models, and were statistically equivalent to the Gompertz models.With the growth rates of transitional phases set to 1/3 of the exponential phase, the durations of the lag, ¢rst transitional, exponential, and second transitional phases in a growth curve described by the new method were correlated linearly. Since this linear relationship was independent of temperature, a complete ¢ve-segment growth curve could be generated from the maximum growth rate and a known duration of the ¢rst four growth phases. Moreover, the lag phase duration de¢ned by the new method was a linear function of the traditional lag phase duration calculated from the Gompertz equation.With this relationship, the two traditional parameters (lag phase and maximum growth rate)used in a three-segment linear model can be used to generate a more accurate ¢vesegment linear growth curve without involving complicated mathematical calculations. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
Secure Execution via Program Shepherding

We introduce program shepherding, a method for monitoring control flow transfers during program execution to enforce a security policy. Program shepherding provides three techniques as building blocks for security policies. First, shepherding can restrict execution privileges on the basis of code origins. This distinction can ensure that malicious code masquerading as data is never executed, thwarting a large class of security attacks. Second, shepherding can restrict control transfers based on instruction class, source, and target. For example, shepherding can forbid execution of shared library code except through declared entry points, and can ensure that a return instruction only targets the instruction after a call. Finally, shepherding guarantees that sandboxing checks placed around any type of program operation will never be bypassed. We have implemented these capabilities efficiently in a runtime system with minimal or no performance penalties. This system operates on unmodified native binaries, requires no special hardware or operating system support, and runs on existing IA-32 machines under both Linux and Windows.
Stability, Instability, and "Backwards'' Transport in Accretion Disks"

The stratification of entropy and the stratification of angular momentum are closely analogous. Of particular interest is the behavior of disks in which angular momentum transport is controlled by convection, and heat transport by dynamical turbulence. In both instances we argue that the transport must proceed ``backwards'' relative to the sense one would expect from a simple enhanced diffusion approach. Reversed angular momentum transport has already been seen in numerical simulations; contra-gradient thermal diffusion should be amenable to numerical verification as well. These arguments also bear on the observed nonlinear local stability of isolated Keplerian disks. We also describe a diffusive instability that is the entropy analogue to the magnetorotational instability. It affects thermally stratified layers when Coulomb conduction and a weak magnetic field are present. The criterion for convective instability goes from one of upwardly decreasing entropy to one of upwardly decreasing temperature. The maximum growth rate is of order the inverse sound crossing time, independent of the thermal conductivity. The indifference of the growth rate to the conduction coefficient, its simple dynamical scaling, and the replacement in the stability criterion of a conserved quantity (entropy) gradient by a free energy (temperature) gradient are properties similar to those exhibited by the magnetorotational instability.
The visual cells of the chicken as revealed by phase contrast microscopy.

Phase microscopic investigations of Kolmer-fixed, depigmented sections of the adult chicken retina have provided photomicrographic evidence of the existence of three different photoreceptors: single rods, single cones, and double cones. The rod extends the entire thickness of the visual cell layer and is characterized by a uniformly thick outer segment and a hyperboloid-containing inner segment which is devoid of an oil droplet. The single cone is the shortest element; it contains a red oil droplet. The double cone consists of two unequal members, a tall, slender chief cone and a broad accessory cone. The chief component contains a large yellow oil droplet, whereas the accessory cone houses a small, oval, yellowish-green droplet and a characteristically large, oval paraboloid. The rod hyperboloid and the accessory cone paraboloid contain glycogen. No colorless droplets have been observed. Owing to the close association between oil droplet color and cone type, three colored layers of oil droplets are formed within the thickness of the retina: a proximal row of red droplets (the short, single cones), an intermediate layer of yellowish-green droplets (the accessory cones), and a distal row of yellow droplets (the tall chief cones).
A new look at uncertainty shocks: Imperfect information and misallocation

Uncertainty faced by individual firms appears to be heterogeneous. In this paper, I construct new empirical measures of firm-level uncertainty using data from the I/B/E/S and Compustat. These new measures reveal persistent differences in the degree of uncertainty facing individual firms not reflected by existing measures. Consistent with existing measures, I find that the average level of uncertainty across firms is countercyclical, and that it rose sharply at the start of the Great Recession. I next develop a heterogeneous firm model with Bayesian learning and uncertainty shocks to study the aggregate implications of my new empirical findings. My model establishes a close link between the rise in firms’ uncertainty at the start of a recession and the slow pace of subsequent recovery. These results are obtained in an environment that embeds Jovanovic’s (1982) model of learning in a setting where each firm gradually learns about its own productivity, and each occasionally experiences a shock forcing it to start learning afresh. Firms differ in their information; more informed firms have lower posterior variances in beliefs. An uncertainty shock is a rise in the probability that any given firm will lose its information. When calibrated to reproduce the level and cyclicality of my leading measure of firm-level uncertainty, the model generates a prolonged recession followed by anemic recovery in response to an uncertainty shock. When confronted with a rise in firm-level uncertainty consistent with advent of the Great Recession, it explains 79 percent of the observed decline in GDP and 89 percent of the fall in investment.
Dicer1 Is Required to Repress Neuronal Fate During Endocrine Cell Maturation

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of gene expression programs in the pancreas; however, little is known about the role of miRNA pathways during endocrine cell specification and maturation during neonatal life. In this study, we deleted Dicer1, an essential RNase for active miRNAs biogenesis, specifically from NGN3+ endocrine progenitor cells. We found that deletion of Dicer1 in endocrine progenitors did not affect the specification of hormone-expressing endocrine cells. However, the islets in the mutant mice in the neonatal period exhibited morphological defects in organization and loss of hormone expression, and the mutant mice subsequently developed diabetes. Dicer1-deficient β-cells lost insulin expression while maintaining the expression of β-cell transcription factors such as Pdx1 and Nkx6.1 early in the postnatal period. Surprisingly, transcriptional profiling showed that that the Dicer1-deficient endocrine cells expressed neuronal genes before the onset of diabetes. The derepression of neuronal genes was associated with a loss in binding of the neuronal transcriptional repressor RE-1-silencing transcription factor to its targets in Dicer1-deficient β-cells. These studies suggest that miRNAs play a critical role in suppressing neuronal genes during the maturation of endocrine cells.
Response to Letter by Creutzfeldt et al

Response: We thank Drs Creutzfeldt and colleagues for their thoughtful comments1 concerning our article.2 They review the literature on antiplatelet medication and outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), including their own data,3 which were not yet published at the time of our submission. Although we agree on more issues than not, we disagree that “it has yet to be determined whether measured platelet activity relates …
Crystal structure analysis of a complete turn of B-DNA

DNA is probably the most discussed and least observed of all biological macromolecules. Although its role in biology is a central one, with many examples such as operators and restriction sites where specific base sequences have control functions or interact with specific enzymes, the structures that DNA can adopt have been based until now only on sequence-averaged fibre diffraction patterns. Recent improvements in triester synthesis methods have made possible the preparation of sufficient homogeneous DNA of predetermined sequence for crystallization and X-ray structure analysis. We report here the first single-crystal structure analysis of more than a complete turn of right-handed B-DNA, with the self-complementary dodecamer sequence d(CpGpCpGPApApTpTpCpGpCpG) or CGCGAATTCGCG.
The effect of health education interventions on child malaria treatment-seeking practices among mothers in rural refugee villages in Belize Central America.

SUMMARY This paper reports on a study conducted to examine the effect of health education interventions on mothers’ treatmentseeking behaviors for their children’s malaria fevers. The study used a quasi-experimental post-test community-based design with an intervention and control group. A post-intervention survey was conducted to assess knowledge, attitudes and child fever and malaria treatment-seeking behaviors and access and exposure to health messages. Survey results indicated that some health education interventions, especially interpersonal
Origin of Mesoproterozoic A-type granites in Laurentia: Hf isotope evidence

Granitic rocks are commonly used as a means to study chemical evolution of continental crust. In particular, their isotopic compositions reflect the relative contributions of mantle and crustal sources in their genesis. In Laurentia, a distinctive belt of Mesoproterozoic A-type or “anorogenic” granites of ∼1.4 Ga age was emplaced within composite, heterogeneous Proterozoic crust. Zircons are an ideal mineral to constrain the granite petrogenetic history because they are repositories of both age (U–Pb geochronology) and tracer (Lu–Hf isotopic) information. We measured the Hf isotope composition of zircons from 31 previously dated A-type granites intruding Proterozoic basement provinces from the southwest U.S. to the upper mid-continent. Isotopic compositions for all granites are broadly similar, with average 176 Hf/ 177 Hf(i) ratios of 0.281871–0.282153. Averages for granites within different crustal provinces yield present-day eHf values between −31.9 and −21.9. Initial eHf values discriminate the granites by age of the 2.0–1.6 Ga crust which they intrude, but are independent of intrusion age, as follows (basement formation ages in parentheses): southern Granite–Rhyolite (1.5–1.3 Ga), +7.0±0.9; central Yavapai (1.8–1.7 Ga), +5.4±0.9; western Yavapai (1.8–1.7 Ga), +3.3± 1.1; Granite–Rhyolite (1.5–1.3 Ga), +1.4±0.6; Mojave (1.8–1.7 Ga), +0.2±0.8; and Penokean (1.9–1.8 Ga), −0.1±n/d. The narrow ranges of Hf isotopic signatures within these regional groupings of granites reflect the age and isotopic composition of the basement provinces they intrude. Granites in the southern Granite–Rhyolite and central Yavapai provinces have the highest initial eHf, reflecting their more juvenile sources, whereas Mojave and Penokean granites show contributions from more evolved crustal sources. Simple calculations indicate that all the granites represent dominantly crustal melts; although a mantle contribution cannot be ruled out, if present it must be minor. The Hf isotope compositions of the 1.4 Ga granites appear controlled predominantly by widespread melting of heterogeneous 2.0–1.6 Ga lower crust, consistent with other geochemical indicators. In addition to constraining granite petrogenesis, the distinct age and Hf isotope signature of the zircons will prove useful as a provenance tracer in detrital zircon suites from Neoproterozoic and younger siliciclastic deposits worldwide.
The Lateral Completion

The question of the existence of a lateral completion for an arbitrary l-group has been an important and fruitful one in the theory of l-groups. Conrad’s important paper [69] laid the groundwork for the problem, and proved existence and uniqueness for representable l-groups and l-groups with zero radical. Byrd and Lloyd [69] applied Conrad’s methods to the completely distributive case (for a definition and results concerning complete distributivity, the reader should consult Chapter 10). It was Bernau [74b],[75a] who provided the first proof for arbitrary l-groups. His construction, like that he made for the orthocompletion [66b] , involves a very technical brute force construction of the elements of the positive cone of the lateral completion in terms of the original l-group. This construction has since been simplified by McCleary [81], but it remains exceedingly complicated.
Valuing Patents for Licensing: A Practical Survey of the Literature

A number of methods exist for valuing a patent in order to license it to an external party. Several of these methods are well accepted in academic circles, others are merely tolerated as expedient. None of the existing methods, however, appears poised to easily accommodate software patent valuation in the face of open source software. Open source software distributors do not earn revenues directly from licensing source code. Even forprofit open source enterprises, such as Red Hat, provide software as part of a service bundle, not as an individually priced product. The problem of linking a patent to a stream of revenue generated by a bundle of goods holds for many service-oriented businesses, with open source as an extreme case. The increasing prevalence of service-based business models suggests that new thinking about how to put a price on patented innovations may be required. In addition to the basic problem of placing a dollar value on an innovation, new thinking on the incentives at play in license negotiations may also be necessary. In other words, do any unique principal-agent problems between patent holder and licensee surface as a result of the open source business model‘ Do any other licensing structure issues need to be worked through in order for existing theory to fit an open source environment. Before any of this 'new thinking' can begin (or is even warranted), though, an assessment of the current state of art is in order. This paper reviews the academic literature on valuing patent licenses.
Execution time prediction for energy-efficient hardware accelerators

Many mobile applications utilize hardware accelerators for computation-intensive tasks. Often these tasks involve real-time user interactions and must finish within a certain amount of time for smooth user experience. In this paper, we propose a DVFS framework for hardware accelerators involving real-time user interactions. The framework automatically generates a predictor for each accelerator that predicts its execution time, and sets a DVFS level to just meet the response time requirement. Our evaluation results show, compared to running each accelerator at a constant frequency, our DVFS framework achieves 36.7% energy savings on average across a set of accelerators, while only missing 0.4% of the deadlines. The energy savings are only 3.8% less than an optimal DVFS scheme. We show with the introduction of a boost level, the deadline misses can be completely eliminated while still achieving 36.4% energy savings.
Are Americans Good Samaritans? How Martin Luther King's Example Can Empower America's Humanitarian Majority

The essay challenges the notion that the American conception of human rights is limited to civil and political rights and excludes internationally recognized principles that accord right status to economic, cultural and social justice. The author points to the U.S. civil rights movement and its societal transformative success as evidence that Americans support a comprehensive humanitarian agenda that conforms to international human rights law. The civil rights movement promoted economic and social rights and treated those issues as integrated with civil and political rights. Thus U.S. civil rights law - and the revolutionary transformation of the American socio-political landscape brought about by the movement - shows that American sensibilities about social, cultural and economic justice are similar in substance to international human rights law. The essay then turns to an examination of contemporary American public opinion. The author contends that large majorities support a humanitarian agenda across a broad range of issues that would include human rights, poverty relief and a demilitarized foreign policy agenda. The author posits that there is a disconnect between the majority's will and U.S. policy, and closes the essay by suggesting that the adoption of the robust advocacy used by the civil rights movement would bridge that gap. The writing of Martin Luther King figures prominently in the author's consideration of how leaders seeking to advance a humanitarian agenda might achieve this.
«Monocytoid» cells in reactive follicular hyperplasia with and without multifocal histiocytic reactions: an immunohistochemical study of 21 cases including suspected cases of toxoplasmic lymphadenitis

The presence of "monocytoid" cells in toxoplasmic lymphadenitis is a distinctive histopathologic finding, but the exact nature and immunologic properties of these cells have not been characterized clearly. The authors have evaluated the immunohistochemical features of monocytoid cells in fresh-frozen and paraffin-embedded, fixed lymph node material from 21 cases of reactive follicular hyperplasia including suspected cases of toxoplasmic lymphadenitis. This study revealed that monocytoid cells contain (1) the B lymphocyte surface membrane differentiation antigens B-1 and BA-1, and (2) surface membrane-associated immunoglobulin light chains in a polyclonal distribution. No positive reaction was observed when monocytoid cells were studied with monoclonal antibodies specific for peripheral T cells or with antibodies considered to be specific for cells of the monocytic/histiocytic cell line. The results indicate that monocytoid cells, despite their distinct morphologic appearance, have surface marker characteristics of polyclonal B lymphocytes. Therefore, "monocytoid B lymphocytes" would be a more appropriate designation for these cells.
Response to Letter to the Editor on "Extended Inferior Turbinate Flap for Endoscopic Reconstruction of Skull Base Defects." J Neurol Surg B 2014;75(B4):225-230.

Thank you for bringing this omission to our attention. The omission is understandable considering that the article by Rivera–Serrano et al1 was solely an online publication requiring journal subscription and was not available to us for review. A PubMed search for “inferior turbinate flap” does not list the publication presumably because it is described as a “posterior pedicle lateral nasal wall flap.” In our opinion, the inclusion of the septal mucosa as an extension of the inferior turbinate flap is a novel modification of the inferior turbinate flap that greatly enhances reconstructive options.2
High-throughput processing to preserve viable cells: A precision medicine initiative cohort program workshop

Conventionally, biobanks supporting clinical research studies have preserved serum, plasma, urine, saliva, a variety of tissue types, and stool. With the emergence of increasingly sophisticated technologies for analyzing single cells, there is growing interest in preserving viable blood cells for future functional studies. The new All of Us Research Program (formerly the Precision Medicine Initiative Cohort Program) biobank plans to house samples from a million or more individuals as part of a cohort with rich phenotypic data and longitudinal follow-up (www.nih.gov/research-training/allofus-research-program). Storage of viable cells for future single-cell analysis offers the promise of new biology, discovery of novel biomarkers, and advances toward the goal of precision medicine. A workshop was held in the summer of 2016 to evaluate the case for preservation of viable mononuclear blood cells and its feasibility within the collection plan for the biobank.
Forest Pests: Influence of Forest Management Practices on Pest Population Dynamics and Forest Productivity

Considerable interest now exists in understanding how the host tree, pest population, associated microorganisms, and the environment interact to determine if a pest outbreak will occur. However, most research in the past has focused on individual components which determine pest outbreaks. To address management of “pest” stress it will be essential that we develop a better understanding of the repertoire of host defenses, and how genetics and environment interact to control expression of these defense mechanisms. The objective of this chapter will be to (1) bring together information gained through several studies which have attempted to elucidate the interrelationships between host, pathogens, etc. and (2) illustrate how this information can be incorporated into a forest management program to lessen the stress on the residual forest and decrease the susceptibility to pest attack.
CNN based 3D facial expression recognition using masking and landmark features

Automatically recognizing facial expression is an important part for human-machine interaction. In this paper, we first review the previous studies on both 2D and 3D facial expression recognition, and then summarize the key research questions to solve in the future. Finally, we propose a 3D facial expression recognition (FER) algorithm using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and landmark features/masks, which is invariant to pose and illumination variations due to the solely use of 3D geometric facial models without any texture information. The proposed method has been tested on two public 3D facial expression databases: BU-4DFE and BU-3DFE. The results show that the CNN model benefits from the masking, and the combination of landmark and CNN features can further improve the 3D FER accuracy.
Thrombocytopenia in Pregnancy

One to two percent of pregnant women will have thrombocytopenia. The most common cause is gestational thrombocytopenia which has a benign clinical course. However, there are many serious causes of thrombocytopenia such as immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura (TTP), and pregnancy complications such as HELLP syndrome. Diagnosis involves careful history taking and laboratory testing. Therapy depends on the etiology—gestation thrombocytopenia requires no therapy, ITP may require treatment to raise the platelet count, and some syndromes such as HELLP require early delivery. Platelet transfusions may be required for C-sections and placement of epidural catheters.
Immunomodulatory effects of diethyldithiocarbamate

Diethyldithiocarbamate (DSH) has many interesting and potentially important immunomodulatory effects. Most of these were first described by Renoux and co-workers who, in their publications, referred to DSH as Imuthiol®. This body of work has remained little cited, likely due to lack of awareness of the equivalence of the two terms.
Boundary Branch Points

In this chapter we first show that Dirichlet’s integral possesses intrinsic second and third derivatives at a minimal surface \(\hat{X}\) on the tangent space T X M of M:=H 2(∂B,ℝ n ) of \(X =\hat{X}|_{\partial B}\) on the space \(J(\hat{X})\) of forced Jacobi fields for \(\hat{X}\). In particular it will be seen that \(J(\hat{X})\) is a subspace of the kernel of the Hessian D 2 E(X) of Dirichlet’s integral E(X) defined in (8.1) below, and an interesting formula (see (8.16)) for the second variation of Dirichlet’s integral is derived.
The Commercialization of Internet Access

When the National Science Foundation (NSF) commercialized the Internet between 1992 and 1994, it took what might be called a minimalist approach, allowing market forces to develop the technology. It was a grand experiment with markets, and, by some perspectives, an unusual way to develop infrastructure. This experience informs enduring questions about how commercial markets develop new services, a topic that is arising again today as policy makers try to forecast development in broadband markets.
The Concept of Punishment Under Sharia

On account of its divine origins, the Sharia is a unique legal system when compared to other legal systems. It is based primarily on the Quran, which was revealed to Prophet Muhammad more than 1,400 years ago, and is considered to be an all-encompassing system that expresses the Divine will. Theories of Islamic law developed during the second century of the Islamic calendar (about 800 CE). Later schools of thought developed with each school based on the writings of scholars (fuqaha) dealing with different aspects of law, based on their varying interpretations of the Quran and the Hadith. Muslims believe that the renewal of society requires a return to Islam, which draws inspiration from the two main sources: Quran and Hadith. Ethical standards and legal rules govern not merely what humans are legally entitled to do, but also what they ought, in conscience, to do, or refrain from doing. As opposed to other legal systems, the Sharia is a comprehensive code that regulates conduct encompassing both the public and private domains by controlling the inner conscience and external social relations. This chapter scrutinizes the religious, social, and philosophical bases of crime and punishment under Islamic law. Each of the three kinds of punishment (Hadd, Taazir, and Qisas) is examined and the views of the various jurists from the different schools are analyzed. This enquiry also delves into the goals and policies that underlie this system of law. Far from being a rigid, barbaric, and undifferentiated system, the Sharia is far more resilient and complex than is currently envisaged. Presently, there is a trend that shows an increased interest in the Sharia both in the West and in non-Western countries.
Sequence to function: the 7th Conference on Small Genomes.

Microbial genomic analysis is in a phase of ‘exponential growth’. The gene sequences of many microorganisms have been determined and are available. Dozens of other microbial sequencing projects are in progress. However, determining the structure of entire genome sequences is only the first step in characterizing an organism. Elucidating the functions and interactions of the sequenced genes is a great challenge. Knowledge of entire genetic sequences opens a whole new range of possibilities for research that is more efficient. Thus, many laboratories are addressing important questions in functional genomic research by integrating genetic, biochemical, and bioinformatic approaches. Consequently, areas in functional genomics and associated genomic technology are developing very rapidly. Annual conferences provide opportunities for investigators to exchange ideas, discuss their recent discoveries, and work toward solving common problems. Rapid exchange of knowledge and the establishment of critical collaborations are vital in remaining at the cutting edge of this field. To meet the need for rapid exchange of information, several series of conferences have been organized including an annual conference on small genomes (primarily microorganisms). This series on small genomes originated in 1992 has proven to be an important forum for information exchange in microbial genomics. The meetings have met with great success and have engendered an integrated approach to the Escherichia coli genome, the chief focus of the first three meetings. The 4th meeting expanded the focus by including research on the sequencing of other small genomes. The 5th meeting celebrated the completion of the E. coli sequence and those of other small genomes, and it further extended the scope of functional genomics. The 6th meeting addressed genetics and physiological studies related to the E. coli sequence, as well as the sequencing of other microbial genomes. All of these meetings have attracted leading scientists and institutions involved in genome sequencing and microbial functional genomics.
Computer science view of computer integrated manufacturing (CIM)

Abstract Computer Integrated Manufacturing, has many varying definitions that all include the use of a computer to control the information and resources of a manufacturing enterprise. This is a large, complex, and growing application of great importance to national economies all over the world. Nonetheless, in the eyes of a computer scientist, it is a computer application that is similar to many others. CIM also has many interdisciplinary attributes coming from management, manufacturing technology, and computer science. This paper explores these interdisciplinary attributes in an attempt to use established methodologies that have been used in designing computer operating systems to provide a foundations that can be used in the design of CIM systems.
Pubertal Timing as a Transdiagnostic Risk for Psychopathology in Youth

Evidence suggests that early pubertal timing may operate as a transdiagnostic risk factor (i.e., shared across syndromes of psychopathology) for both genders. The current study examined association...
Complete Closed Genome Sequences of Three Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Dublin Strains Isolated from Cattle at Harvest

Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Dublin is a host-adapted pathogen for cattle that can cause invasive disease in humans. To facilitate genomic comparisons characterizing virulence determinants of this pathogen, we present the complete genome sequences of three S. Dublin strains isolated from bovine sources at harvest.
Responses to Changing Urban Systems: An Analysis of Public Education

Some years ago, Howard Becker (1952) studied the career of the Chicago public school teacher. In this study, Becker found that teachers seemed to leave teaching at high rates, and that those who remained tended to move from inner city locations towards the outer suburbs. In an era when the number of both schools and students were expanding, these career patterns had the effect of producing a school system with a large pool of young, comparatively inexperienced and low cost teachers at one extreme, and another large pool of older, more experienced “career” teachers at the other.
Water: Social Issues and Contemporary Art Education.

(2010). Water: Social Issues and Contemporary Art Education. Art Education: Vol. 63, No. 6, pp. 25-32.
Transition to Early Schooling for Children with ASD

The transition to school can be difficult for any child, but children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) encounter additional problems and obstacles during this time. ASD is a lifelong disorder. Yet, the earlier a child with ASD receives intervention, the more promising the long-term outcomes. One way for children to be identified with ASD before entering school is through yearly appointments with their primary care doctor. Under federal legislation of IDEA, children from birth to age three with, or at risk of having, developmental delays have a legal right to early intervention. However, not everyone has equal access to services. Geographical location, race, and socioeconomic status are a few factors that contribute to uneven access to interventions for families. Culturally sensitive providers should be aware of early signs of ASD and be knowledgeable about referring families to appropriate education and treatment. Ultimately, to close the service gap, parents who have children with ASD should be aware of their rights and how to navigate the system to receive treatment.
The role of Lipoprotein(a) in cardiovascular disease: Current concepts and future perspectives

Abstract High lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] levels are associated with the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and with calcific aortic valve stenosis (CAVS) both observationally and causally from human genetic studies. The mechanisms are not well characterized but likely involve its role as a carrier of oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs), which are known to be increased in pro-inflammatory states, to induce pro-inflammatory changes in monocytes leading to plaque instability, and to impair vascular endothelial cell function, a driver of acute and recurrent ischemic events. In addition, Lp(a) itself has prothrombotic activity. Current lipid-lowering strategies do not sufficiently lower Lp(a) serum levels. Lp(a)-specific-lowering drugs, targeting apolipoprotein(a) synthesis, lower Lp(a) by up to 90% and are being evaluated in ongoing clinical outcome trials. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the associations of Lp(a) with ASCVD and CAVS, the current role of Lp(a) assessment in the clinical setting, and emerging Lp(a)-specific-lowering therapies.
A Summary of the Updated Criteria for Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that impacts memory, language, and other cognitive processes, with the prevalence of AD in the United States projected to increas...
What Perytons are not, and might be

Chirped radio pulses known as perytons are consistent with plasma propagation, but an astronomical origin has been excluded. This paper considers several physical processes as possible explanations. TE and TM waveguide modes have dispersion relations formally similar to those of plasmas, and emission at the plasma frequency of a plasma recombining by two-particle processes also produces a chirp δt∝ω–2, but these hypotheses fail quantitatively. The chirp might be approximately fitted to three-body recombination, cyclotron radiation in exponentially decaying fields, or to the resonance of a distributed LC circuit whose component conductors move. Constraints are placed on these possible processes, but no specific source has been identified.
Sparse Recovery Methods for Cell Detection and Layer Estimation

ABSTRACT Robust methods for characterizing the cellular architecture (cytoarchitecture) of the brain are needed to differentiate brain areas, identify neurological diseases, and model architectural differences across species. Current methods for mapping the cytoarchitecture and, in particular, identifying laminar (layer) divisions in tissue samples require the expertise of trained neuroanatomists to manually annotate the various regions-of-interest and cells within an image. However, as neuroanatomical datasets grow in volume, manual annotations become inefficient, impractical, and risk the potential of biasing results. In this paper, we propose an automated framework for cellular detection and density estimation that enables the detection of laminar divisions within retinal and neocortical histology datasets. Our approach for layer detection uses total variation minimization to find a small number of change points in the density that signify the beginning and end of each layer. We apply these methods to micron-scale histology images from a variety of cortical areas of the mouse brain and retina, as well as synthetic datasets. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of using automation to reveal the cytoarchitecture of neurological samples in high-resolution images.
Stochastic Analysis of Human Exposure Assessment by Surrogate Model

Despite recent advances in the field, the stochastic analysis of EM models is still time-consuming. Thus, the approximation of the EM model by a surrogate model is often the only choice if a sufficient amount of simulations is required. This paper provides a systematic and novel methodology to implement the polynomial chaos expansion surrogate models in stochastic analysis. The necessary steps in the construction of surrogate model based on polynomial chaos expansion are explained. As an example, we estimate the statistics of the specific absorption rate of a smart watch GSM antenna on a human wrist. Results show that the proposed method is accurate and time-saving in the cases when numerous rounds of simulation are required.
Increasing Medical Student Exposure to Pathology by Creating an Integrated Rotation During Surgery Clerkship.

Following a nationwide trend, the University of Michigan Medical School has restructured its curriculum to facilitate integration of basic science curricula and early inclusion of clinical experien...
Engineering of an artificial intelligence safety data sheet document processing system for environmental, health, and safety compliance

Chemical Safety Data Sheets (SDS) are the primary method by which chemical manufacturers communicate the ingredients and hazards of their products to the public. These SDSs are used for a wide variety of purposes ranging from environmental calculations to occupational health assessments to emergency response measures. Although a few companies have provided direct digital data transfer platforms using xml or equivalent schemata, the vast majority of chemical ingredient and hazard communication to product users still occurs through the use of millions of PDF documents that are largely loaded through manual data entry into downstream user databases. This research focuses on the reverse engineering of SDS document types to adapt to various layouts and the harnessing of meta-algorithmic and neural network approaches to provide a means of moving industrial institutions towards a digital universal SDS processing methodology. The complexities of SDS documents including the lack of format standardization, text and image combinations, and multi-lingual translation needs, combined, limit the accuracy and precision of optical character recognition tools. The approach in this document is to translate entire SDSs from thousands of chemical vendors, each with distinct formatting, to machine-encoded text with a high degree of accuracy and precision. Then the system will "read" and assess these documents as a human would; that is, ensuring that the documents are compliant, determining whether chemical formulations have changed, ensuring reported values are within expected thresholds, and comparing them to similar products for more environmentally friendly alternatives.
Geographical political economy of regional inequality in postwar Japan

Currently dominant international development discourse strongly endorses the benefits of urban agglomerations for overall growth advantage, and reassures that accompanying regional disparities will be tentative, by referring to the experiences of regional convergence in industrialized countries. Yet, many of these countries, such as Japan, are suffering from growing regional problems. This paper hypothesizes that the contemporary regional problems in Japan cannot be isolated from how the country experienced regional convergence, and critically re-examine the postwar evolution of Japanese regional income inequality using the concept of developmentalism. I argue that redistribution policies/politics must be theoretically internalized more explicitly into the explanation of regional inequality. The Japanese experience shows that, in the context of a developmentalist state, growth policies became politically feasible only when accompanied by redistribution policies, and these policies, even if they were not intentionally spatial, had spatially differentiated effects. The findings of this study have important implications for those countries and regions that are embracing the dominant development discourse.
The Role of Streamers Associated with Mesoscale Eddies in the Transport of Biological Substances Between Slope and Ocean Waters

Publisher Summary With the discovery of mesoscale eddies associated with western boundary currents, it became evident that a major mechanism for the interchange of slope and ocean waters had been found. Prior to recognizing the frequency and magnitude of these eddies, slope, and oceanic water interchange was believed to be because of the ageostrophic relationships associated with the flow of a boundary current. Mesoscale eddies, both of the warm and cold core type, offer another exchange system that is called “entrainment.” This mechanism is initiated when meanders of the Gulf Stream pinch off to form an eddy that entrains either slope or Sargasso Sea water. The relative importance of the two processes is not known, but a distinction can be made among the large scale in shore boundary of a flow, such as the Gulf Stream and intermittent mesoscale eddies that cause more rapid exchange. With the advent of satellites that measure ocean color and temperature, a third mechanism for slope/ocean interchange has appeared which is called “the streamer mechanism.” The chapter also presents the observations of a streamer using satellite imagery and oceanographic measurements.
As tests evolve and costs of cancer care rise: reappraising stool-based screening for colorectal neoplasia

Summary Background Colorectal cancer screening and treatment are rapidly evolving. Aims To reappraise stool-based colorectal cancer screening in light of changing test performance characteristics, lower test cost and increasing colorectal cancer care costs. Methods Using a Markov model, we compared faecal DNA testing every 3 years, annual faecal occult blood testing or immunochemical testing, and colonoscopy every 10 years. Results In the base case, faecal occult blood testing and faecal immunochemical testing gained life-years/person and cost less than no screening. Faecal DNA testing version 1.1 at $300 (the current PreGen Plus test) gained 5323 life-years/100 000 persons at $16 900/life-year gained and faecal DNA testing version 2 (enhanced test) gained 5795 life-years/100 000 persons at $15 700/life-year gained vs. no screening. In the base case and most sensitivity analyses, faecal occult blood testing and faecal immunochemical testing were preferred to faecal DNA testing. Faecal DNA testing version 2 cost $100 000/life-year gained vs. faecal immunochemical testing when per-cycle adherence with faecal immunochemical testing was 22%. Faecal immunochemical testing with excellent adherence was superior to colonoscopy every 10 years. Conclusions As novel biological therapies increase colorectal cancer treatment costs, faecal occult blood testing and faecal immunochemical testing could become cost-saving. The cost-effectiveness of faecal DNA testing compared with no screening has improved, but faecal occult blood testing and faecal immunochemical testing are preferred to faecal DNA testing when patient adherence is high. Faecal immunochemical testing may be comparable to colonoscopy every 10 years in persons adhering to yearly testing.
The New Textualism and the Rule of Law Subtext in the Supreme Court’s Bankruptcy Jurisprudence

The Supreme Court is thought to use a method of statutory interpretation called "the new textualism" when construing Federal Statutes, including the Bankruptcy Code. The new textualism, in brief, ties interpreters more closely to the text than more traditional interpretative methods. This Essay inquires into the justifications for the new textualism, but its primary goal is to argue that the Court prefers an important justification of this interpretative method to the method itself. The justification holds that interpretation should advance the rule of law virtues of certainty and predictability. A court that is committed to the new textualism would construe statutory standards as standards. This Essay argues that the Court, in contrast, exhibits a strong tendency to transmute Bankruptcy Code standards into bright line rules that maximally confine the discretion of the bankruptcy courts that administer the Code, and the district courts that review them. This tendency is in the self conscious service of attempting to advance the rule of law virtues. The Essay goes on to argue that judicial attempts to restrict the discretion of administrators are likely to fail when the governing statute, like the Bankruptcy Code, is intended to confer on administrators a large discretion; and the Essay suggests the possibility that the Court may be reading other statutes as it reads the Bankruptcy Code, subject to Chrevon type constraints that do not apply to bankruptcy as a field of Federal regulation.
High Pressure NMR Relaxation Studies of Liquids

Several recent high pressure nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation studies of molecular liquids are reviewed. Es wird uber mehrere neuere Untersuchungen der kernmagnetischen Relaxation bei hohen Drucken an molekularen Flussigkeiten berichtet.