cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Machine Vision and Motion Control Applied to the Packaging of Opto-Electronic Devices

The assembly of opto-electronic (OE) devices such as optical modulators, photo-diodes and laser diodes require alignment, placement and attachment of micro components with precisions varying from under a micron to a few microns. For example, in an optical modulator the fibers may need to be aligned and attached to the substrate with sub-micron accuracy. The process of attaching optical fibers to OE devices such as optical modulators or laser diodes is known as fiber pigtailing. This process demands sub-micron alignment tolerances and is presently carried out by viewing the devices under a microscope and manually adjusting sub-micron stages to align die fiber with respect to the devices.
One- and Two-Dimensional Carbon Clusters: Isomers, Structures and Isomer Abundances.

The new technique of ion structural chromatography is applied to carbon clusters. The results indicate that C5+ and C6+ are purely linear but C7+, C8+, C9+ and C10+ have both linear and monocyclic ring structures. From C11+ to C20+ only monocyclic ring structures are observed. At C21+, a new family of planar ring structures appears. The first 3 dimensional structure occurs at C29+ and the first fullerene at C30+. Isomer structure is verified by the comparison of experimental mobilities with those derived from theory for the various structures. For C20+ only the monocyclic ring is observed experimentally but electronic structure calculations suggest more compact structures might be lower in energy. The results are discussed in terms of possible growth mechanisms for C60.
Long-term calorie restriction enhances baroreflex responsiveness in Fischer 344 rats.

Diet influences many aspects of cardiovascular function. Restriction of caloric intake represents a major nonpharmacological means of reducing blood pressure. The aim of the present work was to det...
Judgments of Processing Load in Japanese: The Effect of NP-ga Sequences

This study reports an effect of more than two consecutive noun phrases (NPs) with the same nominative case marker, -ga, on ratings of processability for Japanese multiply center-embedded sentences. The findings imply that the processing overload theory of Babyonyshev and Gibson (1995) requires modification. Although that theory sets the critical limit (beyond which parser breakdown occurs) at four processing load units (PLUs), it appears that the parser is overloaded by anything over five PLUs. where a three NP-ga sequence contributes roughly an additional PLU to processing cost. The evidence also suggests that inherently cased NPs are not cost free.
Application of Conjugate Gradient Method for the Solution of Large Matrix Problems

The conjugate gradient method (CGM) has found a wide variety of applications in electromagnetics and in signal processing. In addition, CGM when used in conjunction with FFT (CGFFT) is extremely efficient for solving Hankel and Toeplitz or block Toeplitz matrix systems which frequently arise in both electromagnetics and signal processing applications. The FFT may be utilized because of the convolutional nature of the matrix. CGM has also been used in adaptive spectral estimation. In this paper, a novel application of the conjugation gradient method in the determination of far-field antenna patterns via a near-field to far-field transformation will be discussed.
A Look at the Future

When considering what changes and new developments are possible, or even likely, in the years ahead, it is realistic to consider a quotation attributed to Thomas A. Edison:
Return-For Good This Time-to Practicing in the Context of Families and Communities.

There are two wrenching stories in this issue of the Annals [1][1],[2][2] that remind us why, when we family physicans are at our best, we should practice “in the context of family and community,”[3][3]—for as Khare knows from personal experience, “mental illness is not a patient illness but
Fractionated Stem Cell Infusions for Patients with Multiple Myeloma Undergoing Autologous Stem Cell Transplant

Abstract Abstract 4550 Background: High dose therapy with autologous stem cell transplant (SCT) is an established therapeutic modality for multiple myeloma (MM). Although effective, it is associated with significant symptom burden due to the obligate period of neutropenia in addition to an increased risk of infectious complications. In animal models, infusing stem cells over a period of days enhances immune reconstitution (Felfly H, et al. Br J Haematol. 2009; 148: 646–658). We hypothesized that multiple stem cell infusions could reduce the period of neutropenia and enhance immune recovery resulting in a better tolerated procedure. Methods: We are conducting a phase II trial of multiple fractionated autologous stem cell infusions after high-dose Melphalan. We compared initial engraftment kinetics of the first 14 patients to receive multiple infusions (Days 0, +2, +4, +6) after high-dose Melphalan (study group) to 23 patients receiving high-dose Melphalan followed by the standard single stem cell infusion (Day 0) (standard group). Pegfilgrastim was given to all patients on Day +1. All patients underwent SCT between October 2011 and July 2012. Results: Results are shown in Table 1 . Similar numbers of stem cells were collected in the study and standard groups. The total number of stem cells infused was 9.7 × 10∧6 CD34+ cells/kg in the study patients compared to 5.0 × 10∧6 CD34+ cells/kg in the standard patients. To date, the median duration of neutropenia (days of ANC Conclusion: Multiple stem cell infusions following high dose Melphalan in patients with MM were not associated with a higher incidence of adverse side effects from DMSO nor unexpected frequency of engraftment syndrome. Fractionating stem cells over a period of days may result in less antibiotic use, reduced frequency of infection and was associated with shorter hospitalizations. We continue to collect patient reported symptom scores in order to determine if we can improve patient experience during SCT. Table 1 . Immune and clinical parameters in standered and study patients Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet: By Richard R. John and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb, eds. ÷ Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015, 263 pp.

Fifty years ago, the journalism historian's reading list chronologically began with the books about the development of print and then newspapers in Great Britain, and the struggle for the independe...
Stability and Dissipativity Theory for Nonnegative and Compartmental Dynamical Systems with Time Delay

Nonnegative and compartmental dynamical system models are derived from mass and energy balance considerations that involve dynamic states whose values are nonnegative. These models are widespread in engineering and life sciences and typically involve the exchange of nonnegative quantities between subsystems or compartments wherein each compartment is assumed to be kinetically homogeneous. However, in many engineering and life science systems, transfers between compartments are not instantaneous and realistic models for capturing the dynamics of such systems should account for material in transit between compartments. Including some information of past system states in the system model leads to infinite-dimensional delay nonnegative dynamical systems. In this chapter we present necessary and sufficient conditions for stability of nonnegative and companmental dynamical systems with time delay. Specifically, asymptotic stability conditions for linear and nonlinear as well as continuous-time and discrete-time nonnegative dynamical systems with time delay are established using linear Lyapunov-Krasovskii functionals. Furthermore, we develop new notions of dissipativity theory for nonnegative dynamical systems with time delay using linear storage functionals with linear supply rates. These results are then used to develop general stability criteria for feedback interconnections of nonnegative dynamical systems with time delay.
Leveraging High Performance CIP Processes to Reduce Water Usage in the Beverage Industry

The beverage industry around the world has been water-intensive, traditionally involving significant water usage, resulting in conflict over the viability of water sourcing vis-a-vis the respective surrounding ecosystems. Much of the usage has been related to the cleaning and sanitizing of manufacturing lines. With the advent of “clean-in-place” systems (CIP), it is possible to clean these lines in one minute in an environmentally friendly manner. This article discusses the use of advanced CIP to improve the beverage production process through reduction of water consumption, and how continuous improvement will assist in solving a critical problem in food manufacture. The legal ramifications of treatment of water with a concentrated food cleaner will be discussed, as well as an investigation of attaining and exceeding established regulatory standards.
From hostile skepticism to strategic utilization: how the Brazilian landless movement learned from repression to use legislation

This paper explores the evolution of the Landless Movement’s practices with respect to legislation and public policy from the 1980s to the Temer government, which took power after Dilma Rousseff wa...
Robust is not necessarily reliable: From within-subjects fMRI contrasts to between-subjects comparisons

Abstract Advances in cognitive and affective neuroscience come largely from within-subjects comparisons, in which the functional significance of neural activity is determined by contrasting two or more experimental conditions. Clinical and social neuroscience studies have attempted to leverage between-subject variability in such condition differences to better understand psychopathology and other individual differences. Shifting from within-to between-subjects comparisons requires that measures have adequate internal consistency to function as individual difference variables. This is particularly relevant for difference scores—which have lower reliability. The field has assumed reasonable internal consistency of neural measures based on consistent findings across studies (i.e., if a within-subject difference in neural activity is robust, then it must be reliable). Using one of the most common fMRI paradigms in the clinical neuroscience literature (i.e., a face- and shape-matching task), in a large sample of adolescents (N = 139) we replicate a robust finding: amygdala activation is greater for faces than shapes. Moreover, we demonstrate that the internal consistency of the amygdala in face and shape blocks was excellent (Spearman-Brown corrected reliability [SB] > .94). However, the internal consistency of the activation difference between faces and shapes was nearly zero (SB = −.06). This reflected the fact that the amygdala response to faces and shapes was highly correlated (r = .97) across individuals. Increased neural activation to faces versus shapes could not possibly function as an individual difference measure in these data—illustrating how neural activation can be robust within subjects, but unreliable as an individual difference measure. Strong and reproducible condition differences in neural activity are not necessarily well-suited for individual differences research—and neuroimaging studies should always report the internal consistency of, and correlations between, activations used in individual differences research.
Training General Psychiatry Residents in Family Therapy: Some Effects and Perspectives

Data presented in this paper indicate that psychiatry residents are highly receptive to family therapy training and that such training can be integrated into a general psychiatry residency program. Thirty Post-Graduate Year II (PGY II) psychiatry residents who were taught in a family therapy seminar reported increases in family therapy treatment skills, transfer of family therapy treatment skills to other types of therapy, and predicted future use of family therapy after establishing practice. No evidence of pro-active inhibition was found. Course content, placement in curriculum, selection of training models, and premature cognitive closure on the part of residents are discussed as issues which are important in training psychiatry residents in family therapy.
Ehrlichia under our noses and no one notices.

Ehrlichia chaffeensis, an obligately intracellular bacterium, resides within a cytoplasmic vacuole in macrophages, establishes persistent infection in natural hosts such as white-tailed deer and canids, and is transmitted transstadially and during feeding by ticks, particularly Amblyomma americanum. Ehrlichial cell walls contain glycoproteins and a family of divergent 28 kDa proteins, but no peptidoglycan or lipopolysaccharide. The dense-cored ultrastructural form preferentially expresses certain glycoproteins, including a multiple repeat unit-containing adhesin. Ehrlichiae attach to L-selectin and E-selectin, inhibit phagolysosomal fusion, apoptosis, and JAK/STAT activation, and downregulate IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, TLR2 and 3, and CD14. Mouse models implicate overproduction of TNF-α by antigen-specific CD8 T lymphocytes in pathogenesis and strong type 1 CD4 and CD8 T lymphocyte responses, synergistic activities of IFN-γ and TNF-α, and IgG2a antibodies in immunity.
A hybrid method for reliability evaluation of line switching operations

Abstract In this paper, a hybrid method is proposed for reliability evaluation of line switching operations in power systems. A contingency ranking (CR) method is introduced as a pre-selection method to speed up the simulation and to provide analytical analysis of state space. The differences between event-based and yearly-based indices are analyzed to better understand and utilize the results of the proposed method. Two case studies are conducted separately on IEEE RTS and IEEE 118-bus system. The analysis of results from using the hybrid methodology for both case studies shows reasonable accuracy in identifying critical lines with a significant improvement of calculation speed.
Thermal Co-Design of Exascale Computing System in Packages (SiPs)

Exascale computing systems will use electronic System in Package (SiP) modules in which electronic devices are stacked on top of one another, resulting in significantly higher heat generation density as well as less access to the heat sink placed on top of the package. In this work, in order to keep the SiP component temperatures within the allowable limits, various package designs, module layouts, and liquid-cooled thermal management solutions which use through-silicon vias (TSVs) have been investigated via simulation studies performed using COMSOL 5.2, a multi-physics modeling software package. We have identified package and module design decision trade-offs in order to minimize thermal resistance and pressure drop, thus maximizing the cooling solution efficiency. Finally, aggregating our individual findings into a comprehensive implementation, we demonstrate a substantially more efficient cooling solution.
Secular trends in Dietary Inflammatory Index among adults in the United States, 1999-2014.

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate secular trends in Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) scores in the United States between 1999 and 2014. METHODS Data from adults over 19 years from the 1999 to 2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (N = 39,191) were used. DII scores, at each 2-year cycle, were evaluated from a 24-h recall, including 26 food parameters for DII calculation. Analyses were conducted in 2018. RESULTS For the entire sample, there was a quadratic trend (Ptrend < 0.001), with the DII scores peaking in 2003-2004, and then decreasing during the cycles from 2005 to 2014. Similar quadratic trends (Ptrend < 0.001) were observed by age, gender, race-ethnicity, and education. CONCLUSION Males, non-Hispanic Blacks, younger adults, and those with less education adults had the highest DII scores (i.e., indicating the greatest inflammatory potential). The overall DII scores of the US population showed a quadratic trend from 1999 to 2014. Continued monitoring of DII changes is needed to better understand changes in the inflammatory potential of diet of American adults, and how they relate to changes in the risk of chronic disease.
Trauma exposure, posttraumatic overmodulation and undermodulation, and nonsuicidal self-injury in traumatized justice-involved adolescents.

OBJECTIVE Previous research has established associations among childhood trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSSs), and adolescent nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). In fact, numerous studies have suggested that PTSSs may serve as a mechanism linking trauma exposure and NSSI. However, studies to date have not utilized newer models of PTSSs that differentiate between symptoms of overmodulation and undermodulation. This study investigated associations among interpersonal and noninterpersonal trauma exposure, posttraumatic overmodulation and undermodulation, and NSSI in a sample of justice-involved youth. METHOD Participants were 566 youth (2 transgender youth, 142 girls, and 422 boys). On average, youth were 16 years old (SD = 1.27), and approximately half self-identified as an ethnic minority. Participants completed measures of lifetime trauma exposure and NSSI, and past-month PTSSs. RESULTS Structural equation modeling demonstrated that interpersonal trauma exposure was associated with symptoms of overmodulation (95% confidence interval [CI] [.180, .340]) and undermodulation (95% CI [.179, .338]) as well as NSSI (95% CI [.156, .572]). Additionally, symptoms of overmodulation were differentially associated with NSSI (95% CI [.158, .720]), and there was a significant indirect effect between interpersonal trauma exposure and NSSI via overmodulation (95% CI [.015, .095]). CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the utility of conceptualizing posttraumatic stress disorder as a disorder of emotion regulation characterized by symptoms of overmodulation and undermodulation, and has clinical implications for mental health professionals who interact with youth in the justice system. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Determining Nutrient Recommendations for Agricultural Crops Based on Soil and Plant Tissue Analyzes between Different Analytical Laboratories

Agricultural chemistry is fundamental when determining fertilization inputs for crop production. Reliable recommendations from soil and plant tissue analyzes are critical when applying nutrients fo...
Abstract 107: Bradykinin B 2 Receptor Blockade Prevents Excessive Blood Pressure Reduction During Hemodialysis

Intradialytic hypotension (IDH) is a common clinical complication of hemodialysis in patients with end-stage renal disease and it is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The pathogene...
Polysomnography Parameters Assessing Gas Exchange Best Predict Postoperative Respiratory Complications Following Adenotonsillectomy in Children With Severe OSA.

Study Objectives:Adenotonsillectomy (AT) is the treatment of choice for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy. Severe OSA, identified by the apnea-hypopnea index...
Romidepsin Plus Liposomal Doxorubicin Is Safe and Effective in Patients with Relapsed or Refractory T-Cell Lymphoma: Results of a Phase I Dose-Escalation Study.

Purpose: The histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor romidepsin and the anthracycline liposomal doxorubicin (LD) have modest single-agent activity in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) and peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL). We investigated the safety and efficacy of the combination of these two agents in CTCL and PTCL. Patients and Methods: Using CTCL cell lines and primary CTCL tumor cells, we demonstrated synergistic antitumor activity with romidepsin plus doxorubicin. We then conducted a phase I dose-escalation study of the romidepsin/LD combination in relapsed/refractory CTCL and PTCL. The primary objective was to determine the MTD of romidepsin in combination with LD at 20 mg/m2 i.v., once every 28 days. Results: Eleven patients with CTCL and 12 patients with PTCL were treated. The MTD of romidepsin was determined to be 12 mg/m2. Grade 3/4 hematologic toxicities included thrombocytopenia (17%), anemia (13%), and neutropenia (9%). The most frequent treatment-related nonhematologic adverse events were fatigue (48%), nausea (48%), vomiting (35%), and anorexia (30%). Among 21 evaluable patients, the overall response rate was 70% [1 complete response (CR), 6 partial responses (PR)] in CTCL and 27% (3 CR, 0 PR) in PTCL. Of the patients with CTCL, 8 of 10 had skin response, including 6 patients (60%) achieving skin involvement less than 10% of their body surface area at time of best response. Conclusions: Romidepsin plus LD demonstrated an acceptable safety profile and promising clinical efficacy with deep skin responses in relapsed/refractory CTCL. Thus, this combination could be considered as a bridge to skin-directed treatment or allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in patients with aggressive CTCL.
Empowering 2D nanoelectronics via ferroelectricity

Introducing ferroelectricity to two-dimensional van der Waals (vdW) materials such as graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides, and black phosphorous presents a promising route for developing high-speed and low-power nanoelectronics. This Perspective reviews two actively pursued materials strategies, ferroelectric/vdW heterostructures and vdW ferroelectric materials. The topics discussed include their application potential and performance limitations as memory, logic, sensing, and optical devices, as well as the challenges and outlook of the field.
Associations Between Winter Temperatures and the Timing and Duration of Annual Larval Recruitment of a Non-native Anomuran Crab

The green porcelain crab, Petrolisthes armatus, a subtropical/tropical species, was first recorded on intertidal oyster reefs in South Carolina in 1995. Since then, its range has expanded north in a series of surges and setbacks that appear to be associated with particularly cold winters that may cause mortality. Petrolisthes armatus reproduces year-round in its native range whereas its reproductive season in the non-native range is limited to warmer months. Variation in the timing and duration of larval recruitment is not known for the non-native range and these factors may affect further range expansion. To determine whether P. armatus larval recruitment is related to temperature variation, in particular, the severity of winter temperatures, archival biweekly (every 2 weeks) larval samples collected 1994–2018 near its northern range limit in the North Inlet Winyah Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR) were examined. The goal was to determine whether the timing and duration of larval ingress varied over time and was related to temperature variation. Petrolisthes armatus larvae were first observed in samples collected in 1995. There was considerable interannual variability in the timing of the start of recruitment (coefficient of variation 29%), which ranged from the last week of March at the earliest to the last week of July at the latest, for all years but one. Earlier annual recruitment was positively correlated with a longer recruitment duration. The timing of first larval recruitment was also related to the severity of the preceding winter, with later larval recruitment occurring in years with several consecutive days of cold temperatures. Cold winter temperatures appear to affect overwintering populations and their ability to reproduce in the early spring. A decreasing frequency of severe winters along the coastal South Atlantic Bight may promote further poleward range expansion of P. armatus.
Photographing Alopecia: How Many Pixels Are Needed for Clinical Evaluation?

Determining the minimum image resolution needed for clinical assessment is crucial for computational efficiency, image standardization, and storage needs alleviation. In this paper, we explore the image resolution requirements for the assessment of alopecia by analyzing how clinicians detect the presence of characteristics needed to quantify the disorder in the clinic. By setting the image resolution as a function of width of the patient’s head, we mimicked experiments conducted in the computer vision field to understand human perception in the context of scene recognition and object detection and asked 6 clinicians to identify the regions of interest on a set of retrospectively collected de-identified images at different resolutions. The experts were able to detect the presence of alopecia at very low resolutions, while significantly higher resolution was required to identify the presence of vellus-like hair. Furthermore, the accuracy with which alopecia was detected as a function of resolution followed the same trend as the one obtained when we classified normal versus abnormal hair density using a standard neural network architecture, hinting that the resolution needed by an expert human observer may also provide an upper bound for future image processing algorithms.
Supporting teachers as they support each other:Lessons concerning mentor teacher feedback to teacher mentees

Supporting the growth and retention of teachers in urban classrooms poses significant challenges to the education community. Student-centred instruction has demonstrated positive impacts on student...
Treatment of Bacterial Pneumonia in Feedlot Cattle

Pneumonia associated with Pasteurella bacteria is widely acknowledged to be the most important dis-ease of feedlot cattle. In a 13,000-head capacity feedlot in Davis area, uncomplicated bacterial pneumonias were responsible for 42.5% of all deaths over an 18-month period (Table 1). In addition, secondary bacterial pneumonias were a contributing factor in many deaths attributed to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine viral diarrhea, salmonellosis, cellulitis, paresis and polyarthritis during this same period. Efforts to control these losses were hampered by inadequate information concerning antimicrobic therapy. Consequently, a study of the relationships between the bacteria associated with feedlot pneumonia and the antibiotics used in treatment was initiated. It was hoped that improved knowledge concerning these relationships might permit more precise therapeutic management of the disease. Initial work included microbiologic examination of the pneumonic lesions from 500 lungs. Significant bacterial flora consisted mainly of Pasteurella hemolytica, P. multocida and Corynebacterium pyogenes, alone or in various combinations (Tables 2 and 3). Other bacteria were isolated infrequently. C. pyogenes was isolated infrequently except from chronic lesions (Table 4).
Revitalizing your library faculty governance: Five tips to increase involvement

If you’re an academic librarian with faculty status, you know that this status comes with an equal portion of benefit and burden. Some of the benefits are academic freedom, support for scholarship, and elevated status on campus (though not necessarily higher pay). Some library faculty are even eligible for tenure (though at my institution, Kennesaw State University, we are not). On the flipside of these benefits are a few things I would consider burdens, such as tedious annual reviews and extensive service requirements. Library faculty governance, I would argue, falls somewhere in between a benefit and a burden.
Contribution of an SFK-Mediated Signaling Pathway in the Dorsal Hippocampus to Cocaine-Memory Reconsolidation in Rats.

Environmentally induced relapse to cocaine seeking requires the retrieval of context–response–cocaine associative memories. These memories become labile when retrieved and must undergo reconsolidation into long-term memory storage to be maintained. Identification of the molecular underpinnings of cocaine-memory reconsolidation will likely facilitate the development of treatments that mitigate the impact of cocaine memories on relapse vulnerability. Here, we used the rat extinction-reinstatement procedure to test the hypothesis that the Src family of tyrosine kinases (SFK) in the dorsal hippocampus (DH) critically controls contextual cocaine-memory reconsolidation. To this end, we evaluated the effects of bilateral intra-DH microinfusions of the SFK inhibitor, PP2 (62.5 ng per 0.5 μl per hemisphere), following re-exposure to a cocaine-associated (cocaine-memory reactivation) or an unpaired context (no memory reactivation) on subsequent drug context-induced instrumental cocaine-seeking behavior. We also assessed alterations in the phosphorylation state of SFK targets, including GluN2A and GluN2B N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and GluA2 α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor subunits at the putative time of memory restabilization and following PP2 treatment. Finally, we evaluated the effects of intra-DH PEAQX (2.5 μg per 0.5 μl per hemisphere), a GluN2A-subunit-selective NMDAR antagonist, following, or in the absence of, cocaine-memory reactivation on subsequent drug context-induced cocaine-seeking behavior. GluN2A phosphorylation increased in the DH during putative memory restabilization, and intra-DH PP2 treatment inhibited this effect. Furthermore, PP2—as well as PEAQX—attenuated subsequent drug context-induced cocaine-seeking behavior, in a memory reactivation-dependent manner, relative to VEH. These findings suggest that hippocampal SFKs contribute to the long-term stability of cocaine-related memories that underlie contextual stimulus control over cocaine-seeking behavior.
The market experience: Friendship and market exchange

Money lowers all the gods of mankind and transforms them into a commodity. Money is the universal self-constituting value of all things. It has, therefore, robbed the whole world, both the human world and nature, of its own peculiar value. Money is the essence of man's work and existence, alienated from Man, and this alien essence dominates him and he prays to it . Karl Marx , On the Jewish Question The humanist criticism of the market often focuses on the risk that the market's reliance on exchange will lead us to think of each other as instrumental items of exchange. In Chapter 9 I pointed out the way exchange helped people to achieve a sense of personal control; here we examine whether the price of exchange is “the commodification” of friendships. Exchange has its costs, but they are not the devaluation of friendship. It is not the case that because we exchange goods , we think about people in the same way as we think about goods, or that people are degraded by taking part in the processes of exchanging goods for money. The cash nexus among people Society has long been embarked on a process of moving from status to contract (Maine), from gemeinschaft to gesselschaft (Tonnies), from communal to associative relations (Weber).
IMPROV: A System for Real-Time Animation of Behavior-Based Interactive Synthetic Actors

The IMPROV Project at NYU’s Media Research Lab is building the technologies to produce distributed 3D virtual environments in which human-directed avatars and computer-controlled agents interact with each other in real-time, through a combination of Procedural Animation and Behavioral Scripting techniques developed in-house. We are also exploring multi-modal interaction paradigms combining traditional forms of input (keyboard and mouse) with speech and gesture recognition in conjunction with various forms of presentation, including 2D and 3D display. The system is intended to operate over Local and Wide Area Networks using standard internet protocols, enabling anyone with access to the World Wide Web to develop or participate in fully interactive, virtual experiences.
BELTS, BAGS, AND MEDICINES: APPLICATION OF A MEDICAL TREATMENT AND PREVENTION MODEL FOR AUTOMOBILE OCCUPANT PROTECTION

In that restraint systems can be viewed as medicines for the prevention of injury or death, some pharmacological approaches to the occupant restraint discussions are presented. Traffic morbidity and mortality are presented as endemic disease processes and pharmacological countermeasures in terms of testing dose rates, LD 50, side effects informed consent and multiple drug usage, and federal drug approval are described. /GMRL/
p73 is a human p53-related protein that can induce apoptosis

The protein p53 is the most frequently mutated tumour suppressor to be identified so far in human cancers. The ability of p53 to inhibit cell growth is due, at least in part, to its ability to bind to specific DNA sequences and activate the transcription of target genes such as that encoding the cell-cycle inhibitor p21Waf1/Cip1 . A gene has recently been identified that is predicted to encode a protein with significant amino-acid sequence similarity to p53. In particular, each of the p53 amino-acid residues implicated in direct sequence-specific DNA binding is conserved in this protein. This gene, called p73, maps to the short arm of chromosome 1, and is found in a region that is frequently deleted in neuroblastomas. Here we show that p73 can, at least when overproduced, activate the transcription of p53-responsive genes and inhibit cell growth in a p53-like manner by inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death).
NbN based Josephson junctions with silicon barriers deposited at 700 degrees C

The authors have fabricated NbN/Si/Nb tunnel junctions where the barriers were deposited at substrate temperatures to 700 degrees C. The device characteristics for those tunnel junctions with V/sub m/ (figure of merit) values exceeding 15 mV were studied as a function of the barrier deposition temperature. A reduced NbN energy gap was observed for barriers deposited at high substrate temperatures, possibly due to an interaction of the silicon with the NbN or an off-stoichiometric surface resulting from the high temperature sputter etch of the base electrode. The zero-bias conductivity as a function of temperature was measured for thick barriers and found to follow an activated conduction process at the high temperatures and Mott hopping conduction at the lower temperature. Some initial measurements on germanium barriers deposited at 250 degrees C were made and found to follow a similar behavior except at a much lower temperature, possibly due to a lower activation energy. >
The Dying Process: Patients' Experiences of Palliative Care

The Dying Process: Patients' Experiences of Palliative Care. Julia Lawton. London: Routledge, 2000. ix. 229 pp.
Indices of discriminability.

Hammerton and Altham1 have pointed out the desirability of having a numerical measure for the discriminability of two stimuli, A and B, that does not depend upon the specific assumptions about the probability distributions of the internal events produced by A and B. Assuming that the data consist of confidence ratings for A and B, they have proposed an index C, which is equal to the difference between the average ratings for A and B divided by the difference in the ratings that represent “certainly A” and “certainly B”. Unfortunately their definition assumes that at least one rating can represent “certainly A” and at least one rating can represent “certainly B”. This often does not happen. For example2, when observers were permitted to develop their own rating systems for visual stimuli, it was found that for stimuli consisting of 55 and 66 quanta, on the average, at the cornea, there was not a single rating that meant certainly one stimulus or certainly the other. Another way of saying this is that there was never a single trial on which the observer was certain that the stimulus was the strong one.
Quantifying the Objective Cost of Uncertainty in Complex Dynamical Systems

Real-world problems often involve complex systems that cannot be perfectly modeled or identified, and many engineering applications aim to design operators that can perform reliably in the presence of such uncertainty. In this paper, we propose a novel Bayesian framework for objective-based uncertainty quantification (UQ), which quantifies the uncertainty in a given system based on the expected increase of the operational cost that it induces. This measure of uncertainty, called MOCU (mean objective cost of uncertainty), provides a practical way of quantifying the effect of various types of system uncertainties on the operation of interest. Furthermore, the proposed UQ framework provides a general mathematical basis for designing robust operators, and it can be applied to diverse applications, including robust filtering, classification, and control. We demonstrate the utility and effectiveness of the proposed framework by applying it to the problem of robust structural intervention of gene regulatory networks, an important application in translational genomics.
A young meningitically deaf child with a cochlear implant: a case study

This study describes the development of the auditory, cognitive, linguistic, and social domains of a child deafened by meningitis at 20 months of age. He received a 3M/House cochlear implant at 27 months and is believed to be the youngest child to receive a cochlear implant. He was seen for intervention emphasizing audiometric conditioning and testing and language (speech and sign) stimulation for a period of 2:9 years (6 months pre-implant to 2:3 years post-implant). Videotapes of intervention; interviews with parents, teachers, and clinicians; test results; and medical and clinical reports were documented from pre-implant to two years post-implantation. The child regressed in all areas evaluated following his illness and subsequent deafness and cochlear implantation. At about one year after implantation, his social and cognitive skills began to improve. By two years after implantation (chronological age (CA) = 4:6), his abilities in all areas except auditory reception and speech had progressed to about the 4:0 age level. He communicates primarily through signs and seems to derive environmental sound and speech duration cues from the implant. Although it is difficult to separate the effects of the implant from maturational factors, he now willingly uses the implant simultaneously with his hearing aid on the non-implanted ear every day and seems to be functioning well with them. He responds inconsistently to his name when called, and consistently provides appropriate signed responses to questions. His imitative skills are improving; he can discriminate one- vs two-syllable words; and produces limited spontaneous speech. His cognitive and social abilities are at least age-appropriate and he signs 3- and 4-word combinations.
Tropical field assessment of combined Trichoderma viride Proteus sp. and urea protective treatment of wood against biodeterioration

Abstract Two previous reports showed that decay of wood blocks was inhibited by treatment with combined phosphate buffer (pH7) and Trichoderma viride or urea and ureolytic Proteus sp. A field assessment of the two treatment strategies was therefore carried out in the tropical rainforest for 24 months using the “grave yard method”. The groundline region of stakes treated with buffer/ T. viride succumbed to biodegradation after 8 months as indicated by loss of resistance to compression, occurrence of basidiomycete and soft-rot cavities. This was attributed to leaching due to the heavy rainfall, soil microflora and the failure of T. viride to spread due to the dry season effect at the onset of the trials. No signs of degradation were evident until 18 months in stakes treated with urea and Proteus sp. The addition of T. viride to the urea/ Proteus treatment system caused a marked improvement as no signs of biodegradation were observed throughout the duration of the field trial. As the concentration of ammonia declined, the hitherto suppressed T. viride began to spread and “fill in the gap”. It can be concluded that the triple combination of urea, Proteus sp. and T. viride , can significantly extend the service life of timber in the field.
Future Trends of Software Technology and Applications: The Phone is the Computer

This paper envisions a new computing paradigm that promises a revolution in the ubiquity of first class computing devices. This revolution will lead to a plethora of new applications, opportunities and challenges for software developers
Relation of Anemia to Low Heart Rate Variability in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease (from the Heart and Soul Study)

We examined the association between anemia (hemoglobin ≤12 g/dl) and 6 indexes of heart rate variability (HRV) as measured by 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiography in a cross-sectional study of 874 outpatients who had stable coronary heart disease. Of 90 participants who had anemia, 29% to 41% had low HRV, defined as the lowest quartile of each HRV index, compared with 23% to 25% of the 784 participants who did not have anemia (comparison p values <0.05 for all HRV indexes except high-frequency power). With the exception of high-frequency power, each 1 g/dl decrease in hemoglobin was associated with increased odds of having low HRV. This association remained strong after adjustment for potential confounding variables, including ischemia, left ventricular mass, left ventricular ejection fraction, and diastolic dysfunction. Thus, anemia is associated with low HRV in ambulatory patients who have stable coronary heart disease. Low HRV could potentially mediate the association of anemia with increased cardiac risk.
The Internal Organization of the Firm and Price Formation: An Illustrative Case

I. Introduction, 92. — II. Large size of the store unit, 94. — III. Administrative organization, 96. — IV. Budgetary procedures, 98. — V. Inter-unit controls, 103. — VI. Owner-management relationships, 105. — VII. Price policies, 106. — VIII. Conclusion, 110.
An algorithm for the 2D guillotine cutting stock problem

Abstract The two-dimensional guillotine cutting stock problem seeks to apply a sequence of guillotine (edge to edge) cuts to extract a collection of smaller rectangles from a stock piece. In this paper an O(n3) approximation algorithm for the two-dimensional guillotine cutting stock problem is presented. The algorithm considers each rectangle, in turn, and attempts to locate a guillotine feasible position on the stock piece. The algorithm has the property that a position will be located for the n-th rectangle if and only if such a feasible placement exists. This paper establishes the efficiency and effectiveness of the new algorithm by presenting computational results.
Distribution of Spatial Visualization and Mathematical Problem Solving Scores: A Test of Stafford's X-linked Hypotheses:

This study investigated distribution of spatial visualization scores (Space Relations test of the Differential Aptitude Test) and mathematical problem solving scores (Mental Arithmetic Problems) obtained by 161 male and 152 female, 9th grade, white students for fit to the distributions predicted by the X-linked hypotheses of recessive inheritance of these skills. Data did not support the X-linked hypotheses. No significant sex-related differences were found between mean scores of tests of spatial visualization or mathematical problem solving.
A technique for the cross spectrum analysis of pairs of complex-valued time series, with emphasis on properties of polarized components and rotational invariants

Abstract Methods are derived for the cross spectrum analysis of pairs of two-dimensional velocity vectors or pairs of complex-valued time series in general. These methods are based on a decomposition of the complex-valued series into polarized components. The advantages include: (1) the invariance of coherence under coordinate rotation, and (2) the calculation of coherence and phase for polarized components; i.e. clockwise and anticlockwise components. A (phasor) correlation coefficient as a function of frequency is derived for a pair of complex-valued series. This coefficient includes contributions from both polarized components. The methods may be implemented either by the cross spectrum analysis of a pair of complex-valued series or by combinations of quantities ordinarily computed in the cross spectrum analysis of a set of four real-valued series.
Variation in fast-start performance within a population of polyphenic bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus).

AbstractBluegill sunfish Lepomis macrochirus exhibit intraspecific variation in their morphology and swimming performance based on habitat. The pelagic form has a relatively streamlined, fusiform body shape associated with greater steady-state swimming speed and energy economy. In contrast, littoral bluegill have deeper bodies with fins located farther from their center of mass to enhance maneuverability among littoral vegetation. Deeper body shapes have been associated with increased fast-start performance to escape predators or capture prey. We hypothesized that littoral bluegill, which have a deeper body shape, would exhibit greater fast-start performance than pelagic bluegill. A total of 29 bluegill (16 littoral, 13 pelagic) were caught by hook and line, and their fast-start performance was analyzed from high-speed video recordings. Body shape appears to be a poor predictor of fast-start performance. Contrary to our expectations, pelagic bluegill had a significantly higher peak velocity, peak accelera...
From Power-Localized to Extended States in a Class of One-Dimensional Disordered Systems

We study a one-dimensional random Kronig-Penney model in the presence of a constant electric field. We rigorously prove for the first time the existence of a transition between a regime of extended states for large field and a regime of power-localized states for small field. There the large-distance behavior of the states is ${|x|}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha}(F)}$ with $\ensuremath{\alpha}(F)\ensuremath{\sim}\frac{C}{F}$ for small field $F$, confirming a numerical computation of Soukoulis et al.
Chemical applications of metastable argon atoms. Generation, identification and characterization of CO(a3Π)

Abstract Studies of the energy transfer reaction, Ar( 3 P 0,2 ) + RCO → CO(a 3 Π) + Ar( 1 S 0 ) + R, have been carried out in a fast flow apparatus by observing the Cameron bands (a 3 Π → X 1 Σ + ) of carbon monoxide. Several reactants (RCO = CO 2 , COS, OCCl 2 , and HNCO) were investigated to find the best source of CO(a 3 Π) and to characterize the CO(a 3 Π) resulting from each source. The energy transfer reaction of CO(a 3 Π) with NO(X 2 Π) gave strong γ- and β-band emissions. The γ/β ratio from the CO(a 3 Π) + NO(X 2 Π) reaction was approximately a factor of 10 lower than the value found from the N 2 (A 3 Σ μ + ) + NO(X 2 Π) reaction. Also CO(a 3 Π) was found to excite the 6( 3 P 1 ) level of Hg.
Whole cell vaccines--past progress and future strategies.

Cancer vaccines have shown success in curing tumors in preclinical models. Accumulating evidence also supports their ability to induce immune responses in patients. In many cases, these responses correlate with improved clinical outcomes. However, cancer vaccines have not yet demonstrated their true potential in clinical trials. This is likely due to the difficulty in mounting a significant anti-tumor response in patients with advanced disease because of pre-existing tolerance mechanisms that are actively turning off immune recognition in cancer patients. This review will examine the recent progress being made in the design and implementation of whole cell cancer vaccines, one vaccine approach that simultaneously targets multiple tumor antigens to activate the immune response. These vaccines have been shown to induce antigen-specific T-cell responses. Preclinical studies evaluating these vaccines given in sequence with other agents and cancer treatment modalities support the use of immunomodulating doses of chemotherapy and radiation, as well as immune-modulating pathway–targeted monoclonal antibodies, to enhance the efficacy of cancer vaccines. Based on emerging preclinical data, clinical trials are currently exploring the use of combinatorial immune-based therapies for the treatment of cancer.