cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ANALYSIS OF PRAM INSTRUCTION SETS FROM A LOG COST PERSPECTIVE

The log cost measure has been viewed as a more reasonable method of measuring the time complexity of an algorithm than the unit cost measure. The more widely used unit cost measure becomes unrealistic if the algorithm handles extremely large integers. Parallel machines have not been examined under the log cost measure. In this paper, we investigate the Parallel Random Access Machine under the log cost measure. Let the instruction set of a basic PRAM include addition, subtraction, and Boolean operations. We relate resource-bounded complexity classes of log cost PRAMs to complexity classes of Turing machines and circuits. We also relate log cost PRAMs with different instruction sets by simulations that are much more efficient than possible in the unit cost case. Let LCRCWk(CRCWk) denote the class of languages accepted by a log cost (unit cost) basic CRCW PRAM in O(logk n) time with the polynomial in n number of processors. We position the log cost PRAM in the hierarchy of parallel complexity classes as: ACk=CRCWk⊆(NCk+1, LCRCWk+1)⊆ACk+1=CRCWk+1.
Control Over Work, Positive Self, and Health Among African American Husbands and Wives

Using a sample of 344 dual-earner African American married couples, this study examined the effect of control over work on depressive symptoms and physical health with a dyadic model. The mediating role of personal resources capturing positive self-evaluations (i.e., self-esteem and mastery) was also examined. The association between wives’ control over work and wives’ physical and mental health was mediated by wives’ positive self. Although husbands’ control over work was not directly associated with husbands’ physical or mental health, it was associated with their sense of positive self, which influenced their level of depressive symptoms and physical health. No cross-spouse influences were found, suggesting a lack of interdependence for African American husbands and wives. The practical implications of this research include the value of work organization policies that may increase workers’ sense of control and personal resources as these variables are important to workers’ health outcomes.
WuKong: effective diagnosis of bugs at large system scales

A key challenge in developing large scale applications (both in system size and in input size) is finding bugs that are latent at the small scales of testing, only manifesting when a program is deployed at large scales. Traditional statistical techniques fail because no error-free run is available at deployment scales for training purposes. Prior work used scaling models to detect anomalous behavior at large scales without being trained on correct behavior at that scale. However, that work cannot localize bugs automatically. In this paper, we extend that work in three ways: (i) we develop an automatic diagnosis technique, based on feature reconstruction; (ii) we design a heuristic to effectively prune the feature space; and (iii) we validate our design through one fault-injection study, finding that our system can effectively localize bugs in a majority of cases.
Elevated nuclear Foxo1 suppresses excitability of skeletal muscle fibers

Forkhead box O 1 (Foxo1) controls the expression of proteins that carry out processes leading to skeletal muscle atrophy, making Foxo1 of therapeutic interest in conditions of muscle wasting. The transcription of Foxo1-regulated proteins is dependent on the translocation of Foxo1 to the nucleus, which can be repressed by insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) treatment. The role of Foxo1 in muscle atrophy has been explored at length, but whether Foxo1 nuclear activity affects skeletal muscle excitation-contraction (EC) coupling has not yet been examined. Here, we use cultured adult mouse skeletal muscle fibers to investigate the effects of Foxo1 overexpression on EC coupling. Fibers expressing Foxo1-green fluorescent protein (GFP) exhibit an inability to contract, impaired propagation of action potentials, and ablation of calcium transients in response to electrical stimulation compared with fibers expressing GFP alone. Evaluation of the transverse (T)-tubule system morphology, the membranous system involved in the radial propagation of the action potential, revealed an intact T-tubule network in fibers overexpressing Foxo1-GFP. Interestingly, long-term IGF-1 treatment of Foxo1-GFP fibers, which maintains Foxo1-GFP outside the nucleus, prevented the loss of normal calcium transients, indicating that Foxo1 translocation and the atrogenes it regulates affect the expression of proteins involved in the generation and/or propagation of action potentials. A reduction in the sodium channel Nav1.4 expression in fibers overexpressing Foxo1-GFP was also observed in the absence of IGF-1. We conclude that increased nuclear activity of Foxo1 prevents the normal muscle responses to electrical stimulation and that this indicates a novel capability of Foxo1 to disable the functional activity of skeletal muscle.
Cheerleading-Related Injuries to Children 5 to 18 Years of Age: United States, 1990–2002

OBJECTIVE. To describe the epidemiology of cheerleading-related injuries among children in the United States. DESIGN. A retrospective analysis of data for children 5 to 18 years old from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) of the US Consumer Product Safety Commission, 1990–2002. METHODS. Sample weights provided by the NEISS were used to make national estimates of cheerleading-related injuries. Injury rates were calculated for the most frequently occurring types of injury using cheerleading participation data. RESULTS. An estimated 208 800 children (95% confidence interval [CI]: 166 620–250 980) 5 to 18 years of age were treated in US hospital emergency departments for cheerleading-related injuries during the 13-year period of 1990–2002. The number of injuries increased by 110% from 10 900 in 1990 to 22 900 in 2002, with an average of 16 100 (95% CI: 12 848–19 352) injuries per year ( P P P P CONCLUSIONS. To our knowledge, this study is the first to report numbers, rates, and trends of cheerleading-related injuries to children using a nationally representative sample. Cheerleading is an important source of injury to girls. The number of cheerleading-related injuries more than doubled during the 13-year study period. A set of uniform rules and regulations directed at increasing the safety of cheerleading, that are universally enforced, should be implemented. Mandatory completion of a safety training and certification program should be required of all cheerleading coaches. Establishment of a national database for cheerleading-related injuries would facilitate the development and evaluation of injury-prevention strategies based on epidemiologic evidence.
Clinical Technique: Myelography in Rabbits

Abstract Spinal disease in rabbits is most often the result of trauma; however, other causes have been reported including congenital defects and degenerative spinal diseases. Diagnosis of spinal disease is based on history, physical and neurologic examination findings, and imaging. Fractures and luxations of the spine are often apparent on plain radiographs; however, myelography is used to determine if the lesion is causing spinal cord compression that may be amenable to surgical decompression. Unless intervertebral discs are mineralized, they are not visible when viewing plain radiographic images; therefore, myelography may be useful to diagnose spinal cord compression from a herniated disc. Myelography can also define lesions that do not result in a disruption of the osseous vertebral architecture such as tumors and granulomas. In rabbits, myelography is performed when the animal is under general anesthesia and in lateral recumbency. A nonionic iodinated contrast agent is injected into the subarachnoid space, usually at the level of the lumbar spine, to outline the spinal cord and identify cord compressive or disruptive lesions.
Security of ad hoc networks and threshold cryptography

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a system of wireless mobile nodes that dynamically self-organize in arbitrary and temporary network topologies allowing people and devices to inter-network without any preexisting communication infrastructure. Taking into account its nature and challenges and security issues, we briefly discuss current security solutions, particularly threshold cryptography (TC). Already TC is being sought in computer networks to provide security in terms of availability, confidentiality, and secure key or data distribution. So we investigate to find out what makes it difficult to implement TC in ad hoc networks. To find answers to these questions, we discuss our RSA-based threshold cryptography (RSA-TC) implementation. Through our implementation, we have put forth various drawbacks of key sharing in RSA-TC and have suggested an alternative method of splitting message. Our work further proves why RSA-TC is unsuitable in MANET. Finally, we explore elliptic curve cryptology (ECC) and suggest reasons why ECC based threshold cryptography (ECC-TC) could be a very effective alternative to RSA-TC schemes in MANET.
Stitchtures: interactive art installations for social interventions in retirement communities

The purpose of this paper is to describe the design and development of an interactive art installation, Stitchtures, for retirement community shared common areas. Physical and digital co-design activities are described in the development of an interactive art piece inspired by biological systems and collective behavior. Vision systems are also described for data gathering during implementation. The combined methodologies respond to the specific aims of the project, which investigates the effects of design and technology interventions on aiding interactions among older adults in retirement communities.
Zero-Base Budgeting As a Management Technique And Political Strategy

Zero-base budgeting (ZBB) has been adopted in a variety of industrial and government settings, and is currently being implemented in the federal government as a means for managing agencies and programs. In this paper, we evaluate ZBB as a management technique and as a political strategy employed in the federal government, using concepts developed in organization theory, planning and control, and political science. We conclude that ZBB combines a number of planning and control attributes, any of which can dominate, according to the environment in which ZBB is implemented.
Laser-Based Double-Beam Circular Dichroism Detector for Liquid Chromatography:

A highly sensitive and selective double-beam laser-based circular dichroism (CD) detector for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is presented. An all-electronic noise canceller circuit was used to subtract the intensity of the right circularly polarized light from the intensity of the left circularly polarized light. Both of these beams were derived from the same Ar-ion laser operated at 488 nm. The chiral inorganic complexes of tris(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III), Co(en)33+, which are CD active at this wavelength [Δe(488 nm) = 1.9 cm2 mol−1], were chosen as test compounds. The two enantiomers were chromatographically separated from the corresponding racemic mixture through the use of potassium antimonyl(III) tartrate hydrate and ion-pair reversed-phase liquid chromatography. A practical noise-to-signal ratio of 4 × 10−6 for CD measurements was achieved despite the presence of the high background absorption, which is 45 times higher than the CD signal for this particular system. The detector is linear through two orders of magnitude (10−3 M-10−5 M). The deviation between consecutive measurements is less than 5% and the noise level is 1.8 × 10−6 AU. A limit of detection (LOD) of 1.2 × 10−6 M at the flow cell, which corresponds to 25 ng injected material, was achieved. This value is similar to the LOD that was obtained for the same species by using laser-based high-frequency modulation and is only 3.5 times worse than thermal-lens CD detection. Being simpler and less expensive than other laser-based systems, our double-beam HPLC-CD detector provides a three-orders-of-magnitude improvement in sensitivity as compared to that for conventional CD spectrometers.
Rhabdomyolysis and Acute Renal Failure following an Ethanol and Diphenhydramine Overdose

OBJECTIVE:To report a case of nontraumatic rhabdomyolysis complicated by oliguric, acute renal failure following an intentional overdose of ethanol and diphenhydramine.CASE SUMMARY:A 21-year-old white man was admitted through the emergency department following an intentional overdose of ethanol and diphenhydramine. The patient subsequently developed acute renal failure, and a diagnosis of nontraumatic rhabdomyolysis was made. With the absence of other common causes in this case, the rhabdomyolysis was believed to be due to the combined ethanol and diphenhydramine overdose.DISCUSSION:Rhabdomyolysis is a severe and life-threatening syndrome caused by various insults to skeletal muscle, including drug-induced injury. Early detection and institution of effective treatments are essential to minimizing the complications of this syndrome. A delay in establishing the diagnosis in this case likely contributed to the severity of the renal failure.CONCLUSIONS:Nontraumatic rhabdomyolysis is an uncommon adverse outcom...
HyperCheck: a hardware-assisted integrity monitor

Over the past few years, virtualization has been employed to environments ranging from densely populated cloud computing clusters to home desktop computers. Security researchers embraced virtual machine monitors (VMMs) as a new mechanism to guarantee deep isolation of untrusted software components. Unfortunately, their widespread adoption promoted VMMs as a prime target for attackers. In this paper, we present HyperCheck, a hardware-assisted tampering detection framework designed to protect the integrity of VMMs and, for some classes of attacks, the underlying operating system (OS). HyperCheck leverages the CPU System Management Mode (SMM), present in x86 systems, to securely generate and transmit the full state of the protected machine to an external server. Using HyperCheck, we were able to ferret-out rootkits that targeted the integrity of both the Xen hypervisor and traditional OSes. Moreover, HyperCheck is robust against attacks that aim to disable or block its operation. Our experimental results show that HyperCheck can produce and communicate a scan of the state of the protected software in less than 40ms.
Accurate electrical measurements of modern ferroelectrics

Abstract Future uses of modern ferroelectrics include thin-film resonant microstructures for timing, sensing, and actuation. The frequency range of interest extends from nearly DC through the UHF band. At high frequencies especially, it is difficult to obtain precise material parameters from broadband electrical measurements. We have developed highly accurate lumped equivalent networks for these frequencies, for the two canonical cases of thickness- and lateral-field excitation. Measurements on these circuits permit extraction of the complex dielectric, piezoelectric, and elastic parameters of the material. In this paper we discuss both traditional and modern electrical network descriptions of piezoelectric resonators; we also treat how they are modified by the conditions of excitation and inclusion of loss mechanisms. The more general networks are then specialized to yield lumped circuit versions tailored to the particular attributes of ferroelectrics: high coupling and moderate loss. A numerical example...
Educational Value of Experiments on Life Support Systems with Ground-Based Aquatic Habitats

On April 10th 2010, at the Kennedy Space Center, President Barack Obama pronounced his \Remarks on Space Exploration in the 21st Century." The President included closedloop life support systems (LSS) as a technology that \can help improve daily lives of people here on Earth, as well as testing and improving upon capabilities in space." A challenge to enable research on LSS is the need for educational capacities that may open up opportunities for teachers and students to teach, learn, and experiment with a small-scale version of these systems. Such is the case in higher-education institutions with programs in life sciences and engineering. These may have educational platforms available in their laboratories to, for example, study attributes of robustness or optimality in controllers driving servomechanisms and electric motors, but there is no small-scale platform available to study the ecophysiological performance of higher plants in an isolated articial ecosystem. This paper presents aquatic habitats as educational platforms for experiments in closed-loop LSS, and the lessons learned while working with undergraduate students at the Human-Automation Systems Lab of the Georgia Institute of Technology. It presents the challenges that these systems pose to students in engineering and sciences, and highlights the opportunities to support higher-education-level teaching and learning of concepts in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) elds.
Breeding Dispersal and Nesting Behavior of Burrowing Owls Following Experimental Nest Predation

ABSTRACT Nest predation is considered a primary factor affecting the life-history characteristics and particularly dispersal of many avian species. We tested the hypothesis that nest predation would increase dispersal probability, dispersal distance and the frequency of renesting. We removed eggs from burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia) nests to simulate nest predation in southeastern California. Owls responded to egg removal with increased dispersal probability, nesting attempts and egg production. We found that nest predation tended to increase dispersal probability (50% depredated nests vs. 14% control nests), which occurred fairly soon after nest predation (0–25 d). Dispersal distance was highly variable among owls (range: 148–13,012 m). Following experimental nest predation, burrowing owls increased the number of nesting attempts and thus the total number of eggs produced in a season, regardless of dispersal. Clutch size, however, decreased as the number of breeding attempts increased. Despite large i...
Alemtuzumab: the future of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy treatment?

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP), an autoimmune neuropathy, is one of the most commonly encountered treatable neuropathies [1]. It accounts for approximately 20% of ...
The BigDAWG Polystore System

This paper presents a new view of federated databases to address the growing need for managing information that spans multiple data models. This trend is fueled by the proliferation of storage engines and query languages based on the observation that 'no one size fits all'. To address this shift, we propose a polystore architecture; it is designed to unify querying over multiple data models. We consider the challenges and opportunities associated with polystores. Open questions in this space revolve around query optimization and the assignment of objects to storage engines. We introduce our approach to these topics and discuss our prototype in the context of the Intel Science and Technology Center for Big Data
Effects of Helix Macrodipole and Local Interactions on Catalysis of Acyl Transfer by α-Helical Peptides

The impact of the macrodipole of peptide helices on catalysis was examined using density functional theory calculations. Transition state structures for histidine-containing polyalanine nucleophilic catalysts adding to carbonyls were computed, and the impact of both global and local noncovalent interactions was assessed. Although the peptide macrodipole appears to influence energy barriers, local interactions dominate.
Effects of sodium intake on renal cortical blood flow distribution.

SummaryRenal cortical blood flow and superficial cortical blood flow were measured in chronic sodium-loaded, sodium-deprived, and normal rats. Neither total renal cortical blood flow or distribution of cortical blood flow was different among the three groups of animals. Alterations in the amount of sodium excreted, therefore, are not related to alterations of renal cortical blood flow distribution.
Speckle Techniques for Noncontact Temperature Measurement

Two complementary speckle techniques for the measurement of temperature from the rough back surface of Si wafers during rapid thermal processing are demonstrated. Electronic speckle pattern interferometry is a full field intensity cross-correlation technique that provides a two-dimensional map of the surface temperature. Measurements are presented that demonstrate a resolution of ∼ ±2°C. A new speckle technique, sub-feature speckle interferometry is introduced. This technique provides a much more rapid and precise averaged temperature measurement by monitoring the strain between two points with interferometric precision usually associated with moird interferometry or holography rather than speckle. Preliminary measurements are presented that demonstrate the capability of the technique.
Thin Film Growth of Pentacene on Polymeric Dielectrics: Unexpected Changes in the Evolution of Surface Morphology with Substrate

We have examined the thin film growth of pentacene on SiO2 and on three different polymeric dielectrics using in situ synchrotron X-ray scattering and ex situ atomic force microscopy (AFM). The polymeric dielectrics investigated spanned the range from a low surface energy hydrophobic surface (polystyrene, PS) to a high surface energy hydrophilic surface [poly(ethylene imine), PEI]. On all surfaces, pentacene forms a polycrystalline thin film, whose structure is that of the previously identified “thin film” phase. From in situ real-time X-ray scattering, we find that pentacene exhibits layer-by-layer (LbL) growth on all surfaces investigated, but the extent of LbL growth is a strong function of the underlying substrate. In particular, LbL growth is significantly more prolonged on PEI and least extended on PS. The roughness and the in-plane feature sizes of thick, ∼10 monolayer, pentacene thin films also vary with the surface energy of the substrate—growth on the high surface energy polymer thin film, PEI, ...
Global Economic Burden of Norovirus Gastroenteritis.

Background Despite accounting for approximately one fifth of all acute gastroenteritis illnesses, norovirus has received comparatively less attention than other infectious pathogens. With several candidate vaccines under development, characterizing the global economic burden of norovirus could help funders, policy makers, public health officials, and product developers determine how much attention and resources to allocate to advancing these technologies to prevent and control norovirus. Methods We developed a computational simulation model to estimate the economic burden of norovirus in every country/area (233 total) stratified by WHO region and globally, from the health system and societal perspectives. We considered direct costs of illness (e.g., clinic visits and hospitalization) and productivity losses. Results Globally, norovirus resulted in a total of $4.2 billion (95% UI: $3.2–5.7 billion) in direct health system costs and $60.3 billion (95% UI: $44.4–83.4 billion) in societal costs per year. Disease amongst children <5 years cost society $39.8 billion, compared to $20.4 billion for all other age groups combined. Costs per norovirus illness varied by both region and age and was highest among adults ≥55 years. Productivity losses represented 84–99% of total costs varying by region. While low and middle income countries and high income countries had similar disease incidence (10,148 vs. 9,935 illness per 100,000 persons), high income countries generated 62% of global health system costs. In sensitivity analysis, the probability of hospitalization had the largest impact on health system cost estimates ($2.8 billion globally, assuming no hospitalization costs), while the probability of missing productive days had the largest impact on societal cost estimates ($35.9 billion globally, with a 25% probability of missing productive days). Conclusions The total economic burden is greatest in young children but the highest cost per illness is among older age groups in some regions. These large costs overwhelmingly are from productivity losses resulting from acute illness. Low, middle, and high income countries all have a considerable economic burden, suggesting that norovirus gastroenteritis is a truly global economic problem. Our findings can help identify which age group(s) and/or geographic regions may benefit the most from interventions.
Study on Controlled Al-doped Single-crystalline Si_3N_4 Nanobelts

Controlled Al doped Si3N4 single-crystal nanobelts were synthesized by catalyst-assisted pyrolysis of polymeric precursors.The Al-doping levels can be tailored by varying the Al concentration in the polymeric precursors.The as-synthesized nanobelts were characterized by SEM,XRD,EDS,TEM and HRTEM.The single-crystal belts had perfect crystal structures with few defects such as dislocations and stacking faults.The nanobelts obtained are several tens nanometers in thickness,several hundreds nanometers in width.The growth direction of the Al doped α-Si3N4 nanobelts was\.The growth mechanisms of α-Si3N4 nanobelts were proposed to be solid-liquid-gas-sold(SLGS).The optical properties of Al doping Si3N4 nanobelts were measured.Current results suggested that the optical properties of the nanomaterials can be controlled by adjusting Al doping contents.
Estimates of premorbid ability in a neurodegenerative disease clinic population: comparing the Test of Premorbid Functioning and the Wide Range Achievement Test, 4th Edition.

AbstractObjective: Two frequently used measures to assess premorbid intellectual ability include the Wide Range Achievement Test, 4th Edition Reading Subtest (WRAT-4 READ) and the Test of Premorbid Functioning (TOPF). The present study compared estimates obtained from these measures in a neurodegenerative disease population. Method: Records from 85 referrals seen for neuropsychological evaluation in a neurodegenerative disorders clinic were reviewed. Evaluations included TOPF, WRAT-4 READ, and measures of memory, reasoning, language, and executive functioning. Pairwise correlations and concordance correlation coefficients (CCC) were calculated between raw scores and predicted intelligence estimates. Discrepancy scores were calculated between estimates and data were divided into three groups based on size of standardized discrepancy score: Equal, WRAT-4 READ > TOPF, and TOPF > WRAT-4 READ. analysis of variances compared groups on demographic characteristics and cognitive performance. Results: Despite stron...
An overview of radiotherapy trials for the treatment of brain metastases.

A review of the English literature was undertaken to (1) determine the efficacy of radiation therapy for the treatment of brain metastases, (2) identify prognostic factors, and (3) ascertain whether there is an effect of treatment technique on outcome. Critical analysis of relevant randomized trials indicated that radiation therapy can effectively palliate the symptoms of brain metastases.
Accelerated simulation of stochastic particle removal processes in particle-resolved aerosol models

Stochastic particle-resolved methods have proven useful for simulating multi-dimensional systems such as composition-resolved aerosol size distributions. While particle-resolved methods have substantial benefits for highly detailed simulations, these techniques suffer from high computational cost, motivating efforts to improve their algorithmic efficiency. Here we formulate an algorithm for accelerating particle removal processes by aggregating particles of similar size into bins. We present the Binned Algorithm for particle removal processes and analyze its performance with application to the atmospherically relevant process of aerosol dry deposition. We show that the Binned Algorithm can dramatically improve the efficiency of particle removals, particularly for low removal rates, and that computational cost is reduced without introducing additional error. In simulations of aerosol particle removal by dry deposition in atmospherically relevant conditions, we demonstrate about 50-times increase in algorithm efficiency.
BMP1-like proteinases are essential to the structure and wound healing of skin

Closely related extracellular metalloproteinases bone morphogenetic protein 1 (BMP1) and mammalian Tolloid-like 1 (mTLL1) are co-expressed in various tissues and have been suggested to have overlapping roles in the biosynthetic processing of extracellular matrix components. Early lethality of mice null for the BMP1 gene Bmp1 or the mTLL1 gene Tll1 has impaired in vivo studies of these proteinases. To overcome issues of early lethality and functional redundancy we developed the novel BTKO mouse strain, with floxed Bmp1 and Tll1 alleles, for induction of postnatal, simultaneous ablation of the two genes. We previously showed these mice to have a skeletal phenotype that includes elements of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), osteomalacia, and deficient osteocyte maturation, observations validated by the finding of BMP1 mutations in a subset of human patients with OI-like phenotypes. However, the roles of BMP1-like proteinase in non-skeletal tissues have yet to be explored, despite the supposed importance of putative substrates of these proteinases in such tissues. Here, we employ BTKO mice to investigate potential roles for these proteinases in skin. Loss of BMP1-like proteinase activity is shown to result in markedly thinned and fragile skin with unusually densely packed collagen fibrils and delayed wound healing. We demonstrate deficits in the processing of collagens I and III, decorin, biglycan, and laminin 332 in skin, which indicate mechanisms whereby BMP1-like proteinases affect the biology of this tissue. In contrast, lack of effects on collagen VII processing or deposition indicates this putative substrate to be biosynthetically processed by non-BMP1-like proteinases.
Entropy in Quantum Theory

This chapter has two goals. The first is to develop the quantum version of multiplicity. That will show us how entropy is expressed in quantum theory. The second goal is to develop a general quantitative definition of temperature. Entropy plays a key role in that definition. The density of states When a physical system has reached thermal equilibrium, its macroscopic properties do not change with time. In quantum theory, the energy eigenstates of an isolated system provide predictions and estimates that are constant in time; therefore such states are appropriate for a quantum description of thermal equilibrium. To be sure, the information at hand will not enable us to select a single state as uniquely the correct state to use. We will be driven to consider many states and to form sums over them. This section develops a mathematical technique for working with such sums. When the system is both isolated and of finite size (as we shall specify here), the energy eigenstates form a discrete set, whose members we can arrange and label in order of increasing energy. (If any two distinct states happen to have the same energy, we just assign them consecutive labels.) Typically, the states will be densely spaced in energy, and so a sum over a range of states can often be approximated adequately by an integral with respect to energy, provided that we have constructed an appropriate density of states : a function that specifies the number of energy eigenstates per unit energy interval.
Water-Soluble Molecularly Imprinted Nanoparticle Receptors with Hydrogen-Bond-Assisted Hydrophobic Binding

Molecularly imprinted nanoparticles (MINPs) were prepared when surfactants with a tripropargylammonium headgroup and a methacrylate-functionalized hydrophobic tail were cross-linked in the micelle form on the surface and in the core in the presence of hydrophobic template molecules. With the surfactants containing an amide bond near the headgroup, the MINPs had a layer of hydrogen-bonding groups in the interior that strongly influenced their molecular recognition. Templates/guests with strong hydrogen-bonding groups in the midsection of the molecule benefited most, especially if the hydrophobe of the template could penetrate the amide layer to reach the hydrophobic core of the cross-linked micelles. The location and the orientation of the hydrophilic groups were also important, as they determined how the template interacted with the surfactant micelles and, ultimately, with the MINP receptors.
The Woody Plant Body

In this chapter an overview of the form and structure of woody plants is presented as a prelude to a discussion of growth characteristics and physiological processes. Knowledge of variations in form and structure is as essential to understanding the physiological processes that regulate plant growth as is knowledge of chemistry. For example, crown characteristics have important implications for many physiological processes that influence the rate of plant growth and in such expressions of growth as increase in stem diameter and production of fruits, cones, and seeds. An appreciation of leaf structure is essential to understand how photosynthesis and transpiration are affected by environmental stresses and cultural practices. Information on stem structure is basic to an understanding of the ascent of sap, translocation of carbohydrates, and cambial growth. The root system is composed of a framework of large perennial roots and many small, short-lived branch roots. The small roots are quite important for water and mineral absorption by plants and account for most of the root length but little root biomass. Death and replacement of fine roots occur simultaneously and both are sensitive to soil water and nutrient status as well as soil temperature. The root tip is covered by a root cap that protects the root apical meristem. Absorption of soil water is facilitated by root hairs that develop just above the zone of root elongation. Therefore, knowledge of root structure is important for an appreciation of the mechanisms of absorption of water and mineral nutrients.
Determination of the Interfacial Fracture Toughness of Laminated Silicon Die on Adhesive Dicing Tape from Stud Pull Measurement

Stud pull measurements have been conducted to obtain the normal forces required to detach die attach film (DAF) laminated dice from UV dicing tapes. The DAF is commonly used as bonding media for thin die attach process. Peak normal forces required to pull the laminated dice apart are obtained from the measurement for various DAFs and adhesive dicing tapes at different temperatures. We construct a FEM model by using ABAQUS for given configuration. The applied J-integrals are calculated under the same loading conditions as in experimental set up. The result of the FEM analysis helps us to interpret the force signal obtained in stud pull measurement. Scaling rules are developed from the numerical results of the FEM model to determine the applied J-integral for any die size by using a reference curve. We use these scaling rules and the peak normal force obtained from stud pull measurement to estimate the critical applied J- integral and the fracture toughness of the interface between DAF laminated dice and adhesive dicing tapes for given samples.
Linked (im)mobilities and the relational politics of movement in post-earthquake Nepal

ABSTRACTThis article highlights the importance of various (im)mobilities that were induced by the massive 7.8-magnitude earthquake that struck Nepal on 25 April 2015. It analyzes over 120 news articles published in the immediate aftermath of the earthquake, arranging these into a mobility-centric narrative that highlights the politics of movement in the disaster’s wake. Drawing on the theoretical and methodological “mobilities turn”, I introduce the concept of linked (im)mobilities to demonstrate the complex dialectics structuring (im)mobilities after the disaster. More specifically, Nepal’s post-earthquake (im)mobilities intersected with one another and with a variety of geographic and political factors to produce a mutually constitutive web of contingent movements. Attending to these not only underscores the centrality of (im)mobilities themselves. By raising questions of scale, inequality, bordering, and “islanding”, the approach advanced here widens our analytical frame. It offers a conceptual archite...
Ultrathin Colloidal PbS/CdS Core/Shell Nanosheets

Emissive PbS/CdS core/shell nanosheets are synthesized using a cation-exchange method. A significant blue-shift of the photoluminescence is observed, indicating a stronger quantum confinement in the PbS core as its thickness is reduced to eight atomic layers. High resolution transmission-electron-microscopy images of the cross-sections of the core/shell nanosheets show atomically sharp interfaces between PbS and CdS. Accurate analysis of the thickness of each layer reveals the relationship between the energy-gap and the thickness in the extremely one-dimensionally confined nanostructure.
Postmortem examination (2016-2017) of weanling and older horses for the presence of select species of endoparasites: Gasterophilus spp., Anoplocephala spp. and Strongylus spp. in specific anatomical sites.

Parasite infections are more quantifiable postmortem than antemortem in horses. Thus a study was carried out examining dead horses for specific parasite species. Most of the weanling and older horses submitted to the University of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (UKVDL) for postmortem examination between November 22, 2016 and March 23, 2017 were examined for certain species of internal parasites. The stomach and duodenum from 69 horses were examined for bots (Gasterophilus spp.). Combined data for both Thoroughbred and non-Thoroughbred (16 other than Thoroughbred breeds/mixed breeds) horses revealed that the prevalence of Gasterophilus intestinalis was 19% (n=12) with 2nd instars (x 8.5) and 39% (n=27) with 3rd instars (x 90). The prevalence of Gasterophilus nasalis was 1.5% (n=1) for 2nd instars (x 1) and 7% (n=5) for 3rd instars (x 25). A few third instar G. intestinalis placed in 10% formalin showed slight movement at over two hundred hours later. The cecum and about 25cm of the terminal part of the ileum were examined from 139 horses for tapeworms (Anoplocephala spp.) and large strongyles (Strongylus spp.). The prevalence of A. perfoliata was 44% (n=62) and the average number of specimens per infected horse was 92.5. Strongylus vulgaris and Strongylus edentatus were not found in the gut of any horse.
Quantifying the impact of limited information and control robustness on connected automated platoons

Interaction between vehicle connectivity and automation has the potential to improve the safety, comfort, and energy efficiency of passenger road transportation. Differing approaches to connected automated vehicle following with and without limited preview information and worst-case rear-end collision robustness are presented. Given information on the preceding vehicle's current acceleration demand that may be coarse and discrete, a combined statistical and kinematic model is used to generate a prediction of future preceding vehicle motion. Model predictive control is then applied to produce a safe and smooth velocity trace for the ego vehicle, which is shown to improve energy efficiency. Simulation results compare acceleration, jerk, fuel efficiency, and road space utilization metrics of differing connected anticipative approaches with those of the intelligent driver model in 10-vehicle platoons.
An elementary approach to optimal discrete-time search strategies

Optimal strategies are known for the finite and infinite horizon discrete-time search with constant unit cost and without recall. These strategies were obtained in the theory of optimal stopping, b...
What remains: reviving Lumumba's legacy in music video

ABSTRACTIn the face of prolonged violence, rupture, and erasure, the music video, ‘Agizo ya Lumumba,’ reflects efforts by emerging artists in the east of the Democratic Republic of the Congo to mediate memory. This video, produced by the Yole!Africa cultural centre in Goma, is part of an online series, Art on the FrontLine, that probes the possibilities for political art in sites of active conflict. But where other episodes evoke overt protest through aesthetics of hip hop and Third Cinema, ‘Agizo ya Lumumba’ relies on embodied, textual, and archival engagement with a poem by Patrice Lumumba. In this video, rappers, contemporary dancers, and filmmakers creatively interrogate both the contested record of historical facts crippling Congo's postcolonial development as well as the underlying questions of agency, power, and accountability that obscure narrations and representations of Lumumba's political legacy. Through close reading and analysis of its aesthetic and moral implications, this essay frames ‘Agiz...
QUANTUM FIELD THEORIES

The scope of this review is to give a pedagogical introduction to some new calculations and methods developed by the author in the context of quantum groups and their applications. The review is self-contained and serves as a "first aid kit" before one ventures into the beautiful but bewildering landscape of Woronowicz's theory. First, we present an up-to-date account of the methods and definitions used in quantum gauge theories. Then, we highlight our new results. The present paper is by no means an exhaustive overview of this swiftly developing subject.
Relative Education and the Advantage of a College Degree

What is the worth of a college degree when higher education expands? The relative education hypothesis posits that when college degrees are rare, individuals with more education have less competition to enter highly-skilled occupations. When college degrees are more common, there may not be enough highly-skilled jobs to go around; some college-educated workers lose out to others and are pushed into less-skilled jobs. Using new measurements of occupation-level verbal, quantitative, and analytic skills, this study tests the changing effect of education on skill utilization across 70 years of birth cohorts from 1971 to 2010, net of all other age, period, and cohort trends. Higher-education expansion erodes the value of a college degree, and college-educated workers are at greater risk for underemployment in less cognitively demanding occupations. This raises questions about the sources of rising income inequality, skill utilization across the working life course, occupational sex segregation, and how returns to education have changed across different life domains.
Deformation and Fracture in Aluminium-Zinc-Magnesium Alloys at Elevated Temperature

Deformation and fracture of fine and coarse grain Al-Zn-Mg alloy sheets have been studied near solution-treatment temperature by conducting constant strain-rate tensile tests. Deformation is found to be controlled by a combination of grain deformation and grain boundary processes. Even though fine grain size yields mild superplasticity, strain hardening occurs continuously, and leads to the development of defect structure. Thus, flow stress and rate-sensitivity for large plastic deformation has been found to be dependent on both strain and strain-rate. Metallographic observation of internal cavity formation and growth during deformation is quantified by measurements of density change. Identification of void sites and the void growth kinetics have been considered in conjunction with the flow behavior so that the extent of tensile ductility obtained in these alloys can be understood.
Patient reported outcomes – experiences with implementation in a University Health Care setting

Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) have traditionally been implemented through a manual process of paper and pencil with little standardization throughout a Healthcare System. Each practice has asked patients specific questions to understand the patient’s health as it pertains to their specialty. These data were rarely shared and there has not been a comparison of patient’s health across different specialty domains. We sought to leverage interoperable electronic systems to provide a standardization of PRO assessments across sites of care. University of Utah Health is comprised of four hospitals, 12 community clinics, over 400,000 unique annual patients, and more than 5000 providers. The enterprise wide implementation of PROs started in November of 2015. Patients can complete an assessment at home via email, or within the clinic on a tablet. Each specialty has the opportunity to add additional specialty-specific instruments. We customized the interval with which the patient answers the assessments based on specialty preference in order to minimize patient burden, while maximizing relevant data for clinicians. Barriers and facilitators were identified in three phases: Pre-implementation, Implementation, and Post-implementation. Each phase was further broken down into technical challenges, content inclusion and exclusion, and organizational strategy. These phases are unique and require collaboration between several groups throughout the organization with support from executive leadership. We are deploying system-wide standard and customized PRO collection with the goals of providing better patient care, improving physician-patient communication, and ultimately improving the value of the care given. Standardized assessment provides any clinician with information to quickly evaluate the overall, physical and mental health of a patient. This information is available real time to aid in patient communication for the clinician.
Considering Plasma Insulin Concentrations in Adaptive Model Predictive Control for Artificial Pancreas Systems

Adaptive and personalized model predictive control (MPC) algorithms that explicitly consider insulin dosing constraints are necessary to prevent overdose-induced hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes. A personalized plasma insulin concentration (PIC) estimator is integrated with adaptive models to characterize the temporal dynamics of PIC and blood glucose concentration (BGC). The dynamic profile trajectories of the PIC and BGC are used to adapt the control problems and constraints on-line to accurately reflect the concurrent metabolic state of the individuals and improve glucose regulation. The adaptive MPC algorithm, explicitly considering the PIC in the insulin dose computations, is demonstrated to effectively control BGC without any manual user input on meal information while avoiding excessive insulin administration that can cause hypoglycemia. Simulation results demonstrate the ability of the proposed approach with an average 71.14 % of time spent in the target range (BGC ϵ [70, 180]mg/dL).
Utilitarian Judgments and an Intuitive Moral System: Can John Mikhail’s Model Accommodate Autism and Social Emotion?

In the attempt to understand moral knowledge, a framework of “universal moral grammar” (“UMG”) has gained traction. Instead of relying on justifications provided after moral judgments, or claiming that our moral judgments are determined by reason, emotion, or some combination of the two, UMG seeks to explain moral cognition by modeling our intuitive judgments in moral scenarios. John Mikhail proposes a model of how our mind computes structural descriptions. In this paper, I will outline the justifications for his system, and then review how his system would work in practice. I will then focus on how Mikhail’s model can account for the discrepancy between autistic and non-autistic individuals’ performance in the same types of experiments. Finally, after considering the similarity between the moral judgments of autistics and the judgments of people with damage to their prefrontal cortex, I will investigate possible deficiencies in Mikhail’s model, and briefly conclude with suggestions for further research.