cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
USARSim: Simulation for the Study of Human-Robot Interaction:

The PackBots being used by the U.S. military in Afghanistan and the urban search and rescue (USAR) robots that worked the World Trade Center site are just two recent examples of mobile robots moving from the laboratory to the field. What is significant about these new applications is that they invariably involve some form of human-robot interaction (HRI) rather than the full robot autonomy that has motivated most prior research. Conducting HRI research can be extremely difficult because experimentation with physical robots is expensive and time consuming. Few roboticists have experience or interest in conducting human experimentation, and researchers in human factors or human-computer interaction often lack experience in programming robots or access to robotic platforms. In this paper, we describe a high-fidelity, open-source simulation intended for HRI researchers of varying backgrounds and provide reference tasks and environments to facilitate collaboration in order to share the results. The architectur...
Earlier diagnosis of second primary melanoma confirms the benefits of patient education and routine postoperative follow-up

BACKGROUND Rising health care costs have caused providers to question the benefit of regular follow-up after treatment for patients with early stage cutaneous melanoma. The authors hypothesized that routine reassessment and careful education of these patients would facilitate earlier diagnosis of a subsequent second primary melanoma, as reflected by reduced thickness of that lesion. METHODS A prospective melanoma data base was used to identify patients who developed a second primary melanoma after treatment for American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Stage I or II cutaneous melanoma. After excision of the initial primary melanoma, all patients underwent routine biannual follow-up for new primary lesions. Follow-up consisted of a questionnaire and a complete skin examination by a physician. In addition, patients were regularly educated regarding the increased risk of developing a second melanoma. A paired t test was used to examine AJCC stage, thickness, and level of invasion of the initial melanoma compared with the second primary melanoma. RESULTS Of 3310 patients with AJCC Stage I or II melanoma, 114 patients (3.4%) developed a second primary melanoma. AJCC staging of both first and second melanomas was available in 82 patients (72%). When the AJCC stages of first and second melanomas were compared, 39 of 82 patients (48%) had lower stage second primary lesions, and 41 (50%) had same-stage second primary lesions. The mean tumor thickness was 1.32 ± 1.02 mm for the initial melanoma, decreasing to 0.63 ± 0.52 mm for the second melanoma; in fact, tumor thickness increased in only 4 of 51 patients (8%) whose records contained data for both first and second melanomas. Similarly, the level of invasion decreased in 60% of patients, remained the same in 27% of patients, and increased in only 13% of patients. By paired t test, the differences in AJCC stage, tumor thickness, and level of invasion between first and second melanomas were each highly significant (P = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS In this study, the second primary melanoma in patients with a prior cutaneous melanoma was significantly thinner than the initial primary lesion. This is evidence that careful follow-up and patient education allow earlier diagnosis. All patients diagnosed with cutaneous melanoma should be counseled regarding the risks of second melanoma and should undergo lifelong follow-up at biannual intervals. Cancer 2001;91:1520–4. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
Temperature Effect on Pyrene as a Polarity Probe for Supercritical Fluid and Liquid Solutions

The effect of temperature on the fluorescence spectrum of pyrene in supercritical and liquid carbon dioxide and liquid organic solvents is systematically studied. The Py parameter (intensity ratio of vibronic bands 1 and 3) is found to increase with the density of supercritical carbon dioxide in the range from 0.54 to 0.75 g/cm3. This observation is consistent with the fact that dispersion forces, which represent the major interaction between pyrene and carbon dioxide, depend inversely on the sixth power of distance. However, the Py parameter of both supercritical and liquid carbon dioxide is also found to decrease with temperature at constant density, which is not consistent with expectations for dispersion forces. Carbon dioxide, which is generally regarded as a nonpolar solvent, shows a temperature effect comparable to that for polar liquid solvents. The origin of this temperature effect is examined in this study by computer simulation using both semiempirical molecular orbital and molecular mechanics methods. On the basis of these simulations, a strong electrostatic attraction arises between pyrene and carbon dioxide which is similar in magnitude to that with polar solvents. The temperature dependence of the Py parameter can be qualitatively explained by these simulation results.
Multi-frequency sawtooth modulation of a power-compensation differential scanning calorimeter

Abstract In this paper experiments with temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry (TMDSC) are described in which the modulation consists of multiple, superimposed frequencies. The harmonics of the Fourier series of the measured heat-flow rate and temperature are deconvoluted to extract data pertaining to the different frequencies. In order to derive 1st, 3rd, 5th, and 7th harmonics of similar amplitudes, a complex, but simple-to-program sawtooth is generated. In TMDSC with sawtooth modulation with a period of less than about 150 s, a correction by extrapolation to zero frequency is necessary. It is shown that the extrapolation of the heat capacity calculated from the amplitudes of the first and higher harmonics of the Fourier-transforms of heat-flow rate and the sample temperature permits this evaluation of the heat capacity from a single experiment. The method is tested on a power-compensation type TMDSC with temperature control close to the calorimeter heater. The time constant for the response of the calorimeters is less than 30 s ( τ s rad −1 ). Instabilities of the calorimeter response are removed by smoothing.
Structure-Guided Recombination Creates an Artificial Family of Cytochromes P450

Creating artificial protein families affords new opportunities to explore the determinants of structure and biological function free from many of the constraints of natural selection. We have created an artificial family comprising 3,000 P450 heme proteins that correctly fold and incorporate a heme cofactor by recombining three cytochromes P450 at seven crossover locations chosen to minimize structural disruption. Members of this protein family differ from any known sequence at an average of 72 and by as many as 109 amino acids. Most (>73%) of the properly folded chimeric P450 heme proteins are catalytically active peroxygenases; some are more thermostable than the parent proteins. A multiple sequence alignment of 955 chimeras, including both folded and not, is a valuable resource for sequence-structure-function studies. Logistic regression analysis of the multiple sequence alignment identifies key structural contributions to cytochrome P450 heme incorporation and peroxygenase activity and suggests possible structural differences between parents CYP102A1 and CYP102A2.
Direction-finding performance of a wide-aperture sampling linear array

The statistical performance of a 225m sampling linear array in h.f. direction finding is presented. Several methods of processing the sampled data are employed to investigate various aspects of system performance. The equivalence of time and space sampling in reducing the variance in the estimated direction of arrival is deduced from the results.
Analogical Scaffolding and the Learning of Abstract Ideas in Physics: Empirical Studies.

Previously, we proposed a model of student reasoning which combines the roles of representation, analogy, and layering of meaning---analogical scaffolding [Podolefsky and Finkelstein, Phys. Rev. ST Phys. Educ. Res. 3, 010109 (2007)]. The present empirical studies build on this model to examine its utility and demonstrate the vital intertwining of representation, analogy, and conceptual learning in physics. In two studies of student reasoning using analogy, we show that representations couple to students' existing prior knowledge and also lead to the dynamic formation of new knowledge. Students presented with abstract, concrete, or blended (both abstract and concrete) representations produced markedly different response patterns. In the first study, using analogies to scaffold understanding of electromagnetic (EM) waves, students in the blend group were more likely to reason productively about EM waves than students in the abstract group by as much as a factor of 3 (73% vs 24% correct, $p=0.002$). In the second study, examining representation use within one domain (sound waves), the blend group was more likely to reason productively about sound waves than the abstract group by as much as a factor of 2 (48% vs 23% correct, $p=0.002$). Using the analogical scaffolding model we examine when and why students succeed and fail to use analogies and interpret representations appropriately.
Method for improving the accuracy of quantitative cerebral perfusion imaging.

Purpose To improve the accuracy of dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) measurements of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and volume (CBV). Materials and Methods In eight volunteers, steady-state CBV (CBVSS) was measured using TrueFISP readout of inversion recovery (IR) before and after injection of a bolus of contrast. A standard DSC (STD) perfusion measurement was performed by echo-planar imaging (EPI) during passage of the bolus and subsequently used to calculate the CBF (CBFDSC) and CBV (CBVDSC). The ratio of CBVSS to CBVDSC was used to calibrate measurements of CBV and CBF on a subject-by-subject basis. Results Agreement of values of CBV (1.77 ± 0.27 mL/100 g in white matter (WM), 3.65 ± 1.04 mL/100 g in gray matter (GM)), and CBF (23.6 ± 2.4 mL/(100 g min) in WM, 57.3 ± 18.2 mL/(100 g min) in GM) with published gold-standard values shows improvement after calibration. An F-test comparison of the coefficients of variation of the CBV and CBF showed a significant reduction, with calibration, of the variability of CBV in WM (P< 0.001) and GM (P < 0.03), and of CBF in WM (P < 0.0001). Conclusion The addition of a CBVSS measurement to an STD measurement of cerebral perfusion improves the accuracy of CBV and CBF measurements. The method may prove useful for assessing patients suffering from acute stroke. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;21:512–519. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Gene–environment processes in task persistence

Task persistence is a construct that appears to have broad influence on child competence generally, from self regulation in carrying out tasks, to cognitive performance. In a recent developmental study of task persistence, Deater-Deckard and colleagues report that heritability of task persistence increased over time, whereas the contribution from the shared environment decreased during the transition from early to middle childhood. Two explanations for the developmental shift are discussed here: a choice hypothesis and a schooling hypothesis. An important next step lies in documenting gene–environment processes directly via hybrid research models, combining work in molecular biology with longitudinal observations of behavior.
Snow depth required for near steady-state soil temperatures

Abstract The insulating value of snow was determined from 16 winters of measurements of snow depths, air temperatures and 1 cm soil temperatures in a soil frozen at least 5 cm deep. Data were aggregated into 2.5 cm snow depth categories and linear regression equations were calculated for the air temperature versus the 1 cm soil temperature for each 2.5 cm snow depth category. Five methods of analyzing the data were used to estimate the snow depth required for near steady-state soil temperatures. Depths ranging between 15 and 42.5 cm were indicated by the five methods as being necessary. The depth of snow found in this study for an essentially steady-state soil temperature is deeper than that found by the majority of investigators. This is believed to be the result of: (a) the shallower depth of the soil temperature sensor; (b) the larger number of samples that represented a more varied sampling in terms of snow densities; (c) a greater duration of the measurement periods.
Strong gravitational lensing and localization of merging massive black hole binaries with LISA

We study how the angular resolution of the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna for merging massive black-hole binaries would be improved if we observe multiple gravitational wave ``images'' due to strong gravitational lensing. The correlation between fitting parameters is reduced by the additional information of the second image which significantly reduces the error box on the sky. This improvement would be very helpful for identifying the host galaxy of a binary. The angular resolution expected with multiple detectors is also discussed.
Visual remapping in infantile nystagmus

Abstract The possibility that patients with idiopathic infantile nystagmus achieve spatial constancy by visual remapping was investigated by comparing subjective localization of flashed test targets to their absolute position in space and to their absolute position on the retina. Nystagmats first viewed a screen-stationary reference target that was followed by a test flash. A computer used eye movement feedback to precisely control the test flash position on the retina. All six nystagmats detected test flashes throughout their nystagmus cycle. For three nystagmats test flashes (total N = 48) were delivered to the same retinal locus that were, at different times, to the right and left of the reference target. More than two-thirds of such crossover stimuli were correctly located in space: when only those stimuli at least 0.5 deg from the reference were considered, two of three subjects correctly located all stimuli. Taken together these results argue that our subjects could see throughout the nystagmus cycle and shifted their visual map in synchrony with their nystagmus as an explicit means of avoiding oscillopsia.
Reconstruction of plantar heel defect using reinnervated, skin-grafted flexor digitorum brevis flap

Two cases with extensive plantar avulsion injuries had their heel defects resurfaced initially with full thickness skin grafts. Two months later, reinnervation presented in areas of grafted skin innervated by medial and lateral plantar nerves. No reinnervation was found in the plantar heel region originally innervated by the medial calcaneal nerve. Heel ulceration in the non-sensate, grafted skin occurred in the first case. Reinnervated, skin-grafted flexor digitorum brevis muscle flaps were then used for reconstructing the non-sensate plantar heels. There was no breakdown of skin during the follow-up period of 8 months and 6 months respectively. This method provides sensate and durable cover for extensive plantar heel defects.
Differences in Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Vancomycin‐Resistant Enterococci According to Linezolid Susceptibility

Study Objective. To evaluate the differences in clinical outcomes in patients with linezolid-intermediate or -resistant vancomycin-resistant enterococci (LIRVRE) isolates, as defined by the presence of the G2576T mutation, compared with patients who had linezolid-susceptible VRE (LSVRE) isolates in order to further discern the clinical relevance of linezolid resistance associated with this mutation. Design. Retrospective cohort study. Setting. Large tertiary care academic medical center. Patients. Eighteen adults (mean age 55.4 yrs) with LIRVRE (case patients) who were frequency matched to 54 adults (mean age 58.1 yrs) with LSVRE (control patients) in a 1:3 ratio based on site of culture and VRE species. Measurements and Main Results. Linezolid resistance was determined by phenotype and genotype (G2576T mutation by polymerase chain reaction). Patients with LIRVRE received more linezolid before isolation of the organism than did those with LSVRE (mean 8.6 vs 0.2 days, p<0.001). No difference in mortality was found; however, compared with controls, patients with LIRVRE were more likely to be transferred to the intensive care unit (56% vs 28%, p=0.032), had more surgical procedures for VRE (39% vs 15%, p=0.029), and had more echocardiograms performed (44% vs 19%, p=0.028) as a result of their VRE. Multivariate analysis revealed that surviving case patients had an increased duration of culture positivity of approximately 1.5 days (p=0.049) and a near statistically significant increase of postculture length of stay of approximately 2 days (p=0.053). Conclusion. The clinical relevance of the G2576T mutation among enterococci remains unclear; however, the increased morbidity and resource utilization among patients with LIRVRE is a finding of concern. Careful monitoring of genotypically confirmed LIRVRE emergence and ongoing epidemiologic studies will be critical to better characterize the clinical relevance of linezolid resistance.
Cross-talk between Insulin Receptor and Integrin α5β1 Signaling Pathways

The ligation and clustering of cell surface αβ heterodimeric integrins enhances cell adhesion and initiates signaling pathways that regulate such processes as cell spreading, migration, differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. Here we show that insulin treatment of Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing insulin receptors (CHO-T) markedly promotes cell adhesion onto a fibronectin matrix, but not onto bovine serum albumin or poly-lysine. Incubation of cells with a GRGDSP peptide that specifically binds integrins (but not the nonspecific GRADSP peptide) abolishes this insulin effect, as does the potent phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) inhibitor wortmannin. Moreover, a specific blocking monoclonal anti-α5β1 integrin antibody, PB-1, blocks insulin-stimulated cell adhesion onto fibronectin. Conversely, activating α5β1 integrins on CHO-T cells by adherence onto fibronectin markedly potentiates the action of insulin to enhance insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 tyrosine phosphorylation. Activation of α5β1 integrin also markedly potentiates the recruitment of p85-associated PI 3-kinase activity to IRS-1 in response to submaximal levels of insulin in CHO-T cells. These data indicate that insulin potently activates integrin α5β1 mediated CHO-T cell adhesion, while integrin α5β1 signaling in turn enhances insulin receptor kinase activity and formation of complexes containing IRS-1 and PI 3-kinase. These findings raise the hypothesis that insulin receptor and α5β1 integrin signaling act synergistically to enhance cell adhesion.
Identification of a rating of perceived exertion-based warning zone to anticipate graded treadmill test termination.

The purpose of this investigation was to identify a perceptually based warning zone to anticipate termination of Bruce treadmill tests. Apparently healthy adult women (n = 116) and men (n = 55) participated. The time to test termination was measured from the point during the treadmill test at which participants estimated a rating of perceived exertion of 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17 using the Borg 6–20 scale to specify the rating of perceived exertion which was less than or equal to one exercise test stage. Women exercised for 141.9 ± 99.2 sec. after reporting a rating of perceived exertion of 14. Men terminated the treadmill test 120.1 ± 80.0 sec. after estimating their rating of perceived exertion to be 15, indicating volitional test termination will occur before the next exercise stage is completed. Accurate and timely prediction of test termination using ratings of perceived exertion may enhance the safety of exercise tests administered to apparently healthy adults and facilitate obtaining endpoint meas...
Convergent evolution of levee building behavior among distantly related ant species in a floodplain ant assemblage

Flooding impacts ground nesting ant colonies by destroying the infrastructure housing and organizing societal function. Here, we report the convergent evolution in distantly related ant species of a behavioral trait that minimizes costs of flooding: the construction of earthen levees around nest entrances. In a South American floodplain ecosystem, we observed five ant species constructing prominent earthen berms encircling nest entrances shortly after large rainfall events. In four of these species, experimental flooding of nests demonstrated that earthen berms sufficed to prevent floodwaters from entering the below ground portions of the nest. Additional manipulations revealed that levee breaching caused, pronounced, and extended reductions in food collection for two distantly related species. Foraging was preempted by the allocation of workers to repair the internal structure of the nest. These findings represent convergent evolution of a functionally important nest construction behavior in response to comparable selective forces.
Effects of heparin and steroids on hyperacutely rejected renal xenografts.

Abstract Heparin and steroid-treated recipients of pig-to-dog renal transplants were compared with untreated animals. Renal blood flow, platelet counts, fibrinogen levels and euglobulin lysis times were measured. Heparin improved the initial blood flow through the kidney but did not otherwise influence the ultimate fate of the transplant. Steroid therapy reduced the degree of coagulation and fibrinolysis which occurred within the hyperacutely rejected kidney; but a pig kidney transplanted to a dog pretreated with steroids was rejected as violently as in the other two groups of animals. Striking reductions in platelet counts were found in the renal vein effluent of all pig kidneys transplanted to dogs; irrespective of the pretreatment. These data support the view that cellular aggregates produced by antigen-antibody-complement complexes plug the cortical renal vessels and are responsible for the rapid rejection reaction.
Analogy between data networks and electric networks

It is shown that two fundamental laws, Ohm's law in electric circuits and Little's theorem for queueing systems, are highly analogous. For both single nodes and networks, there is a striking equivalence between the two laws that facilitates the teaching and understanding of the related concepts of current flow in a resistor network and data flow in a communication network.
Structure of the Rat Inhibin and Activin βA-Subunit Gene and Regulation in an Ovarian Granulosa Cell Line1

We have isolated the rat inhibin and activin βA-subunit gene, which is composed of three exons, and have characterized a 571-bp region upstream from the transcriptional start site that functions as a promoter in transient transfection studies in an ovarian granulosa cell line, GRMO2. Deletion analysis of the 571-bp promoter region has identified DNA sequences between −362 bp and −110 bp to be essential in mediating basal promoter activity and activation by forskolin (FSK) and/or 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Within this region, a variant CRE (cAMP response element) has been identified at −120 bp. Point mutations in the variant CRE substantially reduce the ability of FSK and/or TPA to induce promoter activity in GRMO2 cells. A single nucleotide change in the variant CRE, which converts it to a consensus CRE, does not enhance promoter activity in response to FSK and/or TPA, but rather reduces promoter activity to the same extent as the other inactivating mutation in the variant CRE, suggesting...
Case rethinking: a protocol for reviewing criminal investigations

Mistakes in decision-making have been identified as the most common type of error in police investigations. Consequently, wrongful convictions and other types of criminal investigative failure may require a complete case ‘rethinking,’ particularly when new evidence disrupts the existing theory. A rush to judgment resulting in a premature shift from an evidence-based to a suspect-based investigation can produce a number of problematic thinking errors. Faulty assumptions, tunnel vision, groupthink, and other cognitive biases and organizational traps hinder evidentiary interpretation and evaluation. This article outlines a protocol for reviewing evidence and rethinking a wrongful conviction or unsolved crime when the existing investigative theory appears to be incorrect. The protocol involves four stages: (1) evidence; (2) interpretation; (3) patterns; and (4) analysis.
Political (In)Justice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina

Political (In)Justice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina. By Anthony W. Pereira. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005. 280p. $27.95. Pereira's new book is a fascinating comparison of the legal systems of the military dictatorships in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina. It focuses on the concept of “authoritarian legality,” which at first seems to be an oxymoron. As the book unfolds, however, and the differences among the regimes' legal strategies become clear, the usefulness of the concept becomes apparent. This book highlights the importance of the legal dimension of authoritarian regimes, thereby providing important new insights into the nature of both authoritarianism and judicial systems. A broadly comparative chapter also extends the argument to Nazi Germany, Franco's Spain, Salazar's Portugal, and the United States after 9/11.
Active control of a tall structure excited by wind

Abstract A control strategy is developed for application to a flexible laboratory structure excited by simulated wind forces for the purpose of minimizing along-wind accelerations. Static and dynamic characteristics of the structure are identified through a modal analysis method that formulates a linear model of the system. Actual wind speed data is used to produce a simulated wind loading by means of drag forces. An LQG/LTR control strategy based on acceleration feedback is used in conjunction with a magnetorheological (MR) damper to reduce structural response. When a strong wind loading is applied to the structure, the control force notably reduces simulated peak floor accelerations.
An Effective Model for Continuing Education Training in Evidence-Based Practice.

This study utilized a replicated one-group pretest-posttest design with 3 month follow-up to evaluate the impact of a one-day continuing education training on the evidence-based practice (EBP) process with community practitioners (N = 69). Outcome measures assessed the level of workshop participants’ familiarity with the EBP process, their attitudes toward the EBP process, their perceived feasibility of the EBP process, their intentions to engage in the EBP process, their self-reported engagement in the EBP process, and their knowledge about the EBP process. The results supported the effectiveness of this EBP training model, as there was significant change and moderate to strong effect sizes for each of the dependent variables over time in the desired direction.
Structural basis for androgen specificity and oestrogen synthesis in human aromatase

Aromatase cytochrome P450 is the only enzyme in vertebrates known to catalyse the biosynthesis of all oestrogens from androgens. Aromatase inhibitors therefore constitute a frontline therapy for oestrogen-dependent breast cancer. In a three-step process, each step requiring 1 mol of O(2), 1 mol of NADPH, and coupling with its redox partner cytochrome P450 reductase, aromatase converts androstenedione, testosterone and 16alpha-hydroxytestosterone to oestrone, 17beta-oestradiol and 17beta,16alpha-oestriol, respectively. The first two steps are C19-methyl hydroxylation steps, and the third involves the aromatization of the steroid A-ring, unique to aromatase. Whereas most P450s are not highly substrate selective, it is the hallmark androgenic specificity that sets aromatase apart. The structure of this enzyme of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane has remained unknown for decades, hindering elucidation of the biochemical mechanism. Here we present the crystal structure of human placental aromatase, the only natural mammalian, full-length P450 and P450 in hormone biosynthetic pathways to be crystallized so far. Unlike the active sites of many microsomal P450s that metabolize drugs and xenobiotics, aromatase has an androgen-specific cleft that binds the androstenedione molecule snugly. Hydrophobic and polar residues exquisitely complement the steroid backbone. The locations of catalytically important residues shed light on the reaction mechanism. The relative juxtaposition of the hydrophobic amino-terminal region and the opening to the catalytic cleft shows why membrane anchoring is necessary for the lipophilic substrates to gain access to the active site. The molecular basis for the enzyme's androgenic specificity and unique catalytic mechanism can be used for developing next-generation aromatase inhibitors.
The Bagel approach in the nuclear shell model

Abstract A technique is proposed, which yields a systematic extension of the space explicitly considered in a nuclear shell-model calculation. This scheme can be used to account for the effects of 2jω, 4ħω and higher excitations, which cannot be included in a shell-model configuration mixing calculation. To test the efficiency of this method, it is applied to a semi-realistic model for the sd-shell nucleus 20Ne. A comparison with the exact results for this model demonstrates that a very good agreement can be obtained already in the lowest order approximation of this scheme. A fast convergence is obtained even for such choices for the parameters of the hamiltonian, for which the conventional techniques to renormalize the two-body interaction between valence nucleons completely fail.
Social acceptance of water reuse

Abstract Recycling of waste water presents one of the main options to the water supply planner. Public attitudes against recycled water, however, are seen to be a major inhibitor of its use. Research during the 1960s and 1970s indicated that acceptance of recycled water varied according to potential use—from about 50 per cent acceptance for potable water to almost 100 per cent for irrigation and industrial cooling. Initial acceptance is shown to depend mainly upon cognitive factors, including the awareness of the public about water supply, distribution and treatment, the perception of the adequacy of existing supplies, and income. Peripheral factors such as age, political affiliation and attitudes to local government are also related to acceptance, but neither price nor psychological factors influence the level of acceptance. It is concluded that public acceptance of waste-water reuse is not a formidable obstacle to its adoption, but that a greater constraint is the pessimistic perception by planners of consumer attitudes.
Social cognitive theory correlates of moderate-intensity exercise among adults with type 2 diabetes

The purpose of this study was to identify social cognitive theory (SCT) correlates of moderate- to vigorous-intensity exercise (MVPA) among adults with type 2 diabetes. Adults with type 2 diabetes (N = 181) participated in the study. Participants were recruited through ResearchMatch.org to complete an online survey. The survey used previously validated instruments to measure dimensions of self-efficacy, self-regulation, social support, outcome expectations, the physical environment, and minutes of MVPA per week. Spearman Rank Correlations were used to determine the relationship between SCT variables and MVPA. Classification and Regression Analysis using a decision tree model was used to determine the amount of variance in MVPA explained by SCT variables. Due to low levels of vigorous activity, only moderate-intensity exercise (MIE) was analyzed. SCT variables explained 42.4% of the variance in MIE. Self-monitoring, social support from family, social support from friends, and self-evaluative outcome expect...
The behavior of trace gases in the troposphere

Abstract Several man-made trace gases, accumulating in the Earth's atmosphere, may lead to a global warming in the future or may cause a depletion of stratospheric ozone. Although increased amounts of individual trace gases may add little to the Earth's natural greenhouse effect, together they may rival the effects expected from the increasing levels of CO 2 . The primarily natural trace gases, N 2 O and CH 4 , now increasing because of human activities, are likely to add to the Earth's greenhouse effect, and among the man-made halocarbons, CCl 3 F (F-11) and CCl 2 F 2 (F-12) are expected to be the most important contributors to the future warming of the Earth. The increase of CH 4 may also affect the characteristics of the atmosphere by increasing ozone levels in the troposphere and stratosphere. We will discuss the record of the concentrations of anthropogenic trace gases that reveals increasing trends of CCl 3 F, CCl 2 F 2 , CCl 4 , CH 3 CCl 3 , and other man-made halocarbons. Some man-made halocarbons, although they exist individually at concentrations too low to affect the environment significantly, may be used as intrinsic tracers of local, regional, and even global transport of air pollution. Recent research on the global production, removal, and transport of both man-made and natural trace gases are reviewed.
Aiming at Happiness: How Motivation Affects Attention to and Memory for Emotional Images

Socioemotional Selectivity Theory (Carstensen, L. L., Isaacowitz, D. M., & Charles, S. T. (1999). American Psychologist, 54, 155–181) posits that older adults, and anyone else who perceives their time as limited, show a motivational shift toward emotion regulation which causes them to exhibit a positivity bias and negativity avoidance in attention and memory. We tested whether such a motivational shift can indeed cause changes in emotional processing by manipulating motivation in a sample of young adults. After the manipulation, participants looked at real-world images while their eye movements were tracked. It was found that participants motivated to regulate emotion attended less to negative than positive images and showed less looking time to all stimulus types compared to the other two conditions. No evidence was found linking the motivational manipulation to emotional memory.
A New Europe

The widespread outrage and contempt, which many European citizens, old and young, expressed this past spring in their protests against the U.S. invasion of Iraq, are the background for my examination of the new Europe that has evolved since the fall of the Berlin Wall. The technological gap between U.S. military might and that of all other states has become obvious; the ideological shift, and the current chasm that has opened up between the New and the Old World, is more difficult to interpret. Some commentators, including the German Chancellor, have spoken of the “return of the political” (Ruckkehr des Politischen ). The phrase resonates with understated European irony vis-a-vis the more ambitious millennial theses heard in the U.S. since 1989, from the “end of history” (Fukuyama) and the “clash of civilizations” (Huntington) to “Americans are from Mars and Europeans are from Venus” (Robert Kagan).
Decomposition products of N, N'-disalicylidene-1,2-propanediamine adsorbed on 304 stainless steel

Abstract The compound, N,N′-disalicylidene-1,2-propanediamine, is commonly added to jet fuels to counteract the catalysis of thermally induced autoxidation by certain dissolved metals. The behavior of the metal deactivator additive (MDA) in thermally stressed jet fuel has raised questions on whether it decomposes after coming into contact with hot metal surfaces within the aircraft fuel system. Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) was performed to detect decomposition products of MDA on the 304SS surface. A method of scanning a relatively large mass range during desorption was developed to acquire 3-dimensional contour TPD (CTPD) plots of adsorbed species on the surface. Compounds with molecular masses of 107, 133, 232 and 290 were detected and their structures proposed. Conventional TPD spectra of selected molecular masses were then taken as a function of exposure. Mechanistic pathways for decomposition of MDA and formation of new compounds on the surfaces are proposed.
FETAL MANIPULATION FOR MANAGEMENT OF SHOULDER DYSTOCIA

Many authors assert that there is essentially nothing that can be done to better manage shoulder dystocia. They will point to injuries that have been proven to occur spontaneously and to a stable or even rising injury rate over the last decade and claim: that the risk of injury cannot be reducedthat no manoeuvre has been proven superior to another or guaranteed to work in all circumstancesthat the choice and sequence of specific shoulder dystocia manoeuvres beyond McRoberts' should be left to the discretion of the birth attendantthat the predominant concern during shoulder dystocia is its expedient resolution, by whatever means necessary, to avoid central nervous system damage or even death.
ALPHABET LETTERS AS TOKENS: TRAINING PRESCHOOL CHILDREN IN LETTER RECOGNITION AND LABELLING DURING A TOKEN EXCHANGE PERIOD1

In token economies, we typically consider the instructional opportunities available during the periods of token delivery, but may overlook educational opportunities available at the time of token exchange. The present studies examined the use of labelled tokens and routines in the token exchange period to teach alphabet letter recognition to economically disadvantaged preschool children. The children earned points for a variety of academic behaviors in an early morning classroom setting. At no time were alphabet letters introduced or taught during class. Later, during a midmorning token exchange period, operated according to a department store model, the children were given their points in the form of poker chips inscribed with upper-case alphabet letters. They were required to discriminate among these lettered chips before exchanging them for backup reinforcers sold in four or five stores. To assess alphabet letter knowledge, probe evaluations were periodically conducted in which questions requiring alphabet letter recognition and labelling were asked. The answers to these questions were not reinforced. Alphabet letter training during token exchange periods consisted of having a child display the lettered chips, whereupon a teacher asked a number of recognition-type questions. Wrong answers were corrected, and correct answers praised. The child was allowed to exchange the tokens when the number required for a purchase had been recognized correctly. The periodic probe evaluations revealed consistent increases in correct alphabet letter recognition and, as a byproduct, alphabet labelling was facilitated, even though not explicitly trained. Thus, once the letters were recognized, correct labelling shortly followed. The sequential training of new sets of letters was used to demonstrate experimental control within subjects for two children. A control for exposure to the letters was provided by using the labelled tokens, but requiring the counting of chips rather than letter discrimination in the exchange period for two other children. This procedure produced chance levels of letter recognition, which were subsequently improved when the discrimination procedure was added. Posttraining probes, conducted at one and three weeks after training when the labelled tokens and discrimination routines were no longer in use, revealed the same high levels of recognition and labelling performance found during training. Thus, it appears that labelled tokens may be used to teach discriminations during token exchange periods so long as responses are differentiated on the basis of relevant dimensions of the stimuli.
A late quaternary stratigraphy for DSDP Site 480, Gulf of California

Abstract The Coscinodiscus nodulifer A. Schmidt size-change stratigraphy is applied to the upper 17 cores (86 m) of DSDP Site 480 and the upper six cores (50 m) of Site 479, both from the Guaymas Basin slope, Gulf of California. This stratigraphy locates Oxygen Isotope Stage 2 (18,000 yrs BP) in Core 4, Section 1, Site 480, and Core 3, Section 2, Site 479, and the Stage 3 2 boundary (24,000 yrs BP) in Core 5, Sections 1–2, Site 480.
Differentiation of the electrocardiographic changes produced in the dog by prolonged temporary occlusion of a coronary artery from those produced by postoperative pericarditis

Abstract 1. 1. A method is presented by which the electrocardiographic changes due to experimental coronary occlusion may be differentiated from those caused by the associated postoperative pericarditis. 2. 2. It is shown that the changes in the final ventricular deflections which are due to experimental, temporary, coronary occlusions of fifty minutes, or less, vanish completely within thirty minutes after cessation of occlusion, and that the changes which appear on and after the first postoperative day are caused by local postoperative pericarditis. 3. 3. Other factors being equal, the duration of the electrocardiographic changes which immediately follow cessation of occlusions of fifty minutes, or less, is directly proportional to the duration of the occlusion. 4. 4. There are no differences in the magnitude or in the kind of electrocardiographic changes which are produced by acute local ventricular ischemia and injury, on the one hand, and by local postoperative pericarditis, on the other. The former occur during, and for a brief time after, temporary occlusion. For the most part, the latter occur on and after the first postoperative day. The site of generation of the electrical effects which account for the two etiologically different groups of changes is different, i.e., the electrical effects associated with occlusion are generated in the muscle ordinarily irrigated by the occluded artery, whereas those associated with postoperative pericarditis are generated by the muscle adjacent to the local epicarditis which results primarily from the trauma of dissection of the coronary artery and from the trauma caused by the sutures which are used to close the pericardial sac. 5. 5. These observations differ decidedly from those of others, 8–10 . We ascribe the differences to the use, by others, of extremity leads only. It is important not to rely entirely upon extremity leads for an evaluation of the electrocardiographic changes which occur in association with animal experimentation.
Supporting Elementary School Computer Science Learning with Interactive Spoken Dialogue Agents

To meet the demand for young students learning computer science, computer science curricula for students in elementary school (ages 5-11) are emerging. With those curricula comes the question, how do we gauge young students' computer science knowledge and practices? This question presents many challenges, in part because no validated assessments exist for computer science in elementary school; written assessments are often not appropriate for this age group; and one-on-one assessment with teachers, a common practice for very young learners, presents challenges with respect to scalability and teacher preparation. To address these challenges, I propose to build an animated spoken dialogue agent that uses embedded assessment techniques to gather information on students' knowledge and practices. The data collected through this agent will help us understand how young children learn computer science, lead us to refine computer science curricula for young learners, and inform the development of adaptive individualized support for these students.
Olympian weather forecasting

A unique public-private partnership will provide detailed weather information at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Utah, 8–24 February About 50 meteorologists with the National Weather Service (NWS) and several private groups will work in the background to provide accurate forecasts. This is the first time that U.S. government and private meteorologists will share forecasting responsibilities for the Olympics, according to the Salt Lake Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games. The partnership includes meteorologists with the University of Utah and KSL-TV in Salt Lake City.
Improved testing system for thermomechanical experiments on polymers using uniaxial compression equipment

Abstract This paper presents an improved testing system for isothermal and thermal-cycling experiments of polymers in compression. Due to the low thermal conductivity of polymers and the high thermal mass of commercially available compression platens, significant problems arise; large differences between the prescribed and polymer temperature, temperature variation through the sample and a slow temperature response are observed. Here, in experiments performed on an acrylic network polymer, the largest temperature difference between the core of the cylindrical compression samples (10 mm diameter/height) and the prescribed air temperature reaches 20.7 °C and 64.8 °C when respective cooling/heating rates of 1 °C/min and 10 °C/min are used. Based on the analysis of the existing system, an improved compression platen design for thermal management that provides a faster temperature response and a more uniform sample temperature distribution is proposed. The peak temperature difference was reduced to 4.5 °C at a cooling/heating rate of 10 °C/min using the improved testing system.
Cléo de 5 à 7

Cleo de 5 a 7 STEVEN UNGAR Basingstoke and New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008 96 pp., illus., notes, credits, $14.95 (paper) Steven Ungar's comprehensive monograph is devoted to Agnes Varda's Cleo ...
The sensitivity of the selectivity to transport parameters in batch heterogeneous chemical reaction systems

Abstract The vector integro-differential equation d d t (X - X*) = p exp (−pτ)KT(−D−1/2 K√) x (X(t-τ)-X*) dτ where T(x) = exp (x2) erfe (x), accounts for transport-transformation interactions in mulitcomponent suspended particle systems and represents the operation of batch processes. Its solution is given for general values of the parameters p, D and K using the method of matrix partial fraction expansions. The approximatic d d t (X0-X*) = K(I-p−1/2D)−1K(X0-X*) is investigated and shown to give useful estimates of the sensitivity of the selectivity of a chemical network to the parameters controlling transport conditions in sluny systems. Predictions for two chemical networks are given. If , we show that the paths arising in the small p (diffusion controlled) and large p (chemically controlled) modes of operation bound a large fraction of the state space and thereby reflect a highly mixing- sensitive selectivity. If 4 ⇌ 1, 2 ⇌s 3 and if components 2 and 3 are dilute, we show that via diffusive interactions the secondary step can either accelerate or inhibit the primary step.
Digital broadband linearization of analog optical links

We present a digital post-processing linearization technique to suppress dynamic distortions added to a wideband signal in an analog optical link. We demonstrate record spurious-free dynamic range of 120 dB.Hz⅔ over 6-GHz electrical signal bandwidth.