cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Study of the Surface Tension of Charge‐Stabilized Colloidal Dispersions

Our measurements of the surface tension of charge-stabilized TiO 2 and SiO 2 dispersions show that the surface tension of the dispersions is a function of the particle concentration. At lower concentrations, the adsorption of particles to the interface decreases the total free energy of the system which causes a decrease in the surface tension. At higher particle concentrations, the attractive capillary forces between particles at the surface increases the amount of work it takes to deform the surface, which increases the surface tension. Compared with the surface tension of TiO 2 dispersions, the decrease of the surface tension of SiO 2 dispersions is slightly less and the minimum surface tension occurs at a higher particle concentration. The reason is believed to be the larger particle size of the SiO 2 particles.
Subclavian Steal Syndrome with Occluded Aberrant Right Subclavian Artery—A Case Report

A forty-five-year-old man with significant right upper limb claudication on exertion and associated episodes of dizziness is presented. The patient was found to have occlusion of an aberrant right subclavian artery with a right subclavian steal syndrome. The vascular reconstructive alternatives are discussed in view of this unusual anatomy.
Live TIRF microscopy at 100nm resolution through structured illumination

Linear Structured Illumination is a powerful technique for increasing the resolution of a fluorescence microscope by a factor of two beyond the diffraction limit. Previously this technique has only been used to image fixed samples because the implementation, using a mechanically rotated fused silica grating, was too slow. Here we describe a microscope design, using a ferroelectric spatial light modulator to structure the illumination light, capable of linear structured illumination at frame rates up to 11Hz. We show live imaging of GFP labeled Tubulin and Kinesin in Drosophila S2 cells.
Hepatic and extrahepatic splanchnic glucose metabolism in the postabsorptive and glucose fed dog

Abstract In awake dogs we measured the glucose balance across the liver and extrahepatic splanchnic tissues in the postabsorptive state and during two hours of IV infusion of glucose or for three hours following ingestion of oral glucose and during four hours of sequential intraportal followed by oral glucose. The IV glucose infusion rate was adjusted to maintain a steady state glucose concentration of either euglycemic levels (insulin clamp, group 1, N = 4), 125 mg 100 mL above the postabsorptive glucose concentration (+125 mg glucose clamp, group 2, N = 3) or 200 mg 100 mL above basal glucose levels (+200 mg glucose clamp, group 3, N = 7). Oral glucose was given at a dose of either 1.5 g/kg (group 4, N = 7) or 2.5 g/kg (group 5, N = 12). In dogs that received IV glucose, basal gut glucose uptake (0.5 ± 0.1 mg/min · kg) was stimulated by hyperglycemia (1.5 ± 0.5 and 1.4 ± 0.1 mg/min · kg for group 2 and 3, respectively, P
Real-time hadron properties at finite temperature from an Euclidean-lattice

Abstract The fact that a two-point function in either real-time or imaginary-time is governed by the same spectral function in the dispersion relation can be exploited to extract real-time information of hadrons from a finite Euclidean lattice. To illustrate how this is done, the Gross-Neveu model in the large N limit is solved both in the Minkowski-continuum at T ≠ 0 and on a finite temporal Euclidean-lattice.
A Conceptual and Scaling Evaluation of the Surface Wetness Effect on Daytime Moisture Convergence along a Surface Cold Front with Differential Cloud Cover

Abstract A conceptual evaluation and scaling of the potential impact of surface wetness on spring/summer midlatitude daytime surface cold front moisture convergence is presented. First, a simplified expression is derived, evaluating the effect of surface wetness on frontal moisture convergence due to a differential cloud-cover-induced thermal gradient perturbation. It indicates that wet surfaces may be conducive to enhanced moisture convergence compared with dry surfaces only for very high values of both the cross-frontal relative wind component and the frontal background vertical velocity. With increased background specific humidity in the warm sector, decreased cross-frontal relative wind speed, and a less stable early morning temperature lapse rate, dry surface conditions are significantly more conducive to enhanced frontal moisture convergence. When the daytime boundary layer thermal destabilization effects on the frontal updraft are considered, generally insignificant modifications of the above patte...
Acoustic Ray-Trace Equations for Seafloor Geodesy

One goal of seafloor geodesy is to measure horizontal deformation of the seafloor with millimeter resolution. A common technique precisely times an acoustic signal propagating between two points to estimate distance and then repeats the measurement over time. The accuracy of the distance estimate depends upon the travel time resolution, sound speed uncertainty, and the degree to which the path computed from propagation equations replicates the actual path traveled by the signal. In this paper, we address the error from ray propagation equations by comparing three approximations to Snell's Law with ellipsoidal geometry.
Effects of signal probability on vibrotactile signal recognition.

Summary.-When signal intensity was set at either 20 or 21 dB SL, 0 was required to report whether the 60-Hz vibration on his fingertip was strong or weak. If trial-by-trial feedback was given, increasing the probability of a strong signal led to an increase in the probability of a "strong" response. The shape of receiver-operating-characteristic curves was consistent with the assumption of the theory of signal detection that performance optimization is accomplished by 0 making an appropriate change in the location of his decision criterion. When 0 was not told the signal probability or given trial-by-trial feedback the proportion of strong responses decreased as signal probability was increased. The performance optimization that occurred when feedback was given was facilirated by also telling 0 the signal probabiliry. When signal-probability information but no feedback is given, performance is likely to be unaffected by changes in signal probability. When detecting the presence of weak signals against a noise background of external or internal origin, 0 tends to optimize his performance for a pal- ., ticular pay-off contingency and signal probability. This finding has constituted much of the empirical basis for the theory of signal detection (see Green & Swets, 1966). In this view it is postulated that the optimizing of performance under changing conditions in the detection situation occurs as a result of 0 adjusting the location of his decision criterion along a decision axis. For example, the finding that increased signal probability results in an increase in the probability of detection responses is assumed to be caused by 0 lowering his decision criterion. Variation in signal probability, however, has not always produced the predicted result. Unlike the performance optimization found in the detection situation, when 0 must recognize two signals that are easily detectable but slightly different physically, both hit and false alarm probabilities may be found to be inversely related to signal probability (Parducci & Sandusky, 1965, 1970; Tanner, Haller, & Atkinson, 1967; Tanner, Rauk, & Atkinson, 1970). This tendency to make the response to both signals, which is correct for the less probable signal, was called probability contrast by Sandusky ( 197 1 ) . However, as pointed out by Parducci and Sandusky ( 1970) and Sandusky ( 1971 ) , probability contrast tends to occur most frequently in recognition tasks when the 0 is kept ignorant of the actual signal probability. For example, Tanner, Rauk, and Atkinson (1970) found that when 0s were told the presentation probabilities and given trial-by-trial feedback the probability of reporting strong signals increased as the presentation probability for strong signals increased. However, when 0s were not given information about signal probability and were
Low-Radii Transitions in Co-assembled Cationic−Anionic Cylindrical Aggregates

We investigate the formation of charged patterns on the surface of cylindrical micelles from co-assembled cationic and anionic amphiphiles. The competition between the net incompatibility χ (which arises from the different chemical nature of oppositely charged molecules) and electrostatic interactions (which prevent macroscopic segregation) results in the formation of surface domains. We employ Monte Carlo simulations to study the domains at thermal equilibrium. Our results extend previous work by studying the effect of the Bjerrum length lB at different values of the cylinder's radius R and χ and analyze how it affects the transition between helical, ring, and isotropic patterns. A critical surface in the space (lB, R, χ) separating these three phases is found, and we show how it corresponds to a first-order phase transition. This confirms that the Bjerrum length lB is a significant parameter in the control of the helical-ring transition; the ring pattern is strongly associated with short-range forces, w...
The high-energy intraconfigurational spin-forbidden bands in the spectra of quadrate chromium(III) complexes

Abstract The high-energy intraconfigurational spin-forbidden bands expected in the region of 20 000 cm−1 have been uncovered in the spectra of a number of trans-diacidobis(ethylenediamine) chromium(III)complexes. These bands have been fitted to the quadrate components of the cubic transition 4A2g → 2T2g including spin–orbit interaction. Two interconfigurational spin-forbidden bands in the spectrum of trans-[Cr(en)2(dmf)2](ClO4)3 have been uncovered and interpretted.
Surgical correction of pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect and no central pulmonary arteries.

Abstract As recently as 1988 patients with pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect and no central pulmonary arteries were dismissed as having “no prospect of complete repair.” 1 We report our experience in the management and successful staged repair of this anomaly in a 4 1 2 -year-old child.
Transforming growth factor-β1 and disorders of the lung

The transforming growth factor (TGF) superfamily encompasses about 30 members in mammals. The effect of TGF-β subfamily members is exerted and regulated via selective pathways of synthesis and signaling that involve activation of latent TGF-β, specific and high-affinity binding to cell membrane serine/threonine kinase receptors, activation of intracellular cascades that include Smad molecules and mitogen-activated protein kinases, and regulated termination of the effect by diverse mechanisms including protein degradation and transcriptional activation. Several comprehensive reviews on TGF-β biology in general and on the role of this cytokine in other diseases have been published recently. In recent years an unexpected role of TGF-β on lung homeostasis has been revealed. Here, we discuss the contribution of TGF-β to the pathogenesis of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, two common illnesses of the lung, as well as of lymphangioleiomyomatosis, a rare disease in women. The information we collate and integrate places TGF-β at a pivotal point within complex networks that control lung physiology as well as the physiopathology of these lung diseases.
Infrared observations of the 3C 273 jet.

The first infrared (1.25 micron and 2.2 micron) observations of the jet in the quasar 3C 273 are reported. The present data, when combined with previous observations, show that the optical-infrared spectrum is a power law with index approximately equal to that in the radio, but lies a factor of 5 below the extrapolation from the radio. Various emission mechanisms for the optical-infrared jet are discussed, and it is concluded that synchrotron radiation is the most likely. However, the spectra of different parts of the jet are not the same; the radio-infrared index of the inner half is significantly larger (i.e., softer spectrum) than that of the outer half of the jet.
Yeast Chromatin Reconstitution System Using Purified Yeast Core Histones and Yeast Nucleosome Assembly Protein-1☆

Transcription regulation in the cell occurs in the context of chromatin. It follows that a thorough investigation of the mechanism of transcription regulation must take into account the role of chromatin structure. Through classical and molecular genetic experiments in yeast, great strides have been made in understanding the role of chromatin in eukaryotic gene regulation. To achieve a more detailed understanding of the biochemical mechanism of transcription regulation, a yeast chromatin reconstitution system is needed. This need drove us to develop a yeast core histone purification procedure for the reconstitution of these histones into chromatin templates using components wholly derived from yeast. We have purified native yeast core histones in milligram quantities and we have shown these histones to be competent for reconstitution of chromatin templates using yeast nucleosome assembly protein-1. This accomplishment sets the stage for studies using the full power of yeast as an experimental organism to investigate the role of chromatin in transcription regulation.
Renal function before and after unilateral ephrectomy in renal donors

Renal function before and after unilateral nephrectomy in renal donors. Measurements of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), tubular maximum reabsorption of glucose (Tm glucose ) and secretion of para-aminohippurate(Tm PAH ), clearance of inorganic phosphate (C phosphate ) and uric acid (C uric acid ), urine diluting capacity (C H 2 O ) and urinary net acid excretion (U H +V) were made before and 10 to 14 days after unilateral nephrectomy in seven healthy renal donors. Comparisons were made between the functions of the remaining kidney and 50% of pre-uninephrectomy values. Mean post-uninephrectomy GFR increased by 37%, and mean ERPF, 55%. Tm glucose , Tm PAH , C phosphate , C uric acid , C H 2 O , U H +V increased significantly, after uninephrectomy. The increase in Tm PAH , Tm glucose and C H 2 O is proportional to the rise in GFR while the increase in C phosphate , C uric acid and U H + V is proportionally greater than the increase in GFR. The changes in post-uninephrectomy renal handling of phosphate are not due to an increase in parathyroid hormone secretion. Fonction renale avant et apres nephrectomie unilaterale chez les donneurs de reins. Les mesures du debit de filtration glomerulaire (GFR), du debit plasmatique renal (ERPF), de la reabsorption tubulaire maximale du glucose (Tm glucose ), de la secretion de PAH (Tm PAH ), de la clearance du phosphate inorganique (C phosphate ) et de l'acide urique (C acide urique ), de la capacite de dilution (C H 2 O ) et de l'excretion urinaire d'ions H+ (U H +V) ont ete realisees avant puis 10 a 14 jours apres nephrectomie unilaterale chez sept sujet normaux donneurs de reins. Des comparaisons ont ete faites de la fonction du rein restant avec la moitie des valeurs anterieures a la nephrectomie. Le GFR moyen augmente de 37% et ERPF moyen de 55%. Tm glucose , Tm PAH , C phosphate , C acide urique , C H 2 O , et U H +V augmentent significativement. L'augmentation de Tm PAH , Tm glucose et C H 2 O est proportionnelle a l'augmentation de GFR alors que, l'augmentation de C phosphate , C acide urique , U H +V est proportionnellement plus grande que l'augmentation de GFR. Les modifications du comportement renal du phosphate apres nephrectomie ne sont pas liees a une augmentation de la secretion de l'hormone parathyroidienne.
Levels of 5,5-Diphenylhydantoin and its Major Metabolite in Human Serum, Saliva, and Hyperplastic Gingiva

Levels of 5,5-diphenylhydantoin (DPH) and its para-hydroxy metabolite (HPPH) were measured in serum, saliva, and in segments of hyperplastic gingiva from patients receiving chronic drug therapy. The severity of gingival hyperplasia tends to be associated with higher DPH levels in gingiva and with lower tissue levels of HPPH.
Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and renal function

It has been suggested that neonates with hyperbilirubinemia may have impaired renal function. In order to study this problem, creatinine clearance, and fractional tubular reabsorption of sodium and beta-2-microglobulin were measured in 22 jaundiced neonates with gestational ages ranging from 33 to 42 weeks and mean postnatal age of 3.9 days. These data were compared with those obtained from 23 nonjaundiced control infants matched for gestational and postnatal ages. In addition, follow-up studies of renal function were conducted in 18 of 22 study infants when serum bilirubin concentration was Cr , T Na , or T β 2 M were observed. We conclude that when gestational age is ≥33 weeks, modification of current management of infants with moderate hyperbilirubinemia is unnecessary to prevent nephrotoxicity.
Reliability of fiber tracking measurements in diffusion tensor imaging for longitudinal study.

Abstract The statistical reliability of diffusion property measurements was evaluated in ten healthy subjects using deterministic fiber tracking to localize tracts affected in motor neuron disease: corticospinal tract (CST), uncinate fasciculus (UNC), and the corpus callosum in its entirety (CC), and its genu (GE), motor (CCM), and splenium (SP) fibers separately. Measurements of fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity ( λ 1 ), transverse diffusivity ( λ ⊥ ), and volume of voxels containing fibers (VV) were obtained within each tract. To assess intra-rater and inter-rater reliability, two raters carried out fiber tracking five times on each scan. Scan–rescan and longitudinal reliability were assessed in a subset of four subjects who had six scans, with two sets of three scans separated by 1 year. The statistical reliability of repeated measurements was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and coefficients of variation (CV). Spatial agreement of tract shape was assessed using the kappa ( κ ) statistic. Results: Repeated same-scan fiber tracking evaluations showed good geometric alignment (intra-rater κ > 0.90, inter-rater κ > 0.76) and reliable diffusion property measurements (intra-rater ICC > 0.92, inter-rater ICC > 0.77). FA, MD, and λ ⊥ were highly reliable with repeated scans on different days, up to a year apart (ICC > 0.8). VV also exhibited good reliability, but with higher CVs. We were unable to demonstrate reproducibility of λ 1 . Longitudinal reliability after one year was improved by averaging measurements from multiple scans at each time point. Fiber tracking provides a reliable tool for the longitudinal evaluation of white matter diffusion properties.
Chronology of Appearance and Habitat Partitioning by Stream Larval Fishes

Abstract Larval and juvenile representatives of 28 species were collected from a small stream in Kentucky in 1982 with light traps, push seine, and drift net. The majority of both larvae and juveniles were captured in the light trap; fewer than 1% were taken in drift samples. All but three species were taken at least once in the light traps. Most larvae and juveniles congregated along shoreline areas and used most of the eight habitat areas sampled to some extent. Sunfish species tended to stay in the same general shoreline areas where spawned, whereas riffle-current species left their nest sites as larvae and moved to shoreline nursery areas. Species captured as drift specimens were mostly channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus and flathead catfish Pylodictis olivaris. With exceptions, the order of species appearance was cottids, percids, catostomids, cyprinids, centrarchids, and ictalurids. There was considerable overlap of species and resource sharing was extensive. The duration of larva occurrences range...
Economic Injury Level for the Russian Wheat Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Dryland Winter Wheat

This research was designed to determine the economic injury level for Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), on dryland winter wheat, Triticum Aestivum L. Two sample units were evaluated: whole plants and individual tillers. Russian wheat aphid densities were low in the fall but increased rapidly from late February to May. The percentage of the plants infested or damaged by Russian wheat aphid feeding exceeded 90% by March 1987. The same proportion of infested or damaged tillers was not recorded in 1988until late April. There were ≤ 80% and 60%yield reductions from Russian wheat aphid feeding in 1987 and 1988, respectively. Although 27% of the plants were damaged in the fall, there were too few aphids (≤ 2 aphids per plant, 32 aphid-days, by December) to cause a yield loss. Regression analysis was used to compare several independent variables (aphid densities, aphid-days, percentage infested, percentage damaged, and percentage infested + damaged) with yield, number of seeds per spike, tiller length, number of tillers, and plant dry weight for plant and tiller samples. Yield was the only dependent variable that correlated with the independent variables. The best sampling unit was tillers, based on a high R2, low root mean square error, and ease of sampling. There were 0.46 and 0.48% yield losses for each 1% increase in damaged and infested tillers, respectively.
Ionic concentrations in developingPelvetia eggs

Intracellular ion concentrations were measured in the developing Pelvetia egg during the first 24 hr after fertilization. Intracellular K + and Cl − show large concentration increases during this period. Intracellular K + increases from 170 mmoles/liter at fertilization to 320 mmoles/liter at 8 hr and reaches 400 mmoles/liter by 24 hr. Intracellular Cl − increases from 87 mmoles/liter at fertilization to 194 mmoles/liter at 8 hr, and 320 mmoles/liter by 24 hr. Intracellular Na + shows smaller but significant concentration changes, increasing from 27 mmoles/liter at fertilization to 40 mmoles/liter at 8 hr, and then decreasing to 20 mmoles/liter at 24 hr. Neither Mg 2+ nor Ca 2+ vary significantly from 25 mmoles/liter and 4 mmoles/liter, respectively. The changes in Na + plus K + are approximately equal to the Cl − increase over the first 24 hr after fertilization but do not balance at every time interval. In agreement with the ion accumulation of the developing eggs is an increase of the intracellular osmotic pressure preceding germination. The correlation of these data with electrical data on the same system (Weisenseel and Jaffe) and possible physiological consequences of the ion concentration changes are discussed.
Teaching Social Communication A Comparison of Naturalistic Behavioral and Development, Social Pragmatic Approaches for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders

There are a variety of effective treatments designed for increasing social communication in young children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Two such treatments, naturalistic behavioral and dev...
Waulsortian-Type Buildups and Resedimented (Carbonate-Turbidite) Facies, Early Mississippian Burlington Shelf, Central Missouri

ABSTRACT The crinoidal carbonates of the Lower Mississippian (Osagean) Burlington Limestone in central Missouri consist of individual and multiple interconnected Waulsortian-type buildups and associated resedimented debris (carbonate-turbidite) facies. This association of Waulsortian-type buildups and turbidity-current sedimentation developed on the foreslope, toe-of-slope, and basinal near-toe-of-slope areas of the prograding Burlington Shelf. The Waulsortian-type buildups contain a core facies of dolomitized, bryozoan-crinoid, lime mudstone and a flank facies of symmetrically disposed, thin-bedded crinoidal packstone and grainstone. The core developed where bryozoan-crinoid thickets trapped carbonate fines of upslope (turbidity-current) origin. Lime-mud hardgrounds in the cores developed during prolonged breaks in the influx of lime mud. The flank beds developed by in situ disarticulation of indigenous crinoids and minor gravity-slide processes. The resedimented-debris facies are laterally continuous and normally graded grainstone and packstone. The beds show 1) a subdivision of Bouma intervals A and B; 2) coarse-tail grading; 3) scours, flutes, and load casts; 4) a generally random fabric except for crinoid-ossicle alignment in Bouma interval B; and 5) no articulation of crinoid stems or calyxes. These features, combined with the absence of infiltration textures, escape burrows, shell imbrication, and hummocky cross-stratification, are useful in distinguishing these resedimented beds from lag-suspension deposits of storm origin. The lower part of the Burlington (5-15 m thick) consists exclusively of Waulsortian-type buildup core and flank facies. These buildups rest on a thin, laminated dolomitic shale bed (starved-basin sediment) and represent basinal near-toe-of-slope deposition. The upper and middle parts of the Burlington Limestone, corresponding to foreslope and toe-of-slope depositional settings, consist of Waulsortian-type buildups and resedimented-debris facies. Considering approximate modern analogues, the resedimented debris probably came from various linear, near-shelf margin sources. The resedimented debris contains algal-bored grains from the shelf margin and foreslope biogenic grains and clasts.
2-Acetoxy-5-nitrobenzyl chloride: A reagent designed to introduce a reporter group near the active site of chymotrypsin☆

Abstract 1. 1. A reagent has been designed to selectively introduce the environmentally sensitive 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl chromophore near the active site of an enzyme such as chymotrypsin. The enzyme catalyzes hydrolysis of the nitrophenyl ester, 2-acetoxy-5-nitrobenzyl chloride, releasing the tryptophan-modifying reagent, 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl chloride, at the active site. 2. 2. Analogous reactions are not observed when chymotrypsinogen, diisopropylphosphoryl-chymotrypsin or serum albumin is treated with the acetoxy reagent. 3. 3. No apparent modification of tryptophan, in solution with chymotrypsin, is observed during the enzyme's reaction with 2-acetoxy-5-nitrobenzyl chloride under conditions in which approx. 50% of the bulk tryptophan is modified by substituting 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide for the acetoxy reagent. It is concluded that incubation of chymotrypsin with 2-acetoxy-5-nitrobenzyl chloride can lead to preferential modification of tryptophyl residues proximal to the active sites of the enzyme molecules.
‘Wheatish’ grooms and ‘innocent’ divorcées: Commodifying attributes in the discourse of Indian matrimonials:

Matrimonial advertisements, or matrimonials, are the principal conduits of a type of communication that facilitates arranged marriages within Indian society. As examples of simplified registers, matrimonials are formulaic texts of identity that follow a specific schematic structure and are replete with culturally nuanced lexical items referencing caste/sub-caste, patrilineal descent, and planetary positions at birth. They are written in Indian English and are semantically incomprehensible to cultural outsiders. A sub-genre of the classified advertisements, matrimonials may be interpreted through the Matrimonial Ads Register, which explicates language use in the textual discourse of matrimony in terms of functionality and simplicity as read against sociocultural norms and ideologies.
A TEMPERLEY-LIEB BASIS COMING FROM THE BRAID GROUP

The Temperley-Lieb algebra An-1, into which the n-strand braid group Bn maps homomorphically, has dimension equal to the Catalan number . The elements of the braid group called canonical factors, which come from the band presentation of that group and were used by Birman, Ko, and Lee in their solution to the word problem, form a set whose size is also Cn. In this paper, it is shown that the homomorphic images of the canonical factors form a basis for the vector space underlying the Temperley-Lieb algebra.
Classification of Microarray Data Using Subspace Grids with Synergistic and Distributed Neural Network Models

Synergistic and distributed neural network models are employed in this work for Microarray data classification. The proposed approach uses subspace grids as input to synergistic and distributed neural network models. The paper first describes projection of multidimensional Microarray data to a number of lower dimensional subspaces. This work makes use of two algorithms to define lower dimensional subspaces. The range of value associated with each vector of a subspace is divided into a number of equal parts to define subspace grids. The resulting subspace grid data is used with the proposed synergistic and distributed neural network models to classify patterns associated with multidimensional Microarray data. The results show that the use of subspaces grids with synergistic and distributed neural network models produces good results to classify patterns in multidimensional Microarray data.
Eosinophil-associated gastrointestinal disorders: A world-wide-web based registry

A world wide web database was established that tracked features of eosinophil-associated gastrointestinal disorders; 80% had coexisting atopic disease, 62% had food sensitization, and 16% had an immediate family member with a similar disorder. Developmental delay, seizure disorders, and congenital anomalies were seen in a proportion of respondents. The world wide web has proven to be an efficient tool to gather patient information, allowing us to define distinguishing features of various eosinophil-associated gastrointestinal disorders and to establish that these disorders have strong genetic and allergic components.
Seismic Design and Analysis of Buried Structures with CANDE-2007

A method is presented to analyze and evaluate buried culverts and cut-and-cover tunnels for seismic loading in addition to standard static loading from dead and live loads. With CANDE-2007, a plane-strain finite element program, the soil-structure problem is characterized by a crosssectional slice through the structure and surrounding soil envelope. First, the static design loads are applied with a series of incremental load steps. Next, the seismic loading condition is simulated by specifying quasi-static displacements at the peripheral boundaries of the soil envelope to produce a shear-racking distortion equivalent to the maximum free-field seismic shear strain from the design earthquake. The proposed method is based on two recently completed NCHRP projects and is presented here in detail. An initial linear-elastic study investigates two basic culvert shapes, circular and rectangular, wherein moment and thrust distributions from CANDE-2007 are shown to compare favorably with closed-form solutions. A sec...
A normal approximation theorem in comparing two binomial distributions

Abstract Let p0 and p be the parameters of two independent binomial distributions. Suppose p0 is known and p has a prior distribution with a density function which is positive and continuous at p0. We introduce a normal approximation theorem for approximating the posterior distribution of the scaled difference n ( p −p 0 ) , given that the difference of the corresponding binomial random variables increases slowly (⩽nγ, γ⩽ 1 2 ). The theorem is proved based on a local limit theorem which links the probability of the difference of two independent and nearly identical binomial random variables to the density function of a normal distribution.
Genetic diversity in Leavenworthia populations with different inbreeding levels

Levels of neutral genetic diversity within and between populations were compared between outcrossing (self-incompatible) and inbreeding populations in the annual plant genus Leavenworthia. Two taxonomically independent comparisons are possible, since self-incompatibility has been lost twice in the group of species studied. Within inbred populations of L.uniflora and L.crassa, no DNA sequence variants were seen among the alleles sampled, but high diversity was seen in alleles from populations of the outcrosser L. stylosa, and in self-incompatible L. crassa populations. Diversity between populations was seen in all species. Although total diversity values were lower in the sets of inbreeding populations, between-population values were as high or higher, than those in the outcrossing taxa. Possible reasons for these diversity patterns are discussed. As the effect of inbreeding appears to be a greater than twofold reduction in diversity, we argue that some process such as selection for advantageous mutations, or against deleterious mutations, or bottlenecks occurring predominantly in the inbreeders, appears necessary to account for the findings. If selection for advantageous mutations is responsible, it appears that it must be some form of local adaptive selection, rather than substitution of alleles that are advantageous throughout the species. This is consistent with the finding of high between-population diversity in the inbreeding taxa.
Adaptive auditory signal processing

An experiment was conducted to investigate adaptive auditory signal processing over series of trials in a standard two-interval temporal forced-choice detection task with stimulus uncertainty. Observer sensitivity was found to be dependent upon both the number of successive repetitions of the test stimulus and the number of correct responses in the preceding trials. The results are interpreted in terms of adaptive signal processing based upon stimulus information available in the preceding trials.
Legal aspects of dairy effluent treatment and control

In the United Kingdom, the machinery of pollution control has developed over the years in response to new, potential environmental hazards and awareness of their implications, and because of public and governmental concern at the possible effect on human health. In consequence, we are at an advanced stage in the development and adoption of environmental policies, and this paper provides an overall guide to the legislation and controls that now exist and their particular impact on the UK dairy industry is discussed.
Vitamin D deficiency, parathyroid hormone levels, and bone disease among patients with end-stage liver disease and normal serum creatinine awaiting liver transplantation

Vitamin D deficiency is common among patients with end-stage liver disease (ESLD). The primary aim of our study was to assess the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and bone disease in patients with ESLD awaiting LT. Methods We retrospectively studied 190 patients at our center. Serum total 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH D), parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium, and bone mineral analysis (BMA) were recorded. Standard World Health Organization (WHO) criteria were used to diagnose osteopenia/osteoporosis. Only patients with normal serum creatinine were analyzed. Results Thirty-two of 190 patients were excluded from the final analysis (missing serum total 25-OH D levels in three patients and elevated serum creatinine, 29 patients). 105 of 158 (66.4%) evaluable patients had 25-OH D levels 20 ng/mL (n = 71). There were no significant differences in mean serum PTH and corrected calcium levels among the three subgroups. Only three patients had elevated serum PTH. Patients with total 25-OH D ≤ 10 ng/mL had higher model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) scores vs. those with 25-OH D > 20 ng/mL (13.3 ± 3, range 8–21, vs. 11.9 ± 3.4, range 6–29, p = 0.004). Irrespective of vitamin D status, bone disease was present in 64.6% of patients. Conclusion Low vitamin D levels and bone disease are common among patients with ESLD awaiting LT. Despite a high prevalence of low serum total 25-OH D, our cohort maintained normal corrected calcium levels and did not develop secondary hyperparathyroidism. We propose that free serum 25-OH D and vitamin D-binding protein may be necessary to accurately establish the diagnosis of vitamin D deficiency in the setting of ESLD. Additional studies are needed to further define mechanisms of bone disease in patients with ESLD.
Changes in synaptic populations in the spinal dorsal horn following a dorsal rhizotomy in the monkey.

Studies in monkeys have shown substantial neuronal reorganization and behavioral recovery during the months following a cervical dorsal root lesion (DRL; Darian-Smith [2004] J. Comp. Neurol. 470:134–150; Darian-Smith and Ciferri [2005] J. Comp. Neurol. 491:27–45, [2006] J. Comp. Neurol. 498:552–565). The goal of the present study was to identify ultrastructural synaptic changes post-DRL within the dorsal horn (DH). Two monkeys received a unilateral DRL, as described previously (Darian-Smith and Brown [2000] Nat. Neurosci. 3:476–481), which removed cutaneous and proprioceptive input from the thumb, index finger, and middle finger. Six weeks before terminating the experiment at 4 post-DRL months, hand representation was mapped electrophysiologically within the somatosensory cortex, and anterograde tracers were injected into reactivated cortex to label corticospinal terminals. Sections were collected through the spinal lesion zone. Corticospinal terminals and inhibitory profiles were visualized by using preembedding immunohistochemistry and postembedding γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunostaining, respectively. Synaptic elements were systematically counted through the superficial DH and included synaptic profiles with round vesicles (R), pleomorphic flattened vesicles (F; presumed inhibitory synapses), similar synapses immunolabeled for GABA (F-GABA), primary afferent synapses (C-type), synapses with dense-cored vesicles (D, mostly primary afferents), and presynaptic dendrites of interneurons (PSD). Synapse types were compared bilaterally via ANOVAs. As expected, we found a significant drop in C-type profiles on the lesioned side (~16% of contralateral), and R profiles did not differ bilaterally. More surprising was a significant increase in the number of F profiles (~170% of contralateral) and F-GABA profiles (~315% of contralateral) on the side of the lesion. Our results demonstrate a striking increase in the inhibitory circuitry within the deafferented DH.
An approach to three-dimensional image segmentation

Abstract The development of techniques for interpreting the structure of three-dimensional images, f ( x , y , z ), is useful in many applications. A key initial stage in the signal to symbol conversion process, essential for the interpretation of the data, is three-dimensional image segmentation involving the processes of partitioning and identification . Most segmentation and grouping research in computer vision has addressed partitioning of 2D images, f ( x , y ). In this paper, we present a parallel 3D image segmentation algorithm which, through the use of α- partitioning and volume filtering , segments 3D images such that the greylevel variation within each volume can be described by a regression model . Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of this algorithm on several real-World 3D images.
Antiretroviral hepatotoxicity in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients.

Background: Drug hepatotoxicity is a potentially serious adverse reaction of antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. The impact of this problem in the routine treatment of patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection is poorly defined. Objectives: Our aim was to determine what clinical features are associated with hepatotoxicity in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. Methods: Consecutive patients in a primary care-based human immunodeficiency virus clinic were evaluated for hepatotoxicity. Clinic records were used to obtain patient characteristics, as well as independent variables including CD4+ count, coexisting hepatitis C and current alcohol use. Results: Sixty-five patients taking antiretroviral therapy were evaluated. Twenty-four were identified to have antiretroviral hepatotoxicity. An age over 40 years (P=0.019), an absolute CD4+ count of less than 310 cells/mL (P=0.002) and coexisting hepatitis C infection (P=0.035) were significantly associated with hepatotoxicity. Patients older than 40 years had a sevenfold increased risk (risk ratio, 6.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.7–27.3) and those with an absolute CD4+ count of less than 310 cells/mL had a tenfold increased risk (risk ratio, 10.2; 95% confidence interval, 2.5–41.9) for antiretroviral hepatotoxicity, in comparison with those who were younger or who had a greater absolute CD4+ count. Of the eight patients documented to have coexisting hepatitis C infection, six (75%) were in the antiretroviral hepatotoxicity group. Conclusions: An age older than 40 years and an absolute CD4+ count of less than 310 cells/mL were significantly associated with antiretroviral-induced hepatotoxicity. The majority of our patients with chronic hepatitis C had hepatotoxicity from antiretroviral therapy.
Topology and performance redesign of complex structures by large admissible perturbations

A methodology for topology redesign of com- plex structures by LargE Admissible Perturbations (LEAP) is developed. LEAP theory is extended to solve topology redesign problems using 8-node solid elements. The corresponding solution algorithm is developed as well. The redesign problem is defined as a two-state problem. State S1 has undesirable characteristics and/or performance not satisfying certain designer specifica- tions. The unknown State S2 has the desired structural response and locally optimum topology. First, the gen- eral nonlinear perturbation equations relating specific response of States S1 and S2 are derived. Next, a LEAP algorithm is developed which solves successfully two-state problems for large structural changes (on the order of 100%-300%) of State S2, without repetitive finite elem- ent analyses, based on the initial State S1 and the spe- cifications for State S2. The solution algorithm is based on an incremental predictor-corrector method. The op- timization problems formulated in both the predictor and corrector phases are solved using commercial non- linear optimization solvers. Minimum change is used as the optimality criterion. The designer specifications are imposed as constraints on modal dynamic and/or static displacement. The static displacement general perturba- tion equation is improved by static mode compensation thus reducing errors significantly. The moduli of elastic- ity of solid elements are used as redesign variables. The LEAP and optimization solvers are implemented in code RESTRUCT (REdesign of STRUCTures) which postpro- cesses finite element analyses results of MSC-NASTRAN. Several topology redesign problems are solved success- fully by code RESTRUCT to illustrate the methodology and study its accuracy. Performance changes on the order of 3300% with high accuracy are achieved with only 3-5 intermediate finite element analyses (iterations) to arrest
Aberrant PGE2 metabolism in bladder tumor microenvironment promotes immunosuppressive phenotype of tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells

Bladder cancer is associated with enhanced inflammation and characterized by deregulated prostanoid metabolism. Here we examined prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) metabolism and myeloid cell subsets that infiltrate tumor tissue using two xenograft models of human bladder cancer. Human bladder tumor xenografts implanted into athymic nude mice become highly infiltrated with host CD11b myeloid cells of bone marrow origin. Fast growing SW780 bladder tumor xenografts were infiltrated with heterogeneous CD11b myeloid cell subsets including tumor-associated macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. In contrast, majority of myeloid cells in tumor tissue from slow growing bladder cancer Urothel 11 displayed more immature, homogenous phenotype and comprised mostly MHC II class-negative myeloid-derived suppressor cells. We demonstrate that human bladder tumors secrete substantial amounts of PGE₂. Normal bone marrow myeloid cell progenitors cultured in the presence of a bladder tumor-conditioned medium, which is enriched for PGE₂, failed to differentiate into mature APCs and acquired phenotype of the myeloid-derived suppressor cells or inflammatory macrophages with up-regulated chemokine receptor CXCR4. Collectively our data demonstrate that enhanced cancer-related inflammation and deregulated PGE₂ metabolism in tumor microenvironment promote immunosuppressive pro-tumoral phenotype of myeloid cells in bladder cancer. These data also suggest that not only local tumor microenvironment but other factors such as stage of cancer disease and pace of tumor growth could markedly influence the phenotype, differentiation and immune function of myeloid cells in tumor tissue.
Strategy Instruction: Overview of Principles and Procedures for Effective Use

This overview will focus on the advantages of strategy instruction as well as the components and principles that underlie effective strategy use. The advantages are related to (a) modifiable and planful activities, (b) individual differences and adaptation, and (c) instructional development. Principles of effective strategy use incorporate such factors as (a) different strategy purposes, (b) component analysis, (c) strategy matching to individual students, (d) processing differences and performance similarities, (e) comparable strategy use and noncomparable performance, (f) transformational strategies, and (g) learner constraints.
Low-Tech Assessment of Resonance Disorders

AbstractPurpose: Low-tech methods are frequently used for assessment of resonance disorders and nasal emission. These methods have a long history and include the air paddle, feeling the sides of the nose, listening tubes, the mirror test, nasal olives, nose pinching, Oral and Nasal Listeners, the See Scape, stethoscope, and straws. The purpose of this paper was to describe the advantages and disadvantages of low-tech assessment tools. Methods: Narrative reviews of the relevant and available literature were analyzed. This information was classified and discussed according to advantages and disadvantages of these methods. Conclusion: Low-tech assessment appears to have more disadvantages than advantages. These assessment tools are problematic because of inaccurate clinical decisions and lack of credible evidence. The evidence for low-tech assessment is overwhelmingly based on opinions and anecdotal accounts. Implications for clinical training and practice are discussed.
Effects of three soldering techniques on the strength of high-palladium alloy solder joints.

Abstract Statement of problem. Little information is available on the optimum technique for soldering high-palladium alloys, which have gained considerable popularity for prosthodontic applications. Purpose. The objective of this study was to compare the flexural stress at the proportional limit of four noble dental alloy specimens soldered with torch, oven, and infrared techniques. Materials and methods. The high-palladium alloys studied were Legacy XT (Jelenko), Freedom Plus (Jelenko), and IS 85 (Williams/Ivoclar). A gold-palladium alloy, Olympia (Jelenko), served as the control. Thirty round bars, 18 × 3 mm, were cast from each alloy, cut in half, aligned, and joined using Olympia Pre solder (Jelenko) for the gas-oxygen torch and the infrared technique and Alboro LF solder (Jelenko) for the oven technique. Each soldered bar was subjected to three-point bending, and the maximum elastic stress or strength of the solder joint was calculated at the proportional limit. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and the Ryan-Einot-Gabriel-Welsch (REGW) multiple range test at the 0.05 level of significance. Results. There was no significant difference between torch and oven-soldering, but both were significantly different from the infrared technique. ANOVA showed a significant difference between alloys, but this difference could not be detected with the REGW test. SEM examination of the fracture surfaces revealed grooves associated with the path of crack propagation. X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopic analysis failed to detect copper in the solders, and there were no significant changes in the solder compositions after the melting procedures. Conclusions. All three techniques can yield satisfactory solder joints in high-palladium alloys. These joints should be well-polished to achieve optimal strength. (J Prosthet Dent 1998;79:677-84.)