cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Complementary and Symmetrical Interaction in the Present Day Mental Health Institute

Expanding an idea begun by Rosenhan (1973), ratings of communication from psychiatric aides to patients at a psychiatric hospital were obtained using Leather's Feedback Rating Instrument. As compared to a comparison group composed of aide to aide interactions, aide to patient interactions were characterised as more inflexible, withdrawn, concise, personal, irrelevant, and automatic. Implications were offered concerning the training of mental health workers.
PALS: Efficient Or-Parallel execution of Prolog on Beowulf clusters

This paper describes the development of the PALS system, an implementation of Prolog capable of efficiently exploiting or-parallelism on distributed-memory platforms—specifically Beowulf clusters. PALS makes use of a novel technique, called incremental stack-splitting. The technique proposed builds on the stack-splitting approach, previously described by the authors and experimentally validated on shared-memory systems, which in turn is an evolution of the stack-copying method used in a variety of parallel logic and constraint systems—e.g., MUSE, YAP, and Penny. The PALS system is the first distributed or-parallel implementation of Prolog based on the stack-splitting method ever realized. The results presented confirm the superiority of this method as a simple yet effective technique to transition from shared-memory to distributed-memory systems. PALS extends stack-splitting by combining it with incremental copying; the paper provides a description of the implementation of PALS, including details of how distributed scheduling is handled. We also investigate methodologies to effectively support order-sensitive predicates (e.g., side-effects) in the context of the stack-splitting scheme. Experimental results obtained from running PALS on both Shared Memory and Beowulf systems are presented and analyzed.
The role of 2′,3′-unsaturation on the antiviral activity of anti-HIV nucleosides against 3TC-resistant mutant (M184V)

Abstract Molecular modeling studies show that the 2′,3′-double bond of the sugar moiety of various 2′,3′-unsaturated nucleosides interacts with the aromatic moiety of Tyr115 of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) by hydrophobic π–π interaction. In 3TC-resistant mutant (M184V) RT, 2′-fluoro-2′,3′-unsaturated nucleosides with a bulky 4′-substituent experience significant steric hindrance with the side chain of Val184.
Skin γδ T-cell functions in homeostasis and wound healing

There is a resident population of T cells found in murine skin that expresses an invariant Vgamma3Vdelta1 T-cell receptor (TCR), and these cells are significantly different from lymphoid gammadelta T cells and alphabeta T cells in terms of ontogeny, tissue tropism, and antigen receptor diversity. These dendritic epidermal T cells are derived from fetal thymic precursor cells, are in constant contact with neighboring epidermal cells, and express a monoclonal gammadeltaTCR only found in the skin. Skin gammadelta T cells have been shown to play unique roles in tissue homeostasis and during tissue repair through local secretion of distinct growth factors including keratinocyte growth factors and insulin-like growth factor-1. In this review, we discuss evidence supporting a role for cross talk between skin gammadelta T cells and keratinocytes that contributes to the maintenance of normal skin and wound healing.
Raman-scattering and electron-microscopy study of composition-dependent ordering in metastable (AIIIBV)1-x(CIII2)x alloys.

We present Raman-scattering and electron-diffraction results in a study of the structural ordering of single-crystal metastable (${\mathit{A}}^{\mathrm{III}}$${\mathrm{B}}^{\mathrm{V}}$${)}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$(${\mathrm{C}}_{2}^{\mathrm{IV}}$${)}_{\mathit{x}}$ alloys. Amorphous-like Raman linewidths are observed, indicative of the severe substitutional disorder in these alloys. Increased violation of the normal zinc-blende-polarization selection rules, relative to that observed in III-V ternary alloys, is attributed to the enhanced electronic disorder in the III-IV-V system. Anomalies in the composition dependence of the Raman line shapes at x\ensuremath{\approxeq}0.30 and x\ensuremath{\approxeq}0.70 imply qualitative changes in the ordering at these compositions. Transmission electron microscopy results are presented which give insight into the nature of these changes. Our results are discussed in the context of competing theoretical models proposed for this system.
Air quality predictions of the urban airshed model containing improved advection and chemistry algorithms

We have carried out an extensive study on the effect of replacing the advection and chemistry algorithms of the Urban Airshed Model (UAM) with more accurate algorithms, using the SCAQS episode of August 26−28, 1987, and input data supplied by the California Air Resources Board. Replacing the UAM chemistry solver by the implicit−explicit hybrid solver (IEH) tends to lower the afternoon ozone concentrations somewhat, the afternoon PAN concentrations more noticeably, and the H2O2 concentrations significantly. IEH is also much less likely to have a convergence failure than the UAM solver. Replacing the Smolarkiewicz scheme by the forward Euler Taylor Galerkin scheme (FETG) yields a greater impact. The replacement increases the local peak NO concentrations and lowers the local peak ozone and CO concentrations significantly. Replacing both chemistry and advection algorithms lowers the peak ozone, PAN, and H2O2 concentrations quite noticeably. For example, the predicted peak ozone for August 28 is reduced from 2...
Revision of the genusPandanus stickman, part 45 newPandanus species (Pandanaceae) from New Caledonia

To the 20 species and varieties of previously known in New Caledonia, there are here described and added three more species, one each in the sectionsBernardia, Lophostigma, andVeillonia.
Access to supermarkets among poorer neighborhoods: a comparison of time and distance measures

This research assesses neighborhood differences in access to supermarkets for the Portland, Oregon region. Five-year American Community Survey data for the 2006–2010 period are used to compare a travel time and distance measure of supermarket access for neighborhoods of concentrated poverty relative to other neighborhoods, taking into account their distance to the city center. Poor and nonpoor outer neighborhoods have longer average travel times and distances to nearby supermarkets than their more centralized counterparts. Poor outer neighborhoods fare better on travel distance than nonpoor outer neighborhoods do, but endure penalties in longer travel times. This research demonstrates the potential for variation in results across methods measuring access to neighborhood amenities and suggests that more nuanced methodology will be required for us to understand sociospatial disparities in access.
The role of "go no-go" decisions in TB vaccine development.

Abstract “Go no-go” decisions play a critical role in the product development plan of any TB vaccine at several points. Go no-go decisions are designed to serve the fundamental maxim in vaccine development that killing a bad vaccine project as early as possible is the hallmark of a successful overall program; in development, unlike in basic research, costs and skilled manpower requirements rise exponentially as the program proceeds. The opportunity costs in resources, manpower and equipment utilized on bad vaccine projects are unavailable to other vaccine programs. The go no-go decision is a fundamental piece of the process that balances risk, time and resources. An example of a go no-go decision development program is presented.
Male body size affects female lifetime reproductive success in a seed beetle

Males of many animal taxa allocate resourceslargely to mate acquisition and defence, con-tributing little more than gametes to embryoproduction. In many insects, however, malestransfer large spermatophores or ejaculates tofemales during mating, and extragametic sub-stancesderivedfromthesepackagesareusedforsomaticmaintenanceandeggproductionbytherecipient females (e.g. Boggs 1981). Femalesreceiving multiple male contributions lay more(Ridley1988)andoftenlargereggs(Fox1993a)than do once-mated females, indicating largeeVectsofmale-derivednutrientsonfemalerepro-duction.Furthermore,largemalesproducelargerejaculates or spermatophores than small males(Fox et al. 1995), and females of some insectspreferentiallymatewithlargemales(ThornhillA but see Gwynne 1988). Here, weprovideevidencethatvariationamongmalesinbodysizehasadirecteVectonfemalereproductivesuccess(lifetimefecundityandeggsize)inaseedbeetle,
A translating stage system for μ-PIV measurements surrounding the tip of a migrating semi-infinite bubble

We have designed, fabricated and evaluated a novel translating stage system (TSS) that augments a conventional micro particle image velocimetry (μ-PIV) system. The TSS has been used to enhance the ability to measure flow fields surrounding the tip of a migrating semi-infinite bubble in a glass capillary tube under both steady and pulsatile reopening conditions. With conventional μ-PIV systems, observations near the bubble tip are challenging because the forward progress of the bubble rapidly sweeps the air–liquid interface across the microscopic field of view. The translating stage mechanically cancels the mean bubble tip velocity, keeping the interface within the microscope field of view and providing a tenfold increase in data collection efficiency compared to fixed-stage techniques. This dramatic improvement allows nearly continuous observation of the flow field over long propagation distances. A large (136-frame) ensemble-averaged velocity field recorded with the TSS near the tip of a steadily migrating bubble is shown to compare well with fixed-stage results under identical flow conditions. Use of the TSS allows the ensemble-averaged measurement of pulsatile bubble propagation flow fields, which would be practically impossible using conventional fixed-stage techniques. We demonstrate our ability to analyze these time-dependent two-phase flows using the ensemble-averaged flow field at four points in the oscillatory cycle.
Dynamic Modeling to Minimize Energy Use for CO2 Capture in Power Plants by Aqueous Monoethanolamine

A dynamic rate-based model was developed for stripping in CO2 capture from coal-fired power plants with 30 wt % monoethanolamine (MEA). The model, created in a flow sheet of Aspen Custom Modeler, was based on the film theory for liquid and vapor phases. It takes into account the impact of equilibrium reactions on the mass transfer, thermodynamic nonidealities, and the hydraulics of the structured packing. With this model, steady state analyses were carried out for the stripper to understand the effect of the lean loading and the height of the packing on total equivalent work and find optimum operating conditions that minimize power plant lost work. Two dynamic strategies with control configurations are proposed to run the stripper in a flexible operation during the period of electricity peak load and prices. Open loop responses demonstrated some differences in dynamic behavior and steady state values for proposed dynamic strategies. One of the approaches increased the CO2 removal by 1% at the reduced stea...
Characterization of a highly repetitive sequence DNA family in rat.

Abstract A 92 to 93 base-pair highly reiterated DNA from rat liver has been isolated by digestion with Eco RI and cloned in pBR322. Three recombinant plasmids have been studied in detail; these are p93-2 and p93-10, both of which contain two 93 base-pair inserts, and p93-15, which contains one 92 base-pair and two 93 base-pair inserts. Analysis of these seven cloned DNA fragments reveals that 93 base-pair highly repetitive DNA exhibits as much as 50% overall sequence heterogeneity although several families can be identified on the basis of a high degree of sequence homology among particular cloned inserts. Individual families have also been identified on the basis of specific restriction endonuclease sites. This property, coupled with a limited degree of cross-hybridization among the groups of inserts in filter hybridizations, has been utilized to demonstrate that the three 93(2) base-pair families identified here are repeated in a regularly interspersed, tandem manner with each family repeated no more frequently than once every fourth sequence. Similar conclusions have been reached by analysis of a specific fraction of 370 base-pair rat repeated DNA (Pech et al. , 1979 a ). The chromosomal location of these 93 base-pair repeated sequences has been determined by in situ hybridization. They are found primarily, though not exclusively, at centromeres and telomeres of metaphase chromosomes. Highly reiterated 93 base-pair DNA is transcribed in HTC cells. Large RNA transcripts containing sequences homologous to 93 base-pair DNA have been identified in HTC cell nuclei utilizing the RNA-DNA filter hybridization technology of Alwine et al. , (1977).
Absolute reflectance factor calibration for goniospectrophotometry

Currently, spectrophotometric standard reference materials are calibrated only using the CIE recommended illumination and viewing geometries. A need exists for standards that have been calibrated at many other combinations of illumination and viewing angles. The common practice has been to assume that a primary transfer standard such as BaSO4 is Lambertian even though its non-Lambertian behavior is well documented. This study was undertaken to develop a practical standard for this type of metrology. Two diffuse materials, BaSO4 and PTFE, were characterized goniospectrophotometrically. Bidirectional absolute spectral reflectance factors were determined for 60 combinations of illumination and view angles in a single plane. Neither material was found to be Lambertian and both failed to completely depolarize reflected radiation. The results were modeled using principal components analysis. The resulting model allows the determination of bidirectional spectral reflectances factors with a minimum effort. PTFE powder can be prepared repeatably with no significant effect on the measured reflectance properties, thus indicating that it would be a suitable primary transfer standard for goniospectrophotometry.
Severe Oxalosis With Systemic Manifestations

Ethylene glycol toxicity can have various clinical presentations with different organ system involvements. These presentations are independent of the level of toxicity. We describe a 31 years old male who presented with ethylene glycol toxicity manifesting as anuric renal failure who subsequently developed neurological sequela of its toxicity. Ethylene glycol is known to be metabolized to various metabolites and is ultimately converted to oxalate which results in crystal deposition the renal parenchyma causing renal failure. Oxalate deposition can occur in various organs including the nervous system as seen in our patient. The majority of patients do not recover from severe oxalosis despite the supportive care of hemodialysis in removing the parent compounds. Despite severe oxalosis, our patient was fortunate enough to be left with minimal neurological sequelae, and eventually was able to cease hemodialysis treatments. Keywords Ethylene glycol; Oxalate; Oxalosis; Glyoxylic acid
Global Asymptotic Stability Analysis of Both Matched and Unmatched Uncertain Neural Networks

We establish robustness stability results for a specific type of artificial neural networks for associative memories under parameter perturbations and determine conditions that ensure the existence of global asymptotically stable equilibria of the perturbed neural system that are near the asymptotically stable equilibria of the original unperturbed neural network. The proposed stability analysis tool is the sliding mode control and it facilitates the analysis by considering only the nominal plant under the nonlinear nominal control, which annihilates the matched uncertainties.
The expenditure effects of restricting competition in local public service industries: The case of special districts

The purpose of this paper has been to extend the type of positive economic analysis of the urban public economy that has been initiated by Wagner and Martin (1978), Wagner and Weber (1975), Ostrom et al. (1976), and others. The hypothesis was tested that restricting the growth of single-purpose special districts renders local service industries more monopolistic and should therefore increase local public expenditure levels. Evidence brought forth indicates that the effect of such restrictions imposed in two states, California and Oregon, was to increase general per capita expenditures, ceteris paribus. Per capita expenditures on water supply and fire protection, two services frequently provided by special districts, were also seen to increase dramatically after controlling for other supply and demand determinants of local public expenditures. Thus the empirical test of the last section supports the monopoly-enhancing view of special district growth restrictions and leads us to reject the alternative reformist hypothesis that consolidating or annexing special districts will lead to improved hierarchical organization of local government and diminish the cost of providing local public services. As the economics of regulation would predict, regulating the growth of special districts is a way that local politicians and bureaucrats can use the powers of the state to limit entry into the local government industry, thereby enhancing their monopoly power.
Behavior of Aircraft Generating Systems with Pulsating Loads

Aircraft generating systems are sometimes used in applications in which a large part, if not all, of the system load is pulsating--a load requiring repetitive pulses of current. One example of this type of load is a rectifier system feeding a resonant L-C charging circuit which is periodically charged and discharged. This type of load presents unique problems in the design of the generating system. This paper discusses the general behavior of a generating system with this type of pulsating-load and analyzes voltage and current wave shapes, equivalent generator load, effect of the load on voltage modulation and on voltage regulator design, and other factors. Test data for a model system is included.
Background television and reading performance

An experiment was conducted testing Armstrong and Greenberg's (1990) model of the effect of background television on cognitive performance, as it applies to reading comprehension and memory. Subjects completed a cued‐recall test of the content of an expository prose passage read under quiet conditions or concurrently with the presence of one of two types of television content (prime‐time drama versus commercials). Effects on immediate versus delayed recall were examined. Overall, significant deleterious effects of background television were found, controlling for prior abilities and motivation. Deleterious effects were stronger and more consistent when testing occurred immediately after reading, rather than after a five‐minute filled delay. Background commercials resulted in more consistently negative effects than did TV drama.
The fragmented text: The classics and postwar European literature

The presence of the classical tradition, prevalent in European literature down to the twentieth century, is still evident in the postwar period. But here it occurs in a radically fragmented form reflecting the shattering of values in the contemporary world. The fragmentation of familiar texts reveals itself in parodies and travesties of theOdyssey and theAeneid as well as such dramas as theOresteia orAntigone. The lives of Virgil and Ovid have been adapted to reflect the problematics of postmodern writers. Andeven the elegiac distich has been distorted by postwar poets to suggest formally the fragmentation of an enduring tradition.
Computational System Architecture Development Using a Holistic Modeling Approach

Abstract This paper presents an innovative system architecture development framework that allows the search of optimum architecture solutions within large design space by automating certain model construction, alternative generation, simulation, and assessment tasks. Such framework is facilitated by a holistic modeling approach that combines the capabilities of Object Process Methodology (OPM), Colored Petri Net (CPN) and feature model. The resultant holistic model not only can capture the structural, behavior, and dynamic aspects of a system, allowing strong analysis methods to be applied, but also can specify the architectural design space allowing generation of architecture alternatives that cover it. The proposed framework and suggested implementation is generic targeted at systems that can be specified by logic models using object-oriented paradigm. A partial implementation of the proposed approaches is presented with the design of reconfigurable manufacturing systems (RMSs) as an example, which is formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem with the Genetic Algorithm (GA, particularly, NSGA-2) as the search algorithm. The RMS is a multi-part flow line structure with identical machines in each production stage.
Nonlinear effects in desorption of valine with fast incident molecular ions.

Fast molecular ions as primary particles have been used to study secondary-ion desorption from organic layers. The secondary molecular-ion yield of the amino acid valine (molecular weight, 117) has been measured as a function of the velocity of primary atomic and molecular incident ions. The primary ions used were C/sup +/, O/sup +/, Ar/sup +/, C/sub 2//sup +/, O/sub 2//sup +/ , CO/sup +/, CO/sub 2//sup +/, CH/sup +/, CH/sub 3//sup +/, CF/sup +/, CF/sub 3//sup +/, C/sub 3/F/sub 5//sup +/, and C/sub 4/F/sub 7//sup +/ in the energy range 600 keV--3.7 MeV. The secondary molecular-ion yields, when compared to yields for atomic constituents, unambiguously show that collective effects exist in desorption with incident molecular ions. Results are discussed in the framework of enhancement in the electronic stopping power per atom for molecular ions due to the vicinage of the fast-moving charges in the material. The resulting high-yield enhancements, especially with the use of large incident ions such as C/sub 3/F/sub 5//sup +/ and C/sub 4/F/sub 7//sup +/, are very encouraging for the future of mass spectrometry of large organic molecules.
Catalytic and Inhibitor Binding Properties of Zebrafish Monoamine Oxidase (zMAO): Comparisons with human MAO A and MAO B

A comparative investigation of substrate specificity and inhibitor binding properties of recombinant zebrafish (Danio rerio) monoamine oxidase (zMAO) with those of recombinant human monoamine oxidases A and B (hMAO A and hMAO B) is presented. zMAO oxidizes the neurotransmitter amines (serotonin, dopamine and tyramine) with kcat values that exceed those of hMAO A or of hMAO B. The enzyme is competitively inhibited by hMAO A selective reversible inhibitors with the exception of d-amphetamine where uncompetitive inhibition is exhibited. The enzyme is unreactive with most MAO B-specific reversible inhibitors with the exception of chlorostyrylcaffeine. zMAO catalyzes the oxidation of para-substituted benzylamine analogs exhibiting Dkcat and D(kcat/Km) values ranging from 2 to 8. Structure-activity correlations show a dependence of log kcat with the electronic factor σp with a ρ value of + 1.55 ± 0.34; a value close to that for hMAO A but not with MAO B. zMAO differs from hMAO A or hMAO B in benzylamine analog binding correlations where an electronic effect (ρ = + 1.29 ± 0.31) is observed. These data demonstrate zMAO exhibits functional properties similar to hMAO A as well as exhibits its own unique behavior. These results should be useful for studies of MAO function in zebrafish models of human disease states.
The balance of effort in forecasting

This paper discusses some problems currently facing forecasters and expresses some of the author's beliefs of how such problems can be handled. It is the author's hope that such discussion will help practitioners to understand and better deal with these problems while, at the same time, stimulate research and influence the thinking of academicians. As with the previous work of this author, the present paper will be practical and brief.
Attentional strategy use by experienced distance runners: physiological and psychological effects.

The purpose of this investigation was twofold: (a) to compare most and least economical runners on use of attentional strategies and (b) to determine whether the least economical runners within the subject sample could improve running economy (RE) with the use of an active associative (relaxation) attentional strategy. Subjects (N = 36) completed an initial assessment of attentional style and RE; then the 12 least economical runners ran in each of three laboratory sessions using control, passive associative, and active associative attentional strategies. Results showed that the most economical and least economical runners did not differ in associative style use. The most economical runners, however, reported less dissociation use and more use of relaxation than did the least economical runners. No significant physiological or psychological changes were associated with any of the three attentional strategy conditions. The findings are related to possible differences in how most and least economical runners...
Dynamic Joint Force Simulator

The majority of component testing machines available today are multiple axial wear simulators that focus on the interaction between two articular surfaces [1, 2, 3]. The stability of the implant in the bone, another factor in joint replacement survival is usually tested using unvarying biaxial fatigue loading [4]. These loading protocols do not replicate physiological loading conditions. We designed the Dynamic Joint Force Simulator (DJFS) to have the capability to apply physiological loads through an articular surface for the purpose of studying implant stability.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Production and Stability of (E, Z)-2, 6-Nonadienal, the Major Flavor Volatile of Cucumbers

: Factors affecting the production and stability of (E, Z) -2, 6-nonadienal (NDE) from pickling cucumbers were examined. Production capability was rapidly destroyed in tissues exposed to freezing, fermentation or processing conditions. Lower concentrations were produced by exocarp tissues than mesocarp or endocarp tissues, which probably accounted for an almost linear relationship between fruit size and NDE production. NDE production was reduced by acidification, enhanced by linolenic acid, and unaffected by other unsaturated fatty acids NaCl or CaCl2. E-2-nonenal production was suppressed when NDE production was increased by linolenic acid. NDE was unstable in filtrates of homogenized tissues. Its stability was substantially improved by acidifying to pH 2 and unaffected by CaNa2EDTA. Extraction and concentration by vacuum distillation further enhanced stability. Loss of NDE in distillates averaged 0.3%/d during storage at 5 °C.
Linear-Dendritic Supramolecular Complexes as Nanoscale Reaction Vessels for “Green” Chemistry. Diels−Alder Reactions between Fullerene C60 and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Aqueous Medium

This study describes the first Diels−Alder (DA) reaction performed in aqueous medium with highly hydrophobic compounds—fullerene (C60) as the dienophile and anthracene (An) or tetracene (Tet) as the dienes, respectively. The reactions are performed in nanocontainers, constructed by self-assembly of linear-dendritic amphiphilic copolymers with poly(ethylene glycol), PEG or poly(ethylene oxide), PEO as the hydrophilic blocks and poly(benzyl ether) monodendrons as the hydrophobic fragments: G3PEO13k, dG3 and dG2. Comparative studies under identical conditions are carried out with an amphiphilic linear−linear copolymer, poly(styrene)1800-block-PEO2100, PSt-PEO, and the nonionic surfactant Igepal CO-720, IP720. The binding affinity of supermolecules built of these amphiphiles toward the DA reagents decreases in the following order: G3PEO13k > dG3 > PSt-PEO > dG2 > IP720. The kinetic constant of binding is evaluated for tetracene and decreases in a similar fashion: 5 × 10−7 M/min (G3PEO13k), through 4 × 10−7 M/...
Reduced cellular glutathione reductase activity and increased adhesion molecule expression in endothelial cells cultured with maternal plasma from women with preeclampsia.

Objective:The purpose of the current study was to determine whether maternal circulating components could regulate oxidative status of glutathione redox cycle and adhesion molecule expression in endothelial cells (ECs).Methods:Maternal plasma was extracted from venous blood obtained from normal term pregnant women and from women with preeclampsia (PE). Normal and PE pregnancies were defined as American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists criteria. Confluent ECs were incubated with EC growth medium (EGM) containing 20% plasma from women with normal (n = 8) and PE (n =8) pregnancies for 4 hours. ECs incubated with EGM only were used as control. EC oxidative status was assessed by measuring cellular glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities. Adhesion molecule expressions for intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM), vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM), P-selectin, and E-selectin were determined by colorimetric assays detected on EC surface by UV spectrophotometer at OD 45...
A remark on noncolorable cubic graphs

Abstract By using color interchanges, we prove statements like the following: If G is a simple cubic graph whose edges cannot be 3-colored, and W is a 5-circuit of G , then the number of edge-3-colorings of G - W with three given colors is a multiple of 5.
Identification of the Minimal Tyrosine Residues Required for Linker for Activation of T Cell Function

The linker for activation of T cells (LAT) is essential for signaling through the T cell receptor (TCR). Following TCR stimulation, LAT becomes tyrosine-phosphorylated, creating docking sites for other signaling proteins such as phospholipase C-γ1 (PLC-γ1), Grb2, and Gads. In this study, we have attempted to identify the critical tyrosine residues in LAT that mediate TCR activation-induced mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ and activation of the MAP kinase Erk2. By using the LAT-deficient Jurkat derivative, J.CaM2, stable cell lines were established expressing various tyrosine mutants of LAT. We show that three specific tyrosine residues (Tyr132, Tyr171, and Tyr191) are necessary and sufficient to achieve a Ca2+ flux following TCR stimulation. These tyrosine residues function by reconstituting PLC-γ1phosphorylation and recruitment to LAT. However, these same tyrosines can only partially reconstitute Erk activation. Full reconstitution of Erk requires two additional tyrosine residues (Tyr110 and Tyr226), both of which have the Grb2-binding motif YXN. This reconstitution of Erk activation requires that the critical tyrosine residues be on the same molecule of LAT, suggesting that a single LAT molecule nucleates multiple protein-protein interactions required for optimal signal transduction.
Adult attachment styles and mothers' relationships with their young children

This research examined the relationship between adult attachment styles and mothers' feelings of closeness to their children, mothers' interaction styles in a teaching situation, individual differences in the desire to have children, and the concerns individuals have about their ability to relate to young children as parents. Investigation 1 revealed that more avoidant mothers did not feel as close to their preschool children as did more secure mothers, and they behaved less supportively toward their children during a laboratory teaching task. Anxious-ambivalence was also associated with feelings of less closeness, but the level of closeness achieved depended on marital quality. Investigation 2 showed that more avoidant college men and women, compared to secure ones, were more uncertain about their capacity to relate to young children and about whether they wanted to have children. Highly ambivalent men and women reported being more uncertain about their capacity to function well as parents, but ambivalence was not related to the strength of the desire to have children. These findings are discussed in the context of attachment theory.
Maxillofacial injuries in the pediatric patient

Approximately 22 million children are injured in the United States annually. Children are uniquely susceptible to craniofacial trauma because of their greater cranial-mass-to-body ratio. The pediatric population sustains 1% to 14.7% of all facial fractures. The majority of these injuries are encountered by boys (53.7% - 80%) who are involved in motor vehicle accidents (up to 80.2%). The incidence of other systemic injury concomitant to facial trauma is significant (10.4% - 88%). The management of the pediatric patient with maxillofacial injury should take into consideration the differences in anatomy and physiology between children and adults, the presence of concomitant injury, the particular stage in growth and development (anatomic, physiologic, and psychologic), and the specific injuries and anatomic sites that the injuries affect. This comprehensive review, based on the last 25 years of the world's English-speaking surgical literature, presents current thoughts on the anatomic and physiologic differences between adults and children, a synopsis of childhood growth and development, and an overview of state-of-the-art management of the pediatric patient who has sustained maxillofacial injury.
Guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-diphosphate is not required for growth rate-dependent control of rRNA synthesis in Escherichia coli.

Abstract rRNA synthesis in Escherichia coli is subject to at least two regulation systems, growth rate-dependent control and stringent control. The inverse correlation between rRNA synthesis rates and guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-diphosphate (ppGpp) levels under various physiological conditions has led to the supposition that ppGpp is the mediator of both control mechanisms by inhibiting transcription from rrn P1 promoters. Recently, relA- spoT- strains have been constructed in which both ppGpp synthesis pathways most likely have been removed (M. Cashel, personal communication). We have confirmed that such strains produce no detectable ppGpp and therefore offer a direct means for testing the involvement of ppGpp in the regulation of rRNA synthesis in vivo. Stringent control was determined by measurement of rRNA synthesis after amino acid starvation, while growth rate control was determined by measurement of rRNA synthesis under different nutritional conditions. As expected, the relA- spoT- strain is relaxed for stringent control. However, growth rate-dependent regulation is unimpaired. These results indicate that growth rate regulation can occur in the absence of ppGpp and imply that ppGpp is not the mediator, or at least is not the sole mediator, of growth rate-dependent control. Therefore, growth rate-dependent control and stringent control may utilize different mechanisms for regulating stable RNA synthesis.
Predictors of long-acting opioid use and oral versus transdermal route among older medicaid beneficiaries

Abstract Background: The availability of long-acting (LA) opioid medications represents an advance in the treatment of persistent pain, raising the question of what factors predict receipt of this newer treatment approach. Objective: This study sought to determine which factors predict use of LA opioid medications and which factors predict use of transdermal versus oral options in an older population. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted of Medicaid claims from May 1999 to April 2002 for older (aged>60 years) Kansas Medicaid beneficiaries receiving opioid medications equivalent to ≥600 mg of morphine per month. Demographic data, diagnoses, and medication use were derived from Medicaid claims data provided by the Kansas Department of Social and Rehabilitative Services to Dr. Shireman for a larger project. Bivariate analyses and multivariable models were used to determine which clinical and demographic factors predicted LA opioid use in general and which factors were associated with transdermal fentanyl (TDF) use in particular. Results: The study population was mostly women, and more than one third were aged >85 years. Of the 766 claims, those patients taking LA opioids (n = 352) received oral sustained-release morphine, oral controlled-release oxycodone, or the TDF patch, with or without concomitant short-acting (SA) opioids. All others received SA opioids only (n = 414). In multivariate analysis, LA opioid use was more common among nursing home residents (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.45; 95% CI, 1.04–2.02) and persons under hospice care (AOR = 2.10; 95% CI, 1.19–3.73), with malignancy also bordering on a statistically significant association (AOR = 1.63; 95% CI, 1.00–2.66). Age, sex, race/ethnicity, and urban/nonurban residence were not associated with LA opioid use. Among those taking LA opioids, TDF use was more likely with older age (AOR = 2.89; 95% CI, 1.44–5.81 for aged ≥85 years vs aged 60–75 years), nursing home residence (AOR = 2.51; 95% CI, 1.46–4.49), dementia (AOR = 2.77; 95% CI, 1.03–7.48), malignancy (AOR = 3.03; 95% CI, 1.25–7.34), and nonwhite race (AOR = 2.72; 95% CI, 1.18–6.28), and less likely with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AOR = 0.47; 95% CI, 0.26–0.88), in adjusted analysis. Conclusions: Demographic and clinical predictors of TDF use differed from predictors of any LA opioid use among these older Medicaid beneficiaries. Qualitative research methods are needed to better understand what factors influence selection of opioid medications for older patients in nursing homes and community settings.
Thermal activation of beryllium-related photoluminescence by annealing of GaN grown by molecular beam epitaxy

Surface polarity related differences in the optical activity of Be in GaN epilayers grown by rf-plasma molecular beam epitaxy are investigated. N-polar GaN doped with Be exhibits a significantly higher intensity of donor-acceptor pair (DAP) photoluminescence (PL) than similarly doped Ga-polar GaN, indicating the Be is incorporating at microscopically different sites, or possibly is forming different compensating complexes. Highly Be-doped Ga-polar GaN forms isolated polarity-inverted regions which then incorporate Be via the N-polar mechanism resulting in the DAP PL. High temperature annealing of the Ga-polar layers both under nitrogen/hydrogen mixtures and under pure nitrogen atmospheres activates the DAP PL. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Stalosylglobotetraosylceramide: A marker for amyotropic lateral sclerosis

Gangliosides of healthy and pathologic muscles (amyotropic lateral sclerosis and facio-scapulo-humeral muscular dystrophy) were studied. Total ganglioside content of the affected muscles was approximately 2 fold higher than the unaffected muscles. Our results showed that ALS muscle contained a ganglioside which was absent in the unaffected and FSH muscular dystrophic muscles. Based on the results of hydrolysis with Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase and subsequent reactivity of the asialo derivative towards anti-globotetraosylceramide, we propose that the ALS ganglioside is sialosylglobtetraosylceramide, NeuAc(alpha 2-3)Ga1NAc(beta 1-3)Ga1(alpha 1-4)Ga1(beta 1-4)G1c-Cer.
Temperature Rise Simulation of Three-Dimensional Rough Surfaces in Mixed Lubricated Contact

A numerical simulation of the temperature rise for a three-dimensional rough surface sliding against a smooth surface in mixed lubricated contact has been developed. The effects of lubricant film friction and solid asperity friction are considered in the simulation. The moving grid method, which greatly reduces the required computer memory size and computing time, is used to solve the coefficient matrix of temperature equations. The time-dependent surface temperature rise at very small subregions is obtained. Different friction coefficients for lubricant shearing, surface film shearing and dry solid asperity contact are used to simulate the change of frictional heat in mixed lubricated contact. A critical temperature criterion is used to determine whether the friction coefficient is controlled by lubricant film, surface film, or dry solid asperity contact. Solutions for different contact conditions are presented for verification of the present simulation.
Algorithm for Autocorrelation Analysis of Secular Trends

An algorithm for autocorrelation analysis of time series data was presented and compared with two alternative computational methods. The algorithm was based on continuous variance adjustment following withdrawal of an element from the lagged series. The algorithm not only reduces the number of computations during the repeated passes through the data vector but also avoids a dampening effect toward the end of the series.
Spectral signatures database for remote sensing applications

A spectral signatures database (SSDB) has been developed to support the use of spectral sensing for remote sensing applications. A broad range of data from multiple regions of the electromagnetic spectrum is supported, including ultraviolet, visible, near-infrared, thermal infrared, and fluorescence. Future plans include support of hemispherical reflectance data. A priority in the database development was schema flexibility. Data can be archived with minimum or detailed sets of attributes. Pre-defined, community-standard attributes are included, but custom attributes may be added to meet the specific project or data requirements. The database incorporates all sources of signature data, including laboratory equipment, field radiometers, and imaging spectrometers. The database can also incorporate and reference other metadata such as project history, personnel information, spatial information, temporal information, equipment parameters, reference documents, photos, and imagery. The database was developed with entirely off-the-shelf products and exists in both stand-alone and web-based versions. Searching and filtering utilities have been included to allow a user to quickly locate and extract signatures of interest. Currently available application tools include two- and three-dimensional visualization, signature statistics, and surface matching and comparison. Data exporting is also available, which includes the creation of commercial image processing spectral libraries.
Observation of a Broad Resonance in the 2 3 S Excitation of Helium by Electron Impact

We have observed a broad $P$-wave resonance at about 50 eV primary energy in the angular distribution of electrons scattered after excitation of the ${2}^{3}S$ state of helium. The resonance has a width of about 15 eV and affects the differential excitation cross section by more than 3 orders of magnitude. It is suggested that this resonance is associated with the temporary formation of triply excited states of the negative helium ion.
The development of a permeability theory applied to concentrated suspensions

Abstract The problem concerned with delineating the behavior of concentrated suspensions may provide an opportunity to interpret the data by applying the Kozeny-Carman equation. This permeability equation is correlated with the Richardson-Zaki expression, and enables the variation of the Kozeny parameter, k, with suspension porosity to be established under sedimentation conditions. The variation of k with suspension composition is provided. The value of k previously determined when this method was applied to a wide variety of suspensions was shown to be greater than the approximate value of 5 normally quoted. The previous finding that the maximum sedimentation mass-transfer rate will never occur at a solids concentration greater than 25% vol. is tested using the experimental results.
The amber codon in the gene encoding the monomethylamine methyltransferase isolated from Methanosarcina barkeri is translated as a sense codon.

Each of the genes encoding the methyltransferases initiating methanogenesis from trimethylamine, dimethylamine, or monomethylamine by various Methanosarcinaspecies possesses one naturally occurring in-frame amber codon that does not appear to act as a translation stop during synthesis of the biochemically characterized methyltransferase. To investigate the means by which suppression of the amber codon within these genes occurs, MtmB, a methyltransferase initiating metabolism of monomethylamine, was examined. The C-terminal sequence of MtmB indicated that synthesis of this mtmB1 gene product did not cease at the internal amber codon, but at the following ochre codon. Antibody raised against MtmB revealed that Escherichia coli transformed withmtmB1 produced the amber termination product. The same antibody detected primarily a 50-kDa protein inMethanosarcina barkeri, which is the mass predicted for the amber readthrough product of the mtmB1gene. Sequencing of peptide fragments from MtmB by Edman degradation and mass spectrometry revealed no change in the reading frame during mtmB1 expression. The amber codon position corresponded to a lysyl residue using either sequencing technique. The amber codon is thus read through during translation at apparently high efficiency and corresponds to lysine in tryptic fragments of MtmB even though canonical lysine codon usage is encountered in otherMethanosarcina genes.
Synthesis and release of adenosine 3′: 5′-cyclic monophosphate by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Abstract One of the labeled compounds synthesized by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii when 32 Pi was supplied was isolated from both the cells and the medium in which the cells had grown. This compound copurified with authentic [8- 3 H]cAMP by TLC to a constant ratio of 32 P/ 3 H. The compound was degraded by beef heart cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase to a product which cochromatographed with authentic 5′AMP, at the same rate as the hydrolysis of authentic cAMP-[ 3 H] to 5′AMP-[ 3 H]. In both cases, 1-Me-3- iso Bu-xanthine, a specific inhibitor of the phosphodiesterase, totally blocked the reaction. It is concluded that the compound synthesized by C. reinhardtii was cAMP, 85% of which was released into the medium.
Effectively mapping linguistic abstractions for message-passing concurrency to threads on the Java virtual machine

Efficient mapping of message passing concurrency (MPC) abstractions to Java Virtual Machine (JVM) threads is critical for performance, scalability, and CPU utilization; but tedious and time consuming to perform manually. In general, this mapping cannot be found in polynomial time, but we show that by exploiting the local characteristics of MPC abstractions and their communication patterns this mapping can be determined effectively. We describe our MPC abstraction to thread mapping technique, its realization in two frame- works (Panini and Akka), and its rigorous evaluation using several benchmarks from representative MPC frameworks. We also compare our technique against four default mapping techniques: thread-all, round-robin-task-all, random-task-all and work-stealing. Our evaluation shows that our mapping technique can improve the performance by 30%-60% over default mapping techniques. These improvements are due to a number of challenges addressed by our technique namely: i) balancing the computations across JVM threads, ii) reducing the communication overheads, iii) utilizing information about cache locality, and iv) mapping MPC abstractions to threads in a way that reduces the contention between JVM threads.