cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Turns in the evolution of the problem of induction

Since the days of Hume's skeptical doubt, philosophical conceptions of the problem of induction and of ways in which it might be properly solved or dissolved have undergone a series of striking metamor phoses. In my paper, I propose to examine some of those turnings, which seem to me to raise particularly important questions about the nature of empirical knowledge and especially scientific knowledge. Many, but by no means all, of the statements asserted by empirical science at a given time are accepted on the basis of previously established evidence sentences. Hume's skeptical doubt reflects the realization that most of those indirectly, or inferentially, accepted assertions rest on evidence that gives them no complete, no logically conclusive, support. This is, of course, the point of Hume's obser vation that even if we have examined many occurrences of A and have found them all to be accompanied by B, it is quite conceivable, or logically possible, that some future occurrence of A might not be accompanied by B. Nor, we might add, does our evidence guarantee that past or present occurrences of A that we have not observed were or are accompanied by B, let alone that all occurrences ever of A are, without exception, accompanied by B. Yet, in our everyday pursuits as well as in scientific research we constantly rely on what I will call the method of inductive ac ceptance, or MIA for short: we adopt beliefs, or expectations, about empirical matters on logically incomplete evidence, and we even base our actions on such beliefs to the point of staking our lives on some of them. The problem of induction is usually understood as the question of what can be said in justification of this procedure. Any attempt to answer that question requires, first of all, a clear characterization of the method of inductive acceptance, presumably
N-acetyl-L-cysteine improves outcome of advanced cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation as a treatment for childhood cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) has historically only been successful in early disease. As ALD is associated with oxidative damage, we reasoned that adjunctive therapy with an antioxidant agent, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), may provide protection from rapid neurologic decline in boys with advanced cerebral disease. We report three boys with advanced ALD, whose neurologic status and brain radiographic findings were stabilized by treatment including NAC 8-11 months after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. These results contrast with previous survival data in cerebral ALD patients who had a similar degree of brain involvement, all of whom died within 1 year of stem cell infusion despite a full donor engraftment. Thus, NAC merits investigation as a therapeutic strategy for patients with advanced ALD as an intervention that could change this lethal disease to a condition amendable to treatment with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Colorectal cancer screening

Colorectal cancer is a worldwide problem having global increases in the number of cases and deaths because of the expanding and aging of the population in both developing and developed countries. Screening methods are available which can reduce the incidence by removal of adenomas and can reduce deaths in diagnosed cancer cases by earlier stage detection. Faecal occult blood testing has the strongest proof of effectiveness based on randomised control trials; sigmoidoscopy has lesser proof based on case control studies, and barium enema the weakest proof of effectiveness. Screening colonoscopy has not been subjected to a randomised trial but there is now considerable evidence of its performance and safety and it has the ability to screen, diagnose, and treat (polypectomy) in one test and it is becoming increasingly offered. Many guidelines are now in place, all with positive a position on the effectiveness of screening. However, screening rates are low and many barriers are present that need to be overcome in order to make a major global impact on colorectal cancer incidence and mortality.
The draft genome of the parasitic nematode Trichinella spiralis

Genome evolution studies for the phylum Nematoda have been limited by focusing on comparisons involving Caenorhabditis elegans. We report a draft genome sequence of Trichinella spiralis, a food-borne zoonotic parasite, which is the most common cause of human trichinellosis. This parasitic nematode is an extant member of a clade that diverged early in the evolution of the phylum, enabling identification of archetypical genes and molecular signatures exclusive to nematodes. We sequenced the 64-Mb nuclear genome, which is estimated to contain 15,808 protein-coding genes, at ∼35-fold coverage using whole-genome shotgun and hierarchal map-assisted sequencing. Comparative genome analyses support intrachromosomal rearrangements across the phylum, disproportionate numbers of protein family deaths over births in parasitic compared to a non-parasitic nematode and a preponderance of gene-loss and -gain events in nematodes relative to Drosophila melanogaster. This genome sequence and the identified pan-phylum characteristics will contribute to genome evolution studies of Nematoda as well as strategies to combat global parasites of humans, food animals and crops.
The study of things I have never seen.

Tinbergen defined structure as the momentary condition of an organism. Inference, interpretation, and theory were reserved for answering the “why” questions. Mason, however, observed that the study of behavior is incorrigibly mentalistic. Description seems barren compared to the richness supplied by creative intelligence. Exciting intervening variables such as learning, intention, and selective pressures can only be examined using inference, logic, and powerful deductive theories. For more than 100 years people have argued the two extremes: should science be restricted to the directly observable, or expanded to include what professional judgment could provide? I have devoted my life to the study of aggression and dominance, yet I have directly observed neither. I point to some behavior as an example of aggression, but I cannot provide an operational definition of what I mean. I will never know if another intends harm. I will never know if another is aware of the functions that behavior serves, and the outcomes that I confuse with past selective pressures and motivation. In a world where our subjects face extinction, perhaps it is wise to use computer simulations, to ask colleagues to rate their impressions, and to use logic to deduce behavior. The new “data” may be very useful. Still, I will miss actually watching what animals really do, even if I always describe it in terms of what I infer. Am. J. Primatol. 60:77–84, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The actions of others as determinants of behavior in social trap situations

Abstract Three studies were conducted to determine the effects of observing the behaviors of others upon an individual's actions in a simulated social trap situation. In Experiment 1, it was found that merely having the opportunity to make comparative appraisals of the actions of others led to greater competition for a finite common resource than when subjects were physically isolated from one another. In Experiment 2, false feedback was given to subjects to determine if the actions of others alone were responsible for the deleterious effects of having the opportunity for comparative appraisal; it was found that subjects quickly conformed to the behavior pattern of the interacting others, regardless of whether the false feedback indicated that the other subjects were consuming more or less than no-treatment control subjects. Experiment 3 was conducted to determine the motivation of subjects reacting to the actions of others; differential predictions based upon a competition/relative outcome explanation and upon an information search explanation were made. The data were consistent with the information search explanation.
Classification and treatment of local septic complications in acute pancreatitis

Background: An international symposium on acute pancreatitis recently developed a clinical classification system for severe acute pancreatitis that classifies all local septic complications into three groups: infected necrosis (IN), sterile necrosis (SN), and pancreatic abscess (PA). Despite the appeal of having three distinct, well-defined labels for this complex process, the clinical utility of this schema has yet to be determined. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prognostic and therapeutic utility of applying this clinical classification system to a large group of surgical patients with local septic complication from acute pancreatitis. Patients and methods: We reviewed the cases of 62 patients with complicated pancreatitis, classifying them into IN (n = 20), SN (n = 14), or PA (n = 28) groups. Ranson's score, APACHE II score, and computed tomography grading were calculated within the first 48 hours of admission. Information on patient demographics, etiology of pancreatitis, operative procedures, timing of intervention, bacteriology, blood loss, intensive care unit days, ventilator days, and morbidity and mortality were also accrued and analyzed. Results: Despite similar demographics and etiology of pancreatitis, patients with necrosis, both IN and SN, were more critically ill than were patients with PA (APACHE II score >15, 21% versus 0%, respectively), required earlier operative intervention (mean 14 days versus 29 days, P = 0.02), required necrosectomy with drainage (65% versus 4%, P <0.001) rather than simple drainage (3% versus 86%, P <0.001), more reoperations (2.3 versus 1.1, P <0.05), and had a significantly higher mortality rate (35% versus 4%, P <0.05). In addition, patients with IN required significantly more hospital days, ventilator days, and blood transfusions than elther patients with SN or PA (P <0.05). Conclusions: We conclude that this classification system allows for the stratification of patients into three distinct groups—infected necrosis, sterile necrosis, and pancreatic abscess— and has both therapeutic and prognostic usefulness.
Antibiotic use for emergency department patients with acute diarrhea: Prescribing practices, patient expectations, and patient satisfaction.

Abstract Study objective Physicians commonly prescribe antibiotics to meet patient expectations, even when antimicrobials are unnecessary. We evaluated factors emergency physicians consider in prescribing antibiotics to patients with diarrhea and examined patient expectations, physician-perceived patient expectations, and patient satisfaction. Methods Adults and children presenting with acute diarrhea to 1 of 10 academic emergency departments (EDs) were enrolled in this prospective observational cohort study. Adult patients and guardians of enrolled children were asked about treatment expectations before their physician encounter and about satisfaction with their medical care at discharge. Physicians were asked about factors influencing management decisions and their perceptions of patients' expectations. Results Of 104 patients enrolled, 25% received antibiotics. Physicians were more likely to prescribe antibiotics when features suggestive of bacterial enteritis were present (unadjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1 to 3.9). Physicians were also more likely to prescribe antibiotics when they believed patients expected them (unadjusted OR 2.3; 95% CI 1.1 to 4.4) but correctly identified such expectations in only 33% of instances. Satisfaction with care was reported by 100% of patients receiving antibiotics and 90% of those not receiving antibiotics (95% CI for difference of 10%, 3% to 17%). Conclusion Physicians in academic EDs prescribe antibiotics for acute diarrhea to about 1 patient in 4 and are more likely to do so if signs or symptoms compatible with bacterial enteritis are present. Physicians' assessments of patients' expectations for therapy were accurate in only 1 of 3 patients but were nevertheless associated with antibiotic prescription. Patient satisfaction was weakly associated with receipt of antibiotics.
Soft X-Ray Properties of Seyfert Galaxies. I. Spectra

Results are presented from a study of soft X-ray spectra of 75 Seyfert galaxies observed by the Einstein Observatory IPC. The spectra in this sample (mostly high-luminosity Seyfert type 1s) are found to be consistent with a single power-law index alpha = 81. The AGN spectra observed with the IPC are compared with those from higher energy experiments, where AGN spectra have power law indices alpha = 0.7. It is found that the IPC spectra are systematically steeper than the HEAO 1 A-2 spectra of the same Seyfert galaxies, indicating a flattening toward higher energies.
Target-peptide-induced changes in the structure and dynamics of calmodulin as probed by frequency domain fluorimetry of bound Tb(III)

Tb(III) luminescence is used to probe the conformational change induced in the calcium regulatory protein calmodulin upon binding to a target peptide. The luminescence lifetime for Tb(III) measured by frequency domain fluorimetry increases from 1278 microseconds for the calmodulin complex to 1496 microsecond for the complex of calmodulin and M13, a peptide derived from the calmodulin target protein myosin light chain kinase. The intensity of the Tb(III) emission increases over the solution value by a factor of 726 and 891 when bound to calmodulin and to the complex of calmodulin and M13 respectively. The sensitivity of the Tb(III) decay rate to deuterated solvent was also measured and is consistent with a single water molecule bound to the metal in both the calmodulin and calmodulin-M13 complex. The most dramatic change induced by M13 is the threefold reduction in the width of the Tb(III) lifetime distribution, which is interpreted to be a target-peptide-induced annealing of the previously flexible metal-binding site.
Leaf Area Homeostasis in Maize

BLACK1 showed how in genetically uniform stands of subterranean clover, small differences in seedling size could, owing to interplant competition, lead to progressively greater differences among the plants as growth proceeded. In contrast, observed stands of two F1 maize hybrids which were disappointingly irregular in the early stages of growth became progressively more uniform in appearance. At the flowering stage the plants were strikingly even to the eye, and experimental errors were low in samples taken at maturity to estimate dry weight of tops and grain (coefficients of variation, 7–8 per cent).
Densification of rapidly solidified titanium aluminide powders. I, Comparison of experiments to hiping models

Abstract Rapidly solidified γ-titanium aluminide powders were characterized and subjected to consolidation by hot isostatic pressing (HIP). Primary solidification of h.c.p.-α phase followed by formation of interdendritic γ-segregate prevails in both REP (Ti-50% Al-1.8% Nb) and RSR (Ti-48% Al-2.4% Nb-0.3% Ta) powders, except for a minor fraction of fine powders that form b.c.c.-β phase from the liquid. The evolution of these microstructures and their subsequent solid state transformations are in line with previous observations on binary titanium aluminide droplets solidified with and without supercooling. In the consolidation experiments, the influences of time, temperature and pressure on final densification were experimentally determined and compared with predicted HIP maps using best estimates of input data on material properties. Experimentally it was found that the densification rate is independent of average mean particle diameter. Best agreement between predictions and experiments were obtained for power-law creep as the dominant consolidation mechanism at high pressure, i.e. 182 MPa. Modifications of the model are suggested for consolidation during the pressurization.
Development of cholinergic drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is characterized neurochemically by a profound loss of choline acetyl transferase activity and histologically by a selective degeneration of cholinergic neurons originating in the nucleus basalis of Meynert (nbM). The clinical relevance of this cholinergic deficit and its implications for the development of treatment strategies was explored in animal studies and in patients with carefully diagnosed AD. A hypocholinergic animal model was developed by chemical ablation of the nbM in rats. These rats demonstrated significant impairment of learning and memory as measured by long-term habituation of locomotor activity and retention of a one-trial passive avoidance task, which was substantially improved after the administration of the cholinergic drug physostigmine. In AD patients, in vivo assessment of cholinergic markers in cerebrospinal fluid showed decreased acetylcholine and choline activity in proportion to the patient's degree of cognitive impairment. Physostigmine was administered to AD patients both intravenously and orally in an attempt to enhance central cholinergic activity. Significant improvement of long-term memory encoding followed administration of intravenous physostigmine, and modest improvements in cognition and behavior resulted when oral physostigmine was given to some AD patients. These results support the hypothesis that cholinergic deficits are manifested in symptoms of AD and suggest that administration of cholinomimetic agents is a rational treatment strategy in AD.
Babesiosis and hemophagocytic syndrome in an asplenic renal transplant recipient

Babesiosis is a malaria-like illness transmitted by the tick Ixodes dammini. The disease is endemic to the Northeast coastal region and parts of the Midwest. Symptoms-which include fever, anemia, elevated liver function tests, and hemoglobinuria-may be especially severe in asplenic or immunocompromised patients. In rare cases, infection with Babesia may be associated with marked pancytopenia. Bone marrow biopsy may reveal hemophagocytosis and marrow histiocytosis. We report a severe case of babesiosis and hemophagocytic syndrome in an asplenic renal transplant patient.
Flag desecration in American culture: Offenses against civil religion and a consecrated symbol of nationalism

Adoration for the United States flag is emblematic of American nationalism and patriotism. Moreover, in extreme forms, its rigid orthodoxy also reflects civil religion — a non-sectarian faith in which secular objects are transformed into sacred icons. Ostensibly, elements of civil religion imbue reverence for the flag, and although the recent flag protection campaign has caught the attention of intellectuals from various academic disciplines, sociologists are conspicuously absent from such discourse. In light of its relevance to civil religion, the dearth of sociological analysis on flag desecration is especially disconcerting. This article offers several theoretical explanations for the social construction of flag desecration and its sociological significance to civil religion.
Structure of the three-chain unit of the bovine epidermal keratin filament.

Abstract The characteristic α-type X-ray diffraction pattern displayed by bovine epidermal keratin filaments can be ascribed to the presence of segments of triple-chain coiled coil α-helix in the repeating three-chain unit of the filaments. Limited proteolysis of filaments polymerized in vitro or a citrate-soluble protein derived from them with crystalline trypsin releases two types of α-helix-enriched particles which provide information on the structure of the three-chain unit. The smaller, particle 2, of molecular weight 42,500, α-helix content of 92% and dimensions of 180 A × 20 A, consists of three chains aligned side-by-side that presumably form a coiled coil. The high yields of particle 2 allow the conclusion that all of the α-helix of the epidermal keratin filament is present in the form of these discrete three-chain α-helical segments. The larger, particle 1, recovered during the earlier stages of digestion has a molecular weight of 100,000 to 110,000, α-helix content of 75%, average dimensions of 400 A × 20 A and also consists of three chains aligned side-by-side. It contains two α-helical segments corresponding to particle 2 which are located at the amino -terminal and carboxyl-terminal ends and are separated by a region of non-helix. Particle 1 contains all of the α-helix and therefore is the major portion of the three-chain unit of the keratin filament. The products resulting from reaction of intact filament subunits with N-bromosuccinimide suggest that particle 1 is formed during digestion by removal of regions of non-helix from each end of this unit. The structure of the three-chain unit of the bovine epidermal keratin filament may thus be viewed as three polypeptide subunits aligned side-by-side with two discrete coiled coil α-helical segments interspersed with regions of non-helix.
"I started to feel like a 'real doctor'": medical students' reflections on their psychiatry clerkship.

Medical students’ reflective journals can be a rich source for understanding what students learn and think about during clinical rotations and can offer educators and mentors insight into students’ professional identity formation. The aim of this paper is to ascertain, from reflective accounts, students’ development and reactions to psychiatry following their psychiatry clerkship. The patterns, recurrent categories, and themes in 100 psychiatry clerks’ reflective journals were analyzed using grounded theory. Constant comparative method was employed to identify and quantify emergent themes and uncover relationships between these themes. The most common “unprompted” themes that students reported were the recognition of the complexity of the illness condition and the fact that the psychiatric patient does not exist in a vacuum (52 %); an acknowledgement of one’s respect for the struggle of patients with mental illness (49 %); an expressed or demonstrated empathy for patients (48 %); and a reduced skepticism of the biological basis of mental illness and efficacy of treatments (46 %). Reflective exercises—along with quality mentorship—can be used to understand students’ experience with clinical encounters, facilitate change, refine assumptions among students, and promote critical self-assessment and personal growth.
Changes in the pulmonary uptake and binding of drugs in an experimental model of lung fibrosis

Abstract To investigate the effect of lung fibrosis on the pulmonary uptake and binding of drugs, rats were given weekly ip injections of 20 mg/kg paraquat dichloride for 6 weeks, and drug uptake and efflux in tissue slices from paraquatdamaged and control lungs were compared. Histologically, lungs from paraquat-treated animals showed multifocal areas of obliterative fibrosis, which appeared to involve 10–20% of the lung. Compared to controls, wet and dry weights of fibrotic lungs were increased 2.4- and 2.3-fold, respectively. Total lung protein per kilogram body weight was increased 85% in the paraquat-treated animals. Tissue/medium concentration ratios for [ 14 C]benzylpenicillin in paraquat-damaged tissues were not significantly different from control values over a 15 to 240-min incubation period; the antibiotic did not appear to accumulate in lung slices. In contrast, [ 3 H]isoniazid and [ 3 H]dexamethasone were accumulated after 15 min, and uptake by paraquat-damaged tissues was significantly decreased (14–22%) for both drugs. In efflux studies with [ 3 H]isoniazid and [ 3 H]dexamethasone, slow-component rates for the drugs were not significantly different in control and fibrotic tissues; however, the fraction of the drugs that washed out at the slow component rate in the paraquat group was decreased 10–15% compared to controls. Differences in drug accumulation could not be accounted for by either a direct effect of residual lung paraquat on binding or metabolism by the lung. The results suggest that sites for drug accumulation in normal lung may be replaced by nonfunctional tissue in this model of lung fibrosis.
A Review of Edward Luce's In Spite of the Gods: The Strange Rise of Modern India

India poses a development puzzle on a grand scale. Sixty years of electoral democ- racy, thirty years of rapid growth, and a number of world class institutions (such as the Institutes of Technology or Election Commission) have led to talk of India as a superpower in a league with the United States and China. Yet, on many fronts, India's indicators of human well-being (e.g., malnutrition, immunization) are at, or below, those of much poorer sub-Saharan African countries. Measures of the administrative capacity of the state on basics like attendance, performance, and corruption reveal a potentially "flailing state" whose brilliantly formulated policies are disconnected from realities on the ground. This review essay of Ed Luce's In Spite of the Gods attempts to articulate the puzzle that is modern India and pose questions about the development trajectory of a country whose fortunes will shape our century.
Usefulness of ionophores for lactating dairy cows: a review

In recent years, ionophores (IOP) have been approved in several countries around the word for use in lactating dairy cows with claims for improved milk production and immune response. Currently, the use of IOP in lactating dairy cattle is not allowed in the USA, although the application for approval of monensin for use in these animals has been submitted. As a result, additional data from experiments in which IOP were administered to lactating dairy cattle have become available over the last few years. The objective of this paper is to review the current data regarding the effects of these compounds on milk production, health status, and reproductive performance of lactating dairy cows. In the rumen, IOP inhibit gram positive bacteria, which subsequently alter ruminal fermentation resulting in increased amounts of energy and N from feeds in forms usable by the cow. When administered at effective doses, IOP do not affect, or slightly decrease, feed intake by lactating cows. This effect combined with the IOP-mediated alterations in rumen fermentation increases the supply of nutrients, particularly propionate. As a result, the energy balance is improved, enhancing in turn milk production, efficiency of milk production, and immune response. The magnitude of these effects, however, appears to be determined by several factors, many of which are poorly understood. Based on available data, improved energy balance and its favorable effects on health and milk production would be primary benefits of administering IOP to lactating cows. Thus, periparturient dairy cows, particularly over-conditioned cows, may benefit the most from the use of IOP. However, the development of efficient implementation strategies that maximize the economic returns will depend on a better understanding of the effects of IOP on the metabolism, performance, and health of transition and lactating dairy cattle.
Coal dissolution in high boiling process solvents

Abstract The liquefaction of a bituminous coal has been studied using distillate and non-distillable, coal-derived solvents. Different classes of solvent components can interact non-additively during reaction with coal to either promote or retard the process of coal dissolution. Above certain concentrations, polyfunctional compounds in heavy coal-derived liquids effect a measurable reduction in coal conversion and product selectivity by accentuating the degree of condensation reactions. Substantial removal of these compounds can be achieved by precipitation in a paraffinic solvent. Retrogressive reactions are reduced and positive synergistic interactions can be realized by the blending of heavy solvents with selected components, such as polycondensed aromatics, and with lower boiling, hydrogen-donor species.
Yolk proteins in Drosophila: identification and site of synthesis

The yolk proteins from several Drosophila species were identified and partially purified. One or two predominant proteins were found in the crude extracts of mature oocytes and in the hemolymph of mature females. They were absent or present in trace amounts in male and young female hemolymph. Fat body from mature D. silvestris cultured in Grace's insect culture medium, synthesized and released several proteins, two of which were precipitable by antibodies against silvestris crude yolk extract. Fat body from immature flies synthesized and released only one of these proteins.
Clinical and chromosomal studies of the 18q-syndrome

Six patients with partial deletion of the long arm of chromosome No. 18 are described. The characteristic features of this syndrome include typical facies with reduced prominence of the midface region, prominent antihelix, “carp-shaped” mouth, nystagmus, funduscopic abnormalities, generalized hypotonia, congenital vertical tali, increased number of whorls on the fingertips, atretic or stenotic auditory canals, hearing loss, and mental retardation. In one family, a pericentric inversion of chromosome No. 18 was present in the father and several siblings of the propositus and was believed to be the cause of the deletion in the propositus. Two of the 5 patients examined for immune globulins had abnormally low levels of IgA.
On the Brink in the Gulf Part 1: Onset of the ‘Classic’ 1990 Crisis

The writer is indebted to Benjamin Frankel, Leon T. Hadar, Michael J. Nojeim, Gary R. Weaver, and Frederick A. Williams for their helpful comments on an earlier draft. However, responsibility for any errors of fact, interpretation, or attribution lies solely with the author.
Ampullary electroreceptors in the fresh water ray,Potamotrygon

1. Ampullary organs of the fresh water stingrayPotamotrygon have short canals. Receptor cells of the ampullary epithelium have a single kinocilium on their lumenal faces and form ribbon synapses with afferent fibers on their basal faces. 2. Afferents from the receptors exhibit a tonic rhythmic discharge. Outside negative stimuli in the millivolt range accelerate the discharge. Outside positive stimuli decelerate the discharge. 3. Polarity of response and presence of a kinocilium indicate that these receptors are homologous with ampullae of Lorenzini. Shortness of the canals and low sensitivity can be explained as adaptations to the high impedance of the fresh water environment.
Lanthanide distribution coefficients on Dowex chelating resin A-1

Abstract The results of this experimentation are in agreement with a previously observed elution sequences for La 3+ and Lu 3+ on Dowex A-1 chelating resin[1]. At 25·00°C, pH 2·00 and μ = 0·100 (NaCl), the selectivity of the resin for trivalent lanthanide ions was to be La 3+ 3+ 3+ > Sm 3+ > Gd 3+ ∼ Dy 3+ 3+ > Yb 3+ . Anomalities in selectivity appear to arise from a positive increase in the electrical contribution to ΔG. Such an increase may be associated with the phase change Ln aqueous 3+ → Ln resin 3+ . When the observed distribution coefficients were corrected for this this effect, rather good agreement was obtained between the lanthanide-Dowex A-1 and the simpler monomeric chelate stability trends.
Influence of mosquito genotype on transcriptional response to dengue virus infection

The mosquito Aedes aegypti is the principal vector that transmits dengue virus (DENV) to humans. The primary factors that trigger a susceptible or refractory interaction of A. aegypti with DENV are not well understood. In this study, our aim is to characterize the influence of vector genotype on differential gene expression of susceptible vs. refractory A. aegypti strains to DENV infection. To accomplish that, we identified differential expression of a set of complementary DNAs (cDNAs; n = 9,504) of the D2S3 (susceptible) and Moyo-D (refractory) strains of A. aegypti to DENV serotype 2 (JAM1409) and compared these results to the differential expression of cDNAs in a different susceptible vector genotype (Moyo-S) relative to the same refractory genotype (Moyo-D) identified from our previous study. We observed that, although the number of differentially expressed transcripts (DETs) was similar in both the studies, about ~95 % of the DETs were distinct between Moyo-D/D2S3 vs. Moyo-D/Moyo-S. This suggested that A. aegypti response, to infection of a given genotype of dengue, is largely dependent upon the vector genotype. However, we observed a set of common DETs among the vector strains that were associated with predicted functions such as endocytosis, regulation of autophagy, peroxisome, and lipid metabolism that may be relatively universal in conferring mosquito response to DENV infection.
Causality requirements and the theory of relativity

As pointed out first by Felix Klein1, the concept of ‘theory of relativity’ should always be understood with reference to a particular group. In this sense, we shall be concerned here with three theories of relativity, the one associated with Newtonian physics, and Einstein’s special and general theory. The groups to be considered are those associated with transformations of the space-time coordinates, and thus the physics underlying them is that of the respective space-time concepts.
A 130nm CMOS polar quantizer for cellular applications

A polar quantizer is presented for detection and quantization of modulated signals in cellular applications. It consists of amplitude and phase quantizers. A time-to-digital converter (TDC) is designed to measure and quantize the phase, while a typical ADC is used for amplitude quantization. Polar quantizer significantly reduces the sensitivity of the quantizer to amplitude resolution. The 10 bit polar quantizer fabricated in 130nm CMOS achieves 5.5dB of SQNR improvement compared to rectangular quantizer for signal bandwidths as high as 20MHz.
Adult protective services use for older adults at the time of hospital discharge.

Purpose: In this article a description is given of the use of adult protective services (APS) as a “safety net” by healthcare team members (HCTMs) when concerns were evident about an older adult's hospital discharge decisions. Design and Methods: The study had a descriptive qualitative design and participants' perceptions of discharge destination decisions were explored. A total of 13 semi-structured interviews were conducted with 7 HCTMs, who were the primary discharge planners for 13 frail older adults. Findings: Themes that emerged were safety, “reconciling the differences,”“letting them fail,” having confidence in the family caregiver, and weighing the options. If HCTMs did not view the older adults' discharge decisions as safe, they would first try to persuade the older adults to change their minds, and if that failed, they would report the older adult to APS for follow-up. Conclusions: The APS system does not augment, nor does it replace, adequate hospital discharge planning. The use of the APS system as a safety net at the time of hospital discharge is a symptom of a grave problem that will only worsen as the number of elderly adults increases and adds stress to an already overburdened healthcare system. Clinical Relevance: Access to health and social services at the time of hospital discharge is essential to the health and well-being of frail older adults; major gaps in services must be identified and corrected.
Tourism-related Social Capital and Its Relationship with Other Forms of Capital: An Exploratory Study

The purpose of this exploratory study is to examine tourism-related social capital and its relationship with other forms of capital. The concept of social capital has emerged from several disciplines. Social capital has been used extensively among communities exploring a variety of economic development options, including sustainable agriculture and entrepreneurship. As part of a larger project, 307 tourism stakeholders in a four-county region of Virginia are identified and surveyed regarding their (1) perceptions of tourism-related social capital of the area and (2) perceptions of built, financial, natural, cultural, human, and political capital. Using structural equation modeling, analysis of the results shows that there is a relationship between length of residence and tourism-related social capital as well as a relationship between tourism-related social capital and cultural capital, political capital, human capital, private built capital, and financial capital, but no relationship exists between touri...
Understanding aspects of pictures: the development of scene schemata in young children.

Abstract The focus of this research was on preschool children's understanding of information depicted in pictures. Children were presented tasks assessing their understanding of object likelihoods, object positions, object sizes, and depth in scenes. The results indicated that knowledge about object likelihoods and positions show parallel patterns of development and share significant common variation, suggesting that they are early-developing aspects of scene schemata. Knowledge about size and depth seem to develop more slowly and were related to knowledge about object likelihoods only for older preschool children. Size and depth do not appear to form part of the scene schemata of young children.
A rotary-drum metal separator using permanent magnets

Abstract A separator is described which splits mixed materials — such as the secondary air classifier underflow of municipal solid waste or the “nonmagnetic” reject from junk auto shredding — into three fractions consisting of (1) magnetic materials, (2) nonmagnetic metals and (3) nonmagnetic nonmetals. The separator consists of a rotary drum with a lining of permanent magnets on the inner surface and a flexible stainless steel layer covering the magnets. The drum axis is inclined by an angle of 4–12 degrees to the horizontal so that nonmagnetic nonmetals migrate toward the lower end and fall out of the drum. Magnetic particles adhere to the drum surface, are carried up by the rotary motion and drop down into a discharge chute as the flexible stainless steel layer separates from the magnets near the top of the drum. The permanent magnets are arranged in a stripe pattern which is oriented in such a way that nonmagnetic metal particles are pushed towards the upper end of the drum by eddy-current induced forces when the drum rotates. A discussion of the performance of this type of separator is presented, together with performance data obtained using shredded municipal waste.
A comparative evaluation of journal literature access options at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a comparison of three models for journal literature access.Design/methodology/approach – This empirical paper is based on working practice in an academic library.Findings – Post‐implementation analysis shows that both pay‐per‐view and big deals offered valuable and highly used additional content, and that both are cost‐effective alternatives to the traditional subscription model. But overall, the big deal proves to be the best model for most journal titles due to its combination of superior cost savings and ease of end‐user access.Originality/value – By analyzing the results of switching a large number of titles across three access modes in a short period of time, this paper offers insight into the effect of the three access models on end users and library budgets.
An approach to evolving novel organizational forms

A key problem in organization theory is to suggest new organizational forms. In this paper, I suggest the use of genetic algorithms to search for novel organizational forms by reproducing some of the mechanics of organizational evolution. Issues in using genetic algorithms include identification of the unit of selection, development of a representation and determination of a method for calculating organizational fitness. As an example of the approach, I test a proposition of Thompson's about how interdependent positions should be assigned to groups. Representing an organization as a collection of routines might be more general and still amenable to evolution with a genetic algorithm. I conclude by discussing possible objections to the application of this technique.
The effects of flexion and rotation on the length patterns of the ligaments of the knee.

Abstract Measurements have been made of the lengths of the ligaments in human knee joint specimens. The ligaments considered were the lateral collateral, medial collateral, anterior cruciate and posterior cruciate. The ligament length patterns were determined for twelve specimens at flexions of 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120°, in neutral, internal rotation and external rotation at each angle. The collateral ligaments steadily diminished by about 20 per cent in length from 0 to 120° flexion, rotation having little effect. The anterior cruciate gradually increased 10 per cent from 0 to 120° flexion and the posterior cruciate, was 10 per cent longer at 0° flexion than at all other angles for which length was constant. The action of the cruciates was therefore somewhat reciprocal. Rotation had a significant effect on cruciate lengths, affecting the anterior more than the posterior cruciate. Computations were made of the change in length of the anterior and posterior fibres of each cruciate ligament, in relation to the central fibres. Reciprocal functions between fibres were demonstrated.
Long-term Effectiveness of Infection Control Training among Fourth-year Medical Students

Abstract - The purpose of this study was to determine the long-term knowledge retention of infection control training among fourth-year medical students (n=110) who received training in their second year. Previous infection control training focused on standard precautions and infection control procedures. The evaluation of knowledge retention two years after the planned intervention demonstrated that although there was a significant knowledge increase about infection control immediately after participating in the intervention, there was no significant knowledge retention about infection control two years later. Furthermore, when the knowledge scores of the intervention group two years post training were compared to a control group, there were no differences. When compared to the control group, an improvement in reporting exposure incidents was found among the intervention group. More research is needed to determine effective training methods that can improve retention of infection control and safety precautions. Retraining on a regular basis may be indicated. Key words: infection control, health education, exposure reporting, evaluation, medical students
In vivo reactivation by oximes of inhibited blood, brain and peripheral tissue cholinesterase activity following exposure to nerve agents in guinea pigs.

Abstract This study compared the ability of nine oximes (HI-6, HLo7, MMB-4, TMB-4, carboxime, ICD585, ICD692, ICD3805, and 2-PAM) to reactivate in vivo cholinesterase (ChE) in blood, brain, and peripheral tissues in guinea pigs intoxicated by one of four organophosphorus nerve agents. Two bis-pyridinium compounds without an oxime group, SAD128 and ICD4157, served as non-oxime controls. Animals were injected subcutaneously with 1.0× LD50 of the nerve agents sarin, cyclosarin, VR or VX and treated intramuscularly 5 min later with one of these oximes. Toxic signs and lethality were monitored; tissue ChE activities were determined at 60 min after nerve agent. Some animals exposed to sarin or cyclosarin, with or without non-oxime treatment, died within 60 min; however, no animal treated with an oxime died. For VR or VX, all animals survived the 60 min after exposure, with or without non-oxime or oxime therapy. The four nerve agents caused differential degrees of inhibition in blood, brain regions and peripheral tissues. The tested oximes exhibited differential potency in reactivating nerve agent-inhibited ChE in various peripheral tissues, but did not affect ChE activity in the brain regions. There was no direct relation between blood and peripheral tissues in the reactivating efficacy of oxime treatments. ChE inhibited by sarin was the most susceptible to oxime reactivation while cyclosarin the least susceptible. There was no difference in the ChE reactivating potency between the dimethanesulfonate and dichloride salts of HI-6. MMB-4 significantly reactivated the ChE inhibited by these four nerve agents in blood and all three peripheral tissues of the guinea pig, and among all the oximes tested it was the most effective in vivo ChE reactivator against all four nerve agents.
Development and evaluation of the nutrition component of the Rapid Eating and Activity Assessment for Patients (REAP): a new tool for primary care providers.

Abstract Objectives 1. To describe the development of a dietary assessment tool (Rapid Eating and Activity Assessment for Patients [REAP]) that quickly assesses a patient's diet and physical activity and facilitates brief counselling by a primary care provider, and 2. To describe the evaluation of the REAP in terms of its reliability, validity, and ease of use by primary care providers. Design, Setting and Participants The evaluation of REAP included: 1) an implementation feasibility study conducted with 61 medical students and practicing physicians in practice settings at various medical schools; 2) a calibration study with 44 Brown University Medical School students; 3) cognitive assessment testing with 31 consumers in Rhode Island; and 4) a reliability and calibration study of the revised tool with 94 consumers in Rhode Island and Massachusetts. Results The feasibility study revealed moderately high rankings on usefulness, ease, practicality, and helpfulness. The calibration studies demonstrated that REAP has excellent test-retest reliability ( r = 0.86, P r = 0.49, P = .0007), and is significantly associated with intake of most nutrients studied. Conclusions and Implications REAP has adequate reliability and validity to be used in primary care practices for nutrition assessment and counselling, and is also user-friendly for providers.
Modeling of the Gate Leakage Current in AlGaN/GaN HFETs

A new physics-based model of the gate leakage current in AlGaN/GaN heterojunction field effect transistors (HFETs) is demonstrated. The model predicts accurately the gate-leakage current for a wide range of gate-drain voltage. The model is based on the formulation of tunneling and space charge limited (SCL) current flow. The gate leakage current is shown to flow through two paths: 1) the surface of the device establishes the primary path and the current transport mechanism is modeled using SCL transport in the presence of shallow traps and 2) the traps in the AlGaN layer assist in the tunneling of electrons from the gate to the 2-D electron gas, which flows to the drain electrode constituting the second path for the leakage current. The trap levels extracted from the model are consistent with the reports presented in the literature. The model appropriately explains the gate leakage current of the AlGaN/GaN HFETs for drain voltages up to 170 V and is verified by comparing the model results with the measured gate leakage data of industrial devices.