cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Programming the Grid: Distributed Software Components, P2P and Grid Web Services for Scientific Applications

Computational Grids [17,25] have become an important asset in large-scale scientific and engineering research. By providing a set of services that allow a widely distributed collection of resources to be tied together into a relatively seamless computing framework, teams of researchers can collaborate to solve problems that they could not have attempted before. Unfortunately the task of building Grid applications remains extremely difficult because there are few tools available to support developers. To build reliable and re-usable Grid applications, programmers must be equipped with a programming framework that hides the details of most Grid services and allows the developer a consistent, non-complex model in which applications can be composed from well tested, reliable sub-units. This paper describes experiences with using a software component framework for building Grid applications. The framework, which is based on the DOE Common Component Architecture (CCA) [1,2,3,8], allows individual components to export function/service interfaces that can be remotely invoked by other components. The framework also provides a simple messaging/event system for asynchronous notification between application components. The paper also describes how the emerging Web-services [52] model fits with a component-oriented application design philosophy. To illustrate the connection between Web services and Grid application programming we describe a simple design pattern for application factory services which can be used to simplify the task of building reliable Grid programs. Finally we address several issues of Grid programming that better understood from the perspective of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) systems. In particular we describe how models for collaboration and resource sharing fit well with many Grid application scenarios.
Monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of human B-cell malignancies.

Monoclonal antibody technology emerged in the 1970′s and was greeted by a wave of optimism. Many believed this new form of therapy would be effective in the treatment of human cancers. Early clinical trials in B-cell lymphomas demonstrated both the potential and limitations of unlabeled murine monoclonal antibody therapy, and taught us valuable lessons regarding the importance of the antibody structure, and nature of the targeted antigen. Since that time modifications in antibody structure and careful selection of target antigen have improved the clinical efficacy of these agents. Clinical trials using humanized antibodies have demonstrated that human/mouse chimeric antibodies and humanized antibodies have enhanced anti-tumor activity, decreased immunogenicity, and a very favorable toxicity profile. Radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies can induce durable remissions in lymphoma with toxicity limited largely to bone marrow suppression. Clinical trials with immunotoxins have demonstrated anti-tumor activity bu...
Simultaneous quantitation of hexacosanoyl lysophosphatidylcholine, amino acids, acylcarnitines, and succinylacetone during FIA–ESI–MS/MS analysis of dried blood spot extracts for newborn screening

Objectives The goal of this study was to include the quantitation of hexacosanoyl lysophosphatidylcholine, a biomarker for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy and other peroxisomal disorders, in the routine extraction and analysis procedure used to quantitate amino acids, acylcarnitines, and succinylacetone during newborn screening. Criteria for the method included use of a single punch from a dried blood spot, one simple extraction of the punch, no high-performance liquid chromatography, and utilizing tandem mass spectrometry to quantitate the analytes.
Intestinal protein loss in Crohn's disease.

Intestinal protein loss was quantified in 30 patients with Crohn's disease and its relationship to serum protein levels, the location and extent of disease, and d-xylose, B12 and fat malabsorption determined statistically. Protein clearance was excessive in 21 patients, with maximal values more than 15 times normal, but serum protein levels were low in only 8 patients. Clearance values correlated well (r = 0.76) with the extent of disease as measured from radiographs, but was not related to d-xylose, B12, or fat malabsorption, present in 14, 17, and 12 patients respectively. These absorption tests correlated poorly with the extent and location of disease. The results indicate that enteric protein loss is frequently excessive in Crohn's disease and, as measured by clearance studies, provides one of the best objective reflections of the extent of the intestinal lesion.
Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser active regions for enhanced performance with optical pumping

We have developed an improved active region design for optically pumped vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers. The design makes use of carrier-blocking layers to segment the absorber and promote uniform carrier populations in the quantum wells with pump efficiencies near 75%. A model to calculate the carrier distribution in the active region and a design methodology are presented along with a metric to describe the carrier uniformity in the quantum wells. Experimental verification of the performance improvements shows an over 50% reduction in device thresholds and an increase of 20/spl deg/C in maximum operating temperatures.
Familial congenital non‐immune hydrops, chylothorax, and pulmonary lymphangiectasia

Pulmonary lymphangiectasia is an uncommon congenital anomaly, and familial occurrence has rarely been reported. We report on two sibs with bilateral pleural effusion/chylothorax and hydrops who died neonatally. One sib required prenatal intrauterine hemithoracic drainage. Autopsy confirmed congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasia (CPL) histologically in the first case. Hydrops, characterized as subcutaneous edema and effusions in two or more body cavities, may be due to a variety of factors, but the co-occurrence of CPL in one of these sibs, although rare, supports the notion that chylothorax and hydrops may be caused by structural lesions of lymph channels. Although most cases of CPL are sporadic, the reported sibs support autosomal recessive inheritance, with intrafamilial variability of a lymphatic disorder on a genetic basis. Mutations in vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR3) in families with Milroy disease, mutations of FOXC2 in the lymphedema-distichiasis syndrome, and fatal chylothorax in alpha9-deficient mice are potential candidate genes.
Quantitative single cell determination of ERK phosphorylation and regulation in relapsed and refractory primary acute myeloid leukemia

Quantitative single cell determination of ERK phosphorylation and regulation in relapsed and refractory primary acute myeloid leukemia
Appropriateness criteria for stress echocardiography in patients with acute chest pain: are we choosing wisely?

[1] Lemery R, Brugada P, Bella PD, Dugernier T, van den Dool A,Wellens HJ. Nonischemic ventricular tachycardia. Clinical course and long-term follow-up in patients without clinically overt heart disease. Circulation 1989;79:990–9. [2] Viskin S, Rosso R, Rogowski O, Belhassen B. The “short-coupled” variant of right ventricular outflow ventricular tachycardia: a not-so-benign form of benign ventricular tachycardia? J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2005;16:912–6. [3] Ventura R, Steven D, KlemmHU, et al. Decennial follow-up in patients with recurrent tachycardia originating from the right ventricular outflow tract: electrophysiologic characteristics and response to treatment. Eur Heart J 2007;28:2338–45. [4] Daniels DV, Lu YY, Morton JB, et al. Idiopathic epicardial left ventricular tachycardia originating remote from the sinus of Valsalva: electrophysiological characteristics, catheter ablation, and identification from the 12-lead electrocardiogram. Circulation 2006;113:1659–66. [5] Leenhardt A, Glaser E, Burguera M, Nurnberg M, Maison-Blanche P, Coumel P. Shortcoupled variant of torsade de pointes: a new electrocardiographic entity in the spectrum of idiopathic ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Circulation 1994;89:206–15. [6] Postema PG, Christiaans I, Hofman N, et al. Founder mutations in the Netherlands: familial idiopathic ventricular fibrillation and DPP6. Neth Heart J 2011;19:290–6. [7] Boukens BJ, Christoffels VM, Coronel R, Moorman AF. Developmental basis for electrophysiological heterogeneity in the ventricular and outflow tract myocardium as a substrate for life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. Circ Res 2009;2(104):19–31. [8] Sacher F, Victor J, Hocini M, et al. Caracteristiques morphologiques des extrasystoles ventriculaires initiatrices des fibrilations ventriculaires. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 2005;98:867–73. [9] Kazmierczak J, de Sutter J, Tavernier R, Cuvelier C, Dimmer C, Jordaens L. Electrocardiographic and morphometric features in patients with ventricular tachycardia from right ventricular origin. Heart 1998;79:388–93. [10] Wolf DA, Burke AP, Patterson KV, Virmani R. Sudden death following rupture of a right ventricular aneurysm 9months after ablation therapy of the right ventricular outflow tract. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2002;25:1135–7.
The contribution of generally-neglected band systems and continua to the absorption coefficient of high-temperature air

Abstract The molecular band systems and continua which contribute to the absorption coefficient of air between 2000 and 8000°K are discussed. In the vacuum ultraviolet the major contributors are the oxygen Schumann-Runge continuum, several band systems of nitrogen and nitric oxide, and the photoionization continua of all three molecules. Calculations of the absorption due to the N 2 b 1 Π u ← X 1 Σ + g system agree with measurements on hot nitrogen at 1270 A. In the near ultraviolet and visible region, in addition to the band systems of N 2 , N + 2 , NO and O 2 generally considered, the systems of NO 2 and CN are shown to be important. In the near infrared there are many band systems which may contribute, and further work is needed to determine their relative importance.
The compact of free association, micronesian non-independence, and U.S. policy

A substantial portion of the islands of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands have been effectively annexed by the United States. The near-culmination of the process of incorporation was reach...
The Vlasov–Poisson–Boltzmann System Near Vacuum

Global classical solutions with small amplitude are constructed for the Cauchy problem to the Vlasov–Poisson–Boltzmann system, which describes the dynamics of charged particles interacting with their self-consistent electrostatic potential as well as with themselves through collisions.
GEOGRAPHY'S SPATIAL PERSPECTIVE AND THE PHILOSOPHY OF ERNST CASSIRER

One of the distinctive features of geographic research is the spatial perspective which is manifested in the geographic literature through the use of a wide variety of spatial concepts. Until the recent work of phenomenological geographers, the variety of concepts used by geographers conformed to the ideals of a scientific geography in that they referred to measurable relations between phenomena. The relations may be directly measurable, such as the highway distance between Los Angeles and San Diego, or they may be indirectly measurable, such as an individual's perception of the distance between the same two cities. This interest in both objective as well as perceived spatial relationships illustrates the expanded scope of geography's spatial perspective, which has resulted in an increase in the number of spatial concepts of significance to geographers and a proliferation of the meanings given to the traditional spatial concepts of geography.
Drug Education: A Cultural Perspective, an Educational Model and an Implementation Scheme

An overview of the historical progress of drug education is presented. The manuscript examines attitudes towards drug use and challenges many of the traditional assumptions relating to this critical area. Based on this examination, a new set of goals for drug education are suggested. An approach to drug education that is more in touch with the realities encountered by school-aged children is discussed.
Copper removal from an industrial waste by bioleaching

Copper contained in a solid industrial waste produced in a silicone manufacturing process was leached with spent iron medium from aThiobacillus ferrooxidans culture. Most effective leaching was observed in a continuously fed, dual reactor system. Spent iron medium was generated by growingT. ferrooxidans in 0.9 K iron medium at pH 1.5 in the first reactor, and was transferred to a second reactor in which it leached the copper from the waste. Leaching was effective at a pulp density of the waste material as high as 20%. In experiments run at a pulp density of 2.5%, the spent iron medium was most efficient in leaching copper when it was first diluted 100-fold with a mineral salts solution at pH 1.5. Removal of the copper from the waste appeared to involve its displacement by acid, dissolved mineral salts, and ferric iron. Potentials for practical application of this process are discussed.
Allium sativum (garlic) and atherosclerosis: A review

Abstract This paper reviews research published in recent years concerning the effects of garlic on lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis. In both animal and human studies, components of garlic have been shown to lower cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Garlic has also been shown to change blood lipoproteins and to affect coagulation parameters. The available data suggest that garlic may be of value in either the prevention or treatment of atherosclerotic diseases. Further research in this area is warranted.
Innovation in academic libraries: An analysis of university librarians' perspectives

Abstract Through a series of structured interviews, university librarians at six institutions provided their perspectives on innovation in academic libraries. The literature on leadership styles and organizational change provides insight into the roles of these leaders in the innovation process. Leadership was cited by many researchers as being a critical factor for organizations to innovate. University librarians revealed a commitment to innovation, some distinctively nontraditional innovations, and a concern for how to encourage risk-taking behavior. Further insight into the innovation process was sought by interpreting the interview data within a larger theoretical context. Although leadership and management can foster innovation in a library, researchers have reported other factors that can influence the ability to innovate, including organizational aspects – size and complexity – and environmental factors. Beyond the organizational aspects, the individual and the norms of the profession appear to create a framework with certain boundaries, some of which may impact the ability to innovate.
Report of the IAEA consultants' meeting on computer codes for fusion research 5–7 December 1979, Vienna, Austria

Abstract The IAEA Consultants Meeting on Computer Codes for Fusion Research was held in December 1979 to discuss existing fusion programs and computing facilities, methods for echanging programs including libraries, centralized computing facilities and networks, techniques available for the documentation and standardization of programs, and proposals for future action. A set of recommendations is included in the Report.
Stack filter lattices

Abstract Lattice theory, rank selection probabilities (RSPs), and sample selection probabilities (SSPs) are used to develop methods for comparing and ordering stack filters. New recursive algorithms for calculating RSPs and SSPs are developed. The structure of these algorithms assists in the derivation of several interesting properties of RSPs and SSPs. The identification of some important sublattices of the stack filter lattice leads to an improved characterization of the impulsive noise suppression capabilities of stack filters.
An effective boundary-integral approach for the mixed boundary-value problems of linear elastostatics

Abstract A recent BIE formulation is applied to the mixed problem of two-dimensional elastostatics. The discretized form of the equations is presented in detail for easy numerical implementation. Some numerical examples are presented from which it is seen that this method is a significant improvement over a previous indirect approach.
Adherence in social context.

Abstract Much has been written about adherence to interventions in older adults. What has not been discussed as extensively is how adherence is influenced and affected by the multiple interacting layers of the social context. Guided by an ecological or multilevel system model, this paper explores how social context may impact adherence. We conclude that when considering strategies to promote adherence to a particular regime, one must take into consideration the interplay between the social context and the adherence-related behavior. Control Clin Trials 2000;21:184S–187S
Patient cooperation in treatment with removable appliances: a model of patient noncompliance with treatment implications

The uncooperative or noncompliant patient presents a substantial problem during treatment with removable orthopedic/orthodontic appliances. Frequently, the uncooperative patient is labeled as having a poor or defiant attitude toward orthodontic treatment. In contrast to this attitude model of patient noncompliance, this article presents an analysis of uncooperative behavior in terms of behavior-environment relationships. The authors bring together backgrounds of expertise in both clinical psychology and orthodontics. The behavioral model presented is applied to clinical orthodontic patients undergoing treatment with removable functional appliances. Preliminary research findings suggest that the behavioral model described is a successful system for the introduction of a removable device to be worn by the patient. The techniques described also are useful for the previously uncooperative patient undergoing remedial treatment. Another major benefit of using this strategy is found in the response of the children's parents. The approach reduces the potential for and frequency of parent-child conflicts over dental health. Currently, a small sample of children are being treated by the behavioral method. Both parents and patients are involved. A specific schedule for wearing of a removable appliance is identified, along with parental observations and rewards based on patient compliance. Once the youngster is regularly meeting criteria, the program is altered to increase the desired response of appliance wear. The behavioral model has implications for various aspects of orthodontic care, including the use of such appliances as the Frankel, Bionator, headgear, intraoral elastics, and proper lip posture. On the basis of this functional analysis of behavior, implications for treatment and prevention of noncompliance in orthodontic patients are discussed.
A high-level computing algorithm for diverging and converging branch nonserial dynamic programming systems

Abstract We present high-level computing algorithms for efficiently processing the diverging and converging branch systems in nonserial dynamic programming. A special technique in devised for processing the network functions such that the minimum amount of storage is employed. It is shown that if k is the discretization level of the state and decision variables then the space complexities are O ( k ) and O ( k 2 ) for the diverging and converging branch systems, respectively. The resultant time complexities are also developed. These savings in computational complexities enhance the attractiveness of dynamic programming as a tool for processing more complex nonserial systems.
Diameter Dependence of Aligned Growth of Carbon Nanotubes on a-Plane Sapphire Substrates

Aligned carbon nanotubes have great potential for advanced nanotube transistors and integrated circuits. In this article, we studied the carbon nanotube alignment mechanism using a chemical vapor deposition growth on a-plane sapphire substrates. We synthesized carbon nanotubes of different diameters by controlling the catalyst size and observed that nanotubes of smaller diameters had a higher degree of alignment. In addition, a surprising observation was that misaligned nanotubes had a preferred orientation. Furthermore, we developed a numerical simulation method to calculate interaction energy between a-plane sapphire surface and carbon nanotubes of different diameters. The calculated results were in good agreement with our experimental observations, which confirmed the observed diameter-dependent alignment and the preferred orientation for misaligned nanotubes.
Venezuela and military expenditure data

The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) and the International Institute of Strategic Studies (IISS) both publish datasets on military expenditure that are widely used by scholars and military analysts. This article illustrates the limitations in the reliability and validity of these data, using a case study of contemporary Venezuela to highlight the issues. There is a debate over recent Venezuelan military expenditure under President Chavez: some argue that the expenditure has increased dramatically; others argue that it has not. The SIPRI and IISS datasets ought to be tailor-made for resolving this debate, but the estimates they provide are significantly flawed: military spending is reported to be quite low and to have declined as a percentage of GDP. New evidence presented in this article suggests that Venezuela's recent military expenditures were typically at least 20% to 70% higher than the estimates provided by SIPRI and IISS. Moreover, the military expenditures have at least kept pace with GDP growth as oil revenues increased over the period 2002-08. A key source of the discrepancy in the estimates is the way in which extra-budgetary purchases, especially of foreign arms and supplies, are treated. In some states, such as Venezuela in recent years, extra-budgetary purchases are responsible for a large portion of the expenditure, but these purchases are frequently not captured by standard data sources.
Ocular Infectious Mononucleosis Manifested as Parinaud's Oculoglandular Syndrome

An 11-year-old boy had Parinaud's oculoglandular syndrome, manifested as an inflamed nodular upper tarsal conjunctival mass of the right eye associated with preauricular and cervical lymphadenopathy. Pathologic studies of the excised tissue and the specific Epstein-Barr serologic tests confirmed the association of this condition with infectious mononucleosis.
Personality and Job Satisfaction: Evidence from a Sample of Street-Level Bureaucrats

Job satisfaction is an important component of bureaucratic success. In this article, we build on the emerging literature on the five-factor model of personality and argue that basic personality characteristics can help us understand why certain employees are more satisfied with their jobs than others. Multivariate analysis of personality and job satisfaction data from over 1,000 public servants supports this argument. We conclude with a discussion about how personality can add to our theoretical understanding of public personnel management, and help public managers identify applicants who are likely to be satisfied with work in the public sector.
Dinosaur eggs and nesting behaviors: A paleobiological investigation

Abstract Although dinosaur eggs were first discovered and identified in the late 1800s, limited attention was given to the scientific value of oological fossils in contrast to observations based on skeletal features. Here, we offer a review of Mesozoic saurischian egg materials, in comparison with extant crocodilians and avians, and their paleobiological interpretation based either on the presence of embryos in ovo or brooding adults on egg clutches. Our study focuses on the eggs of the oviraptorid Citipati osmolka (Mongolia), the troodontid Troodon formosus (North America), the theropod oospecies Macroelongatoolithus xixiaensis (China), the ornithothoracine bird (Argentina), an indeterminate theropod (Thailand), and titanosaurs (Argentina). Results show that (1) many oological characters and reproductive behaviors associated with modern birds are rooted among non-avian theropods, (2) there is a reproductive evolutionary cline from crocodilians to modern birds with (3) a noticeable pattern of coeval development between the accretion of eggshell layers, origination and size increased of larger air cells (inferred from egg polar asymmetry), and brooding/incubating behaviors. Most of these pre-adaptations are grouped in two main clades of the saurischian cladogram: one at the level of Oviraptorosauridae and the other at Troodontidae. Although undeniably these two theropod taxa seem to represent two important phases for the evolution of avian reproduction, the phylogenetic distance between these clades and Titanosauria cannot be ignored. As such, the reproductive features that appeared in concert in oviraptorids might have gradually evolved across more basal theropod clades. Although Troodon formosus by its egg shape and nesting behavior seems to be in this study the precursors of modern avian reproduction, the importance of small-bodied theropods such as those who laid the Phu Phok eggs cannot be dismissed and the eggs of such dinosaurs could suggest a closer phylogenetic ties to Aves than troodontids. At a higher level of inferences, there is a strong possibility that the evolution of these reproductive features is concurrent with profound physiological and metabolic changes that occurred in saurischian dinosaurs throughout their evolution.
The perspective of the Slavs, Finns, and Balts

(1982). The perspective of the Slavs, Finns, and Balts. Journal of Baltic Studies: Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 185-201.
The effects of tax and regulatory changes on commercial bank dividend policy

Abstract The literature concerning the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (TRA) is extensive, but generally does not consider dividend policy changes related to TRA’s passage. One exception is Casey et al., but that work omits banking. An examination of banks is especially apt given TRA’s changes in tax rates and municipal bond categorization. Results show bank dividend policy to be different from other industries, as banks show no relation to past growth rates, beta, or an insider ownership as Rozeff’s model holds. The results support the idea that the lower the taxes, the higher the payout which is contrary to the dividend irrelevancy argument. However, the results are not robust in tests using data from a later period meant to more closely examine changing capitalization requirements’ impact on dividend policy.
Complement and endotoxin-induced lung injury in sheep

Intravenous infusions of endotoxin in sheep cause lung injury characterized by edema due to increased microvascular permeability. Similar increases in pulmonary microvascular permeability are seen in septic patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Since endotoxin-induced lung injury may be mediated by interactions between products of complement activation and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, plasma and lung lymph from six unanesthetized sheep infused with Escherichia coli endotoxin (1.0 μg/kg over 30 min) were examined for complement-derived chemotactic activity. By 2–3 hr following infusion of endotoxin, all animals had the increased lung lymph fluid and protein flows characteristic of permeability edema. Preinfusion samples of plasma and lung lymph did not contain chemotactic activity for polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Following infusion of endotoxin, however, significant chemotactic activity was detected in plasma at 0.5-3.5 hr (P < 0.05) and in lymph at 1.5–6.5 hr (P < 0.025). The chemotactic activity was heat stable (56°C for 30 min) but was abolished by treatment with antibodies to C5. These data indicate that infusions of endotoxin lead to the generation in plasma, and the appearance in lung lymph, of C5-derived peptides with chemotactic activity for polymorphonuclear leukocytes. C5-derived peptides may account for the pulmonary microvascular leukostasis and endothelial injury that lead to increased permeability edema after infusions of endotoxin.
Food Away from Home and Childhood Obesity

Childhood obesity is associated with a number of serious health risks that can persist into adulthood. While trends in food away from home and fast-food consumption have paralleled trends in childhood obesity, it is important to identify whether this is a causal relationship. This paper reviews recent literature in this area to summarize if there is a consensus in research findings. We group the literature into two areas - consumption of and access to food away from home (FAFH). While no consensus findings have been reached in either area, the evidence of an association between FAFH consumption and childhood obesity has gained strength. Further, there is evidence that FAFH meals add calories to children's diets. The literature on the role of FAFH access and childhood obesity has continued producing mixed results.
Processing and characterization of yttrium-stabilized zirconia thin films on polyimide from aqueous polymeric precursors

Abstract Low-temperature deposition of dense, nanocrystalline yttrium-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) thin films on polyimide (PI) substrates is illustrated using an aqueous polymeric precursor spin-coating technique. The polymeric precursor uses low-cost materials, is water-soluble and the viscosity and cation concentrations can be easily adjusted in order to vary the film thickness from 0.02 to 0.3 μm. Due to the use of water as the solvent in the YSZ precursor and the hydrophobic nature of the PI surface, surface modification processes were utilized in order to improve the wetting characteristics. Surface modification of PI substrates using wet chemical and oxygen plasma techniques led to a decrease in the precursor contact angle, and ultimately allowed for uniform film formation on both bulk and thin film PI substrates. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and UV/Vis absorption illustrate that near full-density nanocrystalline thin films of YSZ can be produced at temperatures as low as 350 °C. Thermogravimetric analyses illustrate that the PI substrate does not undergo any weight loss up to these temperatures.
New Mutations in Gammarus chevreuxi , Sexton

SINCE the publication of the account of the first mutations in Gammarus chevreuxi (Journ. Mar. Biol. Assoc., vol. 11, No. 3, 1917) a number of new mutations have appeared. Most of these, like the first, are connected with the eye, particularly with its colour and shape, but the most striking of all the new departures is a change in the colour of the body.
A new iterative process for accurate analysis of displaced atoms from channeling Rutherford backscattering spectrometry

Abstract We have developed an iterative process to distinguish the yield contribution of the channeled He ions directly backscattered by displaced atoms and the yield contribution from the dechanneled He ions backscattered by lattice displaced atoms in channeling Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS). The iterative process is able to accurately calculate the dechanneled fraction, the directly backscattered fraction and the dechanneling cross-section. It can also improve the accuracy of quantitative analysis of disorder profiles in monocrystalline solids by using channeling RBS. We demonstrate this technique by applying it to the measurement of the disorders in Si induced by 60 keV 1 H + ion implantation to a fluence of 7 × 10 16 cm −2 .
Pre-service teachers constructing knowledge about literacy instruction: a one-year self-study of an undergraduate literacy methods course

Abstract This one year study of an interactive, student directed approach to pre-service training in literacy instruction explored: (1) effects of varied opportunities for oral and written dialogue with peers and ‘experts’ (instructors) to reflect on learning; (2) the relationship between pre-service teachers' involvement in writing workshop and cooperative learning activities and their beliefs regarding instructional decision making; and (3) the role pairing students during field experiences played in fostering the development of critical observation skills, and a sense of inquiry toward instructional practice. Findings indicated: (1) Oral and written dialogue with peers/instructors facilitated pre-service teachers' understanding of pedagogy and content. (2) Pre-service teachers need time to establish a sense of community among peers; it evolves on individual timetables; and is positively influenced by writing workshop activities and cooperative group work. (3) Pairing pre-service teachers during field e...
The Bloomsbury Companion to the Philosophy of Sport

The Bloomsbury Companion to the Philosophy of Sport is an ambitious anthology which purports to provide ‘an overview of the advances in the philosophical understanding of sport,’ to serve ‘as a mea...
Direct-current transmission considerations

An abridgment of a paper for which the author was awarded the Best Branch Paper Prize in Geographical District No. 1 for 1926. A copy of the paper is on file at Institute headquarters.
Elimination of diffraction error in acoustic attenuation estimation via axial beam translation

Optimized wideband attenuation estimations were performed on a tissue mimicking phantom in a water tank with and without axial beam translation (ABT), and the results were compared to those from standard substitution measurements. A -17 percent discrepancy between the results of the substitution method and the optimized estimation without ABT was noted in the far field. This discrepancy was eliminated when ABT was utilized.
Analysis of outcomes of vascularized flap reconstruction in patients with advanced mandibular osteoradionecrosis

Objective To examine outcomes of vascularized bone flap reconstruction of end-stage osteoradionecrosis of the mandible. Study design Case series with planned data collection. Setting Tertiary care academic hospital. Subjects Patients with end-stage radiation-induced osteoradionecrosis (ORN) refractory to conservative therapy with wound complications including chronic infections, fistula formation, and pathologic fracture were included. Results Outcomes of 33 patients were prospectively collected and analyzed, making this the largest series on this subject in the literature and the only one with planned data collection. Data on preoperative variables including radiation dose, sub-site location, treatment date, and prior therapy, along with intraoperative issues and postoperative outcomes, were tracked and are presented. ORN was seen to develop in a bimodal distribution based on the timing of interval surgical intervention. The extent of local soft tissue injury often required the use of contralateral recipient vessels. Local wound complication rates were higher than that seen in primary reconstructions. Conclusions Successful reconstruction was achieved in all of the patients in this series. Long-term resolution of infectious complication and disease resolution was seen in 91 percent of the patients in this series.
Active clamp LLC resonant converter for point-of-load applications

This paper describes an active clamp LLC resonant converter intended for point-of-load (POL) power supplies. The active clamp LLC converter inherits advantages of the standard LLC resonant converter including zero voltage switching (ZVS) of primary side MOSFETs, zero current switching (ZCS) of synchronous rectifier MOSFETs and 50% duty cycle operation of all switching devices. The active clamp addresses the voltage oscillation across the rectifier devices caused by transformer secondary-side leakage inductances and MOSFET output capacitors by clamping voltage to twice the output voltage while reducing the output capacitor current ripple. The output voltage can be regulated by simple on/off control, and the converter is well suited for a multiple-parallel-module configuration. The converter module operation, modeling, and design approach are verified on two 1 MHz, 24 V-to-3.3 V, 6 W experimental prototypes.
Fracture of a model interface under mixed-mode loading

Abstract Model experiments, involving glass slides bonded by a thin adhesive layer, have been used to investigate some aspects of interfacial failure under conditions of mixed-mode loading. These experiments illuminate the significance of the choice of scale at which an interface is discussed. When the specimens were viewed as being elastically homogeneous entities with a plane of weakness, a correlation was observed between the apparent fracture resistance of the interface and the degree of mixed-mode loading. However, at a finer scale of examination, it was appreciated that this correlation could be attributed in part to a subtle change in the actual failure mechanism.
Has the magnitude of floods across the USA changed with global CO2 levels

Abstract Statistical relationships between annual floods at 200 long-term (85–127 years of record) streamgauges in the coterminous United States and the global mean carbon dioxide concentration (GMCO2) record are explored. The streamgauge locations are limited to those with little or no regulation or urban development. The coterminous US is divided into four large regions and stationary bootstrapping is used to evaluate if the patterns of these statistical associations are significantly different from what would be expected under the null hypothesis that flood magnitudes are independent of GMCO2. In none of the four regions defined in this study is there strong statistical evidence for flood magnitudes increasing with increasing GMCO2. One region, the southwest, showed a statistically significant negative relationship between GMCO2 and flood magnitudes. The statistical methods applied compensate both for the inter-site correlation of flood magnitudes and the shorter-term (up to a few decades) serial corre...
Evaluation of Sulfated Lentinus Edodes α-(1→3)- D -Glucan as a Potential Antitumor Agent

α-Glucan L-FV-II and β-glucan L-FV-I were shown to co-exist in the extract of fruiting bodies of Lentinus edodes with aq. 5% NaOH/0.05% NaBH4 in previous work. Water-insoluble α-(1→3)-D-glucan (L-FV-II) was treated with sulfur trioxide-pyridine complex at 25°C to synthesize the water-soluble sulfated derivative SL-FV-II with a degree of substitution (DS) 1.1 in non-selective sulfation. The weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of sulfated glucan SL-FV-II is 57% of that of the original α-glucan L-FV-II. The α-glucan administered by gavaging at a dose of 50 mg/kg of body weight to BALB/C mice having implanted solid Sarcoma 180 was effective at an inhibition rate of 42%. In vitro experiments using human and murine tumor cell lines showed that SL-FV-II had antiproliferation activity at the concentration of 20 μg/mL towards four tumor cell lines. The sulfated α-(1→3)-D-glucan had potent antiproliferation action (52%) on human MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells.
Achieving Integration in Mixed Methods Designs—Principles and Practices

Mixed methods research offers powerful tools for investigating complex processes and systems in health and health care. This article describes integration principles and practices at three levels in mixed methods research and provides illustrative examples. Integration at the study design level occurs through three basic mixed method designs—exploratory sequential, explanatory sequential, and convergent—and through four advanced frameworks—multistage, intervention, case study, and participatory. Integration at the methods level occurs through four approaches. In connecting, one database links to the other through sampling. With building, one database informs the data collection approach of the other. When merging, the two databases are brought together for analysis. With embedding, data collection and analysis link at multiple points. Integration at the interpretation and reporting level occurs through narrative, data transformation, and joint display. The fit of integration describes the extent the qualitative and quantitative findings cohere. Understanding these principles and practices of integration can help health services researchers leverage the strengths of mixed methods.
Preliminary evidence for a cocaine-induced embryopathy in mice

Abstract The current dramatic increase in illicit cocaine use by individuals during their reproductive years has heightened concerns over the possible adverse effects of maternal cocaine abuse during pregnancy. To address such concerns, the teratogenic effects of cocaine hydrochloride were investigated in two inbred mouse strains (SWV and DBA 2J ). The drug was administered on either Gestational Days 6–8 or 8–10 by intraperitoneal injection, and the progeny examined on Gestational Day 18. While treatment with increasing concentrations of the drug did not adversely affect the rates of implantation, resorption, maternal weight gain, or fetal weights, there was a dose-related effect on the frequency of congenital malformations. This was consistently observed in both mouse strains. The types of congenital defects observed in the mouse fetuses bore a striking similarity to those reported in the clinical literature, including cardiovascular defects, limb abnormalities, and genitourinary malformations.
Ethical decision making and mandatory reporting in cases of suspected child abuse

This article presents a unique approach to analyzing the issue of mandatory reporting suspected child abuse from an ethical decision-making perspective with a nursing model. Sometimes nurses confront this problem in their own families or in their neighborhoods or social groups. Clearly, deciding to intervene is a challenging and difficult process. Yet reporting is mandated by law. A model of ethical decision-making may guide the clinician in this process.
Terahertz Pioneer: Frank C. De Lucia “The Numbers Count”

The Iowa town of Mt. Pleasant was home to a family run restaurant and hotel owned by Frank De Lucia Sr., a trained chemist who became a self-described “innkeeper and entrepreneur” after World War II. Perhaps because of his background, the restaurant was host to some notable science patrons, including Mt. Pleasant native son and personal friend, Jim Van Allen—long time Physics chair at University of Iowa, early rocketeer, and, with an instrument on Explorer I in 1958, discoverer of the charged particle belt around the Earth that bears his name.
Properties of Zn3N2-doped ZnO films deposited by pulsed laser deposition

Abstract The optical properties of N-doped ZnO films grown by pulsed laser deposition are examined for which zinc nitride is used as the source of nitrogen. The motivation for this study is to determine if nitrogen-related acceptor state formation can be achieved in ZnO films using Zn3N2 doping in the ablation target. The films were deposited in oxygen or nitrogen on c-plane sapphire. Photoluminescence measurements at 20 K reveal a 3.31 eV acceptor-bound exciton emission due to nitrogen substitution on the oxygen site, donor–acceptor pair emission at 3.23 ± 1 eV and free electron-acceptor at 3.27 eV. The binding energy of the N-related acceptor is estimated to be in the range of 170–15 meV. While the as-deposited films were n-type, thermal annealing in oxygen yielded insulating behavior, consistent with compensating acceptor states.
The difficulties of empire: present, past and future*

Although empire is now an intensely fashionable subject of enquiry, much contemporary comment is relatively uninformed and lacks historical context. This is particularly significant in the light of the United States’ purported new imperialism. This article considers the problems faced by those attempting to define empire, whether in the past or the present. It traces the origins of American imperialism to the beginnings of the republic and before, and compares it with the British experience, arguing in all cases for the importance of a wide-ranging and comparative approach to empire. Finally, it urges historians and political commentators to move beyond a concentration on dead European empires, to look as well at other and at present-day versions of the phenomenon, and to re-examine the overlap between nation and empire.
Enzymatic and acid hydrolysis of Tetraselmis suecica for polysaccharide characterization

Carbohydrate composition of the marine microalgae, Tetraselmis suecica was characterized following acidic and enzymatic hydrolysis. Monitoring intracellular starch as a function of cultivation time at varying nitrate concentrations showed a maximum cellular starch content of 45% of dry biomass when grown under nitrate depleted conditions. Characterization of the cell wall methanolysates using GC/MS showed that the monosaccharide composition did not change in response to the nitrate concentration and consisted of 54% 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (Kdo), 17% 3-deoxy-lyxo-2-heptulosaric acid (Dha), 21% galacturonic acid and 6% galactose. Presence of up to 5% Kdo in the dry weight of T. suecica established in this study demonstrates the potential of the cell wall of this species as a feedstock for Kdo, a sugar that is difficult to obtain by chemical synthesis and that has applications in medicinal chemistry.
Ergotoxine hyper- and hypothermia in albino rats.

SummaryIntraperitoneal administration of ergotoxine to albino rats has consistently resulted in hyperthermic reactions when the environmental temperature has been 28° C or higher. When ergotoxine-treated rats were placed in an environment whose temperature varied between 5° and 8° C, hypothermia always resulted; this was true of immediate exposure and of exposure subsequent to and during hyperthermia. Environmental temperatures between 22° and 25° C were sometimes conducive to moderate rises in temperature and sometimes to moderate falls; these changes were of short duration and were followed by long periods in which the body temperature remained within a very narrow range. Urethane given in conjunction with ergotoxine eliminated the hyperthermic effect. Subcutaneous administration of ergotoxine gave rise to less dramatic hyperthermic responses and to hypothermia (in cold environments) that was essentially the same as that elicted by intraperitoneal injection.
Elevations of Cardiac Troponin I Associated With Myocarditis Experimental and Clinical Correlates

Background Endomyocardial biopsy is currently the standard method used to diagnose myocarditis. However, it is invasive and has a low diagnostic yield. Because the histological diagnosis of myocarditis requires the presence of myocyte injury, we sought to determine whether measurement of cardiac troponin I (cTnI), which is a serum marker with high sensitivity and specificity for cardiac myocyte injury, could aid in the diagnosis of myocarditis. Methods and Results To validate this approach, cTnI values were first measured in mice with autoimmune myocarditis. cTnI values were elevated in 24 of 26 mice with myocarditis but were not elevated in any of the control animals (P<.001). Next, cTnI values were measured in the sera from 88 patients referred to the Myocarditis Treatment Trial and were compared with creatine kinase–MB (CK-MB) values measured in the same patients. cTnI values were elevated in 18 (34%) of 53 patients with myocarditis and in only 4 (11%) of 35 patients without myocarditis (P=.01). In con...
Simulation of hadronic particle production in astrophysical environments

Abstract A brief introduction to the simulation of hadronic interactions in particle astrophysics is presented. Using the example of ultra-high energy cosmic ray propagation and detection, Monte Carlo simulations and related computational aspects are discussed. Advantages of hybrid calculations combining Monte Carlo methods with analytical approximations are emphasized.