cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Color match using instrumental and visual methods for single, group, and multi-shade composite resins.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the shade match of three composite resin restorative materials to bi-layered acrylic teeth instrumentally and visually. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three composite materials-Omnichroma [OM], Tetric EvoCeram [TE], and TPH Spectra ST [TS] were placed into occlusal preparations (5 mm diameter, 2 mm depth) on 15 bi-layered acrylic teeth per each shade A2, B1, B2, C2, and D3. The composites were placed in a single increment and cured using Bluephase G2 light. The L*, a*, and b* readings were obtained using VITA Easyshade V for the teeth and restorations; mean ΔE00 values were calculated and assessed using two-way analysis of variance with a test of simple effects with multiple comparisons for significance (P < .05). Three teeth were restored to anatomical form with each of the composites for the five shades and were subjectively graded by 30 evaluators as 1-best match, 2-intermediate, and 3-poorest match. RESULTS In the instrumental evaluation, OM and TS showed lower ∆E00 values for lighter shades, whereas TE showed lower and similar ∆E00 values for all shades. In the visual evaluation, TE exhibited the best shade match for darker shades C2 and D3. OM and TS matched better with lighter shades. CONCLUSION Shade matching is composite and shade-dependent. Overall, TE matched the multiple shades better than the other two materials. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Single and group shade composites displayed shade matching ability inferior to a multi-shade composite material, which may limit their use in highly esthetic clinical situations.
Formative vs. Summative Dependence in Human Reliability Analysis

Dependence in human reliability analysis (HRA) is the concept that once an initial human error has occurred, subsequent human errors are more likely. The approach almost universally adopted in HRA was first introduced in the Technique for Human Error Rate Prediction (THERP). In THERP, calculated human error probabilities (HEPs) are adjusted for dependence in the final step of quantification. This final adjustment for dependence involves anchoring the HEP to a set of values corresponding to low through complete dependence. The effect is to increase the HEP. In this paper, we propose formative dependence, which occurs at the onset of quantification. We demonstrate that dependence should be considered earlier in the calculation process, because it is not actually necessary to calculate the HEP when it is subsequently overridden by the dependence anchors. By applying dependence first in the calculation, processing steps can be eliminated, making for more efficient analysis.
What about sex

Sex as a biological variable influences almost all aspects of health and disease, yet many research studies use only males or do not consider sex differences. We describe why sex-specific reporting is needed, including in basic and animal research, and we outline recommendations for sex-specific reporting in manuscript abstracts, Methods and Results sections, tables and figures.
The public health implications of larval Thynnascaris nematodes from shellfish.

Nematodes of the genus Thynnascaris, which as adults parasitize fishes and as larvae occur in fishes and invertebrates, are reviewed with emphasis on their possible public health implications. Reported invertebrate hosts include a variety of species in seven phyla; eight new host records are reported here. At least three types of larval Thynnascaris occur in shrimp of North and Central America and may infect as many as 80% of some size-groups of commercial penaeid shrimp. Reviewed and presented information indicate that larvae of Thynnascaris, like those of anisakine ascaridoids, are killed by usual methods of food processing and preparation. Unlike anisakine larvae, most types of larval Thynnascaris tested fail to infect experimentally inoculated laboratory mammals. However, larvae of Thynnascaris aduncum have been implicated, but not confirmed, as agents of human gastrointestinal eospinophilic granulomata in France, and data are presented showing that a type of larval Thynnascaris from the cutlassfish, ...
MO-G-304-01: FEATURED PRESENTATION: Expanding the Knowledge Base for Data-Driven Treatment Planning: Incorporating Patient Outcome Models.

Purpose: To extend the capabilities of knowledge-based treatment planning beyond simple dose queries by incorporating validated patient outcome models. Methods: From an analytic, relational database of 684 head and neck cancer patients, 372 patients were identified having dose data for both left and right parotid glands as well as baseline and follow-up xerostomia assessments. For each existing patient, knowledge-based treatment planning was simulated for by querying the dose-volume histograms and geometric shape relationships (overlap volume histograms) for all other patients. Dose predictions were captured at normalized volume thresholds (NVT) of 0%, 10%, 20, 30%, 40%, 50%, and 85% and were compared with the actual achieved doses using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Next, a logistic regression model was used to predict the maximum severity of xerostomia up to three months following radiotherapy. Baseline xerostomia scores were subtracted from follow-up assessments and were also included in the model. The relative risks from predicted doses and actual doses were computed and compared. Results: The predicted doses for both parotid glands were significantly less than the achieved doses (p < 0.0001), with differences ranging from 830 cGy ± 1270 cGy (0% NVT) to 1673 cGy ± 1197 cGy (30% NVT). The modelled risk of xerostomia ranged from 54% to 64% for achieved doses and from 33% to 51% for the dose predictions. Relative risks varied from 1.24 to 1.87, with maximum relative risk occurring at 85% NVT. Conclusions: Data-driven generation of treatment planning objectives without consideration of the underlying normal tissue complication probability may Result in inferior plans, even if quality metrics indicate otherwise. Inclusion of complication models in knowledge-based treatment planning is necessary in order to close the feedback loop between radiotherapy treatments and patient outcomes. Future work includes advancing and validating complication models in the context of knowledge-based treatment planning. This work is supported by Philips Radiation Oncology Systems.
Generation of Narrow-B and Two-Photon State with Doubly Resonant Cavity in Parametric Down-Conversion

Spontaneous parametricdown-conversion normallyproduces two-photon state with a wide bandwidth of Tera Hz, which is too large for optical detector to resolve and will limit its application in quantum information processing. Passive filtering may be used to narrow the bandwidth at the expense of signal rate. Here we report an experiment using active filtering to narrow the bandwidth to sub Giga Hz range and in the meantime greatly enhance the signal level. The observedenhancement factor is 5.6×104 per mode.
Electrical and thermal transport by nodal quasiparticles in the d-density-wave state

We compute the electrical and thermal conductivities and Hall conductivities of the d-density-wave (DDW) state in the low-temperature impurity-scattering-dominated regime for low dopings, at which they are dominated by nodal quasiparticles. We show that the longitudinal conductivity in this limit in the DDW state is not Drude like. However, the thermal conductivity is Drude like; this is a reflection of the discrepancy between electrical and thermal transport at finite frequency in the DDW state. An extreme example of this occurs in the $\ensuremath{\mu}=0,$ $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\ensuremath{\tau}}\ensuremath{\infty}$ limit, where there is a strong violation of the Wiedemann-Franz law: ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{\mathrm{xx}}/{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{xx}}\ensuremath{\propto}{T}^{2}$ at $\ensuremath{\omega}=0$ and ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{\mathrm{xx}}/{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{xx}}=0$ at finite frequency. The DDW electrical and thermal Hall conductivities are linear in the magnetic field, B, for weak fields. The formation of Landau levels at the nodes leads to the quantization of these Hall conductivities at high fields. In all of these ways, the quasiparticles of the DDW state differ from those of the ${d}_{{x}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{y}^{2}}$ superconducting state.
Optimal reconfiguration sequence management [FPGA runtime reconfiguration]

In this paper, we present an efficient optimal algorithm for minimizing the runtime reconfiguration (context switching) delay of executing an application on a reconfigurable system. We assume that the basic operations of the application are already scheduled and each of them has to be realized on the reconfigurable fabric in order to be executed. The modeling and algorithm are both applicable to partially reconfigurable platforms as well as multi-FPGA systems. The algorithm can be directly applied to minimize the application runtime for many typical classes of applications, where the actual execution delay of basic operations is negligible compared to the reconfiguration delay. We prove the optimality and efficiency of our algorithm and report experimental results, which demonstrate 40% to 2.5% improvement in total runtime reconfiguration delay.
Software measurement: a decision-process approach

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of software measurement in the process of making decisions. Software metrics is considered as an information source for decision-making. The chapter focuses on the use of information for solving problems. It presents an overview of the decision process approach to software measurement by adapting work from the general field of decision science and applying it to the management of the software development process. The decision-process approach first considers the way decisions should be made, and then proposes metrics that contribute to the decision-making process by providing information. Examples from software testing management are presented. The chapter examines some of the theoretical foundations upon which most measurement systems that are used today are built. It explains how to present the measurement information to others. It presents the techniques that are used as measures of central tendency and measures of dispersion for each level of measurement used in making decisions.
Results of the Verification of a Complex Pipelined Machine Model

Using a theorem prover, we have verified a microprocessor design, FM9801. We define our correctness criterion for processors with speculative execution and interrupts. Our verification approach defines an invariant on an intermediate abstraction that records the history of instructions. We verified the invariant first, and then proved the correctness criterion. We found several bugs during the verification process.
Assume-Guarantee Model Checking of Software: A Comparative Case Study

A variety of assume-guarantee model checking approaches have been proposed in the literature. In this paper, we describe several possible implementations of those approaches for checking properties of software components (units) using SPIN and SMV model checkers. Model checking software units requires, in general, the definition of an environment which establishes the run-time context in which the unit executes. We describe how implementations of such environments can be synthesized from specifications of assumed environment behavior written in LTL. Those environments can then be used to check properties that the software unit must guarantee which can be written in LTL or ACTL. We report on several experiments that provide evidence about the relative performance of the different assume-guarantee approaches.
Complexification of wave numbers in solitons

Abstract It is shown that, by letting wave numbers and frequencies be complex in Hirota's bilinear method, new classes of exact solutions of soliton equations can be obtained systematically. These include not only singular or N -homoclinic solutions, but also N -wave packet solutions.
VLF wave-wave interaction experiments in the magnetosphere

VLF wave-wave interaction experiments were carried out by injecting various forms of VLF pulses into the magnetosphere from a 21.2 km dipole antenna at Siple, Antarctica. The injected signals propagate along a geomagnetic field line and often interact strongly with energetic electrons trapped in the radiation belts near the equator. Signals may be amplified and trigger emissions. These signals may then interact with one another through these energetic electrons. This report is divided into three parts. In the first part, simulations of VLF pulses propagating in the magnetosphere are carried out. In the second part, it is found for the first time that a 10 ms gap in a triggering wave can induce emission, which may then interact with the post-gap signals. In the third part, sideband triggering is reported for the first time.
El intercambio en la frontera norte de México: comercio internacional en el ámbito regional (1850-1884)

In the last three decades of the 19th century, the United States became Mexico's main trading partner. During this process, due to their geographical position, states in the north of Mexico played a crucial role that was consolidated on the basis of establishing the railroad network. This was no novelty, however, since the fact merely confirmed a relative historic trend in trade that had existed in the region since the Porfiriato. This article analyzes trading contacts between the two countries between 1850 and 1880 approximately and after the introduction of railroads. The main aim is to underline, from a regional perspective, the way border cities responded to a series of events that transformed Mexican foreign trade during the second half of the 19th century.
Arylalkylamine N-Acetyltransferase: “the Timezyme”

Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase controls daily changes in melatonin production by the pineal gland and thereby plays a unique role in biological timing in vertebrates. Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase is also expressed in the retina, where it may play other roles in addition to signaling, including neurotransmission and detoxification. Large changes in activity reflect cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate-dependent phosphorylation of arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase, leading to formation of a regulatory complex with 14-3-3 proteins. This activates the enzyme and prevents proteosomal proteolysis. The conserved features of regulatory systems that control arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase are a circadian clock and environmental lighting.
Erosion Mechanisms of Organic Soil and Bioabatement of Piping Erosion of Sand

AbstractThis paper presents the findings of a preliminary research program that aimed to investigate the mechanisms governing the progression of piping erosion in organic soils and attempted to use the findings to reduce the severity of piping erosion of sand. The hypothesis was that the presence of organics within mineral soils results in a reduction in piping erosion progression. Erosion behaviors of the soils were quantified using a simple erosion test with a preformed hole to simulate an initial piping channel. The research was split into five test phases. In Phase 1, the influence of grain-size distribution was eliminated to develop a preliminary understanding of the role that organic matter plays in the erosion process. The results indicated that organic matter likely contributed to a reduction in piping erosion. The second phase excluded both grain-size distribution and individual particle shape as variables in the erosion process. The results further confirmed the connection between organic matter...
PREDICTION AND MEASUREMENT OF PERPENDICULAR GIANT MAGNETORESISTANCES OF CO/CU/NI84FE16/CU MULTILAYERS

We show that a simple two-current model gives good predictions of the low-temperature perpendicular (CPP) specific resistances, ${\mathit{AR}}_{\mathit{t}}$ (A=sample area, ${\mathit{R}}_{\mathit{t}}$=sample resistance), of sputtered Co/Cu/Py/Cu (Py=${\mathrm{Ni}}_{84}$${\mathrm{Fe}}_{16}$\ensuremath{\approxeq}permalloy) multilayers with neighboring Co and Py layers in well-defined parallel (P) or antiparallel (AP) magnetic states, using only parameters derived without adjustment from prior measurements on Co/Cu and Py/Cu multilayers.
Anab initio study of 1-azabicyclo[1.1.0]butyl and isomeric cations

Solvolysis products of 3-azetidinyl chlorides, tosylates, and mesylates have been interpreted previously to indicate that these reactions proceed by azabicyclo[1.1.0]butyl cationic intermediates. Whether these cations are formed by direct ionization to 3-azetidinyl cations followed by collapse to the bicyclic ion or are formed with anchimeric assistance by the lone pair of electrons on nitrogen is unclear. This investigation was initiated to assess the relative stability of these bicyclic cations and their isomeric 3-azetidinyl and aziridinylmethyl cations. All ab initio methods investigated suggest that the bicyclic ions (1) are much more stable than the corresponding 3-azetidinyl cations (3) and that transition states for conversion of the bicyclic ions to azetidinyl carbocations are not acheivable from the bicyclic ions. Hartree–Fock ab initio calculations on N-methyl (and N,2-dimethyl) bicyclic ions and their isomeric aziridinylmethyl cations (2) indicate that the bicyclic ions are significantly more stable than are the isomeric partially ring-opened cations, and that transition states (4) for conversion of the bicyclic ions to the corresponding aziridinylmethyl carbocations are probably energetically unattainable. Hartree–Fock theory predicts that the N-methyl-2-phenylbicyclic ions are slightly less stable than the resulting aziridinylmethyl cations. Calculations which include electron correlation (MP2) indicate, however, that all bicyclic ions investigated are more stable than any of their isomeric carbocations. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cerebral edema in diabetic ketoacidosis.

Objective: To review the causes of cerebral edema in diabetic ketoacidosis (CEDKA), including pathophysiology, risk factors, and proposed mechanisms, to review the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of CEDKA and the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis as it pertains to prevention of cerebral edema. Data Source: A MEDLINE search using OVID was done through 2006 using the search terms cerebral edema and diabetic ketoacidosis. Results of Search: There were 191 citations identified, of which 150 were used. An additional 42 references listed in publications thus identified were also reviewed, and two book chapters were used. Study Selection: The citations were reviewed by the author. All citations identified were used except 25 in foreign languages and 16 that were duplicates or had inappropriate titles and/or subject matter. Of the 194 references, there were 21 preclinical and 40 clinical studies, 35 reviews, 15 editorials, 43 case reports, 29 letters, three abstracts, six commentaries, and two book chapters. Data Synthesis: The data are summarized in discussion. Conclusions: The causes and mechanisms of CEDKA are unknown. CEDKA may be due as much to individual biological variance as to severity of underlying metabolic derangement of the child's state and/or treatment risk factors. Treatment recommendations for CEDKA and diabetic ketoacidosis are made taking into consideration possible mechanisms and risk factors but are intended as general guidelines only in view of the absence of conclusive evidence.
Polymer-stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystals

Polymer-stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal (PSFLCs) are made by photopolymerizing a small amount of reactive mesogenic monomer on a quasi-bookshelf texture of ferroelectric liquid crystals (FLCs). We observed the templated submicron-scaled polymer fibrils from the two- dimensionally ordered host. The polymer fibrils capture the orientation of the host with thin polymer fibrils interweaving the smectic layers that act as additional surfaces for controlling the reorientation of FLC molecules. T he SEM study shows the difference in morphology of the polymer fibrils depending on the polymerization conditions and FLC hosts. Improvements in electro-optical properties such as, the increase in spontaneous polarization, the fast switching at a lower applied field, and the voltage independent of switching time are achieved by PSFLCs using a mesogenic monomer and FLC with a smectic A phase. The polymer networks suppress the symmetric rotation of FLC under applied field and result in PSFLCs exhibiting the thresholdless switching behavior.
Interaction Strengths between the Ribosome and tRNA at Various Steps of Translocation

Transfer RNA (tRNA) translocates inside the ribosome during translation. We studied the interaction strengths between the ribosome and tRNA at various stages of translocation. We utilized an optical trap to measure the mechanical force to rupture tRNA from the ribosome. We measured the rupture forces of aminoacyl tRNA or peptidyl tRNA mimic from the ribosome in a prepeptidyl transfer state, the pretranslocational state, and the posttranslocational state. In addition, we measured the interaction strength between the ribosome and aminoacyl-tRNA in presence of viomycin. Based on the interaction strengths between the ribosome and tRNA under these conditions, 1), we concluded that tRNA interaction with the 30S subunit is far more important than the interaction with the 50S subunit in the mechanism of translocation; and 2), we propose a mechanism of translocation where the ribosomal ratchet motion, with the aid of EF-G, drives tRNA translocation.
CHROMIUM OXIDE FILMS FABRICATED BY CR(CO)6 CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION

Abstract Cr2O3 and ferromagnetic chromium dioxide have been fabricated by ultraviolet photolytic and plasma-assisted decomposition of Cr(CO)6 in oxygen carrier gas. The photolysis process is surface mediated and proceeds by the sequential removal of (CO) groups. It yields different surface morphologies, and control of the substrate temperature is essential for optimum results. The plasma-assisted deposited films exhibit long-range ferromagnetic order and sufficient flatness to be utilized as a magneto-optic recording medium. The thermodynamic cycle of the plasma process was determined. Consequences for using such films are discussed.
Collaboration of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and BRCA1 in differential regulation of IFN-γ target genes

Most of the activities of IFN-γ are the result of STAT1-mediated transcriptional responses. In this study, we show that the BRCA1 tumor suppressor acts in concert with STAT1 to differentially activate transcription of a subset of IFN-γ target genes and mediates growth inhibition by this cytokine. After IFN-γ treatment, induction of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p21WAF1, was synergistically activated by BRCA1, whereas the IRF-1 gene was unaffected. Importantly, the differential induction of p21WAF1 was impaired in breast cancer cells homozygous for the mutant BRCA1 5382C allele. Biochemical analysis illustrated that the mechanism of this transcriptional synergy involves interaction between BRCA1 aa 502–802 and the C-terminal transcriptional activation domain of STAT1 including Ser-727 whose phosphorylation is crucial for transcriptional activation. Significantly, STAT1 proteins mutated at Ser-727 bind poorly to BRCA1, reinforcing the importance of Ser-727 in the recruitment of transcriptional coactivators by STAT proteins. These findings reveal a novel mechanism for BRCA1 function in the IFN-γ-dependent tumor surveillance system.
Utility and accuracy of endobronchial ultrasound as a diagnostic and staging tool for the evaluation of mediastinal adenopathy

Background Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) is an emerging technology for mediastinal evaluation which is less invasive than cervical mediastinoscopy, the traditional gold standard. The purpose of our study is to evaluate the utility and accuracy of EBUS as a diagnostic and staging tool at our regional teaching institution.
Effect of Cathode Side Cationic Contamination on the Performance of an Operating PEFC

A computational fluid dynamics model is developed to study the effect of cationic contamination on the performance of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC). The fuel cell model incorporates mass, species, momentum and heat balances along with the ionic and electronic charge conservations. To model the transport of the cationic species, Nernst-Planck equations are used while taking into consideration of local electroneutrality in the ionomer phase. The diffusive fluxes of the cations are implemented in the Nernst-Planck equations such that they take into account adsorption of the species. A steady-state analysis is carried out to address the effects of contamination on the operating fuel cell performance. It is observed that contamination significantly reduces the output power density of the PEFC by occupying the available charge sites inside the ionomer.© 2009 ASME
Involvement of Cellular Caveolae in Bacterial Entry into Mast Cells

Caveolae are subcellular structures implicated in the import and transcytosis of macromolecules and in transmembrane signaling. To date, evidence for the existence of caveolae in hematopoietic cells has been ambiguous. Caveolae were detected in the microvilli and intracellular vesicles of cultured mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs). CD48, a receptor for FimH-expressing (type 1 fimbriated) Escherichia coli, was specifically localized to plasmalemmal caveolae in BMMCs. The involvement of caveolae in bacterial entry into BMMCs was indicated because caveolae-disrupting and -usurping agents specifically blocked E. coli entry, and markers of caveolae were actively recruited to sites of bacterial entry. The formation of bacteria-encapsulating caveolar chambers in BMMCs represents a distinct mechanism of microbial entry into phagocytes.
The Eye Blink as a Physiological Indicator of Cognitive Workload

This report explores the hypothesis that eye blinks serve as a sort of “mental punctuation” during completion of a complex task. Specifically, it examines the rates of eye blinks while people are engaged in a complex decision-making task. The data suggest that eye blinks are suppressed while people are engaged in cognitive processing, and that they rebound once that processing has been completed.
Remote sensing of sample temperatures in nuclear magnetic resonance using photoluminescence of semiconductor quantum dots.

Abstract Knowledge of sample temperatures during nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements is important for acquisition of optimal NMR data and proper interpretation of the data. Sample temperatures can be difficult to measure accurately for a variety of reasons, especially because it is generally not possible to make direct contact to the NMR sample during the measurements. Here I show that sample temperatures during magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR measurements can be determined from temperature-dependent photoluminescence signals of semiconductor quantum dots that are deposited in a thin film on the outer surface of the MAS rotor, using a simple optical fiber-based setup to excite and collect photoluminescence. The accuracy and precision of such temperature measurements can be better than ±5 K over a temperature range that extends from approximately 50 K (−223 °C) to well above 310 K (37 °C). Importantly, quantum dot photoluminescence can be monitored continuously while NMR measurements are in progress. While this technique is likely to be particularly valuable in low-temperature MAS NMR experiments, including experiments involving dynamic nuclear polarization, it may also be useful in high-temperature MAS NMR and other forms of magnetic resonance.
Detection of aortic valve dynamics in bridge-to-recovery feedback control of the Left Ventricular Assist Device

Aortic valve dynamics - which implies continuous opening and closing of the aortic valve in each cardiac cycle during the feedback control of the rotary Left Ventricular Assist Devices (LVAD) support - has important clinical implications for patients with mild congestive heart failure. When the LVAD is implanted in such patients as a bridge-to-recovery device, permanent closure of the aortic valve must be avoided by maintaining proper control on the power delivered to the device. In this paper, a new aortic valve dynamics detection algorithm based on a Lagrangian Support Vector Machine (LSVM) model is presented. A detection indicator is derived from the systemic vascular flow signal in the circulatory system using a nonlinear mathematical model of the combined cardiovascular-LVAD system and forms the input to the LSVM classifier. The LSVM classifier is trained and tested to classify the aortic valve dynamics into two states: aortic valve opening and closing (i.e. operating normally) and aortic valve permanently closed. Our results show that the proposed algorithm can detect the aortic valve dynamics effectively in terms of classification accuracy and stability. This classifier will be an integral part in the development of a feedback controller for the LVAD when used on patients as a bridge-to-recovery device. The output of the classifier will be used to adjust the power delivered to the LVAD to ensure that the aortic valve opens and closes normally within each cardiac cycle while at the same time making sure that the physiological demands of the patient are met.
Abstract PR3: The BLM helicase facilitates RNA polymerase l-mediated ribosomal RNA transcription

Bloom9s syndrome (BS) is an autosomal recessive disorder that is invariably characterized by cancer predisposition and idiopathic growth retardation. The BLM helicase, mutations of which lead to BS, localizes to the nucleolus of the cell, the site of RNA polymerase l-mediated ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcription. rRNA transcription is fundamental for ribosome biogenesis and therefore protein synthesis, cellular growth and proliferation; its inhibition limits cellular growth and proliferation as well as bodily growth. Disorders with defective ribosome biogenesis, such as Diamond-Blackfan anemia and Shwachman-Diamond syndrome, display similar cancer predisposition and growth abnormalities to BS. The objective of this study was to investigate a potential mechanism underlying the proportional dwarfism of BS. We tested the hypothesis that the BLM helicase facilitates rRNA transcription as a component of an RNA polymerase I-associated complex, which when deficient has the potential to lead to proportional dwarfism. We report that nucleolar BLM facilitates RNA polymerase I-mediated rRNA transcription using H3-uridine pulse-chase assays and nuclear run-on assays in cells with an innate or experimentally induced BLM deficiency. In vitro helicase assays demonstrate that BLM unwinds GC-rich hybrid RNA/DNA nucleic acid substrates predicted to form in the nucleolus during rRNA transcription; the persistence of such structures inhibits progression of the RNA polymerase I transcription complex. Immunofluorescence studies using actinomycin D at a concentration that inhibits RNA polymerase I demonstrate the dependence of BLM nucleolar localization upon ongoing RNA polymerase l-mediated rRNA transcription. Finally, in vivo protein co-immunoprecipitation shows that BLM physically associates with RNA polymerase I in the nucleolus. These studies suggest that nucleolar BLM interacts with RNA polymerase I and facilitates rRNA transcription by modulating rDNA structure. Given the intricate relationship between rDNA metabolism and growth, our data may help to understand the etiology of the proportional dwarfism in Bloom9s syndrome. Furthermore, this work provides greater understanding of the mechanisms regulating rRNA transcription and ribosome biogenesis, processes currently being exploited in cancer therapeutics. This abstract is also presented as Poster B34. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Second AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; 2011 Sep 14-18; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(18 Suppl):Abstract nr PR3.
In situ rates of nitrate uptake by giant kelp, Macrocystis Pyrifera (L.) C. Agardh: Tissue differences, environmental effects, and predictions of nitrogen-limited growth

Abstract NO − 3 uptake rates were measured in situ for seven types of tissue of adult sporophytes of Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. Agardh. Uptake by mature blades of canopy fronds followed saturation kinetics. At near-saturation concentrations, mean rates of uptake by different tissues ranged from 0.1 to 2.1 μg-at.· g wet wt −1 · h −1 (7–68 ng-at. · cm −2 · h −1 ). Different tissues incubated under similar environmental conditions took up NO − 3 at different rates, indicating physiological differences. Uptake rates showed no apparent relation to tissue age or nutritional history, but were influenced by certain environmental factors: uptake was 44–48% slower in dark than at ambient mid-day light levels, and dark uptake was 40% slower by blades incubated at 12m depth than by blades incubated at the surface. These physiological and environmental differences resulted in generally rapid uptake by tissues located at or just below the surface and slower uptake by tissues deeper in the water column. Daily NO − 3 uptake by M. pyrifera populations was predicted using a model based on in situ NO − 3 uptake rates. According to predictions of the model, NO − 3 concentrations of 1–2 μM throughout the water column are required to support kelp growth at the 4% · day −1 (wet wt) rate typical of inshore populations. Vertical stratification, with high NO − 3 concentrations only at near-bottom depths, would result in severe nitrogen-limitation of growth. Seasonal changes in frond size distribution do not greatly affect nitrogen-limited growth rate. The model was also used to evaluate potential fertilizing methods and problems in management of offshore kelp farms.
Real-Time Variable Message Sign-Based Route Guidance Consistent with Driver Behavior

The variable message sign (VMS) represents a cost-effective mechanism for disseminating information to drivers unequipped to receive personalized information. The VMS can be used during incidents to divert traffic to less congested areas of the network and circumvent lengthy queues, better utilize network capacity, and improve system performance. A VMS control heuristic framework is proposed and evaluated that seeks diversion during incidents to enable a traffic system controller to favorably manage traffic conditions in real time. The framework ensures consistency with driver diversion response behavior, is responsive to changing traffic conditions, enables computational tractability through stage-based online implementation, and ensures the spatial and temporal consistency of the displayed messages. A hybrid framework is used that consists of offline and online components to determine the information for the VMS. The ability to display messages consistent with driver diversion behavior represents a valuable tool for the controller to enhance system effectiveness by simultaneously satisfying systemwide and individual user objectives. Data on driver VMS response attitudes from the Borman Expressway corridor in northwestern Indiana and simulated experiments are used to derive insights into the practical effectiveness of the proposed VMS control heuristic.
Chemical constituents in broiler litter in two areas of a production unit after different numbers of growing periods

Abstract Broiler litter was sampled from brood and non-brood areas of a production unit after consecutive 6 week growing periods; litter present after each of the first five periods was placed in dacron bags, embedded in litter located in similar areas of the production unit and removed after subsequent growing periods to determine changes in chemical constituents that relate to feeding value for ruminants. Litter harvested before the fourth 6 week broiler growing period yielded organic matter concentration lower for brood versus non-brood litter. Organic matter concentration in non-brood litter stabilized after two growing periods, whereas organic matter concentration in brood litter increased linearly with increasing number of growing periods. For obtaining non-brood litter comparable with brood litter in nitrogen concentration, harvest after the fourth growing period was warranted. There was little or no effect of the number of broiler growing periods on neutral detergent fiber concentration in brood litter. However, for a neutral detergent fiber level in non-brood litter similar to that in brood litter, harvest after the third growing period was necessary. Neutral detergent soluble organic matter concentration increased to approximately 30–35% with harvest after at least three consecutive growing periods; the magnitude of change in non-brood litter neutral detergent soluble organic matter concentration was, relatively, greater than that for brood litter because of a lower initial level.
A model for the myosin molecule

Abstract 1. The molecular weight of myosin has been determined in 0.5 M KCl and 5 M guanidine · HCl. 2. 1. The molecular weight, using the Archibald approach to equilibrium method is strongly dependent on protein concentration in both solvents giving infinite dilution values of 6.19·10 5 in 0.5 M KCl and 2.06·10 5 in 5 M guanidine·HCl. 3. 2. Sedimentation, diffusion and viscosity studies on myosin in 5 M guanidine·HCl provide estimates of the molecular weight in reasonable agreement with the Archibald studies. 4. 3. Preferential binding of guanidine·HCl by myosin has been determined and shown to be of the order of 5% or less. 5. 4. Utilizing these molecular weight determinations and available X-ray diffraction, light scattering and optical rotatory data, a model for the myosin molecule is proposed, based on three equal weight polypeptide chains in the form of a three-stranded α rope.
CDKS and CKIS: Molecular targets for tissue remodelling

Effective tissue remodelling is essential to the survival of adult organs. Many of the signalling pathways that control these cellular decisions are regulated by nuclear interactions of cell-cycle proteins. Molecules that target cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) or CDK inhibitors (CKIs) represent a new class of therapeutic agents that influence tissue remodelling in several organ systems. An understanding of their cell-specific functions is leading to the development of exciting and bold approaches to the treatment cancer, cardiovascular disease and other diseases.
Multielement comparison of instrumental neutron activation analysis techniques using reference materials

Several instrumental neutron activation analysis techniques (parametric, comparative, and ko-standardization) are evaluated using three reference materials. Each technique is applied to National Institute of Standards and Technology standard reference materials, SRM 1577a (Bovine Liver) and SRM 2704 (Buffalo River Sediment), and the United States Geological Survey standard BHVO-1 (Hawaiian Basalt Rock). Identical (but not optimum) irradiation, decay, and counting schemes are employed with each technique to provide a basis for comparison and to determine sensitivities in a routine irradiation scheme. Fifty-one elements are used in this comparison; however, several elements are not detected in the reference materials due to rigid analytical conditions (e.g., insufficient length of irradiation or activity for radioisotope of interest decaying below the lower limit of detection before counting interval). Most elements are normally distributed around certified or consensus values with a standard deviation of 10%. For some elements, discrepancies are observed and discussed. The accuracy, precision, and sensitivity of each technique are discussed by comparing the analytical results to consensus values for the Hawaiian Basalt Rock to demonstrate the diversity of multielement applications.
Response of the coyote to endotoxin.

SummaryResponses of the coyote to E. coli endotoxin have been studied in animals intravenously anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. Major results reveal portal hypertension concomitant with systemic hypotension; hemoconcentration; depressed liver function; hepatic, renal and adrenal congestion; intestinal necrosis and gall bladder edema. The liver appears to be the primary “target organ” of endotoxin in regard to hemodynamic, histological, and functional abnormalities. The coyote is more resistant to endotoxin than its domestic counterpart in terms of changes in hemodynamics and survival ability.
A CLINICAL PATHWAY FOR LAPAROSCOPIC PYELOPLASTY DECREASES LENGTH OF STAY

ABSTRACT Purpose: Benefits of minimally invasive procedures include decreased hospitalization and recovery times. Decreased length of stay (LOS) improves hospital efficiency and decreases costs. However, decreasing the LOS at the expense of patient care and satisfaction is not acceptable. A clinical pathway (CP) with structured order sets and imaging was developed for patients undergoing laparoscopic pyeloplasty. This pathway includes a cascade of activities managed closely by the health care team. This study assesses the safety and patient satisfaction with this clinical pathway. Materials and Methods: We reviewed all adult pyeloplasties (39) completed laparoscopically since November 2001. All patients were managed according to the CP developed for the laparoscopic pyeloplasty procedure. The length of stay was measured in days. Patient satisfaction was assessed with a standardized questionnaire. Any readmissions or emergency room visits were documented. Results: The mean length of stay was 1.10 days. Of 39 patients 37 (94%) were discharged home on postoperative day 1. One patient with severe postoperative pain required intravenous analgesia. She had undergone complex upper tract reconstruction and stayed a total of 4 days. One patient, who had a previous failed endopyelotomy, remained 2 days for persistent nausea. No patients sought emergency room consultation and there were no readmissions. Of 39 patients 34 (87%) completed the questionnaire and satisfaction was high. Conclusions: The implementation of a CP at our institution has standardized patient care in this population and decreased LOS in comparison to the literature. This improves bed use and hospital efficiency while maintaining a high degree of patient satisfaction. We conclude that with intensive patient care and education most patients undergoing laparoscopic pyeloplasty may be discharged home safely on postoperative day 1.
Transparent and Catalytic Carbon Nanotube Films

We report on the synthesis of thin, transparent, and highly catalytic carbon nanotube films. Nanotubes catalyze the reduction of triiodide, a reaction that is important for the dye-sensitized solar cell, with a charge-transfer resistance as measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy that decreases with increasing film thickness. Moreover, the catalytic activity can be significantly enhanced by exposing the nanotubes to ozone in order to introduce defects. Ozone-treated, defective nanotube films could serve as catalytic, transparent, and conducting electrodes for the dye-sensitized solar cell. Other possible applications include batteries, fuel cells, and electroanalytical devices.
Possibility of the silylation technique in gas liquid chromatography of fulvic and humic acids

Abstract The silylation technique was applied to produce volatile and thermally stable tri-methyl (TMS) derivatives suitable for gas liquid chromatography of fulvic and humic acid extracted from a Greenville loam. The chromatograms appeared to be useful for fingerprinting the different organic matter preparations. They had two distinct regions, a region between 0–15 min retention time consisting of a group of peaks due to low molecular weight organic components and another region between 29–45 min retention time consisting of a group of peaks due to higher molecular weight components. The hot water extract was identified with infrared as a polysaccharide, possessing a gas-chromatogram dominated by the low molecular weight components. The HCl extract was similar, but had in addition somewhat more higher molecular weight components. Fulvic acid had both low and high molecular weight components represented in the gas-chromatograms but had a polysaccharide infrared spectrogram. Humic acid chromatograms were dominated by high molecular components, although some low molecular weight peaks were noted. One particular HCl- and/or H2O polysachharide component seemed to prevail in fulvic as well as in humic acid. There is some evidence that different pretreatments might cause a change in the nature and number of components extracted.
Probing Individual Environmental Bacteria for Viruses by Using Microfluidic Digital PCR

Viruses may very well be the most abundant biological entities on the planet. Yet neither metagenomic studies nor classical phage isolation techniques have shed much light on the identity of the hosts of most viruses. We used a microfluidic digital polymerase chain reaction (PCR) approach to physically link single bacterial cells harvested from a natural environment with a viral marker gene. When we implemented this technique on the microbial community residing in the termite hindgut, we found genus-wide infection patterns displaying remarkable intragenus selectivity. Viral marker allelic diversity revealed restricted mixing of alleles between hosts, indicating limited lateral gene transfer of these alleles despite host proximity. Our approach does not require culturing hosts or viruses and provides a method for examining virus-bacterium interactions in many environments.
Shear rheology of lyotropic liquid crystals: a case study.

We have investigated the rheological properties of lyotropic liquid crystals (LCs) formed by self-assembled neutral lipids and water, their relationship with the topology of the structure, and their dependence on temperature and water content. The phase diagram of a representative monoglyceride−water system, determined by combining cross-polarized optical microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), included four structures: lamellar, hexagonal, gyroid bicontinuous cubic (Ia3d), and double diamond bicontinuous cubic (Pn3m), as well as several regions of two-phase coexistence of some of the above structures. Rheology in the linear viscoelastic regime revealed a specific signature that was characteristic of the topology of each structure considered. The order−order transitions lamellar-to-cubic and cubic-to-hexagonal, as well as the order−disorder transitions from each LC to an isotropic fluid, were easily identified by following the development of the storage and loss moduli, G‘ and G‘ ‘, respectiv...
Likelihood and Composite Hypotheses [Comment on “A Likelihood Paradigm for Clinical Trials”]

I congratulate Zhang and Zhang (2013) for delving into a complex and hotly debated topic, and for producing an intriguing and comprehensive article. Z. Zhang has made several recent contributions t...
The canary androgen receptor mRNA is localized in the song control nuclei of the brain and is rapidly regulated by testosterone.

Singing in canaries is an androgen-inducible behavior, under the control of an identified motor pathway, which includes several discrete “song nuclei” in the telencephalon. To determine whether the mRNA for the canary androgen receptor (cAR) is expressed in these song control nuclei, we synthesized probes from the recently cloned cAR cDNA and used in situ hybridization to examine spring male canary brain sections. Concentrations of cAR mRNA are detectable in several of the song control nuclei of the forebrain, including high vocal center (HVC), lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior neostriatum and robust nucleus of the archistriatum. In addition, we also show that testosterone treatment rapidly induces a significant reduction of cAR mRNA levels in nucleus HVC of females. Since the effects of androgen on singing behavior occur much more slowly, the behavioral effects are probably a secondary or independent result of androgen's primary and immediate action on target gene transcription. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.