cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Implementation of interactive transit information kiosks at New York City transit facilities: Analysis of user utilization and lessons learned

Transit Traveler Information Systems (TTIS) comprise a wide range of technologies that transit agencies use to provide reliable and timely transit-related information to customers. The touch-screen interactive information kiosk is an example of these emerging TTIS technologies. This paper examines the implementation of interactive touch-screen information kiosks, known as “On the Go!” Touch-Screen Travel Stations, at Metropolitan Transportation Authority-New York City Transit (MTA-NYCT) facilities in 2011. It analyzes data from passenger intercept surveys, from the kiosks’ built-in application usage logs and from field observations to understand actual passenger utilization of the kiosks and to assess the implications for transit agencies. The field observations also made it possible to obtain a profile of kiosk users, which sheds light on the concept of the “digital divide.” The findings, presented as lessons learned, can help agencies elsewhere develop guidelines and effective strategies for implementing similar interactive transit information systems.
The Code of Ethics for Professional Rehabilitation Counselors What We Have and What We Need

This article provides an overview of the ethical and professional trends and concerns that led to the formation of the Commission on Rehabilitation Counselor Certification "Ethics Task Force." This task force has been charged with rewriting the ethical code for rehabilitation counselors. Historical issues, the Commission's ethics review process, and the present code are briefly analyzed. Procedures used by the task force for revising the code are outlined. Code revisions should serve the profession by guiding ethical and professional practice well into the 21st century.
Polarized Monte Carlo simulation of blood vessel structure in colon tissue

A modified polarized Monte Carlo code is developed that allows heterogeneous structure to be modeled. The code is validated with existent polarized Monte Carlo code. Heterogeneous structure simulating colon tissue is simulated to understand the difference between simulations of homogeneous vs heterogeneous tissue structure. Reflectance measurements from simulations containing increased blood vessel size and increased blood volume fraction, both markers for potential cancerous tissue, are studied in order to better interpret reflectance measurement from diagnostic probes.
Engineering the Continuation of a Nonjudgmental United States-China Relationship in the Tumultuous Post-Cold War World: An Overview of the 1990s Chinese Public Relations Campaign in the United States

This case study of a major Chinese public relations campaign examines the geopolitical-ideopolitical context, identifies the key stakeholders, interprets their message and issue management strategies, and finally, illustrates how this effort contributed to the delinkage of U.S.-China trade from the human rights issue. Overall, the Chinese government has orchestrated both America China lobbying, which relied on grassroots mobilization, and a Chinese foreign propaganda operation to engineer the delinkage, and hence, the survival of a nonjudgmental U.S.-China diplomatic relationship in the post-Cold War era.
Circadian rhythms in body temperature of the pigtailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) exposed to different ambient temperatures.

The body and leg skin temperatures of five pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) were measured at various ambient air temperatures ranging from 22 to 32°C over 24-h periods. The rhythm in core body temperature persisted in all ambient air temperatures, and the rhythm in leg skin temperature was suppressed at the higher and lower ambient temperatures. This suggests that at the upper and lower regions of the thermoneutral zone, either a rhythm in heat production or a heat loss rhythm other than leg skin temperature is regulating the core body temperature rhythm. It was also found that the mean colonic temperature increased linearly with an increase in ambient temperature and that a phase relationship existed between ambient temperature and colonic temperature. In addition, as the ambient temperature increased, additional sites along the distal portion of the leg were recruited for vasomotor heat loss.
Organic and inorganic geochemistry of some coastal plain rivers of the southeastern United States

Abstract In a comprehensive study of the distribution of organic and inorganic constituents in natural waters, the chemical compositions of several rivers flowing through the Coastal Plain of southeast Georgia (the Satilla River, in particular) have been investigated. These streams are generally characterized by low suspended load, low ionic strength, low pH values, and a predominance of organic over inorganic constituents. The dominance of sodium and chloride among inorganic ions indicates that rainfall is a major factor in determining the distribution of major elements in these waters. The low pH values and the relatively high concentrations of iron and aluminum appear to result from the high concentrations of organic matter. Chemical analysis (total acidity, carboxyl groups, amino acid residues, and CHN analysis) and spectroscopic analysis (i.r. and NMR) indicate that river water organic matter is chemically similar to soil fulvic acids. The dominance of organic matter over inorganic constituents and the resultant low pH values of these waters are in direct contrast with the chemical compositions of most of the rivers of the world which have been previously studied. Many large tributaries draining from the low relief tropical basins of the Amazon and other tropical rivers are expected to show similar characteristics; however, none of these has been studied extensively.
TAX PROGRESSIVITY AND CORPORATE INCENTIVES TO HEDGE

If a company faces some form of tax progressivity—that is, its marginal tax rate increases over the firm's expected range of reported taxable income—corporate hedging can reduce the firm's expected tax liability by reducing the volatility of pre-tax income. In a study described in this article, the authors used simulation methods to investigate the extent to which tax progressivity arises from various provisions of the tax code, such as the AMT and tax carryforwards and carrybacks. Based on their analysis of over 80,000 COMPUSTAT firm-year observations, the authors find that, in about 50% of the cases, corporations face effective tax functions that exhibit progressivity. The other 50% of cases are about evenly divided between firms that are tax neutral and those facing tax schedules that are “regressive” (again, over the relevant range of expected reported income). For those companies facing progressive tax functions, the authors estimate that the projected average tax savings from a 5% reduction in the volatility of taxable income is about 5.4% of the expected tax liabilities. However, the distribution of expected reductions is highly skewed, in extreme cases exceeding 40% of the total tax liability. Most of these extreme cases are small to medium-sized companies, since such firms are much more likely to meet the two conditions for achieving large tax benefits: (1) expected pretax income that is close to zero; and (2) sufficiently volatile income that the firm (in the absence of hedging) expects to report losses in some years. In sum, small to medium-sized companies experience the greatest tax benefits from hedging.
T-type Calcium Channel Blockers as Neuroprotective Agents

T-type calcium channels are expressed in many diverse tissues, including neuronal, cardiovascular, and endocrine. T-type calcium channels are known to play roles in the development, maintenance, and repair of these tissues but have also been implicated in disease when not properly regulated. Calcium channel blockers have been developed to treat various diseases and their use clinically is widespread due to both their efficacy as well as their safety. Aside from their established clinical applications, recent studies have suggested neuroprotective effects of T-type calcium channel blockers. Many of the current T-type calcium channel blockers could act on other molecular targets besides T-type calcium channels making it uncertain whether their neuroprotective effects are solely due to blocking of T-type calcium channels. In this review, we discuss these drugs as well as newly developed chemical compounds that are designed to be more selective for T-type calcium channels. We review in vitro and in vivo evidence of neuroprotective effects by these T-type calcium channel blockers. We conclude by discussing possible molecular mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects by T-type calcium channel blockers.
Surface roughness of stainless steel and electroformed nickel standards using a HeNe laser

Abstract Using a helium neon laser a relationship was established between specular reflection and surface roughness for fifteen stainless steel mill finish plates and twenty-two electroformed nickel surfaces. Results showed that, at high angles of incidence, the specular reflectance was independent of the alloy type or finish process. Moreover, as the roughness increased, the specular reflectance decreased for both alloys. Using the Hensler and Tanner expression the rms roughness was determined directly for those samples having roughness less than 0.4 μm. The present investigation substantiates specular reflectance as an on-line optical technique to measure the surface roughness of relatively smooth test surfaces.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone containing neurons and olfactory fibers during development : From lamprey to mammals

Gonadotropin releasing-hormone (GnRH) regulates the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis in all vertebrates. The vast majority of GnRH neurons are thought to be derived from progenitor cells in medial olfactory placodes. Several antibodies and lectins that recognize cell surface carbohydrates have been useful for delineating the migratory pathway from the olfactory placodes and vomeronasal organ, through the nasal compartment, and across the cribriform plate into the brain. In rats, alpha-galactosyl-linked glycoconjugates (immunoreactive with the CC2 monoclonal antibody) are expressed on fibers along the GnRH migration pathway and approximately 10% of the GnRH neuronal population. In lamprey, the alpha-galactosyl binding lectin, Grifonia simplicifolia-I (GS-1), identifies cells and fibers of the developing olfactory system. In contrast to the CC2 immunoreactive GnRH neurons in rats, the GS-1 does not label a subpopulation of presumptive GnRH neurons in lamprey. Results from these and other experiments suggest that GnRH neurons in developing lamprey do not originate within the olfactory placode, but rather within proliferative zones of the diencephalon. However, the overlap of olfactory- and GnRH-containing fibers from prolarval stages to metamorphosis, suggest that olfactory stimuli may play a major role in the regulation of GnRH secretion in lamprey throughout life. By contrast, olfactory fibers are directly relevant to the migration of GnRH neurons from the olfactory placodes in mammalian species. Primary interactions between olfactory fibers and GnRH neurons are likely transient in mammals, and so in later life olfactory modulation of GnRH secretion is likely to be indirect.
Identity Theft and E-Fraud as Critical CRM Concerns

Fraud and identity theft have been increasing with the use of e-commerce. In the U.S. alone, it has been estimated that victims may spend on average $1,500 in out-of-pocket expenses and an average of 175 hours in order to resolve the many problems caused by such identity thieves. Organizations that engage in e-commerce as a large part of their business need to protect their customers against these crimes. An empirical study of 75 managerial employees and/or knowledge workers in five large organizations in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, revealed a number of interesting facts about how much information they share with others, what the likelihood is that they will conduct business online, and whether or not they take steps to protect their personal identity and credit. Model construction and implications were generated concerning steps that employees and customers may take to avoid identity theft.
Histochemical Analysis of Breast Carcinoma Metastatic to the Orbit

A 62-year-old woman was seen for evaluation of an orbital tumor. Recognition of a relatively rare syndrome of pain, ptosis, and a progressively immobilized globe with enophthalmos suggested the diagnosis of metastatic carcinoma to the left orbit. In this case, this was confirmed by open breast and orbital biopsies, revealing infiltrating lobular breast carcinoma. This is the first reported case where estrogen and progesterone receptors were identified in a metastatic orbital tumor using fluorescent histochemical techniques. This technique was of value in confirming the diagnosis and providing direction for subsequent endocrinologic palliative therapy.
Nonadiabatic quantum control of a semiconductor charge qubit

We demonstrate multipulse quantum control of a single electron charge qubit. The qubit is manipulated by applying nonadiabatic voltage pulses to a surface depletion gate and readout is achieved using a quantum point-contact charge sensor. We observe Ramsey fringes in the excited-state occupation in response to a $\ensuremath{\pi}/2$-$\ensuremath{\pi}/2$ pulse sequence and extract ${T}_{2}^{*}\ensuremath{\sim}60$ ps away from the charge degeneracy point. Simulations suggest these results may be extended to implement a charge echo by reducing the interdot tunnel coupling and pulse rise time, thereby increasing the nonadiabaticity of the pulses.
A Team-Based Approach to Autopsy Education: Integrating Anatomic and Clinical Pathology at the Rotation Level

Context.—Pathology residency training programs should aim to teach residents to think beyond the compartmentalized data of specific rotations and synthesize data in order to understand the whole cl...
Spirituality among a College Student Cohort: A Quantitative Assessment.

Abstract This study was designed to quantify indices of spirituality, the directing health dimension, which affects health and life satisfaction. Because college marks a time when life patterns are established, a college population was chosen. A cohort of 524 Northeastern U.S. college students completed the 48-item Life Attitude Profile–Revised in the fall semester 2002. Overall, results revealed that these students demonstrated a moderate degree of spirituality, with women indicating a higher measure of spirituality than men. Also, women in this study were found to have clearer goals and a keener sense about why they are “here.” Men, on the other hand, were less satisfied with life, suggesting that they were searching for their identities. These findings imply that health educators may need to help students, particularly men, search for and enhance their degree of spirituality so that they may be healthier and establish positive life patterns for adulthood. A “spiritual norming” campaign may be helpful f...
NASA's Terrestrial Planet Finder missions

NASA has decided to move forward with two complementary Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF) missions, a visible coronagraph and an infrared formation flying interferometer. These missions are major missions in the NASA Office of Space Science Origins Theme. The primary science objectives of the TPF missions are to search for, detect, and characterize planets and planetary systems beyond our own Solar System, including specifically Earth-like planets.
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications of Nanotechnology.

The increasing capability to manipulate matter at the nanoscale is generating new materials with unique properties that promise to address unmet medical needs for future generations. As an example, metal nanoshells are a relatively new class of nanoparticles with highly tunable optical properties. Metal nanoshells consist of a dielectric core nanoparticle such as silica surrounded by an ultrathin metal shell, usually composed of gold for biomedical applications. Depending on the size and composition of each layer of the nanoshell, particles can be designed to either absorb or scatter light over much of the visible and infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, including the near infrared region where penetration of light through tissue is maximal. These particles are also easily conjugated to antibodies and other biomolecules for specific targeting. Further, the biocompatibility of these particles is excellent. One can envision a myriad of potential applications of such tunable particles. Several potential biomedical applications are under development, including immunoassays, modulated drug delivery, photothermal cancer therapy, and imaging contrast agents. For example, in photothermal cancer therapy, nanoshells can be injected intravenously, accumulate at tumor sites due to the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect and/or molecular targeting, then generate heat upon illumination with near infrared light, leading to destruction of the tumor. This has shown very promising results in several animal models. For example, in a mouse colon carcinoma model, we demonstrated 100% survival of nanoshell treated mice at 1 year. These materials are now in phase I human clinical trials. For use in diagnostics and imaging, nanoshells can be designed to strongly scatter near infrared light. Molecularly targeted nanoshells have been used as optical contrast agents for cancer imaging with sub-cellular resolution. For example, anti-HER2 conjugated nanoshells allow near infrared imaging of HER2+ breast carcinoma cells. Furthermore, integrated imaging and therapy applications have been accomplished with nanoshells designed to provide both absorption and scattering, potentially enabling “see-and-treat” approaches to cancer therapy. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr MS1-1.
The risk of breast cancer associated with oral contraception and hormone replacement therapy

Current epidemiologic data from research on the association between combined oral contraceptives (OCs) and breast cancer show that longterm OC use does not significantly increase the risk of developing breast cancer after age 45 but may indeed protect against postmenopausal breast cancer. Yet older studies with high dose OCs demonstrate a somewhat increased risk (relative risk = 1.5) for young women who have used OCs early and for at least 4 years. Nevertheless the lack of association even holds true for women with a family history of breast cancer or for those who have benign breast disease. Studies should continue however since the OC user cohort is aging and to increase the statistical power of current studies. Standard hormonal replacement therapy consists of a progestin and estrogen. Addition of progestin prevents the risk of endometrial cancer. Some research indicates that it may also protect against breast cancer. However research from Uppsala Sweden suggests that combined estrogen-progestin treatment slightly but not significantly increases the breast cancer risk. Further research and longer duration of hormonal replacement therapy should provide clinicians with more information about the breast cancer risk. Individual physicians should inform their patients about concerns raised by the research about hormones and breast cancer but should be optimistic since the possible risk has not been proven. Some medical associations have already developed guidelines for physicians and included them into continuing medical education programs.
Resolvins E1 and D1 in Choroid-Retinal Endothelial Cells and Leukocytes: Biosynthesis and Mechanisms of Anti-inflammatory Actions

PURPOSE. To investigate the biosynthesis of resolvins E1 and D1 (RvE1 and RvD1) in choroid-retinal endothelial cells (CRECs) and leukocytes under inflammatory conditions and to define the mechanisms of anti-inflammatory actions of RvE1 and RvD1 in CRECs and leukocytes, cells crucial to posterior ocular inflammation. METHODS. RvE1, RvD1, and markers of their biosynthesis were determined by lipidomic analysis. After CRECs or cocultures of CRECs and leukocytes were treated with RvE1 or RvD1 and inflammatory stimuli, inflammatory signaling molecules were quantified by Western blot analysis, ELISA, or protein array. Transmigration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) across CRECs monolayers was quantified. RESULTS. Inflammatory stimulation increased the biosynthesis of RvE1 and RvD1 from eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), respectively, in coculture of CRECs and leukocytes. CRECs alone did not produce RvE1 and RvD1. RvE1 or RvD1 inhibited the expressions of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, IL-8, macrophage inflammatory protein-1β, regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted, and tumor necrosis factor-α from CRECs or cocultures of CRECs and leukocytes. RvD1 reduced prostaglandin E 2 generation from CRECs. However, neither resolvin affected cyclooxygenase-2 formation. Treating CRECs or PMNs with RvE1 or RvD1 inhibited PMN transmigration across CREC barriers. CONCLUSIONS. The interplay of inflammatory stimuli-activated CRECs and leukocytes biosynthesizes RvE1 and RvD1 from EPA and DHA. These resolvins inhibit inflammatory signaling from CRECs and leukocytes and inflammatory activity as PMN transmigration across CRECs barriers. Thus, these resolvins and their biosynthesis pathways are potential targets for novel treatment of inflammatory ocular diseases. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009;50:3613-3620) DOI:10.1167/iovs.08-3146.
The structure of dihydroxyacetone in solution

Abstract Nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared and ultraviolet spectral data for dihydroxyacetone are reported, together with a brief kinetic study of the dimer-monomer equilibrium. The results are interpreted in terms of a dimeric dioxan structure for solid dihydroxyacetone which dissociates into a mixture of free carbonyl and hydrated monomer upon dissolution. Lyophilization of aqueous solution results in isolation of solid monomer which converts to dimer in the solid state over several months on the shelf. A study of monohydroxyacetone revealed no such complexities.
Everyday creativity in novice e-textile designs

We examine e-textile designs, a new domain combining crafts, circuitry, and programming with the LilyPad Arduino, to better understand how novice designers develop creative technical solutions. Our analyses draw from observation and interviews conducted with middle and high school students enrolled in e-textiles workshops. In the workshops, students created their own designs by re-interpreting e-textile creations from an online community or by re-purposing the conductive functionality of everyday objects. These remixes, popular in today's youth digital media culture, can also be seen as "interpretative flexibility" and promising indicators of the everyday creativity of novice designers.
Effects of facilitating, neutral and inhibiting instructions on perceptual tasks following brain damage

Summary The problem of assesment of perceptual experience in brain-injured individuals is examined by comparing their performance with controls on three tasks of differing stimulus character(flicker-fusion, spiral aftereffect, reversible figure) under three different instructional sets (facilitating, neutral, inhibiting). Unstructured, neutral directions are found to differentiate more between brain-injured injured and controls than did the other two conditions, due to the relatively impaired performance of the brain-damaged subjects. Facilitating, suggestive instructions improved the performance of brain-damaged subjects, while inhibiting instructions, which suggested against the usual perceptual effect, tended to impair the performance of control subjects. The results indicate the inferences concerned with the perceptual functioning of either brain-injured or normal individuals must take instructional conditions into account.
Interdependence of spinal adenosinergic, serotonergic and noradrenergic systems mediating antinociception.

The present investigations examined possible interdependence among serotonergic, noradrenergic and adenosinergic pathways as spinal antinociceptive systems. ED50 values for antinociception induced by intrathecal injections of noradrenergic, serotonergic or adenosinergic agonists in mice were determined. These results were compared to ED50 values determined when an antagonist or a sub-antinociceptive dose of a second agonist was coadministered i.t. with agonists. Interactions observed when serotonergic and adenosinergic agents were coadministered suggest that antinociception induced by serotonin (i.t.) is mediated, in part, via serotonin-stimulated release of adenosine. The mechanism by which norepinephrine administered i.t. induced antinociception, however, appeared to be independent of serotonergic and adenosinergic pathways.
Rayon and the Tariff: The Nurture of an Industrial Prodigy

Early history of the industry in Europe, 589.— Growth in the United States since 1911; the American Viscose Company the leading producer, 590. — The technical processes, 592. — Steady improvement of rayon quality, 593.—Protection and its proximate results, 597.—Failures and successes, 600.— Advance in comparative effectiveness, 603.— Costs abroad and at home, 604.—Extraordinary profits, 608.—Domestic and foreign prices, 610.—Duopoly; international ramifications and combinations, 614.— Summary on tariff effects, 617.— The future, 619.
Exceptional survivors have lower age trajectories of blood glucose: lessons from longitudinal data

Exceptional survival results from complicated interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The effects of these factors on survival are mediated by the biological and physiological variables, which affect mortality risk. In this paper, we evaluated the role of blood glucose (BG) in exceptional survival using the Framingham heart study data for the main (FHS) and offspring (FHSO) cohorts. We found that: (1) the average cross-sectional age patterns of BG change over time; (2) the values of BG level among the longest lived individuals in this study differ for different sub-cohorts; (3) the longitudinal age patterns of BG differ from those of cross-sectional ones. We investigated mechanisms forming average age trajectories of BG in the FHS cohort. We found that the two curves: one, characterizing the average effects of allostatic adaptation, and another, minimizing mortality risk for any given age, play the central role in this process. We found that the average BG age trajectories for exceptional survivors are closer to the curve minimizing mortality risk than those of individuals having shorter life spans. We concluded that individuals whose age trajectories of BG are located around the curve minimizing chances of premature death at each given age have highest chances of reaching exceptional longevity.
Diffusion based analysis in a sheath flow microchannel: the sheath flow T-sensor

This paper describes a microfluidic channel that allows for diffusion-based analysis of adsorbing species without passivation of the channel surfaces. The sheath flow configuration was used to measure the diffusion coefficient of fluorescently labeled species from their spatial distribution within the microchannel by analyzing the derivative of the intensity profile at the interface between two distinct core fluids. Measurements for both a small molecule (rhodamine B) and an intermediate-sized protein (wheat germ agglutinin) were made, demonstrating the utility of the sheath flow T-sensor.
Resilient networked multiagent systems: A distributed adaptive control approachy

Control algorithms of networked multiagent systems are generally computed distributively without having a centralized entity monitoring the activity of agents; and therefore, adverse events such as attacks to the communication network and/or failure of agent-wise components can easily result in system instability and prohibit the accomplishment of system-level objectives. This paper studies resilient coordination of networked multiagent systems in the presence of misbehaving agents, i.e., agents that are subject to such adverse events. In particular, we consider a class of adverse conditions consisting of exogenous disturbances and interagent uncertainties, and present a distributed adaptive control architecture to retrieve the nominal networked multiagent system behavior. Departing from the existing relevant literature that make specific assumptions on the graph topology and/or the fraction of misbehaving agents, we show that the considered class of adverse conditions can be mitigated through a new adaptive control methodology that utilizes a local state emulator - even if all agents are misbehaving. A illustrative numerical example is provided to demonstrate the theoretical findings.
Calculating Vibrational Energy Relaxation Rates from Classical Molecular Dynamics Simulations: Quantum Correction Factors for Processes Involving Vibration−Vibration Energy Transfer†

A convenient starting point for calculating vibrational energy relaxation rate constants is Fermi's golden rule, which relates the rate constant to the Fourier transform of a certain quantum-mechanical force−force time-correlation function. Often, researchers replace this Fourier transform by the Fourier transform of the analogous classical time-correlation function multiplied by a quantum correction factor. This approach has the great advantage that the classical time-correlation function and its Fourier transform can be calculated easily from a classical molecular dynamics simulation. The disadvantage is that it is often unclear what form one should take for the quantum correction factor. In this paper we suggest several possible forms for this factor for vibrational energy relaxation processes involving intermolecular vibration−vibration energy transfer. We apply our results to vibrational energy relaxation in the B state of carbonmonoxy-myoglobin.
Crossownership and media concentration

This paper investigates whether media concentration permits newspaper and group owners of television stations to charge higher advertising rates than other types of owners. The prior studies that have looked at this issue have had to rely on questionable data. This study focuses on more accurate data, i.e. selling prices. It is argued that the potential for higher advertising rates could cause newspaper and group owners to pay higher prices for television stations than other types of buyers. An empirical analysis was made of sales of television stations between 1960 and 1969. The results tend to show that newspaper owners were willing to pay higher prices. A second analysis was done to determine whether the higher prices were due to market power or economies of scale. The results tend to show that the higher prices were probably due to the market power possessed by newspaper owned stations, some of which spills over to the other stations in the market.
Time-resolved measurements of thermodynamic fluctuations of the particle number in a nondegenerate Fermi gas.

We report on time-resolved measurements of thermodynamic fluctuations in the number of particles in a nondegenerate Fermi gas. The gas is comprised of thermal quasiparticles, confined in a superconducting Al box by large-gap Ta leads. The average number of quasiparticles is about ${10}^{5}$. This number fluctuates due to quasiparticle generation and recombination. The number is measured from the tunneling current through a barrier that bisects the box. The recombination time is independently measured by single-photon excitation and agrees with the frequency dependence of the fluctuations.
Size and independence in triangle-free graphs with maximum degree three

Let C be the class of triangle-free graphs with maximum degree at most three. A lower bound for the number of edges in a graph of C is derived in terms of the number of vertices and the independence. Several classes of graphs for which this bound is attained are given. As corollaries, we obtain the best possible lower bound for the independence ratio of a graph in C and evaluate some Ramsey-type numbers.
ASSOCIATIVE IONIZATION IN LASER-EXCITED SODIUM 3P+3D COLLISIONS

Abstract Collisions of laser-excited Na(3p) and stepwise laser-excited Na(3d) atoms in a single effusive atomic beam have been observed to result in Na 2 + ion formation: Na(3p)+Na(3d)→Na 2 + +e − . The cross-section for this process is measured to be approximately 15 times larger than the familiar Na(3p)+Na(3p)→Na 2 + +e − associative ionization reaction, at relative collision velocities of approximately 300 m/s. Theoretical models discussed here are qualitatively consistent with the experimental results.
Common line motion II: sliding plate rheometry

Abstract This paper is the second in a series of papers in which we examine both theoretically and experimentally the motion of common line (three-phase line of contact) formed by a deforming viscoelastic fluid and air on a solid surface and its role in polymer extrusion. In this paper, we present the experimental evidence of common line motion that supports our conclusions in Part I.
From brains to behaviour: hormonal cascades and alternative mating tactics in teleost fishes

Each alternative male reproductive morph in teleosts has a distinct suite of secondary sex characteristics including behavioural, endocrinological, somatic and brain traits. Accepting that the central nervous system (CNS) is the ‘seat’ of behaviour, then male dimorphisms in the CNS (whether e.g. morphological, chemical or biophysical) must determine the production of distinct male reproductive tactics. The available data suggest that the preoptic-pituitary/GnRH-gonadotropin axis provides a proximate mechanism that initiates testicular maturation, subsequent changes in titers of circulating sex steroids, and the expression of secondary sex characteristics. Individuals may be predisposed, developmentally, to express one male morph or the other. Thus, irrespective of the time during an individual male's postembryonic life that a GnRH cascade is initiated, he would express only one male morph. (Developmental predisposition may depend on genetic or epigenetic events.) Alternatively, the temporal relationship of a GnRH cascade to an individual's age or body size may be critical to determining which morph is expressed. Thus, if the GnRH ‘trigger’ were to occur at 1 year of age or 6 cm body size, a sneak-spawn tactic would be followed; at 2 years of age or 12 cm, a parental, nest-guarding tactic is followed. The latter mechanism is akin to that for sequential hermaphrodites, where an individual has the potential to express both reproductive tactics, although for species such as midshipman, only one morph is ever manifested. Irrespective of which developmental mechanism is operative, the result is a mating system with two male reproductive morphs, each of which has a distinct suite of traits subject to sexual and natural selection.
Review Essay: Community and Religion in a Post‐Modern Global World: A Review Essay on Anabaptist Religious Groups

The Amish on the Iowa Prairie: 1840 to 1910, by Steven D. Reschly. Mennonites in the Global Village, by Leo Driedger. On the Backroad to Heaven: Old Order Hutterites, Mennonites, Amish, and Brethren, by Donald B. Kraybill and Carl F. Bowman.
PRIMARY CAUSE OF DEATH IN EXTREMELY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS. 1151

Increased survival of the extremely low birth weigh infant (ELBW) weighing 1000 grams or less has stimulated interest in accurate knowledge of causes of death for these very small infants. Surprisingly, literature search failed to discover any report of pathology dealing with causes of death determined by autopsy in this weight group. In order to offset this deficiency, we evaluated ELBW infants who died and were autopsied at LAC+USC Medical Center in the calendar years 1990-1993. During this four year period, there were 482 live births ≤ 1000 grams accounting for 0.8% of total live births. Two hundred fifty four of these infants died, a mortality rate of 53%. Seventy-nine (31%) of the deaths were autopsied and are the subjects of this report. Maternal and infant clinical records and autopsy material were reviewed and a primary cause of death determined for each case. Infection (44%) was the leading cause, followed by RDS/BPD (27%) and congenital anomaly (14%). No cause other than extreme prematurity was found in 9% and these were confined to birth weights 29 weeks all weighed between 901-1000 grams and all died of a congenital anomaly. They comprised 5 of the 7 deaths in this weight group. Incidence of infection and RDS was high from 21-26 weeks and peaked at 23-24 weeks. One half of the infants died in the first 4 hours, and 3/4 by 2 days. Five infants were elective abortions for fetal abnormality. Care was not initiated or was withdrawn in 38 (48%) infants. When the clinical cause of death was compared with the primary cause determined after autopsy, 78% of the infections were missed. These deaths were attributed to RDS or extreme prematurity alone. We conclude that the specific reason for death can be consistently determined for infants of birth weight greater than 500 grams with an autopsy. and that further significant reductions in mortality of the ELBW infant will require new approaches to diagnosis and management of infection for these infants and their mothers.
Free radicals formed by ion beam neutralization of [DCO]+, [DOCO] +, [CD3OD2]+ and [(CD3)2COD] + on metal targets

A series of radicals formed when a fast beam of deuterated ions, [DCO] +, [DOCO] +, [CD3OD2]+ and [(CD) 2COD] +, is neutralized by electron transfer from K. Na and Zn atoms has been studied by a combination of charge stripping and beam scattering techniques For all systems studied, some fraction of The radicals from charge exchange are formed in excited dissociative states. Radical decomposition products have been identified and fragmentation energies have been measured. A metastable slate of CD3GD2 is observed with a lifetime greater than 0.5 μs. Stable radicals of DCO and (CD3)2 COD are formed by ion–Zn charge exchange. Indirect evidence indicates that [DCO] +–K charge exchang; leads to an excited radiative state of the radical.
Long-Term Variability in Bioassessments: A Twenty-Year Study from Two Northern California Streams

Long-term variability of bioassessments has not been well evaluated. We analyzed a 20-year data set (1984–2003) from four sites in two northern California streams to examine the variability of bioassessment indices (two multivariate RIVPACS-type O/E scores and one multimetric index of biotic integrity, IBI), as well as eight metrics. All sites were sampled in spring; one site was also sampled in summer. Variability among years was high for most metrics (coefficients of variation, CVs ranging from 16% to 246% in spring) but lower for indices (CVs of 22–26% for the IBI and 21–32% for O/E scores in spring), which resulted in inconsistent assessments of biological condition. Variance components analysis showed that the time component explained variability in all metrics and indices, ranging from 5% to 35% of total variance explained. The site component was large (i.e., >40%) for some metrics (e.g., EPT richness), but nearly absent from others (e.g., Diptera richness). Seasonal analysis at one site showed that variability among seasons was small for some metrics or indices (e.g., Coleoptera richness), but large for others (e.g., EPT richness, O/E scores). Climatic variables did not show consistent trends across all metrics, although several were related to the El Nino Southern Oscillation Index at some sites. Bioassessments should incorporate temporal variability during index calibration or include climatic variability as predictive variables to improve accuracy and precision. In addition, these approaches may help managers anticipate alterations in reference streams caused by global climate change and high climatic variability.
The anti-Ebonics movement : Standard English only

L'A. retrace l'evolution de la politique linguistique menee aux Etats Unis a l'egard de l'anglais vernaculaire de la communaute noire, politique qui veut privilegier l'anglais standard au detriment de la langue vernaculaire. Il analyse l'ideologie anti-multiculturelle qui sous-tend le developpement d'une telle politique
Krylov Subspace Iterations for Deterministic k -Eigenvalue Calculations

The Implicitly Restarted Arnoldi Method (IRAM), a Krylov subspace iterative method, applied to k-eigenvalue calculations for criticality problems in deterministic transport codes is discussed. A co...
Design Optimization of Sustainable Off-Grid Power Systems for the Developing World

Electrification of remote areas in the developing world can greatly improve the health and economic standing of the population. Unfortunately, providing power to these remote areas can be expensive and determining the most economical solution is not trivial. This paper presents a method to compare the economics of different small-scale power systems for developing world. In this method, models are developed to describe the performance of power systems composed of diesel generators, batteries with photovoltaics or wind turbines, and hybrid systems. These models are coupled to an optimizer to determine the lowest cost solution that meets the desired system reliability. The reliability is expressed as Loss of Load Probability, and is computed using hourly solar and wind data. In this paper, this method is used to design a power system for a small hospital in the developing world. The results are presented for three sample locations in Honduras, Pakistan, and Uganda. Results show that the economic attractiveness of different technologies varies greatly due to local climatic conditions. The variety and soundness of the solutions found using this method show that it can aid in the design of a small-scale power system for any location in the developing world.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Resident Learning and Knowledge Retention from Resident-prepared Chest Radiology Conferences

Rationale and Objectives. The authors assessed resident learning and retention of knowledge from resident prepared chest radiology conferences. Materials and Methods. Radiology residents presented five chest conferences to their peers during a 5-month interval; the conferences were modeled on a case presentation format. Tests were given 5 minutes before each conference (pretest) and immediately after each conference (posttest). The tests were readministered as a final examination 6 months later, at which time the residents were asked to evaluate the conference format. Results. Conference attendance ranged from six to 11 residents. Mean posttest scores were statistically significantly higher than mean pretest scores ( P P P Conclusion. Resident-prepared conferences are effective for teaching residents chest radiology. Resident testing at 6 months demonstrated retention of knowledge above pretest levels but lower than posttest levels.
Heterogeneity Studies of a Single Particle/Fiber by Using Fourier Transform Infrared Micro-Sampling Photoacoustic Spectroscopy

This paper reports the first investigation of the micro-sampling possibility of Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy (FT-IR PAS) in depth profiling of a single particle and a single fiber. The samples studied in this paper include a Bio-Bead(TM) (150 mu m in diameter) coated with commercial strawberry flavor oil, a nylon wire with grease coating, and a piece of natural human hair (60 mu m in diameter and 7 mm in length) with gel-coating. Major FTIR PAS operation modes utilized in depth profiling of heterogeneous/layered macro-samples reported previously, such as (continuous-) rapid-scan, phase-, and nonphase modulation step scans, were used in this study. The software-based digital signal processing (DSP) algorithms for step-scan photoacoustic (fundamental and harmonic) signal modulation/demodulation were employed in the phase modulation experiments. Both modulation frequency variation and photoacoustic signal phase analysis methods were applied to elucidate detailed spectral depth profiling information from the raw data of these micro-samples. The results conclude that FT-IR micro-PAS offers a unique and complementary method in analysis of heterogeneous micro-samples with nondestructive, noncontact, and cost-effective advantages compared with conventional FT-IR micro-transmission/reflection/ATR approaches.
Madison's Metronome: The Constitution, Majority Rule, and the Tempo of American Politics. By Greg Weiner. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2012. 194 pp.

Madison's Metronome: The Constitution, Majority Rule, and the Tempo of American Politics. By Greg Weiner. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2012. 194 pp. In this slim volume, Greg Weiner focuses our attention upon an underlying and abiding feature of James Madison's democratic theory: time. Weiner explicates Madison's "temporal republicanism" to demonstrate his enduring commitment to democratic majorities as both an inevitable and desirable form of decision making in a republic. The problem, of course, is that majorities are often passionate and unjust. To alleviate this problem, Weiner argues that Madison consistently pursues mechanisms that will slow down decision making such that time can temper passionate majorities. As Weiner explains, Madison's "democratic theory consequently relies on delaying mechanisms that compel majorities to cohere for an interval sufficient to dispel passions. This use of time to season majorities enhances the likelihood that they will behave reasonably and avoids the necessity of a trade-off between majority rule and minority rights" (p. 130). Weiner's analysis draws principally on Madison's thought regarding the extended republic, the Bill of Rights, and separation of powers, but he also delves into Madison's understanding of freedom of speech and conscience, the national negative, and the Virginia Resolutions and Report. Spanning the entirety of Madison's career, Weiner successfully illuminates and contextualizes Madison's enduring support for majority rule in an eloquently written and well-documented text. To understand and illuminate Madison's majoritarianism, Weiner emphasizes the passive role of time rather than its instrumental use in Madison's republicanism. The overweighting of passive time has the effect of enhancing the reasonableness of national majorities and minimizing the role of enlightened leadership in Madison's thought. For example, in his discussion of the Senate, Weiner argues against those who view this body as an aristocratic check on the will of the people. Instead, he claims that Madison considered the Senate something of a "speed bump" constructed to slow majoritarian decision making until the people returned to the basis upon which they "ordinarily act," that of "reason, justice, and truth" (p. 50). More surprisingly, Weiner claims that it is the action of time itself that works this magic: "there was no indication of moral tutelage by leaders" (p. 32). Weiner rightly observes that Madison's democratic theory, particularly the centrality of majoritarian institutions in his thought, tends to cultivate the people's capacity for deliberation and reflection in contrast to what Weiner sees as the contemporary overreliance on rights talk and the courts to determine matters of justice. …