cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Morphology of Planets and Satellites

In the broadest sense, we consider that the morphologies of rocky members of the Solar System (Table 1, listed in order of distance from their host) can be grouped into three categories: endogenic, exogenic, and exotic. Endogenic provinces are ones that were produced by internal forces that caused plate movements and interplate and intraplate magmatic/tectonic activities. Exogenic provinces are ones that owe their origin to external processes such as weathering, erosion, transportation, and deposition from earlier rock surfaces; therefore, they require the presence of a hydrosphere (or other liquid) and an atmosphere (Table 2, listed in order of decreasing diameter). Exotic provinces are ones created by bombardment of the planets or satellites by planetesimals and comets; this bombardment has produced large regions of terrae (impact craters), planitias (flat plains of debris ejected from impact sites), and impact melts (country rock melted by the kinetic energy of impact on rocky planets and moons).
Hospitalist attitudes toward the assessment and management of dyspnea in patients with acute cardiopulmonary diseases

BACKGROUND Dyspnea is a common symptom in patients hospitalized with acute cardiopulmonary diseases. Routine assessment of dyspnea severity is recommended by clinical guidelines based on the evidence that patients are not treated consistently for dyspnea relief. OBJECTIVE To evaluate attitudes and beliefs of hospitalists regarding the assessment and management of dyspnea. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. SETTINGS Nine hospitals in the United States. MEASUREMENTS Survey questions assessed the following domains regarding dyspnea: importance in clinical care, potential benefits and challenges of implementing a standardized assessment, current approaches to assessment, and how awareness of severity affects management. A 5-point Likert scale was used to assess the respondent's level of agreement; strongly agree and agree were combined into a single category. RESULTS Of the 255 hospitalists invited to participate, 69.8% completed the survey; 77.0% agreed that dyspnea relief is an important goal when treating patients with cardiopulmonary conditions. Approximately 90% of respondents stated that awareness of dyspnea severity influences their decision to intensify treatment, to pursue additional diagnostic testing, and the timing of discharge. Of the respondents, 61.0% agreed that standardized assessment of dyspnea should be part of the vital signs, and 64.6% agreed that awareness of dyspnea severity influences their decision to prescribe opioids. Hospitalists who appreciated the importance of dyspnea in clinical practice were more likely to support the implementation of a standardized scale. CONCLUSIONS Most hospitalists believe that routine assessment of dyspnea severity would enhance their clinical decision making and patient care. Measurement and documentation of dyspnea severity may represent an opportunity to improve dyspnea management. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2015;10:724–730. © 2015 Society of Hospital Medicine
Local learning in probabilistic networks with hidden variables

Probabilistic networks which provide compact descriptions of complex stochastic relationships among several random variables are rapidly becoming the tool of choice for uncertain reasoning in artificial intelligence. We show that networks with fixed structure containing hidden variables can be learned automatically from data using a gradient-descent mechanism similar to that used in neural networks We also extend the method to networks with intensionally represented distributions, including networks with continuous variables and dynamic probabilistic networks Because probabilistic networks provide explicit representations of causal structure human experts can easily contribute pnor knowledge to the training process, thereby significantly improving the learning rate Adaptive probabilistic networks (APNs) may soon compete directly with neural networks as models in computational neuroscience as well as in industrial and financial applications.
Success at first insemination in Australian Angus cattle:Analysis of uncertain binary responses

Field data from Australian Angus herds were used to investigate 2 methods of analyzing uncertain binary responses for success or failure at first insemination. A linear mixed model that included herd, year, and month of mating as fixed effects; unrelated service sire, additive animal, and residual as random effects; and linear and quadratic effects of age at mating as covariates was used to analyze binary data. An average gestation length (GL) derived from artificial insemination data was used to assign an insemination date to females mated to natural service sires. Females that deviated from this average GL led to uncertain binary responses. Two analyses were carried out: 1) a threshold model fitted to uncertain binary data, ignoring uncertainty (M1); and 2) a threshold model fitted to uncertain binary data, accounting for uncertainty via fuzzy logic classification (M2). There was practically no difference between point estimates obtained from M1 and M2 for service sire and herd variance; however, when uncertain binary data were analyzed ignoring uncertainty (M1), additive variance and heritability estimates were greater than with M2. Pearson correlations indicated that no major reranking would be expected for service sire effects and animal breeding values using M1 and M2. Given the results of the current study, a threshold model contemplating uncertainty is suggested for noisy binary data to avoid bias when estimating genetic parameters.
Evidence-Based Practice: Sublingual Immunotherapy for Allergic Rhinitis

In this article, the authors review the current evidence regarding the public health and economic impact of allergic rhinitis. Diagnostic methods for allergic disease are discussed as well as certain nuances of allergy skin testing protocols. In addition, the evidence supporting sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) for allergic rhinitis is reviewed, with subsequent attention to certain subgroups, such as adults and children, seasonal versus perennial allergens, and SLIT efficacy for individual antigens. The authors consider the evidence supporting appropriate SLIT dosing as well as the existing data on SLIT safety.
States of War: Defensive Force Among Nations

Book review of "Defending Humanity: When Force is Justified and Why" by George P. Fletcher and Jens David Ohlin
Late season low inventory assortment effects in the newsvendor problem

The assumption of the newsvendor being able to satisfy demand as long as on-hand inventory is positive does not hold for a non-homogenous product. Consumers who do not find a unit of the product which satisfies their secondary features preferences may not purchase the product even though the newsvendor has positive on-hand inventory. This is likely to occur late in the season as inventory level declines. We solve a newsvendor problem in which the probability of purchase by consumers is increasing in on-hand inventory for any inventory level below that which is needed to have a complete assortment. We identify the sufficient optimality condition for the order quantity. We show that, unlike the case of inventory-dependent demand models in the literature, the optimal order quantity may decrease due to the assortment effect. We investigate two types of pre-end of season discounts, immediate all-units and delayed, as ways to mitigate the late season assortment effect and show that in some cases, they can increase the newsvendor׳s profit and free up the shelf space for other products.
Message routing in HARTS with faulty components

The authors develop a routing scheme in two steps for a wrapped hexagonal mesh, called HARTS (hexagonal architecture for real-time systems), which ensures the delivery of every message as long as there is a path between its source and destination. The scheme can also detect the nonexistence of a path between a pair of nodes in a finite amount of time. Moreover, the scheme requires each node in HARTS to know only the state (faulty or not) of each of its own links. The performance of the simple routing scheme is simulated for three- and five-dimensional H-meshes while the physical distribution of faulty components is varied. It is shown that a shortest path between the source and the destination of each message is taken with a high probability, and a path, if one exists, is usually found very quickly. >
Efficient Control with an Order (n) Recursive Inversion of the Jacobian for an n-Link Serial Manipulator

Given desired task space trajectories, the robot control problem is to choose the joint torques, T, so that the actual trajectories track the desired ones. If joint-based control algorithms are used, the transformation from task space to joint space requires an inversion of the Jacobian matrix, J. Typically this requires order (n3) operations where n is the number of links in a serial manipulator. In this paper we will show how a technique developed by Rodriguez [15] can be applied to reduce the order (n3) inversion of the Jacobian to an order (n) inversion of the product J* J by formulating the n-link robot equation as a spatially recursive algorithm in the form of a filtering and smoothing problem. It is shown that with a proper model, the inverse Jacobian problem is equivalent to solving the forward dynamics problem for the same model. The algorithm is modified to yield the least squares solution if the Jacobian matrix is singular.
Mapping elasticity of rehydrated metaphase chromosomes by scanning force microscopy

Scanning force microscopy was used for mapping the viscoelastic properties of metaphase chromosomes. These properties were probed by scanning with various imaging forces and subsequent calculation of the difference image. The procedure allows a mapping of the viscoelastic behavior expressed as force-dependent indentation of the local surface feature and results in an image with material contrast. The approach is demonstrated on rehydrated metaphase chromosomes, which were spread and air-dried before rehydration in aqueous buffer. The rehydration resulted in a swelling of the chromosome structure and was accompanied by drastic changes in the viscoelastic properties. For comparisons, force-distance curves on metaphase chromosomes were accumulated; these curves were also used for the calculation of the stiffness curve. The demonstrated approach of mapping viscoelasticity by differential scanning force microscopy allows the detection of domains with varying mechanical properties in biomolecules such as chromosomes.
Microcontact printing and pattern transfer using trichlorosilanes on oxide substrates

Microcontact printing was used to pattern silicon, aluminum, and titanium substrates using octadecyltrichlorosilane as the ink and an elastomer as the stamp. Patterns were transferred into the substrates using both dry and wet etching. The Al and Ti were etched using an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma source at low ion energies and low pressure. Silicon was etched in HF to remove the native oxide, followed by KOH. Microcontact printing using OTS ink is a convenient and easy way to pattern both semiconductor and metal surfaces without the extended use of photolithography.
The expanding vaccine development pipeline, 1995–2008

Successful launches of recently licensed vaccines contrast with pharmaceutical industry concerns about unfavorable market conditions, making the status and future of vaccine development uncertain. We assessed trends in private-sector vaccine research and development for the period 1995-2008, using a global pharmaceutical database to identify prophylactic vaccines in preclinical, Phase I, Phase II, or Phase III stages of development. We counted companies that research and/or manufacture vaccines ("vaccine originators") and their vaccine products in each year. The global number of vaccine originators doubled (to 136), as did the number of prophylactic vaccine products in development (to 354); the majority of this growth was in preclinical and early phase clinical research. Because rapid growth in earlier research phases has not yet led to growth in Phase III, it is not yet clear whether recent industry expansion will translate to an increase in the number of available vaccines in the near future.
Transient induction of cytochromes P450 1A1 and 1B1 in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells by indirubin

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), when activated by exogenous ligands such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), regulates expression of several phase I and phase II enzymes and is also involved in the regulation of cell proliferation. Several studies suggest that endogenous AhR ligand(s) may exist. One putative endogenous ligand is indirubin, which was recently identified in human urine and bovine serum. We determined the effect of indirubin in MCF-7 breast cancer cells on induction of the activities of cytochromes P450 (CYP) 1A1 and 1B1, as measured by estradiol and ethoxyresorufin metabolism, and on induction of the CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 mRNAs. With 4-hr exposure, the effects of indirubin and TCDD at 10nM on CYP activity were comparable, but the effects of indirubin, unlike those of TCDD, were transitory. Indirubin-induced ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity was maximal by 6-9 hr post-exposure and had disappeared by 24 hr, whereas TCDD-induced activities remained elevated for at least 72 hr. The effects of indirubin on CYP mRNA induction were maximal at 3 hr. Indirubin was metabolized by microsomes containing cDNA-expressed human CYP1A1 or CYP1B1. The potency of indirubin was comparable to that of TCDD in a CYP1B1-promoter-driven luciferase assay, when MCF-7 cells were co-exposed to the AhR ligands together with the CYP inhibitor, ellipticine. Thus, if indirubin is an endogenous AhR ligand, then AhR-mediated signaling by indirubin is likely to be transient and tightly controlled by the ability of indirubin to induce CYP1A1 and CYP1B1, and hence its own metabolism.
Ancestral transfer of symbionts between cockroaches and termites: an unlikely scenario.

Thorne's (Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 241, 37 (1990)) studies of the laboratory behaviour of extant woodroaches (Cryptocercus) and termites (Zootermopsis) suggest that transfaunation of hindgut protozoans potentially could occur by aggression and consumption in the field. However, existing literature suggests no overlap in protozoan species composition for these two taxa. Furthermore, it is doubtful that transfaunation would occur in the solitary ancestral \`termitoid' and \`roachoid' lines proposed by Thorne: not only is it unlikely that such insects would encounter each other, but it is doubtful that they would show the degree of aggression exhibited by the termite soldiers in her study. Inheritance from an ancestor common to Cryptocercus and the lower termites remains the most logical explanation for the presence of the unique cellulolytic oxymonad, trichomonad and hypermastigote flagellates in these two groups.
A self exchange rate constant for silverII/IIItetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrins

Cinetique de reduction des complexes Ag(III) TPPS en complexes Ag(II)-TPPS par Fe(CN) 6 4− , Fe(II)-EDTA 2− et Mo(CN) 6 4−
Share and share alike: deciding how to distribute the scientific and social benefits of genomic data.

Instead of taking a single-stakeholder perspective, the authors propose that a systematic approach that takes into account multiple stakeholders and their sometimes overlapping interests should be taken to facilitate decisions about genomic data sharing. Emerging technologies make genomic analyses more efficient and less expensive, enabling genome-wide association and gene–environment interaction studies. In anticipation of their results, funding agencies such as the US National Institutes of Health and the Wellcome Trust are formulating guidelines for sharing the large amounts of genomic data that are generated by the projects that they sponsor. Data-sharing policies can have varying implications for how disease susceptibility and drug-response research will be pursued by the scientific community, and for who will benefit from the resulting medical discoveries. We suggest that the complex interplay of stakeholders and their interests, rather than single-issue and single-stakeholder perspectives, should be considered when deciding genomic data-sharing policies.
Multi-band and broad-band infrared detectors based on III–V materials for spectral imaging instruments

Quantum well infrared photodetector technology has shown remarkable success by realizing large-format focal plane arrays in both broad-bands and in multi-bands. The spectral response of these detectors based on the III-V material system are tailorable within the mid and long wavelength IR bands (similar to 3-25 mu m) and possibly beyond. Multi-band and broad-band detector arrays have been developed by vertically integrating stacks of multi quantum wells tailored for response in different wavelengths bands. Each detector stack absorbs photons within the specified wavelength band while allowing the transmission other photons, thus efficiently permitting multiband detection. Flexibility in many design parameters of these detectors allows for tuning and tailoring the spectral shape according to application requirements, specifically for spectral imaging instruments.
Evaluation of Fungal Growth on Fiberglass Duct Materials for Various Moisture, Soil, Use, and Temperature Conditions

Abstract Fiberglass duct materials are commonly used in both residential and commercial heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems to provide the needed thermal insulation and noise control. Many building investigations have documented biocontamination of these materials, and the appropriateness of their use in high humidity locations has come into question. A series of experiments, each lasting 6 weeks, was conducted in static environmental chambers to assess some of the conditions that may impact the ability of a variety of fiberglass materials to support the growth of a fungus, Penicillium chrysogenum. Three different fiberglass duct liners (FDL), one fiberglass duct board, and fiberglass insulation, all newly purchased, were obtained as were samples of used (>5 years old) materials. Samples of these materials were tested to evaluate the effects of moisture, soil, use, and temperature on their ability to support the growth of P. chrysogenum. These studies demonstrated that P. chrysogenum could amplify under conditions of low (12°C) and room (23°C) temperature and high relative humidity on samples of one of the newly purchased materials, and that either wetting and/or soiling increased the materials’ susceptibility. P. chrysogenum was able to grow on all the used material samples. While the results of this study apply directly only to fiberglass duct materials, they suggest that dust accumulation and/or high humidity should be properly controlled in any HVAC duct to prevent the growth of P. chrysogenum.
Estrogen represses gene expression through reconfiguring chromatin structures

Estrogen regulates over a thousand genes, with an equal number of them being induced or repressed. The distinct mechanisms underlying these dual transcriptional effects remain largely unknown. We derived comprehensive views of the transcription machineries assembled at estrogen-responsive genes through integrating multiple types of genomic data. In the absence of estrogen, the majority of genes formed higher-order chromatin structures, including DNA loops tethered to protein complexes involving RNA polymerase II (Pol II), estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and ERα-pioneer factors. Genes to be 'repressed' by estrogen showed active transcription at promoters and throughout the gene bodies; genes to be 'induced' exhibited active transcription initiation at promoters, but with transcription paused in gene bodies. In the presence of estrogen, the majority of estrogen-induced genes retained the original higher-order chromatin structures, whereas most estrogen-repressed genes underwent a chromatin reconfiguration. For estrogen-induced genes, estrogen enhances transcription elongation, potentially through recruitment of co-activators or release of co-repressors with unique roles in elongation. For estrogen-repressed genes, estrogen treatment leads to chromatin structure reconfiguration, thereby disrupting the originally transcription-efficient chromatin structures. Our in silico studies have shown that estrogen regulates gene expression, at least in part, through modifying previously assembled higher-order complexes, rather than by facilitating de novo assembly of machineries.
Proteinase inhibitors I and II from leaves of wounded tomato plants: Purification and properties

Abstract Proteinase inhibitors I and II were purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from leaves of tomato plants induced by either wounding intact plants or by supplying excised plants with the proteinase inhibitor inducing factor. Affinity chromatography with chymotrypsin-Sepharose was employed as a final purification step for each inhibitor. The tomato leaf inhibitors are very similar to potato tuber inhibitors I and II in subunit molecular weight, composition, and inhibitory activities against chymotrypsin, trypsin, and subtilisin. However, unlike the potato tuber which contains multiple isoinhibitors by isoelectric focusing, the tomato leaf exhibits only two isoinhibitor forms of inhibitor I and a single form of inhibitor II. The molecular weight of native potato inhibitor I was reevaluated by rigorous ultracentrifugal analysis and compared with data from previous analyses. The data confirm that native inhibitor I has a native Mr of about 41,000 and is a pentamer. Inhibitor II has a molecular weight of near 23,000 and is a dimer.
Interview: The future is bright, the future is hedge funds: An interview with James R. Hedges IV, founder, president, and chief investment officer of LJH Global Investments

Founded in 1992, LJH Global Investments is one of the oldest global hedge fund advisory and fund of hedge funds management firms. Its disciplined approach to evaluating hedge funds and their respective managers is recognized by many financial services firms such as banks, asset management firms, and insurance companies. They rely on the firm as a sub-advisor to build, manage, and service fund of hedge funds products. Its founder, James R. Hedges IV, was the first fund of hedge funds expert ever invited to speak to the Bank of Japan executives on the burgeoning hedge fund industry. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The total syntheses of D-erythro-sphingosine, N-palmitoylsphingosine (ceramide), and glucosylceramide (cerebroside) via an azidosphingosine analog.

Abstract The total synthesis of d -erythro-sphingosine (9) was performed by a chirospecific method starting from d -galactose via an azidosphingosine intermediate to give highly homogeneous (>99.9% C18:1) sphingosine base (9) which contained no observable olefin isomerization by product and was demonstrated to be optically pure by a novel method utilizing Mosher's acid. Ceramide (10) was prepared from this sphingosine (9) with highly homogeneous (99.8% C16:0) palmitic acid by two methods. The cerebroside glucosylceramide (23) was the next sphingolipid in this series to be synthesized in a highly homogeneous form. These three sphingolipids are currently being used for biophysical studies of the structures of their hydrated bio-molecular assemblies.
The effect of plaster composition and binder concentration on strain mismatch and deformation of slip-cast green bodies

Abstract High-aspect ratio beams of alumina were slip cast at 30–50 vol.% solids with a level of poly(acrylic) acid corresponding to the minimum in viscosity. The beams, which were sintered in an unconstrained manner, deform into the shape of an arc at elevated temperature. The curvature of the beams was seen to increase with increasing solids loading and to depend on measures related to the particle velocity during casting. When an acrylic binder was added to the slurry, the degree of curvature was seen to increase as compared to when no binder was present. The composition of the plaster molds was seen to have a negligible effect on the magnitude of the bending. A model based upon strain mismatch indicates that a 3% variation in the green density within the beams would account for the observed amount of curvature.
Current opinions about laparoscopic incisional hernia repair: a survey of practicing surgeons.

Abstract Background Incisional hernias are common. Optimal repair is one of the most analyzed and debated topics; however, there is no consensus as to the appropriate surgical technique. Methods An Institutional Review Board–approved protocol was designed using an Internet-based survey site ( www.surveymonkey.com ) to assess practices and opinions regarding incisional hernia repair. Results Of 766 surgeons, 204 (27%) responded. Most respondents practice in an academic, urban hospital, and 85% to 96% perform basic laparoscopic procedures. The median percentage of laparoscopic versus total hernia repair was r Spearman’s = .315, P = .001), concurrent advanced laparoscopic experience ( z Wilcoxon rank sum = −2.348, P = .019), and completion of a laparoscopic fellowship ( z Wilcoxon rank sum = −3.317, P = .001). When asked how many would start to perform laparoscopic hernia repair, 81% indicated “no.” In that group, 52% indicated that a lack of improved results was the main reason, followed by risk of enterotomy > operative time > cost > experience. Those who would start indicated that the main reason was patient request (54%). Among those that use the laparoscopic technique, 85% indicated that they would perform more of these surgeries. The main reason for this was a lower recurrence rate (42%). Conclusions There continues to be a lack of consensus on the most appropriate method of repairing incisional hernias. Surgeons having experience with advanced laparoscopic techniques, laparoscopic fellowship training, and higher volume of hernia repair are more likely to use the laparoscopic approach.
Polynomials and packings: a new proof of de Bruijn's theorem

Abstract In 1969 de Bruijn published a proof of the following fact: An a × ab × abc brick can be used to pack an A × B × C box if, and only if, the integers A , B , C are in some order a multiple of a , a multiple of ab , and a multiple of abc . We give a quick proof of this result based on the following elementary lemma. The polynomial ( x a - 1)( x ab - 1)( x abc - 1) divides ( x A - 1)( x B - 1)( x C - 1) if, and only if, the integers A , B , C are in some order a multiple of a , a multiple of ab , and a multiple of abc .
Piggybacking for more efficient parallel out-of-core isosurfacing

A scheme for improving the efficiency of parallel isosurfacing for very large datasets is presented. The scheme is aimed at improving performance in multi-processor environments, especially for environments in which interprocessor communication limitations become a bottleneck, such as when the number of processors can scale up without commensurate scale up in inter-processor communication bandwidth. The scheme enables load-balanced computation while also limiting unnecessary communication between processors through the use of communication piggybacking and interleaving. Empirical results are also presented and suggest that the scheme reduces communication by about 15% and overall isosurfacing time by about 13% over a highly efficient non-piggybacked parallel isosurfacing approach.
Murine glypican-4 gene structure and expression: Sp1 and Sp3 play a major role in glypican-4 expression in 3T3-F442A cells

In this report we describe the genomic organization of the mouse glypican-4 (Gpc4), an analysis of its promoter and its transcriptional regulation in the 3T3-F442A adipocyte cell line. The Gpc4 gene consists of nine exons separated by eight introns. A series of deletion mutants and 4391 bp of the 5'-flanking region were cloned into pGL3-BASIC upstream of the luciferase reporter gene and transfected into 3T3-F442A adipocytes. Analysis of a 4.3-kb DNA fragment at the 5'-flanking region of this gene revealed that the Gpc4 promoter is a TATA-less promoter with a large cluster of GC boxes. Competitive electrophoretic mobility shift and supershift assays identified a cluster of nine functional GC boxes binding Sp1 and Sp3 in this region. Transactivation experiments in insect cells showed that both Sp1 and Sp3 are major activators of the Gpc4 promoter. Gpc4 is expressed in adipocytes where its expression is highest in confluent 3T3-F442A adipoblasts and decreases dramatically as cells differentiate. Sp protein analyses demonstrated a major decrease in Sp3 protein in differentiated adipocytes as compared to undifferentiated adipoblasts. These experiments show that Gpc4 is developmentally regulated in 3T3-F442A adipocytes and suggest that Sp transcription factors play a significant role in the regulated expression of Gpc4.
STIMULATION OF LYMPH NODE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS BY A BASIC PROTEIN FROM BRAIN.

Abstract A basic protein having a sedimentation constant (Sw, 20) of 1.55 has been isolated from guinea pig brain, and its amino acid composition has been determined. It has been found to stimulate in vitro the incorporation of leucine into the trichloroacetic acid-insoluble material of lymph node cells. The stimulation is preceded by an initial period of inhibition of leucine incorporation. Preincubation of the cells with the brain protein in the presence of puromycin results in the abolition of this lag period prior to stimulation. Uridine incorporation into the lymph node cells is not enhanced by the brain protein. It has been concluded that the basic protein itself stimulates the amino acid incorporation in vitro, and its effect does not depend upon a prior synthesis of RNA or protein.
From apples and oranges to symbolic dynamics: a framework for conciliating notions of cognitive representation

We introduce symbolic dynamics to cognitive scientists with the aim of furthering constructive debate on representation. Symbolic dynamics is a mathematical framework in which both continuous and discrete states of a system can be considered jointly. We discuss a number of theoretical implications this framework has for cognitive science, and offer some consideration of the way in which it might be employed for comparing or conciliating discrete and continuous representational theories. Symbolic dynamics may thus serve as a common, level playing field for debate in theories of cognitive representation.
Sexual dimorphism and sexual intermediaries.

Robert Sparrow's article (2010) attempts to defend the position that humans are sexually dimorphic. However, human embryology clearly shows this is not the case. Human embryos start out as indiffer...
THE ASSESSMENT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF OIL SPILLS — TOWARD A METHODOLOGY

ABSTRACT This paper examines the state of the art of socio-economic damage assessment following oil spills as a first step in developing a comparative methodology of use both to social scientists and lawyers in damage claim litigation. The conclusions reached are, first, that socio-economic baseline studies must be developed in areas potentially at risk if post-spill studies are to have any meaning. Secondly, post-spill data must be handled in uniform modes. Finally, development of predictive models is considered and assessed.
Retrieval effectiveness of an ontology-based model for information selection

Technology in the field of digital media generates huge amounts of nontextual information, audio, video, and images, along with more familiar textual information. The potential for exchange and retrieval of information is vast and daunting. The key problem in achieving efficient and user-friendly retrieval is the development of a search mechanism to guarantee delivery of minimal irrelevant information (high precision) while insuring relevant information is not overlooked (high recall). The traditional solution employs keyword-based search. The only documents retrieved are those containing user-specified keywords. But many documents convey desired semantic information without containing these keywords. This limitation is frequently addressed through query expansion mechanisms based on the statistical co-occurrence of terms. Recall is increased, but at the expense of deteriorating precision. One can overcome this problem by indexing documents according to context and meaning rather than keywords, although this requires a method of converting words to meanings and the creation of a meaning-based index structure. We have solved the problem of an index structure through the design and implementation of a concept-based model using domain-dependent ontologies. An ontology is a collection of concepts and their interrelationships that provide an abstract view of an application domain. With regard to converting words to meaning, the key issue is to identify appropriate concepts that both describe and identify documents as well as language employed in user requests. This paper describes an automatic mechanism for selecting these concepts. An important novelty is a scalable disambiguation algorithm that prunes irrelevant concepts and allows relevant ones to associate with documents and participate in query generation. We also propose an automatic query expansion mechanism that deals with user requests expressed in natural language. This mechanism generates database queries with appropriate and relevant expansion through knowledge encoded in ontology form. Focusing on audio data, we have constructed a demonstration prototype. We have experimentally and analytically shown that our model, compared to keyword search, achieves a significantly higher degree of precision and recall. The techniques employed can be applied to the problem of information selection in all media types.
Protein Kinase C-α and ERK1/2 Mediate Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Decreases in Active Na+ Transport, and Cisplatin-induced Apoptosis in Renal Cells

Initiation of apoptosis by many agents is preceded by mitochondrial dysfunction and depolarization of the mitochondrial inner membrane. Here we demonstrate that, in renal proximal tubular cells (RPTC), cisplatin induces mitochondrial dysfunction associated with hyperpolarization of the mitochondrial membrane and that these events are mediated by protein kinase C (PKC)-alpha and ERK1/2. Cisplatin induced sustained decreases in RPTC respiration, oxidative phosphorylation, and increases in the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (deltaPsi(m)), which were preceded by the inhibition of F(0)F(1)-ATPase and cytochrome c release from the mitochondria, accompanied by caspase-3 activation, and followed by RPTC apoptosis. Cisplatin also decreased active Na+ transport as a result, in part, of the inhibition of Na+/K(+)-ATPase. These changes were preceded by PKC-alpha and ERK1/2 activation. Inhibition of cisplatin-induced PKC-alpha and ERK1/2 activation using Go6976 and PD98059, respectively, abolished increases in deltaPsi(m), diminished decreases in oxidative phosphorylation, active Na+ transport, and decreased caspase-3 activation without blocking cytochrome c release. Caspase inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone (zVAD-fmk) did not prevent increases in deltaPsi(m). Furthermore, inhibition of PKC-alpha did not prevent cisplatin-induced ERK1/2 activation. We concluded that in RPTC: 1) cisplatin-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, decreases in active Na+ transport, and apoptosis are mediated by PKC-alpha and ERK1/2; 2) PKC-alpha and ERK1/2 mediate activation of caspase-3 by acting downstream of cytochrome c release from mitochondria; and 3) ERK1/2 activation by cisplatin occurs through a PKC-alpha-independent pathway.
Technology mapping for domino logic

Domino logic is a popular configuration for implementing high-speed circuits. An algorithm for domino logic mapping, under a parameterized library style, is presented. Practical design methods, such as the use of multi-output domino and wide domino gates, are incorporated within the technology mapping framework. The technique can handle large circuits with small computational overheads, and shows improvements of up to about 37% over existing methods.
Differential Expression of CXCL12 and CXCR4 During Human Fetal Neural Progenitor Cell Differentiation

Stromal cell-derived factor 1 alpha (SDF-1α, CXCL12) and its receptor CXCR4 play an important role in the central nervous system (CNS) development and adulthood by mediating cell migration, enhancing precursor cell proliferation, assisting in neuronal circuit formation, and possibly regulating migration during repair. The expression pattern of CXCR4 and CXCL12 during neurogenesis has not been thoroughly elucidated. In this study, we investigated the expression of CXCL12 and CXCR4 during neural progenitor cells (NPC) differentiation by microarray analysis and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using human fetal NPC as a model system. The production of CXCL12 was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). CXCR4 expression was determined by florescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis, immunocytochemical staining, and CXCR4-mediated inhibition of cyclic AMP (cAMP) accumulation. Our data demonstrated that CXCR4 expression is significantly upregulated when NPC are differentiated into neuronal precursors, whereas CXCL12 is upregulated when differentiated into astrocytes. We also provide evidence that CXCR4 localization changes as neurons mature. In neuronal precursors, CXCR4 is localized in both neuronal processes and the cell body, whereas in mature neurons, it is primarily expressed on axons and dendrites. This differential expression of CXCR4 and CXCL12 may be important for the temporal regulation of neuronal migration and circuit formation during development and possibly in adult neurogenesis and repair.
Some Determinants of Work Alienation

This study represents an attempt to examine the nature and sources of self-estrangement in work. The concept is defined using a discrepancy approach. Questionnaire data were collected from 1,313 em...
Star Formation in Elliptical Galaxies and Intense Radio Sources

CAMERON1 considers that the mechanism which I have proposed to explain radio emission from elliptical galaxies2 is implausible. Since I have been looking into this question rather carefully, I do not agree; but the discussion of this problem is of great complexity and nothing can be gained by making general assertions. Let us concentrate therefore on a discussion of the mechanism of energy generation put forward in Cameron's communication with the view of deciding whether it provides a reasonable alternative to the mechanism proposed by me.
Race, Social Identity, and Generative Spaces Miami as a Microcosm of Categorical Complexity in a 21st-Century Global City

This article draws principally from the work of preeminent sociologist Alejandro Portes on the rise of Miami as a global city (segmented assimilation as well as the institutional bases for social cohesion amid diversity) to propose a blueprint for reducing social inequality in Greater Miami. Employing key insights from psychology and sociology, we bring together data and research on macro-level structural changes, meso-level dynamics of city politics and institutions, and micro-level dimensions of interactions and attitudes to highlight prospects for promoting ethnoracial interdependence. The diversity and transience that characterize Miami create a major opportunity to disrupt ethnoracial social and economic inequality. Strong public coordinating institutions are required, guided by necessary conditions that facilitate the closing of group-based social distance. We propose three cases—children-targeted programming, emerging prospects in health care, and diversity focused planning in education and housing...
BCR-ABL-induced adhesion defects are tyrosine kinase-independent

The t(9;22) chromosomal translocation results in expression of P210BCR-ABL, a fusion protein necessary for the development of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). The constitutive activation of the P210BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase results in phosphorylation of multiple signaling pathways leading to the transformed phenotype. Additionally, extracellular interactions between P210BCR-ABL–expressing progenitor cells and bone marrow stroma may provide external signals that facilitate CML development. In contrast to the intracellular signaling pathways involved in CML, little is known about how P210BCR-ABLexpression modifies cell-cell and cell-substratum interactions. To investigate the role of P210BCR-ABL in modulating cellular adhesion, we used a highly sensitive and quantitative cell detachment apparatus that measures the strength of association between a population of cells and an adhesive matrix. Our findings show that P210BCR-ABL expression increased adhesion nearly 2-fold between the myeloblastic cell line, 32D, and fibronectin compared to a control vector. We then investigated whether abnormal adhesion due to P210BCR-ABL expression was caused by its tyrosine kinase activity. A quantitative analysis of cell-fibronectin adhesion found that neither expression of a kinase-inactive P210BCR-ABL mutant in 32D cells or attenuation of kinase activity by STI571 (imatinib mesylate) in 32D cells transduced with wild-type P210BCR-ABL could correct the nearly 2-fold increase in cell-fibronectin adhesion. Similarly, STI571 treatment of Meg-01 cells, a P210BCR-ABL–expressing cell line derived from a patient in blast crisis, failed to inhibit adhesion to fibronectin. Together, our results indicate that changes in adhesion induced by P210BCR-ABL are independent of its tyrosine kinase activity.
The movement of children with mental retardation from institutional to community care.

The post-release experiences of 68 children with mental retardation were investigated to determine the residential and educational consequences of deinstitutionalization. Research questions focused on the type and stability of community placements, the degree of restrictiveness of such placements, and the types of services received during community placement. The findings were interpreted in light of historical factors occurring during the period of community placement (1970 to 1985), with emphasis on the relationship between the experiences of discharged children and the enactment of federal and state special education laws in 1978 and the issuance of a federal district court order in 1981. A relationship was noted between policy development and improved experiences of deinstitutionalized children, particularly those with severe and profound levels of retardation.
Central herpes virus infection: altered toxicity to D-amphetamine sulfate.

Abstract We have examined the effects of peritoneal injections of d-amphetamine sulfate (d-amp) on mortality in mice inoculated peripherally and then intracerebrally (IC) infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV). On day 5 post-IC infection, the mice were significantly less sensitive to the lethal effects of d-amp than were control mice. No differences in mortality were noted after exposure to d-amp 14 days after IC infection. Animals that had received HSV-IC only were significantly more sensitive to the lethal effects of d-amp than control animals. We conclude that: (a) the effect is temporary in nature; (b) the protective mechanism can be overcome by particularly high levels of d-amp; (c) the protective effect may involve alterations in endogenous levels of central catecholamines. The peripherally and then centrally infected mouse not only provides a means of examining long-term interactions between infectious agents and drugs, but may also provide a model for examining virus-induced neurological disorders of brain catecholamines.
Rgg protein structure-function and inhibition by cyclic peptide compounds.

Peptide pheromone cell–cell signaling (quorum sensing) regulates the expression of diverse developmental phenotypes (including virulence) in Firmicutes, which includes common human pathogens, e.g., Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Cytoplasmic transcription factors known as “Rgg proteins” are peptide pheromone receptors ubiquitous in Firmicutes. Here we present X-ray crystal structures of a Streptococcus Rgg protein alone and in complex with a tight-binding signaling antagonist, the cyclic undecapeptide cyclosporin A. To our knowledge, these represent the first Rgg protein X-ray crystal structures. Based on the results of extensive structure–function analysis, we reveal the peptide pheromone-binding site and the mechanism by which cyclosporin A inhibits activation of the peptide pheromone receptor. Guided by the Rgg–cyclosporin A complex structure, we predicted that the nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin A analog valspodar would inhibit Rgg activation. Indeed, we found that, like cyclosporin A, valspodar inhibits peptide pheromone activation of conserved Rgg proteins in medically relevant Streptococcus species. Finally, the crystal structures presented here revealed that the Rgg protein DNA-binding domains are covalently linked across their dimerization interface by a disulfide bond formed by a highly conserved cysteine. The DNA-binding domain dimerization interface observed in our structures is essentially identical to the interfaces previously described for other members of the XRE DNA-binding domain family, but the presence of an intermolecular disulfide bond buried in this interface appears to be unique. We hypothesize that this disulfide bond may, under the right conditions, affect Rgg monomer–dimer equilibrium, stabilize Rgg conformation, or serve as a redox-sensitive switch.
VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION FOR STRINGS IN PHASE-ORDERING KINETICS

The continuity equations expressing conservation of string defect charge can be used to find an explicit expression for the string velocity field in terms of the order parameter in the case of an O(n) symmetric time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau model. This expression for the velocity is used to find the string velocity probability distribution in the case of phase-ordering kinetics for a nonconserved order parameter. For long times $t$ after the quench, velocities scale as $t^{-1/2}$. There is a large velocity tail in the distribution corresponding to annihilation of defects which goes as $V^{-(2d+2-n)}$ for both point and string defects in $d$ spatial dimensions.
Dedekind finiteness in topoi

Abstract A Dedekind finite object in a topos is an object such that any monic endomorphism is an epimorphism. This paper proves the basic properties of Dedekind finiteness and then gives examples which show that the class of Dedekind finite objects is not closed under quotients, subobjects, exponentiation, or finite powerobjects. Examples also show that having no nontrivial epic endomorphisms is distinct from Dedekind finiteness.
Bleak and hopeless no more: Engagement of reluctant substance-abusing runaway youth and their families

Runaway/homeless shelters document high levels of substance abuse among runaway youth, at least double that of school youth. These youth present a constellation of problems and research suggests that this population may be unique in the range and intensity of associated problems. Most studies to date have collected self-report data on these youth; virtually no research has examined treatment effectiveness with the population. Given the void of treatment outcome research with these youths, there is need for identifying potent interventions. Given that issues of engagement and retention must assume prominence in the development of new treatments, this article presents a family-based treatment engagement strategy successfully employed with a sample of substance-abusing youth staying in a southwestern shelter. Youth and primary caretakers are engaged separately by the therapist utilizing motivating factors appropriate to context of the families' lives and to the developmental position of the client.