cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
State Intervention and Industrialization: The Origins of the Brazilian Automotive Industry

In recent years state intervention has fallen from favor among development economists and within policy-making institutions. Latin America in particular has been singled out as a region in which years of misguided import substitution policies have led only to overly protected, inefficient industries and mountains of public debt. This thesis resurrects a successful example of state sectoral planning: Brazil's effort to produce motor vehicles. Initiated in 1956, the auto plan was part of a general import-substituting development effort in which the industry was to play the role of leading sector through its ability to attract foreign capital and technology and generate linkages. The plan restricted imports and forced transnational utomotive companies to choose between abandoning the lucrative Brazilian market and, with the assistance of financial incentives, producing vehicles with 90-95% Brazilian-made content within five years. This entailed no small effort on the part of all concerned. Brazil had only the beginnings of an industrial base and up until that point virtually all vehicles had been imported. Steel production had begun nine years earlier and coffee still comprised more than 50% of the country's exports. With the auto plan, Brazil entered uncharted territory: the world of high-technology consumer goods with which it had no direct experience and the know-how for which was in the hands of transnational firms. As the first Latin American country to attempt domestic production, Brazil could not benefit from the experience of neighboring countries. Moreover, there was little precedent in Brazil or the region in negotiating with transnationals in any manufacturing activity. Previous foreign investment had been restricted largely to public utilities, railroads, and raw materials. Despite the intensification ofcompetition outside national markets between the large auto manufacturers, cross-national investment in production facilities was occurring only within Europe. Firms competed for peripheral markets by exporting complete vehicles or knocked-down kits which only had to be assembled. Production targets largely were achieved espite these obstacles. By 1961, only six years after the plan's initiation, eleven firms were producing over 145,000 vehicles with an average domestic content share of 93% by weight and 87% by value. Most of the major players in the international auto industry, including Ford, General Motors, Volkswagen and Mercedes Benz, participated. Production reached 280,000 by 1968 and eight firms, all foreign controlled, remained, although only three were responsible for 89% of all
Reading the bones: information content, value, and ownership issues raised by the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

The Native American Graves Protection Act of 1990 was intended to serve as a mechanism for the repatriation of artifacts to Native American groups. As a result of its implementation, questions have arisen concerning the nature of information as embodied in objects and the moral right to access that information. The ongoing debates and resolutions of the debates prompted by the act are fertile ground for the study of information content, ownership, and value. The situation provides an opportunity to observe the interactions of a variety of cultural groups in a controlled setting. Within the framework of the legislation, the Native American, museum, and professional archaeology communities have been forced to indicate their respective beliefs concerning the nature of information, their positions in terms of the ownership of that information, and the uses to which they intend or would like to put that information.
Setting up acceptability tolerances: A case study

Current acceptance of goods for color by the United States Army depends on visual comparison against a standard and as many as eight limit samples. The Army wished to have a numerical method of setting color tolerances to be used with instrumental measurement. Preliminary work with the standards and limit samples indicated that acceptability ellipsoids oriented in the hue, chroma, and lightness directions in CIELAB color space should be set up. To establish the tolerances, we selected pairs of samples from a large number of previous submissions by industry. These pairs represented four graduated lightness steps, four graduated chroma steps, and four graduated hue steps. Six observers looked at each pair ten times, randomly interspersed with other pairs, and issued a pass-or-fail judgment each time. From these data we established lightness, chroma, and hue tolerance limits. For an olive green and a tan shade, these tolerances were roughly in the ratio 3:2:1; for a dark blue, the ratios were roughly 2:2:1. We wrote simple equations that can be used in order to determine quickly whether a sample passes or fails.
The impact of ionic strength on the adsorption of protons, Pb, Cd, and Sr onto the surfaces of Gram negative bacteria: testing non-electrostatic, diffuse, and triple-layer models

Bacterial surface adsorption reactions are influenced by electric field effects caused by changes in ionic strength; however, existing datasets are too sparse to definitively constrain these differences or to determine the best way to account for them using thermodynamic models. In this study, we examine the ionic strength dependence of proton and metal adsorption onto the surfaces of Pseudomonas mendocina and Pseudomonas putida by conducting proton, Cd(II), Pb(II), and Sr(II) adsorption experiments over the ionic strength range of 0.001 to 0.6 M. Chosen experimental results are thermodynamically modeled using a non-electrostatic approach, a diffuse layer model (DLM), and a triple-layer model (TLM). The results demonstrate that bacterial surface electric field effects are negligible for proton, Cd, and Pb adsorption onto P. putida and P. mendocina, and that the discrete site non-electrostatic model developed in this study is adequate for describing these reactions. The extent of Sr adsorption is influenced by changes in the bacterial surface electric field; however, the non-electrostatic model better describes Sr adsorption behavior than the DLM or TLM. The DLM and TLM greatly overpredict the effect of the electric field for all adsorption reactions at all ionic strengths tested.
Hardness of Thin Polymer Coatings on Glass

For a soft coating on a hard substrate the overall hardness of the coating/substrate system increases substantially when the indenter penetrates into the substrate sincethe substrate can now directly support some of the indenter load. A model for the overall hardness is developed by accounting for the indentation load shared by the coating andsubstrate. This model accounts for the additional load supported by the coating due to the pile-up of coating material underneath the indenter. The model predicts the overall hardness as a function of coating and substrate bulk hardness and coating thickness. Comparison of the model to experimental data for two polymer coatings (epoxy and epoxy acrylate) on soda-lime glass substrates shows good agreement.
An analog integrated neural network capable of learning the Feigenbaum logistic map

A description is presented of the design and behavior of analog integrated circuits based on a digital neural network developed and used by A. Lapedes and R. Farber (Tech. Rep. LA-UR-87-26662, Los Alamos Nat. Lab., 1987) to learn the Feigenbaum logistic map. The analog circuits can operate in real time, orders of magnitude faster than the digital model, but it is shown that a direct analog implementation may not be as accurate as the original digital network. An analysis is also presented that shows that the inaccuracies arise not only, as expected, directly from the limited numerical precision of the analog circuit but also indirectly from parameter sensitivity, which is shown to be a problem for this type of neural network. To correct for these nonidealities the analog network includes an adaptive learning circuit. It is demonstrated that, in certain circumstances, the simple analog servomechanism suggested can replace the back-propagation learning algorithm used in digital neural networks. >
Fine structure of the galeal styloconic sensilla of larval Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae).

Lepidopteran larvae possess two pairs of styloconic sensilla located on the maxillary galea. These sensilla, namely, the lateral and medial styloconic sensilla, are each composed of a smaller cone, which is inserted into a style. They are thought to play an important role in host plant selection and are the main organs involved in feeding. Ultrastructural examination of these sensilla of fifth instar Lymantria dispar (L.) larvae reveal that they are each ≈70 µm in length and 30 µm in width. Each sensillum consists of a single sensory peg inserted into the socket of a large style. Each peg bears a slightly subapical terminal pore averaging 317 nm in lateral sensilla and 179 nm in medial sensilla. Each sensillum houses five bipolar neurons. The proximal dendritic segment of each neuron gives rise to an unbranched distal dendritic segment. Four of these dendrites terminate near the tip of the sensillum below the pore and bear ultrastructural features consistent with contact chemosensilla. The fifth distal dendrite terminates near the base of the peg and bears ultrastructural features consistent with mechanosensilla. Thus, these sensilla each bear a bimodal chemo-mechanosensory function. The distal dendrites lie within the dendritic channel and are enclosed by a dendritic sheath. The intermediate and outer sheath cells enclose a large sensillar sinus, whereas the smaller ciliary sinus is enclosed by the inner sheath cell. The neurons are ensheathed successively by the inner, intermediate, and outer sheath cells.
Memory of Germinant Stimuli in Bacterial Spores

ABSTRACT Bacterial spores, despite being metabolically dormant, possess the remarkable capacity to detect nutrients and other molecules in their environment through a biochemical sensory apparatus that can trigger spore germination, allowing the return to vegetative growth within minutes of exposure of germinants. We demonstrate here that bacterial spores of multiple species retain memory of transient exposures to germinant stimuli that can result in altered responses to subsequent exposure. The magnitude and decay of these memory effects depend on the pulse duration as well as on the separation time, incubation temperature, and pH values between the pulses. Spores of Bacillus species germinate in response to nutrients that interact with germinant receptors (GRs) in the spore9s inner membrane, with different nutrient types acting on different receptors. In our experiments, B. subtilis spores display memory when the first and second germinant pulses target different receptors, suggesting that some components of spore memory are downstream of GRs. Furthermore, nonnutrient germinants, which do not require GRs, exhibit memory either alone or in combination with nutrient germinants, and memory of nonnutrient stimulation is found to be more persistent than that induced by GR-dependent stimuli. Spores of B. cereus and Clostridium difficile also exhibit germination memory, suggesting that memory may be a general property of bacterial spores. These observations along with experiments involving strains with mutations in various germination proteins suggest a model in which memory is stored primarily in the metastable states of SpoVA proteins, which comprise a channel for release of dipicolinic acid, a major early event in spore germination. IMPORTANCE Cellular memory is defined as a sustained response to a transient environmental stimulus, and yet its generation and storage have not been described in bacterial spores. We demonstrate here that bacterial spores of multiple species retain memory of transient exposures to germinant stimuli that can result in altered responses to subsequent exposure. Memory was induced by activation of germinant receptors (GRs) or by GR-independent germinants and was accessed by both GR-dependent and GR-independent germinants. Analysis of effects on memory of exposure to GR-dependent and GR-independent germinants as well as in spores lacking various germination proteins suggests a model in which memory is stored primarily in metastable states of SpoVA proteins which comprise a channel for release of spore dipicolinic acid. Spore memory can also significantly reduce the concentration of nutrient germinants necessary to trigger germination, and this may be used to respond to low levels of nutrient germinants.
Genetic characterization of early onset ovarian carcinoma

Abstract Objective Ovarian carcinoma (OC) is rare in young women and the fraction of early onset OC attributable to inherited mutations in known OC genes is uncertain. We sought to characterize the fraction of OC that is heritable in women diagnosed with ovarian, fallopian tube, or peritoneal carcinoma at forty years of age or younger. Methods We sequenced germline DNA from forty-seven women diagnosed with OC at age 40 or younger ascertained through a gynecologic oncology tissue bank or referred from outside providers using BROCA, a targeted capture and massively parallel sequencing platform that can detect all mutation classes. We evaluated 11 genes associated with ovarian carcinoma ( BARD1 , BRCA1 , BRCA2 , BRIP1 , MLH1 , MSH2 , MSH6 , PALB2 , PMS2 , RAD51D , and RAD51C ) and additional candidate genes in DNA repair ( ATM , BAP1 , CHEK2 , MRE11A , NBN , PTEN , TP53 ). We counted only clearly damaging mutations. Results Damaging mutations in OC genes were identified in 13 of 47 (28%) subjects, of which 10 (77%) occurred in BRCA1 and one each occurred in BRCA2 , MSH2 , and RAD51D. Women with a strong family history were no more likely to have an OC gene mutation (8/17, 47%) than those without a strong family history (9/30, 30%, P=0.35). Additionally, damaging mutations in non-OC genes were identified, one in NBN and one in CHEK2 . Conclusions A high proportion of young women with invasive OC have mutations in BRCA1 , and a smaller fraction have mutations in other known OC genes. Family history was not associated with mutation status in these early onset cases.
Large-N, Planar Diagrams, and the Gluon-Chain Model

The Lagrangian of a pure SU(N) gauge theory $$ \begin{aligned} S& = \int d^4 x \frac{1}{2}\hbox{Tr}[F_{\mu\nu} F_{\mu\nu}]\\ F_{\mu\nu} &= \partial_\mu A_\nu - \partial_\nu A_\mu - ig[A_\mu,A_\nu] \end{aligned} $$ (11.1) appears to contain only one parameter, namely the coupling g, and one would think that the Feynman diagrammatic expansion for Green’s functions, n-point correlation functions, Wilson loops, and other observables can only be organized in powers of g. But it was pointed out by ‘t Hooft [1], in 1974, that the number of colors N of the SU(N) gauge group can also be regarded as a parameter, and the Feynman diagram series can be reorganized as a double expansion in powers of 1/N 2, and in powers of the `t Hooft coupling $$ \lambda \equiv g^2 N , $$ (11.2) so that the diagrammatic series for any observable has the form $$ \langle O \rangle = N^p \sum_{n=0}^\infty N^{-2n} T_n(\lambda),$$ (11.3) where each of the T n (λ) is an (infinite) series in powers of λ. If we take the N→ ∞ limit with the ‘t Hooft coupling λ held fixed, then only the leading term T 0 is important, and this term can usually be represented by planar diagrams, which are Feynman diagrams that can be drawn on a sheet of paper, such that no gluon line crosses over any other gluon line.
The North American crop biotech environment, actors and rules

By 1996, after ten years of experience with transgenic crops, there were eight countries in the world with applications for commercialization or actual approvals for sale of transgenic crops, counting the European Union as one country. Three of the seven non-EU countries were Canada, Mexico and the US (James and Krattiger 1996). More revealing about the differences in attitudes towards these seed technologies between North American countries and the rest of the world is that Canada approved for commercial use all 10 applications it had in 1996. Mexico approved five out of five applications, but four were for imported crops only and one of those was for use only as feed. Of the 23 applications in the US by 1996, 20 were approved for sale and two of the remaining three were for crops that already had other biotech varieties approved for sale.The rest of this chapter considers what made North America so conducive to the use of biotech seed technologies. The answers lie in two basic directions: the structure of the private biotech industry and the regulatory frameworks that were in place. The organization of these two realms will turn out to depend on two substantially independent networks of factors, and while some of the constituent factors appear in both networks (e.g. characteristics of consumers and commodity supply chains), the structure of the industry and regulatory networks themselves will be portrayed as fundamentally different.
New Evidence on the Value of Public Information in Commodity Markets

The informational value of USDA corn and soybean production forecasts is investigated for the period 1971-1992. Three tests of informational content are considered: i) a relative forecast accuracy test, ii) a price reaction test, and iii) a willingness-to-pay test. Overall, the results suggest USDA corn and soybean forecasts provide valuable information to commodity markets. This value, however, does appear to have declined, especially since the mid-1980s. This is consistent with large declines in the cost of information due to technological improvements in computers, communications equipment, remote-sensing satellites, etc.
Governing the Mobile Broadband Ecosystem

The number of users accessing the Internet via mobile devices and mobile broadband is increasing rapidly. Keenly aware of the considerable economic and social effects of mobile broadband many countries are searching for policies that can boost their benefits for society. Designing such a framework is complicated by the dynamic technological change and pervasive interdependencies among players in the advanced mobile communication system. Established regulatory theory and practice may not provide reliable guidance because they are rooted in assumptions and conventions that do not appropriately reflect these new technological and economic conditions. Moreover, how government and non-government forms of coordination (“governance”) affect outcomes is complicated by the existence of non-linear direct and indirect effects whose net impact on performance is not well understood. This article explores these challenges conceptually and outlines a roadmap for rethinking the governance of mobile broadband.
Recall of Dental Pain and Anxiety in a Cohort of Oral Surgery Patients

Dental patients generally recall more pain than they originally report, with ratings of pain related to state anxiety and dental fear, but the role of depression in recall of dental pain remains uncertain. This study examined the relative contributions of different variables in explaining dental pain recalled after tooth extraction. Patients presenting for tooth extraction, prior to extraction, rated their current dental pain and state anxiety, prediction of pain and state anxiety during extraction, depression, and dental fear. Immediately postprocedure and then 1 mo later, patients rated their pain and state anxiety during extraction. Hierarchical linear regression equations were used to explain variance in recalled pain and state anxiety. In addition, patients were divided into high and low dental fear and depression groups and compared on ratings of pain and state anxiety across time. In a final sample of 157 patients, the most important predictors of recalled pain were pain reported during extraction (β = .53) and recalled state anxiety (β = .52). Dental fear and depression had a significant interaction: only when patients reported less depression did those patients who reported more dental fear also report more pain than patients who reported less dental fear (P < 0.05, ω(2) = .07). Patients who reported more depression entered the dental operatory reporting more pain, but all patients generally reported less pain during extraction than they predicted or recalled. Memory of state anxiety and pain reported during tooth extraction, not depression or state anxiety at the time of extraction, were critical factors in memory of the pain associated with the procedure. At higher levels of depression, patients higher and lower in dental fear did not differ in report of pain. Future studies are needed to further clarify interactions of depression and dental fear over time.
Multiperspective smFRET reveals rate-determining late intermediates of ribosomal translocation

Directional translocation of the ribosome through the mRNA open reading frame is a critical determinant of translational fidelity. This process entails a complex interplay of large-scale conformational changes within the actively translating particle, which together coordinate the movement of tRNA and mRNA substrates with respect to the large and small ribosomal subunits. Using pre-steady state, single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer imaging, we tracked the nature and timing of these conformational events within the Escherichia coli ribosome from five structural perspectives. Our investigations revealed direct evidence of structurally and kinetically distinct late intermediates during substrate movement, whose resolution determines the rate of translocation. These steps involve intramolecular events within the EF-G-GDP-bound ribosome, including exaggerated, reversible fluctuations of the small-subunit head domain, which ultimately facilitate peptidyl-tRNA's movement into its final post-translocation position.
Immuno and Affinity Cytochemical Analysis of Cell Wall Composition in the Moss Physcomitrella patens.

In contrast to homeohydric vascular plants, mosses employ a poikilohydric strategy for surviving in the dry aerial environment. A detailed understanding of the structure, composition, and development of moss cell walls can contribute to our understanding of not only the evolution of overall cell wall complexity, but also the differences that have evolved in response to selection for different survival strategies. The model moss species Physcomitrella patens has a predominantly haploid lifecycle consisting of protonemal filaments that regenerate from protoplasts and enlarge by tip growth, and leafy gametophores composed of cells that enlarge by diffuse growth and differentiate into several different types. Advantages for genetic studies include methods for efficient targeted gene modification and extensive genomic resources. Immuno and affinity cytochemical labeling were used to examine the distribution of polysaccharides and proteins in regenerated protoplasts, protonemal filaments, rhizoids, and sectioned gametophores of P. patens. The cell wall composition of regenerated protoplasts was also characterized by flow cytometry. Crystalline cellulose was abundant in the cell walls of regenerating protoplasts and protonemal cells that developed on media of high osmolarity, whereas homogalacturonan was detected in the walls of protonemal cells that developed on low osmolarity media and not in regenerating protoplasts. Mannan was the major hemicellulose detected in all tissues tested. Arabinogalactan proteins were detected in different cell types by different probes, consistent with structural heterogeneity. The results reveal developmental and cell type specific differences in cell wall composition and provide a basis for analyzing cell wall phenotypes in knockout mutants.
Confession, sexuality and pornography as sacred language

This article explores the connection between religious and sexual sources of personal meaning. It revisits the analyses of modern sexuality offered by Michel Foucault and Catharine MacKinnon to arg...
FastICA Arithmetic Applied in Separation of Machine Vibration Signals

In mornitoring the condition of machine vibration, the observation signals always include signals from other machines and noise signals.Therefore,it is essential to separate the individual signals of each machine.In this paper,the blind source separation based on independent component analysis is performed by means of FastICA algorithms,with which the vibration signals will be separated.The simulation experimentation shows the efficiency and the feasibility of the algorithm application to processing the machine vibration signals.
Microwave synthesis of a bimodal mixture of triangular plate and spheroidal silver nanoparticles

A bimodal mixture of silver nanoparticles consisting of spheres and triangular nanoplates was synthesized from silver nitrate (AgNO3) and polyvinylpyrrolidone with the aid of a microwave reactor system, reducing total reaction time from days to minutes; a specific shape-directing reagent was not used. It is known that freshly prepared solutions of AgNO3 contain a high population of Ag3+, while aged solutions contain fewer trimers. We propose that the product ratios of spheroidal to triangular particles are proportional to the relative population of trimers in solution prior to initiation of the microwave reaction.
Experimental Validation of Period-n Bifurcations in Milling☆

Abstract This paper describes numerical and experimental analyses of milling bifurcations, or instabilities. The time-delay equations of motions that describe milling behavior are solved numerically for low radial immersion conditions and Poincare maps are used to study the stability behavior, including secondary Hopf and period-n bifurcations. The numerical studies are complemented by experiments where milling vibration amplitudes are measured under both stable and unstable conditions. The vibration signals are sampled once per tooth period to construct experimental Poincare maps. The results are compared to numerical stability predictions. The sensitivity of milling bifurcations to changes in natural frequency is also predicted and observed.
Effect of Gadoxetate Disodium on Arterial Phase Respiratory Waveforms Using a Quantitative Fast Fourier Transformation-Based Analysis.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of gadoxetate disodium administration on arterial phase respiratory waveforms. SUBJECTS AND METHODS. From 2013 to 2015, 107 subject...
Translational Correlation: Sarcopenia

Sarcopenia is an age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass, muscle power, and muscle function. It is associated with disabilities, frailty syndrome, and longevity in elderly people. Exercise and nutrition are important to prevent sarcopenia. Future research focuses on developing targeted pharmacotherapy (eg, selective androgen receptor modulators).
Is CCNU (lomustine) valuable for treatment of cutaneous epitheliotropic lymphoma in dogs? A critically appraised topic

CCNU and other treatment protocols are commonly offered to owners for the treatment of dogs diagnosed with cutaneous (epitheliotropic) T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Chemotherapy protocols provide variable benefits; they have different side-effects, and they typically require monitoring to detect drug toxicity at a non-negligible cost to the owner. At this time, even though CCNU is most often recommended to treat dogs with CTCL, there is no clear consensus on the benefit of this drug. Knowing which chemotherapy protocol yields the highest rate of complete remission and longest survival times would help veterinarians and pet owners select treatment options based on the best evidence available. Our objective was to review the literature to compare the complete remission rates and survival times of CCNU-based protocols to those of other interventions. We critically assessed the data included in articles reporting treatment outcome in at least five dogs with CTCL. Single case reports and case series with less than five patients were not reviewed to avoid anecdotal evidence of lower quality. The search for, and review and analysis of, the best evidence available as of February 8, 2017, suggests that CCNU and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin appear to yield the highest rate of complete remission in approximately one-third of dogs with CTCL. Other treatment protocols did not report usable information on remission rates. Without any treatment, the mean/median survival time in dogs with CTCL varied between 3 and 5 months. With CCNU protocols, the median survival time was 6 months and the one with retinoids (isotretinoin and/or etretinate), PEG L-asparaginase or prednisolone monotherapy was 11, 9 and 4 months, respectively; all these durations were obtained from small numbers of dogs, however. CCNU leads to a complete remission of signs in approximately one-third of dogs with CTCL, but such remissions are of short duration. The median survival time after CCNU appears longer than that without treatment, but other drugs appear to provide a better long-term prognosis. Further studies are required to investigate the effect of CCNU, alone or in combination, on remission rates, survival times and impact on quality of life.
Randomized Controlled Trial of High-Volume Energy Drink Versus Caffeine Consumption on ECG and Hemodynamic Parameters.

BackgroundCaffeine in doses <400 mg is typically not considered arrhythmogenic, but little is known about the additional ingredients in energy drinks. We evaluated the ECG and blood pressure (BP) e...
Mission and design sensitivities for human Mars landers using Hypersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerators

Landing humans on Mars is one of NASA's long term goals. NASA's Evolvable Mars Campaign (EMC) is focused on evaluating architectural trade options to define the capabilities and elements needed to sustain human presence on the surface of Mars. The EMC study teams have considered a variety of in-space propulsion options and surface mission options. Understanding how these choices affect the performance of the lander will allow a balanced optimization of this complex system of systems problem. This paper presents the effects of mission and vehicle design options on lander mass and performance. Beginning with Earth launch, options include fairing size assumptions, co-manifesting elements with the lander, and Earth-Moon vicinity operations. Capturing into Mars orbit using either aerocapture or propulsive capture is assessed. For entry, descent, and landing both storable as well as oxygen and methane propellant combinations are considered, engine thrust level is assessed, and sensitivity to landed payload mass is presented. This paper focuses on lander designs using the Hypersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerators, one of several entry system technologies currently considered for human missions.
Spontaneous Tumor Lysis Syndrome due to Uterine Leiomyosarcoma with Lung Metastases

Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is an oncologic emergency characterized by a combination of metabolic derangements (hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, and hypocalcemia) caused by rapid turnover from cell destruction in certain cancers. These metabolic derangements can lead to seizures, cardiac arrhythmias, renal failure, and death. TLS is usually seen after the initiation of chemotherapy for hematologic malignancies. TLS occurring spontaneously, without initiation of chemotherapy, is rare and its occurrence in solid tumors is rarer still. We report a case of spontaneous TLS in a patient with leiomyosarcoma of the uterus, with metastasis to lung. Such a case has never been reported before.
System Identification and Controller Implementation of a Centrifugal Compressor for Circulation Control Applications

This paper describes a comprehensive methodology to reduce the power penalties of an Air Supply Unit (ASU) used in Circulation Control Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UC2AVs). Circulation Control (CC), which is an active flow control technique that can be used on fixed-wing aircraft to achieve lift augmentation, requires the use of an efficient CC system on-board. The experimental testbed for a CC system and the development and integration of both a PID and Fuzzy Logic (FL) control scheme are presented in this paper. Ground test experimental results indicate that power penalties can be minimized throughout the flight envelope. The results indicate that the behavior of both controllers exhibits a correlation to the simulation data above 67%. Additionally, both controllers present similar energy usage characteristics, when applied throughout a simulated flight envelope. Results also show that PI control displays a faster rise time and less overshoot than FL control in most cases, but also a longer settling time. Overall the PI controller displays better regulation of the dynamics of the CC system’s behavior. The use of the active CC regulation systems described in this study provides opportunities for application to commercial UAV technology, providing important advances in this rapidly growing field.
Computational and experimental investigation of plasma deflagration jets and detonation shocks in coaxial plasma accelerators

We present a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) numerical simulation to study the physical mechanisms underlying plasma acceleration in a coaxial plasma gun. Coaxial plasma accelerators are known to exhibit two distinct modes of operation depending on the delay between gas loading and capacitor discharging. Shorter delays lead to a high velocity plasma deflagration jet and longer delays produce detonation shocks. During a single operational cycle that typically consists of two discharge events, the plasma acceleration exhibits a behavior characterized by a mode transition from deflagration to detonation. The first of the discharge events, a deflagration that occurs when the discharge expands into an initially evacuated domain, requires a modification of the standard MHD algorithm to account for rarefied regions of the simulation domain. The conventional approach of using a low background density gas to mimic the vacuum background results in the formation of an artificial shock, inconsistent with the physics of free expansion. To this end, we present a plasma-vacuum interface tracking framework with the objective of predicting a physically consistent free expansion, devoid of the spurious shock obtained with the low background density approach. The interface tracking formulation is integrated within the MHD framework to simulate the plasma deflagration and the second discharge event, a plasma detonation, formed due to its initiation in a background prefilled with gas remnant from the deflagration. The mode transition behavior obtained in the simulations is qualitatively compared to that observed in the experiments using high framing rate Schlieren videography. The deflagration mode is further investigated to understand the jet formation process and the axial velocities obtained are compared against experimentally obtained deflagration plasma front velocities. The simulations are also used to provide insight into the conditions responsible for the generation and sustenance of the magnetic pinch. The pinch width and number density distribution are compared to experimentally obtained data to calibrate the inlet boundary conditions used to set up the plasma acceleration problem.
Radiation Dosimetry and Detection

Radiation monitoring on board the International Space Station (ISS) is conducted to gather, analyze and characterize the radiation environment to better ensure crew health [1–3]. And thanks to careful consideration of radiation effects, the station does a very good job of protecting the crew. But given that astronauts are exposed to about 80 times the terrestrial radiation dose, radiation exposure still remains a limiting effect on an astronaut’s career, which is why it is important to accurately monitor exposure as closely as possible.
From Confusion to Common Sense: Using Political Ethnography to Understand Social Mobilization in the Brazilian Northeast

The decade of the 1990s was a difficult one for the sugarcane region of northeastern Brazil. Local producers were hurt by falling international prices for sugar: from a high of almost one dollar per pound in the early 1980s, the price fell to an average of 10–12 cents a pound throughout the 1990s (World Bank Report No. 20754-BR 2002, p. 34). Price decreases were exacerbated by changes in the nature of state support: in 1989, the newly democratic Brazilian government began dismantling and progressively withdrawing its generous safety net for northeastern sugarcane producers (de Andrade and de Andrade 2001). Subsidies that had previously (since 1975) allowed northeastern producers to compete with their more efficient counterparts in the South were cut by more than 60% in 1989 (Buarque 1997). By 1995, 15 of 26 sugarcane distilleries in Pernambuco – the state responsible for a majority of the total sugarcane produced in the Northeast at that time – were either shut down or on the verge of bankruptcy (Lins 1996, p. 2). Production in the state had fallen from 20 million tons in 1989 to 14 million in 2000–2001 (de Andrade and de Andrade 2001, p. 147), and plantation and distillery owners were leaving their land for healthier industries elsewhere (particularly tourism on the coast). Common laborers were badly hurt by the crisis: in an industry heavily dependent on manual labor, an estimated 350,000 workers were unemployed in 1996 and considered unlikely to find work even during the harvest season. Crises such as this one are not uncommon in sugarcane. As with most monocropped agricultural commodities, sectoral crises are a regular response to shifts in international supply and demand. In one important way, however, this crisis was different from the past: economic conditions combined with the increasing presence of the largest grassroots social movements in Brazilian history, O Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (The Movement of Rural Landless Workers, commonly known as the MST). As the crisis deepened, the MST began effectively mobilizing former rural workers to occupy idle plantations and pressure the government to distribute the land. The MST’s methods centered on purposeful civil disobedience, particularly the occupation and symbolic appropriation of spaces such as large farms or plantations, government buildings, and public thoroughfares. The movement’s ideology reflected its leadership’s roots in the peasant culture of southern Brazil, and also brought together an eclectic mix of leftist radicals such as Karl Marx, Antonio Gramsci, Paulo Freire, Mao
Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy and Preterm Birth Rates among Black Women.

Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the role of gestational hypertension (gHTN) and chronic hypertension (cHTN) on rates of preterm birth (PTB) among black women. Study Design Singleton live births between 20 and 44 weeks' gestation among black women in California from 2007 to 2012 were used for analysis. Risk of PTB by subtype and gestational age among women with cHTN or gHTN, including preeclampsia, was calculated via Poisson's logistic regression modeling. Risks were adjusted for maternal factors associated with increased risk of PTB. Results A total of 154,950 women met the inclusion criteria. Of the 5,948 women in the sample with cHTN, 26.2% delivered preterm; for the 11,728 women with gHTN, 21.6% delivered preterm. Women with gHTN or cHTN had a higher risk of medically indicated and spontaneous PTB, both at less than 32 and 32 to 36 weeks, when compared with nonhypertensive women (adjusted relative risks [aRRs]: 3.4–11.6). Women with superimposed preeclampsia had higher risks of spontaneous (aRR: 2.8, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.3–3.4) and medically indicated PTB (aRR: 2.8, 95% CI: 2.0–3.8), especially PTB Conclusion Among black women, superimposed preeclampsia increased the risk for spontaneous and medically indicated PTB, especially PTB
Applications of the WKB Approximation

To show how the WKB approximation is used, let us first derive the energies for a potential with one minimum, with a single left and a single right turning point. In region I, with x < x 2, the solution must be restricted to one with a decreasing exponential only.
Learning Programming Languages as Shortcuts to Natural Language Token Replacements

The basic knowledge of computer programming is generally considered a valuable skill for educated citizens outside computer science and engineering professions. However, learning programming can be a challenging task for beginners of all ages especially outside of formal CS education. This paper presents a novel source code editing method that assists novice users understand the logic and syntax of the computer code they type. The method is based on the concept of text replacements that interactively provide the learners with declarative knowledge and help them transform it to procedural knowledge, which has been shown to be more robust against decay. An active tokenization algorithm splits the typed code into tokens as they are typed and replaces them with a pre-aligned translation in a human natural language. The feasibility of the proposed method is demonstrated in seven structurally different natural languages (English, Chinese, German, Greek, Italian, Spanish, and Turkish) using examples of computer code in ECMAScript (JavaScript).
Enhancing human emotions with interoceptive technologies

Historically, multiple theories have posited an active, causal role for perceived bodily states in the creation of human emotion. Recent evidence for embodied cognition, i.e. the role of the entire body in cognition, and support for models positing a key role of bodily homeostasis in the creation of consciousness, i.e. active inference, call for the test of causal rather than correlational links between changes in bodily state and changes in affective state. The controlled stimulation of body signals underlying human emotions and the constant feedback loop between actual and expected sensations during interoceptive processing allows for intervention on higher cognitive functioning. Somatosensory interfaces and emotion prosthesis modulating body perception and human emotions through interoceptive illusions offer new experimental and clinical tools for affective neuroscience. Here, we review challenges in the affective and interoceptive neurosciences, in the light of these novel technologies designed to open avenues for applied research and clinical intervention.
Recent Trends in Catalytic Polymerizations

Polymers have become one of the largest and most important materials we use in daily life. Their popularity has stemmed from their wide range of material properties combined with their low cost of ...
Posttraumatic stress, alcohol use, and alcohol use motives among firefighters: The role of distress tolerance.

Abstract Firefighters represent a unique, vulnerable population at high risk for alcohol use disorder (AUD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology due to the high rates of occupational exposure to traumatic events. To inform specialized alcohol use interventions for firefighters, it is important to understand relevant malleable cognitive-affective factors related to PTSD and AUD symptoms. Distress tolerance (DT), defined as the perceived ability to withstand negative emotional states, is one promising factor relevant to this domain. The current study examined the moderating role of DT in the association of PTSD symptom severity with alcohol use severity and alcohol use motives. Participants included 652 trauma-exposed firefighters (93.3% male; Mage = 38.7 years, SD = 8.6) who endorsed lifetime (ever) alcohol use. Results indicated that there was a significant interactive effect of PTSD symptom severity and DT on coping-oriented alcohol use motives but not other alcohol-related outcomes. These findings were evident after adjusting for alcohol consumption, romantic relationship status, number of years in the fire service, occupational stress, and trauma load. This is the first study to concurrently examine these variables among firefighters and this line of inquiry has great potential to inform intervention efforts for this vulnerable, understudied population.
Insufficient Effort Responding in Surveys Assessing Self-Regulated Learning: Nuisance or Fatal Flaw?.

Despite concerns about their validity, self-report surveys remain the primary data collection method in the research of self-regulated learning (SRL). To address some of these concerns, we took a data set comprised of college students’ self-reported beliefs and behaviours related to SRL, assessed across three surveys, and examined it for instance of a specific threat to validity, insufficient effort responding (IER; Huang, Curran, Keeny, Poposki, & DeShon, 2012). Using four validated indicators of IER, we found the rate of IER to vary between 12-16%. Critically, while we found that students characterised as inattentive and attentive differed in some basic descriptive statistics, the inclusion of inattentive students within the data set did not alter more substantial inferences or conclusions drawn from the data. This study provides the first direct examination of the impact of respondents’ attention on the validity of SRL data generated from self-report surveys.
Correction to: Pre-existing cerebrovascular disease and poor outcomes of COVID-19 hospitalized patients: a meta-analysis

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. The correct information is given below.
Assessment of Comorbid Depression and Anxiety in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Using Adaptive Testing Technology

Background Depression and anxiety are comorbidities of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and it is now recommended to screen IBD patients for these conditions. We screened patients using a novel computerized adaptive testing technology and compared the screening results to measures of disease activity. Methods Consecutive patients at our tertiary IBD clinic were asked to complete the validated CAT-MH™ survey (Adaptive Testing Technologies, Chicago, IL); we then reviewed disease and patient characteristics. Clinical remission status was determined based on clinical, laboratory, endoscopy and imaging results. Statistical methods included Fisher's exact test and Pearson Chi-square tests to assess association. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed. Results We included 134 patients, of which 34 (25.3%) screened positive for depression and 18 (13.4%) screened positive for anxiety. We identified 19 (55.9 %) and 10 (55.5%) patients who were previously undiagnosed for depression and anxiety, respectively. Patients in clinical remission were less likely to screen positive for depression (OR 0.19; 95%CI 0.07-0.50) and for anxiety (OR 0.30; 95%CI 0.10-0.91). Compared to patients with negative CRP values, patients with positive CRP were more likely to also screen positive for depression (p=0.025) and anxiety (p=0.15). Conclusions We demonstrate the utility of a novel testing technology for screening patients with IBD for depression and anxiety. We found a large number of patients with previously undiagnosed anxiety or depression and a significant positive association between clinically active IBD and these mental health conditions. This work supports and informs recommendations for mental health screening in the IBD population.