cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Suspended Sediment Discharge of the Susquehanna River at Conowingo, Maryland, during 1969

The suspended sediment yield of the Susquehanna River in 1969 at Conowingo, maryland is estimated to have been approximately 0.32×106 metric tons (0.35×106 short tons). The mean, water discharge of the Susquehanna in 1969 at Conowingo was only about 684 m3/sec (24,146 cfs), or about 70 percent of its long term average discharge of 985 m3/sec (34,791 cfs). The estimated suspended sediment discharge is based on daily water discharge records of the Conowingo Hydroelectric Plant located approximately 15 km upstream from the mouth of the River, and on, determinations of the concentration of suspended sediment in the discharge water every day during the spring period of high runoff and on alternate days during the remainder of the year.
Estimating Be Star Disk Radii using Hα Emission Equivalent Widths

We present numerical models of the circumstellar disks of Be stars, and we describe the resulting synthetic Hα emission lines and maps of the wavelength-integrated emission flux projected onto the sky. We demonstrate that there are monotonic relationships between the emission-line equivalent width and the ratio of the angular half-width at half-maximum of the projected disk major axis to the radius of the star. These relationships depend mainly on the temperatures of the disk and star, the inclination of the disk normal to the line of sight, and the adopted outer boundary for the disk radius. We show that the predicted Hα disk radii are consistent with those observed directly through long baseline interferometry of nearby Be stars (especially once allowance is made for disk truncation in binaries and for dilution of the observed Hα equivalent width by continuum disk flux in the V band).
Dynamics of single cell property distributions in Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures monitored and controlled with automated flow cytometry

Two important variables that are often not measured online in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell cultures are cell number concentration and culture viability. We have developed an automated flow cytometry system that measured the cell number concentration, single cell viability based on propidium iodide (PI) exclusion, and single cell light scattering from bioreactor samples every 30 min. The bioreactor was monitored during batch growth, and then the cell number concentration was controlled at a set point during cytostat operation. NH(4)Cl was added during steady state operation in cytostat mode to monitor the transient cell population response to adverse growth conditions. The automated measurements correlated well to cell concentration and viability determined manually using a hemacytometer. The described system provides a method to study mammalian cell culture physiology and dynamics in great detail. It presents a new method for the monitoring and control of animal cell culture.
Spectroscopy of Non-Heme Iron Thiolate Complexes: Insight into the Electronic Structure of the Low-Spin Active Site of Nitrile Hydratase

Detailed spectroscopic and computational studies of the low-spin iron complexes [FeIII(S2Me2N3(Pr,Pr))(N3)] (1) and [FeIII(S2Me2N3(Pr,Pr))]1+ (2) were performed to investigate the unique electronic features of these species and their relation to the low-spin ferric active sites of nitrile hydratases. Low-temperature UV/vis/NIR and MCD spectra of 1 and 2 reflect electronic structures that are dominated by antibonding interactions of the Fe 3d manifold and the equatorial thiolate S 3p orbitals. The six-coordinate complex 1 exhibits a low-energy Sπ → Fe 3dxy (∼13000 cm-1) charge-transfer transition that results predominantly from the low energy of the singly occupied Fe 3dxy orbital, due to pure π interactions between this acceptor orbital and both thiolate donor ligands in the equatorial plane. The 3dπ → 3dσ ligand-field transitions in this species occur at higher energies (>15000 cm-1), reflecting its near-octahedral symmetry. The Fe 3dxz,yz → Fe 3dxy (dπ → dπ) transition occurs in the near-IR and probes t...
Handaxes as a Measure of the Mental Capabilities of Early Hominids

Handaxes are often used to discuss the evolution of mental capabilities in early hominids. There are several reasons handaxes are used for this purpose, but principal among these is the notion that handaxe shape is an arbitrary imposition of form, on varied raw material, that reflects shared mental templates. If this is so, then changes in handaxe shape through time and space may speak directly to evolving mental capabilities. It is argued here, however, that far too little attention has been paid to much simpler levels of explanation that may say much less about mental capabilities. This point is illustrated by re-examining some data sets that have been used by others to show patterns in handaxe shape interpreted as reflecting differences in mental constructs or for elevated mental abilities. It will be argued here that some very basic factors, such as raw materials and reduction intensity, are better able to explain the observed patterns. As a result, the existence of mental templates for preferred handaxe shapes seems unlikely.
Gastrointestinal metastasis to the breast

Abstract Background. Although primary breast cancer is common, metastatic disease to the breast, especially primary gastrointestinal cancer, is rare. Routine pathologic examination may be helpful in determining the true diagnosis, but can be misleading. Methods. To determine whether a signet ring carcinoma was a primary malignancy of the gastrointestinal tract metastatic to the breast or vice versa, histochemical analysis was performed for Her-2/NEU, gross cystic disease fluid protein-15, estrogen receptor, progesterone, carcinoembryonic antigen, cytokeratin 7, and cytokeratin 20. Results. Positive staining for carcinoembryonic antigen and cytokeratin 20 (and negative staining for the breast cancer antigens), and the clinical criteria favors the diagnosis of gastrointestinal carcinoma metastatic to the mammary gland. Conclusions. Because the prognosis of therapy for metastatic cancer to the breast differs from that of primary breast cancer, it is imperative that the correct diagnosis be established. Immunohistochemistry for carcinoembryonic antigen and cytokeratin 20 are particularly useful. Metastatic gastrointestinal carcinoma to the breast is a rare lesion but needs to be at least included in the differential diagnosis of breast masses, especially in patients with a history of gastrointestinal cancer. (Surgery 2002;132:889-93.)
Tooth replantation: 11-year follow-up.

A 21-year-old Caucasian male presented with a traumatically avulsed maxillary central incisor. The tooth was replanted after being absent from the alveolus for approximately 90 minutes. The patient has been followed routinely, and there is no evidence of any pathosis after more than 11 years.
The ankyrin-binding domain of CD44s is involved in regulating hyaluronic acid-mediated functions and prostate tumor cell transformation

CD44 isoforms, such as CD44s (the standard form), contain at least one ankyrin-binding site within the 70-amino acid (aa) cytoplasmic domain and several hyaluronic acid (HA)-binding sites within the extracellular domain. To study the role of CD44s-ankyrin interaction in regulating human prostate tumor cells, we have constructed several CD44s cytoplasmic deletion mutants that lack the ankyrin-binding site(s). These truncated cDNAs were stably transfected into CD44-negative human prostate tumor cells (LNCaP). Our results indicate that a critical region of 15-amino acids (aa) between aa 304 and aa 318 of CD44s is required for ankyrin binding. Biochemical analyses, using competition binding assays with a synthetic peptide containing the 15 aa between aa 304 and aa 318 (NSGNGAVEDRKPSGL), further support the conclusion that this region contains the ankyrin-binding domain of CD44s. Deletion of this 15-aa ankyrin-binding sequence from CD44s results in a drastic reduction of HA-mediated binding/cell adhesion, Src p60 kinase(s) interaction and anchorage-independent growth in soft agar. These findings suggest that the binding of cytoskeletal proteins, such as ankyrin, to the cytoplasmic domain of CD44s plays a pivotal role in regulating HA-mediated functions as well as Src kinase activity and prostate tumor cell transformation.
Out Of The Closet And Into The Legislature: Breast Cancer Stories

In li vi ng co lor twenty-three figures appear in photographs before and after breast cancer surgery in Show Me, a recent book in both print and online forms. The women display in stark detail lumpectomies, mastectomies, and reconstructions, along with their individual reactions to these treatments. Clearly, women have come a long way since the stigmatized silence of twenty years ago, when poet and cancer sufferer Audre Lorde urged them to “become visible to each other” in order to “translate the silence surrounding breast cancer into language and action.” Her statement was considered revolutionary because, with few exceptions, women then did not disclose their personal stories of breast cancer to one another privately, let alone publicly. Yet by the 1990s the walls of silence had crumbled, and personal narratives of living with breast cancer became nearly ubiquitous—through conversations, popular books, newspapers and magazines, television, and Internet chat rooms. Personal stories of breast cancer have raised social awareness, destigmatized the disease, and been key in creating significant changes in health policies. Legislative allocations, medical standards of care, and scientific research priorities have all been altered by women’s storytelling about breast cancer. Shifts in policy influenced by powerful illness narratives have been mainly positive, but sometimes compelling stories can lead to undesirable outcomes as well.
Decision support for improvisation in response to extreme events: Learning from the response to the 2001 World Trade Center attack

Extreme events such as natural or technological disasters challenge society's capabilities for planning and response. While advanced technologies and modeling techniques continue to expand how society can limit and manage extreme events, flexibility and an ability to improvise remain crucial in responding to them. By analyzing a case from the response to the 2001 World Trade Center attack, this paper develops a set of requirements for computer-based systems intended to support improvisation in response to extreme events. The particular goal of this analysis is to identify methods for providing cognitive-level support for organizations in determining when and how to improvise.
Can healthcare solutions form part of the problem? Senegal's dichotomized approach to hepatitis B prevention

AbstractProblem statementHepatitis B has been declared as a global healthcare problem by the World Health Organization (WHO). In investigating whether policy solutions can form part of a healthcare problem that they are specifically designed to address, this study inquires into control and prevention programs in Senegal, one of Africa's, and the world's, most highly endemic countries for the hepatitis B virus (HBV).MethodsHistorical data on Senegalese beneficiaries were analyzed and then utilized to model friction costs of inoculation programs for the HBV. Friction cost modeling enabled us to assess program accessibility, institutional capacity, utilization rates, disease prevalence, and informational reach, especially as they bear upon program target beneficiaries.ResultsThe study finds that economic, logistical, and epidemiological reasons breed a dichotomized approach to HBV prevention and control in Senegal. Mass immunizations are available to infants, but older children and adults are typically unscr...
The dysplastic nevus syndrome.

The following constellation of traits constitutes the familial dysplastic nevus syndrome: (1) a distinctive clinical appearance of abnormal melanocytic nevi 1-3 ; (2) unique histologic features, including an abnormal architectural pattern of intraepidermal melanocytes, cytologically atypical intraepidermal melanocytes, connective tissue changes, and a lymphocytic infiltrate 4,5 ; (3) an autosomal dominant inheritance, possibly linked to a susceptibility gene on the short arm of chromosome 1 near the Rh locus 6 ; and (4) hypermutability of fibroblasts and lymphoblasts. (Fibroblasts and lymphoblasts from patients with the dysplastic nevus syndrome and hereditary cutaneous melanoma are abnormally sensitive to ultraviolet radiation damage, simulated sunlight, and exposure to 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide. 7,8 Their fibroblasts are also hypersensitive to G 2 chromatid radiation damage. 9 ) The syndrome is, in all likelihood, one of the hypermutability disorders. The familial dysplastic nevus syndrome is presently recognized by its clinical and histologic features, but, in due course, it may
Social media policies at US medical schools

Background/Purpose: Today’s medical students are learning in a social media era in which patient confidentiality is at risk yet schools’ social media policies have not been elucidated. The purpose of this study is to describe the presence of medical schools on top social media sites and to identify whether student policies for these schools explicitly address social media use. Method: Websites of all 132 accredited US medical schools were independently assessed by two investigators for their presence (as of March 31, 2010) on the most common social networking and microblogging sites (Facebook and Twitter) and their publicly available policies addressing online social networking. Key features from these policies are described. Results: 100% (n=132) of US medical schools had websites and 95.45% (126/132) had any Facebook presence. 25.76% (34/132) had official medical school pages, 71.21% (94/132) had student groups, and 54.55% (72/132) had alumni groups on Facebook. 10.6% of medical schools (14/132) had Twitter accounts. 128 of 132 medical schools (96.97%) had student guidelines or policies publicly available online. 13 of these 128 schools (10.16%) had guidelines/policies explicitly mentioning social media. 38.46% (5/13) of these guidelines included statements that defined what is forbidden, inappropriate, or impermissible under any circumstances, or mentioned strongly discouraged online behaviors. 53.85% (7/13) encouraged thoughtful and responsible social media use. Conclusions: Medical schools and their students are using social media. Almost all US medical schools have a Facebook presence, yet most do not have policies addressing student online social networking behavior.While social media use rises, policy informing appropriate conduct in medical schools lags behind. Established policies at some medical schools can provide a blueprint for others to adopt and adapt. Keywords: online; internet; social networking; professionalism policies; Web 2.0 (Published: 15 September 2010) Citation: Medical Education Online 2010, 15: 5324 - DOI: 10.3402/meo.v15i0.5324
Chronic Cocaine Administration Increases CNS Tyrosine Hydroxylase Enzyme Activity and mRNA Levels and Tryptophan Hydroxylase Enzyme Activity Levels

Cocaine is an inhibitor of dopamine and serotonin reuptake by synaptic terminals and has potent reinforcing effects that lead to its abuse. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) catalyze the rate-limiting steps in dopamine and serotonin biosynthesis, respectively, and are the subject of dynamic regulatory mechanisms that could be sensitive to the actions of cocaine. This study assessed the effects of chronic cocaine on brain TH and TPH activities. Cocaine was administered (0.33 mg/infusion, i.v.) to rats for 7 days every 8 min for 6 h per day. This administration schedule is similar to patterns of self-administration by rats when given ad libitum access to this dose. This chronic, response-independent administration increased TH enzyme activity in the substantia nigra (30%) and ventral tegmental area (43%). Moreover, TH mRNA levels were also increased (45 and 50%, respectively). In contrast to the enzymatic and molecular biological changes in the cell bodies, TH activity was unchanged in the terminal fields (corpus striaturn and nucleus accumbens). Similarly, TPH activity was increased by 50% in the raphe nucleus (serotonergic cell bodies). In summary, the chronic response-independent administration of cocaine produces increases in the expression of TH mRNA and activity in both the cell bodies of motor (nigrostriatal) and reinforcement (mesolimbic) dopamine pathways. These increases are not manifested in the terminal fields of these pathways.
Locomoting-to-reach: information variables and control strategies for nested actions

Locomoting-to-reach is a basic perception/action behavior that requires visual information for the control of both locomotion and reaching components. We investigated the visual information and the control strategies used to guide both the head and the hand on approach to a target in a locomotion-to-reach task. In this study, participants were required to locomote in the dark to a lit target in three different conditions: monocular vision/target with image size, binocular vision/target with image size, and binocular vision/point-light target (without image size). In task one, participants brought their eyes to the target. In task two, participants brought their outstretched hand to the target. Movement trajectories for both tasks were analyzed. Results show that participants were significantly more accurate when binocular information was present. In both tasks, participants were found to use a proportional rate control strategy rather than a constant \( \dot{\tau} \) strategy. In the walk-to-reach task, they used monocular and/or binocular τ information to guide the head and then switched to using relative disparity τ to guide the hand to final target acquisition, switching when the hand centric τ became less than the head centric τ. Dynamical models of the information and control strategies were used to perform simulations that were found to fit the data well. The conclusion is that proportional rate control is used sequentially with head centric, then hand-centric τ-based information, using at each moment the τ with the smallest value.
Queering chapter books with LGBT characters for young readers: recognizing and complicating representations of homonormativity

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we consider the limited chapter book options with lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) characters available for upper elementary readers. While these texts all include one or more LGBT character(s), the overall representations of LGBT people and issues highlight particular normative identities and silence others. We are concerned that these representations reify neoliberal ideas about sexuality's relationship to race and class, and encourage gay assimilation into normative but problematic, nonequitable institutions. Yet we also believe that an analysis of books focusing only on representations of LGBT characters’ identities limits the queer potential of texts. Therefore, in addition to looking at representations within these books, we also consider how a second look at these books through a queer lens can help disrupt normative representations of a range of identity categories. We undertake this dual analysis for several purposes: (1) to find and review LGBT-inclusive chap...
Shock Wave Pressures in Water Produced by Impact of Small Spheres

Microsecond spark shadowgrams were made showing shock waves in water. The waves were produced by spheres ${\frac{1}{8}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}$ to ${\frac{1}{4}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}$ in diameter when they struck a water surface with velocities between 2000 and 4800 ft./sec. Pressures in the wave were calculated from measurements of the absence-of-light band. The pressure was found to be greatest at a point directly ahead of the sphere and to fall off to normal pressures near the surface. The waves of large pressures were observed to travel faster than a sound wave and to have velocities in accordance with the measured pressure. Because of the varying strength over the wave front, the waves have the shape of a semi-ellipse. When the entrance velocity $V$ and projection area of the sphere were varied it was found that the pressure varied as ${V}^{2.17}$. It also increased linearly with the projection area of the sphere. The pressures were shown to be in fair agreement with those calculated from the compression of the water at the sphere's entrance; in the calculation an arbitrary loss of water in the splash was assumed.
Should internet service providers fear peer-assisted content distribution?

Recently, peer-to-peer (P2P) networks have emerged as an attractive solution to enable large-scale content distribution without requiring major infrastructure investments. While such P2P solutions appear highly beneficial for content providers and end-users, there seems to be a growing concern among Internet Service Providers (ISPs) that now need to support the distribution cost. In this work, we explore the potential impact of future P2P file delivery mechanisms as seen from three different perspectives: i) the content provider, ii) the ISPs, and iii) individual content consumers. Using a diverse set of measurements including Bit-Torrent tracker logs and payload packet traces collected at the edge of a 20,000 user access network, we quantify the impact of peer-assisted file delivery on end-user experience and resource consumption. We further compare it with the performance expected from traditional distribution mechanisms based on large server farms and Content Distribution Networks (CDNs).While existing P2P content distribution solutions may provide significant benefits for content providers and end-consumers in terms of cost and performance, our results demonstrate that they have an adverse impact on ISPs' costs by shifting the associated capacity requirements from the content providers and CDNs to the ISPs themselves. Further, we highlight how simple "locality-aware" P2P delivery solutions can significantly alleviate the induced cost at the ISPs, while providing an overall performance that approximates that of a perfect world-wide caching infrastructure.
Effects of gamma irradiation on mycotoxin disappearance and amino acid contents of corn, wheat, and soybeans with different moisture contents

The effects of gamma irradiation on degradation of aflatoxin B1 in wheat, corn, and soybeans and of T-2 toxin in wheat, deoxynivalenol (DON) in soybeans, and zearalenone in corn at 9, 13, and 17% moisture were studied. Radiation doses of 5, 7.5, 10 or 20 kGy were applied to spiked grain samples, and the residual toxins were measured using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Irradiation does of up to 20 kGy did not significantly affect aflatoxin B1 in any of the three grains, but significant reductions occurred in T-2 toxin, DON, and zearalenone concentration at doses of 10 or 20 kGy and in T-2 toxin at the 7.5 kGy dose. Two-way analysis of variance with Tukey's Multiple Range Test showed no significant interaction between radiation dose and grain moisture level. Irradiation of the ground grains at doses higher than 5 kGy resulted in small, but significant, losses of lysine in corn (only at 7.5 kGy), wheat, and soybeans, and methionine was reduced in wheat and corn samples. In some cases, phenylalamine decreased in corn and wheat, and histidine levels in wheat were reduced in samples receiving 7.5 kGy of irradiation. Other essential amino acids were not affected significantly by irradiation.
Electromagnetic fields: the jury's still out. 1. Biological effects

Concerns that electromagnetic (EM) fields may cause cancer and endocrine and nervous system disorders are discussed. The focus is on 60 Hz fields, where the mechanism of interaction probably involves the cell membrane, is nonlinear, and may act by causing some cooperative phenomena among the components of the cell membrane. Two basic epidemiological study designs have been used in work on cancer caused by EM fields. The first, retrospective case-control studies, compare an existing population of cases with a control group without the disease that is selected to be similar in all other characteristics. The second type computes the proportional mortality (or incidence) ratio, which compares the mortality from (or incidence of) disease in the sample population to that in general public. Selected studies that have looked for a link between exposure to power-frequency fields and cancer are summarized. Results have been mixed, but many studies do suggest a connection. One possibility is that EM fields act as a promoter of cancer. Also discussed are studies on birth defects and circadian rhythm, and cell and organ studies. Some experiments suggest that mediation by the cell membrane and/or large proteins that float in it is the mechanism by which fields couple to the cell. >
Size dependent and reactive oxygen species related nanosilver toxicity to nitrifying bacteria.

The intrinsic slow growth of nitrifying bacteria and their high sensitivity to environmental perturbations often result in cell growth inhibition by toxicants. Nanoparticles are of great concern to the environment because of their small size and high catalytic properties. This work sought to determine size-dependent inhibition by Ag nanoparticles and evaluate the relationship between the inhibition and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Nanoparticles with an average size range of 9−21 nm were synthesized by varying the molar ratios of BH4− /Ag+in the solution. The resulting ROS generation was quantified in the presence and absence of the bacteria while the degree of inhibition was inferred from specific oxygen uptake rate measurements, determined by extant respirometry. By examining the correlation between nanoparticle size distribution, photocatalytic ROS generation, intracellular ROS accumulation, and nitrification inhibition, we observed that inhibition to nitrifying organisms correlated with the fraction ...
S-Nitroglutathione, a Product of the Reaction between Peroxynitrite and Glutathione That Generates Nitric Oxide

Peroxynitrite (ONOO−) has been shown in studies on vascular relaxation and guanylate cyclase activation to react with glutathione (GSH), generating an intermediate product that promotes a time-dependent production of nitric oxide (NO). In this study, reactions of ONOO− with GSH produced a new substance, which was characterized by liquid chromatography, ultraviolet spectroscopy, and electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. The mass spectrometric data provided evidence that the product of this reaction was S-nitroglutathione (GSNO2) and that S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) was not a detectable product of this reaction. Further evidence was obtained by comparison of the spectral and chromatographic properties with synthetic standards prepared by reaction of GSH with nitrosonium or nitronium borofluorates. Both the synthetic and ONOO−/GSH-derived GSNO2 generated a protonated ion, GSNO2H+, at m/z 353, which was unusually resistant to decomposition under collision activation, and no fragmentation was observed at collision energy of 25 eV. In contrast, an ion at m/z 337 (GSNOH+), generated from the synthetic GSNO, readily fragmented with the abundant loss of NO at 9 eV. Reactions of ONOO− with GSH resulted in the generation of NO, which was detected by the head space/NO-chemiluminescence analyzer method. The generation of NO was inhibited by the presence of glucose and/or CO2 in the buffers employed. Synthetic GSNO2 spontaneously generated NO in a manner that was not significantly altered by glucose or CO2. Thus, ONOO− reacts with GSH to form GSNO2, and GSNO2 decomposes in a manner that generates NO.
A Construction Theorem for Evaluating Operational Expressions Having a Finite Number of Different Roots

In the course of the past 25 years Heaviside's direct operational method of solving differential equations has, to a large extent, been replaced by solutions involving functional transformations. While mathematically sound this trend has resulted in placing a powerful analytical tool far above the mathematical equipment of the average engineer. With the exception of the celebrated expansion theorem or the method of partial fractions no direct method appears to have been discovered by which the average engineer or engineering student could solve even relatively simple differential equations by Heaviside's calculus. Several expansion theorems have been developed1,2,3,4 to cover cases where repeated roots are present but none of these have been set up in a form which could be used by undergraduates. It does not appear that any direct general procedure has ever been suggested to cover the usual type of asymptotic solutions which appear in problems in electrical engineering.
Estimating the Number of Classes in a Finite Population

Abstract We use an extension of the generalized jackknife approach of Gray and Schucany to obtain new nonparametric estimators for the number of classes in a finite population of known size. We also show that generalized jackknife estimators are closely related to certain Horvitz–Thompson estimators, to an estimator of Shlosser, and to estimators based on sample coverage. In particular, the generalized jackknife approach leads to a modification of Shlosser's estimator that does not suffer from the erratic behavior of the original estimator. The performance of both new and previous estimators is investigated by means of an asymptotic variance analysis and a Monte Carlo simulation study.
2 p F and 4 p F instabilities in a one-quarter-filled-band Hubbard model

The zero-frequency wave-vector-dependent charge- and spin-density susceptibilities for a quarter-filled-band extended Hubbard model are calculated with the use of a Monte Carlo technique. Results for a variety of different temperatures are given. Coulomb interactions are found to suppress the $2{p}_{F}$ charge-density response and enhance the $2{p}_{F}$ spin-density response. While a strictly on-site Coulomb interaction gives rise to only a weak $4{p}_{F}$ structure in the charge-density response, longer-range Coulomb interactions such as the near-neighbor interaction $V$ in the extended Hubbard model can produce a singularity at $4{p}_{F}$. In addition to these susceptibilities, both the charge and spin structure factors are calculated, as well as two-particle, two-hole correlation functions. We also show some results for the ground-state energy, magnetic susceptibility, and specific heat of the Hubbard model. The relationship of the results obtained from our Monte Carlo simulations to various limiting exact results as well as to the well-known weak coupling renormalization-group predictions are discussed.
Secondary intention healing: an alternative to surgical repair.

Abstract The choices of wound management are limited to either surgical repair or healing by secondary intention. Use of secondary intention healing is the oldest method, antedating the practice of medicine, but its use has declined since surgical techniques have been developed, refined, and popularized. Now secondary intention healing is used mostly for small superficial surgical wounds, lacerations, abrasions, chronic ulcers, and for wounds created by destructive methods such as electrodessication, cryosurgery, or chemical cautery. These applications are known well to dermatologists, but are less often used by other surgeons except when wounds have persisted after surgical repair, become infected, or result from necrosis of flaps or grafts. Even among dermatologic surgeons the interest in plastic and reconstructive techniques has overshadowed the importance and advantages of secondary intention healing. In the past several decades, only a small number of reports has appeared discussing the use of secondary intention healing for wounds that are traditionally managed by surgical repair. 1–10 These reports "rediscovered" the often amazing cosmetic results that follow secondary intention healing. There remains a reluctance to use this method to its fullest advantage. This is partly due to fear that open wounds heal inordinately slowly with complications of pain, bleeding, infection, and horrible scarring, and partly due to the conceit that our surgical skills are superior to Mother Nature's own way. There is an immediate gratification that occurs after the successful repair of a large wound. This feeling is difficult to sacrifice, especially if the results of secondary intention healing cannot be predicted. This chapter will review the advantages of secondary intention healing and provide a set of guidelines that will enable one to predict the cosmetic results of wounds allowed to heal by this method.
Trans-scaphoid perilunate fracture dislocations: results of screw fixation of the scaphoid and lunotriquetral repair with a dorsal approach.

Purpose To review the clinical and radiographic outcome of dorsal trans-scaphoid perilunate fracture–dislocations treated with screw fixation of the scaphoid and repair of the lunotriquetral ligament with bone anchors. Methods Twenty-five patients treated over an 11-year period for dorsal trans-scaphoid perilunate fracture–dislocations were reviewed retrospectively at a mean of 44.3 months. The mean age of the patients was 28.6 years, and 22 patients were men. Delay to surgery was 3.5 days. Five scaphoids had bone grafting from the distal radius. Six patients developed carpal tunnel syndrome requiring release. The functional outcome was determined by comparing the range of motion of the injured extremity with the uninjured extremity, grip strength, ability to return to pre-injury employment, and overall patient satisfaction. Radiographic evaluation comprised time to scaphoid union, any changes in the lunotriquetral interval, development of a volar intercalated segmental instability pattern, and any development of arthritis over time. Results Total range of motion achieved was 91% of the uninjured wrist and grip strength was 80%. Average extension was 54° with an average flexion of 60°. Ulnar deviation was 23° with radial deviation averaging 18°. The average supination was 76° and the average pronation was 76°. All scaphoids united primarily. The average time to union of the scaphoid was 16 weeks. For those scaphoids with bone grafting the union time was an average of 18.4 weeks. The average postreduction lunotriquetral gap was 1.8 ± 0.4 mm. The average lunotriquetral gap at the last follow-up evaluation was 1.9 ± 0.6 mm. None of the patients developed a volar intercalated segmental instability deformity. All but 2 patients returned to their pre-injury occupation. All patients, however, returned to some type of employment. Complications included 1 superficial pin track infection that resolved with removal of the pin and a short course of oral antibiotics. Conclusions A dorsal approach to the wrist provides adequate exposure for reduction of carpal bones, internal fixation of the scaphoid, and lunotriquetral repair. Although perilunate fracture–dislocations are challenging problems to treat, all of the patients had acceptable pain relief and achieved sufficient range of motion and strength to return to gainful employment. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic, Level III.
Regional differences in concentrations of LHRH receptors, LH and FSH in the bovine adenohypophysis

Abstract Pituitaries from intact luteal phase (INT) and ovariectomized (OVX) cows were collected at slaughter to determine whether differences exist among regions of the bovine adenohypophysis in the concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and receptors for luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH). Each adenohypophysis was divided into three paired regions (anterior, AT; medial, M; posterior, PT) by first making a midsagittal cut followed by two transverse cuts of approximately equal size. Values for all variables were similar between paired regions. Mean LHRH receptor, LH and FSH concentrations were greater in OVX than INT adenohypophyseal regions. Receptor and gonadotropin concentrations differed among all three regions and were greatest in the AT, intermediate in the M and lowest in the PT regions of the adenohypophysis. There were significant correlations between LHRH receptor concentrations and concentrations of LH and FSH among the three adenohypophyseal regions for both INT and OVX cows. Therefore, to accurately characterize LHRH receptors from the bovine adenohypophysis, a midsagittal-half of the gland should be used for analysis.
Parents' Optimism, Positive Parenting, and Child Peer Competence in Mexican-Origin Families.

SYNOPSIS Objective . This study focused on how parents' optimism influences positive parenting and child peer competence in Mexican-origin families. Design . A sample of 521 families (521 mothers, 438 fathers, and 521 11-year-olds) participated in the cross-sectional study. The structural equation modeling framework was used to assess whether effective parenting would mediate the effect of parents' optimism on child peer competence, and whether mothers' and fathers' optimism would moderate the relation between positive parenting and child social competence. Results . Mothers' and fathers' optimism were associated with effective parenting, which in turn was related to children's peer competence. Mothers' and fathers' optimism also moderated the effect of parenting on child peer competence. High levels of parental optimism buffered children against poor parenting; at low levels of parental optimism, positive parenting was more strongly related to child peer competence. Conclusions . Results are consistent w...
Spectral Radius Algebras of Idempotents

We show that the spectral radius algebras of certain quadratic operators possess nontrivial invariant subspaces. Additionally, such algebras properly contain the operator’s commutant, so that the invariant subspaces are in some sense beyond hyperinvariant. The spectral radius algebras of idempotents are completely described and, as a consequence, it is shown that every intransitive collection of operators must be contained in a norm-closed proper spectral radius algebra.
Atypia of Undetermined Significance/Follicular Lesion of Undetermined Significance

Atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS) was introduced in 2008 as one of three “indeterminate” (not clearly benign or malignant) diagnostic reporting categories for thyroid fine needle aspirations. The two terms are alternatives and equally acceptable; it is not recommended that both be used by a laboratory to imply distinctly different interpretations. Each of the indeterminate categories has an elevated risk of malignancy (ROM) compared to a benign aspirate. The AUS/FLUS category is reserved for cases with atypia, cytologic and/or architectural in nature, that is insufficient for either of the other two indeterminate categories. Of the three indeterminate categories, AUS/FLUS has the lowest ROM, meriting its distinction from the other two. Follow-up studies since the introduction of the AUS/FLUS category indicate a ROM that is higher than predicted initially (~10–30% rather than ~5–15%). Furthermore, the risk differs according to the nature of the atypia prompting the AUS/FLUS interpretation. Specifically, AUS/FLUS with cytologic atypia raising concern for papillary carcinoma has a higher ROM than AUS/FLUS associated with architectural atypia alone or Hurthle cells. The introduction of noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP) terminology in 2016 will decrease the overall ROM for AUS/FLUS. The clinical approach to a nodule with an initial AUS/FLUS interpretation is a repeat FNA or molecular testing, although patient preference and clinical risk factors may also impact management.
Three-photon electromagnetically induced absorption and transparency in an inhomogeneously broadened atomic vapour

We study both theoretically and experimentally three-photon electromagnetically induced transparency and electromagnetically induced absorption resonances in inhomogeneously broadened 85 Rb atomic vapour driven by probe and drive laser radiations. We observe narrow Doppler-free absorption as well as transmission resonances for the probe field when the driving laser field is redshifted from the D1 or D2 lines of 85Rb; the frequency difference between the drive and probe fields is equal to the hyperfine splitting of the ground state of the atoms, and the probe field is tuned to the centre of the Doppler broadened atomic transition. We theoretically study the spectroscopic effect in both homogeneously and inhomogeneously broadened media. Our numerical simulations are in good agreement with the experimental results.
Metabolic evaluation of sexual dimorphism II. Effects of epinephrine and dibutyryl 3', 5', cyclic AMP on glucose oxidation

Abstract Sex differences in glucose oxidation were observed in mouse submaxillary gland slices in only the DBA/2 strain with a lower rate of oxidation in the females. There was no apparent correlation between glucose oxidation and the sex differences in oxygen consumption previously observed. Stimulation of glucose oxidation by epinephrine was greater in the female gland than in the male and stimulation by dc-AMP occurred in only the female. Data are presented strongly suggesting that the female glands are more sensitive to these two drugs and have a greater, inherent ability to respond than the male.
Infrared degenerate four wave mixing spectroscopy of jet-cooled C2H2

Abstract We report the application of infrared degenerate four-wave mixing (IR DFWM) spectroscopy to probe rotational-vibrational transitions in the v 3 / v 2 + v 4 + v 5 Fermi dyad region of jet-cooled C 2 H 2 . The spectral intensities show a quadratic population dependence, and are well reproduced by a Boltzmann distribution of J state populations at T rot = 25 K. Intensity dependence measurements and lineshape analysis show a cubic dependence of the DFWM signal on laser intensity, as expected from theory in the weak field limit ( I ⪡ I sat ). We compare DFWM signals in jet versus bulk experiments.
Population trends and disparities in outpatient utilization of neurologists for ischemic stroke

Background Inpatient stroke utilization may be decreasing over time and may vary by patient demographics. Less is known about temporal trends and demographic variations in outpatient stroke utilization. We assessed ischemic stroke (IS)–related outpatient utilization across physician specialty and time, exploring any demographic variability, using recent US population-based data. Methods We identified all outpatient medical visits for IS by adults (≥18 years) using the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) years 1998 to 2009. Physician numbers were derived from American Medical Association or American Osteopathic Association data by NAMCS. We assessed IS-related outpatient visits to neurologists and generalists over time and by patient demographics. Results We identified 9.7 million IS-related visits from 1998 to 2009. The rate of IS-related visits to neurologists increased from 0.56 million visits in 1998 to 2000 to 0.90 million visits in 2007 to 2009, representing a 62% increase over the study period. The rate of IS-related visits to generalists declined from 2.0 million visits in 1998 to 2000 to 1.6 million visits in 2007 to 2009 (18% decrease). Between 1998 and 2009, the number of neurologists increased by 23% and the number of generalists grew by 19%. The IS visit rate per 100 physicians increased by 90% for neurologists but decreased by 31% for generalists. Fewer ambulatory IS-related visits to neurologists were reported among stroke survivors who were older, female, nonwhite, or living in rural areas. Conclusions Between 1998 and 2009, IS-related outpatient utilization increased substantially to neurologists but declined to generalists. We identified demographic variations in outpatient utilization of neurologists that potentially lead to disparities in stroke evaluation and management.
Relationship between feeding tube site and respiratory outcomes.

Background: It is unclear if placing feeding tubes postpylorically to prevent respiratory complications is worth the extra effort. This study sought to determine the extent to which aspiration and pneumonia are associated with feeding site (controlling for the effects of severity of illness, degree of head-of-bed elevation, level of sedation, and use of gastric suction). Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on a large data set gathered prospectively to evaluate aspiration in critically ill, mechanically ventilated patients. Feeding site was designated by attending physicians and confirmed by radiography. Each patient participated in the study for 3 consecutive days, with pneumonia assessed by the simplified Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score on the fourth day. Tracheal secretions were assayed for pepsin in a research laboratory; the presence of pepsin served as a proxy for aspiration. A total of 428 patients were included in the regression analyses performed to address the research objectives. ...
Bifurcation of Spatiotemporal Cardiac Alternans

Cardiac alternans is an initiator of ventricular fibrillation, a fatal heart rhythm disorder that kills hundreds of thousands people in the US each year. Alternans manifests as a pattern with beat-to-beat long-short variations in action potential duration. In an isolated cardiac cell, alternans arises as a supercritical period-doubling bifurcation. In cardiac tissue (coupled cells), propagation effect leads to more complicated bifurcation structures. Specifically, there may coexist multiple spatiotemporal patterns of alternans in tissue due to the interaction between electrotonic coupling and intrinsic instability in the dynamics of action potential. In this work, we carry out a detailed bifurcation analysis to illustrate the mechanism that leads to this phenomenon. The results on this analysis may shed light on the onset and control of the dreadful instability of cardiac alternans.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
22,000-kv-a. Transformers for Niagara Falls Development

DURING the past year the Niagara Falls Power Company has put into service the first unit of an extension which will contain the three largest water wheels and generators at present in the world, each generator having a maximum rating of 65,000 kv-a. at 12,000 volts and 25 cycles.
Neurotrophic effects: characterization of the nerve extract that stimulates muscle development in culture.

Abstract The effects of chick brain extracts on morphological and biochemical differentiation of dissociated skeletal muscle cells prepared from the thigh muscle of the 12-day-old chick embryo were determined. The morphological development, acetylcholinesterase activity, and protein synthesis of muscle cells were stimulated by the extracts. The factor found in the extract is a protein with a molecular weight greater than 300,000 daltons.
A Theory of Planned Behavior Research Model for Predicting the Sleep Intentions and Behaviors of Undergraduate College Students

The purpose of this study was to operationalize the constructs of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to predict the sleep intentions and behaviors of undergraduate college students attending a Midwestern University. Data collection spanned three phases. The first phase included a semi-structured qualitative interview (n = 11), readability by Flesch-Kincaid, face and content validity by a panel of six experts. The second phase included stability reliability by test–retest (n = 37). The final phase included construct validation applying confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency by Cronbach’s alpha, and predictive validity (n = 197) employing multiple regression analysis. The majority of the participants reported receiving insufficient sleep (M = 407.3 min, SD = 100.75). Multiple regression modeled perceived behavioral control, subjective norm, and attitude toward adequate sleep behavior on behavioral intention. Collectively, the significant predictors produced an R adjusted 2 value of .362. Further specification of the model identified behavioral intention as a significant predictor of sleep behavior (R adjusted 2 = .185). As a population, undergraduate college students are not achieving adequate sleep. The TPB was found to be a useful framework for predicting the sleep intentions and behaviors of undergraduate students. Practical implications and recommendations for future research are discussed.