cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An automated system for quantitative analysis of Drosophila larval locomotion.

Background Drosophila larvae have been used as a model to study to genetic and cellular circuitries modulating behaviors. One of the challenges in behavioral study is the quantification of complex phenotypes such as locomotive behaviors. Experimental capability can be greatly enhanced by an automatic single-animal tracker that records an animal at a high resolution for an extended period, and analyzes multiple behavioral parameters.
Institutional Impediments To Efficient Water Allocation

Current water institutions were developed for conditions of water penty rather than scarcity and are unable to allocate water resources efficiently under conditions such as those in the arid West. This paper reviews riparian, appropriation and correlative water law as well as existing admin- istrative rules governing water use in California and finds that all of these institutions violate norms of economic efficiency. The review suggests that decentralized water systems such as mutual irrigation companies with their appropriate laws are more flexible than centralized federal or state systems in promoting water movement to higher valued use. The paper concludes that institutional mechanisms which promote rather than inhibit water trades and transfers are more appropriate to arid areas and that these institutions will become increasingly popular as water becomes increasingly scarce.
Fumonisins--mycotoxins produced by Fusarium moniliforme.

Fumonisins are toxic metabolites of the fungus Fusarium moniliforme, which is a common contaminant of corn everywhere in the world. The fumonisins are carcinogenic in laboratory rats, and cause acute toxicity of domestic animals that mimics field cases of disease attributed to contamination of feed by F. moniliforme. These include both equine leukoencephalomalacia and porcine pulmonary edema. Fusarium moniliforme contamination of corn consumed by humans in certain areas of the world is associated with higher than average incidence of esophageal cancer, and fumonisins may be responsible. Analytical methods have been developed for fumonisins, but improvements are needed so that more accurate, less expensive, and more rapid assays of food and feedstuffs can be done. Fumonisins are structurally similar to sphingosine, and may exert their biological activity through their ability to block key enzymes (sphinganine‐ and sphingosine‐N‐acyltransferases) involved in sphingolipid biosynthesis. Much more research is ...
Cross-layer interactions in multihop wireless sensor networks: A constrained queueing model

In this article, we propose a constrained queueing model to investigate the performance of multihop wireless sensor networks. Specifically, the cross-layer interactions of rate admission control, traffic engineering, dynamic routing, and adaptive link scheduling are studied jointly with the proposed queueing model. In addition, the stochastic network utility maximization problem in wireless sensor networks is addressed within this framework. We propose an adaptive network resource allocation scheme, called the ANRA algorithm, which provides a joint solution to the multiple-layer components of the stochastic network utility maximization problem. We show that the proposed ANRA algorithm achieves a near-optimal solution, that is, (1-ϵ) of the global optimum network utility where ϵ can be arbitrarily small, with a trade-off with the average delay experienced in the network. The proposed ANRA algorithm enjoys the merit of self-adaptability through its online nature and thus is of particular interest for time-varying scenarios such as multihop wireless sensor networks.
Changing patterns of prey consumption in the predatory larvae of Toxorhynchites brevipalpis (Diptera: Culicidae).

Fourth-instar Toxorhynchites brevipalpis larvae change their predatory behavior as their development proceeds from molting to pupation. The predatory larvae start feeding about 2 h after molting to 4th instars. Generally 2 kinds of larvae were observed in this study: (1) larvae that consume high numbers (25 or more) of prey larvae during the first 24 h of their 4th larval instar, and (2) larvae that consume few (10 or less) prey larvae during the first 24 h. The former reach peak prey consumption within 3 days and the duration of their 4th larval stadium is 8 to 10 days. The latter increase their prey consumption progressively from the 1st to the 7th day, when they reach their peak daily consumption. After the 7th day prey consumption decreases as the larvae approach pupation, and about 20 h before pupation larvae stop eating. The curve for prey consumption of the 1st type of larvae is skewed to the right, while the curve for prey consumption of the 2nd type approximates normal distribution. It is suggested that this might be a case of behavioral polymorphism, which may control population density of the predator as seasonal population density of prey increases or decreases.
The Spirituality Scale Development and Psychometric Testing of a Holistic Instrument to Assess the Human Spiritual Dimension

Purpose:The purpose of this study was to develop, refine, and evaluate the psychometric characteristics of the Spirituality Scale (SS). The SS is a holistic instrument that attempts to measure the ...
On the Decay of Tropical Cyclone Winds after Landfall in the New England Area

Abstract A version of the Kaplan and DeMaria empirical model for predicting the decay of tropical cyclone 1-min maximum sustained surface winds after landfall is developed for the New England region. The original model was developed from the National Hurricane Center (NHC) best-track wind estimates for storms that made landfall in the United States south of 37°N from 1967 to 1993. In this note, a similar model is developed for U.S. storms north of 37°N, which primarily made landfall in New York or Rhode Island and then moved across New England. Because of the less frequent occurrence of New England tropical cyclones, it was necessary to include cases back to 1938 to obtain a reasonable sample size. In addition, because of the faster translational speed and the fairly rapid extratropical transition of the higher-latitude cases, it was necessary to estimate the wind speeds at 2-h intervals after landfall, rather than every 6 h, as in the NHC best track. For the model development, the estimates of the maximu...
Spatio-angular resolution tradeoffs in integral photography

An integral camera samples the 4D light field of a scene within a single photograph. This paper explores the fundamental tradeoff between spatial resolution and angular resolution that is inherent to integral photography. Based on our analysis we divide previous integral camera designs into two classes depending on how the 4D light field is distributed (multiplexed) over the 2D sensor. Our optical treatment is mathematically rigorous and extensible to the broader area of light field research.We argue that for many real-world scenes it is beneficial to sacrifice angular resolution for higher spatial resolution. The missing angular resolution is then interpolated using techniques from computer vision. We have developed a prototype integral camera that uses a system of lenses and prisms as an external attachment to a conventional camera. We have used this prototype to capture the light fields of a variety of scenes. We show examples of novel view synthesis and refocusing where the spatial resolution is significantly higher than is possible with previous designs.
Patient-Specific Dosimetry Using Pretherapy [124I]m-iodobenzylguanidine ([124I]mIBG) Dynamic PET/CT Imaging Before [131I]mIBG Targeted Radionuclide Therapy for Neuroblastoma

Purpose Iodine-131-m-iodobenzylguanidine ([131I]mIBG)-targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) is a standard treatment for recurrent or refractory neuroblastoma with response rates of 30–40 %. The aim of this study is to demonstrate patient-specific dosimetry using quantitative [124I]mIBG positron emission tomography/X-ray computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging with a GEometry ANd Tracking 4 (Geant4)-based Monte Carlo method for better treatment planning.
Formalized Hrm Structures: Coordinating Equal Employment Opportunity Or Concealing Organizational Practices?

Do formalized human resources management (HRM) structures promote goals of equal employment opportunity and affirmative action or symbolize good faith in the absence of real change? We examined the antecedents and outcomes of formalized HRM structures in over a hundred organizations, assessing the presence of “identity-conscious” and “identity-blind” HRM structures. Findings indicated that identity-conscious structures were associated with some positive indicators of the employment status of women and people of color. II was concluded that such practices, although perhaps adopted for symbolic purposes, improved the employment status of protected groups.
Automated time-lapse microscopy and high-resolution tracking of cell migration.

We describe a novel fully automated high-throughput time-lapse microscopy system and evaluate its performance for precisely tracking the motility of several glioma and osteoblastic cell lines. Use of this system revealed cell motility behavior not discernable with conventional techniques by collecting data (1) from closely spaced time points (minutes), (2) over long periods (hours to days), (3) from multiple areas of interest, (4) in parallel under several different experimental conditions. Quantitation of true individual and average cell velocity and path length was obtained with high spatial and temporal resolution in “scratch” or “wound healing” assays. This revealed unique motility dynamics of drug-treated and adhesion molecule-transfected cells and, thus, this is a considerable improvement over current methods of measurement and analysis. Several fluorescent vital labeling methods commonly used for end-point analyses (GFP expression, DiO lipophilic dye, and Qtracker nanocrystals) were found to be useful for time-lapse studies under specific conditions that are described. To illustrate one application, fluorescently labeled tumor cells were seeded onto cell monolayers expressing ectopic adhesion molecules, and this resulted in consistently reduced tumor cell migration velocities. These highly quantitative time-lapse analysis methods will promote the creation of new cell motility assays and increase the resolution and accuracy of existing assays.
Experimental simulation of phase mingling in a subaqueous lava fountain

[1] Experimental simulations were carried out to determine hydrodynamic flow structures and phase mingling mechanisms of a completely submerged shallow water volcanic vent with the objective of understanding how flow conditions ultimately affect the character and explosiveness of hydromagmatic eruptions. Negatively buoyant jets were produced by injecting glycerin-water mixtures (magma surrogate) into silicon oil (water surrogate) and imaging the flow structure using a laser/particle image velocimetry system. The experiments were designed to evaluate only the initial mingling processes of magma and water and do not account for subsequent vaporization of water and heat transfer effects. The onset of phase mingling is strongly controlled by the Richardson number of the jet, which governs the flow structure and stability. At Ri <0.90 an oscillatory collapsing fountain is developed, which entrains ambient fluid by vortex rollup and collapsing margins. On the basis of the experimental results the incorporation of water into basaltic magma discharged from a submarine vent of the order of 10 m in diameter is predicted to occur when the volume discharge rate is in excess of 460 m3/s.
An in vitro chromosome doubling method for clovers (Trifolium spp.)

This research reports a new technique for chromosome doubling of clover (Trifolium sp.) axillary meristems via in vitro colchicine application. Plant material utilized included T. pratense (red clo...
Coupled Electro-Thermal-Phase Change Modeling of a Chalcogenide Switch

A coupled electro-thermal-phase change numerical model is developed to model the threshold and memory switching processes in a chalcogenide switch based on phase change memory (PCM) technology. Coupled electrical and thermal transport coupled to phase change and crystallization kinetics are solved. Charge transport has been implemented using simplified carrier continuity equations with a threshold switching model for electrical conductivity. Heat transfer is modeled using a Fourier model, accounting for latent heat through a fixed-grid enthalpy formulation. Phase change is modeled using the Johnson-Mehl equations for crystallization kinetics. Thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity changes due to phase change are modeled using a local percolation model. The charge transport and circuit equations are fully coupled with the heat transfer and phase change models to accurately simulate the switching process. SET and RESET pulses are simulated to demonstrate that the model is able to capture the underlying physics well.© 2006 ASME
Effect of aerobic exercise training on blood pressure sensitivity to dietary sodium in older hypertensives

Although aerobic exercise training has been shown to lower blood pressure (BP) in older adults, its effect on BP sensitivity to dietary sodium (Na(+)) is unknown. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to examine the effect of aerobic exercise training on BP sensitivity to dietary Na(+) in older hypertensive individuals. Blood pressure was measured after 8 days of low (20 mEq) and high (200 mEq) Na(+) diets in 31 older (63+/-7 years, mean+/-standard deviation), hypertensive (152+/-11/88+/-5 mm Hg) individuals at baseline and following 6 months of aerobic exercise training (at 75% VO(2)max, 3 times/week, 40 min/session). Subjects were grouped on the basis of the difference in mean arterial BP (MAP) between diets (Na(+) sensitive: >or=5 mm Hg increase in MAP on high Na(+), n=20; Na(+) resistant: <5 mm Hg increase in MAP on the high Na(+) diet, n=11). Following 6 months of aerobic exercise training, there was a significant increase in maximal aerobic capacity (VO(2)max: 18.3+/-3.8 vs 20.7+/-4.2 ml/kg/min, P<0.017). Aerobic exercise training had a significant (P=0.02) effect on Na(+) sensitivity status, with the proportion of Na(+)-resistant individuals increasing from 35% at baseline to 61% following the 6-month aerobic exercise training programme. This study demonstrates the importance of physical activity on BP sensitivity to dietary Na(+).
New Methods for Automated Fatigue Crack Growth and Reliability Analysis

A new methodology has been developed for automated fatigue crack growth (FCG) life and reliability analysis of components based on finite element (FE) stress and temperature models, weight function stress intensity factor (SIF) solutions, and algorithms to define idealized fracture geometry models. The idealized fracture geometry models are rectangular cross-sections with dimensions and orientation that satisfactorily approximate an irregularly-shaped component cross-section. The fracture model geometry algorithms are robust enough to accommodate crack origins on the surface or in the interior of the component, as well as finite component dimensions, curved surfaces, arbitrary stress gradients, and crack geometry transitions as the crack grows. Stress gradients are automatically extracted from multiple load steps in the FE models for input to the fracture models. The SIF solutions accept univariant stress gradients and have been optimized for both computational efficiency and accuracy. The resulting calculations are used to automatically construct FCG life contours for the component and to identify hot spots. Finally, the new algorithms are used to support automated probabilistic assessments that calculate component reliability considering variability in the size, location, and occurrence rate of the initial anomaly; applied stress magnitudes; material properties; probability of detection; and inspection time. The methods are particularly useful for determining the probability of component fracture due to fatigue cracks forming at material anomalies that can occur anywhere in the volume of the component. The automation significantly improves the efficiency of the analysis process while reducing the dependency of the results on the individual judgments of the analyst. The automation also facilitates linking of the life and reliability management process with a larger integrated computational materials engineering (ICME) context, which offers the potential for improved design optimization.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Effect of the pSV2-neo plasmid on NIH 3T3 cell motion detected electrically.

Abstract Advantage was taken of DNA transfection techniques to investigate the effect of the pSV2-neo plasmid and its derivatives on recipient NIH 3T3 cell motion. Cell spreading and motion were followed by a newly developed electrical method to monitor cell morphology, referred to as electric cell-substrate impedance sensing. Using this method, we found that the eukaryotic--prokaryotic shuttle vector pSV2-neo had a strong effect on the recipient NIH 3T3 cell spreading and cell motion. However, two new neo plasmids, pSK-neo and pSP-neo, which were constructed by modifying the pSV2-neo plasmid, did not have a significant effect on the recipient cell activities. The results suggest that there may be some sequences in pSV2-neo which affect recipient cell behavior.
Thrombotic storm in Kimura disease.

We report herein a patient with Kimura disease who experienced life threatening visceral venous thromboses and a clinical course fitting the description of “thrombotic storm”. Kimura disease is an indolent chronic inflammatory disease common in Asians and characterized by angiolymphoid proliferation with ample eosinophil infiltration, peripheral blood eosinophilia and elevated serum immunoglobulin E levels. The clinical course of the disease is thought to be benign. Our patient experienced a major thrombotic event with a thorough evaluation revealing no evidence of inherited thrombophilia or acquired conditions associated with visceral venous thromboembolism. Despite persisting eosinophilia and other manifestations of Kimura disease there have been no recurrent thrombotic events with continuous warfarin therapy over a 4-year period. This case highlights the occurrence of hypercoagulability in association with this unusual eosinophilic disorder.
Training and subjective workload in a category search task

This study examined automaticity as a means by which training influences mental workload. Two groups were trained in a category search task. One group received a training paradigm designed to promote the development of automaticity; the other group received a training paradigm designed to prohibit it. Resultant performance data showed the expected improvement as a result of the development of automaticity. Subjective workload assessments mirrored the performance results in most respects. The results supported the position that subjective mental workload assessments may be sensitive to the effect of training when it produces a lower level of cognitive load.
Innovation as an objective of knowledge management. Part I: The landscape of management

This is the first of a two-part position paper considering how knowledge management supports innovation. The focus of the first part is on diagnosis, and the development of management science and management practice in the 20th century. It is argued that systems need to be understood not as systems, but at the level of agent interaction, and that an emphasis on design should give way to an emphasis on emergence. The second part will develop these ideas further, with a focus on intervention.
Intake, Milk Yield, and Digestion by Dairy Cows Fed Diets with Increasing Fiber Content from Bermudagrass Hay or Silage

Lactating dairy cows were offered diets containing increasing quantities of Tifton 85 bermudagrass hay or silage and increasing dietary neutral detergent fiber (NDF) to determine effects of method of bermudagrass storage and dietary fiber content on intake, milk yield, and nutrient digestion. Bermudagrass was added as hay or silage at the rate of 8.5, 15.9, or 23.3% of dietary dry matter and was substituted for an equal quantity of corn silage. The method of bermudagrass storage did not affect intake [20.8 vs. 20.3 (±0.3) kg/d for bermudagrass hay and silage diets; respectively], but an increase in the amount of bermudagrass and NDF in the diet did reduce intake. Dietary NDF concentration was well above minimum recommendations of the National Research Council. Milk yield was not altered by method of bermudagrass storage but declined as dietary NDF increased. Digestion of NDF tended to be lower for bermudagrass silage than for bermudagrass hay. An increase in the amount of bermudagrass in the diet improved digestion of dietary dry matter, acid detergent fiber, and NDF; however, milk yield declined because total intake declined. Improved NDF digestion caused by added bermudagrass hay or silage was confirmed by in vitro analyses. High quality bermudagrass hybrids could potentially be used in diets of lactating dairy cows because of the good digestion characteristics and relatively small effects on intake despite the high dietary fiber content. Tifton 85 bermudagrass may serve as a forage alternative for lactating dairy cows.
Plant Taxonomy: Ultraviolet Patterns of Flowers Visible as Fluorescent Patterns in Pressed Herbarium Specimens

Pressed flowers, in herbarium specimens, show visible fluorescent patterns matching the invisible ultraviolet patterns that the flowers show in life. The technique is taxonomically applicable since it makes an important but usually neglected floral character readily demonstrable.
Nonextreme point solution strategies for linear programs

This exposition presents two algorithms for linear programs which allow a value change in more than one nonbasic variable at each iteration. The computational formulae are developed and errors which have appeared in the literature are noted. One algorithm is a multiple basis exchange procedure while the second is a feasible direction method. There remain many computational challenges in the area of linear programming and we hope that this investigation will encourage additional work in the directions indicated in this exposition.
Anomalies in diffuse reflectance infrared spectra of wood and wood polymers

Abstract Infrared diffuse reflectance spectra of wood and some component wood polymers as well as benzoic acid are compared with the corresponding spectra taken in transmittance using KBr disks. Anomalous changes in intensities of certain peaks as well as wavenumber shifts of some strong absorptions are observed in the DRIFT spectra. The cause of these anomalous features is believed to be the presence of specular reflectance. Various experimental methods for rectifying this problem, such as sample preparation, dilution in inert matrices, etc. are discussed.
Towards coupling rare earth ions to a Y_2SiO_5 nanophotonic resonator

An yttrium orthosilicate nanophotonic resonator is fabricated with resonances near the ^4I_(9/2)-^4F_(3/2) hyperfine transition of Neodymium ions. Measured absorption by Neodymium embedded in a nanobeam indicates promising prospect for coupling ions to our nano-resonator.
Cellular Glutathione Peroxidase Protects Mice Against Lethal Oxidative Stress Induced by Various Doses of Diquat

. This study was to determine if cellular glutathione peroxidase (GPX1) protects against acute oxidative stress induced by diquat. Lethality and hepatic biochemical indicators in GPX1 knockout mice [GPX1(–/–)] were compared with those of wild-type mice (WT) after an intraperitoneal injection of diquat at 6, 12, 24, or 48 mg/kg of body weight. Although the WT survived all the doses, the GPX1(–/–) survived only 6 mg diquat/kg and were killed by 12, 24, and 48 mg diquat/kg at 52, 4.4 and 3.9 hr, respectively. Compared with those of surviving mice that were sacrificed on Day 7, the dead GPX1(–/–) had diquat dose-dependent increases (P < 0.05) in plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities. The GPX1(–/–) also had higher (P < 0.05) liver carbonyl contents than those of the WT, but the differences were irrespective of diquat doses. Whereas hepatic total GPX and phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase activities or hepatic GPX1 protein was not significantly affected by the diquat treatment, liver thioredoxin reductase and catalase activities were lower (P < 0.05) in the GPX1(–/–) injected with 12 mg diquat/kg than those of other groups. In conclusion, normal GPX1 expression is necessary to protect mice against the lethality, hepatic protein oxidation, and elevation of plasma ALT activity induced by 12–48 mg diquat/kg.
Lung scan in the diagnosis of bronchogenic carcinoma.

When chest roentgenograms fail to reveal the presence of a lesion in a patient suspected t o have bronchogenic carcinoma, perfusion lung scanning with radioiodinated macroaggregated human albumin (1-131 M.A.A.) is of great help in the diagnosis and localization of the bronchogenic carcinoma. Marked decrease in perfusion of the affected lung area is detected on lung scan in early hilar and parahilar lesions which are not even seen on chest roentgenograms. Two such cases are presented. Lung scan is safe and easy to perform.
Variations in Surface-Layer Color, Texture, pH, and Phosphorus Content Across Prairie Dog Mounds

Spatial variations of soil surface color, texture, pH, and phosphorus content were studied so the effects of relict and modern prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) pedoturbation on soil surface properties will be more predictable in southwestern South Dakota. (...)
THE TOPOLOGICAL q-EXPANSION PRINCIPLE☆

Abstract Imitating the classical q-expansion principle we use the elliptic character map to develop the relation between elements in elliptic cohomology and their q-series in K-theory. We show that, under certain exactness conditions, the integrality of elliptic objects is completely controlled by their characters. As an application, we obtain an interpretation of the cooperations in elliptic cohomology as was conjectured by Clarke and Johnson [11]. It enables us to give a description of the elliptic-based Adams–Novikov spectral sequence in terms of cyclic cohomology of modular forms in several variables, and to set up a higher e-invariant with values in Katz’s [23] ring of divided congruences. We show how the topological q-expansion principle can be used to equip elliptic cohomology with orientations which obey various Riemann–Roch formulas.
Acute Vestibular Syndrome from Demyelinating Lesions (P02.247)

Objective: Describe the frequency, clinical characteristics, and lesion location of acute vestibular syndrome (AVS) patients caused by demyelinating disease. Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is known to cause dizziness and vertigo. Prior reports suggest acute vertigo in MS results from lesions in the intra-pontine portion of the 8 th nerve fascicle. It is unclear whether demyelinating AVS mimics vestibular neuritis closely. Design/Methods: Prospective case series (1999-2011). Consecutive AVS patients (vertigo, nystagmus, nausea/vomiting, head-motion intolerance, unsteady gait) with ≥1 stroke risk factor underwent structured bedside examination and neuroimaging (almost all by MRI). Repeat imaging was obtained in patients with normal imaging but clinical signs suggestive of a central lesion. We identified demyelinating causes based on clinical, imaging, and laboratory features. Results: Of 160 AVS presentations, only 4% (n=6) were due to demyelinating disease (with stroke and vestibular neuritis the most common diagnoses). Five had an acute MS plaque likely responsible for the clinical syndrome. Lesion location varied – 3 inferior cerebellar peduncle; 1 medulla, 1 medial longitudinal fasciculus; 1 midbrain. None had lesions in the intra-pontine 8 th nerve fascicle. Three were first presentations (i.e., clinically isolated demyelinating syndrome), while the others were known MS. All had central oculomotor signs (upbeat nystagmus, internuclear ophthalmoplegia, seesaw nystagmus, skew deviation, or direction-changing, gaze evoked horizontal nystagmus). In one patient (inferior cerebellar peduncle lesion), the only central sign was a normal head impulse test of vestibular function. All patients with demyelinating AVS symptomatically improved with steroid therapy. Conclusions: Demyelinating disease was an uncommon cause of AVS in our study. It might be more frequent in a less selected AVS cohort. Symptomatic lesions were in locations other than the anticipated 8 th -nerve root entry zone. The majority of patients had relatively obvious oculomotor signs, making differentiation from vestibular neuritis more straightforward. Disclosure: Dr. Pula has received personal compensation for activities with Bayer, Teva, Lundbeck, and Novartis as a speaker. Dr. Kattah has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen Idec as a consultant. Dr. Kattah has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Bayer Pharmaceuticals Corporation. Dr. Newman-Toker has nothing to disclose.
Conserved expression of Hoxa1 in neurons at the ventral forebrain/midbrain boundary of vertebrates

The previously described expression patterns of zebrafish and mouse Hoxa1 genes are seemingly very disparate, with mouse Hoxa1 expressed in the gastrula stage hindbrain and the orthologous zebrafish hoxa1a gene expressed in cell clusters within the ventral forebrain and midbrain. To investigate the evolution of Hox gene deployment within the vertebrate CNS, we have performed a comparative expression analysis of Hoxa1 orthologs in a range of vertebrate species, comprising representatives from the two major lineages of vertebrates (actinopterygians and sarcopterygians). We find that fore/midbrain expression of hoxa1a is conserved within the teleosts, as it is shared by the ostariophysan teleost zebrafish (Danio rerio) and the distantly related acanthopterygian teleost medaka (Oryzias latipes). Furthermore, we find that in addition to the described gastrula stage hindbrain expression of mouse Hoxa1, there is a previously unreported neurula stage expression domain, again located more anteriorly at the ventral fore/midbrain boundary. A two-phase expression profile in early hindbrain and later fore/midbrain is shared by the other tetrapod model organisms chick and Xenopus. We show that the anterior Hoxa1 expression domain is localized to the anterior terminus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) in mouse, chick, and zebrafish. These findings suggest that anterior expression of Hoxa1 is a primitive characteristic that is shared by the two major vertebrate lineages. We conclude that Hox gene expression within the vertebrate CNS is not confined exclusively to the segmented hindbrain and spinal cord, but rather that a presumptive fore/midbrain expression domain arose early in vertebrate origins and has been conserved for at least 400 million years.
Impact of Cohesion on Seismic Design of Geosynthetic-Reinforced Earth Structures

AbstractThis paper calculates the thrust of lateral earth pressures exerted by unstable slopes comprised of c-ϕ soil and subjected to seismic (pseudostatic) loading conditions. Although the proposed method can be used for seismic stability analysis of geosynthetic-reinforced earth structures (GRESs), the formulation and results are also applicable to many other relevant earth retention systems. To study the impact of cohesion, the authors develop formulations to determine the seismic active earth pressure coefficient for c-ϕ soils resulting in a closed-form solution. The pseudostatic formulation considers the effect of tensile cracks, backslope inclination, and batter while assuming a log spiral failure surface. Two formulas are presented. One is for the conventional inclination of thrust. The second formulation considers a more feasible inclination of the thrust when it is likely to act against facing units with large setbacks constructed for large batter walls. The authors perform parametric studies and...
True believer, with questions

J annetta's thesis that vascular compression is the cause of trigeminal neuralgia has been one of the most fiercely debated issues in the etiology of common pain syndromes. Those who wish to argue for or against his ideas should be required to state their experience and personal beliefs before they put forth scientific views. I am a neurosurgeon who visited Dr. Jannetta in 1973 to learn the truth from the source, and I have performed microvascular decompression for the past 20 years. I see about 100 new patients with tic douloureux each year and offer surgery to about half of them; the remainder can be managed medically Currently, I am performing about 10 microvascular decompressions each year and have completed about 150 of these operations. I am satisfied that vascular compression can be clearly identified in almost every patient who does not have multiple sclerosis. Sometimes the patient's anatomy makes visualization of the entire fifth nerve from brainstem to Meckel's cave difficult; and sometimes a clear view is obtained and no vessel can be found. Jannetta told me that I just do not know what to look for in such cases, but I am not sure that he is correct. The first issue that Jannetta's focus article raises is concern for both the specificity and sensitivity of his observation that vascular compression is the cause of trigeminal neuralgia. It will not suffice to tell us that everyone who has this painful syndrome has vascular compression (sensitivity); we also need to know how many people who do not have pain have the same offending blood vessel (specificity). What is the gold standard for determining that a vessel is compressing the nerve? Is this to be the surgeon's vision, an imaging study, electrophysiological evidence, or an autopsy? s Fortunately, the clinical syn-
Observations on sputtered epitaxial Au3Cd films

Abstract {001} epitaxial films of Au 3 Cd were deposited on heated NaCl following an appreciable loss of Cd during sputtering. After removal from the substrates the films were observed by transmission electron microscopy and diffraction to undergo an order-disorder reaction at 300°C although the corresponding reaction in bulk materials occurs at 412°C. The disorder-reaction was observed to occur within 10 days after the films were removed from the substrates, but attachment to the substrates inhibited ordering indefinitely. The Au 3 Cd superlattice was verified by electron diffraction and lattice imaging.
Cleavage of Type XI Collagen Fibers by Gelatinase and by Extracts of Osteoarthritic Canine Cartilage

Abstract Gelatinase (matrix metalloproteinase 2) purified from culture medium of MDCK cells by affinity chromatography on gelatin-sepharose was tested against type XI collagen. The purified enzyme-digested native type XI collagen in solution, and as reconstituted fibers, at 30, 34, and 37 °C. Both substrates yielded the same digestion products, as characterized by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, but the soluble collagen was cleaved at a higher rate. The first major product seen was an 87-kDa peptide, which was usually associated with one or two peptides migrating between it and 0 (XI). With time, a second group of 3 peptides appeared at 78, 75, and 73 kDa. After continued digestion, a third group of peptides was detected with prominent 69and 67-kDa peptides and minor peptides at 71, 65, and 62 kDa. In overnight (20 hour) digestions, the 60-kDa digestion product accumulated and most of the larger digestion products could no longer be detected. Minor products at 71, 55, and 50 kDa were also noted in these limited digestions. Under the same conditions, denatured type XI was digested to fragments smaller than 13.5 kDa. The enzyme was inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline or EDTA. Two purified components of cartilage matrix, type II collagen and proteoglycan subunit, as well as crude cartilage homogenates, were not effective inhibitors of the purified enzyme. Similar activity was extracted from canine articular cartilage, and the activity was much stronger in cartilage from osteoarthritic joints than from control joints.
Imaging of the Placenta

Placental imaging allows prenatal diagnosis of many important complications of pregnancy and delivery. Sonographic assessment of placental location and structure to rule out placenta previa, succenturiate lobes, and placenta accreta as well as evaluation for lesions including infarctions and abruptions can allow appropriate pregnancy follow-up and delivery planning. Diagnosis of these placental complications prenatally can allow optimal pregnancy management and prevent adverse outcomes for mother and infant.
Ping-pong seizures

Abstract We explored the frequency with which EEG ictal events shifted laterality d during a complex partial seizure (CPS), a phenomenon termed ping-pong seizures. Coded and shuffled 5-s segments from records of 38 scalp EEG monitored patients and 2 patients with implanted depth electrodes were categorized as left, right, or unclear laterality. Thirteen patients (33%) showed a ping-pong effect. Mean duration of time to switch laterality was 10.3 ± 7.2 s. Two patients with depth wires also demonstrated ping-pong seizures. No patient reversed laterality twice. If the beginning of a seizure is obscure or missed, the apparent lateralization may be incorrect.
A Brief History of the Military Training of the Enlisted Mental Health Worker

This article explores the evolution of the training and preparation of the men and women who served in an enlisted capacity in the mental health field as social workers or social work assistants. While most emphasis is given to the events of 1941 and beyond, it recognizes its pre–World War II roots. The article examines the transformation of the enlisted specialist through the years, including changes in qualifications and expectations. Although all services are included, the Army is given greatest emphasis in part due to its historical prominence in the development of this enlisted specialty.
Median and caudal apertues in the roof of the fourth ventricle in rodents and primates

In serial paraffin sections of brainstems fixed by perfusion, ventriculo-cisternal communications in the caudal part of the fourth ventricle are demonstrable in seven species of a total of 27 species, representing Marsupialia, Edentata, Lagomorpha, Rodentia, Ungulata, Carnivora, and Primates, in all of which the lateral apertures of Luschka are well developed. Caudal apertures appear as irregular defects in the taenia of the fourth ventricle with flattening of the roof against the surrounding leptomeninges over the crebello-medullary cistern in the guinea pig, the mulatta monkey, the squirrel monkey and the cynomolgus monkey. In addition, the one capuchin monkey and the one vervet monkey studied have a midline defect in the roof. In the capybara, a circular midline opening through the roof is closed off dorsally by the cerebellar vermis. These caudal and median defects are thought to be ruptures developed late in fetal life due to accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid before egress through lateral apertures of Luschka is established; although they seem to have served their purpose in the fetus and are no longer needed in the adult, they are kept open by continued flow. Study of fetuses from these selected species could prove useful to determine factors concerned with the development of cerebrospinal fluid circulation.
Intimacy and family relationships of women with chronic pain

This study explored family relationships and intimacy of women experiencing chronic pain from the perspective of the women and their family members. A narrative ethnographic qualitative research design was used. Narrative and field data were analyzed using the coding procedure outlined by Strauss aided by the QSR NUD*IST 4 qualitative computer software program. Twenty-five women self-identified as experiencing chronic pain, and 13 family members including 7 husbands, 1 father, 1 stepmother, and 4 children living in the home were interviewed. Three patterns of behavior emerged regarding family relationships: cycle of close involvement compensated with isolation, focus directed toward others, and loss of physical sexual intimacy. Findings of this study indicate that family members' perception is that chronic pain affects important basic relationships and both emotional and physical intimacy. A need exists to relieve some of the suffering that accompanies pain in these women and their families. Based on the study's findings, several treatment strategies are recommended.
Critical Sound Absorption in Xenon

Ultrasonic attenuation in Xe has been measured along a near-critical isochore at frequencies in the range 0.4-5 MHz and at temperatures above ${T}_{c}$. Hypersonic attenuation values obtained from Brillouin linewidths are also cited. It is shown that the critical attenuation per wavelength depends on temperature and frequency through a single reduced variable ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{*}=\frac{\ensuremath{\omega}}{{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\mathrm{D}}}$, where the characteristic frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\mathrm{D}}=(\frac{2\ensuremath{\Lambda}}{\ensuremath{\rho}{C}_{p}}){\ensuremath{\xi}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$. The experimental results are compared with numerical calculations based on a recent theoretical formulation by Kawasaki.
The behavioral sequelae of head injury

Abstract Twenty patients with mild and, in a few cases, moderately severe head injuries were examined 3 days and 1 month postinjury. The results indicate that these patients, as compared to appropriate controls, show significant neuropsychological difficulties at 3 days, but not at 1 month postinjury. Postconcussional symptoms are endorsed, on the other hand, at both 3 days and 1 month. Absence of significant neuropsychological findings at 1 month is contrary to some of the previous reports. A number of reasons for this discrepancy were discussed. Some of these included: (1) inappropriate controls used in previous research; (2) failure to screen for pre-existing conditions in prior studies, therefore confounding the effects of the injury with pre-injury factors; (3) possible practice effects in our research; and (4) differences in the neuropsychological measures used across different studies.
Quasi-telecentric optical design of a microscope-compatible OCT scanner

We report an optical coherence tomography (OCT) scanner design with optimized quasi-telecentric optics. This scanner achieves a uniform, Gaussian spot size of 15μm (1/e2 diameter) over a range of 4.4mm in two orthogonal transverse scan dimensions. Model simulation using optical design software agrees with measurements by beam analyzer. We provide a reasonable design criterion of 0.05 (the ratio of the half separation of two orthogonal scanning mirrors to the front focal length of the optics that follow) for the quasi-telecentric scanner which corresponds to a spot-size and spot ellipticity variation of only 4% over the transverse scan range. Furthermore, this OCT scanner accommodates a microscope to precisely guide and document OCT imaging of small samples. OCT images of in-vivo human skin, human nail fold, and embryonic hearts (avian stage 22 and stage 28) demonstrate the image quality achieved with the scanner. The results indicate that optimizing the sample scanner optical design is important for optimizing OCT image quality.
Analysis of Establishing Operations for Self-Injury Maintained by Escape.

Self-injurious behavior (SIB) can be maintained through negative reinforcement when, in the context of training or task requirements, it produces escape as a consequence. Several studies have demonstrated methods for identifying and treating SIB maintained by negative reinforcement; however, few analyses of the establishing operations associated with demand situations have been conducted. The current series of studies illustrates a method for identifying some establishing operations for escape by systematically altering certain dimensions of the demand context while maintaining an escape contingency for SIB. Dimensions assessed in these studies included task novelty, duration of instructional sessions, and rate of task presentation. Data indicate that these variables can have establishing properties for behavior maintained by escape. Implications of the results are discussed, as are potential refinements and extensions of the assessment procedures.
Stoichiometric imbalance in rates of nitrogen and phosphorus retention, storage, and recycling can perpetuate nitrogen deficiency in highly‐productive reservoirs

We measured the nutrient stoichiometry of inputs, outputs, retention, storage, and recycling in three seasonally nitrogen (N)-deficient reservoirs by incorporating watershed mass balances with measurements of internal N and phosphorus (P) transformations. Our objective was to determine if the reservoirs were accumulating N and thereby likely to develop strict P deficiency over time. For the eutrophic reservoirs, the N : P (by atoms) of annual outputs was two to five times greater than that of inputs, reflecting higher retention efficiency for P than N (∼ 90% vs. ∼ 50%, respectively) and resulting in retention stoichiometry indicative of N deficiency (N : P 50). Denitrification (12–23 g N m−2 yr−1) removed ∼ 50–100% of N retained by the reservoirs annually, increasing N deficiency in storage relative to retention for all the reservoirs (N : P < 1–30). The combined effects of more efficient P than N retention and efficient denitrification were also evident in the low N : P (< 10) of internal recycling. N2 fixation (7–11 g N m−2 yr−1) was inefficient in balancing system N deficits and did not increase the low N : P of annual watershed inputs or seasonal epilimnion nutrient concentrations into the range of strict P deficiency. Low N : P storage and internal recycling strongly suggested that these reservoirs are not accumulating N relative to P and are thereby unlikely to become strictly P deficient over time.
Scribing of thin sapphire substrates with a 266-nm Q-switched solid state laser

Thin sections of single-crystal sapphire are favored as substrates for the epitaxial deposition of gallium nitride and other III-V and II-VI thin films used in the fabrication of electro-optic devices such as blue-green LEDs and laser diodes. Due to difficulties commonly encountered in cutting this hard material, alternatives to traditional mechanical processing techniques are of particular interest. This paper reviews a recent study characterizing the scribing of sapphire using the tightly focused output of an ultraviolet wavelength pulsed solid-state laser.