cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How do food retail choices vary within and between food retail environments

Abstract There is mixed evidence on whether the local food environment explains differences in food choices. It is valuable in such research to use strong research designs, taking account of the endogeneity of household residential decisions. This article offers a literature review, emphasizing two promising approaches in the most recent research: (1) longitudinal studies of supermarket or retailer entry and exit within particular locations and (2) studies of variation in food choices across multiple households within particular locations. We review how these approaches address the endogeneity problem. Because this literature review indicates the importance of understanding variation across households within locations, our empirical analysis uses nationally representative data from USDA’s National Household Food Acquisition and Purchase Survey (FoodAPS) to measure the expected values, variances, and intracluster correlations for selected outcome variables and explanatory variables typical of those used in studies of the food retail environment. We find that geographic variation in supermarket proximity does not account for most of the variation of a household’s choice of a primary food retailer and does not account for much of the high-level of variation across households in food security and dietary quality. These results and our review of the literature suggest that food store access may modestly influence food choices, but that other household-level factors may matter more.
IMPACT OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS C ON PATIENTS WITH MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION UNDERGOING PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION: A 5-YEAR NATIONWIDE ANALYSIS

Hepatitis C (HCV) has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) events but studies showing its effect on CV outcomes are scarce. In this study we investigated the impact of HCV in patients undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI). We used the 2010-2014 Nationwide
The Effect of Retailer Perceived Isomorphism and Performative Action onLegitimacy, Word-Of-Mouth and Purchase Intention

Gaining legitimacy is an integral part of every business that seeks to provide justification for its existence within the society (Cheit, 1964). Organizational legitimacy, as a status granted by a society system (Ashforth & Gibbs, 1990), is defined as the “generalized perception or assumption that the actions of an entity are desirable, proper, or appropriate within a society system” (Suchman, 1995, p. 574).
Electrically pumped whispering gallery mode lasing from Au/ZnO microwire schottky junction

Whispering gallery mode lasing has been realized from Au-ZnO hexagonal microwire Schottky diode. Electroluminescence characterization demonstrates ultraviolet lasing at room temperature with moderate threshold and high quality factor.
Lysine Side-Chain Dynamics in the Binding Site of Homeodomain/DNA Complexes As Observed by NMR Relaxation Experiments and Molecular Dynamics Simulations

An important but poorly characterized contribution to the thermodynamics of protein–DNA interactions is the loss of entropy that occurs from restricting the conformational freedom of amino acid side chains. The effect of restricting the flexibility of several side chains at a protein–DNA interface may be comparable in many cases to the other factors that determine the binding thermodynamics and may, therefore, play a key role in dictating the binding affinity and/or specificity. Because the entropic contributions, including the presence and influence of side-chain dynamics, are especially difficult to estimate based on structural information, it is important to pursue experimental and theoretical studies that can provide direct information regarding these issues. We report on studies of a model system, the homeodomain/DNA complex, focusing on the Lys50 class of homeodomains where a key lysine residue in position 50 was shown previously to be critical for binding site specificity. NMR methodology was emplo...
Wearable potentiometric tattoo biosensor for on-body detection of G-type nerve agents simulants

Abstract A new wearable potentiometric tattoo biosensor for real-time on-body monitoring of G-type nerve agents simulant is described. The skin-worn flexible biosensor responds rapidly and selectively to the fluorine-containing organophosphates (OP) nerve agent simulant diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP, a model OP analyte) in both liquid and vapor phases. The epidermal potentiometric OP biosensor relies on the pH-sensitive polyaniline (PANi) coating on a flexible printed transducer for monitoring the proton release during the enzymatic hydrolysis of DFP by enzyme organophosphate hydrolase (OPH). The sensing electrodes are screen printed on a temporary tattoo paper and are interfaced to a conformal electronic interface that provides wireless data transmission. The skin-worn OP potentiometric sensor can withstand severe mechanical strains without compromising its analytical performance. The biosensor displays a wide dynamic range, fast response and high selectivity towards DFP (including efficient discrimination against organophosphate pesticides), and good reproducibility. The attractive performance of the new wearable biosensor indicates considerable promise for on-body threat detection towards rapid warning regarding potential exposure to G-series nerve agents.
INVOLUTORY MATRIX DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses involutary matrix differential equations. The interrelations between linear matrix differential systems and associated Riccati matrix differential equations are well known and of frequent use in a variety of instances of variational problems, control theory, and transmission line phenomena. In particular, when the linear system is Hamiltonian and hermitian in nature, there is an intimate connection between such systems and the generalized Sturmian theory. There is a corresponding case wherein the linear differential system is symmetric, but non-real, and in which the basic solvability theorems are strict duals of those in the hermitian case. The discussion is phrased in the context of a generalized differential system that is equivalent to a type of linear vector Riemann–Stieltjes integral equation.
13 Adsorption of Gases and Electron-Spin Resonance of Sugar Charcoal*

Electron-spin resonance has been measured at 9400 and 51.7 Mc. for a variety of charcoals heated to various temperatures. A very sharp resonance line has been observed by proper heat treatment and subsequent evacuation of the charcoal. Oxygen and nitric oxide adsorption at room temperature decrease the absorption intensity and widen the absorption band. Nitrogen and hydrogen have no effect at room temperature on the electron-spin resonance of the charcoal.
The QALY Model: Utilities for Cost-Utility Analysis in Health Care

The purpose of this paper is to discuss historical and current efforts to devise a measure for states of health experienced over time, a field now dominated by the Quality-adjusted Life Year (QALY). Since this review was sparked by an invitation to participate in a festschrift for Ward Edwards, I want to ask an Edwardsian question in the course of the overview: Are we trying to do so good at modeling QALYs that we aren’t getting anywhere at All -- maybe we should just get on with it in a simple fashion?
The Effect of Pre-Appointment Consultation Triage on Patient Selection and Revenue Generation in a University Rheumatology Practice.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of pre-appointment consult screening to identify patients with autoimmune and inflammatory rheumatic disease (AIRD) and to evaluate the revenue implications of routine outpatient care of patients with AIRD compared to that of non-AIRD patients. METHODS Using data in the electronic medical records, we retrospectively analyzed all new outpatients who were referred for rheumatology consults during a 9-month period for a final diagnosis and revenue generation for routine outpatient care over 1 year following the consult review or initial evaluation. RESULTS A total of 961 patients were referred to the outpatient rheumatology clinic and underwent pre-appointment triage. Overall, 673 patients were approved for evaluation of AIRD, and 288 patients were denied rheumatology consultation. Patients were seen an average of 13 days after the consult review. Among patients who were approved for consult, 597 came for evaluation, with 357 diagnosed as having an AIRD and 240 with a non-AIRD. Among patients who were denied a consult, 128 had 1-year follow-up data, with 6 patients eventually diagnosed as having an AIRD (consult triage sensitivity 98%, positive predictive value 60%). The consult triage system allowed more AIRD patients to be seen over a 1-year period. Revenue data for outpatient care was available for 318 of 357 patients with an AIRD and 192 of 240 non-AIRD patients and showed that care for patients with an AIRD generates 44 times more revenue compared to care for non-AIRD patients ($5,877 per AIRD patient versus $134 per non-AIRD patient; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Pre-appointment consult screening is an effective method to identify patients with an AIRD. This approach enables timely access to care for patients with the highest need for evaluation and results in significantly more revenue generation.
A novel function of SMC1 as a transporter of xenobiotics.

e14107Background: Structural Maintenance of Chromosome 1 (SMC1) is a component of the cohesin complex involved in the DNA-damage repair. Studies have shown that it is overexpressed in Colon Ca, Gli...
All-Fiber Dissipative Soliton Raman Laser Based on Phosphosilicate Fiber

We propose and demonstrate an all-fiber, synchronously pumped Raman laser based on phosphosilicate fiber (P-doped fiber) for deep tissue multiphoton imaging. The laser operates in a dissipative soliton regime and produces 2.2-ps chirped pulses (compressible to 317 fs) with energy up to 9.2 nJ, 0.3-W average power, and 1240-nm center wavelength. We have also found a new cross-polarization Raman lasing operation that offers access to an important wavelength near 930 nm for calcium imaging.
EPA adopts LNT: New historical perspectives.

Abstract This paper provides an historical assessment of how the linear non-threshold (LNT) model became adopted as policy by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) in 1975 [1] and how prior United States National Academy of Sciences (US NAS) radiation advisory panels may have affected this EPA decision. The paper highlights a generally unrecognized set of recommendations of the 1960 Biological Effect of Atomic Radiation [2] Genetics and Medical/Pathology Panels that did not support LNT for cancer risk assessment due to their judgements of its scientific limitations and unacceptable uncertainties. These convergent, independent and high profile recommendations were not promoted by the sponsors (i.e., Rockefeller Foundation and the NAS), and were ignored by the media, Congress and the scientific community in contrast to the vast attention directed to the linearity recommendation for germ cell mutation by the BEAR Genetics Panel in 1956 [3,4]. The subsequent Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR) I Committee (1972) [5] report ignored these BEAR Panel (1960) [2] recommendations, only commenting on the BEAR 1956 linearity supporting recommendation [3,4]. These actions are documented and assessed for how they influenced why and how EPA adopted linearity for cancer risk assessment based on the BEIR I report.
Old School and High Tech: A Comparison of Methods to Quantify Ashe Juniper Biomass as Fuel or Forage

On the Ground • Ashe juniper invasion is a widespread issue on Texas and Oklahoma rangelands. Increased densities of Ashe juniper trees increase the risk of wildfire and decrease herbaceous forage production. • Browsing animals, such as goats, are one tool that can be used to effectively reduce juniper fuel. • In order to estimate the available biomass, allometric measurements were compared against three-dimensional Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) scans of whole juniper plants. • Accurate measurements of standing juniper browse and fuel load can be vital information for decision support of grazing management and wildland fire mitigation, especially in the ever-growing wildland-urban interface.
IncPIRD: Fast Learning-Based Prediction of Incremental IR Drop

The on-chip power delivery network (PDN) is an essential element of physical implementation that strongly determines functionality, quality and reliability of a given IC product. To meet IR drop requirements, a denser power grid is desirable. On the other hand, to meet timing and layout density requirements, a sparser power grid leaves more resources for routing. Often, numerous time-consuming iterations among PDN design, IR analysis, and floorplanning or placement are needed during the physical implementation of modern high-performance designs. Thus, fast and accurate incremental IR prediction has emerged as a critical need, as it can potentially reduce the turnaround time between design and analysis and help improve design convergence. In this work, we apply superposition and partitioning techniques to extract relevant electrical features of a given SOC floorplan and PDN. We then use a machine learning model to predict the updated static IR drop for each power node (having tap current source attached) in the design throughout a series of changes (PDN modification, block movement, block power change, power pad movement) to the SOC floorplan, without needing to rerun a golden IR drop tool. We develop our model with more than 150 generated SOC floorplans with different PDN structures in 28nm foundry technology. Compared to an industry-leading, golden IR drop signoff tool (ANSYS RedHawk), we achieve 20–1000× speedup with less than 1 mV average absolute error and approximately 5m V maximum absolute error.
David Christopher Gadsby. 26 March 19479 March 2019

Over nearly five decades, David Christopher Gadsby pioneered biophysical research that advanced our mechanistic understanding of ion-transporting proteins in biological membranes. His passion for h...
A retrospective evaluation of mixed energy volumetric modulated arc therapy for anal cancers with lymph node involvement.

Abstract Applying dual, or mixed photon energies during radiation therapy is a common practice in 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT). Mixed photon energies are used to provide uniform dose coverage to a planning target volume (PTV) that ranges in depth from the skin surface. Though the application of mixed photon energies in 3D-CRT was once the convention for treating anal cancers with lymph node involvement (AC-LNI), the advantages offered by volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) prove to be the optimal form of therapy for AC-LNI. Recently, multiple researchers have uncovered benefits in employing multiple photon energies in VMAT planning for prostate cancer. A retrospective study was completed to assess the impact of implementing mixed energy VMAT planning in comparison to conventional single energy VMAT planning for AC-LNI. Data from 20 patients with AC-LNI was collected to analyze the dosimetric effects of mixed energy VMAT treatments in terms of PTV conformity index, PTV homogeneity index, monitor unit usage, and organs at risk sparing. For each patient 3 treatment plans were created: a single energy 6 MV plan, a single energy 10 MV plan, and a mixed 6 MV and 10 MV energy plan. Analysis of the resulting dosimetric outcomes showed statistical significance. The current study concluded that mixed energy VMAT plans have some effect on treating AC-LNI when compared to single energy VMAT plans.
A Rare Case of Light Chain Amyloidosis of the Gastrointestinal Tract

A 65-year-old Hispanic female presented with a one-year history of anorexia, nausea, early satiety, epigastric discomfort, and a 20 kg weight loss. Computed tomography (CT) demonstrated heterogeneous liver parenchyma. Upper endoscopy revealed large, fungating, infiltrative mass at the lesser gastric curvature incisura, highly suspicious of gastric tumor; however, initial biopsy of the gastric mass was equivocal and an exploratory laparoscopy was performed. Repeated intraoperative biopsies of the gastric mass and of liver parenchyma demonstrated diffuse hyalinized stroma consistent with amyloid deposition, and a bone marrow biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of primary light chain (AL) amyloidosis.
Utility of Radiolabeled Saline for Measuring and Imaging Aerosol Delivery in Mechanical Ventilator Systems

Background: The radioisotope Technetium (99mTc), bound to pertechnetate dissolved in 0.9% saline, is an aqueous solution with physicochemical properties similar to inhalation solutions of albuterol, ipratropium, tobramycin, and epoprostenol, among others. 99mTc, a readily detectable gamma-emitter that physically behaves in a nebulizer comparably to aqueous drugs, is used as a surrogate because its radioactivity is easily and rapidly measured via gamma camera which also provides an image of radioaerosol deposition. This report is a teaching example of the utility of nebulizing radiolabeled saline for in vitro assessment of nebulizer performance. Distribution of nebulizer output aerosol is shown as it transits and deposits within the components of a ventilator system during treatment. Methods: A breath-enhanced nebulizer (i-AIRE, InspiRx, Inc., Somerset NJ) was charged with 1567 µCi of 99mTc-saline (6 mL) and operated on a ventilator/heated humidifier system and test lung. HEPA filters at the distal tip of the ETT and the distal end of the expiratory limb captured Inhaled Mass (IM) and exhaled aerosol. Post-treatment, filters plus ventilator system tubing and components were scanned by the gamma camera for measurement and imaging of radioactive aerosol deposition and distribution. All gamma counts were expressed as % of nebulizer charge to represent the fate of the drug mass initially placed in the nebulizer. Results: Measurement of all system components (known as a full Mass Balance) demonstrated: nebulizer residual post-treatment 34.3%, flex tube from nebulizer to humidifier 6.2%, humidifier 4.4%, inspiratory limb and patient-Y 10.7%, closed system suction 0.2%, ETT 0.7%, IM filter 23.5%, expiratory limb 0.4%, and expiratory filter 18.4%. Different patterns of deposition in the various system components are shown in the Figure. “Hot spots” indicate areas of greater aerosol deposition as a results of flow patterns, entrance/exit effects, impaction/sedimentation due to particle size and other factors. Conclusions: The utility of this technique is illustrated by this demonstration. Aerosol delivery (IM) to a patient in a system with different variables can be simulated and predicted on the test bench. Deposition imaging of system components can help explain system losses, the influence of ventilator settings, humidification, and overall behavior of a nebulizer/ventilator system.
Solution Density Models as Functions of Sodium Chloride, Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, and Temperature (278.15–333.15 K) via Progressive Linear and Stepwise Regression

Knowledge of solution density as a function of levels of cyclodextrin (CDs), salt, and temperature is crucial in the production of cyclodextrins, evaluation of guest–host interactions, and many applications of CDs especially in aquifer remediation and advanced oil recovery where density affects hydraulics. Relatively high precision measurements (±1 μg·cm–3) of solution density at 1 atm were collected from 278.15 to 333.15 K for aqueous solutions of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and sodium chloride. A progressive model (0.0021, 95% CI) based on observed trends in data was developed by observations of second-order relationships for temperature and salinity in molal and linear CD concentration. In a less biased manner, a novel approach to developing density equations involved creation of a series of ordinary least squares (OLS) linear models based on a stepwise adoption of additional “best” terms from a pool of 3872 variants of terms commonly found in density and other rheological equations based on minimization of the Akaike information criterion. After evaluating the use of up to 83 terms, no improvement was gained for a molal-based concentration after 79 terms and mass fraction based after 77 terms with both having a 95% prediction interval of 32.4 μg·cm–3 being achieved. For potential end-users, the provided pool of 186 OLS models enables the choice of complexity versus performance for their application. More broadly, the methods used herein can be adopted for development of accurate equations for other rheological systems.
"Let's Hook Up When the Pandemic is Over:" Latinx Sexual Minority Men's Sexual Behavior During COVID-19.

COVID-19 led to substantial changes in individuals' lives due to preventive measures, including social distancing and "stay at home" orders. One type of social interaction likely impacted is intimacy and sexual relationships. Sexual minority men have long navigated the impact of another pandemic, HIV, on their sexual lives. This study explored the impact of COVID-19 on Latinx sexual minority men's (LSMM) sexual behaviors in South Florida, an HIV and COVID-19 epicenter. A rapid qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews with LSMM (N = 20) revealed five themes: (1) increased sex with a primary partner, (2) fewer sexual partners, (3) continued pre-COVID-19 sexual activity, often following "quarantine fatigue," (4) opportunities and challenges related to navigating COVID-19 prevention and sex, and (5) using sexual networking apps in new ways. The findings suggest LSMM's resilience and their ongoing health needs during COVID-19, with implications for interventions to promote LSMM's safe and satisfying sex.
The Multidimensional Organization of Speech: Syntactic and Prosodic Structure

Much of our understanding of linguistic structure was necessarily first built up on the basis of isolated sentences, either constructed by analysts or speakers consulting their intuitions, or from written documents. The availability of corpora of unscripted speech is now allowing us to see what speakers actually do, opening up vast new areas for exploration. Some of the advantages described here are the access to prosody and context. The question addressed is how closely traditional syntactic structures, particularly constituent structures, are matched by prosodic structures. Points are illustrated with corpus material from Mohawk, a language indigenous to the North American Northeast.
Location probability learning in 3-dimensional virtual search environments

When a visual search target frequently appears in one target-rich region of space, participants learn to search there first, resulting in faster reaction time when the target appears there than when it appears elsewhere. Most research on this location probability learning (LPL) effect uses 2-dimensional (2D) search environments that are distinct from real-world search contexts, and the few studies on LPL in 3-dimensional (3D) contexts include complex visual cues or foraging tasks and therefore may not tap into the same habit-like learning mechanism as 2D LPL. The present study aimed to establish a baseline evaluation of LPL in controlled 3D search environments using virtual reality. The use of a virtual 3D search environment allowed us to compare LPL for information within a participant’s initial field of view to LPL for information behind participants, outside of the initial field of view. Participants searched for a letter T on the ground among letter Ls in a large virtual space that was devoid of complex visual cues or landmarks. The T appeared in one target-rich quadrant of the floor space on half of the trials during the training phase. The target-rich quadrant appeared in front of half of the participants and behind the other half. LPL was considerably greater in the former condition than in the latter. This reveals an important constraint on LPL in real-world environments and indicates that consistent search patterns and consistent egocentric spatial coding are essential for this form of visual statistical learning in 3D environments.
Everybody wants some: Collection and control of personal information, privacy concerns, and social media use:

As the utility of social media platforms for interacting with large populations, as well as understanding how they interact, becomes an increasingly interesting area, privacy concerns could present...
Using Mobile Apps to Combat Fake News

Librarians and library professionals should challenge themselves to seek the most unbiased and truthful health news and information during a pandemic that has many patrons misled by fake news, disi...
Study on control strategy of large-scale renewable energy connect to LCC-HVDC system

One of the important issues facing large-scale renewable energy development is to ensure the maximum consumption of large-scale renewable energy bases and the safe and stable operation of the power grid after connect. The research results show that when large-scale renewable energy generation is connected to the power grid, its volatility, randomness and intermittentness will have a certain impact on the system power balancing, reactive voltage and transient stability of the power grid. Renewable energy connect to LCC-HVDC is one of the commonly used long-distance large-scale power transmission methods. On the one hand, in order to ensure stable operation, the LCC-HVDC system needs to provide sufficient reactive power support for itself and the system. On the other hand, for large-scale renewable energy power stations, the collection lines are often long, and each renewable energy generator usually uses its own optimal operation as the control target, which causes reactive voltage control problems and harmonic amplification in the power station problem. Therefore, in order to coordinate the reactive power coordination and voltage regulation after the renewable energy is connected to the LCC-HVDC system, this paper studies the large-scale renewable energy power generation LCC-HVDC transmission connection and the supporting technology required for the development of renewable energy power generation. And the use of guidance is of great significance to help increase the accommodation space of large-scale renewable energy generation.
Enhanced polyhydroxybutyrate production from acid whey through determination of process and metabolic limiting factors.

Abstract To sustainably produce biodegradable polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), this study investigated effects of process and metabolic limiting factors during bioconversion of acid whey (AW) to PHB, offering economic and environmental advantages for dairy industry. Recombinant Escherichia coli LSBJ was used to achieve high PHB yields by utilizing both lactose and lactic acid as carbon source. Up to 85% PHB accumulation was achieved during growth on the synthetic AW. Growth on raw AW had the highest PHB yield of 4 g/L and a high substrate utilization efficiency (95%). Notably, ratios of lactate: lactose and C/N impacted metabolic flux and PHB yields. Maintaining the fermentation pH enhanced PHB production. Furthermore, additives of inorganic nitrogen sources, minerals and trace metals promoted PHB production from AW. The study improves the understanding of factors affecting utilization of AW and demonstrated the high PHB yields using recombinant E. coli that could be leveraged to design a sustainable process.
Use of Dynamic Occupancy Models to Assess the Response of Darters (Teleostei: Percidae) to Varying Hydrothermal Conditions in a Southeastern United States Tailwater

During the past 100 years, most large rivers in North America have been altered for flood control, hydropower, navigation or water supply development. Although these activities clearly provide important human services, their associated environmental disturbances can profoundly affect stream-dwelling organisms. We used dynamic multi-species occupancy models combined with a trait-based approach to estimate the influence of site-level and species-level characteristics on patch dynamic rates for 15 darter species native to the Elk River, a large, flow-regulated Tennessee River tributary in Tennessee and Alabama. Dynamic occupancy modelling results indicated that for every 2.5 °C increase in stream temperature, darters were 3.94 times more likely to colonize previously unoccupied stream reaches. Additionally, large-bodied darter species were 3.72 times more likely to colonize stream reaches compared with small-bodied species, but crevice-spawning darter species were 5.24 times less likely to colonize previously unoccupied stream reaches. In contrast, darters were 2.21 times less likely to become locally extinct for every 2.5 °C increase in stream temperature, but high stream discharge conditions elevated the risk of local extinction. Lastly, the presence of populations in neighbouring upstream study reaches contributed to a lower risk of extinction, whereas the presence of populations in neighbouring downstream study reaches contributed to higher rates of colonization. Our study demonstrates the application of a trait-based approach combined with a metapopulation framework to assess the patch dynamics of darters in a regulated river. Results from our study will provide a baseline for evaluating the ecological consequences of alternative dam operations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interruption of a basal ganglia-forebrain circuit prevents plasticity of learned vocalizations.

Birdsong, like speech, is a learned vocal behaviour that relies greatly on hearing; in both songbirds1 and humans2 the removal of auditory feedback by deafening leads to a gradual deterioration of adult vocal production. Here we investigate the neural mechanisms that contribute to the processing of auditory feedback during the maintenance of song in adult zebra finches. We show that the deleterious effects on song production that normally follow deafening can be prevented by a second insult to the nervous system—the lesion of a basal ganglia–forebrain circuit. The results suggest that the removal of auditory feedback leads to the generation of an instructive signal that actively drives non-adaptive changes in song; they also suggest that this instructive signal is generated within (or conveyed through) the basal ganglia–forebrain pathway. Our findings provide evidence that cortical-basal ganglia circuits may participate in the evaluation of sensory feedback during calibration of motor performance, and demonstrate that damage to such circuits can have little effect on previously learned behaviour while conspicuously disrupting the capacity to adaptively modify that behaviour.
Diameter and Proper Motion of SGR A

The best hypothesis for the energy source of the compact, nonthermal radio source in the center of our galaxy, Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), is accretion onto a massive black hole from winds emanating from nearby luminous stars. The hole mass, accretion rate, and ultimate fate of accreted matter are uncertain. In this report I give a summary of recent critical observations. The interpretation of these results supports this general hypothesis, and begins to place constraints on model parameters. If so, then Sgr A* is a miniature version of extragalactic AGNs in a quiescent state.
Within‐Groups Design

Research in which an investigator studies the same individuals in multiple conditions involves a within-groups design, also known as a within-subjects design and a repeated measures design. The name derives from the fact that the researcher is assessing differences across conditions within a single group of people. Keywords: methodology; research
Isolation and characterization of LIP5 : a lipoate biosynthetic locus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A number of mutants with pleiotropic effects on mitochondrial metabolism have been isolated in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and for many the biochemical function that is impaired is not yet known. We report here the isolation and characterization of the LIP5 gene involved in lipoic acid metabolism which complements the g189 mutant (Tzagoloff, A., and Dieckmann, C. L. (1990) Microbiol. Rev. 54, 211-225). DNA sequence analysis of complementing yeast genomic DNA revealed an open reading frame predicting a protein of 414 amino acids. The protein sequence deduced from the gene shares 43% identical residues with the product of the Escherichia coli lip gene, which codes an enzyme involved in lipoic acid synthesis. The LIP5 mutant is not capable of synthesizing lipoic acid but still possesses the activity necessary for attachment of lipoic acid to protein. Relative to the E. coli lip gene product, the LIP5 protein has an amino-terminal extension with characteristics of mitochondrial targeting signals. Cells carrying a disrupted copy of the LIP5 gene show slow growth on ethanol-rich media and barely detectable growth on glycerol-rich media. Unlike other strains with defects in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, LIP5 mutants undergo a high frequency of mitochondrial DNA deletions.
Effects of Fiber Reinforcement on Clay Aerogel Composites

Novel, low density structures which combine biologically-based fibers with clay aerogels are produced in an environmentally benign manner using water as solvent, and no additional processing chemicals. Three different reinforcing fibers, silk, soy silk, and hemp, are evaluated in combination with poly(vinyl alcohol) matrix polymer combined with montmorillonite clay. The mechanical properties of the aerogels are demonstrated to increase with reinforcing fiber length, in each case limited by a critical fiber length, beyond which mechanical properties decline due to maldistribution of filler, and disruption of the aerogel structure. Rather than the classical model for reinforced composite properties, the chemical compatibility of reinforcing fibers with the polymer/clay matrix dominated mechanical performance, along with the tendencies of the fibers to kink under compression.
Is free halogen necessary for disinfection

The principle of Le Chatelier was used in demonstrating that 3-chloro-4,4-dimethyl-2-oxazolidinone (compound 1) itself kills Staphylococcus aureus rather than the very small amount of free chlorine in hydrolysis equilibrium with compound 1. On the other hand, when the N-bromo analog of compound 1 (compound 1B) was used as the disinfectant, the mixture of combined compound 1B and free bromine formed in the hydrolysis equilibrium provided disinfection. When the hydrolysis equilibrium for 1B was suppressed to the level at which a negligible amount of free bromine remained in solution, combined compound 1B was much more efficacious than combined compound 1 at killing S. aureus.
PHARMACOKINETICS OF DRUG INTERACTIONS

Publisher Summary Multiple drug therapy is popular because it has been found to be beneficial in treating a variety of conditions, including infections, neurological disorders, and gastrointestinal diseases. Various nutritional and disease states can affect the magnitude of these interactions. Drug interactions affecting pharmacokinetics can have pharmacodynamic consequences, such as diminished or exaggerated efficacy or increased toxicity. Drug interactions can also be influenced by genetics and disease states. Drug interactions can affect drug absorption by affecting the dissolution of the drug in the stomach, by influencing gastric emptying or intestinal blood flow, or by inhibition of active transport processes. Several drug interactions affecting the absorption of acetaminophen can serve as illustrations of drug interactions because of effects on gastric emptying. The ulcer drug propantheline decreases the rate of acetaminophen absorption but has no effect on the extent of absorption. The heartburn drug metoclopramide increases the rate of absorption of acetaminophen. Two drugs can compete with each other for the same protein- binding site, leading to displacement of the drug with the lower affinity from the binding site. There can also be a noncompetitive or allosteric drug interaction because of a drug-induced conformational change in the binding site that leads to the displacement of the bound drug. Drug interactions affecting metabolism are of two types: inhibition or induction. Inhibition decreases metabolism, whereas enzyme induction can increase metabolism. Not all drug interactions result in adverse effects. Some of the enzymes with their inducing and inhibiting effects of drugs can be used to therapeutic advantage.
Services and architectures for electronic publishing

We describe changes that are occurring in electronic publishing as a result of the emergence of networked computing. Networks facilitate the exchange of information, but the changes will be far more profound than a simple substitution of media. As new capabilities and new challenges arise, there are corresponding new services that must be developed or else electronic publishing will not meet the needs of the public. After discussing these services, we describe architectures that call be used to implement them. These architectures respond to the issues of performance, scalability, security, and economics that must be addressed before electronic publishing will blossom. We illustrate how current architectures support existing services, enhancements offered by multi-tier servers, and extensions of these architectures to more symmetric models such as the broker model. Many of these concepts are being pursued by the IBM Digital Library family of products.
Ionic Mechanisms of Endogenous Bursting in CA3 Hippocampal Pyramidal Neurons: A Model Study

A critical property of some neurons is burst firing, which in the hippocampus plays a primary role in reliable transmission of electrical signals. However, bursting may also contribute to synchronization of electrical activity in networks of neurons, a hallmark of epilepsy. Understanding the ionic mechanisms of bursting in a single neuron, and how mutations associated with epilepsy modify these mechanisms, is an important building block for understanding the emergent network behaviors. We present a single-compartment model of a CA3 hippocampal pyramidal neuron based on recent experimental data. We then use the model to determine the roles of primary depolarizing currents in burst generation. The single compartment model incorporates accurate representations of sodium (Na(+)) channels (Na(V)1.1) and T-type calcium (Ca(2+)) channel subtypes (Ca(V)3.1, Ca(V)3.2, and Ca(V)3.3). Our simulations predict the importance of Na(+) and T-type Ca(2+) channels in hippocampal pyramidal cell bursting and reveal the distinct contribution of each subtype to burst morphology. We also performed fast-slow analysis in a reduced comparable model, which shows that our model burst is generated as a result of the interaction of two slow variables, the T-type Ca(2+) channel activation gate and the Ca(2+)-dependent potassium (K(+)) channel activation gate. The model reproduces a range of experimentally observed phenomena including afterdepolarizing potentials, spike widening at the end of the burst, and rebound. Finally, we use the model to simulate the effects of two epilepsy-linked mutations: R1648H in Na(V)1.1 and C456S in Ca(V)3.2, both of which result in increased cellular excitability.
Solar absolute spectral irradiance 118–300 nm: July 25, 1983

The full-disk solar absolute spectral irradiance in the spectral range 118-300 nm was obtained from a rocket observation above White Sands Missile Range, NM, on July 25, 1983, halfway in time between solar maximum and solar minimum. Comparison with measurements made in May 1982 shows no changes within the absolute errors of the experiment. Comparison with measurements made during solar maximum in 1979 and 1980 indicates a large decrease in the absolute solar irradiance at wavelengths below 190 nm. The absolute calibration of the instruments for this flight was accomplished at the National Bureau of Standards Synchrotron Radiation Facility.
Configurational dependence of elastic modulus of metallic glass

The shear modulus $(G)$ of metallic glass depends sensitively on the internal amorphous structure, in addition to being lower than that of the crystal counterpart. To uncover the origin of this behavior, we have performed extensive atomistic simulations of model alloys with varying internal structures, but all at the same ${\text{Cu}}_{50}{\text{Zr}}_{50}$ composition. We demonstrate that $G$ is sensitively dependent on the correlations of the atomic shear stresses. A systematic comparison of these alloys reveals obvious differences in the correlations of the atomic shear stresses in the medium-to-long range, at length scales beyond $\ensuremath{\sim}1.2\text{ }\text{nm}$. This reflects a major difference in these different structural configurations, in terms of the transverse coupling between the local atomic clusters and their surrounding confinement. This coupling is strongly influenced by the degree of structural ordering, leading to the obvious configurational dependence of $G$. The bulk modulus and the underlying correlations of the atomic pressure, in contrast, are insensitive to the configurational variations.
Estradiol receptor functions of soluble proteins from target-specific lysosomes.

Abstract Recent work from these laboratories has implicated lysosomal function in the abrupt and preferential uptake of isotopically labeled steroid hormones in specific target cells in vivo. The present investigations were designed to analyze this interaction in detail by means of a rigorously controlled Dextran-coated charcoal method Lysosome-enriched fractions were prepared from preputial glands of ovariectomized rats by the non-destructive methods previously described. The membrane-bounded organelles were then subjected to osmotic shock in the hypotonic media such as are in general use for the extraction of “soluble” steroidbinding proteins from hormone-sensitive tissues. The resultant particle- and membrane-free (“lysosol”) extracts contained macromolecules which possessed the high-affinity, low-capacity characteristics requisite to authentic hormonal receptors, as analyzed by the Scatchard plot Binding was suppressed by proteolytic enzymes and also in the presence of unlabeled estradiol-17β The 17α-congener was ineffective in competition, except at extremely high molar ratios Interaction of [3H]-estradiol-17β was target selective, as indicated by relative inertness of' ‘lysosol” from liver Direct comparison of binding capacities of both high- and moderate-affinity sites revealed that while the affinity constants were similar, lysosomal proteins were substantially more effective than those of corresponding whole cytoplasm of preputial gland within the same experiment Prolonged extraction of these preparations in the cold promoted an increase in concentration of specific binding proteins in “cytosol” at the expense of structurally latent macromolecules of related function in the lysosomal fraction. These data thus support the possibility that lysosomal proteins extruded from these fragile organelles during vigorous homogemzation in hyposmotic media may serve as the source of the ‘cytosol” receptor molecules for steroid hormones.
On the physics and modeling of small semiconductor devices—IV. Generalized, retarded transport in ensemble Monte Carlo techniques☆

Abstract It is shown that the ensemble Monte Carlo technique, in which an ensemble of electrons is utilized and all averages of dynamic variables are computed as ensemble averages, is a numerical solution to generalized equations of motion involving memory effects. Balance equations are also obtained having the same feature. Moreover, these show the importance of initial-state correlations in delaying the initial accelerative effect of the fields.
Concrete Column Recognition in Images and Videos

The automated detection of structural elements (e.g., columns and beams) from visual data can be used to facilitate many construction and maintenance applications. The research in this area is under initial investigation. The existing methods solely rely on color and texture information, which makes them unable to identify each structural element if these elements connect each other and are made of the same material. The paper presents a novel method of automated concrete column detection from visual data. The method overcomes the limitation by combining columns' boundary information with their color and texture cues. It starts from recognizing long vertical lines in an image/video frame through edge detection and Hough transform. The bounding rectangle for each pair of lines is then constructed. When the rectangle resembles the shape of a column and the color and texture contained in the pair of lines are matched with one of the concrete samples in knowledge base, a concrete column surface is assumed to be located. This way, one concrete column in images/videos is detected. The method was tested using real images/videos. The results are compared with the manual detection ones to indicate the method's validity.
Treatment goals during care of adult donors that can influence outcomes of heart transplantation.

Myocardial dysfunction during care of adult donors can result from injury occurring before hospital admission or during the progression of brain death. Few evidence-based data correlate specific hemodynamic goals during donor care with outcomes of heart transplantation, although many recommendations exist. Spontaneous reversal of early heart damage or correction of poor cardiac performance can yield outcomes equivalent to outcomes in recipients who had ideal donors. Hemodynamic goals developed in the operating room can be applied in intensive care to improve outcomes of transplantation. These goals include maintenance of mean arterial pressure greater than 60 mm Hg, central venous pressure less than 12 mm Hg, cardiac output greater than 3.8 L/min, cardiac index greater than 2.1, and systemic vascular resistance between 800 and 1200 dyne · sec · cm-5. The ejection fraction and other echocardiographic data also provide helpful guidance when determining whether a heart is suitable for transplantation and dur...
Environmental Security, Military Planning, and Civilian Research: The Case of Water

The role of environmental security in the U.S. military has been contentious and subject to shifting definitions, from the 1990s approach of environmental regulation to contemporary concepts of env...
Neuronal nuclei localization in 3D using level set and watershed segmentation from laser scanning microscopy images

Abnormalities of the number and location of cells are hallmarks of both developmental and degenerative neurological diseases. However, standard stereological methods are impractical for assigning each cell's nucleus position within a large volume of brain tissue. We propose an automated approach for segmentation and localization of the brain cell nuclei in laser scanning microscopy (LSM) embryonic mouse brain images. The nuclei in these images are first segmented by using the level set (LS) and watershed methods in each optical plane. The segmentation results are further refined by application of information from adjacent optical planes and prior knowledge of nuclear shape. Segmentation is then followed with an algorithm for 3D localization of the centroid of nucleus (CN). Each volume of tissue is thus represented by a collection of centroids leading to an approximate 10,000-fold reduction in the data set size, as compared to the original image series. Our method has been tested on LSM images obtained from an embryonic mouse brain, and compared to the segmentation and CN localization performed by an expert. The average Euclidian distance between locations of CNs obtained using our method and those obtained by an expert is 1.58±1.24 µm, a value well within the ~5 µm average radius of each nucleus. We conclude that our approach accurately segments and localizes CNs within cell dense embryonic tissue.
Democratizing the Old Dominion: Virginia and the Second Party System, 1824–1861

The emergence of the two-party system in the 1830s led to the democratization of the nation and to decades of heated dispute about democracy. In Democratizing the Old Dominion, the first comprehensive study of antebellum Virginia politics, William G. Shade demonstrates that Virginia typified the nation more closely than did any other state both in the emergence and development of the two-party system and in economic development.