cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Network economics and optimal replacement of age-structured IT capital

The constructed hierarchical optimization model of vintage capital replacement takes into account network effects and the age-dependent technological structure of capital equipment. It involves the control of a network coalition choice, endogenous investments, capital structure, and capital lifetime. The qualitative analysis of the model shows how the lifetime and financial structure of the IT capital depends on technological change. These results are relevant for strategic management on a firm level. Provided numeric examples simulate the optimal lifetime of personal computers.
Intrapartum risk factors for permanent brachial plexus injury

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to compare maternal, neonatal, and second stage of labor characteristics in shoulder dystocia deliveries that result in permanent brachial plexus injury with shoulder dystocia deliveries that result in no injury. Study design Our cases were culled from a database of deliveries that resulted in permanent brachial plexus injuries and matched to control cases that were taken from a database of consecutive shoulder dystocia deliveries from one hospital. Deliveries that resulted in injury were excluded from the control cases; those cases with no recorded shoulder dystocia were excluded from the cases. Matching was for birth weight (±250 g), parity, and diabetic status. Rates of precipitous and prolonged second stage, operative delivery, neonatal depression, and average number of shoulder dystocia maneuvers used were compared between the two groups with χ 2 test, Fisher exact test, and the Student t test; a probability value of Results There were 80 matched patients, of which 26 patients were nulliparous and 11 patients were diabetic. Mothers of the uninjured group were younger than those of the injured group (23.7±6.2 years vs 27.4±5.1 years, P P =.04). Differences in maternal weight, body mass index, height, race, gestational age, average number of maneuvers, head-to-body delivery interval, operative delivery rate, prolonged second stage rate, precipitous second stage rate, and sex were not significant between groups. The rates of precipitous second stage for both groups (28.0% injured and 35.0% uninjured) were more than triple the rates of prolonged second stage (9.5% injured and 11.3% uninjured). Conclusion No characteristic of second-stage of labor predicts permanent brachial plexus injury. Precipitous second stage is the most prevalent labor abnormality that is associated with shoulder dystocia.
Soluble endoglin as a second-trimester marker for preeclampsia

Objective The objective of this investigation was to characterize soluble endoglin (sEng) concentrations in second-trimester serum of women who either develop preeclampsia or have a normal pregnancy. Study Design Single second-trimester serum samples obtained from healthy, nonsmoking women who subsequently developed severe preeclampsia (n = 48) or from healthy nonsmoking women who experienced a normal pregnancy (n = 56) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data were reported as mean ± standard deviation. Results Maternal age or gestational age at time of sample was not different between the 2 groups. Patients who later developed preeclampsia delivered earlier, had smaller infants, and had a higher mean arterial pressure than controls. Patients who later developed severe preeclampsia had elevated sEng, compared with those with normal pregnancy (6.19 ± 2.1 vs 5.00 ± 1.0 ng/mL, P = .02). Conclusion Soluble endoglin is elevated in second-trimester maternal serum in patients destined to develop severe preeclampsia.
An embedded atom analysis of Au and Pt substitutional atoms in Ni

The Embedded Atom Model (EAM) was utilized to analyze the energy and strain surrounding Au and Pt atoms substituted into a Ni crystal. Au substituted into Ni has a large positive size difference and a positive heat of mixing; Pt substituted into Ni has a large positive size difference and a negative heat of mixing. The EAM predicted highly anisotropic strain fields around the substitutional atom with large positive strains in the [110] direction and small or negative strains in the [100] and [111] directions. This is in contrast to the normal assumption that the strain around a substitution atom is spherically symmetric. The cohesive energy of the atoms around the substitutional atom was found to depend upon the crystallographic direction relative to the substitutional atom in addition to the radial distance from the substitutional atom. The EAM predicted an energy increase for Au substituted into Ni and an energy decrease for Pt substituted into Ni. The EAM results were compared with an elastic analysis.
Effect of butorphanol tartrate on food and water consumption in humans.

There is much evidence that endogenous opioid peptides are involved in the reg- ulation of food and water intake in a variety of species. We report here that the exogenous opiate agonist, butorphanol tartrate (1 ag/kg), significantly increases food, but not water, intake in normal humans. The major effect on food intake was seen withinthefirst 2 h after the administration of drug, These findings suggest that this drug may be therapeutically useful in patients with cancer anorexia. Am) C/inNuirl985;42:l 175-1178.
Diel patterns of autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration among phenological stages

Improved understanding of the links between aboveground production and allocation of photosynthate to belowground processes and the temporal variation in those links is needed to interpret observations of belowground carbon cycling processes. Here, we show that combining a trenching manipulation with high-frequency soil respiration measurements in a temperate hardwood forest permitted identification of the temporally variable influence of roots on diel and seasonal patterns of soil respiration. The presence of roots in an untrenched plot caused larger daily amplitude and a 2-3 h delay in peak soil CO2 efflux relative to a root-free trenched plot. These effects cannot be explained by differences in soil temperature, and they were significant only when a canopy was present during the growing season. This experiment demonstrated that canopy processes affect soil CO2 efflux rates and patterns at hourly and seasonal time scales, and it provides evidence that root and microbial processes respond differently to environmental factors.
Southwest Pacific crustal structure

This investigation has been concerned with the determination of the crustal thicknesses of the various features of the Southwest Pacific from Love- and Rayleighwave dispersion characteristics. The crustal thickness of the Tasman Basin between New Zealand and Australia is the same five to ten km, as that for the South Pacific Basin to the east of New Zealand. The thickness of East Cape - Kermadec - Tonga Ridge bordering the South Pacific Basin on the west and that of the Lord Howe Rise bordering the Tasman on the northeast is 20–25 km. A crustal refraction profile over New Zealand gives a thickness of 20 km. The interior region of ridges and troughs, northeast of New Zealand, has an average thickness of 15–20 km. The results are indicative of an origin from successive orogenic belts built out over an oceanic crust. The area is not part of an extensive continent.
The Phoenix Effect of State Repression: Jewish Resistance during the Holocaust

Why are some nascent groups able to organize sustained violent resistance to state repression, whereas others quickly fail? This article links the sustainability of armed resistance to a largely understudied variable—the skills to mount such a resistance. It also argues that the nature of repression experienced by a community creates and shapes these crucial skills. More specifically, the article focuses on a distinction between selective and indiscriminate state repression. Selective repression is more likely to create skilled resisters; indiscriminate repression substantially less so. Thus, large-scale repression that begins at time t has a higher chance of being met with sustained organized resistance at t +1 if among the targeted population there are people who were subject to selective repression at t‒1. The article tests this argument by comparing the trajectories of anti-Nazi Jewish resistance groups in three ghettos during the Holocaust: Minsk, Krakow, and Bialystok.
A New Species of the Varunid Crab Genus Gopkittisak (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Grapsoidea) from the Ryukyu Islands

A new species of the varunid crab genus Gopkittisak Naruse and Clark, 2009, G. angustum sp. nov., is described on the basis of seven specimens from intertidal sand flats at Iriomote Island, Ryukyu Islands, Japan. It is close to its sole congener G. gallardoi (Serene and Soh, 1976), but the different shapes of the carapace and male abdomen, as well as the setal pattern of the propodus of the fourth pereopod and the coloration in life, distinguish the new taxon from G. gallardoi.
A network flow model for lane-based evacuation routing

Most traffic delays in regional evacuations occur at intersections. Lane-based routing is one strategy for reducing these delays. This paper presents a network flow model for identifying optimal lane-based evacuation routing plans in a complex road network. The model is an integer extension of the minimum-cost flow problem. It can be used to generate routing plans that trade total vehicle travel-distance against merging, while preventing traffic crossing-conflicts at intersections. A mixed-integer programming solver is used to derive optimal routing plans for a sample network. Manual capacity analysis and microscopic traffic simulation are used to compare the relative efficiency of the plans. An application is presented for Salt Lake City, Utah.
Radiation-induced radicals in thymidine single crystals at 77 K

Radiation induced free radicals in thymidine single crystals, attributing electron spin resonance spectral observations to nature of various radicals
Forty Years After Abramson Beliefs About the Criminalization of People With Serious Mental Illnesses

In the early 1970s, Dr. Marc Abramson, a jail psychiatrist, was the first author to observe in the scholarly literature that people with serious mental illnesses (PSMI) were being criminalized--that is, processed through the criminal justice system instead of the mental health system (Abramson, 1972). This essay examines four common beliefs about the criminalization of PSMI. The first belief is that criminally involved PSMI are homogeneous. A close inspection of their characteristics and pathways into the criminal justice system proves otherwise (Lurigio & Lewis, 1987). PSMI can enter the criminal justice system through criminalization or standard criminal justice processing. Criminalization occurs only when PSMI are arrested for publically displaying the signs and symptoms of serious mental illness (SMI). These arrests are typically for public-order offenses, stemming mostly from psychiatric symptoms, not from a deliberate neglect of the rights of others (Council of State Governments, 2002). Heightened awareness of the problem of PSMI in the criminal justice system resulted in the implementation of diversionary police and court programs, which have decreased the likelihood of the mentally ill being criminalized. PSMI can still be criminalized when contact with the police is mishandled and eventuates into charges for assaulting a police officer or when aggressive public-order policing initiatives sweep people who are homeless, publicly intoxicated, or panhandling into the courts or jail (Lurigio, Snowden, & Watson, 2006; Skeem, Manchak, & Peterson, 2011). Other distinctions among criminally involved PSMI include differences in psychiatric severity and treatment needs as well as the risks for crime, violence, and recidivism. Language: en
An interactive software-agent smoking cessation program

Health communication researchers have shown that tailored health communication messages outperform non-tailored materials. Non-tailored materials are typically "one-size-fits-all" messages designed to reach as much of the total audience as possible. Tailored materials are designed to match the needs and other factors of individuals. The technology used to perform this tailoring has traditionally been expert systems. This project suggests that a software agent approach will improve the delivery of tailored messages. Specifically, this work-in- progress paper discusses (1) the health communication and behavior change theories that apply to smoking cessation, (2) how those theories would be used in a software agent system, and (3) a proposed efficacy test of the system.
Deliberative Democracy and Authority

The topic of authority only rarely figures into theories of deliberative democracy, no doubt owing to the widely held view that authority is inherently undemocratic. But deliberative democrats need a concept of authoritative decision making, not least because the scale and complexity of contemporary societies radically limit the numbers of decisions that can be made by deliberatively democratic means. I argue for an inherently democratic conception of authority, in large part by examining and rejecting the view—held by radical democrats, conservatives, and most liberals—that authority involves a surrender of judgment by those subject to authority. In contrast, I develop the view that authority, particularly in posttraditional contexts, involves a limited suspension of judgment enabled by a context of democratic challenge and public accountability. An important point is that democratic authority supports robust deliberative decision making by enabling individuals to allocate their time, energy, and knowledge to the issues most significant to them.
Bias in Attributions of Positive and Negative Behavior in Children by School Psychologists, Parents, and Teachers

24 parents, 24 school psychologists, and 27 elementary school teachers viewed films of three different children and rated them using a 20-item, 9-point Likert-type instrument. The hypothesis that perceived socio-economic status and ethnic identification would differentially affect the three rater groups' attributions of positive and negative behavior was tested and supported. Results indicated that the three groups of raters were markedly different in their ratings of these children and that the children were rated more positively or negatively as a function of their socio-economic status and ethnic identification rather than as a function of their observable behavior.
Peers and Obesity during Childhood and Adolescence: A Review of the Empirical Research on Peers, Eating, and Physical Activity

Obesity during childhood and adolescence is a growing problem in the United States, Canada, and around the world that leads to significant physical, psychological, and social impairment. In recent years, empirical research on factors that contribute to the development and maintenance of obesity has begun to consider peer experiences, such as peer rejection, peer victimization, and friendship. Peer experiences have been theoretically and empirically related to the “Big Two” contributors to the obesity epidemic, eating and physical activity, but there has not been a comprehensive review of the extant empirical literature. In this article, we review and synthesize the emerging theoretical and empirical literatures on peer experiences in relation to: (a) eating (food consumption and food selection); and (b) physical activity, during childhood and adolescence. A number of limitations and issues in the theoretical and empirical literatures are also discussed, along with future research directions. In conclusion, we argue that the involvement of children and adolescents’ peer networks in prevention and intervention efforts may be critical for promoting and maintaining positive behavioral health trajectories.
A unified view of propagating and localized surface plasmon resonance biosensors

The intense colors of noble metal nanoparticles have inspired artists and fascinated scientists for hundreds of years. In this review, we describe refractive index sensing platforms based on the tunability of the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of arrays of silver nanoparticles and of single nanoparticles. Specifically, the color associated with single nanoparticles and surface-confined nanoparticle arrays will be shown to be tunable and useful as platforms for chemical and biological sensing. Finally, the LSPR nanosensor will be compared to traditional, flat surface, propagating surface plasmon resonance sensors.
Power line electromagnetics and the EMF issue: an update for 1998

Over the past two decades, concerns have been raised over the possibility that 60 Hz electromagnetic fields (EMF) from power lines, substations, and other sources may have detrimental health effects on humans. This issue has had an impact on practically every electric utility. Most utilities now have some program in place to provide information on EMF to their customers, and many will perform on-site measurements upon request. Several utilities have had to deal with costly and time-consuming litigation. This paper describes the basic properties of power line EMF, and discusses various measurement techniques as well as the results of epidemiological studies. In addition, this paper provides an update on the most recent court cases and legal decisions concerning EMF.
Crystal Formation by a Ribonucleic Acid Polymerase Mutant of Bacillus subtilis

Abstract A crystalline inclusion has been observed in a ribonucleic acid polymerase mutant of Bacillus subtilis which is conditionally temperature sensitive only during sporulation. The crystal is formed at the permissive temperature in 1 to 2% of the sporulating (stage III–IV) cells; about 85% of the cells sporulate normally, while the cells with crystals do not sporulate. The wild type does not form crystals at either the permissive (30 C) or the nonpermissive (47 C) temperatures. The crystal may result from altered transcription during sporulation at 30 C.
Frontal Sinus Fractures: Current Concepts

Frontal sinus injuries may range from isolated anterior table fractures resulting in a simple aesthetic deformity to complex fractures involving the frontal recess, orbits, skull base, and intracranial contents. The risk of long-term morbidity can be significant. Optimal treatment strategies for the management of frontal sinus fractures remain controversial. However, it is critical to have a thorough understanding of frontal sinus anatomy as well as the current treatment strategies used to manage these injuries. A thorough physical exam and thin-cut, multiplanar (axial, coronal, and sagittal) computed tomography scan should be performed in all patients suspected of having a frontal sinus fracture. The most appropriate treatment strategy can be determined by assessing five anatomic parameters including the: frontal recess, anterior table integrity, posterior table integrity, dural integrity, and presence of a cerebrospinal fluid leak. A well thought out management strategy and meticulous surgical techniques are critical to success. The primary surgical goal is to provide a safe sinus while minimizing patient morbidity. This article offers an anatomically based treatment algorithm for the management of frontal sinus fractures and highlights the key steps to surgical repair.
Novel benzylidene-thiazolidine-2,4-diones inhibit Pim protein kinase activity and induce cell cycle arrest in leukemia and prostate cancer cells

The Pim protein kinases play important roles in cancer development and progression, including prostate tumors and hematologic malignancies. To investigate the potential role of these enzymes as anticancer drug targets, we have synthesized novel benzylidene-thiazolidine-2,4-diones that function as potent Pim protein kinase inhibitors. With IC50 values in the nanomolar range, these compounds block the ability of Pim to phosphorylate peptides and proteins in vitro and, when added to DU145 prostate cancer cells overexpressing Pim, inhibit the ability of this enzyme to phosphorylate a known substrate, the BH3 protein BAD. When added to prostate cancer cell lines, including PC3, DU145, and CWR22Rv1, and human leukemic cells, MV4;11, K562, and U937 cells, these compounds induce G1-S cell cycle arrest and block the antiapoptotic effect of the Pim protein kinase. The cell cycle arrest induced by these compounds is associated with an inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 and activity and translocation of the Pim-1 substrate p27Kip1, a cyclin-dependent kinase 2 inhibitory protein, to the nucleus. Furthermore, when added to leukemic cells, these compounds synergize with the mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor rapamycin to decrease the phosphorylation level of the translational repressor 4E-BP1 at sites phosphorylated by mammalian target of rapamycin. Combinations of rapamycin and the benzylidene-thiazolidine-2,4-diones synergistically block the growth of leukemic cells. Thus, these agents represent novel Pim inhibitors and point to an important role for the Pim protein kinases in cell cycle control in multiple types of cancer cells. [Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(6):1473–83]
What Is Life

Distinguishing life from non-life has challenged philosophers at least since Aristotle. In recent years it has taken on increasing scientific importance as researchers seek to understand the origins and extent of life in the universe and explore the possibilities for artificial forms of life. Yet despite spectacular advances in the biological sciences, especially over the last half-century, no consensus among scientists or philosophers has emerged on what life is. In this chapter we describe how this lack of consensus impacts some areas of scientific research, and we discuss what this can teach students about science as a process of discovery. We argue that scientists are not yet in a position to formulate a complete let alone final account of the nature of life, and that for this reason establishing a definition of life can do more harm than good. In order to provide a scientifically compelling answer to the question “what is life?” researchers need access to novel forms of life, and their search should not be constrained by our limited experience with life as we know it on Earth today. In addition to providing an interesting way to present a variety of recent biological discoveries, exploration of these issues is useful in biology education because it demonstrates why science is a fundamentally open-ended and ongoing process of inquiry rather than just a static set of facts and dogmatic principles.
Overview of Congestion Relief Strategies

Keeping congestion manageable is essential, since excessive congestion can adversely affect a community’s livability and economy.
Validating the Diagnostic Accuracy of the Sleep Apnea Clinical Score for Use in Primary Care Populations.

Abstract Objective To provide external validation of the diagnostic accuracy of the Sleep Apnea Clinical Score (SACS) tool in a new setting and patient population. Patients and Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study. Potential participants were adult family medicine patients. We excluded patients with a SACS of 0, known obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), negative results of previous testing, or life-limiting conditions. After SACS determination, participants completed overnight oximetry, sleep medicine consultation, and polysomnography. Those interpreting tests were blind to the participant's SACS. We determined likelihood ratios (LRs) for OSA diagnosis and posttest probabilities (PTPs). We calculated OSA prevalence (pretest probability), sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values. Results One hundred ninety-one of 312 participants (61%) completed all steps. The prevalence of OSA was similar to that found in the derivation cohort (40% vs 45%; P =.31). With OSA defined as Apnea Hypopnea Index greater than 10, a SACS greater than 15 was 40% sensitive and 90% specific, with a positive predictive value of 73% and a negative predictive value of 69%. A SACS greater than 15 in our cohort produced an LR of 4.03 (95% CI, 3.12-5.22) with 73% PTP for OSA as compared with an LR of 5.17 (95% CI, 2.54-10.51) with 78% PTP found in the derivation cohort. Conclusion The present study provides external validation of the SACS tool. It reliably predicted OSA for patients in our family medicine practice. Broader implementation in primary care practice is recommended. Further study will examine SACS uptake by clinicians and the resulting impact on utilization and clinical efficiency in primary care practices.
DIGOXIN USE AT DISCHARGE IS ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED INTERSTAGE MORTALITY AFTER STAGE I PALLIATION FOR SINGLE VENTRICLE HEART DISEASE

Interstage mortality (IM) remains significant after discharge from Stage I palliation (S1P) for single ventricle heart disease (SVD), with many deaths sudden and unexpected. We sought to determine whether digoxin use is associated with reduced IM utilizing the multicenter database of the National
Surgery of the Thyroid

The sophistication of current surgical treatment of thyroid disorders reflects a better understanding of the pathophysiology. The development of more methods of therapy with antithyroid drugs, beta-adrenergic blocking agents, thyroid hormones, and radioactive isotopes as well as external irradiation has had an important effect on the role that surgery plays in the management of diseases of the thyroid. Iodine, which was use for many disorders, is now probably contraindicated except for preparation of the hyperthyroid patient for surgical treatment. Surgery has now taken its place as one form of therapy for an endocrine organ that is subject to a variety of diseases. It is necessary for the surgeon who undertakes operations on the thyroid to have an understanding of thyroid physiology as well as its pathophysiology.
Studies on the sympathetic nervous system: T wave vectorcardiogram in cattle.

In cattle the T wave H plane vectorcardiogram was found to be influenced by parasympathetic as well as sympathetic stimuli. Thus the use of T wave characteristics as a stress indicator offers no fundamental advantage over heart rate in this species.
Descartes' Theory of Universals

Etude de la theorie conceptualiste des universaux developpee par Descartes a partir de la reduction des universaux aux idees innees dans l'esprit fini, d'une part, et a partir du processus d'abstration intellectuelle de la pensee, d'autre part. Offrant une nouvelle interpretation de la nature immuable et vraie definie dans la cinquieme «Meditation» en accord avec la theorie des idees de la troisieme «Meditation» et en accord le conceptualisme des «Principes», l'A. entreprend une reconstruction de la doctrine cartesienne des universaux a partir de la distinction entre les attributs et les modes de la substance
UK mean daily intakes of saponins―Intestine-permeabilizing factors in legumes

(1988). Uk Mean Daily Intakes of Saponins-Intestine-Permeabilizing Factors in Legumes. Food Sciences and Nutrition: Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 111-116.
The Global Environment and Its Impact on Soviet and East European Economies

The industrial world is now emerging from a deep economic crisis which covered practically every region of the global economy and nearly developed into a much more serious cumulative decline. The developing countries, particularly the primary producers of raw materials that feed into the industrial machine, suffered greatly in the episode. First, the decline in industrial production had a severe impact on the developing countries and, secondly, the recession created the conditions for a widespread financial crisis that has tentatively been dealt with — especially in avoiding a panic situation — but the crisis is still in the process of being rectified. The recuperation process is still incomplete and generates uncertainties about economic prospects.
American Bishops and Religious Freedom: Legacy and Limits

This paper explores continuity and change in the American Catholic hierarchy’s promotion of and later reliance on religious freedom. With an analysis spanning more than 50 years, it first traces the pressures for reform that created the Declaration more than 50 years ago, demonstrating that American bishops were crucial actors in the Declaration’s existence and passage, and that this was the case because of the strong legitimacy pressures they were under as Roman Catholic leaders in a predominantly Protestant country. The paper then turns to a summary of how the Birth Control Mandate of the Affordable Care Act once again created pressures for legitimacy for the American Catholic hierarchy, pressures which were again articulated in terms of critiques of hypocrisy. It demonstrates that although the specific critique changed, accusations of hypocrisy remain central in discussions of the Catholic Church’s stance on the Birth Control Mandate in the Affordable Care Act.
Developing a Home-Based Primary Care Disaster Preparedness Toolkit

OBJECTIVE Health agencies working with the homebound play a vital role in bolstering a community's resiliency by improving the preparedness of this vulnerable population. Nevertheless, this role is one for which agencies lack training and resources, which leaves many homebound at heightened risk. This study examined the utility of an evidence-based Disaster Preparedness Toolkit in Veterans Health Administration (VHA) Home-Based Primary Care (HBPC) programs. METHODS We conducted an online survey of all VHA HBPC program managers (N=77/146; 53% response rate). RESULTS Respondents with fewer years with the HBPC program rated the toolkit as being more helpful (P<0.05). Of those who implemented their program's disaster protocol most frequently, two-thirds strongly agreed that the toolkit was relevant. Conversely, of those who implemented their disaster protocols very infrequently or never, 23% strongly agreed that the topics covered in the toolkit were relevant to their work (P<0.05). CONCLUSION This toolkit helps support programs as they fulfill their preparedness requirements, especially practitioners who are new to their position in HBPC. Programs that implement disaster protocols infrequently may require additional efforts to increase understanding of the toolkit's utility. Engaging all members of the team with their diverse clinical expertise could strengthen a patient's personal preparedness plan. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:56-63).
Pharmacologic Considerations for Youth with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Children exposed to potentially traumatic events are at risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the subsequent developmental course of posttraumatic stress symptoms appears to vary considerably. In this regard, some PTSD symptoms resolve without significant interventions, while for many children and adolescents, they persist until the patient receives appropriate treatment specifically designed to address PTSD and other trauma related symptoms. Evidence-based psychotherapies represent the standard of care for children with PTSD and, while psychopharmacologic interventions are utilized for many youth with posttraumatic stress symptoms and PTSD, there is little data available to guide the use of these medications in this population. However, given the structural challenges involved in disseminating and delivering evidence-based psychotherapies in all settings, prescribing clinicians should be aware of the medications whose use in children with pediatric PTSD has been studied. Herein, we review the PTSD assessment modalities, as well as the use of pharmacologic interventions in PTSD, including antiadrenergic agents, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and other medications.
Predictors of procedural complications in adult Fontan patients undergoing non-cardiac procedures

Objective Limited data exist regarding the outcomes of non-cardiac procedures (NCPs) in adult patients after Fontan operations (Fontan patients). Methods To compare procedural outcomes after NCPs in Fontan patients with outcomes for two matched control groups: patients with repaired congenital heart disease and biventricular circulation (CHD-BiV) and patients with no heart disease (NHD). We defined cyanosis as oxygen saturation 10% from baseline. Results There were 538 NCPs in 154 Fontan patients (mean age, 30 years) performed in 1990–2015. Sedation and anaesthesia types were monitored anaesthesia care (256,48%), general anaesthesia (51,9%), minimal sedation (105,20%), local anaesthesia (75,14%) and regional anaesthesia (51,9%). Ninety-three complications occurred in 79 procedures (15%) and included arrhythmia requiring intervention (9), hypotension (14), bradycardia (8), hypoxia (38), heart failure requiring intravenous diuretics (2), acute kidney injury (3), bleeding requiring blood transfusion (1), unplanned procedures for dialysis catheter placement (2), readmission (2), unplanned hospitalisation for hypoxia (8) and unplanned transfer to intensive care unit (1). Baseline cyanosis was the only multivariable risk factor for complications (HR, 1.87 (95% CI 1.14 to 3.67), p=0.04). Procedural complications were more common in the Fontan group (18%) than in the CHD-BiV (5%) and NHD groups (1.4%) (p=0.001). Conclusions Complications after NCPs were more common in Fontan patients, and baseline cyanosis was a risk factor for complications. All-cause mortality was low and may be related to the multidisciplinary care approach used for Fontan patients at our centre.
High-dose chemotherapy with thiotepa, busulfan, and cyclophosphamide and autologous stem cell transplantation for patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma in first complete remission.

BACKGROUND High-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (HDC-ASCT) is a therapeutic option for patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). To the authors’ knowledge, data are limited regarding its use among patients in first complete remission (CR1) with the CNS-directed conditioning regimen of thiotepa, busulfan, and cyclophosphamide (TBC). METHODS A retrospective analysis of patients with PCNSL in CR1 who underwent transplantation using a TBC-based conditioning regimen at 2 academic institutions was performed. RESULTS Forty-six consecutive patients who underwent HDC-ASCT while in CR1 were identified. The most common induction regimen was high-dose methotrexate plus temozolomide and rituximab (59%). No patients received whole-brain radiotherapy. A total of 40 patients (87%) received cytarabine before undergoing ASCT as either induction intensification, early consolidation therapy, or mobilization. The median time from diagnosis to transplantation was 6 months (range, 4-15 months). The median age of the patients at the time of transplantation was 59 years (range, 27-69 years). With a median follow-up of 2.7 years after ASCT (range, 6 months-7.5 years), the Kaplan-Meier estimates of 2-year overall survival and progression-free survival were 95% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 80%-99%) and 92% (95% CI, 77%-97%), respectively. The most common toxicities were severe mucositis (35%) and bacterial infections occurring within 100 days of transplantation (35%). The estimated 2-year nonrecurrence mortality rate was 2.9% (95% CI, 0.2%-13.4%). CONCLUSIONS HDC-ASCT with a CNS-directed conditioning regimen such as TBC should be considered for patients with PCNSL who are in CR1 because this approach is associated with encouraging disease control and survival in this select patient population. Cancer 2017;123:3073–79. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Irony in The Twilight Zone: How the Series Critiqued Postwar American Culture

Irony in The Twilight Zone: How the Series Critiqued Postwar American Culture David Melbye. Rowman & Littlefield, 2016.In Irony in The Twilight Zone: How the Series Critiqued Postwar American Culture, David Melbye provides meticulous analyses of the groundbreaking television series's use of irony as a narrative strategy to critique postwar America. Although other books on The Twilight Zone tend to serve as guidebooks to the series-see Marc Scott Zicree's The Twilight Zone Companion (1989)-or nonscholarly book-length studies such as Peter Wolfe's In the Zone: The Twilight World of Rod Serling (1997) or critical biographies such as Gordon F. Sander's Serling: The Rise and Twilight of Television's Last Angry Man (1992)-Melbye's study is the first scholarly examination of the show's use of irony as a narrative device. In his analysis of 140 of the series's 156 episodes, Melbye, who teaches a broad range of media studies courses in Southern California and has worked in the Hollywood television industry, has produced a mostly readable, if at times dense, account of The Twilight Zone's place in postwar American culture through its use of narrative irony.Melbye argues that The Twilight Zone employs irony as a tool of social critique in postwar America, a device the series consistently uses in each episode to such an extent, he claims, as to suggest that the ironic circumstances reflected in the series, in the series's moral universe, and in the series's larger social contexts cannot be separated. In making this argument, he responds to the work of M. Keith Booker's Strange TV: Innovative Television Series from The Twilight Zone to The X-Files (2002), a study that situates The Twilight Zone as a reflection of postwar culture and focuses on the formulaic, science fiction structure of the series. Melbye insists that The Twilight Zone is less a piece of formulaic science fiction as much as it is a series that, while still formulaic due to its reliance on the surprise twist ending, draws from multiple generic traditions whose main connecting thread is the presence of irony. As such, Melbye's book is an important study of not only one of America's most important and influential television programs, but it is also an important comment on how the series went beyond the confines of the science fiction genre to produce a complex critique of postwar America.Melbye divides the book into seven chapters. The first chapter focuses on the multiple cultural and personal influences on the show and on its creator Rod Serling, providing a useful overview of 1940s-1950's radio and television programming that inspired him to create an agenda for social critique. …
Balancing diffraction efficiency and laser damage in diffractive optics

Diffractive optics enable applications requiring high power laser focusing and beam shaping. The ability of such components to resist damage is of mounting importance as lasers attain higher power levels. Diffractive optics inherently contain discontinuities that can enhance electric field distributions within the component. Researchers have previously analyzed subwavelength, anti-reflective gratings for geometrical field enhancement effects, but conventional diffractive elements have not received as much attention. In this paper, we apply rigorous electromagnetic simulations to multi-level diffractive optics to explore potential connections between basic grating parameters (period, depth, number of levels), geometrical field enhancement, and laser damage.
Novel pharmacological probes reveal ABHD5 as a locus of lipolysis control in white and brown adipocytes.

Current knowledge regarding acute regulation of adipocyte lipolysis is largely based on receptor-mediated activation or inhibition of pathways that influence intracellular levels of cAMP, thereby affecting protein kinase A (PKA) activity. We recently identified synthetic ligands of α-β-hydrolase domain containing 5 (ABHD5) that directly activate adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) by dissociating ABHD5 from its inhibitory regulator, perilipin-1 (PLIN1). In the current study, we used these novel ligands to determine the direct contribution of ABHD5 to various aspects of lipolysis control in white (3T3-L1) and brown adipocytes. ABHD5 ligands stimulated adipocyte lipolysis without affecting PKA-dependent phosphorylation on consensus sites of PLIN1 or hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL). Cotreatment of adipocytes with synthetic ABHD5 ligands did not alter the potency or maximal lipolysis efficacy of the β-adrenergic receptor (ADRB) agonist isoproterenol (ISO), indicating that both target a common pool of ABHD5. Reducing ADRB/PKA signaling with insulin or desensitizing ADRB suppressed lipolysis responses to a subsequent challenge with ISO, but not to ABHD5 ligands. Lastly, despite strong treatment differences in PKA-dependent phosphorylation of HSL, we found that ligand-mediated activation of ABHD5 led to complete triglyceride hydrolysis, which predominantly involved ATGL, but also HSL. These results indicate that the overall pattern of lipolysis controlled by ABHD5 ligands is similar to that of isoproterenol, and that ABHD5 plays a central role in the regulation of adipocyte lipolysis. As lipolysis is critical for adaptive thermogenesis and in catabolic tissue remodeling, ABHD5 ligands may provide a means of activating these processes under conditions where receptor signaling is compromised.
Formation of an Anti-Core–Shell Structure in Layered Oxide Cathodes for Li-Ion Batteries

The layered → rock-salt phase transformation in the layered dioxide cathodes for Li-ion batteries is believed to result in a “core–shell” structure of the primary particles, in which the core region remains as the layered phase while the surface region undergoes a phase transformation to the rock-salt phase. Using transmission electron microscopy, here we demonstrate the formation of an “anti-core–shell” structure in cycled primary particles with a formula of LiNi0.80Co0.15Al0.05O2, in which the surface and subsurface regions remain as the layered structure while the rock-salt phase forms as domains in the bulk with a thin layer of the spinel phase between the rock-salt core and the skin of the layered phase. Formation of this anti-core–shell structure is attributed to oxygen loss at the surface that drives the migration of oxygen from the bulk to the surface, thereby resulting in localized areas of significantly reduced oxygen levels in the bulk of the particle, which subsequently undergoes phase transfo...
Adolescent Risk-Taking Behaviors and School Performance: Distinguishing the Experiences of Boys and Girls

Previous studies have examined the risk-taking behaviors of adolescents and their impact upon a variety of outcomes, yet comparatively few have addressed educational consequences. Using a nationally representative sample of American high school seniors, this study examines how risk-taking behaviors are associated with school performance, and how this relationship may vary by gender. Framed within the life-course perspective, the analyses reveal that while adolescent boys engage in significantly higher levels of delinquency and substance use, the consequences of such behavior appear to be greater for girls. The implications of these findings are discussed, as well as the gendered nature of risk-taking.
Education Coverage in Television News: A Typology and Analysis of 35 Years of Topics.

News media play a significant role in the education policy arena, informing the public about pressing issues and influencing how such issues are prioritized and understood. For this reason, researc...
Exploring the Traumatic Experiences of Women Living with HIV: Using the Life History Calendar

Trauma exposure can result in negative health outcomes, making it important to accurately identify the trajectory of traumatic experiences. The purpose of this study was to examine the traumatic ex...
Vertebral Venous Collaterals with Underlying Agenesis of the Inferior Vena Cava: Implications for Spinal Surgery.

Background Congenital agenesis of the inferior vena cava (IVC) can lead to the development of a prominent venous collateral system within and around the spine due to the development of venous collaterals. In such patients, surgery can carry a risk of catastrophic bleeding or decompensation of a delicate venous drainage pattern during spinal manipulation or even epidural exploration. Case Description A 49-year-old man with a congenital agenesis of the IVC presented with signs and symptoms of an L5 radiculopathy. A computed tomography scan of the lumbar spine showed the characteristic finding of fenestrated or “holey” pedicles within the lumbar spine, due to chronic venous engorgement within the pedicles. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first report to describe the characteristic sign of “holey” pedicles on radiographic imaging in a patient with an underdeveloped IVC. This finding may be useful for the detection of abnormal spinal venous anatomy. In such patients, spinal surgery may carry greater risks and requires special consideration.
Ethnic differences in the diagnosis of schizophrenia and mood disorders during admission to an academic safety-net psychiatric hospital.

Abstract U.S. Hispanics, now the single largest minority group in the country, face unique mental health disparities. The current study utilizes Andersen's Behavioral Model of Health Service Use to examine ethnic disparities in receiving a schizophrenia or mood disorder diagnosis at psychiatric hospital admission. Our retrospective cohort study examined electronic health record data at an academic safety-net psychiatric hospital for adult patients (n = 5571) admitted between 2010 and 2013. Logistic regression with block-wise entry of predisposing, enabling and need variables was used to examine ethnic disparities in receiving a schizophrenia diagnosis at admission. The block of need factors was the strongest predictor of receiving a schizophrenia diagnosis compared to predisposing and enabling factors. Compared to non-Hispanic whites, Hispanics and African Americans had a greater likelihood of receiving a schizophrenia diagnosis at admission. Additionally, patients diagnosed with schizophrenia had elevated positive and negative symptoms and were more likely to be male, single/unmarried, homeless, high inpatient service utilizers, involuntarily hospitalized, and to exhibit functional impairment at psychiatric hospital admission. To address elevated positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia, functional impairment, social withdrawal, and high inpatient service utilization, promising psychosocial interventions should be adapted for racial and ethnic minority populations and utilized as an adjuvant to antipsychotic medication.
Effects of support particle size and Pt content on catalytic activity and durability of Pt/TiO2 catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction in proton exchange membrane fuel cells environment

Abstract For proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), instability of Pt-based catalysts due to carbon support corrosion is a critical issue that limits their wide application. Alternative corrosion resistant supports, such as metal oxides, have been investigated in conductive carbon containing matrix and demonstrated improved stability. This study probes systematically the effects of TiO2 support particle size (5, 18, and 30 nm) and Pt content (6, 12, and 37 wt%) on the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity and stability of the Pt/TiO2 catalyst in the absence of corrosive carbon. The average Pt nanoparticle size increases with increased TiO2 support size and Pt content. For 12 wt% Pt loading, with increasing support size the ECSA increases from 4.91 to 7.23 m 2 g P t − 1 , 6.5%–10.6% of the predicted electrochemical surface area, respectively. This result suggests that there is an increased support contribution with increased TiO2 support size to improve Pt accessibility. The mass and area specific ORR activities are the highest for the 12 wt% Pt on 30 nm TiO2, 0.083 A m g P t − 1 and 1134.56 μ A c m P t − 2 , respectively. Accelerated stress testing results in only a 5.9% loss in ECSA for the 12 wt% Pt/TiO2 (30 nm) catalyst.