cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The use of real-time ultrasound measurements to predict composition and estimate genetic parameters of carcass traits in live beef cattle

Four hundred ninety-seven steers and 247 bulls were ultrasonically measured for subcutaneous fat thickness (UFAT) and longissimus muscle area (ULMA) between the 12th and 13th ribs just previous to slaughter over a three-year period to evaluate the accuracy of ultrasound measure­ ments. Carcass measurements from experienced evaluators were thon used as a basis from which to compare ultrasound. The cattle used were part of a serial scan and serial slaughter project and consequently a great deal of variation in carcass measurements was experienced. Overall, carcass means and (ranges) were as follows: carcass weight 342 kg (227483 kg); fat thickness (CFAT) 1.16 cm (.13-4.06 cm); and longissimus muscle area (CLMA) 79.9 cm^ (60.6-115.5 cm^). The mean differences between carcass and ultrasound measurements, indicative of average bias, 2 were .032 cm and -1.47 cm for FAT and LMA, respectively, indicating that FAT was slightly underestimated and LMA was overestimated. Further evaluation of these differences indicates that, in general, fatter animals (CFAT > 1.27) were underestimated and leaner animals (CFAT 90.3 cm were more likely to be underestimated by ultrasound while those with CLMA < 83.9 2 cm were more likely to be overestimated. Mean absolute values of the differences between carcass and ultrasound measurements gave an indica2 tion of the average error and were .227 cm and 5.09 cm for FAT and LMA, respectively. The thickness of CFAT had a significant (P < .05) effect on the error of UFAT measurements with leaner animals being more accu­
The Compactness of First-order Languages

A first-order formal language \(\mathcal{L}\) (with identity) is characterized by disjoint (possibly empty) sets \(\mathbf{C}_{\mathcal{L}}\) of constant symbols, \(\mathbf{R}_{\,\,\mathcal{L}}^{n}\) of n-place relation symbols (n ≥ 1) and \(\mathbf{F}_{\,\,\mathcal{L}}^{n}\) of n-place function symbols (n ≥ 1) — collectively constituting the non-logical symbols of the language — together with the following logical symbols: (i) a denumerable set \(V _{\mathcal{L}}\) of variable symbols (ii) the unary connective \(\neg \) (denoting negation) (iii) the binary connective \(\vee \) (denoting disjunction) (iv) the binary connective \(\wedge \) (denoting conjunction) (v) the existential quantifier \(\exists \) (vi) the universal quantifier \(\forall \) (vii) the binary relation symbol = (denoting identity).
LINEAR STATIONARY ITERATIVE METHODS

This chapter discusses the application of linear stationary iterative method for solving boundary value problem involving an elliptic partial differential equation may lead to a linear system A u = b. It describes six basic linear stationary iterative methods, which are completely consistent under very general conditions. The chapter presents methods for generating completely consistent methods. It also provides an overview of convergence and rates of convergence and highlights consistency, reciprocal consistency, and complete consistency.
WeAllWalk: An Annotated Data Set of Inertial Sensor Time Series from Blind Walkers

We introduce WeAllWalk, a data set of inertial sensor time series collected from blind walkers using a long cane or a guide dog. Blind participants walked through fairly long and complex indoor routes that included obstacles to be avoided and doors to be opened. Inertial data was recorded by two iPhone 6s carried by our participants in their pockets and carefully annotated. Ground truth heel strike times were measured by two small inertial sensor units clipped to the participants' shoes. We also show comparative examples of application of step counting and turn detection algorithms to selected data from WeAllWalk.
Making a case for legal writing instruction ... Worldwide.

Siame straipsnyje aptariami teisinės analizės ir rasymo mokymo bei teisinio rasymo programos sukūrimo teisės fakultete pranasumai. Autorė rekomenduoja sį dalyką įtraukti į pasaulio universitetų teisės fakultetų mokomąsias programas. Nors kadaise Amerikos teisės mokyklų programose tokio dalyko nebuvo, per paskutinius 25 metus jis tapo labai reikalingas. Straipsnyje pateikiamos teisinio rasymo kurso programos įgyvendinimo pakopos bei saltiniai. Ar siuo straipsniu autorė nori pasakyti, jog teisės mokyme reikalingi drastiski pokyciai pasauliniu mastu? Trumpai tariant – ne. Teisinis rasymas ir susije praktiniai teisininko įgūdžiai nebūtinai turi būti dėstomi anglų kalba ar angliskai kalbancių profesorių. Is tiesų teisės fakultetai gali isnaudoti savo galimybes ir pasiūlyti teisinio rasymo ir su juo susijusius kursus tomis kalbomis, kurias studentai tikisi vartoti savo teisinėje praktikoje. Autorė nesiūlo brukti bendrosios teisės ar anglų kalbos teisės studentams, kurių gimtoji kalba yra ne anglų, ir neteigia, jog tik Amerikos teisės profesoriai žino, kaip teisinis rasymas turi būti dėstomas. Is tiesų straipsnyje teigiama, jog itin naudinga kuo anksciau studentams pasiūlyti teisinio rasymo kursą ir kad yra gausu saltinių tokiam kursui (ar net platesnei teisinio rasymo programai) sukurti. Be to, gausėjant pasaulinei teisinio rasymo bendruomenei, belieka tik tobulėti kaip mokytojams, mokantis vieniems is kitų ir sudarant galimybe teisinei kalbai nelikti svetimai, o tapti gerai žinomai.
Promoting Moral Growth through Campus Recreation

This article explores the role of moral development education in campus recreation programs. The focus is upon two primary issues. The first is concerned with the question of whether or not educato...
Circuit Designs That Model the Properties of the Outer and Inner Retina

One goal of understanding neural systems is to develop prosthetic devices that can someday be used to replace lesioned neural tissue. For such prosthesis to be practical, the device must perform these computations as efficiently as, and at a physical scale comparable with the lesioned network, and should adapt its properties over time, independent of external control. The approach to design a successful prosthesis that faithfully replicates the computations performed by a neural circuit is based on a detailed understanding of that circuit’s anatomic connections and functional computations.
A game-theoretic analysis of label flipping attacks on distributed support vector machines

Distributed machine learning algorithms play a significant role in processing massive data sets over large networks. However, the increasing reliance on machine learning on information and communication technologies makes it inherently vulnerable to cyber threats. This work aims to develop secure distributed algorithms to protect the learning from adversaries. We establish a game-theoretic framework to capture the conflicting goals of a learner who uses distributed support vector machines (DSVM) and an attacker who is capable of flipping training labels. We develop a fully distributed and iterative algorithm to capture real-time reactions of the learner at each node to adversarial behaviors. The numerical results show that DSVM is vulnerable to attacks, and their impact has a strong dependence on the network topologies.
Survival without peripheral neuropathy after massive acute arsenic poisoning: Treated by 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulphonate.

SummaryWhat is known and objective Massive acute arsenic poisoning is rare yet potentially life-threatening. 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulphonate (DMPS) appears to have the appropriate chelating property. However, clinical experience on the use of DMPS in massive arsenic poisoning is limited. Case description A 37-year-old woman attempted suicide by ingesting 37.5 g of arsenic trioxide. DMPS was promptly initiated based on history and clinical symptoms. The patient recovered completely, with no complications or side effects of the therapy. What is new and conclusion TDMPS is useful for the treatment of massive acute arsenic poisoning.
The Inverse Kullback–Leibler Method for Fitting Vector Moving Averages

A new method for the estimation of a vector moving average (VMA) process is presented. The technique uses Kullbackâ€“Leibler discrepancy with inverse spectra, and yields a Yuleâ€“Walker system of equations in inverse autocovariances for the VMA coefficients. This provides a direct formula for the coefficients, which always results in a stable matrix polynomial. The paper provides asymptotic results, as well as an analysis of the method's performance, in terms of speed, bias, and precision. Applications to preliminary estimation of VMA models are discussed, and the method is illustrated on retail data.
Analytical Evaluation of Gradients in Coupled-Cluster and Many-Body Perturbation Theory

A diagrammatic derivation of the coupled-cluster (CC) linear response equations for gradients is presented. MBPT approximations emerge as low-order iterations of the CC equations. In CC theory a knowledge of the change in cluster amplitudes with displacement is required, which would not be necessary if the coefficients were variationally optimum, as in the CI approach. However, it is shown that the CC linear response equations can be put in a form where there is no more difficulty in evaluating CC gradients than in the variational CI procedure. This offers a powerful approach for identifying critical points on energy surfaces and in evaluating other properties than the energy.
Resolving Interjurisdictional Disputes Over Water and Environmental Quality

Intergovernmental disputes involving water allocation and the environment are widespread and impose costs and uncertainties on water users, communities, and governments. This article presents criteria for evaluating different types of efforts to resolve disputes. The criteria were developed after extensive analysis of several dozen interjurisdictional disputes involving water allocation and environmental quality. These criteria are used to examine the strengths and weaknesses of litigation, negotiated agreements, and market transactions as tools for effecting changes in water allocation and management needed to resolve transboundary disputes.
Limiting similarity, biotic resistance, nutrient supply, or enemies? What accounts for the invasion success of an exotic legume?

Models for community invasion can inform grassland management if patterns involving the environment, other species, and invader success are evident. We evaluated unplanned invasion by Lespedeza cuneata into an experiment on a reconstructed tallgrass prairie. Our goal was to determine whether the pattern of invasion by this exotic legume was consistent with either the limiting similarity hypothesis (LSH), which predicts poorer establishment of exotic species in communities with related species, or the biotic resistance hypothesis, which predicts a negative association between species richness and invasion. We also examined how the abiotic environment and hemiparasite abundance affect spread of L. cuneata. From 2006 to 2015 we manipulated fertilizer and presence of the hemiparasitic plant, Pedicularis canadensis, in 1-m2 plots, and manipulated shade for the first 5 years. We found greater support for the LSH. Biomasses of legumes and other forbs in 2008 were negatively associated with change in L. cuneata biomass over the next 7 years but species richness was not a significant effect. Lespedeza cuneata cover in 2015 was lower in fertilized plots relative to unfertilized plots and was negatively associated with a composite variable that described the number and combined cover of legume species and number of exotic species currently in the plots. Shading for five seasons reduced L. cuneata growth, but only significantly in fertilized plots from which the hemiparasite had been removed. Other analysis suggested that L. cuneata increased more as the hemiparasite abundance increased. Prairie management that increases the kinds and abundances of native legume species and increases soil fertility may slow the spread of L. cuneata, but we caution against adding P. canadensis to large areas without greater knowledge of site-specific effects.
THE CHALLENGE FOR MATHEMATICAL SOFTWARE

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights the problems and difficulties currently faced in the area of mathematical software. These problems cover the broad range from a lack of fundamental knowledge and scientific know-how to organizational problems and low professional status. Part of the reason for a shortage of good mathematical software is that the creation of such programs has not been identified as a high-status activity that requires expert and professional talent. It has not been identified as a separate, independent activity. The chapter describes the objectives of algorithm construction and discusses some of the problems that arise in this scenario. There are nine desirable characteristics of mathematical software: reliability, flexibility, simplicity of use, modularity, reasonable diagnostics, common sense, good documentation, efficiency, and transportability. There are direct conflicts between some of these objectives. The essence of mathematical software construction is to achieve a reasonable balance while optimizing with respect to two or three of these objectives.
Islamic Political Philosophy: A Critical Genealogy

In this chapter, I offer a critical genealogy of Islamic political philosophy and the development of Islamic political thought from the age of the rightly guided caliphs to the contemporary Arab Spring. I look at key classical thinkers like Al-Mawardi, Al-Farabi, Ibn Taymiyyah and Ibn Khaldun and important contemporary thinkers such as Syed Qutb, Maududi, Khomeini and Al-Nabbhani. This chapter concludes with a critique of Islamic political thought for privileging identity and power, structure and law and ignoring governing process and the mystical dimensions of Islam. In this chapter, I also explore the Islamic conception of democracy as advanced by several contemporary theorists. This chapter includes a review of Sufi understanding of politics and argues that the preliminary ideas advanced by Sufi thinkers like Saa’di indicate the potential to develop a political philosophy based on the concept of Ihsan, specially the mystical understanding of Ihsan. This chapter exposes the diversity of approaches to Islamic political thought in order to emphasize that the Shariah-based approach to politics is only one Islamic way of thinking about politics. There are many.
Evaluating Landscape Degradation Along Climatic Gradients During the 1930s Dust Bowl Drought From Panchromatic Historical Aerial Photographs, United States Great Plains

The U.S. Great Plains (USGP) are some of the most productive rangelands globally and a significant carbon sink for the atmosphere, but grassland response to precipitation is highly variable and poorly constrained over time and space. There is a rich historical aerial photographic record of the USGP which provides an unparalleled view of past landscapes and allows for evaluation of surficial response to drought beyond the satellite record, such as during the 1930s Dust Bowl Drought (DBD). This study classified the extent and loci of surficial denudation from seamless mosaics of radiometrically-corrected and georectified digitized aerial negatives acquired in the late 1930s from six counties distributed across USGP ecoregions. The dominant sources of degradation found for sites east of the 100th meridian are cultivated fields and fluvial deposits, associated with woody vegetation response to water availability in uncultivated areas. For sites to the west, denuded surfaces are predominantly eolian sandsheets and dunes, correlated with intensity of drought conditions and reduced plant diversity. Discrete spatial signatures of the drought are observed not only within the classically recognized southern Dust Bowl area, but also in the northern and central plains. Statistical analyses of site variability suggest landscape response to the DBD is most strongly influenced by the arid–humid divide and severity of precipitation and temperature anomalies. With a projected increase 21st century aridity, eolian processes cascading across western grasslands, like during the Dust Bowl, may significantly impact future dust particle emission and land and carbon storage management.
Terrorist attacks and investor risk preference: Evidence from mutual fund flows

Abstract Using a comprehensive list of terrorist attacks over three decades, we find that aggregate investor risk aversion inversely relates to terrorist activity in the United States. A one standard deviation increase in the number of attacks each month leads to a $75.09 million drop in aggregate flows to equity funds and a $56.81 million increase to government bond funds. Tests on alternative channels further suggest that the shift in aggregate risk aversion is driven mainly by an emotional shock rather than changes in wealth or the outside environment. We also investigate possible alternate explanations for reduced flows to risky assets. Our evidence is consistent with a fear-induced increase in aggregate risk aversion.
What is machine learning? A primer for the epidemiologist

Machine learning is a branch of computer science that has the potential to transform epidemiologic sciences. Amid a growing focus on "Big Data," it offers epidemiologists new tools to tackle problems for which classical methods are not well-suited. In order to critically evaluate the value of integrating machine learning algorithms and existing methods, however, it is essential to address language and technical barriers between the two fields that can make it difficult for epidemiologists to read and assess machine learning studies. Here, we provide an overview of the concepts and terminology used in machine learning literature, which encompasses a diverse set of tools with goals ranging from prediction to classification to clustering. We provide a brief introduction to 5 common machine learning algorithms and 4 ensemble-based approaches. We then summarize epidemiologic applications of machine learning techniques in the published literature. We recommend approaches to incorporate machine learning in epidemiologic research and discuss opportunities and challenges for integrating machine learning and existing epidemiologic research methods.
Fee hikes at state parks in Georgia: effects on visitation, revenues, welfare, and visitor diversity.

Public land management agencies that provide outdoor recreation opportunities face financial constraints. Raising access fees is one approach to enhance fiscal sustainability. However, increased access costs may reduce visitation. Actual visitation changes are contingent on visitors’ price sensitivity, and these changes will influence revenue collection, visitor composition, changes in visitor welfare, and local economic impacts. Importantly, higher entrance fees may disproportionately affect visitors of different ethnicities and individuals from low-income populations. In this study, we developed a travel cost model using data collected during 2010 from 1,309 visitors across three state parks in northern Georgia to estimate the structure of recreation demand and the effects of potential fee increases across diverse populations. Results were applied to simulate the effects of various entrance fee levels on park revenue, visitor diversity, and visitor welfare, accounting for differential responses to fee hikes across different racial/ethnic groups. We found visitor demand to the parks was largely inelastic, signaling that decreases in visitation effected by a modest fee increase (e.g., from $5 to $8) would lead to higher total revenues. At higher fee values, decreased visitation offset potential revenue gains. Hispanics were less sensitive to entrance fee hikes than other visitors, suggesting that shifting fee structures could also impact visitor composition. If fees were to increase at state parks, the proportion of Hispanic visitors at parks would likely grow. This means that Hispanics would bear a disproportionate share of the cost burden under increasing fee scenarios. Additionally, state park recreation demand was highest among low-income visitors, suggesting that fee increases could have particularly significant negative impact on that group. To balance the possibly competing agency objectives of revenue generation and increased diversity, park managers may benefit from greater ex ante information provided by an applied framework like that developed in this analysis. Such analyses are expected to better inform management and policy makers concerning the likely economic effects of variation in state park access costs, including disproportionate impacts on racial/ethnic minorities. Subscribe to JPRA
Hydrogen Production from Water in a Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell: Effect of Ni Doping on Lanthanum Strontium Ferrite Perovskite Cathodes

High-temperature water electrolysis in a solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) can be an efficient way of producing hydrogen, especially if it can be coupled with a renewable energy source. In this ...
Dietary patterns and cancer risk

Over the past decade, the search for dietary factors on which to base cancer prevention guidelines has led to the rapid expansion of the field of dietary patterns and cancer. Multiple systematic reviews and meta-analyses have reported epidemiological associations between specific cancer types and both data-driven dietary patterns determined by empirical analyses and investigator-defined dietary indexes based on a predetermined set of dietary components. New developments, such as the use of metabolomics to identify objective biomarkers of dietary patterns and novel statistical techniques, could provide further insights into the links between diet and cancer risk. Although animal models of dietary patterns are limited, progress in this area could identify the potential mechanisms underlying the disease-specific associations observed in epidemiological studies. In this Review, we summarize the current state of the field, provide a critical appraisal of new developments and identify priority areas for future research. An underlying theme that emerges is that the effectiveness of different dietary pattern recommendations in reducing risk could depend on the type of cancer or on other risk factors such as family history, sex, age and other lifestyle factors or comorbidities as well as on metabolomic signatures or gut microbiota profiles.
Remarks on Progress in Educational Technology.

Having stepped down as editor of Educational Technology Research & Development after 15 years of service, and having learned much from Steve Ross, who served as editor for 18 years, and from many of the leading scholars in the broad and multidisciplinary field of educational technology, I have been thinking of the value added by the research and developments of so many talented and dedicated academics. The innovative learning environments and careful studies I have read these last 15 years leads me to wonder why there seems to be so little progress in the field of educational technology. In other fields such as automotive engineering or medical research there have been remarkable gains. In fields that inform education such as brain science and social behavior, we have also seen significant and sustained progress. Why has there not been more progress in and impact of educational technology research and the many innovative learning environments that have been created in recent years? That is the question that motivates these remarks.
Re-track: Software to analyze the retraction and protrusion velocities of neurites, filopodia and other structures

We have developed new software, Re-track, that will quantify the rates of retraction and protrusion of structures emanating from the central core of a cell, such as neurites or filopodia. Re-Track, uses time-lapse images of cells in TIFF format and calculates the velocity of retraction or protrusion of a selected structure. The software uses a flexible moving boundary and has the ability to correct this boundary throughout analysis. Re-Track is fast, platform independent, and user friendly, and it can be used to follow biological events such as changes in neuronal connections, tip-growing cells such as moss, adaptive migration of cells, and similar behavior in non-biological systems.
Acid Secretion and Serum Gastrin in Normal Subjects and Patients with Duodenal Ulcer: The Role of Helicobacter pylori

OBJECTIVES To compare gastric secretory function in patients with duodenal ulcer and in healthy volunteers with and without Helicobacter pylori infection. METHODS Basal acid output, peak acid output, meal-stimulated acid output, fasting and meal-stimulated serum gastrin concentrations were measured in 136 healthy volunteers (63 H. pylori positive, 73 H. pylori negative) and 52 duodenal ulcer patients, all but one of whom were H. pylori positive. RESULTS By multivariate linear regression analysis, H. pylori infection was a significant negative predictor of basal acid output and a positive predictor of fasting and meal-stimulated gastrin concentrations. When compared to truly normal (i.e., H. pylori-negative) control subjects, duodenal ulcer patients had elevated basal acid output, peak acid output, fasting and meal-stimulated gastrin concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that in patients with duodenal ulcer disease, hypergastrinemia is largely related to gastric H. pylori infection, whereas acid hypersecretion is due to factors other than H. pylori.
Incremental inputs improve the automated detection of implant loosening using machine-learning algorithms.

Aims The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of a machine-learning algorithm to diagnose prosthetic loosening from preoperative radiographs and to investigate the inputs that might improv...
At Large in the Empire of Things: The Museum of Sundry Objects

Abstract The Museum of Sundry Objects, located in Solgarður, about 25 kilometers north of Akureyri, offers a site to think carefully about a number of key elements of museum practice, including the logic of collection, the practice of object “array,” and the role of the museum “heroic” object. Where the heroic object directs one to move from the individual to the imagined array, the array opens a different set of possibilities for recognizing the singularity of objects. In addition, a close examination of the Sundry suggests that “the museum” may simply be one stage of many in the ongoing life of the object, an extended liminal phase that offers a number of opportunities for the re-enlivening of the objects, a different set of steps on the path of the inbetween.
G.K. Gilbert and the Bonneville shoreline

The Bonneville shoreline, the highest, and second-most prominent shoreline of Pleistocene Lake Bonneville in Utah, Nevada, and Idaho, has been thought for many years to have formed during a period ofprolonged overflow (500 to 1000+ years) and lake-level stability prior to the Bonneville flood. That traditional idea was initially promoted by G.K. Gilbert during the 1870s before he spent over a decade on field work related to Lake Bonneville. During Gilbert’s field work, his observations led him to a different interpretation of how the Bonneville shoreline developed, and by the time his final report on Lake Bonneville was published in 1890, he was no longer promoting the idea of prolonged overflow. Instead he thought of the Bonneville shoreline as a geomorphic record of the highest level attained by the transgressing lake in the closed basin; the shoreline marks the boundary between lacustrine-dominated landforms below and fluvial-dominated landforms above. For over 120 years after Gilbert’s (1890) monograph was published, researchers ignored his interpretation, and assumed (but did not present supporting evidence), that Lake Bonneville had overflowed for a prolonged period prior to the Bonneville flood while the Bonneville shoreline developed. Re-examination of the geomorphology of the Bonneville shoreline, the stratigraphy of Lake Bonneville deposits, the geomorphology of the overflow area, and the history of Lake Bonneville, shows that Gilbert’s 1890 interpretation is consistent with observations. Considering this, to accurately interpret the history of Lake Bonneville the Bonneville shoreline should be viewed as the level the lake had reached in the closed basin when its transgression ceased and it began to spill into the Snake River drainage basin.
Testing an Integrated Theory: Distancing Norms in the Early Months of Covid-19

We draw on norms theory to develop hypotheses about norms regulating social distancing during the Covid-19 pandemic We identify two theoretical approaches?the consequentialist and social cues approach?and argue that understanding norms will be enhanced by integrating these two approaches We apply these general theoretical approaches to the Covid-19 pandemic to suggest concrete hypotheses regarding distancing norms We test our hypotheses using two vignette experiments We find that when the consequences of behavior are clear, both behavior consequences and social cues independently affect norms But when the consequences of a behavior are ambiguous, behaviors and social cues interact to affect norms Theoretically, our results provide the first empirical test of an integrated theory of norms, showing that in ambiguous situations an integrated approach produces more accurate predictions than either the behavior consequences or social cues approach alone Substantively, our paper helps to explain Covid-19 distancing norms and variation in those norms across political orientation Our findings have implications for understanding support for and compliance with public health directives
Virtue Signaling: A Theory of Message Legislation

We present a theory of message legislation, legislative enactments not intended to alter policy but instead constructed to send a message to constituents. Using a formal model, we identify conditions under which legislators knowingly introduce non-viable legislation in order to signal their congruence with voters' policy preferences. We find message legislation to be most prevalent when legislation is highly visible, voters strongly disfavor the status quo, incumbent legislators face a strong primary challenger, the probability that viable legislation can be passed in the future is high, and the opportunity cost of producing non-viable legislation is low. We further show that message legislation, while seemingly wasteful, provides voters with valuable information to select candidates who better represent their interests. However, this selection benefit comes at the cost of the quality of future legislation if messaging diverts legislative attention away from preparing a substantive replacement of the status quo in the future.
Physician Monitoring of FitBit Use for Patient Health

BackgroundPhysical activity is a critical component of health.ObjectiveWe implemented a pilot project to determine feasibility of embedding activity tracker data within routine primary care visits ...
Constituting Vegetarian Audiences: Orchestrations of Egocentric, Anthropocentric, Ecocentric Exigencies in Jonathan Safran Foer’s Eating Animals

Employing Jonathan Safran Foer’s bestseller Eating Animals as a case study, this chapter forwards the rhetorical technique of “orchestrated appeals,” as a persuasive strategy for communicating vegetarianism to potentially resistant audiences. Orchestration, an overlaying of egocentric, anthropocentric, and ecocentric appeals, addresses a seemingly singular issue like food choice from multiple perspectives. In Foer’s case, the argument for vegetarianism resonates more broadly by way of its connections to family, ethics, health, and the environment. By mapping the web of relationships between food and varied life areas, rhetors can identify with values already held by audiences with diverse ideological commitments and explore alignments between existing beliefs and exigencies for change.
Reconfiguring atrium hotels: Generating hybrid designs with visual computations in Shape Machine

Abstract This research aims to generate hotel designs using visual production systems in a computer-aided design environment. The current goal is to explore how visual-computational methods offer new approaches to space planning problems by implementing a ruleset based on existing atrium hotel precedents. The ruleset focuses on formalizing the logic of three atrium hotels to define Atr-Ino, an implementation for generating hotel designs. Atr-Ino is specified in a shape rewrite technology called Shape Machine to generate the original precedent designs, variations based on the three prototypes, and a series of reconfigured hybrid designs. In addition, a user study demonstrates how the rules of Atr-Ino can be used and/or redrafted to generate new hotel designs characterized by double-loaded configurations.
Practical Considerations in Wave Pipelining

The theory and algorithms presented in previous chapters have concentrated on the analysis of fixed circuit designs. Theoretical constraints on various timing parameters at the registers and internal circuit nodes have been discussed along with algorithms for the timing analysis of individual combination logic blocks. In both cases, the discussion has concentrated on analysis based on abstract timing and circuit parameters.
A Singularly Perturbed Turning Point Problem

Differential equation problems that depend on small parameter ∈ in such a way that the order of the equation is lower for ∈ = 0 than for ∈≠ 0 but remains positive are now commonly called “singular perturbation problems.” The condition that the order remain positive for ∈ = 0 is not a very distinguishing property of the differential equation as such. The equation $$\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} { \in u\prime \prime - 2xu\prime + ku = 0,}&{k a constant,} \end{array}$$ (11.1-1) k a constant, for instance, which will be examined closely in the next section, becomes $${ \in ^2}v\prime \prime - \left( {{x^2} - \in (1 + k)} \right)v = 0$$ (11.1-2) under the simple change of variables $$u = {e^{{x^2}/{2_ \in }}}v.$$ (11.1-3)
Advancing Medication Safety: Establishing a National Action Plan for Adverse Drug Event Prevention

Article-at-a-Glance Background Adverse drug events (ADEs) are important contributors to preventable morbidity and mortality, comprising one third of all hospital adverse events. In response to growing evidence detailing the high prevalence of ADEs, particularly among vulnerable older adults, Congress requested that the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) convene a Federal Interagency Steering Committee to establish a National Action Plan to focus on ADE prevention. In August 2014, the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion released the final version of the National Action Plan for Adverse Drug Event Prevention. The Action Plan directly supports the goals of the HHS Strategic Plan and the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act by providing guidance on tracking and preventing ADEs, as well as describing evidence-based tools and resources to enhance medication safety. ADE Action Plan Content The Federal Interagency Steering Committee focused the Action Plan on ADEs that are clinically significant, account for the greatest number of measurable harms as identified by using existing surveillance tools, and are largely preventable. As such, the decision was made to target three medication classes: anticoagulants, diabetes agents (insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents), and opioids. The Action Plan is organized around four key areas: surveillance; evidence-based prevention; payment, policy incentives, and oversight; and research opportunities to advance medication safety. Conclusion One measure of the ADE Action Plan's success will be the wider dissemination of information and educational resources to providers and patients (or consumers) regarding the risks associated with medications. Future Action Plan iterations are likely to consider other high-priority medication classes and update the recommendations.
The Unusual Women of Mpimbwe: Why Sex Differences in Humans are not Universal

Parental investment theory provides a strong basis for generalizations about how male and female mating strategies might vary, and has generated a large number of successful predictions regarding gender differences in human reproductive strategies. There are, however, many situations in which traditional sex roles are not observed, and behavioral ecologists are beginning to determine how and why this might be. In this chapter, I explore the implications of generalizations about universal sex differences for our understanding of gender differences in sexual and reproductive strategies of humans. First, I examine recent work within behavioral ecology on the status of parental investment as a determinant of sex differences in reproductive strategies. Second, I summarize analyses of reproductive strategies in a rural forager-horticultural population in western Tanzania where variance in women’s reproductive success is not significantly different from that of men and where women use serial matings rather more effectively than do men to outcompete their competitors, to show that key sex differences predicated on the mammalian pattern of parental investment are not necessarily observed. Third, I broaden this discussion of an obvious ethnographic exception to examine the relationship between human pair bonds and parental investment, to show again that sex differences in parental investment provide only a partial story. The implications of these observations for claims of universal sex differences and the gap between studies of human and nonhuman reproductive strategies are discussed in the conclusion.
The Clinical and Financial Burden of Mood Disorders: Cost and Outcome

Depressive disorders are a chronic, recurrent, and severe burden to both patients and their families. Depressive disorders represent a major national public health problem, ranking within the top 10 most costly diseases in the United States. In 1990, depressive disorders afflicted at least 11 million Americans and cost the U.S. economy an estimated $44 billion. In addition, affective disorders are associated with increased accident rates, increased rates of substance abuse (especially alcoholism), increased medical hospitalization, and an increase in somatic illnesses and outpatient medical utilization. Despite their ranking as a major health problem, depressive disorders are often underdiagnosed and undertreated. Brief treatment strategies that focus only on acute episodes are often ineffective and result in chronic impairment, impairing performance at work and socially. inadequate treatment increases costs, suffering, and lost productivity. Recent data suggest that effective treatment of depression requires long-term, skillful follow-up and active pharmacotherapy.
Case study of energy behavior: Systems thinking approach

In this paper, we design a layer-based framework for the smart city. This structure includes three sub-layers as human-institutional, physical, and data layers. We discuss the role of technology, individuals' and social capability in changing energy consumption behaviors. We designed a survey with three sub-layers: human-institutional, physical, and data layers to analyze the effect of technology, and individuals' and social variables in the households' energy consumption behavior. The individuals who live in the Greater New York City has been considered as the case study in this research.
Danny MacAskill and the visuality of the extreme

This article offers a visual analysis of online videos that feature innovative street trials cyclist Danny MacAskill. While MacAskill tends to be defined exclusively as an extreme athlete, this art...
Bloomer Girl Revisited or How to Frame an Unmade Picture

The standard analysis of Parker v. Twentieth Century Fox follows the court in focusing on whether the substitute employment offered Shirley MacLaine was "different and inferior" from that which she had initially contracted for. That, this paper argues, was the wrong question. The court managed to produce the right outcome, but through convoluted reasoning that failed to recognize the essential feature of the contract. The contract had a "pay-or-play" provision by which the studio, in effect, purchased an option on her time; they would pay her to be ready to make a particular film, but they made no promise to actually use her in making the film. Cancellation did not entail breach, and, therefore, it was unnecessary to ask whether she had failed to mitigate. The paper traces the case through the courts, showing how the attention paid the pay-or-play feature declined. It then analyzes the economics of the pay-or-play clause. The clause gives the studio an option, giving it the flexibility to adapt or to abandon a project. The pay-or-play clause is a nuanced balancing of the studio's need for flexibility against the artist's reliance.
Quality of Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy Treatment Plans Using a 60Co Magnetic Resonance Image Guidance Radiation Therapy System

Purpose This work describes a commercial treatment planning system, its technical features, and its capabilities for creating 60 Co intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) treatment plans for a magnetic resonance image guidance radiation therapy (MR-IGRT) system. Methods and Materials The ViewRay treatment planning system (Oakwood Village, OH) was used to create 60 Co IMRT treatment plans for 33 cancer patients with disease in the abdominal, pelvic, thorax, and head and neck regions using physician-specified patient-specific target coverage and organ at risk (OAR) objectives. Backup plans using a third-party linear accelerator (linac)-based planning system were also created. Plans were evaluated by attending physicians and approved for treatment. The 60 Co and linac plans were compared by evaluating conformity numbers (CN) with 100% and 95% of prescription reference doses and heterogeneity indices (HI) for planning target volumes (PTVs) and maximum, mean, and dose-volume histogram (DVH) values for OARs. Results All 60 Co IMRT plans achieved PTV coverage and OAR sparing that were similar to linac plans. PTV conformity for 60 Co was within 20 Gy. The mean doses for all 60 Co plan OARs were within clinical tolerances. Conclusions A commercial 60 Co MR-IGRT device can produce highly conformal IMRT treatment plans similar in quality to linac IMRT for a variety of disease sites. Additional work is in progress to evaluate the clinical benefit of other novel features of this MR-IGRT system.
Plasma Membrane Synthesis in the Macrophage following Phagocytosis of Polystyrene Latex Particles

Phagocytosis of polystyrene latex beads by mouse peritoneal macrophages results in the interiorization of large amounts of plasma membrane to form the phagolysosomal membrane. The isolated membrane of the phagolysosomes is initially similar to the plasma membrane in cholesterol and phospholipid content, and carries 5′-nucleotidase activity with the characteristics of the plasma membrane marker enzyme. Immediately after ingestion, the amount of the plasma membrane has descreased as judged by a reduction in cell volume, spreading, pinocytosis, and phagocytosis. During the next 6 hours, the phagolysosomal 5′-nucleotidase activity decreases with a half-life of about 2 hours. Total cellular 5′-nucleotidase also decreases to a degree accounted for by the decrease in the phagolysosomal enzyme and in proportion to the amount of latex interiorized. After a lag of about 6 hours, cellular levels of the membrane constituents cholesterol and phospholipid begin to increase. The final net increase is linearly proportional to the amount of latex initially ingested and to the amount of plasma membrane interiorized. Only at this time do the macrophages begin to spread out on the glass surface, resume pinocytosis, and regain the ability to phagocytize a new test particle. The cellular levels of 5′-nucleotidase also begin to increase reaching control levels by 10 to 12 hours after phagocytosis. This activity is not associated with the phagolysosomes. These changes suggest the net synthesis of plasma membrane to replace the membrane interiorized during phagocytosis. This synthesis requires the presence of exogenous cholesterol molecules for use in the membrane. In the absence of cholesterol, plasma membrane functions are not restored and 5′-nucleotidase activity does not return to control levels. The inhibition of protein and RNA synthesis after phagocytosis blocks the net increment in cellular cholesterol, phospholipid, and 5′-nucleotidase activity.
Concepts in spasticity and selective motor control in children with spastic cerebral palsy

Multiple impairments contribute to motor deficits seen in children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP). Impairments should be identified and quantified to individualize treatment plans. Spasticity and reduced selective voluntary motor control (SVMC) are two primary impairments. Spasticity is one of the most obvious and is the focus of many current interventions. The pendulum test is a sensitive measure of quadriceps spasticity than can be easily used with children. Our research has shown that the most sensitive pendulum test outcome is the first swing excursion. Using the pendulum test, the clinical premise that effortful exercise increases spasticity was disproven. Standardized tools have been available for evaluating spasticity, balance, strength and contractures, but not for the assessment of SVMC for patients with CP. We developed a new comprehensive assessment for lower extremity SVMC. Its validity and reliability have been established. The relationships between SVMC and gait as well as the clinical applications of SVMC assessment are presented.
Parasites and invasions: a biogeographic examination of parasites and hosts in native and introduced ranges

Aim To use a comparative approach to understand parasite demographic patterns in native versus introduced populations, evaluating the potential roles of host invasion history and parasite life history. Location North American east and west coasts with a focus on San Francisco Bay (SFB). Methods Species richness and prevalence of trematode parasites were examined in the native and introduced ranges of two gastropod host species, Ilyanassa obsoleta and Littorina saxatilis. We divided the native range into the putative source area for introduction and areas to the north and south; we also sampled the overlapping introduced range in SFB. We dissected 14,781 snails from 103 populations and recorded the prevalence and identity of trematode parasites. We compared trematode species richness and prevalence across the hosts’ introduced and native ranges, and evaluated the influence of host availability on observed patterns. Results Relative to the native range, both I. obsoleta and L. saxatilis have escaped (lost) parasites in SFB, and L. saxatilis demonstrated a greater reduction of trematode diversity and infection prevalence than I. obsoleta. This was not due to sampling inequalities between the hosts. Instead, rarefaction curves suggested complete capture of trematode species in native source and SFB subregions, except for L. saxatilis in SFB, where infection was extremely rare. For I. obsoleta, infection prevalence of trematodes using fish definitive hosts was significantly lower in SFB compared to the native range, unlike those using bird hosts. Host availability partly explained the presence of introduced trematodes in SFB. Main conclusions Differential losses of parasite richness and prevalence for the two gastropod host species in their introduced range is probably the result of several mechanistic factors: time since introduction, propagule pressure, vector of introduction, and host availability. Moreover, the recent occurrence of L. saxatilis’ invasion and its active introduction vector suggest that its parasite diversity and distribution will probably increase over time. Our study suggests that host invasion history and parasite life history play key roles in the extent and diversity of trematodes transferred to introduced populations. Our results also provide vital information for understanding community-level influences of parasite introductions, as well as for disease ecology in general.