cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incorporation of sulfur amino acids by leucocytes during wound healing.

The effect of wounding on the uptake of S 35 -labeled amino acids by leucocytes of the blood was studied. Although a significant increase in the rate of uptake of cystine was observed after wounding, there appeared to be no effect on the incorporation of methionine. The effect was most pronounced on the third day after wounding; by the seventh day, the uptake of cystine had returned almost to the normal control rate. Experiments with substances which inhibit metabolism indicated that different mechanisms are involved in the uptake of methionine and of cystine by leucocytes.
The NEURON Book: A tour of the NEURON simulation environment

… so, entering, the first thing I did was to stumble over an ash-box in the porch. Ha! thought I, ha, as the flying particles almost choked me, are these ashes from that destroyed city, Gomorrah? Modeling and understanding Modeling can have many uses, but its principal benefit is to improve understanding. The chief question that it addresses is whether what is known about a system can account for the behavior of the system. An indispensable step in modeling is to postulate a conceptual model that expresses what we know, or think we know, about a system, while omitting unnecessary details. This requires considerable judgment and is always vulnerable to hindsight and revision, but it is important to keep things as simple as possible. The choice of what to include and what to leave out depends strongly on the hypothesis that we are studying. The issue of how to make such decisions is outside the primary focus of this book, although from time to time we may return to it briefly. The task of building a computational model should only begin after a conceptual model has been proposed. In building a computational model we struggle to establish a match between the conceptual model and its computational representation, always asking the question: would the conceptual model behave like the simulation? If not, where are the errors? If so, how can we use NEURON to help understand why the conceptual model implies that behavior? Introducing NEURON NEURON is a simulation environment for models of individual neurons and networks of neurons that are closely linked to experimental data.
A review of the safety hazard due to poor health, drugs, and their interaction.

Accident-involved drivers consist of two separate population groups; those involved in fatal accidents and those involved in non-fatal accidents. One of the principle characteristics of the fatal accident group is the lower accident survival rate (ASR) and is likely to be improved by the use of therapeutic drugs. In the non-fatal group impaired driving performance is the most significant hazard. Some of the therapeutic drugs, specifically those that depress the central nervous system, tend to impair driving performance. This is likely to lead to daytime, non-fatal accidents. Chronic alcoholism is likely to lead to health impairment and lowered accident survival rate, and acute alcoholism is likely to impair driving performance.
Beam-cyclotron instabilities in high β-inhomogeneous plasmas

When electrons drift with respect to ions across a magnetic field, high frequency, fast-growing instabilities occur provided that the electron plasma frequency is much higher than the electron cyclotron frequency where p=pe, omega p>> Omega e). The theory for these instabilities is extended to the case of high beta , inhomogeneous plasma. It is shown that coupling between longitudinal and transverse modes can be neglected. Two types of instabilities are identified according to whether the ions are cold or hot. For cold ions the growth rate is found to be proportional to (me/mi)1/3 Omega e, while for hot ions it is sensitive only to the ratio of the drift velocity to the electron thermal velocity. It is also shown that the magnetic field gradient causes each branch of the electron-cyclotron dispersion relation to split into a band.
The effects of perceptual pretraining on concept identification and preference.

Abstract The effects of perceptual pretraining on preferences and concept identification performance in five- and eight-year-old S s were investigated. The results indicated that perceptual pretraining facilitated performance on a concept identification task with a non-preferred relevant cue for the five-year-olds, but not for the eight-year-olds. However, perceptual pretraining did not affect preference in either age group and S s were as consistent in their preference responding before and after perceptual pretraining as was a control group that had not received perceptual pretraining. Preferences were highly consistent in both age groups over a one week period. Perceptual pretraining was interpreted to increase the usability of the less preferred dimensions for the younger S s, and to leave the affective preference response unaltered in both groups.
Statistical risk modeling and outcomes analysis.

1. Normand S-LT, Shahian DM. Statistical and clinical aspects of hospital outcomes profiling. Stat Sci 2007;22: 206–26. 2. Shahian DM, Blackstone EH, Edwards FH, et al. Cardiac surgery risk models: a position article. Ann Thorac Surg 2004;78:1868–77. 3. Shahian DM, Normand SL, Torchiana DF, et al. Cardiac surgery report cards: comprehensive review and statistical critique. Ann Thorac Surg 2001;72:2155–68. 4. Krumholz HM, Brindis RG, Brush JE, et al. Standards for statistical models used for public reporting of health outcomes: an American Heart Association Scientific Statement from the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Writing Group. Circulation 200624;113:456–62. 5. Iezzoni LI. Risk adjustment for measuring health care outcomes, 3rd ed. Chicago: Health Administration Press, 2003. 6. Naftel DC. Do different investigators sometimes produce different multivariable equations from the same data? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1994;107:1528–9.
Effects of sediment nutrients on seagrasses: literature review and mesocosm experiment

Abstract A review of the literature shows that seagrass growth, abundance and morphology are strongly linked to available nutrient resources. In north temperate climates and in habitats with terrigenous sediments, nitrogen limitation occurs in both intertidal and subtidal beds. Typically, seagrasses growing in terrigenous sediments have ample phosphorus but lack nitrogen, and the plants' chemical composition is depleted in nitrogen. However, seagrasses occurring in tropical environments and carbonate sediments appear to experience phosphorus limitation due to binding of phosphate in the sediments. Thus, it is the sediment geochemistry in seagrass beds that is important in determining the limiting nutrient to seagrass growth. Examination of the literature indicates that field research on seagrass relationships involves too many interactive factors to be able to say certainly that any one plant characteristics is caused by any one environmental factor. Using mesocosms (partially enclosed outdoor experimental set-ups) one environmental factor can be changed between the treatment tank and the control. Therefore, we can determine experimentally that a plant characteristic is affected by a particular altered environmental factor. Experimental mesocosms used to grow eelgrass, Zostera marina L., in substrata of varied nitrogen composition showed the dramatic effect of insufficient nitrogen on eelgrass growth, abundance and leaf morphology. Additionally, eelgrass leaf tissue from low ammonium sand substratum is significantly depleted in nitrogen, demonstrating the supposition that nitrogen is limiting in terrigenous environments.
Tree rings and air pollution: A case study of Pinus monophylla growing in east-central Nevada

Abstract Five stands of Pinus monophylla (single-needle pinyon pine) from east-central Nevada were sampled and analysed using dendrochronological methods to detect the effects of climate and copper smelter effluent on annual ring-width growth. Tree-ring chronologies were developed for two sites near the smeller and for three control sites. All chronologies were highly and positively correlated before smelting began in 1908, but after that date there was a significant decrease in the correlation of the chronology from the site nearest the smeller with the other chronologies. The results of a response function analysis suggest that trees on the site nearest the smelter are limited by both climate and air pollution. An increase in the amount of low-frequency variance in the chronology from these trees is attributed to a decrease in ring-width growth from 1910 to 1930 followed by an increase in growth which may have been caused by some change in the trees' environment due to copper smeller effluent.
New ways of thinking: The intelligence function and strategic calculations in the admiralty, 1882–1889

Intelligence analysis is often viewed as a distant relative of the policy deliberations within military and naval organisations. This is especially apparent in contemporary settings, where policymaking is rigid and highly compartmentalised by the firewalls that exist between intelligence producers and consumers. The purpose of this article is to examine an overlooked case from intelligence history, when the creation of an intelligence function within the Admiralty had a profound impact upon the formulation and conduct of British naval policy in the 1880s. This inevitably encouraged new ways of thinking about how the Admiralty organised and prepared for war.
Partial alloc-deprotection approach for ladder synthesis of "one-bead one-compound" combinatorial libraries.

The topologically segregated bilayer-bead concept has been applied to encoded “one-bead one-compound” (OBOC) combinatorial libraries to avoid the interference of coding tags with biological screening. In this paper, we report on the development of a novel partial Alloc-deprotection (PAD) approach and the use of this approach to establish a new ladder-synthesis method for OBOC combinatorial libraries to further exploit the concept. In the PAD approach, Alloc-protected beads are partially deprotected, sequentially layer by layer, starting from the outer layer toward the bead interior. The degree of deprotection (or thickness of each layer) is controlled by the time of exposure to the deprotecting agent, palladium. By repetitive use of the PAD approach, a small portion of Alloc-protected N termini in the bead interior is liberated in each synthetic cycle for generation of an additional ladder member such that each library bead will carry a full-length library compound on the bead surface and a series of trun...
Geometry and Mechanisms of Folding Related to Growth Faulting in Nordheim Field Area (Wilcox), De Witt County, Texas: ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT The Nordheim area in western De Witt County, Texas has produced over 121 billion cubic ft of gas of which over 53 billion cubic ft has come from the deep lower Wilcox. Consequently, a better understanding of folding in the Nordheim area should aid future exploration efforts, especially in the deeper (greater than 10,000 ft) Wilcox. In order to better understand folding, methods are presented which separate the contribution various folding mechanisms to fold geometry. The folding mechanisms recognized are: mechanical folding, or folding due to faulting; drape compaction; and differential compaction. As a consequence of separating the various folding mechanisms, important geometric aspects of folding were recognized at Nordheim. They include: a) the upward movement of folds relative to regional dip, b) the shift of fold crests along dip and strike at various depths and c) the role of compaction in the final fold geometry. Upfolding is the term used to define the upward movement of folds relative to regional dip. Up folding is recognized where intervals thicken off a fold crest in all direction, and not just in the direction of the growth fault. For example the deepest interval in the lower Wilcox, the Migura, has over 200 ft of isopach relief and about 250 ft of closure. Shallower intervals and horizons show similar relationships between structure and isopach but with less relief. Upfolding is the dominant mechanism of folding in the Nordheim area. Most of the folding not explained by upholding is explained by either drape or differential compaction. Mechanisms of folding related to growth faulting proposed by previous authors have only incorporated two dimensions. Upfolding is a three dimensional concept, and it is believed to be caused by material moving down a concave shaped listric normal fault. The concave shape may cause a volume problem, which is overcome by the upward movement of material. Three specific exploration concepts have been developed as a result of this study.
Improved management of gangrene of the foot

Abstract A method has been outlined whereby the mortality following major amputation in arteriosclerotic and diabetic gangrene of the foot has been materially lowered. Postoperative complications have been largely avoided and the hospital stay has been greatly shortened.
Information transmission through genetic algorithm fitness maps

To bound the amount of information transmitted from a fitness map to a genetic algorithm population, we use a method suggested by Abu-Mostafa et al. [1] for measuring the information storage capacity of general forms of memory and represent the genetic algorithm as a communication channel. Our results show that a number of bits linear in the size of the search space can be stored in a fitness map, but on average only a logarithmic number of bits can be stored within a genetic algorithm population of bounded size and finite precision representation. Our results place an upper bound on the rate at which information can be transmitted through, or generated by and later extracted from, a genetic algorithm under fairly general conditions.
A new technique for noninvasive evaluation of femoral arterial and venous anatomy before and after percutaneous cardiac catheterization in children and infants.

Abstract A new ultrasonic method was applied to image the femoral artery and vein in children for evaluation of short- and long-term effects of cardiac Catheterization with femoral percutaneous cannulation. Sixty-six children and infants (aged 5 days to 20 years) were studied with a 9 megahertz electronically focused real time scanner. Adequate studies were obtained in 46 patients before Catheterization, in 26 of 30 short-term follow-up studies and in 14 long-term follow-up studies. Femoral arterial size could be quantitatively measured at the inguinal ligament and a correlation existed between imaged femoral arterial diameter and body weight (r = + 0.82) or body surface area ( r = + 0.80). Short-term follow-up ultrasonic imaging studies allowed diagnosis of spasm and other complications of percutaneous femoral arterial puncture. Long-term follow-up studies were performed 4 months to 3 years after Catheterization in 14 patients who had no complications recorded at the time of Catheterization. These revealed significant differences between vessels on the catheterized and uncatheterized (control) sides in only 3 of the 14. High resolution ultrasonic imaging can provide anatomic and functional information about femoral arteries and veins and appears to be of assistance in planning cardiac Catheterization and in studying the short- and long-term effects of percutaneous femoral cannulation.
Temperature dependent microwave dielectric constant of TTF-TCNQ and related one-dimensional conductors

Abstract The results of an experimental study of the low temperature (4.2–40 K) complex dielectric constant of the organic conductors (TTF)(TCNQ), (TMTTF)(TCNQ), (DSeDTF)(TCNQ), (TSeF)(TCNQ), and the alloy (TTF) 0.97 (TSeF) 0.03 (TCNQ) are described. The similar features observed in these different systems suggest that a common mechanism is involved.
Empowering or Oppressing? Development and Exploration of the Enjoyment of Sexualization Scale

Sexualization of girls and women in America is rampant and has many negative consequences. Women, however, often report enjoying being sexually admired by men. Given this paradox, it is unclear whether such enjoyment represents an authentic empowerment of women's sexuality or is related to traditional feminine norms and sexist beliefs. In Studies 1 and 2, the authors developed and tested the eight-item Enjoyment of Sexualization Scale (ESS). It had good reliability and was differentiated from related constructs including body surveillance, body shame, self-sexualizing behaviors, and appearance-contingent self-esteem. In Study 3, endorsement of traditional gender norms, endorsement of benevolent sexism, and endorsement of hostile sexism were all positively related to the ESS. Moreover, women who both enjoyed sexualization and engaged in self-objectification reported more negative eating attitudes. Overall, there was little support for positive effects of enjoying sexualization. The extent to which enjoying sexualization actually empowers women or contributes to their oppression is discussed.
“Click”-Based Covalent Layer-by-Layer Assembly on Polyethylene Using Water-Soluble Polymeric Reagents

The use of copper(I)-catalyzed “click” reactions of azides and alkynes for covalent layer-by-layer grafting on polyethylene is described. Water-soluble poly(N-alkylacrylamide) copolymers that contain pendant azide or alkyne groups that can be thermally separated from aqueous solutions were used to alternately “click” together azide and alkyne polymers via 1,2,3-triazole formation onto a prefunctionalized alkyne-containing surface. The layer-by-layer self-assembly process proceeds under ambient conditions and was followed by ATR-IR spectroscopy using control reactions to show that azide groups and copper catalysis are required for the assembly process. Post-graft functionalization of the hyperbranched assembly is used to demonstrate that the functional interfaces so formed can be further derivatized for other functions.
Section Steering Committee: Organization and Structure of ACC Member Sections

Over the summer, I represented the [Cardiovascular Imaging Section and Leadership Council][1] at the first in-person Section Steering Committee (SSC) meeting and thought I would share with you what I learned at the meeting. Established earlier this year, the SSC includes the chairs of all [member
Oxidation of isolated porous carbon particles: Comprehensive numerical model

A general mathematical formulation and a numerical solution approach are developed to model the oxidation of an isolated porous carbon particle in a quiescent atmosphere under quasi-steady conditions. A key element of the approach developed is the ability to decouple the internal surface area effects from the surface kinetic rates. The governing equations are integrated numerically from the centre of the particle to the edge of the gas-phase thermal mixing layer, with a novel transition layer introduced at the particle external surface. The numerical approach developed is then applied to a range of particle sizes and porosities in an enriched oxidizing environment. The existence of limiting combustion regime as a function of particle size, porosity, and ambient oxygen mole fraction is explored based on the model developed. Comparisons of the predicted particle mass burning rate and surface temperature with recent experiments, as well as the limiting or extinction conditions, are also presented.
Storm wave induced mortality of giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, in Southern California

Abstract The storm-related mortality rates of adult Macrocystis pyrifera in a Southern California giant kelp forest were determined over several winter storm seasons and compared with the hydrodynamic attributes of the most energetic storms. The data include stormy and relatively benign years and an exceptional storm which resulted in almost total destruction of a major Macrocystis forest. High orbital velocities (associated with large, high frequency waves), the presence of breaking waves, and entanglement by drifters were found to increase mortality through stipe breakage or holdfast failure. Longshore variability in wave intensity was found to affect kelp mortality rates. The data suggest that wave breaking may be an important factor in determining the inner boundary of the kelp bed.
Exploring neuronal bistability at the depolarization block.

Many neurons display bistability–coexistence of two firing modes such as bursting and tonic spiking or tonic spiking and silence. Bistability has been proposed to endow neurons with richer forms of information processing in general and to be involved in short-term memory in particular by allowing a brief signal to elicit long-lasting changes in firing. In this paper, we focus on bistability that allows for a choice between tonic spiking and depolarization block in a wide range of the depolarization levels. We consider the spike-producing currents in two neurons, models of which differ by the parameter values. Our dopaminergic neuron model displays bistability in a wide range of applied currents at the depolarization block. The Hodgkin-Huxley model of the squid giant axon shows no bistability. We varied parameter values for the model to analyze transitions between the two parameter sets. We show that bistability primarily characterizes the inactivation of the Na+ current. Our study suggests a connection between the amount of the Na+ window current and the length of the bistability range. For the dopaminergic neuron we hypothesize that bistability can be linked to a prolonged action of antipsychotic drugs.
Notch pathway activation can replace the requirement for Wnt4 and Wnt9b in mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition of nephron stem cells

The primary excretory organ in vertebrates is the kidney, which is responsible for blood filtration, solute homeostasis and pH balance. These functions are carried out by specialized epithelial cells organized into tubules called nephrons. Each of these cell types arise during embryonic development from a mesenchymal stem cell pool through a process of mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) that requires sequential action of specific Wnt signals. Induction by Wnt9b directs cells to exit the stem cell niche and express Wnt4, which is both necessary and sufficient for the formation of epithelia. Without either factor, MET fails, nephrons do not form and newborn mice die owing to kidney failure. Ectopic Notch activation in stem cells induces mass differentiation and exhaustion of the stem cell pool. To investigate whether this reflected an interaction between Notch and Wnt, we employed a novel gene manipulation strategy in cultured embryonic kidneys. We show that Notch activation is capable of inducing MET in the absence of both Wnt4 and Wnt9b. Following MET, the presence of Notch directs cells primarily to the proximal tubule fate. Only nephron stem cells have the ability to undergo MET in response to Wnt or Notch, as activation in the closely related stromal mesenchyme has no inductive effect. These data demonstrate that stem cells for renal epithelia are uniquely poised to undergo MET, and that Notch activation can replace key inductive Wnt signals in this process. After MET, Notch provides an instructive signal directing cells towards the proximal tubule lineage at the expense of other renal epithelial fates.
Leishmania tropica: association of a B-cell mitogen with hypergammaglobulinemia in mice.

Abstract Infection of BALB/c mice with Leishmania tropica NIH S strain resulted in splenic enlargement, hypergammaglobulinemia, and polyclonal activation of B lymphocytes as measured by the splenic plaque-forming cell response (PFC) to trinitrophenyl (TNP) and sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). The peak anti-SRBC PFC response occurred 5 weeks after infection; both direct and indirect (facilitated) plaques were significantly increased. The in vitro primary immune response to trinitrophenyl haptenated lipopolysaccharide (TNP-LPS), as enumerated by the anti-TNP PFC response, was also increased on a per-spleen basis beginning 3 weeks after infection. The properties of a lysate of L. tropica promastigotes (LTL) was studied to determine whether polyclonal B-cell activation was related to a parasite-derived mitogen. A B-cell mitogen was identified in LTL which stimulated the proliferation of spleen cells in vitro from uninfected control and congenitally athymic (T-cell-deficient) but not from μ-suppressed (B-cell-deficient) animals. Preliminary characterization of the mitogen material indicated that it was a nonpyrogenic, heat-labile peptide or protein and was probably not bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
Are There Absolutely Unsolvable Problems? Gödel's Dichotomy

This is a critical analysis of the first part of Godel's 1951 Gibbs lecture on certain philosophical consequences of the incompleteness theorems. Godel's discussion is framed in terms of a distinction between objective mathematics and subjective mathematics, according to which the former consists of the truths of mathematics in an absolute sense, and the latter consists of all humanly demonstrable truths. The question is whether these coincide; if they do, no formal axiomatic system (or Turing machine) can comprehend the mathematizing potentialities of human thought, and, if not, there are absolutely unsolvable mathematical problems of diophantine form. Either ... the human mind ... infinitely surpasses the powers of any finite machine, or else there exist absolutely unsolvable diophantine problems.
The effects of tillage and intra-row compaction on seedbed properties and red lentil emergence under dry land conditions

Abstract A two year-field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of three tillage treatments and three intra-row compaction levels on physical properties of seedbed and red lentil emergence in dry soil condition. The tillage treatments were: (1) conventional tillage (moldboard plow + disk harrow + float - CT); (2) reduced tillage 1 (horizontal axis rotary tiller - RT1); (3) reduced tillage 2 (vertical axis rotary tiller with roller - RT2). Intra-row compaction levels were: (1) no compaction (C0), (2) 60 kPa compaction (C1) and (3) 90 kPa compaction (C2). Tillage systems and intra-row compaction levels had significant effects on seedbed properties and seed emergence. In both years, while the maximum aggregate size observed using the RT1 system was between 1 and 8 mm, the CT system caused the highest MWD. The RT1 tillage system and C2 compaction level had a tendency of giving higher water holding capacity and water availability. RT2 and C2 treatments caused higher cone indexes and bulk density values than RT1 and CT. CT and C0 levels tend to decrease the cone index and bulk density at the top layer of soil. The only factor affected by soil tillage systems in both years was the mean emergence time (MET). For both growing seasons, the highest MET was found in CT and the lowest in RT2 and RT1 tillage systems. However, soil tillage systems and intra-row compaction levels both affected the percentage of seedling emergence (PE). While plots tilled with RT2 produced the maximum PE, the CT tillage system illustrated the minimum. Intra row compaction clearly enhanced PE values.
Jensen measures and analytic multifunctions

This paper describes plurisubharmonic convexity and hulls, and also analytic multifunctions in terms of Jensen measures. In particular, this allows us to get a new proof of Slodkowski's theorem stating that multifunctions are analytic if and only if their graphs are pseudoconcave. We also show that multifunctions with plurisubharmonically convex fibers are analytic if and only if their graphs locally belong to plurisubharmonic hulls of their boundaries. In the last section we prove that minimal analytic multifunctions satisfy the maximum principle and give a criterion for the existence of holomorphic selections in the graphs of analytic multifunctions.
Direct measurement of alpha emitters in liquids using passivated ion implanted planar silicon (PIPS) diode detectors

The present study evaluated the feasibility of direct measurement of alpha emitting radionuclides in liquids using passivated ion implanted planar silicon (PIPS) diode detectors. The performance characteristics and durability of PIPS diode detectors enabled direct detection of alpha particles from liquid samples by placing the diode detector in close proximity to the liquid sample. Factors affecting the sensitivity and accuracy of direct detection of alpha-emitters in solution and interferences of beta/gamma emitters have been examined. Direct assay of liquid samples using PIPS diode detectors can enable rapid and straightforward detection methodologies suitable for process control applications.
Presenting symptoms of women with depression in an obstetrics and gynecology setting.

Approximately one third of women in the United States regard their obstetrician–gynecologist (ob-gyn) as their primary care physician.1 Ob-gyns estimate that 37% of nonpregnant patients receive primary care solely in obstetrics and gynecology settings2 and one third of clinical visits for women younger than age 65 years is provided by ob-gyns.3 Therefore, ob-gyns are likely to encounter one of the most frequent clinical problems women experience: depression. Depression occurs in approximately 21% of women over their lifetime,4,5 often during adolescence, early adulthood, or key developmental periods such as the postpartum6 and menopausal periods.7 The estimated depression prevalence in women attending obstetrics and gynecology clinics ranges from 4% to 22%.8–10 Despite this high prevalence, several studies have shown that in obstetrics and gynecology clinics, only 20–33% of patients with depression are accurately diagnosed.8,9 Most patients with depression in primary care present with somatic symptoms such as headache,11,12 and these patients are less likely to be diagnosed accurately compared with patients presenting with depression symptoms. This study described the presenting symptoms of women screening positive for depression in obstetrics and gynecology settings, determined how often women with depression are diagnosed, and examined what factors were associated with the diagnosis of depression by the clinician. By enhancing understanding of symptoms depressed women present with and the variables associated with diagnosis, this study may help improve ob-gyns’ recognition of depression.
Summary of Quaternary geology of the Municipality of Anchorage, Alaska

Abstract Quaternary geology of the Upper Cook Inlet region is dominated by deposits of glacier retreats that followed repeated advances from both adjacent and more distant mountains. At several levels high on the mountains, there are remnant glacial deposits and other features of middle or older Pleistocene age. Late Pleistocene lateral moraines along the Chugach Mountain front represent successively younger positions of ice retreat from the last glacial maximum. As the trunk glacier retreated northeastward up the Anchorage lowland, Cook Inlet transgressed the area, depositing the Bootlegger Cove Formation and Tudor Road deposits. The glacier then readvanced to form the latest Pleistocene Elmendorf Moraine, a prominent feature that trends across the Anchorage lowland. Extensive alluvium was deposited both concurrently and somewhat later as Cook Inlet regressed. Mountain valleys contain (1) locally preserved moraines possibly of early Holocene age; (2) poorly preserved moraine remnants of older late Holocene age; and (3) well-preserved moraines formed mainly during the Little Ice Age. Glaciers still occupy large parts of the mountains, the upper ends of some mountain valleys, and small cirques. Holocene landslide deposits, including those formed during the great Alaska earthquake of 1964, occur throughout the area, especially along bluffs containing the Bootlegger Cove Formation.
The Impact of Institutional Arrangements on Educational Efficiency

Per pupil expenditures on education in the United States have grown immensely in recent decades, yet student achievement has been stagnant. An abundance of research has sought to solve this enigma, much of it centered on the incentive structure facing administrators. Some recent papers use TIMSS data to analyze the relationship between institutional arrangements—that typically do not vary within a single country—and student achievement. Similarly, we utilize TIMSS 1999 to determine if there is an indirect relationship between institutional arrangements and student achievement, via a relationship with school efficiency. Our results show that the specified link between institutional arrangements and student achievement (direct or indirect) is important in certain instances and confirm evidence found in previous research that certain arrangements are beneficial or detrimental to student achievement, regardless of the specification chosen.
Cellular resistance and hypermutability in mismatch repair-deficient human cancer cell lines following treatment with methyl methanesulfonate

Abstract Resistance to the cytotoxic effects of S N 1 alkylating agents such as N -methyl- N ′-nitro- N -nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and N -methyl- N -nitrosourea (MNU) is well established in mismatch repair-defective cells, however, little is known about the cellular response to S N 2 alkylating agents in these cells. Here we describe the cytotoxic response and the mutagenic response at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase ( HPRT ) locus to the S N 2 alkylating agent methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) in human cancer cell lines defective in mismatch repair (MMR). Our findings suggest that cytotoxicity to MMS is mediated through MMR, as indicated by an increased resistance to MMS in MMR-deficient cells. Cells in which specific MMR-gene defects were complemented by chromosome transfer were generally more sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of MMS. Additionally, the induced mutant frequency at HPRT following exposure to MMS is significantly increased in MMR-deficient lines. These findings suggest that resistance to S N 2 alkylation damage is mediated by MMR genes, and that resistance to such damage in MMR-defective cells correlates with an increase in genomic mutations. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that abasic sites may be substrates for repair involving MMR-gene products in human cells.
Bereavement care for families part 2: Evaluation of a paediatric follow-up programme

In North America, parents are not expected to outlive their child. When they do, neighbours, co-workers, friends and family do not know what to say or do resulting in parents feeling isolated in their grief and left alone to find the support they need. The Paediatric Palliative Care team at Capital Health’s, Stollery Children’s Hospital (Stollery) in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada began a programme of bereavement follow-ups in April 2002 to offer support to families who had experienced the death of their child. In Part 1 of this article (deJong-Berg and deVlamming, 2005) implementation and the current state of the programme is outlined, and in Part 2 we present the results of the programme evaluation conducted in Spring, 2005. Eighty-one families were invited to take part in a satisfaction survey to determine the helpfulness of this bereavement follow-up programme. Twenty-nine parents, representing 21 families, took part. Parents reported that written information received was useful and that they felt supporte...
Anthracotic and anthracosilicotic spindle cell pseudotumors of mediastinal lymph nodes: Report of five cases of a reactive lesion that simulates malignancy

We report five cases of reactive mediastinal spindle cell proliferations associated with anthracosis and anthracosilicosis that simulated a malignant process both on clinical and morphological grounds. Clinically, the lesions formed radiographically evident masses or were infiltrative. Microscopically, a prominent storiform pattern of intertwining spindle cells was found in four cases. This proliferation extended outside of the lymph node capsule in three cases and surrounded nerves in two. Because of this combination of features, the submitted diagnoses included a malignant neoplasm in four cases. The spindle cells were immunoreactive for histiocytic markers and focally contained fine anthracotic pigment. All cases featured nodular hyaline scars and contained polarizable material suggestive of silica, although a history of industrial exposure was obtained in only two cases. No lesion has enlarged or otherwise progressed during follow-up ranging from 6 to 48 months. The differential diagnosis includes a variety of spindle cell neoplasms, including malignant fibrous histiocytoma, follicular dendritic cell tumor, spindle cell melanoma, and Kaposi's sarcoma.
On the number of K 4 -saturating edges

Let G be a K 4 -free graph; an edge in its complement is a K 4 -saturating edge if the addition of this edge to G creates a copy of K 4 . Erd?s and Tuza conjectured that for any n-vertex K 4 -free graph G with ? n 2 / 4 ? + 1 edges, one can find at least ( 1 + o ( 1 ) ) n 2 16 K 4 -saturating edges. We construct a graph with only 2 n 2 33 K 4 -saturating edges. Furthermore, we prove that it is best possible, i.e., one can always find at least ( 1 + o ( 1 ) ) 2 n 2 33 K 4 -saturating edges in an n-vertex K 4 -free graph with ? n 2 / 4 ? + 1 edges.
Energy and Mass Balance Calculations for Incinerators

Abstract Calculation of energy and mass balance within an incinerator is a very important part of designing and/or evaluating the incineration process. This article describes a simple computer model used to calculate an energy and mass balance for a rotary kiln incinerator. The main purpose of the model is to assist U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) permit writers in evaluating the adequacy of the data submitted by applicants seeking incinerator permits. The calculation is based on the assumption that a thermodynamic equilibrium condition exists within the combustion chamber. Key parameters that the model can calculate include theoretical combustion air, excess air needed for actual combustion cases, flue gas flow rate, and exit temperature.
New insights into the phylogenetic distribution and evolutionary origins of the septins

Until recently, it had appeared that the septin family of proteins was restricted to the opisthokont eukaryotes (the fungi and animals and their close relatives the microsporidia and choanoflagellates). It has now become apparent that septins are also present in several other widely divergent eukaryotic lineages (chlorophyte algae, brown algae, and ciliates). This distribution and the details of the non-opisthokont septin sequences appear to require major revisions to hypotheses about the origins and early evolution of the septins.
A Born-type approximation method for bioluminescence tomography

In this paper, we present a Born-type approximation method for bioluminescence tomography (BLT), which is to reconstruct an internal bioluminescent source from the measured bioluminescent signal on the external surface of a small animal. Based on the diffusion approximation for the photon propagation in biological tissue, this BLT method utilizes the Green function to establish a linear relationship between the measured bioluminescent signal and the internal bioluminescent source distribution. The Green function can be modified to describe a heterogeneous medium with an arbitrary boundary using the Born approximation. The BLT reconstruction is formulated in a linear least-squares optimization framework with simple bounds constraint. The performance of this method is evaluated in numerical simulation and phantom experiments.
CHROMOSOME BEHAVIOR IN ACER PLATANOIDES L.

That chromosomes may be observed as definite bodies at nearly all stages in the life of a cell has been shown by various workers. Rosenberg (I904) and Overton (I905) were among the first to direct attention to the individual chromosomes in the resting nuclei in plant cells as definite chromatin bodies. In addition, Overton (I909) has figured these chromatin masses, " prochromosomes" as he termed them, in the various stages of the reduction division in the pollen mother cells of Thalictrum, Calycanthus, and Richardia. He maintains that these prochromosomes are in pairs in the resting nucleus of the mother cell; that in synapsis a continuous bivalent spirem exists in which the paired prochromosomes are arranged side by side at more or less regular intervals, and that they remain thus associated in parallel pairs until they separate at metaphase. Evidently these observations and conclusions of Overton are in support of the Gregoire school which maintains that there is a side-by-side pairing of the chromosomes in synapsis. Digby (I9I9) has brought forward some corroborative evidence in support of the view of Farmer and his followers that the splitting of the spirem preceding synapsis is the same as the splitting in the telophases of the sporogenous mitosis, and that there is an end-to-end pairing of the chromosomes in synapsis rather than a side-by-side pairing. The difference between these two views of how the chromosomes pair appears to be due largely to differences in interpretation of stages associated with synapsis. Evidence which has a direct bearing upon this problem has been found in the study of the heterotypic division of the pollen mother cells of the Norway maple, Acer platanoides; in this plant the behavior of the individual chromosomes may be followed with considerable clearness through synapsis. Cardiff studied this species, but his findings differ in several particulars from those of the writer, so that a reconsideration of this form seems justified. METHODS
Non-equilibrium molecular dynamics calculations on the shear viscosity of hard spheres

Abstract The coefficient of shear viscosity is computed by two non-equilibrium molecular dynamics methods related to those of Lees and Edwards, Evans, and Ashurst and Hoover for hard sphere systems at a fluid density near the solid transition density. One of the methods is isothermal in that it arbitrarily rescales the peculiar velocities. The other permits the system to heat with time. The resulting viscosities are found to agree within the statistical uncertainties for all values of the shear rate studied. Moreover, the non-equilibrium results would appear to be consistent with the zero-shear-rate Green-Kubo results. However, the calculated viscosity shows no evidence for a square-root dependence on shear rate, within the rather large statistical uncertainties, particularly at small shear rate. Moreover, if we deduce a square-root dependence from the previously observed long-time tail of the shear viscosity through the Zwanzig relation, then these viscositees appear to disagree significantly.
The pathogenesis of large cell transformation in cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma is not associated with t(2;5)(p23;q35) chromosomal translocation

In 20%-50% of the advanced cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL), malignant T cells undergo large cell transformation (LCT). The malignant T cells of LCT in CTCL can share morphologic and immunophenotypic similarities with CD30 (Ki-1)-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), suggesting a common mechanism of pathogenesis. The t(2;5) (p23;q35) translocation, resulting in the fusion of the nucleophosmin (NPM) gene and the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene, is associated with primary CD30+ ALCL. To determine whether acquisition of this chromosomal translocation is involved in the pathogenesis of LCT in CTCL, we examined 12 tumor samples from 9 CTCL patients, including 8 with LCT-CTCL and one with concurrent CTCL and Hodgkin's disease, for the presence of the t(2;5) translocation. Numerous CD30+ large cells were present in 4 LCT-CTCL consistent with secondary CD30+ ALCL; CD30 was expressed by <10% of the large cells in another case and was negative in the other 3 lymphomas. Using primers spanning the NPM/ALK fusion junction, PCR amplification following reverse transcription (RT) of mRNA failed to show the products of NPM/ALK fusion in all samples tested. Thus, the t(2;5) (p23;q35) translocation does not appear to be involved in the molecular pathogenesis of LCT in CTCL, including CD30+ cases.
Disentangling the social threads within a communicative environment: a cacophonous tale of alternative and augmentative communication (AAC)

Alternative and augmentative communication (AAC) technology is being increasingly recognised as an important means of fostering the literacy of students with significant disabilities. However, the coordinated use of AAC technology continues to challenge professionals, families and users leading to dissonant meanings and fragmented use. This paper is an attempt to inquire into, and disentangle some of, the social threads that made up the communicative environment of one first‐grade student with significant disabilities – Trevor – for whom augmentative communication technology was procured. The ethnographic study reported in this paper documents the conflicting meanings of access and participation that surfaced among the multiple participants under whose guidance Trevor was required to use AAC. The paper discloses the assumptions implicit in these practices and in the conceptions of literacy enacted by different professionals. The paper notes the significance of these issues for Trevor's narrative construct...
Electrochemical detection of nitric oxide in biological systems

Nitric oxide is a key regulator of diverse physiological processes that include vasoregulation, platelet and neutrophil adherence, and immune defense. The detection and quantification of nitric oxide has been accomplishd by a variety of methodologies. In this paper we desribe methodologies to detect nitric oxide in solution using an electrochemical detector and provide examples of nitric oxide detection in biological systems including data from plasma and cell suspensions. The experiments outlined show that electrochemical detection is suitable for detecting and quantifying nitric oxide within biological samples and buffers. Potential pitfalls and necessary controls are discussed. The use of electrochemical detection was also found to be useful in determining the flux of nitric oxide produced by donor species in different biological buffers.
Differential tolerance to ultraviolet-B light and photoenzymatic repair in cladocerans from a Chilean lake

In the present study, the sensitivity of four coexisting cladoceran species to ultraviolet (UV)-B radiation was evaluated. First, the LD50 under conditions inhibiting the action of photoenzymatic repair was calculated by exposing cladocerans to different doses of UV-B light only. Animals in another treatment group were exposed to both UV-B and visible light, which allows for photoenzymatic repair. Photoenzymatic repair contributed significantly towards the degree of total tolerance to UV-B light in all groups of cladocerans, although the magnitude of the contribution varied among species. When no photoenzymatic repair was allowed, the most tolerant species was Moina micrura, followed by Daphnia ambigua and Ceriodaphnia dubia, with Diaphanosoma chilense being the most sensitive species. Under conditions permitting the action of photorepair, M. micrura was again the most tolerant species to UV-B light. Ceriodaphnia dubia showed an intermediate tolerance value, whereas D. chilense and D. ambigua were the least tolerant species, with no significant differences between them. Adults and juveniles of C. dubia differed in their sensitivity to UV-B light under conditions with and without photorepair.
Early Maya architectural innovation at Cuello, Belize

Abstract While Classic Maya architecture has long been famed, its origins are obscure. Excavations at the Preclassic site of Cuello, Belize, have yielded a sequence of buildings for the period between 1000 BC and AD 400, which demonstrates the transformation of a domestic compound into a ceremonial precinct. Ephemeral constructions of earth and plaster give place to larger and more solid buildings faced with masonry, and eventually to solid stone‐fill structures with ashlar facing. Ceremonial architecture exhibits more, and more rapid, innovation than residential buildings.