cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
"Not some trumped up beef": Assessing Credibility of Online Restaurant Reviews

Online reviews, or electronic word of mouth (eWOM), are an essential source of information for people making decisions about products and services, however they are also susceptible to abuses such as spamming and defamation. Therefore when making decisions, readers must determine if reviews are credible. Yet relatively little research has investigated how people make credibility judgments of online reviews. This paper presents quantitative and qualitative results from a survey of 1,979 respondents, showing that attributes of the reviewer and review content influence credibility ratings. Especially important for judging credibility is the level of detail in the review, whether or not it is balanced in sentiment, and whether the reviewer demonstrates expertise. Our findings contribute to the understanding of how people judge eWOM credibility, and we suggest how eWOM platforms can be designed to coach reviewers to write better reviews and present reviews in a manner that facilitates credibility judgments.
Copper(I) Acetate

[598-54-9] C2H3CuO2 (MW 122.58) InChI = 1S/C2H4O2.Cu/c1-2(3)4;/h1H3,(H,3,4);/q;+1/p-1 InChIKey = RFKZUAOAYVHBOY-UHFFFAOYSA-M (acetoxylation;4 oxidation of phenols;6 hydrogenation3) Alternate Name: cuprous acetate. Physical Data: dec 285 °C. Solubility: sol water (hydrolyzes to form Cu2O), pyridine, HOAc; dissolves slowly in ether. Form Supplied in: tan or white powder; commercially available. Preparative Methods: obtained as a sublimate by heating copper(II) acetate in vacuo to temperatures above 220 °C.2 Prepared from Copper(I) Oxide and Acetic Acid–Acetic Anhydride;3 also, from a reaction involving Copper(II) Acetate and Copper foil in anhydrous acetonitrile with acetic acid–acetic anhydride. The mixture is stirred under nitrogen for 48 h after excess copper is removed, and precipitation of copper(I) acetate in ether occurs.4, 5 Obtained by slow addition of a solution of hydroxylamine hydrogen sulfate to a hot mixture of ammoniacal copper(II) acetate solution buffered with a large amount of ammonium acetate; addition of excess acetic acid precipitates the copper(I) acetate.1 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: stable when dry, but decomposes with moisture or strong heating.
Communication between language-deficient children and mothers or a speech pathologist

Abstract Interaction of mothers with language-deficient children and of a speech pathologist with the same children is described using Bales' Interaction Process Analysis and Skinner's Verbal Behavior Analysis. Tabulations and profiles indicate: (1) participants tend to solve tasks rather than to respond emotionally; (2) adults suggest, question, and command while children reply and give information; (3) the physical environment stimulates mothers' responses while preceding verbalizations stimulate those of the therapist. Clinical implications regarding programming of therapy are discussed.
RELATIVISTIC HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS: RECENT RESULTS FROM RHIC

High energy collisions of heavy nuclei at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider permit the study of nuclear matter at extreme densities and temperatures. Selected experimental highlights from the early RHIC program are presented. Measurements of the total multiplicity in heavy-ion collisions show a surprising similarity to measurements in e+e- collisions after nuclear geometry is taken into account. RHIC has sufficient center-of-mass energy to use large transverse momentum particles and jets as a probe of the nuclear medium. Signatures of "jet quenching" due to radiative gluon energy loss of fast partons in a dense medium are observed for the first time at RHIC. In order to account for this energy loss, initial energy densities of 30-100 times normal nuclear matter density are required.
Hypouricemia linked to an overproduction of nitric oxide is an early marker of oxidative stress in female subjects with type 1 diabetes.

Objective The aim of this study is to verify whether, early in the course of type 1 diabetes and assuming hyperglycemia as the only risk factor, women demonstrate a change in oxidative status due to an interaction between nitric oxide (NO) and uric acid production. Methods Thirty-eight women with type 1 diabetes of less than 10 years' duration and with no diabetic complications were compared with 25 matched healthy female controls. Insulin, C-peptide, NO, HbA1c and oxidative stress metabolites were determined from venous blood samples taken from all patients after a 12 h overnight fast. Urine samples were used for urinary uric acid determination. Results Most oxidative stress metabolites were significantly increased (p < 0.0001), while plasmatic and urinary uric acid levels were significantly lower (p < 0.0001) in patients with type 1 diabetes compared with controls. Mean NO levels were inversely related to uricemia. Bivariate regression analysis showed a significant correlation between plasmatic uric acid and NO (p = 0.004), ascorbic acid (p = 0.042), triglycerides (p = 0.014) and HbA1c (p < 0.0001). Linear multivariate regression analysis showed a significant relationship between HbA1c and plasmatic uric acid (beta = − 0.465, p = 0.0004). Conclusions Oxidative stress is already present in the early stages of type 1 diabetes. We conclude that the initial increase in oxidative stress could be linked to a reduction in plasmatic levels of uric acid, which is probably directly caused by an overproduction of NO. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photochemically Triggered Assembly of Composite Nanomaterials through the Photodimerization of Adsorbed Anthracene Derivatives

Gold nanoparticles were assembled into three-dimensional aggregates in colloidal dispersions and were attached to ZrO2 surfaces through photoinduced [4 + 4] cycloaddition reactions between adsorbed anthracene derivatives. Composite materials were characterized by ultraviolet/visible/near-IR spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). Aggregates of gold nanoparticles with diameters of several micrometers were formed within 45 min of illumination at 355 nm and 130 mW/cm2. Aggregation was attributed primarily to interfacial photodimerization between anthryl groups on different gold nanoparticles, although intramonolayer photodimerization reactions may also have occurred. 9-Anthracenethiolate-capped gold nanoparticles were attached to 2-anthroate-functionalized ZrO2 surfaces upon excitation of anthryl π−π* transitions. ToF-SIMS data and the results of control experiments suggested...
Effect of fiber orientation on friction and wear of fiber reinforced polymeric composites

The friction and wear behavior of composites (i.e. uniaxially oriented graphite fiber-epoxy, Kevlar fiber-epoxy and biaxially oriented glass fiber-MoS2-polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)) was investigated as a function of varying fiber orientations with respect to the sliding direction. In graphite fiber-epoxy composites, both wear and friction coefficients were minimum when the orientation of the fibers was normal to the sliding surface. In Kevlar-epoxy composites when the fibers were oriented normal to the surface and the sliding direction, the wear rate was also minimum but the friction coefficient was the highest. In glass fiber-MoS2-PTFE composites wear was minimum when the largest fraction of fibers was oriented normal to the sliding surface.
Mechanism of electrophilic attack in (η5-pentadienyl)Mn[(Me2PCH2)3CMe] and (η5-2,4-dimethylpentadienyl)Re(PMe2Ph)3

Abstract Electrophilic attacks onboth (η 5 -pentadienyl)Mn[(Me 2 PCH 2 ) 3 CMe] and (η 5 -2,4-dimethylpentadienyl)Re(PMe 2 Ph) 3 are predicted to occur at the metal center, based on the results of ab initio molecular orbital calculations. Attack occurs at the open side of the pentadienyl ligand, although for both complexes the thermodynamic product exhibits a different configuration from that of the kinetic product. In the thermodynamic product of the manganese complex the proton resides in a semibridging position between the side of the pentadienyl ligand and the metal center. In the rhenium complex, the proton migrates to the back side of the pentadienyl ligand and bonds strongly with the metal center.
Local Magnetic Field Variations and Stress Changes Near a Slip Discontinuity on the San Andreas Fault

Data from an array of proton magnetometers in central California indicate that a systematic decrease in magnetic field of about 2 γ in 5 years has occurred in a localized region near Anzar, California, just north of the creeping section of the San Andreas fault. This field change has most likely resulted from changes in crustal stress in this region, although an unknown second-order effect of secular variation cannot be excluded as a alternate explanation. Tectonomagnetic models have been developed using dislocation modeling of slip on a finite section of fault. Assuming a fault geometry and rock magnetization, these models relate changes in stress, fault slip, and fault geometry to surface magnetic field anomalies. A large-scale anomaly, opposite in sense to that observed but of similar amplitude, would be expected to have accumulated in this area during the past 70 years. A localized 5-bar decrease in shear strain on the fault resulting from about 2 cm of slip on a 0.25-km square patch at a depth of 1 km beneath the surface trace of the fault opposite the magnetometer could explain the observed data and still be compatible with the geodetic strain measurements in the area. Other models of limited local slip are equally possible. The occurrence of a moderate magnitude earthquake in this region will allow comparison of stress changes estimated by different techniques.
Marine waste deposits near New York

Abstract The effects of effluent discharges and sludge dumping in New York Harbor and New York Bight have been surveyed. Total carbon content, loss on ignition, and lead and copper concentrations prove to be the most useful parameters for mapping the distribution of wastes in bottom deposits.
Counseling and Counselor Education: A Developmental Approach

The article reviews the need for a developmental conception as the aim of educational intervention. The rationale is presented and compared to the mental health treatment approach. A case is made for the importance of a primary prevention, an ego and moral development focus for the psychological education of pupils and young adults.
Two-Site Recognition of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Phosphate by PROPPINs in Autophagy

Macroautophagy is essential to cell survival during starvation and proceeds by the growth of a double-membraned phagophore, which engulfs cytosol and other substrates. The synthesis and recognition of the lipid phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate, PI(3)P, is essential for autophagy. The key autophagic PI(3)P sensors, which are conserved from yeast to humans, belong to the PROPPIN family. Here we report the crystal structure of the yeast PROPPIN Hsv2. The structure consists of a seven-bladed β-propeller and, unexpectedly, contains two pseudo-equivalent PI(3)P binding sites on blades 5 and 6. These two sites both contribute to membrane binding in vitro and are collectively required for full autophagic function in yeast. These sites function in concert with membrane binding by a hydrophobic loop in blade 6, explaining the specificity of the PROPPINs for membrane-bound PI(3)P. These observations thus provide a structural and mechanistic framework for one of the conserved central molecular recognition events in autophagy.
The effect of childhood interracial contact on adult antiblack prejudice

Abstract Since the mid-1950s, and through both formal and informal means, American government has strived to promote tolerance and equality between races. Among the most obvious of these strategies have been policies and laws promoting desegregation in schools, neighborhoods, and elsewhere. Designed to provide equal access to education and shelter, they also allowed greater interracial contact in a sanction-free environment, ostensibly with the goal of promoting greater racial tolerance. It was believed that equal-status contact, particularly during the formative years, would engender more positive racial attitudes among young persons that would endure into adulthood. We test this assumption on 292 white adults participating in the 1991 Oklahoma City Survey. Findings show that childhood interracial contact in schools and neighborhoods not only disconfirms negative racial stereotypes, but has a direct, significant effect on levels of adult antiblack prejudice even controlling for other relevant factors. Results suggest continued support for the desegregation of American schools and neighborhoods as a means of promoting more positive racial attitudes through interracial contact.
Multiuser channel estimation and detection with partial user information for space-time coded CDMA systems

In this work, we develop a new second-order statistics based multiuser multipath channel estimation algorithm for uplink wireless space-time coded CDMA systems. The estimation procedure is based on the parameterization, with respect to the multiuser channel response vector, of the received data covariance matrix. As a side result, we also obtain an improved covariance matrix estimator. Then we utilize both the channel and the covariance matrix estimates to obtain an estimate of the linear MMSE receiver. Simulation studies illustrate the performance improvements of the proposed estimators relative to existing methods in terms of channel estimation mean-square error as well as receiver filter output SINR and receiver BER.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Erythrocyte malondialdehyde release in vitro: a functional measure of vitamin E status.

The definition for a sufficient vitamin E level has often been based on population studies that established the normal range of values for fasting plasma or serum vitamin E and more recently for vitamin E to total lipid ratios. These endpoints for vitamin E replacement strategies may not be readily achievable, particularly in the cholestatic patient for whom it is often impossible to reach and sustain normal levels even with massive doses of vitamin E. Vitamin E is believed to function as an antioxidant in vivo protecting membranes from lipid peroxidation. Malondialdehyde (MDA), a product of polyunsaturated fat peroxidation, was measured as the thiobarbiturate derivative in the supernatant following incubation of erythrocytes in hydrogen peroxide. The two different incubation conditions described here and the subsequent measurement of MDA appear to provide a sensitive functional assessment of vitamin E status. The clinical utility of this assay, which requires just 1.5 to 2.0 ml of whole blood, was demonstrated by comparing the percent of total MDA released from individuals regarded as vitamin E sufficient by conventional methods with vitamin E deficient subjects. The release of MDA from erythrocytes from vitamin E deficient subjects was clearly greater (44.1 ± 18.8% vs 2.0 ± 1.8%) than for control subjects (p < 0.001).
Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 Expression and Signaling During Disease: Regulation by Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidants

The endothelium is immunoregulatory in that inhibiting the function of vascular adhesion molecules blocks leukocyte recruitment and thus tissue inflammation. The function of endothelial cells during leukocyte recruitment is regulated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants. In inflammatory sites and lymph nodes, the endothelium is stimulated to express adhesion molecules that mediate leukocyte binding. Upon leukocyte binding, these adhesion molecules activate endothelial cell signal transduction that then alters endothelial cell shape for the opening of passageways through which leukocytes can migrate. If the stimulation of this opening is blocked, inflammation is blocked. In this review, we focus on the endothelial cell adhesion molecule, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). Expression of VCAM-1 is induced on endothelial cells during inflammatory diseases by several mediators, including ROS. Then, VCAM-1 on the endothelium functions as both a scaffold for leukocyte migration and a trigger of endothelial signaling through NADPH oxidase-generated ROS. These ROS induce signals for the opening of intercellular passageways through which leukocytes migrate. In several inflammatory diseases, inflammation is blocked by inhibition of leukocyte binding to VCAM-1 or by inhibition of VCAM-1 signal transduction. VCAM-1 signal transduction and VCAM-1-dependent inflammation are blocked by antioxidants. Thus, VCAM-1 signaling is a target for intervention by pharmacological agents and by antioxidants during inflammatory diseases. This review discusses ROS and antioxidant functions during activation of VCAM-1 expression and VCAM-1 signaling in inflammatory diseases.
THE ROLE OF PURINE AND PYRIMIDINE BASES AND THEIR ANALOGUES IN RADIATION SENSITIVITY.

The sensitivity of bacterial species to the lethal effects of radiations and alkylating agents is related to the base composition of their DNA; high guanine and cytosine (GC) content confers increased sensitivity to X rays and mustards and increased resistance to ultraviolet. Preliminary results suggest that differences in average GC content of different markers in Bacillus subtilis DNA may be detectable by radiosensitivity analysis. Purine starvation, thymine starvation, or incubation with certain purine and pyrimidine analogues may alter bacterial radiation responsiveness, as reflected in changes in the slope and/or shoulder of dose-survival curves; the responses differ characteristically with respect to such parameters as time of onset, reversibility, relative expression with X rays versus ultraviolet, oxygen-dependence, and glycerol-dependence. Available evidence pertaining to the molecular mechanisms of these radiosensitization phenomena is reviewed.
A simple apparatus for determining 14CO2 activities in blood

Abstract An apparatus and conditions are described for determining blood 14CO2 activity. The equipment is easily obtained and inexpensive. Such measurements in conjunction with the total blood CO2 are very valuable in steady state isotope infusion experiments where 14C labeled substrates are catabolized.
Further ironies of suppression: Stereotype and counterstereotype accessibility

Three experiments explored the accessibility of stereotypes and counterstereotypes following stereotype suppression. Using a lexical decision task, experiment 1 demonstrated that the counterstereotype showed greater accessibility following stereotype suppression compared to stereotype expressers and no prime control participants. Using a person perception task, experiment 2 revealed that suppression can make both the stereotype and the counterstereotype more accessible. Experiment 3 manipulated cognitive load and found evidence that the stereotype and counterstereotype are made accessible through two different processes associated with suppression: The stereotype is made accessible through the more automatic monitoring system, whereas the counterstereotype is made accessible through the resource-dependent operating system. The three experiments demonstrate a novel lack of inhibition of the counterstereotype by the stereotype, provide a clear demonstration of hyperaccessibility of suppressed stereotypes by comparing stereotype suppression to a stereotype expression condition, and contribute to the priming literature by demonstrating the interactive effects of accessibility, applicability, and judgment order on person perception evaluations.
The relationship between log-complex transforms of stimuli and the cortical responses they evoke

Two stimuli whose log-complex transform images in striate cortex are orthogonal square-wave gratings cause responses of equal magnitude in striate cortex but of unequal magnitude in extra-striate cortex. However, two other stimuli, orthogonal square-wave gratings in visual space, whose log transform images are identical except for phase shift, cause responses of equal magnitude in both striate and extra-striate cortex. A phase shift in the log-complex transform image represents a change either in the size or orientation of a form in visual space, parameters that do not affect its intrinsic shape. A change in the orientation of a contour line in the log-complex image represents either a change in the intrinsic shape of a form or its translation in visual space. Thus the results suggest that the extrastriate response may be related to the shape of an object in visual space.
Wallpaper computers: Thin, flexible, extensible and R2R ready

Wallpaper computers are thin flexible arrays of asynchronous programmable computing elements that can be produced in a roll-to-roll fashion. They have a regular structure that can be scaled in two dimensions to form various-size sheets of computing material. The asynchronous timing discipline ensures correct behavior regardless of the array size or variations in device properties. This new material can conform to the size, shape, and computational needs of a wide range of applications and may be implemented in a variety of technologies. Sheets may also be integrated with sensors, actuators, and emitters to create a wide variety of interactive intelligent surfaces. A light-sensitive wallpaper computer display is presented as an example. Status of ongoing work on CMOS designs of arrays of asynchronous reconfigurable cells with which to construct larger arrays is also mentioned.
Perturbations of hypercyclic vectors

We show that a linear operator can have an orbit that comes within a bounded distance of every point, yet is not dense. We also prove that such an operator must be hypercyclic. This gives a more general form of the hypercyclicity criterion. We also show that a sufficiently small perturbation of a hypercyclic vector is still hypercyclic.
Empirical Tests of Weighted Utility Theory

Abstract Cumulative empirical evidence indicates that expected utility theory fails as a general representation of actual choice behavior under uncertainty. In particular, tests that involve a problem structure introduced by Allais (1953) show that individuals often violate expected utility's linearity assumption (i.e., strong independence axiom). In recent decades, many theories of choice under uncertainty have been proposed as alternatives to expected utility. This paper describes and tests weighted utility theory, a generalization of expected utility in which the independence axiom is weakened such that nonlinear choice behavior, including the Allais paradox, can be accounted for. The tests use a generalization of Allais' problem structure which demands consistency over a greater number of choice situations. The results indicate the superior predictive ability of a particular nonlinear variation of weighted utility referred to as the “light” hypothesis.
Online Writing Labs (OWLs): A Taxonomy of Options and Issues.

Abstract As increasing numbers of writing centers consider instituting Online Writing Labs (OWLs) as adjuncts to existing tutorial services, careful planning decisions must be made about the nature, purpose, and feasibility of online offerings. In this article, we offer an overview and schema for understanding some of the most frequently used network technologies available for OWLs—e-mail, Gopher, Worldwide Web (WWW), newsgroups, synchronous chat systems, and automated file retrieval (AFR) systems. We also consider ways in which writing centers' choices among these technologies are impacted by such factors as user access, network security, computer illiteracy, institutional missions, writing center goals, computing center priorities, and computer programmers' attitudes. Successful OWLs, we believe, are those which navigate institutional and technological constraints while still managing to enhance the services provided writers and to uphold pedagogical goals.
Mammalian Photoperiodic System: Formal Properties and Neuroendocrine Mechanisms of Photoperiodic Time Measurement

Photoperiodism is a process whereby organisms are able to use both absolute measures of day length and the direction of day length change as a basis for regulating seasonal changes in physiology an...
The composition of precipitated austenite in 5.5ni steel

Both scanning transmission electron microscopic (STEM) and chemical extraction techniques were used to analyze the chemical content of precipitated austenite in 5.5Ni steel as a function of heat treatment. Austenite was introduced into the steel by tempering at 600 °C for 2 h (QT2) or 100 h (QT100), by tempering for 1 h at 670 °C (QL), or by double tempering 1 h at 670 °C + 1 h at 600 °C (QLT). The two methods of chemical analysis employed for the analysis of this austenite differ quantitatively in the measured austenite composition but are in qualitative agreement; they show an austenite enrichment in Ni, Cr, Mn, and Mo which is most pronounced (and nearly equivalent) for the QT100 and QLT treatments. The similar enrichment of the QT100 and QLT material is interpreted in light of the sequence of reactions leading to the QLT structure. A good correlation is found between the apparent solute enrichment of the precipitated austenite and its thermal stability on cooling to 77 K.
Theoretical calculations of defect states in amorphous semiconductors

Abstract A review of realistic theoretical calculations of the electronic structure of defects in amorphous As, amorphous Se, amorphous As2Se3 and hydrogenated amorphous Si is presented.
Exploring the link between self-control and partner violence: Bad parenting or general criminals

Abstract Objective This study examines the mechanisms that connect self-control and domestic violence with a specific focus given to the influence of bad parenting and general criminal behavior. Methods The authors used data from a community-based sample of 375 respondents. Path analysis was conducted exploring whether bad parenting (as measured by child victimization) or general criminal behavior linked self-control and partner violence together. Results The results showed a link between self-control and partner violence. The results also showed that while child victimization is related to partner abuse, it does not appear to be the link between self-control and domestic violence. General criminal histories, however, appear to be a link between self-control and partner violence. Conclusions Efforts to treat partner abusers should focus on raising their self-control levels by focusing on general characteristics of abusers rather than specific experiences of child maltreatment. Criminal justice responses should be targeted to addressing offenders self-control levels through measures that provide an “external conscience” (Jenuwine et al., 2003) for offenders. Partner abusers should be viewed and treated as general types of criminals rather than specific types of offenders. The precise influence of bad parenting, and strategies to define bad parenting in self-control research, remain in question.
Taking the Future Seriously

Th e modern environmental crisis has confronted the news media with a story they are ill equipped to report-events and changes that may happen as opposed to those that have already occurred. This article explores a political and philosophical rationale for a journalism that examines democracy's options for the future. The author then evaluates current media performance in this area, providing suggestions for how that performance might change to make coverage of potential futures a part of journalistic activity.
Relationships between discrimination in health care and health care outcomes among four race/ethnic groups

Discrimination has been found to be detrimental to health, but less is known about the influence of discrimination in health care. To address this, the current study (1) compared levels of racial/ethnic discrimination in health care among four race/ethnic groups; (2) determined associations between this type of discrimination and health care outcomes; and (3) assessed potential mediators and moderators as suggested by previous studies. Multivariate logistic regression models were used within a population-based sample of 1,699 White, African American, Mexican, and Puerto Rican respondents. Overall, 23 % of the sample reported discrimination in health care, with levels varying substantially by race/ethnicity. In adjusted models, this type of discrimination was associated with an increased likelihood of having unmet health care needs (OR = 2.48, CI = 1.57–3.90) and lower odds of perceiving excellent quality of care (OR = 0.43, CI = 0.28–0.66), but not with the use of a physician when not sick or use of alternative medicine. The mediating role of mental health factors was inconsistently observed and the relationships were not moderated by race/ethnicity. These findings expand the literature and provide preliminary evidence that can eventually inform the development of interventions and the training of health care providers.
Interleukin-7 activates intestinal lymphocytes.

Human intestinal lymphocytes, particularly intraepithelial lymphocytes, proliferate minimally to some agents, like mitogens and stimuli of the CD3 pathway. Thisin vitro finding may be due, in part, to a loss of factors foundin vivo. Three T-cell growth factors, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-12, were tested for their ability to stimulate the proliferation of intestinal lymphocytes. Both intraepithelial lymphocytes and lamina propria lymphocytes proliferated more vigorously to IL-7 than to IL-9 or IL-12, and only IL-7 increased stimulation through the CD3 pathway. The IL-7-induced response was IL-2-dependent: IL-2 receptors appeared on both intestinal lymphocyte types, and antibody to the IL-2 receptor blocked IL-7-induced proliferation. Both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subsets responded to this cytokine as shown by phenotype-depletion experiments and constancy in the CD4/CD8 ratios after culture with IL-7. In addition, the T-cell receptor αβ and γδ subsets responded equally well to IL-7. This newly described selective proliferative response of intestinal lymphocytes to IL-7, but not to IL-9 or IL-12, requires no preactivation and may enhance, growthin vivo.
Thermodynamic Properties of Gaseous Nitrous Oxide and Nitric Oxide from Speed-of-Sound Measurements

The speed of sound was measured in gaseous nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitric oxide (NO) using an acoustic resonance technique with a relative standard uncertainty of less than 0.01%. The measurements span the temperature range 200 to 460 K at pressures up to the lesser of 1.6 MPa or 80% of the vapor pressure. The data were analyzed to obtain the constant-pressure ideal-gas heat capacity p 0 as a function of temperature with a relative standard uncertainty of 0.1%. For N2O, the values of p 0 agree within 0.1% with those determined from spectroscopic data. For NO, the values of p 0 differ from spectroscopic results by as much as 1.5%, which is slightly more than the combined uncertainties. The speed-of-sound data were fitted by virial equations of state to obtain temperature-dependent density virial coefficients. Two virial coefficient models were employed, one based on square-well intermolecular potentials, and the second based on a hard-core Lennard-Jones intermolecular potential. The resulting virial equations reproduced nearly all the sound-speed data to within ±0.01% and may be used to calculate vapor densities with relative standard uncertainties of 0.1% or less.
Targeted intracellular catalase delivery protects neonatal rat myocytes from hypoxia-reoxygenation and ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Abstract Hypoxia followed by reoxygenation and ischemia reperfusion cause cell death in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes primarily through the generation of oxidative stress. Extracellular catalase has not been effective in reducing or eliminating ischemia reperfusion- or hypoxia–reoxygenation-induced cell death due both to extracellular degradation and to poor cellular uptake. Aims (1) To determine whether a cell-penetrating catalase derivative with enhanced peroxisome targeting efficiency (catalase-SKL) increases intracellular levels of the antioxidant enzyme in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes; and (2) to determine whether catalase-SKL protects against both hypoxia–reoxygenation and ischemia reperfusion injury. Methods Neonatal rat ventricular myocytes were subjected to 3 or 6 h of hypoxia–reoxygenation or to 1 h of ischemia reperfusion. Extracellular catalase concentration, activity, and subcellular distribution were determined using standard techniques. Reactive oxygen species and related oxidative stress were visualized using 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate. Cell death was measured using trypan blue exclusion or lactate dehydrogenase release assays. Results Extracellular catalase activity was higher in (catalase-SKL) transduced myocytes, was concentrated in a membranous cellular fraction, and potently inhibited oxidative stress. In contrast to nontransducible (unmodified) extracellular catalase, catalase-SKL-treated myocytes were protected against both hypoxia–reoxygenation and ischemia reperfusion. Conclusions (1) Catalase-SKL increased myocyte extracellular catalase content and activity and dramatically increased resistance to hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidation; (2) catalase-SKL protects against both hypoxia–reoxygenation and ischemia reperfusion; (3) catalase-SKL may represent a new therapeutic approach to protect hearts against myocardial hypoxia–reoxygenation or ischemia reperfusion.
On the Minimum Vocabulary Problem.

The “minimum vocabulary problem” for a dictionary has applications in indexing and other domains of information retrieval. A simple directed-graph model of a dictionary results in a linear-time algorithm for this problem. Since it is known that many minimum vocabularies can exist for a dictionary, a computationally useful criterion for finding a “desirable minimum vocabulary” is suggested and an O(|V|3) algorithm is outlined, where |V| is the number of words in the dictionary, duplicates eliminated. Furthermore, some enrichments to the model and the computational intractability of a variant called the 1-lexicon problem are discussed. Directions for further work are indicated. © 1987 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
New Tests for the Detection of Obstructive: Pulmonary Disease

Abnormalities in small airways appear to be important in the evolution of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Patients with these pathologic lesions may have normal values for airway resistance and forced expiratory volume in one second. Two new tests, the closing volume (CV) and the dependence of maximal flow on density, are believed to be sensitive to abnormalities in the peripheral airways. The CV test detects an increased nonuniformity of changes in volume of pulmonary units. Reduced dependence of flow on density is believed to result from an increase in the peripheral component of the losses of driving pressure which determine maximal expiratory flow. Both tests differentiate smokers with normal conventional spirometric data from age-matched nonsmokers. Although this evidence suggests that these tests can be used to detect abnormalities in small airways, there is very little pathologic confirmation of this belief. The clinical significance of abnormalities in the results of either of these tests in an otherwise normal person has not yet been determined.
Antagonism of Insulin Action in Cultured Pig Adipose Tissue by Pituitary and Recombinant Porcine Growth Hormone: Potentiation by Hydrocortisone*

The effects of physiological levels of pituitary porcine GH (ppGH) and recombinant pGH (rpGH) on lipogenesis in pig adipose tissue incubated with insulin and hydrocortisone (HC) were measured in short term (2-h) incubations and after long term culture (50 h). HC (50 ng/ml) had no effect on lipogenesis in 2-h incubations; however, HC and insulin (10 ng/ml) maintained the lipogenic capacity of cultured tissue at rates comparable to those in fresh adipose tissue. Neither ppGH nor rpGH (1 and 10 ng/ml, respectively) had any effect in short term incubations. After 50 h of culture, ppGH and rpGH both directly antagonized the ability of insulin to maintain lipogenesis; however, this antagonism was markedly enhanced by HC. The present study is the first to demonstrate a direct antagonism of insulin action by ppGH and rpGH in pig adipose tissue, and a marked potentiation of this antagonism by HC. This intrinsic property of pGH may account, in part, for the decrease in adipose tissue growth rates in pigs treated chronically with pGH.
Finite element modeling of interfacial forces and contact stresses of pneumatic tire on fresh snow for combined longitudinal and lateral slips

Abstract Significant challenges exist in the prediction of interaction forces generated from the interface between pneumatic tires and snow-covered terrains due to the highly non-linear nature of the properties of flexible tires, deformable snow cover and the contact mechanics at the interface of tire and snow. Operational conditions of tire–snow interaction are affected by many factors, especially interfacial slips, including longitudinal slip during braking or driving, lateral slip (slip angle) due to turning, and combined slip (longitudinal and lateral slips) due to brake-and-turn and drive-and-turn maneuvers, normal load applied on the wheel, friction coefficient at the interface and snow depth. This paper presents comprehensive three-dimensional finite element simulations of tire–snow interaction for low-strength snow under the full-range of controlled longitudinal and lateral slips for three vertical loads to gain significant mechanistic insight. The pneumatic tire was modeled using elastic, viscoelastic and hyperelastic material models; the snow was modeled using the modified Drucker–Prager Cap material model (MDPC). The traction, motion resistance, drawbar pull, tire sinkage, tire deflection, snow density, contact pressure and contact shear stresses were obtained as a function of longitudinal slip and lateral slip. Wheel states – braked, towed, driven, self-propelled, and driving – have been identified and serve as key classifiers of discernable patterns in tire–snow interaction such as zones of contact shear stresses. The predicted results can be applied to analytical deterministic and stochastic modeling of tire–snow interaction.
A simulation test of the resource-averaging hypothesis of ecotone formation

. The pattern at an ecotone may indicate the processes that created that ecotone. Such patterns may in turn affect the responses of ecotones to environmental change. The resource averaging hypothesis suggests a process for the development of tree lines that should produce patterns that are modifications of patterns in soil resources. A computer simulation model that embodies the resource averaging hypothesis is used to generate tree-line patterns. Different spatial patterns in the variation of soil resources are represented in the model. The patterns of tree line computed by the simulation closely correspond to the patterns of soil resources that were input. These patterns are compared to patterns recorded in the field and by aerial photography. For the patterns of soil resources observed at some alpine tree lines, the model cannot produce the kinds of patterns of vegetation observed. Resource averaging alone cannot be an explanation of such tree lines.
Expression, purification, and characterization of the protein repair l-isoaspartyl methyltransferase from Arabidopsis thaliana.

Protein l-isoaspartate (d-aspartate) O-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1. 77) is a repair enzyme that methylates abnormal l-isoaspartate residues in proteins which arise spontaneously as a result of aging. This enzyme initiates their conversion back into the normal l-aspartate form by a methyl esterification reaction. Previously, partial cDNAs of this enzyme were isolated from the higher plant Arabidopsis thaliana. In this study, we report the cloning and expression of a full-length cDNA of l-isoaspartyl methyltransferase from A. thaliana into Escherichia coli under the P(BAD) promoter, which offers a high level of expression under a tight regulatory control. The enzyme is found largely in the soluble fraction. We purified this recombinant enzyme to homogeneity using a series of steps involving DEAE-cellulose, gel filtration, and hydrophobic interaction chromatographies. The homogeneous enzyme was found to have maximum activity at 45 degrees C and a pH optimum from 7 to 8. The enzyme was found to have a wide range of affinities for l-isoaspartate-containing peptides and displayed relatively poor reactivity toward protein substrates. The best methyl-accepting substrates were KASA-l-isoAsp-LAKY (K(m) = 80 microM) and VYP-l-isoAsp-HA (K(m) = 310 microM). We also expressed the full-length form and a truncated version of this enzyme (lacking the N-terminal 26 amino acid residues) in E. coli under the T7 promoter. Both the full-length and the truncated forms were active, though overexpression of the truncated enzyme led to a complete loss of activity.
Urea promotes polyproline II helix formation: implications for protein denatured states.

It is commonly assumed that urea denatures proteins by promoting backbone disorder, resulting in random-coil behavior. Indeed, it has been demonstrated that highly denatured proteins obey random-coil statistics. However, the random-coil model is specified by the global geometric properties of a polymeric chain and does not preclude locally ordered backbone structure. While urea clearly disfavors a compact native structure, it is not clear that the resulting backbone conformations are disordered. Using circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, we demonstrate that urea promotes formation of left-handed polyproline II (P I I ) helical structures in both short peptides and denatured proteins. The observed increase in P I I content is sequence-dependent. These data indicate that denatured states possess significant amounts of locally ordered backbone structure. It is time for the formulation of new denatured-state models that take into account the presence of significant local backbone structure. Criteria for such models are outlined.
Receptor-Interacting Protein Kinase 3 Contributes to Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms via Smooth Muscle Cell Necrosis and Inflammation

Rationale:Depletion of medial smooth muscle cell (SMC) is a major pathological characteristic of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), although the mechanism by which these cells are eliminated remains incompletely understood. We reasoned that necroptosis, a recently described form of necrosis mediated by receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIP3), may contribute to AAA pathology through the induction of SMC death and the significant production of inflammatory cytokines. Objective:To test the hypothesis that RIP3-mediated necroptosis is actively involved in aneurysm pathogenesis. Methods and Results:RIP3 and RIP1 levels were found to be elevated in human AAAs, most noticeably in SMCs. Elevations of RIP3 and SMC necrosis were also observed in the elastase-induced mouse model of AAAs. Deletion of one or both copies of Rip3 prevented AAA formation. By transplanting Rip3+/− aortae to Rip3+/+ mice, we demonstrated that reduced Rip3 expression in arterial wall was the primary cause of aneurysm resistance. In vitro...
Effects of Interjet Spacing on Burning Multiple Sprays

pattern, and minimization of pollutant formation are possible. The physico-chemical processes, in terms of size, shape, atomization, evaporation, and burning characteristics of multiple spray e ames, depend upon the mutual interaction of individual jets and the effects of surrounding airstream. In the present study three cone gurations, namely,1-jet,2-jets,and 3-jetsarrangedin a line, wereused.Jet-Afuelwastheliquid.Identicaltwin-e uidair-assist atomizers were employed. Four interjet spacings, a/d = 18.5, 24.7, 30.9, and 37, where a was the distance between thejets andd was the atomizerexit diameter, wereemployed to study theeffectsof interjet spacing. Measurements included e ame length, e ame merging length, e ame liftoff height, droplet size distribution, e ame temperature, and major species concentrations. The transverse proe les in the near-nozzle region and the far-burner regions are presented. With an increase in interjet spacing, the amount of oxygen penetration through the space between the jets increases and leads to higher far-burner temperature, lower soot emission, and higher production of carbon
Appearance of T-Cell Subpopulations During the Time Course of Beryllium-Induced Granulomas

Employing monoclonal antibodies that identify T- helper/inducer or T-suppressor/cytotoxic cells, we investigated the T-lymphocyte subsets in hypersensitivity granulomas developed after beryllium salt injection. T-helper/inducer cells were detected at all stages of the lesions, including early nonspecific inflammatory lesions seen at 3 weeks after injection. They formed clusters intermingled with the mononuclear phagocytes in granulomatous lesions, but were not found among the epithelioid cells. In contrast, T-suppressor/cytotoxic cells were slow to appear in the lesions and constituted very small numbers in mature epithelioid cell granulomas of 9-11 weeks. These findings suggest that T-helper/inducer cells may be responsible for the evolution of the perivascular infiltrate of mononuclear cells. Furthermore, appearance of T-helper/inducer cells without T-suppressor/cytotoxic cells may contribute to the development and organization of epithelioid cells and their maturity in the granulomatous lesions.
The anatomical logic of smell

Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) expressing the same odorant receptor gene share ligand–receptor affinity profiles and converge onto common glomerular targets in the brain. The activation patterns of different ORN populations, evoked by differential binding of odorant molecular moieties, constitute the primary odor representation. However, odorants possess properties other than receptor-binding sites that can contribute to odorant discrimination. Among terrestrial vertebrates, odorant sorptiveness – volatility and water solubility – imposes physicochemical constraints on migration through the nose during inspiration. The non-uniform distributions of ORN populations along the inspiratory axis enable sorptiveness to modify odor representations by affecting the number of molecules reaching different receptors during a sniff. Animals can then modify and analyze odor representation further by the dynamic regulation of sniffing.
Organization and nucleotide sequence of genes at both junctions between the two inverted repeats and the large single-copy region in the rice chloroplast genome

We describe the isolation and organization, at the nucleotide sequence level, of genes located at the two junctions of the large single-copy region (LSCR) and the two inverted repeats (IRA and IRB) in the rice chloroplast genome. This is the first example where the two junctions are precisely located in a monocot. In rice, a ribosomal protein gene cluster, rpl23-rpl2-rps19, which codes for the ribosomal proteins L23 (rpl23), L2 (rpl2) and S19 (rps19), lies at the ends of the two IRs near the LSCR. The inverted repeats end 45 bp from the translation stop codon of rps19. The gene for the 32-kDa photosystem II protein, psbA, is located at the extremity of the LSCR near IRA, and transcribed towards IRA. The translation stop codon of psbA is 68 bp from the right-hand junction (JLA). Thus, JLA is located within the intergenic sequence of the two genes, rps19 and psbA. Around the left-hand junction (JLB), there is a typical ribosomal protein gene cluster, rpl23-rpl2-rps19-rpl22 (rpl22 for the ribosomal protein L22). The translation start codon of rpl22 is located in the LSCR 25 bp from JLB. Therefore, JLB is located within the intergenic sequence between rps19 and rpl22.