cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular Epidemiology of HCV in HIV/HCV Co-infection Patients in Liangshan Prefecture

Objective To investigate the molecular epidemic and subtypes of hepatitis C virus(HCV)co-infection in the human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)patients in Liangshan prefecture.Methods A total of 127 whole blood samples were collected from HIV infected patients under 25 years old in Liangshan.HIV RNA was extracted and pol region was amplified for further sequence analysis and subtype determination.Test of antibodies against HCV(anti-HCV)was conducted and HCV RNA was detected by PCR amplification.Genotypes of HCV were determined by genetic characterization of HCV 5′NCR-core,E1-E2 and NS5B sequence.Results Seroprevalence rate of HCV in HIV-infected people was 53.5%(68/127)and predominated by HIV CRF07-BC.HCV subtype was more complex,including 1a(2 cases,4%);1b(3 cases,7%);3a(8 cases,18%);3b(14 cases,31%);6a(1 case,2%);6U(19 cases,36%)and 6n(one cases,2%).Conclusion The HIV/HCV co-infection rate was comparatively high in the population under 25 years old in Liangshan.The distribution of HCV genotypes or subtypes(3b and 6U)in this region is distinguished from China mainland where dominated by types of 1b and 2a.The result implies that the HCV propagation in this region is probably related to the prevalence of drug users in Yunnan.
Infectious Disease Prevention and Control System Analysis of Problems and Coping Strategies

Objective To evaluate infectious disease prevention and control system problems and coping strategies.Method Infectious disease prevention and control access to literature,information,to report cases of infectious diseases in an area and a city primary school teacher in the investigation,for example knowledge of infectious diseases,infectious diseases prevention and control system analysis problems.Results The diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases,reported the situation is not ideal,knowledge of infectious diseases of domestic residents to understand and vigilance is not high,infectious diseaserelated knowledge to provide low coverage.Conclusion The infectious disease prevention and control system is not perfect,there are still some problems to be perfect.
The World Development Report 1993 and Human Rights.

1 his series of reports from the World Bank started 17 years ago in 1976, so its birth coincided with the developments that led up to the 1978 Alma-Ata Declaration on Primary Health Care. Much of the 1993 report (which concentrates on health) could be seen as an appendage to that declaration in that it states yet again that health infrastructures fail to meet the health needs of people (most particularly the poorest) partly because the health systems are inefficient, badly managed, poorly targeted, and inadequately financed; and partly because there is still a large number of people who are very poor and poorly educated (especially women). The pity is that the opportunity has not been seized to move the debate beyond that of Alma-Ata-yet much has happened in health since that time. In particular, a great deal of clarity has been achieved in separating the relative values of health systems, and of social and economic environments, in their differing impacts on people's health. The report seems very muddled about this distinction. It is this distinction that would allow us to develop the potential for the linking of improvements in health with those in human rights, since lack of these rights reflect the inequalities in power and the distribution of resources that lead to poor health. If we could achieve such honesty, we would be able to move away from the terribly simplistic social and economic indicators for health that are used by bodies such as the World Bank.
CDK4/6 inhibitors for the treatment of advanced hormone receptor positive breast cancer and beyond: 2016 update.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Breast cancer remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Given the central role of cyclin-dependent kinases in regulating cell division, there has been a longstanding interest in developing compounds which target the cyclin D1: CDK4/6 axis in breast cancer. The recent discovery of potent and selective CDK4/6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i) was an important breakthrough.Areas covered: There are three CDK4/6i in clinical development (palbociclib, ribociclib and abemaciclib). Phase II and III studies using palbociclib in combination with endocrine therapy demonstrated remarkable clinical activity in women with hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative advanced breast cancer, resulting in two separate FDA approvals in 2015 and 2016. In this article, we review the preclinical and clinical development of these compounds as well as discussing the role for novel applications of these agents outside the arena of HR-positive, HER2-negative a...
Endo-1,4-β-Glucanase in the Cell Wall of Stems of Auxin-Treated Pea Seedlings

Endo-1,4-beta-glucanase induced by treatment of pea seedlings with 2,4-D was extracted from a preparation of the walls of epicotyl cells. The beta-glucanase was purified by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, affinity chromatography on Con A-Sepharose and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The activity of beta-glucanase was retained after removal of SDS and extraction from polyacrylamide gels. The band of a protein (46 kDa), that corresponded to the activity of endo-1,4-beta-glucanase, was injected directly into mice for preparation of antiserum and the protein was also subjected to amino acid sequencing after blotting onto a membrane. Western blot analysis showed that the antiserum obtained bound to a 46-kDa polypeptide and recognized endo-1,4-beta-glucanase. The N-terminal sequence of the 46-kDa polypeptide revealed some homology to abscission endo-1,4-beta-glucanases of bean and avocado fruit.
Influence of Glycemic Control on Endogenous Circulating Ketone Concentrations in Adults Following Traumatic Brain Injury

The objective was to investigate the impact of targeting tight glycemic control (4.4–6.1 mM) on endogenous ketogenesis in severely head-injured adults. The data were prospectively collected during a randomized, within-patient crossover study comparing tight to loose glycemic control, defined as 6.7–8.3 mM. Blood was collected periodically during both tight and loose glycemic control epochs. Post hoc analysis of insulin dose and total nutritional provision was performed. Fifteen patients completed the crossover study. Total ketones were increased 81 μM ([38 135], p < 0.001) when blood glucose was targeted to tight (4.4–6.1 mM) compared with loose glycemic control (6.7–8.3 mM), corresponding to a 60 % increase. There was a significant decrease in total nutritional provisions (p = 0.006) and a significant increase in insulin dose (p = 0.008). Permissive underfeeding was tolerated when targeting tight glycemic control, but total nutritional support is an important factor when treating hyperglycemia.
Technology-Based Practices in Social Studies Instruction for Students with High-Incidence Disabilities: A Review of the Literature

This article presents a comprehensive review of the published social studies and technology-based intervention research for students with high-incidence disabilities in elementary through secondary...
Automated tactical maneuver discovery, reasoning and trajectory planning for autonomous driving

In a hierarchical motion planning system for urban autonomous driving, it is a common practice to separate tactical reasoning from the lower-level trajectory planning. This separation makes it difficult to achieve robust maneuver-based tactical reasoning, which is intrinsically linked to trajectory planning. We therefore propose a planning method that automatically discovers tactical maneuver patterns, and fuses pattern reasoning and sampling-based trajectory planning. The results demonstrate enhanced planning feasibility, coherency and scalability.
Towards a tri-axial flexible force sensor for catheter contact force measurement

This paper presents the development of a flexible force sensor that can be integrated on a catheter and provide catheter contact force to ensure sufficient power delivery during during RF ablation for atrial fibrillation treatment. The flexible force sensor consists of a strain gauge (PEDOT:PSS) incorporated on a polymer substrate (PDMS) and was fabricated using existing microfabrication technologies. Characterization experiments showed linear responses when compressive force was applied to the fabricated sensor. A catheter integrated with this sensor was actuated to press against phantom tissue and the results showed that the flexible force sensor precisely measured the contact force.
Multiscale Modeling of Complex Formation and CD80 Depletion during Immune Synapse Development

Abstract The mechanisms that discriminate self- and foreign antigen before T cell activation are unresolved. As part of the immune system's adaptive response to specific infections or neoplasms, antigen-presenting cells (APC) and effector T cells form transcellular molecular complexes. CTLA4 expression on regulatory or effector T cells reduces T cell activation. The CTLA4 transendocytosis hypothesis proposes that CTLA4 depletes CD80 and CD86 proteins from the APC membrane, rendering the APC incapable of activating T cells. We developed a multiscale spatiotemporal model for the interaction of a T cell and APC. Formation of the immune complex between T cell and APC starts with formation of the transmembrane complexes between the major histocompatibility complex and the T cell receptor (Signal 1) and between CD80 or CD86 and CD28 (Signal 2) at the opposing membrane surfaces of the interacting cells. By 0.01 s after contact simulation, an increasing concentration gradient of the free membrane proteins develops between the opposing surfaces and spherical parts of each cell's membrane, reaching a maximum at ∼30 s. Over several hours, diffusion across the gradient equalizes the free protein concentrations. During this phase, CTLA4 surface expression and its complexation with CD80/CD86 cause internalization and degradation of CD80/CD86. The simulation results show reasonable agreement with reported experimental data and indicate that key molecular processes take place over a very broad timescale, covering five orders of magnitude. Besides the fast complexation reactions, diffusion-limited processes, especially lateral diffusion in cell membranes and geometrical constraints, considerably slow down evolution of the synapse. Our results are consistent with the CTLA4 transendocytosis hypothesis and suggest the importance of lateral diffusion of surface proteins in contributing to a gradual increase in Signal 1 and Signal 2.
Primary Ewing Sarcoma / Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of the Kidney: A Clinicopathologic Study of 23 Cases.

Primary Ewing sarcoma / primitive neuroectodermal tumor (ES) of the kidney is a rare neoplasm with limited clinicopathologic data. We report 23 such cases with no history of ES elsewhere in the body. The patients included 13 male and 10 female, aged 8–70 years (mean, 31 years). The average tumor size was 11.7 cm (range, 5–20 cm). Microscopic analysis showed predominantly lobular growth (n = 14), with focal papillary (n = 3), alveolar (n = 1), and hemangiopericytoma-like (n = 1) patterns. Several tumors (n = 11) exhibited robust mitotic activity (>10 mitoses/10 high-power fields). Necrosis (n = 13) and lymphovascular invasion (n = 14) were common. Homer Wright rosettes (n = 6) and perivascular pseudorosettes (n = 1) were also identified. The tumors invaded the renal sinus or perinephric fat (n = 11), renal vein (n = 13), and adrenal gland (n = 2). Molecular and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis showed rearrangement of EWSR1 gene (10/10), associated with EWSR1-FLI1 gene fusion (7/10). All patients with follow-up information (n = 18) had metastasis, commonly in the lungs (n = 12) and bone (n = 6). Twelve patients died of disease in a mean of 21 months; 6 patients were alive at a mean of 49 months after diagnosis. Primary kidney ES usually present at an advanced stage with extrarenal spread and metastasis. Although renal ES share histologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular features with their bone and soft tissue counterparts, they appear to be more aggressive tumors with poorer clinical outcome.
Stability analysis of the phase-field method for fracture with a general degradation function and plasticity induced crack generation

Abstract The phase-field method is a popular technique for modeling crack initiation, bifurcation and coalescence without the need to explicitly track the crack surfaces. In this framework, the governing equations are derived from thermodynamic principles and cracks are modeled as continuous entities, whose width is defined by a small process zone parameter. Propagation of cracks is governed by the partition of strain energy that contributes to fracture and may be stable, in which case additional energy is required to form cracks, or unstable, where cracks advance with no additional input energy. In this work we propose a stability framework, based on a linear perturbation analysis, to determine the onset of unstable crack growth. The derivations lead to an analytical, energy based criterion for the phase field method in linear elastic and visco-plastic materials. The stability criterion is valid for a general degradation function and accounts for fracture induced by cold-work. Numerical results on linear elastic materials show that the proposed criterion not only recovers the critical stress value reported in the literature but also provides a stability criterion for visco-plastic materials with a general degradation function. The criterion is tested on one dimensional problems and a two dimensions homogeneous example, successfully predicting the instability point.
Partners in Three Decades of Conservation Research in Florida

Abstract How have we managed to maintain our research partnership for more than 30 yr? We have come to think that personal respect for one another and trust that our core values and motivations are immutable have been key. Our partnership began with a project to gather much-needed information on Gopherus polyphemus (Daudin) (Gopher Tortoise). We soon realized that the species was in peril. The enormous pressures put upon species and habitats by the exploding human population of Florida fueled our desire not only to accumulate information about basic biology and ecology, but also information relevant to effective conservation and management. Our interest in the Gopher Tortoise expanded naturally to other inhabitants of the xeric uplands, particularly Plestidon reynoldsi Stejneger (Florida Sand Skink). This species inhabits the pyrogenic scrub habitat on the central ridges, which has been mostly lost to development. We present previously unpublished data that cautiously suggest that clear-cutting would be a...
An exhaustive survey of regular peptide conformations using a new metric for backbone handedness (h)

The Ramachandran plot is important to structural biology as it describes a peptide backbone in the context of its dominant degrees of freedom-the backbone dihedral angles φ and ψ (Ramachandran, Ramakrishnan & Sasisekharan, 1963). Since its introduction, the Ramachandran plot has been a crucial tool to characterize protein backbone features. However, the conformation or twist of a backbone as a function of φ and ψ has not been completely described for both cis and trans backbones. Additionally, little intuitive understanding is available about a peptide's conformation simply from knowing the φ and ψ values of a peptide (e.g., is the regular peptide defined by φ = ψ = - 100° left-handed or right-handed?). This report provides a new metric for backbone handedness (h) based on interpreting a peptide backbone as a helix with axial displacement d and angular displacement θ, both of which are derived from a peptide backbone's internal coordinates, especially dihedral angles φ, ψ and ω. In particular, h equals sin(θ)d∕|d|, with range [-1, 1] and negative (or positive) values indicating left(or right)-handedness. The metric h is used to characterize the handedness of every region of the Ramachandran plot for both cis (ω = 0°) and trans (ω = 180°) backbones, which provides the first exhaustive survey of twist handedness in Ramachandran (φ, ψ) space. These maps fill in the 'dead space' within the Ramachandran plot, which are regions that are not commonly accessed by structured proteins, but which may be accessible to intrinsically disordered proteins, short peptide fragments, and protein mimics such as peptoids. Finally, building on the work of (Zacharias & Knapp, 2013), this report presents a new plot based on d and θ that serves as a universal and intuitive alternative to the Ramachandran plot. The universality arises from the fact that the co-inhabitants of such a plot include every possible peptide backbone including cis and trans backbones. The intuitiveness arises from the fact that d and θ provide, at a glance, numerous aspects of the backbone including compactness, handedness, and planarity.
Chapter 4 Tools from Algebra and Topology

This chapter is a digression in algebra and topology. We saw earlier that the tangent space construction gives rise to a functor from the category of C ∞ manifolds (M, p) with a marked point to the category of vector spaces. Much of differential topology and differential geometry consists of trying to see how much of the geometric information is encoded in the linear algebra of tangent spaces. To this end, we need a larger arsenal of algebraic techniques than linear spaces and linear maps.
A Physician’s Perspective On Vertical Integration

Vertical integration has been a central feature of health care delivery system change for more than two decades. Recent studies have demonstrated that vertically integrated health care systems raise prices and costs without observable improvements in quality, despite many theoretical reasons why cost control and improved quality might occur. Less well studied is how physicians view their newfound partnerships with hospitals. In this article I review literature findings and other observations on five aspects of vertical integration that affect physicians in their professional and personal lives: patients' access to physicians, physician compensation, autonomy versus system support, medical professionalism and culture, and lifestyle. I conclude that the movement toward physicians' alignment with and employment in vertically integrated systems seems inexorable but that policy should not promote such integration either intentionally or inadvertently. Instead, policy should address the flaws in current payment approaches that reward high prices and excessive service use-outcomes that vertical integration currently produces.
Relationships between parent–child social media interactions and health behaviors

ABSTRACTSocial media use by both teens and adults has become increasingly common. This frequency of interaction can be capitalized upon by researchers looking to design programs to limit youth substance use. This study serves as a first step in this area of research, examining how parent–child social media exchanges (specifically on Facebook) may be related to youth risk behavior. In a sample of 252 college students, results indicated that roughly 63% of youth reported being friends with their parents on Facebook while in high school. A minority (27%) reported they blocked their parents from seeing certain material on their Facebook page, and most youth reported their parents discussed information from their Facebook page with some regularity (65%). Logistic regression analyses indicated that, when accounting for demographics, parental solicitation, and parental control efforts, youth who were friends with their parents on Facebook and did not block any materials from them had a decreased likelihood of al...
The pricing relationship of audits and related services in municipal governments

For private sector organizations, Palmrose and Simunic document a positive relationship between fees for management advisory services (MAS) and fees for audits paid to incumbent auditors(1). In contrast, Abdel-Khalik provides evidence that the purchase of MAS does not affect audit fees.(2) This study, unlike previous studies, examines the relationship between the purchase of MAS and audit fees in government organizations. Results suggest a negative relationship between audit fees and fees paid for related audit services provided by incumbent auditors. In addition, bond issuance and consulting fees paid to incumbent auditors and all fees paid to nonincumbent auditors are found to be not significant.
Effectiveness of different myoglobin states to minimize high pressure induced discoloration in raw ground beef

Abstract High pressure processing (HPP), a non-thermal pasteurization technique, can reduce deadly pathogens, such as E. coli O157:H7 and other Shiga toxin producing E. coli in raw ground meat, however, its use is limited due to discoloration. As different states of myoglobin have inherently different color stability, the objective of this study was to determine the impact of those states on the color stability of raw beef patties treated with high pressure processing. Modified atmosphere packaging (high oxygen - oxymyoglobin, carbon monoxide - carboxymyoglobin), vacuum packaging (deoxymyoglobin) or added potassium ferricyanide (metmyoglobin) treatments were used to prepare patties with desired myoglobin states. Color was measured (CIE L*, a*, b*) with or without HPP over a storage period of 21 days. Statistical analysis (SAS GLIMMIX) was run to see the main effects of myoglobin states and HPP treatment and their interactions within each day of storage. While all HPP treated beef patties showed significant (P
Conditioned Defensive Burying in Rats as a Function of Preexposure and Strain

Amount of time engaged in conditioned defensive burying was measured in hooded and albino rats following 0, 4, or 8 daily, 30-min preexposure sessions to the expenmental chamber with the shock prod absent Shocked subjects engaged in more defensive burying than no-shock subjects and hooded rats engaged in more prod burying than albinos. Additionally, more burying was observed following 4 or 8 chamber preexposure sessions than 0 sessions. Shocked albinos buried most after 4 chamber preexposure sessions and exhibited a decrease in burying following 0 or 8 preexposure sessions. Shocked hooded rats did not display this decrease in defensive burying following 8 chamber preexposure sessions.
Evidence-Based Treatments for Conduct Problems Among Ethnic Minorities

Effective treatment of conduct problems for ethnic minority youth is an urgent public health priority (Loeber, Burke, Lahey, Winters, & Zera, 2000). Ethnic minority populations are rapidly increasing, with current estimates indicating that 48% of US children are from ethnic minority backgrounds. This figure is projected to increase to 62% by 2050 (U.S. Department of Commerce, 2008). Disruptive behavior is the most common reason for referral for youth mental health treatment in the USA (Lavigne et al., 1998), and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) are the predominant youth disorders seen in community mental health clinics (Frick, 1998; Kazdin, 1995). Without adequate treatment, disruptive behavior in early childhood is associated with a high degree of impairment and poor long-term prognosis (Lahey, Loeber, Quay, Frick, & Grimm, 1997).
Application of a Global Volcanicity Time-Series on High-Resolution Paleoclimatic Modeling of the Eastern Mediterranean

In order to understand adaptation to climate change it is first necessary to set that change within human temporal and geographic dimensions. As Halstead and O’Shea (1989:1) phrase it: “human communities have developed an impressive array of cultural mechanisms for buffering variability. The diversity of these mechanisms, however, should not mask the fact that an effective strategy must match, in both capacity and scale, the variability with which it is to cope.” Winterhalder (1980) suggests that a population’s adaptive flexibility will not be fully realized if the environment is dynamic in ways not anticipated by analysts. He adds (1980:139) that the “assumption that environments are stable, or that change is either very gradual or abruptly cataclysmic, leads to the reverse of [this] problem: the failure to examine environmental sources of causation when rapid changes are recorded in historical or archaeological records?’ These passages suggest that if meaningful results are to be derived from studies of the interaction between land-use strategies and climate, human responses to the specifics of climate change (e.g. responses to changes in the reliability, magnitude, seasonality, or frequency of rainfall) rather than to climate change in general should be addressed. This concern relates directly to both the temporal and geographic resolution of paleoclimatic models regardless of the cultural group or time period of interest.
Assessing Social Cognition Using the ACS for WAIS–IV and WMS–IV

Social cognition is a broad term used to describe cognitive processes related to the perception, understanding, and implementation of linguistic, auditory, visual, and physical cues that communicate emotional and interpersonal information. Like other cognitive and human problem-solving abilities, social cognition is associated with the integrity of interrelated brain systems for accurate perception and interpretation of the behaviors of others and the effective emotional and behavioral response to those behaviors. Many clinical populations—including patients diagnosed with neurological, psychiatric, and developmental disorders, as well as patients suffering traumatic brain injury—have impairments in one or more components of social cognition. The ACS provides clinicians with measures of important aspects of social cognition such as recognition of emotion from facial expressions and prosody, identifying the impact of prosody and body language on the social meaning of verbal expressions, learning and recognition of new faces, and associating names and faces. The ACS Social Cognition measures, described in this chapter, were designed to screen for deficits in social cognition that may affect social and interpersonal behaviors.
Timing of palliative care: When to call for a palliative care consult

Palliative care, unlike hospice, can be utilized concurrently with disease-modifying or curative therapies. Some of the benefits of palliative care include improved quality of life, less end-of-life treatment, and decreased medical costs. Furthermore, palliative care can help guide treatment decisions to be in line with patients' physical, psychological, and spiritual needs. On the basis of these benefits, we advocate for palliative care involvement early in the course of advanced malignancy and other terminal diagnoses.
Maternal confidence for physiologic birth: Associated prenatal characteristics and outcomes

Abstract Objectives Pregnancy, labor, and birth are normal, physiologic processes. Women often seek information during pregnancy to enhance their confidence for physiologic birth. Little is known about confidence for physiologic birth and associated prenatal characteristics and birth outcomes such as provider type, source of labor and birth information, mode of birth, and use of pain medication in labor. The purpose of this study was to examine prenatal confidence for physiologic birth and associated prenatal characteristics and birth outcomes. Design This study was completed as part of a multi-phased instrument development study, the Preparation for Labor and Birth (P-LAB) instrument. P-LAB confidence scores were examined for their relationship with variables including labor type, provider type, source of labor support, pain medication use, and birth mode. Setting and Participants Women (N = 192) from five prenatal clinics in the Midwestern United States who had completed the P-LAB instrument participated in postpartum telephone interviews. Findings Women with previous birth experience had higher confidence than nulliparous women. Prenatal care providers were reported as main source of labor and birth information. Confidence for birth was associated with intention to not use pain medication in labor. Women's overall intention to use or not use pain medication was consistent with use. Prenatal confidence was not associated with mode of birth. Implications for Future Research Special emphasis should be paid to nulliparous women when developing interventions to enhance confidence for physiologic birth. Women rely on their care providers for information regarding labor and birth, therefore one area to strengthen confidence for physiologic birth is within the provider-patient relationship.
Pretreatment of waste biomass in deep eutectic solvents: Conductive heating versus microwave heating

Abstract Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) have recently emerged as an environmentally-friendly way to separate lignin from cellulose and hemicellulose in recalcitrant biomass prior to enzymatic hydrolysis to enhance glucose yields. Rice hulls, a widely-available secondary agricultural residue was pretreated with FA: CC (formic acid and choline chloride in a 2:1 mol ratio) using conductive heating and microwave heating. Pretreated biomass using either heating technique gave glucose titers 100 times higher than raw rice hulls after enzymatic hydrolysis. FTIR analysis shows similar findings for both heating techniques. For biomass pretreatment using DESs, microwave heating requires less than half of the energy (0.10 kW-h) compared to conductive heating (0.31 kW-h). Conductive heating requires more residence time of biomass for the pretreatment process. Thus, this work shows the potential benefits of a microwave heating technique for deconstruction of biomass using DESs.
Erfahrungen mit Cefotaxim in der bakteriologischen Routine-Testung (Agar-Diffusionstest)

In Routine-Resistenzbestimmungen mit dem Agar-Diffusionstest (Blattchentest) wurde die antibakterielle Wirkung von Cefotaxim im Vergleich zu Cephalotin und den neueren Cephalosporinen Cefamandol, Cefoxitin, Cefuroxim sowie den Penicillinen Ampicillin, Carbenicillin, Mezlocillin und Azlocillin und den Aminoglykosiden Gentamycin und Tobramycin bei 1235 von Krankenhauspatienten isolierten Stammen der haufigsten grampositiven, vor allem aber gramnegativen Bakterienarten untersucht. Im einzelnen wurden ausgewertet:Staphylococcus aureus, Enterokokken,Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp.,Enterobacter sp.,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis und indolpositiveProteus sp. Cefotaxim zeigte dabei, besonders im Bereich der gramnegativen Enterobakterien, von allen getesteten Cephalosporinen die groste antibakterielle Aktivitat und war beiKlebsiella, Enterobacter undProteus den anderen Praparaten deutlich uberlegen. Neu fur diese Wirkstoffklasse ist seine teilweise Aktivitat auch gegenP. aeruginosa. Hier wird es wahrscheinlich eine Frage der Dosierung sein, um bei klinischer Anwendung entsprechende Erfolge zu erzielen. Cefotaxim durfte aber schon aufgrund seiner hervorragenden In-vitro-Aktivitat in jedem Falle eine Erweiterung der therapeutischen Moglichkeiten erwarten lassen.
Impairment in neurocognitive function following experimental neonatal guinea pig cytomegalovirus infection.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a leading infectious cause of neurologic deficits, both in the settings of congenital and perinatal infection, but few animal models exist to study neurodevelopmental outcomes. This study examined the impact of neonatal guinea pig CMV (GPCMV) infection on spatial learning and memory in a Morris water maze (MWM) model. Newborn pups were challenged intraperitoneally (i.p.) with a pathogenic red fluorescent protein-tagged GPCMV, or sham inoculated. On days 15–19 post infection (p.i.), pups were tested in the MWM. Viral loads were measured in blood and tissue by quantitative PCR (qPCR), and brain samples collected at necropsy were examined by histology and immunohistochemistry. Viremia (DNAemia) was detected at day 3 p.i. in 7/8 challenged animals. End-organ dissemination was observed, by qPCR, in the lung, liver, and spleen. CD4-positive (CD4+) and CD8-positive (CD8+) T cell infiltrates were present in brains of challenged animals, particularly in periventricular and hippocampal regions. Reactive gliosis and microglial nodules were observed. Statistically significant spatial learning and memory deficits were observed by MWM, particularly for total maze distance traveled (p < 0.0001). Neonatal GPCMV infection in guinea pigs results in cognitive defects demonstrable by the MWM. This neonatal guinea pig challenge model can be exploited for studying antiviral interventions.
From Creation to Evaluation: A Comprehensive Global Health Scholars Program for Graduate Medical Education Trainees.

Introduction:Recently, participation in clinical global health rotations has significantly increased among graduate medical education (GME) trainees. Despite the many benefits these experiences pro...
Erythropoietin regulates metabolic response in mice via receptor expression in adipose tissue, brain, and bone

Erythropoietin (EPO) acts by binding to erythroid progenitor cells to regulate red blood cell production. While EPO receptor (Epor) expression is highest on erythroid tissue, animal models exhibit EPO activity in nonhematopoietic tissues, mediated, in part, by tissue-specific Epor expression. This review describes the metabolic response in mice to endogenous EPO and EPO treatment associated with glucose metabolism, fat mass accumulation, and inflammation in white adipose tissue and brain during diet-induced obesity and with bone marrow fat and bone remodeling. During high-fat diet-induced obesity, EPO treatment improves glucose tolerance, decreases fat mass accumulation, and shifts white adipose tissue from a pro-inflammatory to an anti-inflammatory state. Fat mass regulation by EPO is sex dimorphic, apparent in males and abrogated by estrogen in females. Cerebral EPO also regulates fat mass and hypothalamus inflammation associated with diet-induced obesity in males and ovariectomized female mice. In bone, EPO contributes to the balance between adipogenesis and osteogenesis in both male and female mice. EPO treatment promotes bone loss mediated via Epor in osteoblasts and reduces bone marrow adipocytes before and independent of change in white adipose tissue fat mass. EPO regulation of bone loss and fat mass is independent of EPO-stimulated erythropoiesis. EPO nonhematopoietic tissue response may relate to the long-term consequences of EPO treatment of anemia in chronic kidney disease and to the alternative treatment of oral hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors that increase endogenous EPO production.
Assessing Legal Research Skills: An Online Research Exam

I have asked myself many times, “Self, could my first-year law students research a legal issue without any guidance from me?” You have probably asked yourself a similar question if you teach a skills-based course. I decided to create a new assessment measure to answer my question: an online research exam. This article discusses the content of my research exam, the delivery format, and the benefits and potential pitfalls of an online research exam.
Abstract TP87: Early Quantitative Somatosensory Evoked Potentials Markers after Cardiac Arrest

Background and Purpose: The high incidence of poor functional outcome following cardiac arrest (CA) signifies the importance of prognostic tools to track recovery. This study evaluates the prognost...
Exploiting Invariance in Training Deep Neural Networks.

Inspired by two basic mechanisms in animal visual systems, we introduce a feature transform technique that imposes invariance properties in the training of deep neural networks. The resulting algorithm requires less parameter tuning, trains well with an initial learning rate 1.0, and easily generalizes to different tasks. We enforce scale invariance with local statistics in the data to align similar samples generated in diverse situations. To accelerate convergence, we enforce a GL(n)-invariance property with global statistics extracted from a batch that the gradient descent solution should remain invariant under basis change. Tested on ImageNet, MS COCO, and Cityscapes datasets, our proposed technique requires fewer iterations to train, surpasses all baselines by a large margin, seamlessly works on both small and large batch size training, and applies to different computer vision tasks of image classification, object detection, and semantic segmentation.
Mapping and Identification of Genetic Loci Affecting Earliness of Bolting and Flowering in Lettuce

Photoperiod and temperature conditions elicit different genetic regulation over lettuce bolting and flowering. This study identifies environment-specific QTLs and putative genes and provides information for genetic marker assay. Bolting, defined as stem elongation, marks the plant life cycle transition from vegetative to reproductive stage. Lettuce is grown for its leaf rosettes, and premature bolting may reduce crop quality resulting in economic losses. The transition to reproductive stage is a complex process that involves many genetic and environmental factors. In this study, the effects of photoperiod and ambient temperature on bolting and flowering regulation were studied by utilizing a lettuce mapping population to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) and by gene expression analyses of genotypes with contrasting phenotypes. A recombinant inbred line (RIL) population, derived from a cross between PI 251246 (early bolting) and cv. Salinas (late bolting), was grown in four combinations of short (8 h) and long (16 h) days and low (20 °C) and high (35 °C) temperature. QTL models revealed both genetic (G) and environmental (E) effects, and GxE interactions. A major QTL for bolting and flowering time was found on chromosome 7 (qFLT7.2), and two candidate genes were identified by fine mapping, homology, and gene expression studies. In short days and high temperature conditions, qFLT7.2 had no effect on plant development, while several small-effect loci on chromosomes 2, 3, 6, 8, and 9 were associated with bolting and flowering. Of these, the QTL on chromosome 2, qBFr2.1, co-located with the Flowering Locus T (LsFT) gene. Polymorphisms between parent genotypes in the promotor region may explain identified gene expression differences and were used to design a genetic marker which may be used to identify the late bolting trait.
The New Editors: Refining First Amendment Protections for Internet Platforms

(Forthcoming) This Article envisions what it would look like to tailor First Amendment editorial privilege to the multifaceted nature of the Internet, just as courts have done with media in the offline world. It reviews the law of editorial judgment offline, where protections for editorial judgment are strong but not absolute, and its nascent application online. It then analyzes whether the diversity of Internet platforms and functions alters this application at all. First Amendment editorial privilege, as applied to Internet platforms, is often treated by courts and platforms themselves as monolithic and equally applicable to all content moderation decisions. The privilege is asserted by all types of platforms, whether search engine or social media, and for all kinds of choices. But Section 230’s broad protections for Internet platforms have largely precluded the development of a robust body of First Amendment law specific to Internet platforms. With Section 230 reform a clear priority for Congress, Internet platforms will likely turn to First Amendment defenses to a greater extent in coming years, prompting the need to examine how the law of editorial privilege applies online. I offer six concrete conclusions about how online platforms do or do not challenge the application of the law of editorial judgment. The features and functions of online platforms do not change the need to differentiate when a platform is occupying a speaker or non-speaker role, the application of longstanding First Amendment exceptions for low value speech to platforms, and the judiciary’s hesitancy to include market competitiveness in First Amendment analyses. These same features and functions require insisting that no distinction between wholesale and retail-level editorial judgments emerges in the online space, threaten to collapse the useful distinction between editing and advertising, and suggest user decisions should be given greater weight in determining speech-related damages.
P-050 Recent outcomes following endovascular vs open surgical treatment of ruptured and unruptured cerebral aneurysm: insights from the national inpatient sample 2017

Introduction/Background Advancements in endovascular therapies have significantly impacted cerebral aneurysm management in recent years. Recent release of the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) data for 2017 provides the opportunity to explore novel population-based insights into outcomes following surgical clipping vs endovascular embolization of ruptured and unruptured cerebral aneurysms. Materials and Methods This is an analysis of US National Inpatient Sample of hospitalizations with non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) or unruptured cerebral aneurysms from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017. Baseline patient demographics, open vs endovascular treatment modalities and the associated hospitalization outcomes were analyzed. Primary outcomes included in-hospital mortality and favorable discharge disposition defined as discharge to home. Results Among 56,165 hospitalizations with unruptured aneurysms, 13,090 (23.3%) underwent endovascular embolization (median age 59, IQR 51-68; Female 74.9% ) and 4105 (7.3%) had surgical clipping (median age 58, IQR 51-65; Female 74.1%). In-hospital mortality occurred in 1.45% in endovascular vs 1.83% in clipping group (p=0.17), whereas favorable discharge outcome was achieved in 87.5% in endovascular vs 74.8% in clipping group (p Conclusion In 2017 in US, about 75% of patients were discharged home after clipping and 90% were discharged home after endovascular treatment of an unruptured cerebral aneurysm. About 1 in 7 patients died following clipping and 1 in 8 following endovascular treatment for aneurysmal SAH. Endovascular therapy remains associated with better in-hospital outcomes, including the younger age population with ruptured or unruptured aneurysms. Disclosures H. Saber: None. M. Jafari: None. A. Desai: None. N. Kaneko: None. G. Colby: 2; C; Medtronic, Stryker, MicroVention. V. Szeder: None. R. Jahan: 2; C; Medtronic. G. Duckwiler: 2; C; Medtronic. S. Tateshima: 2; C; Medtronic, Stryker, Cerenovus.
Reconstruction of β-delayed neutron energy spectra from recoil-ion spectroscopy of trapped ions

Abstract Beta-delayed one-neutron ( β n ) emission has been investigated by confining radioactive ions in an ion trap and detecting the β particles and recoiling nuclei that emerge following decay. In this approach, the β n energy spectrum and branching ratio can be deduced without needing to detect the neutrons, as the neutron emission is inferred from the observed time of flight of the recoiling ions. This paper details the dominant effects that influence the extraction of the neutron energy from the time-of-flight measurement and explores the impact they have on the energy calibration and resolution.
A Brief History of E-Prints and the Opportunities They Open for Science Librarians

SUMMARY Spiraling journal costs have plagued libraries for years and the Association of Research Libraries' 1994 investigation into pricing issues clearly illustrated the science librarian's predicament. This paper reviews how some scientists, as both producers and consumers of the information distributed through these journals, use electronic self-archives called e-prints to break the stranglehold journal publishers have over science libraries, and the opportunities open to librarians to facilitate and support the reformation.
Effects of Biological Response Modifiers on the Growth and Differentiation of Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase Containing Lymphocytes

The ability of certain biological response modifiers to induce the differentiation of lymphoid cells has been utilized to study the origins and developmental potentials of TdT+ cells, Most efforts have concerned the induction of T cell markers on TdT+ cells or the induction of TdT itself. The first successful experiments were conducted with bone marrow cells, but this approach has since been extended to cells from thymus and peripheral Iymphoid tissues. In addition, the role of growth regulating factors in the generation of TdT+ cells has been studied in vitro in cell and organ culture sytems. Relatively little work has been done on the induction of B cell markers on TdT+ cells, and vice versa. Therefore, the present report will be limited to a description of some of the effects of inducing agents on TdT+ members of the T cell lineage. For convenience, the discussion will be divided into considerations of prethymic, thymic and postthymic cells. A tentative synthesis of these results with the data from ontogenetic studies (see ref. 1, these Proceedings) will be attempted in the concluding remarks.
Constant amplitude broadband refocusing pulses from numerical optimization.

Broadband refocusing pulses for high-field NMR can be constructed with broadband 90x pulses from numerical optimization of Bloch simulations concatenated with their time and phase reversed transformations. This work describes the search for minimal duration 18-kHz modulation frequency constant amplitude refocusing pulses made in this manner for bandwidths of 40, 60 and 80 kHz. Variants optimized at multiple frequencies and with sine squared amplitude truncation also are described. The resulting pulses are expected to have immediate application especially for 13C refocusing in multidimensional experiments. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tyrosyl radical cofactors.

Publisher Summary Tyrosyl radicals are found in enzymes that catalyze a wide spectrum of chemical reactions, and their functional importance is well established in class I ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), prostaglandin H synthase (PGHS), and photosystem II (PSII). This chapter describes the chemical and spectroscopic properties of the various tyrosyl radical cofactors, their roles in catalysis, and the mechanisms of their formation. The extensive spectroscopic studies of the tyrosyl radicals have clearly demonstrated the importance of using multidisciplinary techniques and varying field strengths to provide a detailed description of spin density distribution, hydrogen bonding state, and orientations in tyrosyl radical cofactors. The salient features of these investigations that have been extremely valuable for the physicochemical characterization of the enzyme-bound radicals are discussed for RNR, PGHS, and PSII, as well as for some more recently discovered radicals. The function, structure, and mechanism of generation of tyrosyl radicals in proteins can be understandable through a multidisciplinary approach that combined protein chemistry, kinetic studies, spectroscopic investigations, crystallography, and theoretical analyses.