cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Data Sources for Advancing Cyber Forensics: What the Social World has to Offer

Cyber forensics is fairly new as a scientific discipline and deals with the acquisition, authentication and analysis of digital evidence. One of the biggest challenges in this domain has thus far been real data sources that are available for experimentation. Only a few data sources exist at the time writing of this paper. The authors in this paper deliberate how social media data sources may impact future directions in cyber forensics, and describe how these data sources may be used as new digital forensic artifacts in future investigations. The authors also deliberate how the scientific community may leverage publically accessible social media data to advance the state of the art in Cyber Forensics.
Limiting Civilian Casualties as Part of a Winning Strategy: The Case of Courageous Restraint

Military commanders in wartime have moral obligations to abide by international norms and humanitarian laws governing their treatment of noncombatants. How much risk to their own forces they must take to limit harm to civilians in the course of military operations, however, is unclear. The principle of proportionality in the law of armed conflict all but necessitates that they make a utilitarian calculation: potential harm to civilians must always be balanced against military value when considering actions that could hurt innocents. In asymmetric conflicts, such as most counterinsurgencies, information flows, collaboration, and ultimately the support of the local population can be key to achieving strategic objectives. Thus, limiting casualties to noncombatants and other actions that alienate the population in these types of conflicts is a key part of a winning strategy. The concept of “courageous restraint” was created to express this principle to NATO and U.S. forces fighting in Afghanistan.
Modeling, Vicarious Learning, and Basic Needs: Helping All Children (Including Gifted Children) Recover From an Incendiary Political Season

This column examines the recent political campaign and possible effects on gifted and talented students. Using psychological theories, the author describes ways that adults can interpret the events and model appropriate American values.
Information Support for a Low-Orbit Spacecraft Using Magnetometer and Solar Sensor Readings

The problem of estimation of the orbital and attitude motion parameters of a spacecraft using readings of a three-axis onboard magnetometer and solar sensor with considerable uncertainty of the initial conditions is solved. Primary attention is paid to improvement of the observability of the desired parameters and acceleration of the estimation process.
G362(P) Service redesign in an urgent care department – a multi-disciplinary quality improvement project

Physical space, manpower and flow constraints adversely affected patient and professional experience in an urgent care floor of a paediatric unit. A structured improvement programme including all members of the wider urgent care team including paediatric trainees, consultants, nurses and managers was undertaken. The first step was to facilitate attendance for the project team at a Quality and Service Improvement and Redesign (QSIR) programme, which provided both clinicians and managers with the analytical tools to understand where to focus their improvement efforts. This resulted in identification of a range of qualitative and quantitative metrics to measure quality of care and experience. Team undertook qualitative surveys of patient and professional experience, quantitative analysis of data including time to definitive care, length of stay as well as governance and adverse events monitoring. Using the above information which identified the barriers to care, a whole system redesign project with multidisciplinary participation was embarked on. The components of the project included implementation of: 1. Guidelines for uniform management of common paediatric conditions across primary and secondary care 2. A GP telephone system with direct access to consultant advice for stream lining of referrals. 3. Rapid access clinics 4. Matching medical and nursing manpower with ebbs and surges in patient flow 5. Improved IT systems for visibility of data and data collection Qualitative and quantitative data collected in the immediate post implementation period demonstrates significant improvements in patient and professional experience as well as reduction in bottlenecks and improved flow on the urgent care floor. Inclusion of key stakeholders and designing collaborative solutions demonstrated resonance with clinical and managerial teams alike in improving patient care and experience. In addition to the objective improvements above, participating paediatric trainees identified this project as enabling them to understand QI methodology, in enabling different professionals to work across professional boundaries in devising lasting solutions which will be key to future projects in quality improvement. Trainee engagement in improving patient care through QI projects will underpin system wide improvements in the future in the NHS.
Automated Point Cloud Registration Using Visual and Planar Features for Construction Environments

AbstractBecause of the limited view of data of each single laser scan, multiple scans are required to cover all scenes of a large construction site, and a registration process is needed to merge th...
Data Parallel Programming for Irregular Tree Computations

The adoption of data parallel primitives to increase multicore utilization presents an opportunity for aggressive compiler optimization. We examine computations over the tree abstract datatype (ADT) in particular. For better utilization than approaches like flattening, we argue that transformations should specialize for common data and computation regularities. For example, we demonstrate a novel pattern that exploits regularity in node labeling as a SIMD parallelism opportunity, which we call SIMTask parallelism. For better applicability, we argue for better linguistic support of irregularity. For example, we show how the future primitive might be used to tolerate occasional data dependencies in an otherwise associative computation. We validate our approach on two tree computations: RepMin, popular in the functional programming community, and intrinsic widths, a stage of webpage layout in a prototype web browser. We show speedups over traditional versions of these computations of 124X and 10X, respectively.
Parenting in an Obesogenic Environment: Ghosts at the Dinner Table.

The authors of the 2016 American Academy of Pediatrics Clinical Report “Preventing Obesity and Eating Disorders in Adolescents” brought prominence to the evidence that encouraging adolescents to diet may be harmful, increasing adolescents’ risk for both obesity and disordered eating.1 In this issue of Pediatrics , Berge et al2 extend this body of research by examining whether parents’ encouragement of their adolescents to diet may be associated with long-term outcomes. In the results of this 15-year cohort study, it is suggested not only that adolescents whose parents encouraged them to diet continue to be at increased risk for obesity and disordered eating as adults but also that now as parents, these adults are more likely to create home environments for their children that emphasize weight and promote dieting. How is a clinician to incorporate these findings into practice? The pediatric provider regularly witnesses parents parenting in ways that replicate the parent’s own childhood experiences, for better or worse. The pediatric provider also regularly struggles with how to help parents recognize that some … Address correspondence to Katherine W. Bauer, PhD, MS, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109. E-mail: kwbauer{at}umich.edu
In Situ Monitoring of Environmental Clastogens Using Tradescantia-Micronucleus Bioassay

In order to safeguard environmental quality and to detect health hazards directly in the real life situation, effective in situ monitoring bioassays are needed. Based upon a recent review, 17 major groups of organisms across the plant and animal kingdoms can be used in the in situ monitoring of environmental mutagens and clastogens (Ma and Harris, 1985). About 200 articles involving some 40 different bioassays have been published since the late 1960s; most of these were published in the last decade.
Farm Management in Crop Production Under Limited Water Conditions in Balkh, Afghanistan

Open image in new window Water is the main limiting factor in crop production in the hot and dry summer period within arid and semiarid regions such as Balkh region, Afghanistan. Due to lack of irrigation water infrastructure and information about how much water should be applied at the field level given different levels of water availability, the individual farmer lacks information about the sustainability of the water supply, crop production, and how much net income he would get from this production. Thus, the main research question is how to find ways to optimize the use of water given different shortages in water availability at the farm level in Balkh, Afghanistan. The research uses a linear programming (LP) model to assess the economic impact of net returns given four different water availability scenarios at the farm level. The main result among others is that water value increases as the water availability decreases as expected. Water is binding in all scenarios, and harvesting labor is the most used input as water, and other resources/inputs become scarcer in the farmer’s mixed crop production.
Constitutional Change in the United States

This essay, originally written for non-US lawyers, is the slightly revised version of a chapter on the United States for a volume on constitutional change in different countries that will be put out by Hart Publishing. Because it first introduces the basics of the U.S. constitutional system and the problem of constitutional change, it may be especially useful for students. The essay then builds an argument for paying attention to both constitutional change through judicial doctrine and outside the judiciary. It illustrates change outside the judiciary by focusing in the final section on presidential power in foreign affairs,using examples drawn from the Bush II administration.
Sensation Seeking, Self Forgetfulness, and Computer Game Enjoyment

This paper investigates the relationship between enjoyment of computer game play and two personality traits (sensation seeking and self-forgetfulness). Hypotheses were proposed based on a review of computer game enjoyment, game characteristics, personality theories, and effects of computer game play. A survey is conducted in two US universities. Results and implica-tions are discussed.
Energy Myth Eleven – Energy R&D Investment Takes Decades to Reach the Market

An apocryphal story sometimes used to illustrate the “finding” that investments in energy R&D will be tremendously slow to move from laboratory to market is that of the microwave oven. In this version of the energy-research-to-market-pipeline, the microwave oven, first commercialized in the late 1960s and early 1970s is seen as a slowly developing consumer device from its roots in work on radar in World War II. In fact, the first commercial microwave oven, the radar-range, even borrowed its name from its genesis, over two decades before. Carter et al. (1992) detail in an excellent work on the pace and efficiency of spinoff from military innovation to civilian product, however, that the microwave oven went through a number of significant post-military research and refinement stages to become a commercial product, and that while the basic physics of microwave heating of food relates to microwave imaging – radar – the basic technology is in fact highly distinct from the tracking of moving objects. Nevertheless, the idea is often repeated that the innovation to market pathway is exceedingly slow in the energy field. For instance, Jae Edmonds (2001, p. 5) from the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory told senators:
Prevalence of injuries among supported employees

It is commonly assumed that any work environment can be potentially dangerous if employees do not know how to prevent accidents and respond appropriately to emergency situations. As the number of individuals with disabilities involved in supported employment increase, more injuries may occur. There is presently no available data base on the number or types of injuries persons with disabilities sustain in supported employment. A sample of employers were surveyed to identify potential causes of accidents and the types of injuries sustained by supported employees. Results indicated that a sizeable number of employees sustain injuries. Sprains or strains were the injuries reported most frequently, and the most frequently reported causes of accidents were general carelessness or improper positioning. Results are discussed in terms of providing consumers systematic training in work safety.
Women in Service: Private Lives and Labour in Mary Howitt’s Work and Wages

Mary Howitt’s novel Work and Wages, or Life in Service (1842) reminds us that while industrialism had a major impact on class mobility through the development of factories and businesses, the social changes of the 1840s permeated the home as well as the public sphere. It was in this context that middle-class women and their servants played a key role in shaping social interactions, and a focus on the figure of the servant offers new ways of interpreting the intersections of class and gender represented by her more visible female employer.
Turbulence exposure recapitulates desperate behavior in late-stage sand dollar larvae

A common life cycle pattern in benthic-dwelling taxa in the ocean is an obligate pre-competent dispersal period of microscopic propagules followed by their entry into a competent period, during which they are capable of transitioning back to the sea floor at settlement. The behavior of larvae during their competent periods varies: some taxa are characterized by discriminating larvae that will only accept high quality habitat in which to settle, whereas larvae from other taxa may initially be discriminating, but will become increasingly ‘desperate’ to settle as they age. Larvae in this latter class, if they fail to encounter optimal settlement habitat, are observed to accept increasingly sub-optimal habitat as their competent period progresses. Here we show that a brief exposure of competent sand dollar larvae (Dendraster excentricus) to a high intensity of turbulent shear shifts larvae into less discriminating settlement behavior. Specifically, turbulence-exposed larvae will settle in response to a wider variety of settlement cues, and will do so more rapidly than will their unexposed siblings. We also report that turbulence causes larvae to sink to the bottom in greater numbers, presumably increasing their exposure to cues on the substrate. We conclude that fundamental aspects of larval life history and habitat selection are sensitive to short term environmental exposure. We discuss these findings in the context of how larvae might more generally utilize transient features of their environment to make key life history decisions. Such a perspective has implications for issues as diverse as aquaculture, population recovery following disturbance, and the sensitivity and response of marine organisms to climate change.
Cerebral fat embolism syndrome (FES): similar cases with different outcomes

Fat embolism syndrome (FES) is a rare multisystem, clinical syndrome occurring in 0.9%-2.2% of long-bone fractures. The severity of FES can vary from subclinical with mild respiratory changes and haematological aberrations to a fulminant state characterised by sudden onset of severe respiratory and neurological impairment. Here we present two patients with cerebral FES secondary to femur fracture. Both patients exhibited profound neurological impairment with varied outcomes. Our cases highlight the importance of a high clinical suspicion of FES in patients with long-bone fractures and neurological deterioration. We recommend early plate osteosynthesis to prevent additional emboli in patients with FES and situational placement of intracranial pressure monitoring. Finally, cerebral FES has low mortality even in a patient with tentorial herniation and fixed, dilated pupils.
Are students with disabilities suspended more frequently than otherwise similar students without disabilities

Abstract Students with disabilities (SWD) have been reported to be disproportionately suspended from U.S. schools and so more likely to experience the “school-to-prison pipeline” through suspension's associations with lower academic achievement, dropout, juvenile delinquency, and adult criminality. Yet few studies have estimated SWD's risk of more frequent suspension while simultaneously controlling for potential confounds. Negative binomial regression modeling of suspension count data from a nationally representative and longitudinal sample (N = 6,740) indicated that males, those from lower resourced families, and students attending more economically segregated schools were more frequently suspended. On average, students who are Black received about 1.6 times as many suspensions by the end of 8th grade as otherwise similar White students. In contrast, having a disability by 1st grade was not a risk factor for more frequent suspension by the end of 8th grade while simultaneously accounting for other risk factors (e.g., gender, race/ethnicity, family SES, prior history of externalizing problem behaviors, being from a English-speaking household, school-level economic composition). Students with specific disability conditions (e.g., emotional disturbances, speech or language impairments) were not at increased risk for more frequent suspension. Students with disabilities who are Black, Hispanic, or of other race/ethnicity were not more frequently suspended than SWD who are White.
Educational Outcomes Resulting From Restructuring a Scholarship Course for Doctor of Pharmacy Students.

Objective. To compare educational outcomes between two iterations of a scholarship and research course for Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) students at Virginia Commonwealth University’s School of Pharm...
Structure Based Prediction of Neoantigen Immunogenicity

The development of immunological therapies that incorporate peptide antigens presented to T cells by MHC proteins is a long sought-after goal, particularly for cancer, where mutated neoantigens are being explored as personalized cancer vaccines. Although neoantigens can be identified through sequencing, bioinformatics and mass spectrometry, identifying those which are immunogenic and able to promote tumor rejection remains a significant challenge. Here we examined the potential of high-resolution structural modeling followed by energetic scoring of structural features for predicting neoantigen immunogenicity. After developing a strategy to rapidly and accurately model nonameric peptides bound to the common class I MHC protein HLA-A2, we trained a neural network on structural features that influence T cell receptor (TCR) and peptide binding energies. The resulting structurally-parameterized neural network outperformed methods that do not incorporate explicit structural or energetic properties in predicting CD8+ T cell responses of HLA-A2 presented nonameric peptides, while also providing insight into the underlying structural and biophysical mechanisms governing immunogenicity. Our proof-of-concept study demonstrates the potential for structure-based immunogenicity predictions in the development of personalized peptide-based vaccines.
Randomized linear programming solves the Markov decision problem in nearly linear (sometimes sublinear) time

We propose a novel randomized linear programming algorithm for approximating the optimal policy of the discounted-reward and average-reward Markov decision problems. By leveraging the value–policy ...
Knox’s inertial spacetime functionalism (and a better alternative)

Eleanor Knox has argued that our concept of spacetime applies to whichever structure plays a certain functional role in the laws (the role of determining local inertial structure). I raise two objections to this inertial functionalism. First, it depends on a prior assumption about which coordinate systems defined in a theory are reference frames, and hence on assumptions about which geometric structures are spatiotemporal. This makes Knox’s account circular. Second, her account is vulnerable to several counterexamples, giving the wrong result when applied to topological quantum field theories and parity- and time-asymmetric theories. I advance an alternative account on which our spacetime concept is a cluster concept. On this view, the notion of metaphysical fundamentality may feature in the cluster, in which case spacetime functionalism may be uninformative in the absence of answers to fundamental metaphysical questions like the substantivalist/relationist debate.
Descriptive study of discharge medications in pediatric patients

Background:Limited studies have evaluated medications in children discharged from hospitals. Knowledge of the number of medications and dosage forms could provide a baseline to establish a medicati...
Value of a Statistical Life under Large Mortality Risk Change: Theory and an Application to COVID-19

In the estimation of the benefits of mortality reduction, a simple approach is to multiply the value of a statistical life (VSL) by the expected reduction in fatalities, thus holding the VSL constant. This procedure approximates benefits for small changes in mortality, but inaccurately characterizes benefits for large risk changes because it does not account for variations in the VSL. Building on the theoretical framework of the VSL, we outline a practical approach to calculate the benefits of large mortality reductions. This approach is readily applicable, yielding closed-form expressions that only require statistics broadly available for VSL-based calculations. Using recent empirical estimates of the VSL, we apply this approach to estimate the benefits of social distancing to combat COVID-19 in the United States and Brazil, two of the countries most affected by the pandemic. Our findings show that social distancing generates a benefit of $4 to 4.4 trillion in the United States, and $0.6 trillion in Brazil. We extend this analysis to other 72 countries using VSL projections and find that benefits correspond to 17% of the gross national income on average. Our results indicate that the constant VSL approach overestimates the benefits of social distancing by 74% on average.
Leveraging Linear Algebra to Count and Enumerate Simple Subgraphs

Even though subgraph counting and subgraph matching are well-known NP-Hard problems, they are foundational building blocks for many scientific and commercial applications. In order to analyze graphs that contain millions to billions of edges, distributed systems can provide computational scalability through search parallelization. One recent approach for exposing graph algorithm parallelization is through a linear algebra formulation and the use of the matrix multiply operation, which conceptually is equivalent to a massively parallel graph traversal. This approach has several benefits, including 1) a mathematically-rigorous foundation, and 2) ability to leverage specialized linear algebra accelerators and high-performance libraries. In this paper we explore and define a linear algebra methodology for performing exact subgraph counting and matching for 4-vertex subgraphs excluding the clique. Matches on these simple subgraphs can be joined as components for a larger subgraph. With thorough analysis we demonstrate that the linear algebra formulation leverages path aggregation which allows it to be up 2x to 5x more efficient in traversing the search space and compressing the results as compared to tree-based subgraph matching techniques.
Three Dimensions of Sleep, Somatic Symptoms, and Marijuana Use in U.S. High School Students.

Abstract Purpose This study aimed to investigate potential bidirectional relations between key sleep characteristics and somatic symptoms with past 30-day marijuana use in high school students. Methods Participants from the NEXT Generation Health Study (n = 2,770) reported on 10th and 11th grade (W1 and W2) sleep characteristics and somatic symptoms and 12th grade (W3) past 30-day marijuana. Multivariate logistic regressions and path analyses were conducted. Results Sleep duration was not associated with marijuana use. However, later W1 chronotype, greater W1 social jetlag, W1 trouble falling asleep, W1 trouble staying asleep, and W1 somatic symptoms were associated with increased odds of W3 past 30-day marijuana use. Path models indicated direct associations between W1 chronotype and W3 past 30-day marijuana use, and W1 social jetlag and W3 past 30-day marijuana use. Conclusions Later sleep timing was longitudinally associated with past 30-day marijuana use. Improved understanding of sleep health, specifically chronotype and social jetlag as risk factors for marijuana use is warranted, which may inform additional screening targets and interventions that address these associated domains.
A numerical parametric study to enhance thermal hydraulic performance of a novel alternating offset oblique microchannel

A novel alternating offset oblique microchannel (AOOMC) is proposed aimed at enhancing the thermal–hydraulic performance (THP) in microchannels. 3-D, conjugate numerical simulations are carried out...
Case 64: A Request from a Family Member

You are working in the southern part of Ethiopia. In your two-bed ICU, you have a 15-year-old girl with a full-blown Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) of unknown origin. The girl belongs to a minority tribe. In the hospital, you are the only medical doctor. The nursing staff belong to the majority tribe in the region.
Brain circuits for pain and its treatment.

Pain is a multidimensional experience with sensory-discriminative, affective-motivational, and cognitive-evaluative components. Pain aversiveness is one principal cause of suffering for patients wi...
New Magnetic Refrigeration Materials for the Liquefaction of Hydrogen

Five heavy lanthanide ferromagnetic intermetallic compounds were studied as potential magnetic refrigerants for the liquefaction of hydrogen gas. (Dy0.5Er0.5)Al2 and TbNi2 appear to be better refrigerants than GdPd for a Joule-Brayton cycle refrigerator, while (Gd0.54Er0.46)AlNi seems to be a suitable refrigerant for an Ericsson cycle refrigerator.
Recent Advances in the Numerical Analysis and Simulation of Thermoplasticity at Finite Strains

Novel numerical analysis aspects involved in the algorithmic treatment of a recently proposed formulation of thermoplasticity at finite strains are discussed. Two key aspects in these new developments are: i. The formulation of a new class of return mapping algorithms for multiplicative decomposition which inherit without modification all the features of the standard algorithms restricted to the infinitesimal theory; ii. The development of a new class of staggered coupled algorithms for coupled problems which retain the key property of unconditional stability. The work reported on herein summarizes some of the recent developments at Stanford in the area of inelastic coupled thermomechanical problems at finite strains.
Ethyl 5-oxo-2,3-diphenyl­cyclo­pentane-1-carboxyl­ate

The title compound, C20H20O3, was prepared by an acyl­oin-type condensation reaction in the presence of sodium sand and dry ether using ethyl cinnamate as the starting material. The C—O bond lengths for the carbonyl groups are 1.191 (2) and 1.198 (2) A, while the C—O bond in the ester group is 1.335 (2) A. The C—C bond lengths in the phenyl groups average 1.375 A, while the C—C bonds in the cyclo­penta­none ring average 1.525 A, indicating single C—C bonds in the latter.
Thyroxine targets different pathways of internalization of type II iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase in astrocytes.

Abstract In the brain, thyroid hormone dynamically regulates levels of the short-lived plasma membrane protein, type II iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase. In cultured astrocytes, thyroxine modulates deiodinase levels by activating cytoskeletal-plasma membrane interactions that increase the rate of inactivation of the enzyme. Here we characterized the effects of these thyroxine-dependent cytoskeletal interactions upon the route of internalization of the deiodinase by following the intracellular transit of the affinity-labeled substrate-binding subunit of the deiodinase (p29). Thyroxine rapidly induced the inactivation of the deiodinase and initiated the binding of p29 to F-actin. By 40 min, > 75% of the p29 had been transported to an endosomal pool, which was followed by dissociation of the F-actin-p29 complex. There was no significant accumulation of p29 in the dense lysosomes seen in the presence of thyroxine. In the absence of thyroxine, p29 was internalized and transported to the dense lysosomes at a rate parallel to the inactivation rate of the deiodinase (t1/2 0.75 and 0.64 h, respectively) without involvement with the microfilaments. These data demonstrate that thyroxine targets type II iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase to an endosomal pool by activating specific protein-F-actin interactions involved in microfilament-mediated intracellular protein trafficking.
Quantitative Determination of Usnic Acid in Usnea lichen and Its Products by Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography with Photodiode Array Detector

Usnic acid, a lichen substance, has a wide range of pharmaceutical applications, including antibiotic, antimycotic, antifeedant, antitubercular, antitumor, and analgesic activities. Some products containing usnic acid are marketed as weight control supplements; however, hepatotoxicity and acute liver failures were reported as severe side effects. The usnic acid content present in the plant materials and market products was analyzed by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector at 233 nm. A Waters XTerra RP18 (150 x 4.6 mm; 5 microm particle size) column was the stationary phase; mobile phase was aqueous 0.1% acetic acid and acetonitrile gradient at flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The temperature was held constant at 30 degrees C. The retention time of usnic acid was approximately 13.3 min. Acetone extraction of the samples took place with sonication. The precision of the method was confirmed by a standard deviation below 3.0% (n=3) and usnic acid recovery was 99.0%. Limit of detection was 0.4 microg/mL and the response was linear from 1.4 to 570.0 microg/mL with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9991. The content of usnic acid in 4 raw materials and 22 finished products was analyzed.
Inferring species phylogenies: a microarray approach

The incongruence between the gene trees and species remains a challenge in molecular phylogenetics. In this work, we propose a novel microarray approach to resolve this problem based on our previously proposed phylogenomic mining method. In our microarray approach, we first selected 28 genes from a set of statistically significant housekeeping genes from the S. cerevisiae cell cycle time series microarray data. Then we employed the BLAST and synteny criteria to identify homologs and orthologys of the selected genes among the genomes of other species. Finally, we applied the phylogenomic mining method for the aligned genes to infer the species phylogeny. The phylogenetic mining method used the self-organizing map mining, hierarchical clustering and entropy measure to concatenate the phylogenomically informative genes to infer species phylogenies. Compared with the original gene concatenation approach, our method not only overcome the ad-hoc mechanism and prohibitive phylogenetic computing problem of the species inference for the large number of taxa but also first integrated the microarray techniques in the species phylogeny inference.
Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope-particle Tracking Method to Assess Blood Velocity During Hypoxia and Hyperoxia

The main objective was to evaluate a Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope (SLO) based particle tracking method as a means of quantitative assessment of retinal blood velocity and vessel diameter changes in response to hypoxia and hyperoxia. Retinal blood velocities were measured by tracking fluorescent microspheres (1.0 microm diameter) in anesthetized adult pigmented rats. Velocities were calculated based on microsphere position changes and the recording frame rate. Hypoxia was induced by inspiring a mixture of nitrogen and air and hyperoxia was induced by inspiring 100% oxygen. Average blood velocities during hypoxia obtained for arteries, veins, and small vessels (diameter < 40 microm) were 39.9 +/- 9.9, 34.9 +/- 2.7, and 8.8 +/- 1.8 mm/sec, respectively, whereas during hyperoxia, the average blood velocities obtained were 23.7 +/- 6.2, 28.2 +/- 2.7, and 7.6 +/- 0.7 mm/sec. Hypoxia was found to increase the diameters of arteries by 25% but did not change the diameters of veins; whereas, hyperoxia was found to decrease their diameters by 25% and 18%. Changes detected in vessel diameter and blood velocity suggest that the level of oxygen tension alters retinal hemodynamics. Dynamics of retinal hemodynamics in response to hypoxia and hyperoxia can be assessed using the SLO imaging method.
Las palabras y “las sojas”: un enfoque desde la sociología de la ciencia y la tec-nología

La introduccion de soja transgenica resistente al glifosato en los principales mercados de grano a mediados de los 90, implico un punto de inflexion en el sistema agro-alimentario global. Expertos y organismos internacionales apoyaron la implementacion de la biotecnologia en la agricultura argumentando que podria ser la solucion a varios de los problemas de escasez de alimentos y recursos naturales que enfrentara la humanidad en los proximos anos. Sin embargo, esta mirada no fue unanimemente aceptada. Fuertes cuestionamientos y controversias surgieron en relacion con la seguridad de las nuevas tecnicas de produccion agraria, la calidad y confiabilidad de la sanidad de los alimentos producidos, la sustentabilidad economica y ambiental del nuevo modelo agro-alimentario, asi como la distribucion de los beneficios derivados del mismo. En la Argentina, tercer productor mundial de soja RR, durante los ultimos diez anos crecieron estos debates y conflictos. En este articulo presento una propuesta teorico-metodologica para abordar las controversias cientifico-politicas relativas a la soja RR, centrando la mirada en los procesos de lucha que involucran tanto a expertos como no expertos.
Does Cannabis Cause, Exacerbate or Ameliorate Psychiatric Disorders? An Oversimplified Debate Discussed.

Does Cannabis Cause, Exacerbate or Ameliorate Psychiatric Disorders? An Oversimplified Debate Discussed
The Tolkin Gene Is a Tolloid/Bmp-1 Homologue That Is Essential for Drosophila Development

The Drosophila decapentaplegic (dpp) gene, a member of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily of growth factors, is critical for specification of the embryonic dorsal-ventral axis, for proper formation of the midgut, and for formation of Drosophila adult structures. The Drosophila tolloid gene has been shown to genetically interact with dpp. The genetic interactions between tolloid and dpp suggests a model in which the tolloid protein participates in a complex containing the DPP ligand, its protease serving to activate DPP, either directly or indirectly. We report here the identification and cloning of another Drosophila member of the tolloid/bone morphogenic protein (BMP) 1 family, tolkin, which is located 700 bp 5' to tolloid. Its overall structure is like tolloid, with an N-terminal metalloprotease domain, five complement subcomponents C1r/C1s, Uegf, and Bmp1 (CUB) repeats and two epidermal growth factor (EGF) repeats. Its expression pattern overlaps that of tolloid and dpp in early embryos and diverges in later stages. In larval tissues, both tolloid and tolkin are expressed uniformly in the imaginal disks. In the brain, both tolloid and tolkin are expressed in the outer proliferation center, whereas tolkin has another stripe of expression near the outer proliferation center. Analysis of lethal mutations in tolkin indicate it is vital during larval and pupal stages. Analysis of its mutant phenotypes and expression patterns suggests that its functions may be mostly independent of tolloid and dpp.
Practical methods for automated reconstruction and characterization of particles in digital in-line holograms

Hologram reconstruction algorithms often undersample the phase in propagation kernels for typical parameters of holographic optical setups. Given in this paper is an algorithm that addresses this phase undersampling in reconstructing digital in-line holograms of particles for these typical parameters. This algorithm has a lateral sample spacing constant in reconstruction distance, has a diffraction limited resolution, and can be implemented with computational speeds comparable to the fastest of other reconstruction algorithms. This algorithm is shown to be accurate by testing with analytical solutions to the Huygens–Fresnel propagation integral. A low-pass filter can be applied to enforce a uniform minimum particle size detection limit throughout a sample volume, allowing this method to be useful in measuring particle size distributions and number densities. Tens of thousands of holograms of cloud ice particles are digitally reconstructed using the algorithm discussed. Positions of ice particles in the size range of 20 µm–1.5 mm are obtained using an algorithm that accurately finds the position of large and small particles along the optical axis. The digital reconstruction and particle characterization algorithms are implemented in an automated fashion with no user intervention on a computer cluster. Strategies for efficient algorithm implementation on a computer cluster are discussed.
Deflection of rectangular orthotropic plates under uniform load

An experiment was performed to determine the deflected shape of symmetrically supported orthotropic plates under uniform load. The experimental results were then compared with the mathematical model for shape and deflection. A symmetric clamped simply supported boundary condition case was selected, because it has a larger difference in peak to overall plate deflection compared with a plate that is simply supported on all sides
The presence of an exonuclease in highly purified DNA polymerase from bakers' yeast.

Two DNA polymerase activities from bakers' yeast can be separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography, one of which can be dissociated from its DNAase activity by subsequent chromatography on phosphocellulose. Both of the DEAE-cellulose polymerases prefer nicked double-stranded DNA and utilize single-stranded DNA efficiently only at high ratios of enzyme to template. DNA polymerase activity is completely inhibited by p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, suggesting that cysteine is essential for activity. The DNAase has been shown to be coincident with polymerase activity during chromatography. This enzyme hydrolyzes single-stranded DNA preferentially, releasing deoxymononucleotides as the sole product. The rate of hydrolysis is unaffected by the presence of a 2′,3′-dideoxy terminus on poly(dT).
Spectral changes in respiratory intermediates of brain cortex in response to depolarizing pulses.

Abstract The effect of electrical pulses on the oxidation-reduction states of the respiratory intermediates in isolated rat brain tissue was studied. The results indicate that each of the electron transport intermediates undergoes a transition from a relatively more oxidized to a reduced state. A pulse response spectrum reveals reduced peaks corresponding to NAD(P)H, ubiquinone and cytochromes c , b , and a − a 3 . The amount of cytochrome c reduced after 10 sec of electrical pulses is 13% of the cytochrome c reduced by dithionite. These results indicate that the rate of electron transport is dependent on and coupled to adenine nucleotides.
Myocardial Infarction in Younger Women: Associated Clinical Features and Relationship to Use of Oral Contraceptive Drugs

In a study of thromboembolism and oral contraceptive drugs, 136 cases of myocardial infarction in women aged 30 to 44 years were identified, a rare disease in women of this age group. Data from their hospital medical records were compared with those of several other groups, including women without chronic disease admitted for various acute or elective conditions unrelated to thromboembolism, patients with thromboembolic disease other than myocardial infarction, and women queried or examined in the National Health Survey. The following attributes were found to be associated with myocardial infarction in younger women: presence of diabetes; hypertension; history of increased cigarette smoking; and hypercholesterolemia. A history of the use of oral contraceptive drugs was found with greater frequency in cases than in controls. The literature on the possible association of myocardial infarction and the use of oral contraceptives was reviewed.
Broke Not Broken: Rights, Privacy, and Homelessness in Seattle

Though much critical urban scholarship is devoted to the struggles of the homeless and their advocates to become "visible" to the state and the "public," little attention has been paid to efforts made by the homeless to escape the public gaze. This study draws on media reports, press releases, and ethnographic research conducted in a Seattle homeless encampment to highlight the ways in which members of this collective mobilized the discourse of rights, and in particular the right to privacy, in their battle against the Safe Harbors homeless management information system. In doing so, it is argued that the concept of privacy functions as an important lens through which to view both the spatial underpinnings of social and political exclusion and the strategies through which the homeless resist these exclusions.
Photoelectron spectroscopy: The early days

Abstract I present here a brief recollection of my days as a student with David Turner and of the first few years after that time.
Evolution of Basal Plane Dislocations during 4H-SiC Epitaxial Growth

The evolution of basal plane dislocations (BPDs) in 4H-SiC epitaxy during its growth is investigated by using two types of interrupted growth in conjunction with ultraviolet photoluminescence (UVPL) imaging of the dislocations. For the first, each epitaxial growth was stopped after 10-20 μm and a UVPL map was collected. For the second, changing the gas flow interrupted the growth and the BPDs were imaged at the end. The first sequence made it possible to track the formation of half-loop arrays and show that they arise from BPDs that glide perpendicular to the offcut direction. For both types, each interruption causes between 30 – 50% of the BPDs to be converted to threading edge dislocations (TEDs). This result suggests that using interrupted growth may be an alternate method to producing epitaxial layers with low BPD concentration.
Electron transport in gated InGaAs and InAsP quantum well wires in selectively grown InP ridge structures

Abstract The purpose of this work is to fabricate ribbon-like InGaAs and InAsP wires embedded in InP ridge structures and investigate their transport properties. The InP ridge structures that contain the wires are selectively grown by chemical beam epitaxy (CBE) on pre-patterned InP substrates. To optimize the growth and micro-fabrication processes for electronic transport, we explore the Ohmic contact resistance, the electron density, and the mobility as a function of the wire width using standard transport and Shubnikov–de Haas measurements. At low temperatures the ridge structures reveal reproducible mesoscopic conductance fluctuations. We also fabricate ridge structures with submicron gate electrodes that exhibit non-leaky gating and good pinch-off characteristics acceptable for device operation. Using such wrap gate electrodes, we demonstrate that the wires can be split to form quantum dots evidenced by Coulomb blockade oscillations in transport measurements.
Closure of the charge-transfer energy gap and metallization of NiI2 under pressure.

We have performed resistivity and near-ir absorption measurements on ${\mathrm{NiI}}_{2}$ under pressure that strongly suggests that closure of the charge-transfer energy gap is the fundamental cause of the insulator-to-metal transition in ${\mathrm{NiI}}_{2}$. Our findings support the framework proposed by Zaanen, Sawatsky, and Allen outlining the electronic structure of transition-metal compounds.
Pre-hospital management of spinal cord injuries

Spinal cord injury is a multibillion dollar annual health care problem in the United States and across the world. It is considered a catastrophic disease because of the high morbidity, mortality and economic impact associated with these paralysing injuries. We advocate a systems approach for the comprehensive management of spinal cord injury patients based on an extensive multicentre experience which has produced data supporting this concept. The front end of this system involves prevention programmes based on the philosophy that it is more sensible to avoid an injury or disease than to have to deal with its treatment and con­ sequences, especially when therapy is so complex as it is in the case of spinal cord injuries. This phase involves public and professional education through various media modalities as well as legislative action directed towards safety equipment, speed limits, handgun restrictions, etc. Although successful in some areas, to date these prevention programmes have not affected the overall numbers of spinal cord injuries in our country or abroad. The next phase of system care involves the front end of the medical delivery component or the pre­ hospital management phase. Modern emergency medical services in the United States evolved as a result of the classic white paper, Accidental Death and Dis­ abilities-The Neglected Disease of Modern Society, released by the National Academy of Sciences National Research Council Committee on Shock and the Committee on Trauma, 1966. This document drew attention to the severe deficiencies existing in emergency care and served as a catalyst for a series of events directed towards improvement in the care of trauma victims. The Emergency Medical Services Systems which evolved were comprised of 15 components identified by Congress and the Emergency Medical Services Systems Act which also defined seven critical patient groups for emphasis, one of which was Spinal Cord Injuries. In 1984, there were 92 000 accidental deaths in the United States with about 50° [) being caused by auto accidents with an economic impact estim ated to be 96·9 billion dollars in lost wages and 13·8 billion dollars in medical expenses. In spite of these overwhelming figures and the significant successes of the National Emergency Medical Service programme, federal funding was eliminated as part of the budget trimming process in the