cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Fourteenth Amendment, the Bill of Rights, and the (First) Criminal Procedure Revolution

The theory that the Fourteenth Amendment incorporates the Bill of Rights established the foundation for the Warren Court's "criminal procedure revolution." Long before the Warren Court, however, there had been another criminal procedure revolution. This first revolution worked slowly and incrementally, led throughout the nineteenth century by legislatures rather than by courts. It included an institutional, an intellectual, and a doctrinal component. When it was over - roughly speaking, around the turn of the nineteenth into the twentieth century - the founders' criminal justice system had been altered beyond recognition. This essay argues that our understanding of the incorporation question can be strengthened by appreciating the first criminal procedure revolution. The ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment took place just as the doctrinal part of the revolution - the authorization of felony prosecutions by information and of testimony by the defendant - was becoming part of the positive law. These doctrinal changes were incompatible with the Fifth Amendment's indictment and self-incrimination clauses, and this incompatibility was recognized by both their proponents and their opponents. Many of the best jurists in the North and West did not understand the Fourteenth Amendment as imposing these clauses on the states. To say the history of criminal justice in the nineteenth century provides powerful evidence against the incorporation theory is not to say that this evidence is dispositive. There is evidence on all sides of the incorporation controversy, and how to weigh it is something reasonable people continue to contest. All I claim here is that, however we understand the appeal to the original understanding, the first revolution presents powerful evidence against incorporation of the grand jury and self-incrimination clauses of the Fifth Amendment, and by implication against any theory of total incorporation.
Caring for the critically injured. Commentary on an article by Saam Morshed, MD, PhD, MPH, et al.: "The impact of trauma-center care on mortality and function following pelvic ring and acetabular injuries".

Dr. Morshed and colleagues studied a topic that many orthopaedic trauma surgeons must dutifully address: the level of care for patients with the critical injuries of traumatic pelvic ring and acetabular fractures. The study was diverse; the authors examined mortality and quality-of-life-related scores among patients treated in eighteen hospitals with level-I trauma centers and fifty-one hospitals without trauma centers (nontrauma centers) in fourteen U.S. states. In total, they examined 829 adult patients (eighteen to eighty-four years of age) who had sustained a pelvic ring or acetabular injury. Through extensive statistical analysis, they concluded that trauma centers had much more favorable rates than nontrauma centers in terms of reduced mortality and improved physical function at one year of follow-up among patients with more severe injuries. This study goes to the heart of what was established by …
Cardiac calcium signalling pathologies associated with defective calmodulin regulation of type 2 ryanodine receptor

Cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) is a homotetramer of 560 kDa polypeptides regulated by calmodulin (CaM), which decreases its open probability at diastolic and systolic Ca(2+) concentrations. Point mutations in the CaM-binding domain of RyR2 (W3587A/L3591D/F3603A, RyR2(ADA)) in mice result in severe cardiac hypertrophy, poor left ventricle contraction and death by postnatal day 16, suggesting that CaM inhibition of RyR2 is required for normal cardiac function. Here, we report on Ca(2+) signalling properties of enzymatically isolated, Fluo-4 dialysed whole cell clamped cardiac myocytes from 10-15-day-old wild-type (WT) and homozygous Ryr2(ADA/ADA) mice. Spontaneously occurring Ca(2+) spark frequency, measured at -80 mV, was 14-fold lower in mutant compared to WT myocytes. ICa, though significantly smaller in mutant myocytes, triggered Ca(2+) transients that were of comparable size to those of WT myocytes, but with slower activation and decay kinetics. Caffeine-triggered Ca(2+) transients were about three times larger in mutant myocytes, generating three- to four-fold bigger Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchanger NCX currents (INCX). Mutant myocytes often exhibited Ca(2+) transients of variable size and duration that were accompanied by similarly alternating and slowly activating INCX. The data suggest that RyR2(ADA) mutation produces significant reduction in ICa density and ICa-triggered Ca(2+) release gain, longer but infrequently occurring Ca(2+) sparks, larger sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) loads, and spontaneous Ca(2+) releases accompanied by activation of large and potentially arrhythmogenic inward INCX.
Improving the Proficiency of Research Consent Administrators

Despite increasing regulatory efforts to protect individuals who participate in research and to ensure that they are fully informed, data have consistently demonstrated that participants are often unable to recall important elements of the research such as its purpose, the potential risks, or what is expected of them, even after they have signed consent forms and discussed the protocol with research staff. The misunderstanding worsens when working with immigrant populations where low literacy and limited English proficiency further hinder individuals’ understanding of the research process. In a recent systematic review, Nishimura and colleagues found that while a number of interventions to improve participant comprehension were effective, results were inconsistent (1). A common theme, however, seemed to be the importance of the one-on-one interaction of a potential participant with the person obtaining consent (i.e., the consent administrator). Several years ago, we developed and tested a formal training program for research personnel who obtain consent from individuals to participate in a research study (i.e., consent administrators). Although the program was successful in improving the consent process, it was expensive, time consuming, and not practical in many busy settings(2). Therefore, as part of a larger NIH-funded study, we developed a short on-line video training module for research personnel designed to assess participant understanding with an emphasis on hearing from the community about their thoughts, beliefs and feelings about research and incorporating principles of health and cultural literacy and the use of the ‘playback’ method designed to assess participant understanding. This focus was of particular importance to us as we serve a predominantly immigrant Latino population with low levels of health literacy and a high percentage of participants with limited English proficiency. The aims of this paper are to describe the development and testing of the module to enhance the knowledge of research personnel regarding the importance of health and cultural literacy in the consent process.
The Dynamic Range of Neonatal Heart Rate Variability

Neonatal Heart Rate Variability. Introduction: Although it is generally appreciated that heart rate variability is low during severe illness, the extent, time course, and mathematical characteristics of heart rate variability during transitions between health and illness have not been systematically examined. The purpose of this study was to analyze heart rate variability in newborn infants during a rapid recovery from severe respiratory and circulatory failure. Methods and Results: From prolonged ECG recordings, we evaluated heart rate variability in the time domain (mean, relative change, and coefficient of variation of RR intervals), in the frequency domain (using power spectra of the time series of RR intervals), and using a neural network. Qualitatively, RR interval plots showed little heart rate variability during severe illness but became “noisier” during recovery. Quantitatively, recovery was marked by twofold to threefold increases in time-domain parameters, by eightfold increases in frequency-domain parameters, and by more than 20-fold increases in a neural network measure. Time-domain and frequency-domain measures were correlated, but not strongly. Heart rate variability reached stable levels by 4 to 5 days. Heart rate did not change dramatically. Conclusion: Recovery from severe neonatal illness is accompanied by large and rapid increases in heart rate variability, but not by large changes in heart rate. This increase can be effectively assessed in the time domain, in the frequency domain, and by using a neural network.
The Role of the Newer Antiepileptic Drugs in the Treatment of Generalized Convulsive Status Epilepticus

The emergency treatment of seizures is an important practical issue, especially the treatment of generalized convulsive status epilepticus (GCSE). Benzodiazepines or older standard antiepileptic drugs (phenobarbital, phenytoin) have typically been used as initial intravenous treatment of GCSE. As new parenteral antiepileptic drugs are developed, and more are on the horizon, questions are raised regarding their role in the treatment of status epilepticus (SE). This review discusses the evidence for the treatment of GCSE, including the newer agents (valproate, levetiracetam). We correlate the treatment of SE with our modern understanding of the underlying neurophysiology and seizure duration.
Building minds, not widgets: technology for the business of learning

Over the past decade, CIOs in both the corporate and academic worlds have focused on creating an IT infrastructure that supports a variety of business processes through networks, mail systems, and enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. It is clear that to enhance productivity and increase market share, IT must go beyond general business support to a model that improves core product design and quality. Such a shift should occur at institutions of higher education as well. IT provides a competitive advantage only if it improves learning effectiveness while containing the labor costs of instruction. Successful CIOs in higher education are those who can transfer corporate experience to a teaching and learning culture. Key stakeholders n this case, the provost, department heads, and faculty - judge them for their direct contribution to the key university differentiator, the quality of the graduating students. This is a formidable challenge, but one that CIOs must undertake if IT is to reach its full potential in a university setting.
Selenium-based pharmacological agents: an update

The biochemistry and pharmacology of selenium is a subject of intense current interest, particularly from the viewpoint of public health. Selenium, long recognised as a dietary antioxidant, is now known to be an essential component of the active sites of several enzymes, including glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase, which catalyse reactions essential to the protection of cellular components against oxidative and free radical damage. A low concentration of selenium in plasma has been identified as a risk factor for several diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis and AIDS, and several large-scale selenium supplementation human trials are now underway. Evidence is emerging that, at least in the case of cancer, the antitumorigenic effect of selenium supplementation arises at least in part from enhanced production of specific selenium-containing metabolites, not just from maximal expression of selenoenzymes. Therefore a number of novel pharmaceutical agents which are selenium-based or which target specific aspects of selenium metabolism are under development. Among these are orally-active antihypertensive agents, anticancer, antiviral, immunosuppressive and antimicrobial agents, and organoselenium compounds which reduce oxidative tissue damage and edema. It can be anticipated that as our understanding of the basic biology and biochemistry of selenium increases, the coming years will bring further development of new selenium-based pharmaceutical agents with therapeutic potential toward a variety of human diseases.
Inhibition of peptic activity by sucralfate

It is known that antacids containing aluminum hydroxide inhibit peptic activity by raising intragastric pH and by adsorbing pepsin. Since sucralfate contains aluminum hydroxide moieties, the possibility that this drug might inhibit peptic activity by these same mechanisms was examined. Sucralfate was incubated at a concentration of 10 mg/ml with samples of human gastric juice having pH values between 1.5 and 4 for 30 minutes at 37 degrees C. The proteolytic activity of the supernatant was then determined at a pH of 2.2 against a bovine hemoglobin substrate. When the initial pH of the gastric juice sample was 1.5, sucralfate was converted to a viscous gel and the pH of the incubation mixture rose to 2.9. However, there was no decrease in the peptic activity of the supernatant. In contrast, when the pH of the gastric juice sample was more than 2, the drug remained in suspension, but there was a graded rise in pH to a maximum of 4.1 and a progressive decrease in peptic activity (determined at a pH of 2.2) to a nadir of 65 percent of the control value. However, because peptic activity declines rapidly at a pH of more than 3, peptic activity at the ambient pH of the samples was reduced to only 25 percent of the control value. The results indicate that at pH values of more than 2, sucralfate inhibits peptic activity by both adsorbing pepsin and buffering hydrogen ions.
A heuristic procedure for the automobile assembly-line sequencing problem considering multiple product options

Mixed-model assembly nowadays is a common practice in the automobile industry. In an automobile assembly plant, many car options often need to be considered in sequencing an assembly line, for example, the multiple sequencing objectives that consider a pattern, blocking, spacing, and smoothing of options. A general heuristic procedure is developed in this paper for sequencing automobile assembly lines considering multiple options. The procedure obtains an initial sequence by an enhanced constructive procedure, swaps orders for the most deteriorating category of objectives, and performs re-sequencing attempting to improve the swapped sequence. The heuristic procedure was shown to frequently improve the initial sequences by swapping and re-sequencing when swapping opportunities exist. A further improvement step is also proposed to perform a limited search based on the swapped solution. The limited-search improvement step was shown to be effective in further improving solutions from the heuristic procedure i...
Properties of a phosphorylated intermediate of the Ca,Mg-activated ATPase of microsomal vesicles from uterine smooth muscle.

Abstract A phosphorylated intermediate of the Ca,Mg-ATPase is demonstrated in microsomal preparations from uterine smooth muscle. Characterization included the use of activators, inhibitors, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-gel electrophoresis. The phosphorylation was a function of the ATP and Ca concentrations. The dissociation constant K ATP was 2.7 × 10 −6 m and K Ca was 1.7 × 10 −6 m . Mg was obligatory for the reaction. Na azide, ouabain, or the substitution of NaCl for KCl did not affect the reaction. Phosphorylation was inhibited by Salyrgan, ADP, or 20 m m calcium. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 2.4 demonstrated phosphorylation of predominantly one protein with a molecular weight of 100,000 to 110,000. Hydroxylamine and, to a lesser extent, neutral and alkaline pH caused dephosphorylation. This indicates the presence of an acylphosphate bond in the phosphoprotein. The above findings are consistent with the phosphorylated intermediate being a Ca,Mg-ATPase. The inhibition by 20 m m calcium indicates that the Ca,Mg-ATPase of smooth muscle differs from that of striated muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Genetic determinants of risk and progression in multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease that represents a primary cause of neurological disability in the young adult population. Converging evidence supports the importance of genetic determinants for MS etiology. However, with the exception of the major histocompatibility complex, their nature has been elusive for more than 20 years. In the last decade, the advent of large genome-wide association studies has significantly improved our understanding of the disease, leading to the golden era of MS genetic research. To date more than 110 genetic variants have been firmly associated to an increased risk of developing MS. A large part of these variants tag genes involved in the regulation of immune response and several of them are shared with other autoimmune diseases, suggesting a common etiological root for this class of disorders. Despite the impressive body of data obtained in the last years, we are still far from fully decoding MS genetic complexity. For example, we ignore how these genetic factors interact with each other and with the environment. Thus, the biggest challenge for the next era of MS research will consist in identifying and characterizing the molecular mechanisms and the cellular pathways in which these risk variants play a role.
Effects of noise and anisotropy on the determination of fractal dimensions

Summary Measurement of the fractal dimension of surfaces imaged by the scanning tunnelling microscope, atomic force microscope or similar instruments can be performed using several different algorithms. Dimensional analysis—plots of log (perimeter) vs. log (area)—are compared to Korcak and slit-island methods, which also employ a horizontal plane section, and to Fourier analysis of the two-dimensional array of elevation values. The effects of surface anisotropy and instrument noise on each of these measurement techniques is investigated.
Patients' and Parents' Causal Attributions for Childhood Cancer

Pediatric cancer patients and their parents often attribute causes for cancer despite the fact that attending physicians tell them the cause is unknown. The kinds of causal attributions that patients and parents make was systematically examined to determine whether different types of attributions were associated with different coping strategies. Twenty pediatric oncology patients (mean age = 10 years, 9 months) were interviewed to determine the kinds of attributions they made (if any) about their cancer. The parents also were interviewed concerning their causal attributions of their child's cancer and completed the Strategies for Coping with Illness-Parents' Scale to determine their coping strategies. Pediatric oncology nurses rated the children's coping strategies. The findings indicated that both patients and parents who made external types of attributions coped significantly better than did those who made internal types of attributions or accepted the physicians' advice that the cause of pediatric canc...
Intracellular Postsynaptic Potentials and Location of Synapses in Pyramidal Cells of the Cat Olfactory Cortex

Intracellular Postsynaptic Potentials and Location of Synapses in Pyramidal Cells of the Cat Olfactory Cortex
Indentation Mechanics for Micro- and Nano-Layered Composites

The effect of micro- and nano-scale heterogeneity on the indentation behavior of the composite structure was studied numerically using the finite element method. The material system of concern is the aluminum (Al)/silicon carbide (SiC) multilayered thin films above the silicon (Si) substrate. The numerical model features the explicit composite structure indented by a conical diamond indenter within the axisymmetric simulation framework. Attention is devoted to the evolution of stress and deformation fields in the layered composite during the indentation loading and unloading processes. It was found that the layered composite, consisting of materials with distinctly different mechanical properties, results in unique deformation patterns. Significant tensile stresses can be generated locally along certain directions, which offers a mechanistic rationale for the indentation-induced internal cracking observed experimentally. The unloading process also leads to an expansion of the tension-stressed area, as well as continued plastic flow in parts of the Al layers. Implications of these numerical findings to the nanoindentation response of metal-ceramic laminates are discussed.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
CML: mechanisms of disease initiation and progression.

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a hematological stem cell disorder characterized by excessive proliferation of the myeloid lineage. It has a progressive course typified by the transition from the chronic phase to the accelerated phase and on to blast crisis. The hallmark of CML is the translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22 that results in the chimeric BCR-ABL gene encoding p210BCR-ABL. The oncogenic potential of this protein has been validated, and it is believed that it contributes in a critical way to the initiation of CML. However, the secondary genetic forces responsible for the transition from the chronic state to the fully blastic stage are not clear. Evidence for chromosomal instability includes the clonal evolution which characterizes advanced CML. In regard to specific genetic aberrations, sporadic reports have shown alterations in H-RAS, c-MYC, retinoblastoma, and P53 genes, as well as production of p190BCR-ABL during the progression of CML. In addition, we have recently found evidence...
Solvothermal and Reflux Syntheses, Crystal Structure and Properties of Lanthanide-Thiophenedicarboxylate-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks

Two new lanthanide thiophenedicarboxylate-based metal-organic frameworks with the formulas La2(2,5-TDC)3(DMF)2H2O DMF (1) and Gd2(2,5-TDC)3(DMF)2H2O (2) (2,5-TDC = 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid; DMF = N,N′-dimethylformamide), have been synthesized by two different methods (solvothermal and reflux). The synthesis of these materials from metal nitrate hydrates with 2,5-TDC as the organic linker in DMF/n-propanol afforded two rigid non-interpenetrating frameworks with coordinated solvent molecules (DMF and H2O) occupying the channels. Compound (1) crystallizes in an orthorhombic space group Pna21 with Z = 4, a = 17.434(4) A, b = 11.227(3) A, c = 17.980(4) A and V = 3,519.0(15) A3. Compound (2) crystallizes in a monoclinic P21/n space group with Z = 4, a = 17.5387(17) A, b = 10.8038(11) A, c = 17.7283(18) A, β = 104.793(2) and V = 3,247.9(6) A3. Powder X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and infrared spectroscopy of (1) and (2) are presented. Two new 3D lanthanide-thiophenedicarboxylate based coordination polymers with the formulas La2(2,5-TDC)3(DMF)2H2O-DMF (1) and Gd2(2,5-TDC)3(DMF)2H2O (2) (2,5-TDC = 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid), have been synthesized by two different methods (solvothermal and reflux) and fully characterized.
Abstract B126: Does adult soy intake influence total estrogen levels and estrogen metabolism patterns?

B126 Background Soy foods are a dietary staple in Asian countries and may play a role in this region’s historically low rates of breast cancer incidence. Isoflavones found in soy have structural similarities to estrogens and could exert protective effects by interacting with estrogen receptors, binding proteins, or metabolic enzymes. In a sample of Asian-American women we test whether soy is associated with urinary concentrations of estrogens and estrogen metabolites (EM). Methods This analysis was conducted among controls from a population-based case-control study of breast cancer among women of Chinese, Japanese and Filipino ancestry, aged 20-55 years, and living in San Francisco-Oakland (CA), Los Angeles (CA) and Oahu (HI). Of 966 controls, we included the 571 (59%) women who donated a 12-hour urine and had not been pregnant or lactating or used exogenous hormones in the last 6 months. At urine collection, 168 women were postmenopausal, 233 were pre-menopausal in mid-luteal phase, and 170 were in other categories. Fifteen EM were measured simultaneously with a highly sensitive and reproducible liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. Participants had been queried about their usual adult frequency of intake of tofu and other selected soy foods. Robust regression was used to model the associations of soy intake (in tertiles) with EM measures. Models were adjusted for age, ethnicity, body mass index (BMI), and birthplace (Asia/West). Results No statistically significant associations were seen between soy intake and urinary concentrations of estrone, estradiol, estriol, or total EM in postmenopausal women or premenopausal women. In postmenopausal but not premenopausal women, we found significant trends across tertiles of soy intake for EM grouped by metabolic pathways. The 2- and 4-hydroxylated EM and the methylated catechols, each expressed as a percent of total EM, increased with soy intake, while relative levels of EM in the 16-hydroxylation pathway decreased. Models adjusted for age and ethnicity were similar. Factor analysis was used to confirm EM groupings. Among postmenopausal women, factor analysis identified four independent EM patterns, termed ‘catechols’, ‘methylated catechols’, ‘16-hydroxylation pathway EM’, and ‘parent estrogens’ based on the predominant EM. Factors for premenopausal women were similar. Discussion Our findings do not support the hypothesis that soy intake influences endogenous production of estrogens but they do suggest that soy intake can modify estrogen metabolism in postmenopausal women. Increased ratios of 2-hydroxyestrone to 16α-hydroxyestrone have been associated with lower breast cancer risk in some epidemiologic studies. Methylation of catechol estrogens results in deactivation of these metabolites and prevents conversion into genotoxic quinones. Thus, the trends by soy intake represent variations in EM metabolism that could reduce breast cancer risk. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B126.
Functional image reconstruction enhancement for MR spectroscopic and nuclear medicine images

Functional images in medicine, such as phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (SI) images or perfusion studies in nuclear medicine (NM) using 99mTc-HMPAO, are low in resolution compared to x-ray CT or proton MR (anatomic) images. This paper describes an improved, rapid method for enhancing the accuracy and resolution of functional medical images. While both functional and anatomic images are often available for the organ under study, few attempts have been made to use the a priori information in the anatomic images to improve the poor resolution of the corresponding functional images. The proposed technique assumes that compartments can be identified in a high resolution anatomic image of the region under study, and each of these compartments is assumed to contain a spatially heterogeneous concentration of metabolite. The spatial variation of the metabolite is modelled by a series expansion. Application of the method is derived for both MR spectroscopic images, and scintigrams. Noise-free and noisy simulation studies of spectroscopic images are presented which show that the method is robust in the presence of noise, and also when the assumed model is mismatched to the function which describes the actual metabolite compartmental concentration.
Social Stratification and the Socialization of Competence

This paper treats competence as a linkage between socialization and adult role-repertoire. The traditional approach to the study of socialization of cognitive, motivational, and social skills, or competences, in the United States generally makes an invidious comparison with white middle-class socialization of the same skills. Investigators often conclude that subordinate-group parents are a failure as socialization agents, incapable of transmitting white middle-class skills to their children. The author suggests another interpretation. He argues that typical social, occupational, political, and other valued adult roles in a society determine what skills parents seek to transmit to their children. However, in a racially stratified society like the United States, such roles —and the cognitive, motivational, and social skills associated with them —tend also to be stratified. Consequently, subordinate-group parents teach their children to acquire different skills necessary for their subordinate future adult roles, rather than the white middle-class skills.
Altered response to ibutilide in a heart failure model

Objective: Despite the frequent use of anti-arrhythmic drugs in the general population, the electrophysiologic effects of these agents have not been elucidated in congestive heart failure (CHF). Methods: To examine the impact of left ventricular dysfunction on actions of type III anti-arrhythmic drugs, we evaluated the actions of ibutilide in a canine model of pacing-induced dilated cardiomyopathy. Following ablation of the atrioventricular node, effects on action potential duration at 90% (APD90) were compared in vivo, between eight CHF animals and seven controls. Monophasic action potential recordings were obtained from right and left ventricular endocardium/epicardium during and after three doses of ibutilide (0.01, 0.02 and 0.05 mg/kg), at pacing cycle lengths of 300–1000 ms. Results: APD90 prolongation with ibutilide (0.01 mg/kg) was significantly greater in CHF vs. controls ( P = 0.0026, ANOVA). However, plasma ibutilide levels at this dose, were not significantly different between the two groups. In CHF, maximal effects were observed at the lowest dose, whereas effects were gradual and dose-dependent in controls. With ibutilide administration (0.01 mg/kg), an increased dispersion of left–right ventricular APD90 was observed in CHF, but not in controls ( P = 0.03). A trend was observed, for increased incidence of non-sustained polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in CHF. Conclusions: In the presence of CHF, the actions of ibutilide are altered significantly. These findings may reflect altered tissue effects, as a consequence of myocardial electrical remodeling in CHF.
Enantioselective allylic amination of MBH carbonates catalyzed by novel chiral 4-dialkylaminopyridine catalysts

We have investigated the asymmetric allylic amination of Morita–Baylis–Hillman (MBH) carbonates with nitrogen nucleophiles in the presence of newly designed chiral DMAP catalysts. A series of α-methylene β-amino esters were obtained with good yield and selectivities.
Two-body photodisintegration of 3He, 4He, and 2He up to 1.5 GeV

Preliminary Jefferson Lab data on the photodisintegration of the isotopes of helium are presented and discussed.
A clinical overview of monoamine oxidase inhibitors

Abstract After examining reasons for the revival of interest in use of the monoamineoxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), the author evaluates current thinking and experience concerning patient selection and indications, dosage, side effects, drug interactions, combination with tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), and instructions for the patient. The major role of MAOIs now appears to be in depressed patients refractory to other pharmacologic treatments, and especially in outpatients with features of both anxiety and depression.
Re-engineering an American emergency department with Team Triage - adapting to increasing patient volume in emergency services

Overcrowding in U.S. emergency departments (ED) is a critical issue. In a privatized health care system, patients with limited access to insurance benefits (as influenced by challenging socio-economic conditions) often utilize the ED as crucial point of access to care. Non-acute patients seeking primary care in ED facilities can congest operations and contribute to overcrowding. In Hawaii’s second busiest ED (Hospital 1), a non-traditional method of emergency triage – team triage – has been implemented to improve patient throughput and satisfaction, and mitigate effects of overcrowding. This study defines trends and compares two prominent and nationally recognized EDs (Hospital 1 and Hospital 2) in the state of Hawaii - employing team and traditional triage respectively, to examine changes in patient population, demographics, acuteness, and departmental throughput measures.
Complex networks: The fragility of interdependency.

A study of failures in interconnected networks highlights the vulnerability of tightly coupled infrastructures and shows the need to consider mutually dependent network properties in designing resilient systems.
Affirmative action algorithms

Affirmative action is a new variety of selection rule which employs historical information to favor the choice of elements that have not been selected in the past. We categorize three implementations of this principle and discuss their application to the simplex method, to Bard-type schemes for the linear complementarity problem, and to augmenting path methods for network flow problems. We present analytical and computational results, and some open questions.
Evaluation of AIRS Cloud-Thermodynamic-Phase Determination with CALIPSO

Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) infrared-based cloud-thermodynamic-phase retrievals are evaluated using the Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) cloud thermodynamic phase. The AIRS cloud phase is derived from spectral information contained within the 8‐12-mm window, and CALIPSO provides coincident pixel-scale observations of cloud phase using the depolarization capabilityof the532-nmchannel.Comparisons are performed betweentheAIRS andCALIPSOcloud-phase observations for single-layer (48.5% of all clouds), heterogeneous-layer (45.9%), and multilayered (5.6%) clouds. The AIRS ice phase is in agreement with CALIPSO for more than 90% of coincident observations globally, with the largest discrepancies found in high latitudes and multilayered clouds. AIRS water phase generally follows CALIPSO spatial patterns, but the frequency is lower by about a factor of 2. The ice and waterphasesofAIRSbothshowmisclassificationsabout1%ofthetimewhencomparedwithCALIPSO.Not all clouds demonstrate strong phase signatures in the AIRS spectrum, which leads AIRS to classify unknown phase to around 10% of CALIPSO’s ice clouds and 60% of CALIPSO’s water clouds. This study shows that thealgorithmiscapableofdetectingicecloudswithintheAIRSfieldofviewandcanbeusedasthefirststepin further retrievals of ice-cloud optical thickness and effective particle size.
Segregation of fate during cleavage of frog ( Xenopus laevis ) blastomeres

A detailed fate map of all the progeny derived from each of the blastomeres of the 4- and 8-cell stage South African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) embryo is presented. Each “identified” blastomere that results from stereotypic cleavages has a characteristic set of progeny that distinguishes it from the other blastomeres of the embryo. The 4-cell dorsal (D) blastomere is the major progenitor of the stomodeum, cement gland, retina, notochord, head somite, pharynx and liver. The 4-cell ventral (V) blastomere is the major progenitor of the trunk and fin epidermis, ventral somite, nephrotome, lateral plate mesoderm and proctodeum. The other organs are derived from both blastomeres. At the next cell division, the animal hemisphere daughters of both blastomeres (D1 and V1, respectively) become the major progenitors for head ectodermal and mesodermal structures, and the vegetal hemisphere daughters become the major progenitors for trunk mesodermal (D2) or trunk endodermal (V2) structures. Semiquantitative lineage diagrams, using data from this and from previous studies demonstrate that as cleavage proceeds from the 2- to the 32-cell stage, the progenitors for particular organs or for specific regions of organs segregate into defined regions of the blastula. To determine whether this segregation is related to the position of the blastomere or to its geneological lineage, we compared the fates of radial 8-cell blastomeres to those of stereotypic 8-cell blastomeres. Radial blastomeres have fates nearly equivalent to the sum of the two 16-cell blastomeres that occupy the same position in the embryo, demonstrating that fate depends upon blastomere position rather than lineage.
Interferon-Inducible Protein IFI35 Negatively Regulates RIG-I Antiviral Signaling and Supports Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Replication

In a genome-wide small interfering RNA (siRNA) screen, we recently identified the interferon (IFN)-inducible protein 35 (IFI35; also known as IFP35) as a factor required for vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection. Studies reported here were conducted to further understand the role and requirement of IFI35 in VSV infection. Consistent with the siRNA screening data, we found that depletion of IFI35 led to reduced VSV replication at the level of viral gene expression. Although no direct interaction of IFI35 with the viral replication machinery was observed, we found that IFI35 negatively regulated the host innate immune response and rescued poly(I·C)-induced inhibition of VSV replication. Promoter-driven reporter gene assays demonstrated that IFI35 overexpression suppressed the activation of IFN-β and ISG56 promoters, whereas its depletion had the opposite effect. Further investigation revealed that IFI35 specifically interacted with retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and negatively regulated its activation through mechanisms that included (i) suppression of dephosphorylation (activation) of RIG-I and (ii) proteasome-mediated degradation of RIG-I via K48-linked ubiquitination. Overall, the results presented here suggest a novel role for IFI35 in negative regulation of RIG-I-mediated antiviral signaling, which will have implications for diseases associated with excessive immune signaling. IMPORTANCE Mammalian cells employ a variety of mechanisms, including production of interferons (IFNs), to counteract invading pathogens. In this study, we identified a novel role for a cellular protein, IFN-inducible protein 35 (IFP35/IFI35), in negatively regulating the host IFN response during vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection. Specifically, we found that IFI35 inhibited activation of the RNA sensor, the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), leading to inhibition of IFN production and thus resulting in better replication of VSV. The identification of a cellular factor that attenuates the IFN response will have implications toward understanding inflammatory diseases in humans that have been found to be associated with defects in the regulation of host IFN production, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and psoriasis.
Determinants of Proton Relaxation Rates in Tissue

It is well established that the longitudinal magnetic relaxation rate of solvent water protons, 1/T1, increases markedly in homogeneous protein solutions as the magnetic field is reduced well below the traditional NMR range. For a 5% solution of protein of 10(5) Da, for example, 1/T1 increases from about 50% above the pure water rate of 20 MHz to five times the water rate at 0.01 MHz. For tissue, including blood, the behavior is similar. Data for blood show that extracellular water has ready access to the hemoglobin inside red blood cells, which causes the enhanced relaxation. The extent to which cell water can sample the spatial structure of soft tissue, and how this structure influences relaxation rates, is as yet unknown. Nonetheless, the relaxation data for tissue can be accommodated within the conceptual framework developed earlier for analyzing homogeneous solutions of diamagnetic proteins. The variation of 1/T1 with field differs among tissues, and its magnitude at a given field can vary by more than a factor of three, far more than does the water content of the tissues. Solute complexes of paramagnetic ions with macromolecules, which increase the relaxation rates of solvent protons, can be introduced intravenously in tissue. They are known to accumulate in specific organs, and therefore have potential utility as contrast-enhancing agents in NMR imaging. Mn2+ and Gd3+, for example, produce characteristic dependences of 1/T1 on magnetic field that vary with the chemical state of the agent. The possibility exists, therefore, for monitoring the in vivo biochemistry of these agents.
Quantitative aspects of a unified model of diffusion mediated receptor--cyclase coupling.

Abstract A quantitative model is presented of diffusion mediated coupling of adenylate cyclase to multivalent plasma membrane receptors which accounts for a wide range of phenomena including non linear occupation-activation plots with either positive or negative second derivatives, spare receptors, silent receptors, and negative and positive binding cooperativity. A non linear least square fit of the predicted equation for cyclase activation to available data predicts translational diffusion coefficients in the range of (10 −10 –10 −11 ) cm 2 /s.
Scattering properties of a cylinder fabricated from a left-handed material

We study the scattering of an electromagnetic wave from a cylinder of infinite length fabricated from a combined split-ring resonator (SRR) and thin metal wire medium that is characterized by an effective frequency-dependent permittivity ∈ e f f (ω) and permeability μ e f f (ω) that can both be negative in a certain frequency region, and thus constitutes a left-handed (LH) metamaterial. We evaluate the scattering width of the cylinder in terms of the most general form of the Mie coefficients a n ,b n that takes into account the magnetic effects through the effective refractive index neff(ω)= √∈ e f f (ω) √μ e f f (ω). Incident waves of both E polarization (where the electric field is parallel to the axis of the cylinder) and H polarization (where the magnetic field is parallel to the axis of the cylinder) are considered. We find that in the case when the magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane of the SRR, the scattering width as a function of the frequency of the incident wave reveals the resonances of the Mie coefficients a n and b n , for both E- and H-polarized incident waves These peaks occur in the frequency range where the effective refractive index is negative, and they arise from modes that propagate with a negative group velocity. This behavior is consistent with the results of transfer-matrix calculations and transmission experiments on two-dimensional LH metamaterials, which show that the medium becomes transparent to the electromagnetic radiation in this frequency region.
Extensive linkage disequilibrium, a common 16.7-kilobase deletion, and evidence of balancing selection in the human protocadherin α cluster

Regions of extensive linkage disequilibrium (LD) appear to be a common feature of the human genome. However, the mechanisms that maintain these regions are unknown. In an effort to understand whether gene density contributes to LD, we determined the degree of promoter sequence variation in a large tandem-arrayed gene family, the human protocadherin α cluster, on chromosome 5. These genes are expressed at synaptic junctions in the developing brain and the adult brain and may be involved in the determination of synaptic complexity. We sequenced the promoters of all 13 α protocadherin genes in 96 European Americans and identified polymorphisms in the promoters α1, α3, α4, α5, α7, α9, α11, and α13. In these promoters, 11 common SNPs are in extensive LD, forming two 48-kb haplotypes of equal frequency, in this population, that extend from the α1 through α7 genes. We sequenced these promoters in East Asians and African Americans, and we estimated haplotype frequencies and calculated LD statistics for all three populations. Our results indicate that, although extensive LD is an ancient feature of the α cluster, it has eroded over time. SNPs 3′ of α7 are involved in ancestral recombination events in all populations, and overall α-cluster LD is reduced in African Americans. We obtained significant positive values for Tajima's D test for all α promoter SNPs in Europeans (D=3.03) and East Asians (D=2.64), indicating an excess of intermediate-frequency variants, which is a signature of balancing selection. We also discovered a 16.7-kb deletion that truncates the α8 gene and completely removes the α9 and α10 genes. This deletion appears in unaffected individuals from multiple populations, suggesting that a reduction in protocadherin gene number is not obviously deleterious.
Nitric oxide reduction in the postflame region of pulverized coal flames

Abstract A computer model was developed to perform three simulations of nitric oxide reduction in the postflame region of a downflow combustor burning Utah bituminous coal at stoichiometric ratios (SR) of 0.8 and 0.4, where SR = 1 Φ , and Φ is fuel equivalence ratio. Comparisons to experiment are made for all three cases. The contributions of both homogeneous and heterogeneous mechanisms to nitric oxide reduction in coal combustion are inferred from the simulations. The first simulation, in which soot was assumed to be the only route for NO reduction, determined the percentage soot yield needed in order for heterogeneous NO reduction on soot to account for the experimental results. The results indicate that required soot yields are consistent with those measured experimentally in pulverized coal flames. The second simulation, in which soot oxidation was added to the first model and where the gas-phase species profiles were calculated using a 119-reaction, 27-species carbon/hydrogen/oxygen reaction set, showed that all the soot was rapidly oxidized fo SR = 0.8, but that no appreciable soot was oxidized at SR = 0.4, due to the much lower OH radical concentrations. Accordingly, soot does not appear to be an important contributor to NO reduction, except under very fuel-rich conditions. The third simulation calculated only the homogeneous NO reduction using a carbon/hydrogen/oxygen/nitrogen reaction set. The model was able to account for all NO reduction at SR = 0.8, but only 40% of the NO reduction could be attributed to homogeneous effects at SR = 0.4, in agreement with the results from the second simulation. The reversible reaction N + CO 2 ↔ NO + CO was found to be an important path for homogeneous NO depletion for both stoichiometries, as was the Zeldovich mechanism. The reaction NH 2 + NO ↔ N 2 + H 2 O was found to be of importance only in the more ammonia-rich case of SR = 0.8.
Formation and Decay of the Triplet Excited State of Pyridine

A pulse radiolysis study of the formation and decay of the triplet excited state of liquid pyridine has been performed using quenching techniques. The pyridine triplet excited state is observed with an absorption band at lambda = 310 nm and has a first-order decay with a lifetime of 72 ns. Stern-Volmer plots of the quenching of the pyridine triplet excited state with anthracene, naphthalene, and biphenyl give its yield to be 1.3 molecules/100 eV. This value is very similar to the previously determined yield of 1.25 molecules/100 eV for dipyridyl, the predominant condensed-phase product in the gamma-radiolysis of liquid pyridine. The rate coefficient for pyridine triplet excited-state scavenging by oxygen is estimated to be 6.6 x 10(9) M(-1) s(-1). Oxygen may also scavenge the electron precursor to the pyridine triplet excited state, whereas nitrous oxide is observed to have little effect. A pyridyl radical-pyridine (dimer) complex produced in the pulse radiolysis of neat liquid pyridine is detected at lambda = 390 nm and is consistent with iodine scavenging effects. Formation of the pyridiniumyl radical cation-pyridine charge-transfer complex is proposed to be insignificant in liquid pyridine.