cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FATE OF NITROGEN IN RIPARIAN FOREST SOILS AND TREES: AN 15N TRACER STUDY SIMULATING SALMON DECAY

We introduced an 15N-NH4+ tracer to the riparian forest of a salmon-bearing stream (Kennedy Creek, Washington, USA) to quantify the cycling and fate of a late-season pulse of salmon N and, ultimately, mechanisms regulating potential links between salmon abundance and tree growth. The 15N tracer simulated deposition of 7.25 kg of salmon (fresh) to four 50-m2 plots. We added NH4+ (the initial product of salmon carcass decay) and other important nutrients provided by carcasses (P, S, K, Mg, Ca) to soils in late October 2003, coincident with local salmon spawning. We followed the 15N tracer through soil and tree pools for one year. Biological uptake of the 15N tracer occurred quickly: 64% of the 15N tracer was bound in soil microbiota within 14 days, and roots of the dominant riparian tree, western red cedar {Thuja plicata), began to take up 15N tracer within seven days. Root uptake continued through the winter. The 15N tracer content of soil organic matter reached a maximum of ?52%, five weeks after the application, and a relative equilibrium of ?40% within five months. Six months after the addition, in spring 2004, at least 37% of the 15N tracer was found in tree tissues: ?23% in foliage, ?11% in roots, and ?3% in stems. Within the stems, xylem and phloem sap contained ?96% of the tracer N, and ?4% was in structural xylem N. After one year, at least 28% of the 15N tracer was still found in trees, and loss from the plots was only ?20%. The large portion of tracer N taken up in the fall and reallocated to leaves and stems the following spring provides mechanistic evidence for a one-year-lagged tree-growth response to salmon nutrients. Salmon nutrients have been deposited in the Kennedy Creek system each fall for centuries, but the system shows no evidence of nutrient saturation. Rates of N uptake and retention are a function of site history and disturbance and also may be the result of a legacy effect, in which annual salmon nutrient addition may lead to increased efficiency of nutrient uptake and use.
A Neuro-evolutionary Approach to Control Surface Segmentation for Micro Aerial Vehicles

This paper addresses control surface segmentation in Micro Aerial Vehicles (MAVs) by leveraging neuro-evolutionary techniques that allow the control of a higher number of control surfaces. Applying classical control methods to MAVs is a dicult process due to the complexity of the control laws with fast and highly non-linear dynamics. These methods are mostly based on models that are dicult to obtain for dynamic and stochastic environments. Moreover, these problems are exacerbated when both the number of control surfaces increases and the model’s accuracy in determining the impact of each control surface decreases. Instead, we focus on neuro-evolutionary techniques that have been successfully applied in many domains with limited models and highly non-linear dynamics. Wind tunnel simulations with AVL show that MAV performances are improved both in terms of reduced deection angles and reduced drag (up to 5%) over a simplied model in two sets of experiments with dierent objective functions. We also show robustness to actuator failure with desired roll moment values still attained with failed actuators in the system through the neuro-controller.
Static analysis for syntax objects

We describe an s-expression based syntax-extension framework much like Scheme macros, with a key additional facility: the ability to define static semantics, such as type systems or program analysis, for the new, user-defined forms or embedded languages, thus allowing us to construct "towers" of language levels. In addition, the static semantics of the languages at two adjacent levels in the tower can be connected, allowing improved reasoning power at a higher (and perhaps more restricted) level to be reflected down to the static semantics of the language level below. We demonstrate our system by designing macros for an assembly language, together with some example static analyses (termination analysis, type inference and control-flow analysis).
Complications After Flexor Tendon Injuries

Management of flexor tendon injuries is one of the most demanding tasks in hand surgery. Despite substantial improvements in surgical technique and postoperative rehabilitation protocols, functional outcomes may still be somewhat unreliable. In the present article, the authors present complications encountered after flexor tendon repair and provide their preferred methods of prevention and treatment.
Synthesis of active microwave frequency doublers

After a brief discussion of active multiplier realizations, the authors focus on the synthesis of bipolar microwave frequency doublers in several topologies. The synthesis is outlined in four fundamental steps which encompass embedding network synthesis, device selection, bias optimization, and drive power determination. Results are presented on recently developed designs which provide the potential of good conversion gain and fundamental and higher harmonic suppression. >
Liver transplantation for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in young patients.

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the hepatic manifestation of obesity and insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of NASH as an indication for liver transplantation (LT) in children and young adults and to characterize patient and graft survival. The study included all children and young adult patients (up to the age of 40 years) who underwent LT in the United States for NASH cirrhosis from the 1987 to 2012 United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to assess patient and graft survival. A total of 330 patients were included, 68% were Caucasian, and the mean BMI was 33.6 ± 6.3. Age at time of LT ranged between 4 and 40 years (mean 33.9 ± 6.6 years). Fourteen subjects were <18 years of age at time of LT and 20 were between the ages of 18 and 25 years. Median follow-up after 1st LT was 45.8 months [10.7, 97.3]. During this time, 30% of subjects (n = 100) died and 11.5% (n = 38) were retransplanted including 13 for NASH recurrence. In conclusion, NASH can progress to end-stage liver disease requiring LT in childhood and early adulthood. A significant number of young patients transplanted for NASH cirrhosis required retransplantation.
Mother-adolescent interactions and adolescent depressive symptoms: A sequential analysis

Two theories suggest contrasting predictions regarding maternal responses to adolescent depressive behavior. Social cognitive theory implies that adolescent depressive behaviors are positively reinforced by parents who respond with increased warmth and support (Bandura, 1986). Social interaction theory implies that depressive behaviors elicit negative affect in others (e.g., parents), resulting in diminished support or increased rejection (Coyne, 1976a). Sequence analysis of 72 mother-adolescent interactions suggested that mothers of relatively depressed adolescents generally provided lower rates of positive parenting than did mothers of nondepressed adolescents. Additionally, mothers of relatively depressed adolescents were less likely to respond to adolescents’ depressive affect and behavior with supportive parenting than were mothers of nondepressed adolescents. These findings are consistent with social interaction theory. Both theories suggest similar predictions regarding adolescents’ responses to ma...
Application of iterative global/local finite-element analysis. Part 2: Geometrically non-linear analysis

A geometrically non-linear global/local technique was developed and tested. This technique uses separate global and local finite-element models. Iteration is used to enforce equilibrium between the global and local models. The results of this initial study suggest that the technique can be used to reduce both computer memory and CPU requirements.
Prenatal methylmercury exposure increases responding under clocked and unclocked fixed interval schedules of reinforcement.

Recent experiments have suggested that developmental methylmercury exposure produces perseverative behavior in adulthood. In the present experiment, interactions between developmental low-level methylmercury (MeHg) and nutritionally relevant dietary selenium (Se) on operant behavior and its persistence were examined in aged animals. Female rats were exposed, in utero, to 0, 0.5, or 5 ppm mercury as MeHg via drinking water, approximating mercury exposures of 0, 40, and 400 μg/kg/day. They also received both pre- and chronic post-natal exposure to a diet that was marginal (0.06 ppm) or rich (0.6 ppm) in Se, a nutrient believed to protect against MeHg's toxicity. This created a 2 (chronic Se)×3 (gestational MeHg) full factorial design, with 6–8 female rats per cell. At eleven months of age, a multiple schedule consisting of alternating fixed interval (FI) and clocked FI (CFI) components was arranged. The CFI component was divided into 5, 24-second bins, each associated with a different auditory stimulus, providing a “clock.” Low and high response rates were evaluated using the initial 40% (bins 1 and 2) and last 20% (bin 5) of the FI and CFI components, respectively. Rats exposed to 5 ppm Hg made more responses than the other two groups during the last 20% of the intervals, regardless of selenium exposure or presence of the clock stimuli. They did not differ from the other groups during the initial 40% of the FI and CFI components. Following reinforcement omission for half of the intervals at 21 months of age, the 5 ppm Hg group continued to respond at higher rates than the other groups in both components. © 2007 Published by Elsevier Inc.
A Magnificent Time With the “Magnificent Seven” Transmembrane Spanning Receptors

The largest, most ubiquitous, and most versatile of the receptor gene families is that which encodes the seven transmembrane spanning receptors. In the cardiovascular system, such receptors regulate, for example, the rate and force of cardiac contraction, peripheral arterial resistance, and various aspects of renal function. The larger superfamily of receptors also regulates everything from sensory perception (vision, smell, taste) to hormonal and neurotransmitter signaling, to immune functions such as chemotaxis. There is virtually no area of human physiology in which they are not implicated. A majority of prescription drugs sold target such receptors either directly or indirectly. In the field of cardiovascular medicine, this is exemplified by α- and β-adrenergic receptor agonists and antagonists, angiotensin receptor blockers, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. A profound alteration in our understanding of these receptors occurred during the 1970s and 1980s, which transformed everything from the way they are viewed, to how they are studied, to how new drugs are discovered. I provide here a very personal recollection and perspective of my own voyage of discovery during this time, of its scientific antecedents, and of the technical and conceptual barriers that needed to be scaled. The notion that biologically active substances initiate their actions by binding with high affinity and selectivity to some “receptive substance” on cells dates back about a hundred years. Early work of Ehrlich on interactions of antigens with cells and of chemotherapeutic agents with their targets was made even more explicit by J.N. Langley and H.H. Dale who, during the earliest years of the 20th century, studied actions of cholinergic and adrenergic agonists and antagonists on various target organs. Based on this early work, the period from about 1920 to 1970 was characterized by the development of classical theories of receptor action based on the law of mass action. This …
A Comprehensive Evaluation of Cattle Introgression into US Federal Bison Herds

Geneticintrogression,especiallyfrominterspecieshybridization,isasignificantthreattospeciesconservationworldwide.Inthis study, 11 US federal bison populations were comprehensively examined for evidence of both mitochondrial and nuclear domestic cattle (Bos taurus) introgression. Mitochondrial introgression was examined using established polymerase chain reaction methodsandconfirmedthroughanalysisofD-loop sequences.Nuclear introgression wasassessedin14chromosomalregions through examination of microsatellite electromorph and sequence differences between bison and domestic cattle. Only one populationwasidentifiedwithdomesticcattlemitochondrialDNAintrogression.Incontrast,evidenceofnuclearintrogression wasfoundin7(63.6%)oftheexaminedpopulations.Historicaccountsofbisontransfersamongpopulationswerecorroborated with evidence of introgressed DNA transmission. While neither nuclear nor mitochondrial domestic cattle introgression was detectedinbisonfromGrandTeton NationalPark,Sully’sHillNationalGamePreserve,WindCaveNationalPark,orYellowstone National Park, adequate sample sizes were available only from the last 2 populations to allow for statistical confidence (.90%)innuclearintrogressiondetectionlimits.Theidentificationofgeneticallyuniqueandundisturbedpopulationsiscritical to species conservation efforts, and this study serves as a model for the genetic evaluation of interspecies introgression.
Cytomorphology is often insufficient to categorize non‐small‐cell lung carcinoma on FNA specimens

Objectives To determine the accuracy and reproducibility of differentiating between squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (ADC) on fine-needle aspiration (FNA) specimens. Methods Fifty cases of NSCLC diagnosed by FNA having either concurrent core biopsies or resection as a diagnostic reference standard were selected. FNA slides were reviewed independently by five blinded observers. Two rounds of review were performed. Cases were initially categorized as SCC, favor SCC, NSCLC (type indeterminate), favor ADC, or ADC; while the indeterminate category was eliminated in the second round of review. Results The interobserver agreement was 0.22 and 0.1 with and without the indeterminate category, respectively. The overall accuracy for differentiating between SCC and ADC of the lung was 65% with the indeterminate category and 66% without. Conclusion Overall, the low interobserver agreement in our study indicates that accurate subclassification between the NSCLCs often cannot be made by cytomorphology alone. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Displaced Log Normal and Lognormal American Option Pricing: A Comparison

This paper compares the American option prices with one known dividend under two alternative specifications of the underlying stock price: displaced log normal and log normal processes. Many option pricing models follow the standard assumption of the Black–Scholes model (Journal of Political Economy 81:637–659, 1973) in which the stock price, follows a log normal process. However, in order to reach a closed form solution for the American option price with one known dividend, Roll (Journal of Financial Economics 5:251–258, 1977), Geske (Journal of Financial Economics 7: 63–81, 1979), and Whaley (Journal of Financial Economics 9:207–211, 1981) assume a displaced lognormal process for the cum-dividend stock price which results in a lognormal process for the ex-dividend stock price. We compare the two alternative pricing results in this paper.
An Historical Overview, 1900–1949

As suggested by Figure 1, science and its applications—which we would today call technology—have been valued in American society from the very beginning. As we approach the close of the twentieth century, it is entirely appropriate that we celebrate the role of our particular sector of this science and technology—that is, physics and its applications. It is obviously impossible to cover so rich a field with anything approaching completeness, so I will apologize in advance to all those who feel that their work has been slighted. It has often been said that one picture is worth a thousand words, I shall therefore include a large number of pictures. My goal in this part of this report is to remind the reader of some of the high points of physics during the first half of our century that laid the foundation for modern physics and of the importance of these discoveries to society and to the human race in general.
Fourier polygons

Polygons are everywhere, but one place the author didn't expect to see polygons is in the Fourier transform, but he found them there as well. The Fourier transform is an indispensable tool in signal processing. In computer graphics, it helps us understand and cure problems as diverse as jaggies on the edge of polygons, blocky looking textures, and animated objects that appear to jump erratically as they move across the screen. His friend and colleague Alvy Ray Smith recently wrote a memo that demonstrated a surprising interpretation of the Fourier transform. He showed how in some circumstances the Fourier transform looks like nothing more than operations on regular polygons. The article is about that fascinating insight. He starts off with by using complex numbers to do geometry and then moves on to the Fourier series, building up to a discussion of the new interpretation.
Q: Is antibiotic treatment indicated in a patient with a positive urine culture but no symptoms?

Some groups should be screened and treated, eg, pregnant women and patients undergoing an invasive urologic procedure.
Effect of manure on Escherichia coli attachment to soil.

of manure. The maximum E. coli attachment occurred in the absence centration. of manure. Increasing manure content generally resulted in de- Organic compounds in soil solutions were shown to
Multiphoton Polarization Imaging of Steady-State Molecular Order in Ternary Lipid Vesicles for the Purpose of Lipid Phase Assignment

We have investigated lipid acyl chain order parameters of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) using multiphoton fluorescence microscopy. We compare two widely used models of lipid acyl chain order parameters: the “wobble-on-a-cone” model and the Gaussian distribution model. For the first time, we systematically address a ternary system for which the phase diagram encompassing both composition and temperature space has been mapped in order to determine tie-line directions and thus phase assignment. In addition, because miscibility and chain melting transitions can be observed directly and simultaneously with multiphoton microscopy, our technique is applicable to determining the extent of the coupling between chain order and miscibility; thus, it provides a more robust platform for comparison with theory.
Theoretical Basis for IGA

The previous chapter presented the mathematical mechanisms necessary for recovering depth information from grey-scale imagery. This chapter details the properties of image acquisition and image formation that IGA uses to infer the various parameters used in those mathematical mechanisms.
Isolated mitral valve replacement with the Kay-Shiley prosthesis: Long-term follow-up and recommendations

Eighty patients underwent isolated mitral valve replacement with the Kay-Shiley prosthesis during a 6 year period (September, 1966, to October, 1972) at Walter Reed Army Medical Center. One-hundred percent follow-up has been achieved with this group. Sixty-four percent of this group have experienced one or more thromboembolic episodes (TEEs), for a TEE rate of 28.7 episodes per 1,000 patient months at risk. The 5 year survival rate is 45%. Eleven of 43 (25%) late deaths resulted from TEEs, and 13 of 43 (30%) late deaths were secondary to the hemorrhagic complications of long-term anticoagulant therapy. The dismal TEE rate prompted us to initiate a policy of elective replacement of all Kay-Shiley mitral prostheses. Eighteen of the 26 survivors underwent replacement of the Kay-Shiley mitral prosthesis. The other eight patients either declined reoperation or were not considered suitable candidates. The reoperative mortality rate was 22% (4/18). Fifteen of 18 explanted prostheses revealed a yellow discolored, grooved occluder disc with loosely adherent clot. We recommend elective replacement of Kay-Shiley mitral prostheses in all patients in whom the risk of operation is reasonable.
Pyrazinone protease inhibitor metabolites from Photorhabdus luminescens

Photorhabdus luminescens is a bioluminescent entomopathogenic bacterium that undergoes phenotypic variation and lives in mutualistic association with nematodes of the family Heterorhabditidae. The pair infects and kills insects, and during their coordinated lifecycle, the bacteria produce an assortment of specialized metabolites to regulate its mutualistic and pathogenic roles. As part of our search for new specialized metabolites from the Photorhabdus genus, we examined organic extracts from P. luminescens grown in an amino-acid-rich medium based on the free amino-acid levels found in the circulatory fluid of its common insect prey, the Galleria mellonella larva. Reversed-phase HPLC/UV/MS-guided fractionation of the culture extracts led to the identification of two new pyrazinone metabolites, lumizinones A (1) and B (2), together with two N-acetyl dipeptides (3 and 4). The lumizinones were produced only in the phenotypic variant associated with nematode development and insect pathogenesis. Their chemical structures were elucidated by analysis of 1D and 2D NMR and high-resolution ESI-QTOF-MS spectral data. The absolute configurations of the amino acids in 3 and 4 were determined by Marfey’s analysis. Compounds 1–4 were evaluated for their calpain protease inhibitory activity, and lumizinone A (1) showed inhibition with an IC50 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) value of 3.9 μm.
Progress in Modeling and Simulation of Batteries

Modeling and simulation of batteries, in conjunction with theory and experiment, are important research tools that offer opportunities for advancement of technologies that are critical to electric motors. The development of data from the application of these tools can provide the basis for managerial and technical decision-making. Together, these will continue to transform batteries for electric vehicles. This collection of nine papers presents the modeling and simulation of batteries and the continuing contribution being made to this impressive progress, including topics that cover: • Thermal behavior and characteristics • Battery management system design and analysis • Moderately high-fidelity 3D capabilities • Optimization Techniques and Durability As electric vehicles continue to gain interest from manufacturers and consumers alike, improvements in economy and affordability, as well as adoption of alternative fuel sources to meet government mandates are driving battery research and development. Progress in modeling and simulation will continue to contribute to battery improvements that deliver increased power, energy storage, and durability to further enhance the appeal of electric vehicles.
Trends in Complication Rates Following Ankle Arthrodesis and Total Ankle Replacement.

Background: This study provides an updated comparison of the reoperation rates following primary ankle arthrodesis and total ankle replacement on the basis of observational, population-based data from California. We previously reported data from 1995 to 2004, and our current study includes new data from 2005 to 2010. Our hypothesis was that total ankle replacement would demonstrate increasing utilization and lower complication rates given advances in implant design and growth in surgeon experience. Methods: California’s hospital discharge database was used to identify patients who had undergone primary ankle arthrodesis or total ankle replacement between 1995 and 2010. Short-term outcomes examined were based on Centers for Medicaid & Medicare Services (CMS) surgical quality measures and included readmission for any cause, death, and readmission for 7 common surgical complications (acute myocardial infarction, pneumonia, sepsis, pulmonary embolism, mechanical complications, surgical-site bleeding, and periprosthetic joint infection or wound infection). Long-term outcomes analyzed included rates of major revision surgery (ankle arthrodesis or ankle replacement, adjacent joint procedures (subtalar arthrodesis, triple arthrodesis, tarsometatarsal arthrodesis, and total knee replacement), and below-the-knee amputation. Logistic and proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate the impact of ankle arthrodesis or total ankle replacement on the rates of adverse outcomes, with adjustment for patient factors such as age, sex, race, type of health insurance, and comorbidities. We also compared patients in the 2005 to 2010 cohort with those in the earlier cohort. Results: In all, 8,491 ankle arthrodesis and 1,280 total ankle replacement cases were identified. Patients managed with ankle replacement were more likely to be female, white, and older and to have Medicare or private health insurance. Short-term complication risk was low for both procedures, and patients managed with total ankle replacement had significantly lower rates of readmission (p < 0.0001) and periprosthetic joint infection/wound infection (p = 0.02) compared with patients managed with ankle arthrodesis. Conclusions: The inclusion of new data on patients who underwent surgery between 2005 and 2010 demonstrates increasing utilization and lower complication rates for total ankle replacement compared with ankle arthrodesis. These findings suggest that there have been improvements in the clinical safety of total ankle replacement over time. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Investigating Firm Strategies on Offering Consumer Customizable Product

Advances in the digital economy have driven the trend among manufacturers, particularly those in the IT industry, to offer products that consumers can self-customize so as to satisfy their idiosyncratic needs. This study examines firm strategies on offering such consumer-customizable products. Our analysis shows that a monopolistic firm obtains a greater profit from offering a consumer-customizable product than from offering a pre-configured standardized product only if consumers are sufficiently capable to conduct the customization task; otherwise, it is more profitable for the firm to offer a standardized product. Moreover, consumers obtain a greater surplus when the firm offers the customizable product. We also consider the case when the firm is capable of offering both a customizable product and a standardized product and find that the firm benefits from offering both products than either if consumer customizing capability and the customization cost are not too high. Interestingly, when the firm offers both products, its effort in enhancing consumer customizability (e.g., offering free consumer training) always benefits both the firm and consumers, but its effort in increasing the value of the standardized product (e.g., offering more functions) can hurt both the firm profit and consumer surplus. Our theoretical results explain many interesting business practices and provide useful insights for marketing practitioners.
Fully-Stressed Design for Alternative Loads

The fully-stressed method is used to optimize structures whose members are subjected to bending, such as beams and frames, under the action of alternative load systems. In a fully-stressed design, at every section the section modulus is chosen so that the maximum allowable stress is reached under at least one of the alternative load systems. For statically indeterminate structures, the technique adopted for achieving the design criterion is iterative in nature. The forces and moments in the structure are adjusted to satisfy the conditions of equilibrium between the external and internal forces and at the same time satisfy fully-stressed condition. A mathematical statement of the design problem is presented for the case of a two-span indeterminate beam under alternative load systems. A sample problem illustrates the application of the method to obtain an optimum design of the indeterminate beam. Also, the procedure is outlined for obtaining a fully-stressed design of an indeterminate portal frame.
Chemoprevention of gastrointestinal tract cancers with berries

W examined the ability of freeze-dried berries to prevent G.I. tract cancers in animals and humans. Most studies used black raspberries (BRBs), due to their high antioxidant potential and high content of anthocyanins and fiber. In rodent studies, the consumption of BRB powder, at 2.5, 5 and 10% of a synthetic diet, resulted in a 40-70% inhibition of carcinogeninduced cancer in the rat esophagus and colon, and the spontaneous development of intestinal tumors in mice. Mechanistically, BRBs inhibit proliferation, inflammation and angiogenesis and stimulate apoptosis and differentiation, and protectively modulate genes in multiple signaling pathways. The most active inhibitory constituents in BRBs are the anthocyanins. A Phase I trial showed that BRBs are well tolerated in humans at oral doses that elicit chemopreventive effects in rodents. The oral administration of BRB powder (45g/day) to 20 Barrett’s esophagus patients for 6 months led to reductions in oxidative stress, but minimal effects on the lesion. Oral administration of strawberry powder (60g/day) to 37 Chinese patients with esophageal dysplasia led to histologic regression of ~80% of mildly dysplastic lesions and reduced levels of iNOS, COX-2, and phospho-NF-κB-p65 proteins. Treatment of 20 colorectal cancer patients with BRB powder for an average of 3 weeks led to reduced cell proliferation and demethylation of suppressor genes in the Wnt signaling pathway. Treatment of patients with familial adenomatous polyposis with rectal BRB suppositories caused a 36% regression of rectal polyps. These trials indicate that berries have significant promise for chemoprevention of esophageal and colon cancer in humans.
Evaluating the Effects of Compiler Optimizations on Mutation Testing at the Compiler IR Level

Software testing is one of the most widely used approaches for improving software reliability. The effectiveness of testing depends to a large extent on the quality of test suites. Researchers have developed various techniques to evaluate the quality of test suites. Of these techniques, mutation testing is generally considered to be the most advanced but also expensive. A key result of applying mutation testing to a given test suite is the mutation score representing the percentage of mutants killed by the test suite. Ideally the mutation score is computed ignoring the mutants that are semantically equivalent to the original code under test or to one another. In this paper, we investigate a new perspective on mutation testing: evaluating how standard compiler optimizations affect the cost and results of mutation testing performed at the compiler intermediate representation. Our study targets LLVM, a popular compiler infrastructure that supports multiple source and target languages. Our evaluation on 18 Coreutils programs discovers several interesting relations between the numbers of mutants (including the numbers on equivalent and duplicated mutants) and mutation scores on unoptimized and optimized programs.
Anesthetic management for surgery of children with brain tumors: systematic review

Aim. Based on publications dedicated to anesthetic management for surgery of children with brain neoplasms we aimed to reveal and summarize the specific features of anesthesia of such patients. Materials and Methods. We performed a systematic review and processed the information from Russian and foreign literature published in 2001–2016. The analysis included patients younger than 18 who had undergone surgical procedures due to brain tumor. Results. The conducted analysis allowed us to classify surgical interventions into three main categories (shunt surgery, open surgery, neuroendoscopy) and to determine category-specific features of anesthetic management. The analysis results also made it possible to describe the algorithms of preoperative preparation, recovery stage, and early postoperative period for anesthesiologist. Conclusion. The review has shown that brain tumor surgery is one of the most complicated operations requiring a well-coordinated teamwork. Anesthesiologist has not only to be especially well-trained and skilled, but to cooperate closely with neurosurgeon, which may be even more critical. Psychological, ethical, and professional aspects of such cooperation are a subject of further detailed research.
Oregon Coast Wave Energy

Wave energy development off the coast of Oregon is still in its infancy. In 2015 a major developer—Ocean Power Technologies—pulled out of its plan to place 100 wave energy buoys off the coast of Reedsport, Oregon. The developer stated that the project had become too expensive and “too complicated” (Schwartz, Wave energy development pulls plug on Oregon project. Oregon Public Broadcasting. http://www.opb.org/news/article/wave-energy-developer-pulls-plug-on-oregon-project/. Accessed 15 Aug 2016, 2015). There are still many areas available for future development with much support from the state government; however, developers will need to demonstrate that “…surrounding ecological and economic resources won’t be adversely impacted” (Schwartz 2015). There also are still many critics of wave development, including various fishing interests, environmental groups, and the Oregon Dungeness Crab Commission. With efforts underway to develop the resource and the need for Oregon to meet the 2007 RPS to provide 25% of retail sales of electricity from renewable sources by 2025, the development of wave energy will continue to generate ‘green versus green’ conflict.
Alterations of HSC Niche in Myeloid Malignancies

Abstract The fate of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is largely regulated by their bone marrow microenvironment (or niche), which provides essential soluble factors and physical interactions to maintain HSC function. Alterations in stem cell niche are commonly observed in myeloid malignancies, which remodel niche to favor tumor progression. Alternatively, genetic lesions occurring within niche itself may lead to the malignant transformation of hematopoiesis. In this review, we will discuss recent insights into the components of the HSC niche; the role of altered niche function in the setting of myeloid malignancies and approaches to restore normal hematopoiesis through abrogation of malignant niches.
Large-Scale Crowdsourced Study for Tone-Mapped HDR Pictures

Measuring digital picture quality, as perceived by human observers, is increasingly important in many applications in which humans are the ultimate consumers of visual information. Standard dynamic range (SDR) images provide 8 b/color/pixel. High dynamic range (HDR) images, usually created from multiple exposures of the same scene, can provide 16 or 32 b/color/pixel, but need to be tonemapped to SDR for display on standard monitors. Multiexposure fusion (MEF) techniques bypass HDR creation by fusing an exposure stack directly to SDR images to achieve aesthetically pleasing luminance and color distributions. Many HDR and MEF databases have a relatively small number of images and human opinion scores, obtained under stringently controlled conditions, thereby limiting realistic viewing. Moreover, many of these databases are intended to compare tone-mapping algorithms, rather than being specialized for developing and comparing image quality assessment models. To overcome these challenges, we conducted a massively crowdsourced online subjective study. The primary contributions described in this paper are: 1) the new ESPL-LIVE HDR Image Database that we created containing diverse images obtained by tone-mapping operators and MEF algorithms, with and without post-processing; 2) a large-scale subjective study that we conducted using a crowdsourced platform to gather more than 300 000 opinion scores on 1811 images from over 5000 unique observers; and 3) a detailed study of the correlation performance of the state-of-the-art no-reference image quality assessment algorithms against human opinion scores of these images. The database is available at http://signal.ece.utexas.edu/%7Edebarati/HDRDatabase.zip .
Abstract W MP111: The Impact of Fever on Presentation in Intracerebral Hemorrhage: The Ethnic/Racial Variations of Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ERICH) Study

Background: Fever on presentation has been demonstrated to be an independent predictor of poor-outcome after ICH. However, prospective data with post-discharge outcomes are limited. Methods: Associations between fever (≥38°C) on presentation and 3-month outcomes were sought among patients in ERICH, a multicenter, triethnic case-control study of ICH. Patients with missing CT or Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) and those lost to 3-month follow-up were excluded. Rates of fever on presentation were compared across admission characteristics, hospital complications, and 3-month outcomes. Additionally, a multivariate analysis was performed to determine factors associated with fever on presentation. Results: A total of 1644 patients out of 2276 enrolled by 12/31/2013 met inclusion criteria for the analysis. Fever on presentation with ICH was present in 2.4% of patients. In univariate analyses, fever was associated with (all data are % febrile in each group): ICH volume ( 60: 2.9%, p=0.03), higher ED GCS (3-4: 1.8%, 5-12: 3.0% 13-15: 6.6%, p=0.004), and WBC > 10 (yes, 3.4% vs. no, 1.7% p=0.03). Additionally, borderline significance was seen with race (white 3.1%, black 2.9%, Hispanic 1.1%, p=0.06) and ICH Location (lobar 3.9%, primary IVH 3.8%, Deep 1.6%, Brainstem 2.2%, cerebellum 1.7%, p=0.06). Fever on presentation was not associated with 3-month outcomes (mRS 0-2: 2.1%;3-5:1.9%; 6: 3.2%, p=0.45). In a multivariate analysis, fever was associated with GCS (OR 0.9, 95% CI 0.83-0.97) and white or black race (reference Hispanic; white OR 3.0 95% CI 1.14-7.88; Black OR 2.68, 95% CI 1.04-6.96). Conclusion: Fever is relatively uncommon at admission and does not appear to be associated with poor outcomes.
School foodservice employees’ beliefs about local produce use at work and home

Sustainability practices are becoming an essential part of foodservice businesses. Schools often purchase local produce and use it in school meals as part of their sustainability efforts. School fo...
How to footprint, report and remotely secure compromised IoT devices

The number of IoT consumer devices (eg, security cameras, projectors, refrigerators etc) connected to the Internet is constantly increasing. It has been estimated that 3.9 billion IoT consumer devices were in use in 2016 and that by 2020 up to 12.8 billion devices will be deployed. 1 This trend, combined with the fact that most of the owners still lack cyber-security awareness, has established a breeding ground for new malware families targeting IoT devices. An example is the Mirai botnet that was responsible for the biggest DDoS attack ever detected in the history of the Internet. 2 The size of the Internet of Things (IoT) is rapidly increasing. By 2020 up to 12.8 billion devices will be deployed. This has established a breeding ground for new malware families targeting IoT devices. Filippo Lauria of the Institute of Informatics and Telematics at the Italian National Research Council explains why mapping and classifying compromised IoT nodes is a challenging task. And he proposes a software infrastructure that could be used to remotely footprint, report and (if possible) secure compromised IoT devices.
Structure-Activity Relationship Studies of a Macrocyclic AGRP-Mimetic Scaffold c[Pro-Arg-Phe-Phe-Asn-Ala-Phe-DPro] Yield Potent and Selective Melanocortin-4 Receptor Antagonists and Melanocortin-5 Receptor Inverse Agonists That Increase Food Intake in Mice.

The melanocortin system has five receptors, and antagonists of the central melanocortin receptors (MC3R, MC4R) are postulated to be viable therapeutics for disorders of negative energy balance such as anorexia, cachexia, and failure to thrive. Agouti-related protein (AGRP) is an antagonist of the MC3R and an antagonist/inverse agonist of the MC4R. Biophysical NMR-based structural studies have demonstrated that the active sequence of this hormone, Arg-Phe-Phe, is located on an exposed β-hairpin loop. It has previously been demonstrated that the macrocyclic octapeptide scaffold c[Pro1-Arg2-Phe3-Phe4-Asn5-Ala6-Phe7-DPro8] is 16-fold less potent than AGRP at the mouse MC4R (mMC4R). Herein it was hypothesized that the Phe7 position may be substituted to produce more potent and/or selective melanocortin receptor antagonist ligands based on this template. A 10-membered library was synthesized that substituted small (Gly), polar (Ser), acidic (Asp), basic (Lys), aliphatic (Leu, Nle, and Cha), and aromatic (Trp, T...
Organic matter loading by hippopotami causes subsidy overload resulting in downstream hypoxia and fish kills

Organic matter and nutrient loading into aquatic ecosystems affects ecosystem structure and function and can result in eutrophication and hypoxia. Hypoxia is often attributed to anthropogenic pollution and is not common in unpolluted rivers. Here we show that organic matter loading from hippopotami causes the repeated occurrence of hypoxia in the Mara River, East Africa. We documented 49 high flow events over 3 years that caused dissolved oxygen decreases, including 13 events resulting in hypoxia, and 9 fish kills over 5 years. Evidence from experiments and modeling demonstrates a strong mechanistic link between the flushing of hippo pools and decreased dissolved oxygen in the river. This phenomenon may have been more widespread throughout Africa before hippopotamus populations were severely reduced. Frequent hypoxia may be a natural part of tropical river ecosystem function, particularly in rivers impacted by large wildlife.
Opening the eyes on autism

Nine- to 10-month-old infants who develop autism show early enhanced pupillary light reflex compared with infants who did not develop autism.
The Ecological Dynamics of Organizational Change: Density Dependence in the Rate of Weibo Adoption by Populations of News Organizations

This study examines how ecological forces constrain the rate of Weibo adoption by organizational populations within the news media in China. Organizational adoption of Weibo is conceived of as a process of organizational entries into Weibo space. Based on an archival source that covers the names of all news organizations operating in China, the present study identified 1,552 newspapers, broadcast networks, or news websites adopting Weibo at least once between August 2009 and December 2015. The results show that population density in both the intrapopulation and the interpopulation can significantly influence the rate of Weibo adoption by news organizations. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Teaching Information Technology Alongside Business Analytics: Case Study.

Business analytics can be described as the statistical analysis of data to make decisions and meaningful conclusions. As the demand to advance the curriculum of undergraduate business education inc...
The orally bioavailable parthenolide analogue, DMAPT, has anti-cancer activity which is mediated by generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B and has single agent in vivo activity

2318 Death from prostate cancer is due to hormonal and chemotherapy resistance. New therapies are needed. We have previously shown that the naturally occurring product, parthenolide, inhibits NFκB and cellular proliferation in vitro. However, it has no single agent activity in in vivo models although it augments the efficacy of the anti-androgen, bicalutamide, and the cytotoxic, docetaxel. Dimethylaminoparthenolide DMAPT is a bioavailable analogue and provides serum concentrations greater than 20µM in mice. Our recent in vitro studies using the androgen independent cell lines, PC-3 and CWR22Rv1, have shown that DMAPT inhibits NFκB DNA binding and proliferation of CWR22Rv1 and PC-3 with IC50’s between 5 and 10μM. Moreover, DMAPT reduces expression of the NFκB target gene TRAF2 in both cell lines as well as induces re-expression of p73 in PC-3 but not in CWR22Rv1. Further, DMAPT results in generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with resultant phosphorylation of JNK and cJun. N-acetylcysteine (NAC), blocks DMAPT induced generation of ROS and JNK/cJun activation as well as its anti-proliferative properties . Furthermore, the JNK inhibitor SP600125 blocks the ability of DMAPT to induce JNK activation and partially protects the cells from DMAPT’s anti-cancer activity. To determine whether DMAPT has single agent in vivo activity in prostate cancer cells, athymic nude mice were inoculated subcutaneously with CWR22Rv1 and PC-3 in the flank. Mice were treated by daily oral gavage with solvent (control) or DMAPT at doses ranging from 40 to 100 mg/kg/day as well as 100 mg/kg twice per day. Unlike parthenolide, DMAPT as a single agent decreased the volume of the subcutaneous tumors in a dose dependent manner. In conclusion, DMAPT has a complex mechanism of action that involves both the generation of ROS and inhibition of an oncogenic transcription factor, NF\#312;B. The improved water solubility has resulted in single agent in vivo activity in two androgen independent prostate cancer cell lines.
Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Pregnancy: A Case Report and Review of Current Literature.

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in pregnancy is associated with high fetal mortality rates. A small percentage of DKA occurs in the absence of high glucose levels seen in traditional DKA. Prompt recognition and management is crucial. We report a case of a 30-year-old pregnant woman with type 1 diabetes mellitus admitted with euglycemic DKA (blood glucose <200 mg/dL). Initial laboratory testing revealed a severe anion gap acidosis with pH 7.11, anion gap 23, elevated β-hydroxybutyric acid of 9.60 mmol/L, and a blood glucose of 183 mg/dL—surprisingly low given her severe acidosis. The ketoacidosis persisted despite high doses of glucose and insulin infusions. Due to nonresolving acidosis, her hospital course was complicated by spontaneous intrauterine fetal demise. Euglycemia and severe acidosis continued to persist until delivery of fetus and placenta occurred. It was observed that the insulin sensitivity dramatically increased after delivery of fetus and placenta leading to rapid correction of ketoacidosis. This case highlights that severe ketonemia can occur despite the absence of severely elevated glucose levels. We discuss the mechanism that leads to this pathophysiologic state and summarize previously published case reports about euglycemic DKA in pregnancy.
The relationship between vitamin D status and depression in a tactical athlete population

Stressors inherent to the military, such as combat exposure, separation from family, and strenuous training, collectively contribute to compromised psychological resilience and greatly impact military performance. This retrospective review of records was conducted to determine whether vitamin D status was associated with diagnoses of depression and if diagnoses differed by geographic location. Depression (defined using diagnostic codes) was more prevalent in individuals who were diagnosed with vitamin D deficiency (20.4%) than in individuals who were not (4.2%). After adjustment, vitamin D deficient diagnoses remained significantly associated with depression diagnoses (OR = 1.22; 95% CI, 1.11–1.33, p < 0.001). Furthermore, vitamin D deficient diagnoses were strongly associated with geographic latitude (r2 = 0.92, p = 0.002). These results suggest that service members stationed at installations located at northerly latitudes may be at increased risk for vitamin D deficiency. Furthermore, vitamin D deficient service members may be at higher risk for diagnosis of depression. As a number of military service members avoid reporting symptoms or seeking treatment, vitamin D status may be a useful screening tool to identify service members at risk for depression.