cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Complications following distal radial fractures.

Union with deformity is the most common complication following a distal radial fracture1-5. The deformity may be extra-articular, characterized by loss of length and metaphyseal angulation; it may be intra-articular, involving either the radiocarpal or the radioulnar joint, or both; or it may be a combination of the two. Surgical treatment of a symptomatic malunion of the distal part of the radius has been recognized for more than 200 years. Resection of the distal aspect of the ulna for the management of pain at the distal radioulnar joint after a distal radial fracture, a procedure attributed to Darrach after his description in 19136, had been suggested by Desault in 17917 and again by Moore in 18808. In 1937, Campbell described a corrective osteotomy of the distal part of the radius with use of an interpositional bone graft obtained from the distal part of the ulna9. In 1945, Merle d’Aubigne and Joussement described a multiple-facet curved osteotomy without the need for an interpositional bone graft10. This concept is currently being revisited and will be described. A deformity following fracture of the distal part of the radius is not necessarily symptomatic. In fact, it is not uncommon for an older patient to have acceptable wrist and forearm function without pain even when there is an apparent deformity. Therefore, impairment of function rather than radiographic deformity is the reason to treat a distal radial malunion, and, consequently, the patient’s wrist and forearm function must be assessed. The most common deformity following a malunited extra-articular Colles type of fracture is the loss of the normal volar tilt of the articular surface in the sagittal plane, loss of ulnar inclination in the frontal plane, loss of length relative to the ulna, and …
Effect of Natural Marine Biofilms on Galvanic Corrosion

Abstract Galvanic corrosion of copper (UNS C11000), 1018 carbon steel (CS, UNS G10180), aluminum alloy 3003 (UNS A93003), and zinc (UNS Z32121) coupled to cathodes of UNS N08367 was tested with and...
TGF-β regulates LARG and GEF-H1 during EMT to affect stiffening response to force and cell invasion

Recent studies implicate a role for cell mechanics in cancer progression. The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) regulates the detachment of cancer cells from the epithelium and facilitates their invasion into stromal tissue. Although classic EMT hallmarks include loss of cell-cell adhesions, morphology changes, and increased invasion capacity, little is known about the associated mechanical changes. Previously, force application on integrins has been shown to initiate cytoskeletal rearrangements that result in increased cell stiffness and a stiffening response. Here we demonstrate that transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-induced EMT results in decreased stiffness and loss of the normal stiffening response to force applied on integrins. We find that suppression of the RhoA guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) LARG and GEF-H1 through TGF-β/ALK5-enhanced proteasomal degradation mediates these changes in cell mechanics and affects EMT-associated invasion. Taken together, our results reveal a functional connection between attenuated stiffness and stiffening response and the increased invasion capacity acquired after TGF-β-induced EMT.
Mechanical evaluation of a carbonated apatite cement in the fixation of unstable intertrochanteric fractures

We created three-part unstable intertrochanteric fractures in 6 pairs of aged, osteopenic, human, cadaveric femora. Fractures were reduced and fixed with a Dynamic Hip Screw (DHS) (Synthes, Paoli, PA). Two test groups were evaluated: 1. Fixation with a DHS, and 2. Fixation with a DHS and calcium phosphate bone cement (Norian SRS (Skeletal Repair System)) augmentation of the fracture line and posteromedial calcar region of the proximal femur. Each femur was loaded to 1,650 N (2.5 body weight) for 10,000 cycles to simulate postoperative load transmission across the fracture construct during normal gait. The load was further increased successively by one body weight for another 10,000 cycles until failure. We evaluated fixation by measuring the amount of sliding of the lag screw of the DHS (shortening) and stiffness of the overall fracture construct (stability). SRS cement-augmented specimens had less shortening (1 mm versus 17 mm) and twice the initial construct stiffness compared to control specimens.
Differential role of vagus nerve in maintaining diurnal gene expression rhythms in the proximal small intestine.

Background We have documented previously diurnal rhythms in intestinal sugar transporter expression. We set out to identify the role of the vagus nerve in these rhythms. Materials and methods Sprague–Dawley rats underwent truncal vagotomy (V; n = 9) and were pair-fed with sham-operated ( n = 4) and unoperated rats ( n = 6). Rats were killed at ZT3 and ZT9 (ZT: Zeitgeber time with ZT0 set at lights-on), the time interval over which sucrase, SGLT1, GLUT2, and GLUT5 expression exhibit significant anticipatory increases. Jejunal RNA expression for the four genes were assessed by Northern blot analysis. SGLT1 and GLUT2 expression was further studied by Western blot analysis and in situ hybridization. Results Control rats (sham-operated plus unoperated rats) exhibited the expected increase in RNA levels at ZT9 versus ZT3 for SGLT1, GLUT2, GLUT5, and sucrase ( P P P P Conclusions Our results indicate that signaling through the vagus nerve is necessary for the anticipatory induction of GLUT2 and sucrase. Persistence of normal rhythms in both SGLT1 and GLUT5 indicates that diurnal induction of these genes is independent of vagal innervation. Entrainment of anticipatory diurnal gene expression in the intestine occurs via two separate pathways that are differentially dependent on vagal input.
Blunted hypertrophic response in aged skeletal muscle is associated with decreased ribosome biogenesis

The ability of skeletal muscle to hypertrophy in response to a growth stimulus is known to be compromised in older individuals. We hypothesized that a change in the expression of protein-encoding genes in response to a hypertrophic stimulus contributes to the blunted hypertrophy observed with aging. To test this hypothesis, we determined gene expression by microarray analysis of plantaris muscle from 5- and 25-mo-old mice subjected to 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14 days of synergist ablation to induce hypertrophy. Overall, 1,607 genes were identified as being differentially expressed across the time course between young and old groups; however, the difference in gene expression was modest, with cluster analysis showing a similar pattern of expression between the two groups. Despite ribosome protein gene expression being higher in the aged group, ribosome biogenesis was significantly blunted in the skeletal muscle of aged mice compared with mice young in response to the hypertrophic stimulus (50% vs. 2.5-fold, respectively). The failure to upregulate pre-47S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) expression in muscle undergoing hypertrophy of old mice indicated that rDNA transcription by RNA polymerase I was impaired. Contrary to our hypothesis, the findings of the study suggest that impaired ribosome biogenesis was a primary factor underlying the blunted hypertrophic response observed in skeletal muscle of old mice rather than dramatic differences in the expression of protein-encoding genes. The diminished increase in total RNA, pre-47S rRNA, and 28S rRNA expression in aged muscle suggest that the primary dysfunction in ribosome biogenesis occurs at the level of rRNA transcription and processing.
SCENARIO-BASED GENERATION OF DIGITAL LIBRARY SERVICES

We describe the development, implementation, and deployment of a new generic digital library generator yielding implementations of digital library services from models of DL “societies” and “scenarios”. The distinct aspects of our solution are: 1) approach based on a formal, theoretical framework; 2) use of state-of-the-art database and software engineering techniques such as domain-specific declarative languages, scenario synthesis, componentized and model driven architectures; 3) analysis centered on scenario-based design and DL societal relationships; 4) automatic transformations and mappings from scenarios to workflow designs and from these to Java implementations, 5) special attention paid to issues of simplicity of implementation, modularity, reusability, and extensibility. We demonstrate the feasibility of the approach through a number of examples.
Fluoride Rinsing: What Dentists Should Know

Self-application of fluoride by rinsing has gained popularity as a relatively easy method of providing frequent topical fluoride contact to the teeth. The two principal fluoride rinsing methods, low potency / high frequency and high potency / low frequency, are described.
A New Member of the Escherichia coli fad Regulon: Transcriptional Regulation of fadM (ybaW)

Recently, Nie and coworkers (L. Nie, Y. Ren, A. Janakiraman, S. Smith, and H. Schulz, Biochemistry 47:9618-9626, 2008) reported a new Escherichia coli thioesterase encoded by the ybaW gene that cleaves the thioester bonds of inhibitory acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) by-products generated during beta-oxidation of certain unsaturated fatty acids. These authors suggested that ybaW expression might be regulated by FadR, the repressor of the fad (fatty acid degradation) regulon. We report mapping of the ybaW promoter and show that ybaW transcription responded to FadR in vivo. Moreover, purified FadR bound to a DNA sequence similar to the canonical FadR binding site located upstream of the ybaW coding sequence and was released from the promoter upon the addition of long-chain acyl-CoA thioesters. We therefore propose the designation fadM in place of ybaW. Although FadR regulation of fadM expression had the pattern typical of fad regulon genes, its modulation by the cyclic AMP (cAMP) receptor protein-cAMP complex (CRP-cAMP) global regulator was the opposite of that normally observed. CRP-cAMP generally acts as an activator of fad gene expression, consistent with the low status of fatty acids as carbon sources. However, glucose growth stimulated fadM expression relative to acetate growth, as did inactivation of CRP-cAMP, indicating that the complex acts as a negative regulator of this gene. The stimulation of fadM expression seen upon deletion of the gene encoding adenylate cyclase (Deltacya) was reversed by supplementation of the growth medium with cAMP. Nie and coworkers also reported that growth on a conjugated linoleic acid isomer yields much higher levels of FadM thioesterase activity than does growth on oleic acid. In contrast, we found that the conjugated linoleic acid isomer was only a weak inducer of fadM expression. Although the gene is not essential for growth, the high basal level of fadM expression under diverse growth conditions suggests that the encoded thioesterase has functions in addition to beta-oxidation.
Establecimiento de un modelo educativo institucional para la orientación del proceso de innovación curricular de las carreras de la Universidad de Playa Ancha

The curriculum innovation driven by Playa Ancha University constitutes a process in which it has been possible to recognize the characteristics and main difficulties that are common to this type of initiatives developed by institutions of higher education in various countries of the world, and that, therefore, are assumed as inherent in these changes. It aims to share this experience with peers, to reflect on the problems that are unavoidable in the process of curriculum innovation and particularly, work socializing mode developed by UPLA, in the pursuit of commitment, consistency and institutional participation in each of the stages. The process of curriculum innovation in comment started with a diagnostic reflection and led to the establishment of an educational model, which conforms the basis for the work begun by careers and that, according to schedule by the institution, should be completed by 2015
Role of photoionization in the formation of complex organic molecules in Titan's upper atmosphere

[1] Recent observations by the Cassini Orbiter suggest that complex organic chemistry occurs in the upper atmosphere of Titan. To understand the role of EUVVUV light in the complex organic chemistry of Titan’s upper atmosphere, we investigate the formation of gaseous species from a N2/CH4 gas mixture as a function of irradiation wavelengths from 50 nm to 150 nm. A N2/CH4 gas mixture (= 95/5) at 0.066 mbar in a windowless photocell is irradiated using a narrowband synchrotron radiation source. The analysis of gaseous products by quadrupole mass spectrometry reveals the formation of heavy organics up to C7 to C8 by EUV light irradiation. In particular, the efficient formation of benzene and toluene is observed at wavelengths less than 80 nm, which is well correlated to photoionization of N2. In Titan’s upper atmosphere, EUV radiation may play an important role in the formation of complex organic molecules through photoionization of N2. Citation: Imanaka, H., and M. A. Smith (2007), Role of photoionization in the formation of complex organic molecules in Titan’s upper atmosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L02204, doi:10.1029/2006GL028317.
Linear quadratic optimal control problems via shifted Legendre state parametrization

The optimal control of linear systems with quadratic cost functional is considered. The method is based on shifted Legendre approximation of each state variable that converts the linear quadratic problem to a system of linear algebraic equations. An illustrative example is included to demonstrate the validity and applicability of the technique.
American Mobbing, 1828-1861: Toward Civil War

A comprehensive history of mob violence related to sectional issues in antebellum America, this book argues that the issue of slavery provoked riots in both the North and the South, the riots produced two different reactions from authorities. In the South, riots against suspected abolitionists and slave insurrectionists were widely tolerated as a means of quelling anti-slavery sentiment. In the North, both pro-slavery riots and attacking abolitionists and anti-slavery riots in support of fugitive slaves provoked reluctant but often effective riot suppression. Grimsted demonstrates that in these two distinct reactions to mob violence lay major resources of the social split that infiltrated politics and political rioting and that ultimately led to the Civil War.
1‐Phenyl‐2‐(phenylsulfanyl)ethyl Acetate

(s) [865860-14-6] (rac) [16162-49-5] C16H15OS (MW 271.3) InChI = 1S/C16H16OS/c1-13(17)16(14-8-4-2-5-9-14)12-18-15-10-6-3-7-11-15/h2-11,16H,12H2,1H3/t16-/m0/s1 InChIKey = DJQIXAYZMAYRBE-INIZCTEOSA-N InChI = 1/C16H16O2S/c1-13(17)18-16(14-8-4-2-5-9-14)12-19-15-10-6-3-7-11-15/h2-11,16H,12H2,1H3 InChIKey = VOMPWOVNVXDARN-UHFFFAOYAG (reagent used as chiral auxiliary in stereoselective glycosylation reactions1) Alternate Names: α-[(phenylthio)methyl]benzenemethanol acetate; 1-phenyl-2-(phenylthio)ethyl acetate. Preparative Method: the title compound with S-configuration can be made from (S)-mandelic acid following a four-step reaction sequence:1 reduction (LiAlH4), selective tosylation (TsCl/Bu2SnO/Et3N), displacement (NaSPh), and acetylation (Ac2O/pyridine). The racemic isomer can be prepared by electrophilic addition to styrene.2
Suicidal ideation in adult offspring of depressed and matched control parents: Childhood and concurrent predictors

BackgroundSuicidal ideation predicts suicide behaviors; however, research is needed on risk factors for suicidal ideation in adults, a common developmental period for first suicide attempts.AimsTo examine childhood and concurrent predictors of suicidal ideation among 340 adult offspring of depressed and matched control parents.MethodParents were assessed at baseline, and adult offspring were assessed 23 years later.ResultsOffspring who reported past-month suicidal ideation (7%) had parents who, 23 years earlier, reported suicidal ideation, psychological inflexibility and use of avoidance coping. Offspring experiencing suicidal ideation were more likely to be unemployed and more depressed, consumed more alcohol and had more drinking problems. They were more anxious and inflexible, had weaker social ties and less cohesive families and had more negative life events and used more avoidance coping. A childhood risk index predicted offspring's suicidal ideation above and beyond concurrent factors.ConclusionsAlo...
The Blacksburg Manifesto and the Postmodern Debate: Public Administration in a Time Without a Name:

The question, “Does the message of the Blacksburg Manifesto fit the times that we are in now and the times that seem to be shaping up in the next decade or longer?” is addressed by epistemologically locating the Blacksburg Manifesto and by introducing the postmodern debate to the field of public administration. The well-known Blacksburg Manifesto is described as an example of high modernism, beyond the functionalist paradigm, because although the central commitment is to reason and progress, the classic forms of administrative rationality are surpassed. It is classified as high modernism because the agency perspective, as articulated in the Manifesto, calls for a dialogue that evokes reason through process in the tradition of Mary Parker Follett. The postmodern experience is described as connoting a world of immense complexity, hyperdiversity, and self-referentiality. Postmodernism requires assuming a posture toward the world that tolerates fundamental ambiguity and paradox. A postmodern perspective on th...
Limit cycles in delta-operator formulated 1-D and m-D discrete-time systems with fixed-point arithmetic

In this paper, the problem of global asymptotic stability of /spl delta/-operator formulated one-dimensional (1-D) and multidimensional (m-D) discrete-time systems is analyzed for the case of fixed point implementations. It is shown that the free response of such a system tends to produce improper equilibrium points if conventional quantization arithmetic schemes such as truncation or rounding are used. Explicit necessary conditions for global asymptotic stability are derived in terms of the sampling period. These conditions demonstrate that, in many cases, fixed-point arithmetic does not allow for global asymptotic stability in /spl delta/-operator formulated discrete-time systems that use a short sampling period. This is true for the 1-D as well as the m-D case.
Hemispatial somatosensory and motor extinction after stereotactic thalamic lesions

Abstract Several authors have reported marked hemispatial visual neglect following ventrolateral (VL) thalamotomy for the relief of dyskinesia. However, few patients who undergo this procedure show clinical neglect Characteristics of patients and precise localization of the lesions associated with post-operative hemispatial neglect, and the course of neglect, have not been documented. The objective of this study was to identify the precise location of surgical lesions and characteristics of patients who show hemispatial neglect or extinction following stereotactic thalamotomy, and to identify the nature and course of the hemispatial deficit. Twelve consecutive patients underwent stereotactic thalamotomy, restricted to the nucleus ventralis intermedialis (Vim), for the relief of tremor or dystonia. No patient showed visual neglect or extinction, but three patients showed somatosensory and/or motor extinction contralateral to thalamotomy. One patient showed significant hemispatial deficits beyond 2 weeks; n...
Seven design rules for teaching students sound encapsulation and abstraction of object properties and member data

Because encapsulation is a difficult concept for students to implement correctly, we propose a set of seven software design rules to be used as an aid for teaching the appropriate design and use of encapsulation of object properties.
Prospects for adenovirus-mediated gene therapy of inherited diseases of the myocardium

Time for primary review 30 days. Many genetic loci linked to a variety of diseases have been identified, and disease-causing mutations characterized. These have included diseases of the myocardium, such as X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy [1–3], hypertrophic cardiomyopathy [4–6], and Long QT syndrome [7–9]. The elucidation of gene defects has allowed different therapeutic strategies to be proposed, including the use of pharmaceutical agents to replace or to antagonize the mutated protein, and replacement of the defective gene with a functional one (gene therapy). There have been many publications describing the use of vectors to transduce target cells for the correction of gene defects or for anti-viral therapy (for reviews see [10–14]). Such vectors have included recombinant retroviruses, adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, and herpes viruses, as well as non-viral vectors. Each vector has inherent advantages and disadvantages. At this time the adenoviruses are most commonly used and represent the most likely vector for efficient transduction of the myocardium. While many groups have reported the use of recombinant adenoviruses to transduce cells in vitro and in vivo, and even their use in clinical trials for the correction of the cystic fibrosis gene defect [15, 16], there have been few reports describing the targeted expression of gene products for the correction of myocardial diseases. In this review we will discuss the potential of gene therapeutic approaches for the treatment of myocardial disease, as well as consider some of the limitations and risks associated with the use of the adenovirus-based vectors. Recombinant adenoviruses have been the most commonly utilized vectors for the transduction of cells both in vitro and in vivo. This has primarily been due to their ability to be propagated and purified to high titers, their ability to transduce non-dividing cells, and their broad spectrum of target tissues. Most studies … * Corresponding author. Pediatric Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Room 333E, Houston TX 77030, USA. Tel.: +1 713 7987342; Fax: +1 713 7988085; E-mail: jtowbin@bcm.tmc.edu
Tortional Vibration of Along-Wind Excited Structures

A method for analyzing the torsional vibration of along-wind excited structures is presented. The method is based on random vibration concepts and yields the expected maximum translational and torsional responses of a single-mass structure. The approach is similar to the gust factor method. Aerodynamic admittance functions are derived which are used to estimate the spectral density function of the random torque and the cross-spectral density function of the force and torque acting on the structure. These are required for estimating the structure’s translational and torsional mean square responses. Results for several examples indicate that the dynamic torsional response increases as follows: as the width of the structure’s exposed face increases, as the structural or geometric eccentricity increases, and as torsional natural frequency decreases.
NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN GLASS SHELLS FROM SiGDP — RESIDUAL GASES, GAS FILLING AND TAILORED HALF-LIVES

Progress has been made in reducing and quantifying residual gases in shells manufactured by the silicon doped glow discharge polymer (SiGDP) to glass process. Previously, glass shells were made using a high temperature, open-air box oven. If the temperature profile used was sufficient, clear, colorless shells were obtained which had -1/3 of an atmosphere of residual gas consisting of a mixture ofN 2 , O 2 , CO and CO 2 with generally N 2 and CO 2 being the major constituents. Improvements to the process were made by utilizing a controlled atmosphere, high temperature oven and developing an improved temperature profile for the SiGDP to glass conversion process. It is now possible to manufacture clear, colorless glass shells containing noble gas(es), which is a first for the ICF program. In addition, the improvements in our process has led to shells containing less residual gas (N 2 , CO, and CO 2 ) than previously obtainable. Tailored deuterium half-lifes are also possible by adjusting the final sintering temperature which results in glass that is very near but not full density which allows in some cases for fielding of glass shells with half-lives which can be more suitable to the experimentalist.
Statutory Interpretation in the Context of Federal Jurisdiction

Recently the Supreme Court has suggested that despite the distinctive nature of jurisdictional statutes, such statutes implicate only traditional notions of statutory construction. Indeed, the Court's most recent jurisdictional statutory interpretation decision, Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Allapattah Services, Inc., seemed to suggest that there was nothing special about jurisdictional statutes. But, as this Article explains, this has not been, and is not, true. The distinctive nature of federal jurisdiction statutes demands a more constitutionally-oriented interpretive approach - traditional methods of statutory interpretation are inadequate because they fail to take this unique character into account. Jurisdictional statutes are subject to unique interpretive difficulties not encountered in the judicial construction of ordinary congressional legislation. These unique interpretive difficulties necessitate a wider range of considerations in the jurisdictional arena, including the traditional rules of statutory construction plus the Constitution itself as an interpretive document - all the while being cognizant of the potential for separation of powers and conflict of interest issues. In short, this Article proposes that in approaching their tasks of statutory construction in this area involving the reach of their own powers, federal courts should be guided by rules as understood and informed by the gravitational pull of Article III, and saving constructions are inappropriate. I explore these interpretive issues in the specific context of the interpretation of the 1988 amendment to 1332 pertaining to permanent resident aliens - an odd and interesting provision that has generated three different interpretive results from the three circuit courts that have examined it, despite the unconstitutionality of the statute's unambiguous plain language.
Cytology of Blue-green Algae

The fine structure of some sixty different collections of blue-green algae representing at least thirty different species was studied. In addition to the usual components of blue-green algal cells, a number of different, unique, intracellular structures were observed. Membranous “stacks”, and “spheres”, and “scrolls” in which the membranes are not typical unit membranes are described. “Spheroids”, 25 to 30mμ in diameter, were found in intrathylakoidal spaces of several collections. Other inclusions, including a variety of filamentous and crystalline arrays, are described. It is suggested that some of these inclusions are intracellular symbionts.
Oxygen-Bound Trifluoromethoxide Complexes of Copper and Gold

Well-defined copper and gold complexes have been prepared which contain the shortest structurally characterized metal–oxygen bonds between transition metals and a trifluoromethoxide moiety. The trifluoromethoxide ligand is O-bound to both the copper and gold centers, with a copper–oxygen distance of 1.849(4) A and a gold–oxygen distance of 2.058(4) A. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations on all new trifluoromethoxy complexes were performed in order to obtain bond lengths and angles that are not influenced from any intermolecular contacts in the solid state and also to provide a first glimpse of the electronic features of this previously unknown ligand.
Risk Factors for Postpartum Depressive Symptoms in Low-Income Women With Very Low-Birth-Weight Infants

Purpose:This study examined factors associated with postpartum depressive symptoms in mothers with premature infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).Subjects:A total of 113 new mothers with very low-birth-weight infants in their initial NICU admission were recruited from 2 urban hospitals
Improving the yield of genetic testing in familial hypercholesterolaemia

This editorial refers to ‘Selection of individuals for genetic testing for familial hypercholesterolaemia: development and external validation of a prediction model for the presence of a mutation causing familial hypercholesterolaemia’, by J. Besseling et al ., doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw135. Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is a common autosomal dominant disorder of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) metabolism with an estimated prevalence of 1/500 to 1/200 in Caucasian populations.1 It is caused by deleterious heterozygous mutations in genes affecting LDL receptor function ( LDLR , APOB , or PCSK9 ).1 As a consequence, LDL-C levels are elevated from birth, which leads to premature cardiovascular disease (CVD) in those affected.2 Early interventions with lifestyle changes and statin treatment substantially attenuate this excess risk.3 Unfortunately, despite the WHO (World Health Organization) recommendation for large-scale screening almost two decades ago, FH is still severely underdiagnosed.1 Genetic cascade screening of first-degree relatives is an effective way to improve the identification of affected subjects.4 However, cost represents a major barrier to its implementation in many countries. The cost of genetic testing in an FH proband ranges from ∼€1600 in the UK6 to ∼€3100 in the USA.5 Cost-effectiveness analyses based on lipid and/or genetic screening approaches have estimated the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for FH cascade screening to lie between ∼€3200 and ∼€460 000/life year gained.5,6 This is thought to be determined by three key factors: (i) the cost-effectiveness of treatment once FH is identified; (ii) the prevalence of FH in the screened population; and (iii) the accuracy of the screening test.6 When using current diagnostic criteria to select patients for genetic testing, mutation detection rates are variable, …
Fault-tolerant Message Routing in Computer Networks.

We are considering a problem of faulttolerant wormhole unicast routing in computer networks, consisting of nodes (processor units), connected by bi-directional links. Each node can be viewed as the combination of a router and a processor with some RAM, bus and I/O circuitry. We concentrate on networks with arbitrary (irregular) topologies. The problem of routing in the presence of faults is divided into two sub-problems: diagnosis and reconfiguration of the network and deadlock-free routing in the new network. In this paper we consider non-adaptive routing, not taking the sizes of corresponding message queues into account.
Tomographic Reconstruction of Label Images Using Gibbs Priors

Our aim is to produce a tessellation of space into small voxels and, based on only a few tomographic projections of an object, assign to each voxel a label that indicates one of the components of interest constituting the object. Examples of application are in the areas of electron microscopy, industrial non-destructive testing, cardiac imaging, etc. Current approaches first reconstruct the density distribution from the projections and then segment (label) this distribution. We instead postulate a low level prior knowledge regarding the underlying distribution of label images and then directly estimate the label image based on the prior and the projections. In particular we show, in the binary (i.e., two labels) case, that the marginal posterior mode estimator outperforms the widely-known maximum a posteriori probability estimator. In terms of the label misclassification in the reconstructions, our direct labeling method was experimentally proved (in the binary case) to be superior to the current approaches, but performs less satisfactory under a detectability measure. We discuss possible improvements of our direct labeling methods.
Parameter governing the far-field features of round jets

The enhanced entrainment and mixing of synthetic (pulsed) jets is characterised by a modified effective eddy viscosity.
On the acoustics of a circulation control airfoil

Abstract A two-dimensional elliptical circulation control airfoil model is studied in the Florida State Aeroacoustic Tunnel. Far-field acoustics are obtained via a 55 microphone phased array. Single microphone spectra are also obtained, and it is shown that background noise is significant. In order to circumvent this problem, beamforming is employed. The primary sources of background noise are from the tunnel collector and jet/sidewall interaction. The deconvolution approach to mapping acoustic sources (DAMAS) is employed to remove the effects of the array point spread function. Spectra are acquired by integrating the DAMAS result over the source region. The resulting DAMAS spectral levels are significantly below single microphone levels. Although the DAMAS levels are reduced from those of a single microphone or delay and sum beamforming (DAS), they are still above those of a NACA 0012, estimated using NAFNoise , at the same geometric and free-stream conditions. A scaling analysis is performed on the processed array data. With a constant free-stream velocity and a varying jet velocity the data scale as jet Mach number to the 6th power. If the momentum coefficient is held constant and the free-stream velocity is varied the data scale as free-stream Mach number to the 7th power.
Transient Relaxations of Ionic Conductance during Growth of Porous Anodic Alumina Films: Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Current Step Experiments

Abstract Transient electrochemical relaxations during growth of anodic oxide films can provide insight into mechanisms of transport processes. Few such studies have focused on porous anodic oxides, which are of significant interest as functional materials. Conductance relaxations during anodizing of aluminum in acidic porous anodic oxide-forming solutions are investigated, using high voltage impedance spectroscopy and constant current reanodizing experiments. Both experiments follow phenomenology demonstrated in prior studies of anodic barrier films. Low-frequency inductive loops in impedance spectra exhibit time constants with inverse proportionality to current density and characteristic resistances nearly equal to those of high-frequency capacitive features. Potential decays during reanodizing depend on charge passed instead of time. Both sets of experiments are analyzed with a model including conductance relaxations due to electric field-dependent generation and removal of bulk charge-carrying defects. The model is found to be quantitatively consistent with nearly all aspects of experimental behavior; the inverse current density dependence of the inductive time constant and the charge parameterization of potential decays both arise because of exponential electric field dependence of ionic conduction and defect generation/removal rates. Oxide volume changes accompanying defect relaxations may help explain mechanical stress generation during anodizing, which is thought to drive pore formation.
C1q as an autocrine and paracrine regulator of cellular functions

Most of the complement proteins in circulation are, by and large, synthesized in the liver. However data accumulated over the past several decades provide incontrovertible evidence that some if not most of the individual complement proteins are also synthesized extrahepatically by activated as well as non-activated cells. The question that is finally being addressed by various investigators is: are the locally synthesized proteins solely responsible for the myriad of biological functions in situ without the contribution of systemic complement? The answer is probably "yes". Among the proteins that are synthesized locally, C1q takes center stage for several reasons. First, it is synthesized predominantly by potent antigen presenting cells such as monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), which by itself is a clue that it plays an important role in antigen presentation and/or DC maturation. Second, it is transiently anchored on the cell surface via a transmembrane domain located in its A chain before it is cleaved off and released into the pericellular milieu. The membrane-associated C1q in turn, is able to sense danger patterns via its versatile antigen-capturing globular head domains. More importantly, locally synthesized C1q has been shown to induce a plethora of biological functions through the induction of immunomodulatory molecules by an autocrine- or paracrine- mediated signaling in a manner that mimics those of TNFα. These include recognition of pathogen- and danger- associated molecular patterns, phagocytosis, angiogenesis, apoptosis and induction of cytokines or chemokines that are important in modulating the inflammatory response. The functional convergence between C1q and TNFα in turn is attributed to their shared genetic ancestry. In this paper, we will infer to the aforementioned "local-synthesis-for-local function" paradigm using as an example, the role played by locally synthesized C1q in autoimmunity in general and in systemic lupus erythematosus in particular.
Survivorship of Metaphyseal Sleeves in Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty.

Abstract Background Metaphyseal fixation has promising early results in providing component stability and fixation in revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA). However, there are limited studies on midterm results of metaphyseal sleeves. We analyzed complications, rerevisions, and survivorship free of revision for aseptic loosening of metaphyseal sleeves in revision TKA. Methods Two hundred eighty patients with 393 metaphyseal sleeves (144 femoral, 249 tibial) implanted during revision TKA from 2006-2014 were reviewed. Sleeves were most commonly cemented (55% femoral, 72% tibial). Mean follow-up was 3 years, mean age was 66 years, and mean body mass index was 34 kg/m 2 . Indications for revision TKA included 2-stage reimplantation for deep infection (37%), aseptic loosening of the tibia (14%), femur (12%), or both components (9%), and instability (14%). Results There was a 12% rate of perioperative complications, most commonly intraoperative fracture (6.5%). Eight sleeves (2.5%) required removal: 6 (2%) during component resection for deep infection (all were well-fixed at removal) as well as 1 (0.8%) femoral sleeve and 1 (0.8%) tibial sleeve for aseptic loosening. Five-year survivorship free of revision for aseptic loosening was 96% and 99.5% for femoral and tibial sleeves, respectively. Level of constraint, bone loss, sleeve and/or stem fixation, and revision indication did not significantly affect outcomes. Conclusion Metaphyseal sleeve fixation to enhance component stability during revision TKA has a 5-year survivorship free of revision for aseptic loosening of 96% and 99.5% in femoral and tibial sleeves, respectively. Both cemented and cementless sleeve fixation provides reliable durability at intermediate follow-up.
The Human Left Atrial Venous Circulation as a Vascular Route for Atrial Pharmacological Therapies: Effects of Ethanol Infusion.

Abstract Objectives This study catalogued the human venous left atrium (LA) circulation system and the ablative effects of ethanol in different branches. Background Vascular routes to target the LA could have significant therapeutic potential. Beyond the vein of Marshall (VOM), the fluoroscopic LA venous anatomy has not been described. Methods Patients undergoing ethanol infusion in the VOM as adjunctive therapy to atrial fibrillation (AF) catheter ablation were included in this study. Balloon occlusion venograms of the VOM and other LA veins were obtained in 218 patients. Results Sequentially from the coronary sinus (CS) ostium, LA veins included: 1) proximal septal vein draining the inferior septum; 2) inferior LA vein in the annular inferior LA; 3) VOM; 4) LA appendage vein; and 4) anterior LA vein. Additionally, venous sinuses not connected to the CS included roof veins and posterior wall veins, which drained into the right and left atria, respectively. Venous connections between LA veins through capillaries and with pulmonary veins were abundant. Extracardiac collateral vessels were present in 38 patients (17.4%). Ethanol infusion in LA veins led to tissue ablation in their corresponding regions. Conclusions The atrial venous anatomy is amenable to selective cannulation. Consistent anatomical patterns are present. Targeting atrial tissues through atrial veins can be used for therapeutic purposes.
Optimal Resource Allocation for Full-Duplex Wireless Video Transmissions under Delay Constraints

In this paper, wireless video transmission over full-duplex channels is studied. In order to provide the desired performance levels to the end-users in real-time video transmissions, quality of service (QoS) requirements such as statistical delay constraints are also considered. Effective capacity (EC) is used as the throughput metric in the presence of such statistical delay constraints since deterministic delay bounds are difficult to guarantee due to the time-varying nature of wireless fading channels. A communication scenario with a pair of users and multiple subchannels in which users can have different delay requirements is addressed. Following characterizations from the rate-distortion (R-D) theory, a logarithmic model of the quality-rate relation is used for predicting the quality of the reconstructed video in terms of the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) at the receiver side. Since the optimization problem is not concave or convex, the optimal power allocation policy that maximizes the weighted sum video quality subject to total transmission power constraint is derived by using monotonic optimization (MO) theory. The optimal scheme is compared with two suboptimal strategies.
Three-month follow-up in a family-based partial hospitalization program

Family-based treatment principles have been incorporated into higher levels of care. However, outcome data for these programs, and, in particular, follow-up data, are limited. The current study assessed 3-month follow-up data for patients in a family-based partial hospitalization/intensive outpatient program. Patients completed measures of eating disorder psychopathology and depression, while parents completed measures of self-efficacy and expressed emotion. With the exception of paternal self-efficacy, all measures stayed the same or improved between end of treatment and follow-up, suggesting that improvements in a family-based higher level of care can be sustained once families step down to less intensive treatment.
Developing a Multidisciplinary Vascular Anomalies Clinic and Reviewing the Radiologist’s Clinic Role

Cutaneous vascular anomalies can be challenging to diagnose and treat given their rare presentation and that they do not always fall under the purview of a specific medical specialty. Patients with cutaneous vascular anomalies are best managed in vascular anomalies clinics, but to our knowledge, no reported publications exist on how to develop such a clinic. In this article, we describe the specifics steps our institution took to create a vascular anomalies clinic and discuss how it benefitted our patients and referring providers. We also highlight the roles of the diagnostic and interventional radiologist within a vascular anomalies clinic.
Efficacy of variable density thinning and prescribed fire for restoring forest heterogeneity to mixed-conifer forest in the central Sierra Nevada, CA

Abstract Frequent-fire forests were historically characterized by lower tree density, a higher proportion of pine species, and greater within-stand spatial variability, compared to many contemporary forests where fire has been excluded. As a result, such forests are now increasingly unstable, prone to uncharacteristically severe wildfire or high levels of tree mortality in times of drought stress. While reducing tree density might help to restore resilience, thinning treatments are frequently seen as conflicting with management for other resources such as wildlife habitat, in part because standard thinning prescriptions don’t typically produce the degree of within-stand heterogeneity found in historical forests. In this study, we compare stand structures and heterogeneity produced by two different mechanical thinning treatments and in an unthinned control, all with or without prescribed fire as a follow-up treatment. The “high variability” thinning treatment was designed to produce the spatial variability once found in frequent fire forests and was based on historical data from nearby old-growth stands, while the “low variability” thinning treatment retained a similar number of trees but at a relatively even crown spacing. Stand averages and degree of variation for common forest metrics were calculated and values compared to a historical old-growth reference stand. Both thinning treatments reduced tree density and basal area, and shifted species composition towards historical values. Thinning treatments contained a deficit of trees in both the smallest ( 80 cm) size classes, relative to historical conditions. The high variability thinning treatment increased forest structure variation more than the low variability thinning treatment for most measures and retained a broader distribution of canopy closure values across the treatment units. While prescribed fire also reduced stand density and increased the amount of within-stand heterogeneity (when delayed mortality was included), the magnitude was much less than that produced by thinning. Prescribed fire did not significantly reduce basal area or alter the species composition. Prescribed burning did significantly reduce surface fuel loads, while thinning alone had no effect for most fuel classes. Our results show that high variability thinning coupled with prescribed burning resulted in a forest better aligned with the conditions present in historical frequent-fire forests, which were known to be more resilient to both wildfire and drought.
The effect of tides on nearshore environmental DNA

We can recover genetic information from organisms of all kinds using environmental sampling. In recent years, sequencing this environmental DNA (eDNA) has become a tractable means of surveying many species using water, air, or soil samples. The technique is beginning to become a core tool for ecologists, environmental scientists, and biologists of many kinds, but the temporal resolution of eDNA sampling is often unclear, limiting the ecological interpretations of the resulting datasets. Here, in a temporally and spatially replicated field study using ca. 313 bp of eukaryotic COI mtDNA as a marker, we find that nearshore organismal communities are largely consistent across tides. Our findings suggest that nearshore eDNA from both benthic and planktonic taxa tends to be endogenous to the site and water mass sampled, rather than changing with each tidal cycle. However, where physiochemical water mass characteristics change, we find that the relative contributions of a broad range of organisms to eDNA communities shift in concert.
A Neo-Marxist Explanation of Organized Crime

This essay examines the relationship between criminal organizations and socioeconomic elites. The argument is made that criminal organizations acquire ideological preferences as they evolve and integrate into elite structures. This article demonstrates the conditions under which elites turn to Fascist parties, reactionary militaries, or organized crime groups for assistance against counter-hegemonic groups. This analysis is based on Marxist, Frankfurt School, and Gramscian concepts, and is augmented by examples of alliances between elites and crime groups from Europe, Latin America, and Asia.