cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of stimulation of the mediodorsal nucleus and its projection cortex on heart rate in the rabbit

Electrical stimulation of prefrontal cortex in anesthetized rabbits evoked small (< 10%) changes in heart rate. In contrast, stimulation of the thalamic mediodorsal nucleus (MD) elicited decreases in heart rate proportional to the stimulating current. The maximal peak reductions in heart rate evoked by higher current intensities were 85% from prestimulus levels. The bradycardiac response had a short latency after stimulus onset (< 1 s, peak within 5 s), and the heart rate usually returned to baseline within 30 s after stimulation. Vagal cholinergic innervation of the heart was suggested as the final effector pathway since bilateral vagotomy or administration of atropine (sulfate or methyl nitrate, 0.15–0.4 mg/kg, i.v.) virtually abolished the rapid bradycardiac responses. Administration of a β-adrenergic receptor blocker (propranolol, 3 mg/kg, i.v.) was without effect on the heart rate response. The effective medial thalamic area for evoking a response was localized to MD, the thalamic midline nuclei between both MDs and a region continuous with, but posterior to MD (e.g. parafascicular nucleus). A descending effector pathway from the thalamus was implicated since complete bilateral ablation of prefrontal cortex did not reduce the stimulus-produced bradycardia evoked from MD. Similar large bradycardiac responses were obtained in an unanesthetized preparation to both MD stimulation and to sensory stimuli, suggesting a possible physiological correlate for these intracranially-evoked heart rate changes.
Hybridoma antibody content and production rate in continuous culture: Effect of dilution rate

Hybridoma IND1 viability was ≥95% for dilution rates (D) ranging from 45 to 100% of μmax (0.037 hr−1). Over this range, the cell concentration and total protein content increased with D. Washout occurred at D=0.041 hr−1, but the intracellular protein content continued to increase. The high- and low-content modes of the intracellular antibody distribution did not vary with D. The fraction of cells with high antibody content decreased with time, except for an increase at D=0.041 hr−1. This decrease did not affect the specific antibody production rate, which, like the high- and low-content modes, was independent of D.
Variation in the pattern of carbonic anhydrase activity in the cells of the gastric glands.

Electron microscopic cytochemical studies of cells of the gastric glands of the stomach reveal enzymatic sites for carbonic anhydrase activity within cells of the gastric glands of hamsters and humans not previously described. The localization of the carbonic anhydrase activity is made apparent by reaction products of lead salts. Numerous electron dense precipitates are evident as discrete circular and irregular profiles and are situated on the outer surface of the mitochondria of the parietal cells. Smaller amounts of the reaction products are seen within the granular endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrial matrix and on the outer surface of the mitochondria of the chief cells.
Short-range order (SRO) and its effect on the primary creep behavior of a Ti–6wt.%Al alloy

Abstract Titanium alloys have been shown to exhibit significant levels of creep at room temperature at stresses well below the macroscopic yield strength. In this work, the effect of short-range order (SRO) on the room temperature creep behavior of Ti–6wt.%Al was studied. It was observed that SRO provides significant strengthening and that the creep transients are dramatically altered due to changes in the SRO state. Slip was observed to be planar in samples that were treated to have significant SRO and homogeneous in samples in which SRO was decreased by heat treatments.
A general two-equation macroscopic turbulence model for incompressible flow in porous media

Abstract view of the practical and fundamental importance to heat and mass transfer, we present a two-equation turbulence model for incompressible flow within a fluid saturated and rigid porous medium. The derivation consists of time-averaging the general (macroscopic) transport equations and closing the model with the classical eddy diffusivity concept and the Kolmogorov-Prandtl relation. The transport equations for the turbulence kinetic energy (κ) and its dissipation rate (e) are attained from the general momentum equations. Analysis of the κ-e equations proves that for a small permeability medium, small enough to minimize the form drag (Forchheimer term), the effect of a porous matrix is to damp turbulence, as physically expected. For the large permeability case the analysis is inconclusive as the Forchheimer term contribution can be to enhance or to damp turbulence. In addition, the model demonstrates that the only possible solution for steady unidirectional flow is zero macroscopic turbulence kinetic energy. The implications of this conclusion are far reaching. Among them, this conclusion supports the hypothesis of having microscopic turbulence, known to exist at high speed flow, damped by the volume averaging process. Therefore, turbulence models derived directly from the general (macroscopic) equations will inevitably fail to characterize accurately turbulence induced by the porous matrix in a microscopic sense.
Regulation of Sodium Iodide Symporter Gene Expression by Rac1/p38β Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells

Activation of p38 MAPK is a key pathway for cell proliferation and differentiation in breast cancer and thyroid cells. The sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) concentrates iodide in the thyroid and lactating breast. All-trans-retinoic acid (tRA) markedly induces NIS activity in some breast cancer cell lines and promotes uptake of β-emitting radioiodide 131I sufficient for targeted cytotoxicity. To identify a signal transduction pathway that selectively stimulates NIS expression, we investigated regulation by the Rac1-p38 signaling pathway in MCF-7 breast cancer cells and compared it with regulation in FRTL-5 rat thyroid cells. Loss of function experiments with pharmacologic inhibitors and small interfering RNA, as well as RT-PCR analysis of p38 isoforms, demonstrated the requirement of Rac1, MAPK kinase 3B, and p38β for the full expression of NIS in MCF-7 cells. In contrast, p38α was critical for NIS expression in FRTL-5 cells. Treatment with tRA or overexpression of Rac1 induced the phosphorylation of p38 isoforms, including p38β. A dominant negative mutant of Rac1 abolished tRA-induced phosphorylation in MCF-7 cells. Overexpression of p38β or Rac1 significantly enhanced (1.9- and 3.9-fold, respectively), the tRA-stimulated NIS expression in MCF-7 cells. This study demonstrates differential regulation of NIS by distinct p38 isoforms in breast cancer cells and thyroid cells. Targeting isoform-selective activation of p38 may enhance NIS induction, resulting in higher efficacy of 131I concentration and treatment of breast cancer.
Role of Specific Interactions and Solubility in the Reinforcement of Bisphenol A Polymers with Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes

Polycarbonate (PC) and phenoxy resin (PKFE) have similar structures derived from bisphenol A. PKFE resin possesses pendant hydroxyl groups along its backbone; instead of the carbonate carbonyl groups found in polycarbonate, PKFE contains 2-hydroxypropyl groups instead. This difference in structure significantly influences thermomechanical properties when these materials are blended with phenyltrisilanol polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS). While POSS exhibits some level of solubility in the each of the polymer matrixes tested, the glass transition temperatures of phenoxy composites increase with incorporation of POSS, while the glass transition temperatures of polycarbonate composites decrease significantly. Addition of POSS to PC also results in embrittlement of the composites; POSS thus serves as an antiplasticizer in the PC/POSS system. In the case of PKFE/POSS composites, significant interactions are evidenced by the change in the shape of the infrared spectra for the C−H phenyl stretch. Whil...
Cooperation between corporations and environmental groups: A transaction cost perspective

Theory suggests that when transaction costs are low, corporations and stakeholders can minimize social costs by transacting to their mutual advantage, but when transaction costs are high, reducing social costs requires the intervention of a centralized institution. In surprisingly little work have scholars considered what happens in between--when transaction costs exist but recourse to hierarchical institution is barred. I use transaction cost analysis to hypothesize how collaboration between corporations and environmental stakeholder groups will be structured.
Microwave and millimeter wave nondestructive testing and evaluation - Overview and recent advances

This article focuses on three recent applications of microwave and millimeter wave NDTE 2) corrosion and precursor pitting detection in painted aluminum and steel substrates; and 3) detection of flaws in spray-on foam insulation and the acreage heat tiles of the Space Shuttle through focused and synthetic imaging techniques. These applications have been performed at the Applied Microwave Nondestructive Testing Laboratory (amntl) at the University of Missouri-Rolla.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma: When to Transplant Outside of Milan Criteria

The worldwide incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) continues to rise and liver transplantation (LT) represents an established curative treatment for early stage disease. As a result of organ shortage, guidelines have restricted transplantation to HCC patients with an expected 5-year post transplantation survival greater than 70 %. The Milan criteria (MC) remain a reliable and noninvasive instrument for selecting patients with 5-year survival meeting this criteria. Since the adoption of the MC by United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS), attempts have been made to expand MC to account for the projected increase in the incidence of HCC over the next 20 years. An area of active debate focuses on identifying a subgroup of patients outside of MC with similar or better outcomes through either new expanded criteria or identifying other prognostic factors to enhance MC.
Lateral eye movements and the recall of spatial information in a familiar, large-scale environment.

Abstract The relationship between cerebral asymmetry and memory for locations in a familiar large-scale environment was examined. Subjects were classified as showing a preference for right or left hemisphere processing on the basis of the direction of their lateral eye movements. Knowledge of the locations of 10 landmarks in a familiar large-scale space was assessed. No differences were found between right and left movers. It was concluded that memory for the location of landmarks in a familiar large-scale space is processed equally effectively by those who prefer to process information with the right or left hemisphere.
Fathers' and mothers' speech to young infants

Fathers' and mothers' speech to infants was obtained during face-to-face interaction in a laboratory setting. Thirty-two father-infant pairs and 40 mother-infant pairs participated. Infants were divided equally by sex and among two age groups with mean ages of 3 and 9 months. Parental utterances were transcribed from videotapes. The utterances were analyzed in terms of their structure and content. There were many similarities in the structure of fathers' and mothers' speech. The speech of both parents was highly repetitive and contained many questions. There were also similarities in the content of fathers' and mothers' speech. Their belief in the infants' ability to think, feel, and act like persons was evident in their speech to the infants. The age of the infant was a significant factor in the analysis of many of the content categories. The sex of the infant and the sex of the parent were also significant factors in several of the analyses.
The Buffer Tree: A Technique for Designing Batched External Data Structures

We present a technique for designing external memory data structures that support batched operations I/ O efficiently. We show how the technique can be used to develop external versions of a search tree, a priority queue, and a segment tree, and give examples of how these structures can be used to develop I/ O-efficient algorithms. The developed algorithms are either extremely simple or straightforward generalizations of known internal memory algorithms—given the developed external data structures.
Ovarian secretion rates of progesterone and 20α-hydroxy-4-pregnene-3-one in 57 to 70-day old rats

Abstract Ovarian secretion rates of progesterone (P) and 20α-hydroxy-4-pregnene-3-one (20αP) were determined by assay of the levels in ovarian venous blood collected for timed intervals. The rats studied were adult rats and 57- to 70-day-old rats, whose ovarian Δ5-3β-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase (3βHSD) activity has previously been shown to be higher than that of adults (1). Secretion rates of progestin were also correlated with the phase of the estrous cycle. These young rats secreted more P and 20αP than did adult rats. The pattern of change in P secretion throughout the estrous cycle resembles more that seen in prepubertal rats induced to ovulate for the first time (2) than that reported for adult rats (3,4).
Continuous Mode Transition in High-speed Boundary-layers

Mode interaction is studied via direct numerical simulations of a Mach 4.5 boundary layer with discrete and continuous modes imposed at the inflow. An approximate decoupling procedure is developed to create separate vortical, acoustic and entropic continuous mode components. Oblique horizontal vorticity modes induce boundary layer disturbances that grow with downstream distance, similarly to their incompressible counterpart. One salient difference is that a low frequency vorticity mode, alone, is found to induce transition by spawning two-dimensional, unstable discrete modes. The discrete modes are non-linearly excited at high harmonics of the inlet perturbation. Adding a Mack second mode, in addition to the vorticity mode, causes even earlier transition, suggesting that, in supersonic flow, unstable discrete modes play a crucial role in breakdown of boundary-layer streaks.
On the File Design Problem for Partial Match Retrieval

In the past two decades, the increasing usage of databases and integrated information systems has encouraged the development of file structures suited for partial match retrieval. A partial match query is a query with some number of attributes specified and the rest of them unspecified. One interesting file structure proposed and heavily studied recently is called a multikey hashing scheme, but most of the previous results on designing optimal multikey hashing schemes ignored the record distribution of a file. In this paper we show that the problem of designing an optimal multikey hashing scheme taking into consideration the record distribution is computationally intractable (NP-hard). Therefore, a heuristic approach is necessary. In a multikey hashing scheme, although the directory is space efficient and the search algorithm is fast, due to the insufficient information in the directory some accessed buckets may not contain any record satisfying the given query. Thus, certain retrieval effort is wasted. A new class of file structures which combine a multikey hashing scheme and an indexed descriptor technique is introduced in this paper. By adding some extra information (either record descriptors or bucket descriptors) into the directory of a multikey hashing scheme, either only those buckets which contain at least one record satisfying the given query need to be accessed or the number of accessed buckets which do not contain any record satisfying the query is reduced.
Energy use and allocation in the Florida harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex badius: are stored seeds a buffer?

Limitation of a necessary resource can affect an organism’s investment into growth and reproduction. Pogonomyrmex harvester ants store vast quantities of seeds in their nests that are thought to buffer the ants when external resources are not available. This research uses externally controlled food availability to examine how resource shortage affects colony investment, resource use, and resource distribution within the nest. Colonies were either starved or supplemented with resources for 2 months, beginning at the onset of reproductive investment and ending immediately before nuptial flights. Fed colonies invested more in overall production, proportionally more in reproduction relative to growth and in female reproductives relative to males. Stored seeds in starved colonies did not buffer production in this study. However, worker fat reserves were depleted in starved colonies, indicating that fat reserves fuel the spring bout of production. In starved colonies, worker fat reserves were depleted evenly throughout the nest, distributing the burden of starvation on all workers regardless of caste and age. A reallocation of diploid eggs into female workers rather than reproductives best explains the observed change in sex ratio investment between treatments. The redistribution of resources into growth relative to reproduction in starved colonies is consistent with life history theory for long-lived organisms, switching from current to future reproduction when resources are scarce.
Regulation of Hedgehog signaling: a complex story

The Hedgehog (Hh) signal transduction pathway plays critical instructional roles during development. Activating mutations in human Hh signaling components predispose to a variety of tumor types, and have been observed in sporadic tumors occurring in a wide range of organs. Multiple insights into the regulation of Hh signaling have been achieved through studies using Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism. In Drosophila, regulation of the transcription factor Cubitus interruptus (Ci) is the ultimate target of the Hh pathway. Ci is regulated through communication of the membrane proteins Patched (Ptc) and Smoothened (Smo) to the intracellular Hedgehog Signaling Complex (HSC) in response to a graded concentration of Hh ligand. The HSC consists of the Kinesin Related Protein, Costal2 (Cos2), the serine-threonine protein kinase, Fused (Fu) and Ci. In the absence of Hh stimulation, the HSC is involved in processing of Ci to a truncated repressor protein. In response to Hh binding to Ptc, processing of Ci is blocked to allow for accumulation of full-length Ci activator protein(s). Differential concentrations of Hh ligand stimulate production of Ci transcriptional activators of varying strength, which facilitate activation of distinct subsets of target genes. The mechanism(s) by which Ptc and Smo communicate with the HSC in response to differential ligand concentrations to regulate Ci function are not yet fully elucidated. Here, we review what is known about regulation of individual Hh signaling components, concentrating on the mechanisms by which the Hh signal is propagated through Smo to the HSC.
Computational Experiments with Cross and Crooked Cross Cuts

In a recent paper, Dash, Dey and G¨ unl¨ uk (2010) showed that many families of inequalities for the two-row continuous group relaxation and variants of this relaxation are cross cuts or crooked cross cuts, both of which generalize split cuts. Li and Richard (2008) recently studied t-branch split cuts for mixedinteger programs for integers t 1. Split cuts are just 1-branch split cuts, and cross cuts are 2-branch split cuts. In this paper, we study whether cross and crooked cross cuts can be separated in an effective manner for practical MIPs, and can yield a non-trivial improvement over the bounds obtained by split cuts. We also study whether such cuts obtained from two simplex tableau rows at a time can strengthen the bounds obtained by GMI cuts based on single tableau rows. We give positive answers to both these questions for MIPLIB 3.0 problems.
Band structure, deformation potentials and exciton states in solid xenon

Abstract The relativistic band structure, deformation potentials, and effective masses for solid xenon are found by the orthogonalized plane wave method. This is supplemented by the tight-binding method, for comparison, and for the determination of certain valence band energies and effective masses. The problem of determining a suitable one-electron potential is discussed, and a new potential for insulators is developed, critically compared with other potentials, and used in the calculations. For comparison, results are also obtained with other potentials, and these are interpreted. Certain state-dependent and correlation effects for the entire band structure can be approximated, using known features of the potential for valence bands, and the resulting band structure is consistent with experiment. The effective mass at the conduction band minimum (Γ 6 + ) is 0·51 ± 0.04. Certain exciton states in the ultraviolet absorption spectrum are newly interpreted. Special aspects of rare gas solids are found to make deformation potential results somewhat uncertain: e.g. the change in the Xe band gap per unit dilation is predicted to be −1±2 eV . It is shown that the observed line widths of large-radius excitons in the absorption spectrum of Xe are much too large to arise from lifetime broadening due to weak coupling of Wannier excitons to phonons.
Optimized MR image segmentation for tissue characterization

A novel MR (magnetic resonance) image segmentation algorithm has been implanted for tissue classification. The original image is first split into two subimages to minimize a specified cost function. Each image is then split into two smaller subimages and this procedure is repeated for several levels. Finally subimages are merged into desired number of groups according to a measure of the distance between subimages. >
Quantitative Echoca rdiograpy Part III: A Review of Methods for the Assessment of Left Ventricular Systolic Performance by Two-Dimensional and Doppler Echocardiography

A comprehensive two-dimensional echocardiographic examination provides useful information that is superior to MT-mode regarding left ventricular chamber sizes and systolic performance, including ejection fraction. Although we rely on visual estimates, quantitative measurements can be particularly valuable in patients with mild or moderate left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Measurements of left ventricular mass by two-dimensional echocardiography is supenror to Ml-mode to detect left ventricular hypertrophy. Two-dimensional echocardiography combined with pulsed Doppler echocardiography can be used to accurately measure stroke volume and to assess changes during medical therapy or after interventions. Future work is needed to assess the significance of continuous-wave Doppler-derived rate of pressure change in patients with mitral regurgitation.
Viewing T Cell Biology Through a Genomic Lens

The human body faces a constant onslaught of potential pathogenic organisms. To combat this blitz, the immune system has evolved an adaptive response to specifically address the vast array of attackers. This adaptive response includes T cells, which express T cell receptors that are rearranged at
SURFACE-WAVE POLARIZATION DATA AND GLOBAL ANISOTROPIC STRUCTURE

In the past few years, seismic tomography has begun to provide detailed images of seismic velocity in the Earth's interior which, for the first time, give direct observational constraints on the mechanisms of heat and mass transfer. The study of surface waves has led to quite detailed maps of upper-mantle structure, and the current global models agree reasonably well down to wavelengths of approximately 2000 km. Usually, the models contain only elastic isotropic structure, which provides an excellent fit to the data in most cases. For example, the variance reduction for minor and major arc phase data in the frequency range 7–15 mHz is typically 65–92 per cent and the data are fit to within 1–2 standard deviations. The fit to great-circle phase data, which are not subject to bias from unknown source or instrument effects, is even better. However, there is clear evidence for seismic anisotropy in various places on the globe. This study demonstrates how much (or little) the fit to the data is improved by including anisotropy in the modelling process. It also illuminates some of the trade-offs between isotropic and anisotropic structure and gives an estimate of how much bias is introduced by neglecting anisotropy. Finally, we show that the addition of polarization data has the potential for improving recovery of anisotropic structure by diminishing the trade-offs between isotropic and anisotropic effects.
PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY AND INTERACTIONS AMONG PLANTS

We know a great deal about the plastic responses of plant phenotypes to the abiotic and biotic environment, but very little about the consequences of phenotypic plas- ticity for plant communities. In other words, we know that plant traits can vary widely for a given genotype, but we know little about the importance of trait-mediated interactions (TMI) among plants. Here, we discuss three major factors that affect the expression of phenotypic plasticity: variation in the abiotic environment, variation in the presence or identity of neighbors, and variation in herbivory. We consider how plastic responses to these factors might affect interactions among plants. Plastic responses to the abiotic en- vironment have important consequences for conditionality in competitive effects, to the point of causing shifts from competitive to facilitative interactions. Because plants show a high degree of plasticity in response to neighbors, and even to the specific identify of neighbors, phenotypic plasticity may allow species to adjust to the composition of their communities, promoting coexistence and community diversity. Likewise, plastic responses to consumers may have various and counterintuitive consequences: induction of plant re- sistance, compensatory growth, and increased resource uptake may affect interactions among plants in ways that cannot be predicted simply by considering biomass lost to consumers. What little we know about TMI among plants suggests that they should not be ignored in plant community theory. Although work to date on the community consequences of phenotypic plasticity has been hampered by experimental constraints, new approaches such as manipulating phenotypes by using signals instead of actual environmental conditions and the use of transgenic plants should allow us to rapidly expand our understanding of the community consequences of plant plasticity.
EGR-2 Is Not Required for In Vivo CD4 T Cell Mediated Immune Responses

Background The zinc finger transcription factor EGR-2 has been shown to play an important role in the induction of T cell anergy and the regulation of peripheral T cell tolerance. In vitro, a prior study has show that T cells deficient in EGR-2 are hyperproliferative to IL-2 and produce elevated levels of the effector cytokine IFN-γ. EGR-2 deficient mice have increased levels of CD44(high) T cells in peripheral lymphoid organs, and with age, develop autoimmune-like features. Principal findings Here we show that despite increased numbers of cells bearing an activated CD44(high)CD62L(low) phenotype, T cells from young healthy EGR-2 deficient mice have normal proliferative and cytokine responses, and the mice themselves mount normal immune responses against minor histocompatibility antigens, and the pathogens Toxoplasma gondii and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Conclusions Our results indicate that EGR-2 is not required to mount normal acute in vivo immune responses against foreign antigens, and suggest instead that it may serve to regulate the response to chronic antigenic exposure, such as that which occurs to autoantigens.
Divided attention during adaptation to visual-motor rotation in an endoscopic surgery simulator

We investigated how cognitive demand affects the acquisition of adaptive hand–eye coordination in a low-fidelity endoscopic simulator. Participants performed a peg transfer task. In the pre-exposure and post-exposure phases participants moved objects between pegs with forceps while directly viewing the pegboard. In the exposure phase participants completed that task while indirectly viewing the pegboard through a camera and monitor with a 90° clockwise visual rotation. A control group completed the experiment as described whereas an experimental group concurrently performed a short-term memory task (digit rehearsal) during the exposure phase. Performance was significantly disrupted during early exposure-phase performance for both groups. The cognitive task caused an additional initial performance decrement for the experimental group, but their performance quickly converged on control-group performance. Both groups’ performance improved over trials. Competition for attentional resources imposed by memory demands can impair simulator performance, but performers can quickly learn to compensate for the increased attentional demand.
Lower Of Cost Or Market Inventory Valuation: IFRS Versus US GAAP

The lower of cost versus market (LCM) controversy regarding inventory cost measurement is presented. The differences between International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and United States (US) Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) are analytically compared. The link between US federal tax law and US GAAP is emphasized relative to a discussion of deferred taxes and potential US federal income tax revenue.
Tuning the Excited-State Properties of Platinum(II) Diimine Dithiolate Complexes

Two series of Pt(diimine)(dithiolate) complexes have been prepared in order to investigate the effects of molecular design on the excited-state properties of this chromophore. The first series comprises Pt(dbbpy)(dithiolate) complexes where dbbpy = 4,4‘-di-tert-butyl-2,2‘-bipyridine and the dithiolates are 1-(tert-butylcarboxy)-1-cyanoethylene-2,2-dithiolate (tbcda), 1-diethylphosphonate-1-cyanoethylene-2,2-dithiolate (cpdt), 6,7-dimethyl-quinoxaline-2,3-dithiolate (dmqdt), maleonitriledithiolate (mnt), and toluene-3,4-dithiolate (tdt). The second series comprises Pt(diimine)(tdt) complexes where the diimines are 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (tmphen), 4,4‘-di-tert-butyl-2,2‘-bipyridine (dbbpy), 4,4‘-dimethyl-2,2‘-bipyridine (dmbpy), 2,2‘-bipyridine (bpy), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), 5-chloro-1,10-phenanthroline (Cl-phen), 4,4‘-dichloro-2,2‘-bipyridine (Cl2bpy), and 4,4‘-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)-2,2‘-bipyridine (EC-bpy). All of the compounds display solvatochromic absorption bands and solution lumine...
Standards Policies to Support Young Dual Language Learners

In response to increasing numbers of young dual language learners (DLL) in American early childhood programs, teachers and administrators have made many and varied attempts to address the unique needs of this population. At times the response has been valiant, at times feeble and inadequate. More often than not, the response has not been sufficient to address their needs in comprehensive and successful ways. We have known for a long time how second languages are acquired and what instructional
A scatterometer for XOVWM, the Extended Ocean Vector Winds Mission

This paper presents a designs for a scatterometer satisfying the performance requirements set by the National Research Council Decadal Review in its description of the Extended Ocean Vector Winds Mission (XOVWM). Our design consists of a Ku and C-band pencil-beam scatterometer system coupled with an X-band poilarimetric radiometer. Multiple frequencies allow us to achieve all winds and all-weather capabilities, and we achieve high spatial resolution thanks to an onboard SAR processor. We present examples of significant improvements in performance that can be achieved by this next-generation system compared with current ocean vector winds instruments.
Provider Perceptions of Their Capacity to Offer Accessible Health Care for People With Disabilities

The purpose of this article is to provide preliminary data about the results of a comprehensive survey of providers regarding their perceptions of access to health care for people with a broad range of disabilities. We conducted a mail and telephone follow-up survey of providers that contract with two managed care organizations, the Massachusetts Division of Medical Assistance, and the Assisted Living Association (36% response rate). Data were analyzed using standard methods. Results suggest that providers are more likely to provide services to patients with chronic illness, mobility, cognitive, or psychiatric impairments than they are to serve individuals with communication limitations or visual impairments. Providers also reported that people with communication impairments are the most difficult to serve. However, respondent perceptions also suggest that individuals with disabilities do not have easy access to health-care providers, despite changes brought on by the Americans with Disabilities Act.
A hybrid importance function for particle filtering

Particle filtering has drawn much attention in recent years due to its capacity to handle nonlinear and non-Gaussian dynamic problems. One crucial issue in particle filtering is the selection of the importance function that generates the particles. In this letter, we propose a new type of importance function that possesses the advantages of the posterior and the prior importance functions. We demonstrate its use on the problem of blind detection in flat fading channels and provide simulation results that show its efficiency and performance.
Postsynaptic hyperpolarization during conditioning reversibly blocks induction of long-term potentiation

Activity-induced changes in the efficacy of synaptic transmission between neurones are central to several prominent theories of learning1–4. In both in vivo and in vitro preparations of the hippocampus, a conditioning high-frequency stimulus delivered to afferent fibres results in a long-term potentiation of synaptic transmission at those inputs5–8. Evidence has been provided supporting both presynaptic5,9–11 and postsynaptic12–14 sites as loci where critical events occur in the development of potentiation. In this study we report that long-term potentiation is reversibly blocked by intracellular injection of hyperpolarizing current in the postsynaptic cell during the conditioning high-frequency stimulus, suggesting the involvement of a voltage-dependent postsynaptic mechanism.
Elicitation Techniques for Classification Research: Ordered Trees, Repertory Grids, and Q-Sort Methodology

One of the greatest challenges in this field is designing studies that can shed light on the cognitive processes of classification. The reason that this is so difficult is that many of these processes are implicit. People act on classifictory decisions without being aware of them. The papers in this three-part section address different techniques that can be used to elicit information about how people order and cluster phenomena. The techniques discussed are: Ordered Trees, Repertory Grids, and Q-Sorts. Each section will describe the origin of the technique and its past and potential applications. The use of the technique will be illustrated by examples from hypothetical cases or from actual ongoing research projects.
Placental Mesenchymal Dysplasia with Hepatic Mesenchymal Hamartoma: A Case Report and Literature Review

Placental mesenchymal dysplasia (PMD) is characterized by placentomegaly and grapelike vesicles resembling a partial molar pregnancy and in most cases, a phenotypically normal fetus. Hepatic mesenchymal hamartoma (HMH) is a benign hamartomatous proliferation of mesenchymal liver tissue. PMD has been associated with HMH. Although rare, in combination, it is known to carry a poorer prognosis than in fetuses without structural abnormalities. There are only a few reported cases of PMD and associated HMH with varying management strategies and outcomes, precluding ascertainment of the most appropriate treatment plan. We present a case of PMD with associated cystic HMH resulting in fetal death. We also reviewed the published literature on this issue and explored possible management strategies to prevent adverse fetal and neonatal outcomes.
Lift Hysteresis of an Oscillating Slender Ellipse

A theoretical investigation has been conducted to determine the timewise variation of lift on a slender elliptic cylinder moving at uniform speed but oscillating in pitch. The analysis couples a potential flow calculation, including the effect of a vortical wake, for the flow past the cylinder with a calculation of the unsteady, twodimensional, laminar boundary layer on the surfaces of the pitching ellipse. The coupling is achieved by matching the rate at which boundary-layer-developed vorticity is shed into the wake with the time rate of circulation about the ellipse. The unsteady lift is determined from an integration of the unsteady pressure distribution on the body. The effects of mean angle of attack and oscillation frequency on the lift hysteresis loops are determined. It is shown that the hysteresis loops change direction as the mean angle of attack is increased through the angle of attack corresponding to maximum steady lift.
Comparison of fault classes in specification-based testing

Abstract Our results extending Kuhn's fault class hierarchy provide a justification for the focus of fault-based testing strategies on detecting particular faults and ignoring others. We develop a novel analytical technique which allows us to elegantly prove that the hierarchy applies to arbitrary expressions, not just those in disjunctive normal form. We also use the technique to extend the hierarchy to a wider range of fault classes. To demonstrate broad applicability, we compare faults in practical situations and analyze previous results. In particular, using our technique, we show that the basic meaningful impact strategy of Weyuker et al. tests for stuck-at faults, not just variable negation faults.
The Scaffold Regeneration Paradigm and Its Consequences

A theory which explains the data on spontaneous and induced regeneration based on use of collagen scaffolds is presented in the form of a regeneration paradigm. The paradigm is grounded in a set of five empirical rules that govern regeneration in animal models and in the clinic. A detailed mechanistic explanation of the regeneration process interprets the data using evidence that extends from the organ scale down to the scale of the molecule. Use of the scaffold regeneration paradigm explains mechanistically the available data on scarless healing in the early mammalian fetus, the successful use by several investigators of decellularized matrices to regenerate several organs, and suggests a proposed solution to the problem of the fibrotic liver. This chapter ends with a general theory of regeneration based on the speculative premise that early fetal healing, which is regenerative, is eventually turned off reversibly, rather than irreversibly, before birth; it lies dormant during the lifetime of the organism until it is turned back on by a suitable stimulus.
A New Golden Age of Natural Products Drug Discovery

The 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to William C. Campbell, Satoshi Omura, and Youyou Tu for the discovery of avermectins and artemisinin, respectively, therapies that revolutionized the treatment of devastating parasite diseases. With the recent technological advances, a New Golden Age of natural products drug discovery is dawning.
The Case Against President Obama's Health Care Reform: A Primer for Nonlawyers

Multiple challenges to President Obama's health care reform are percolating through the federal courts. Soon the Supreme Court will be asked to weigh in on perhaps the most important question of the post-New Deal era: Are there any remaining limits on the breadth and scope of federal power?Reinforced by decades of Court decisions that have gutted the Framers' original conception of limited government, the Obama administration has embraced an unprecedented expansion of centralized control. This paper addresses the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, which includes a mandate that individuals either purchase a government-prescribed health insurance policy or pay a penalty.The Department of Health and Human Services has asserted three constitutional provisions as sources of authority for the mandate — the Taxing Power, the Commerce Clause, and the Necessary and Proper Clause. Each of those purported sources is deficient.First, the penalty for not buying health insurance is not a tax. Even if the penalty were a tax, it would fail the constitutional requirements for income, excise, or direct taxes. Second, the power to regulate interstate commerce extends only to economic activities; it does not permit Congress to compel such activities in order to regulate them. Third, the mandate is not necessary; indeed, it is merely a means to circumvent problems that would not exist if not for PPACA itself. Nor is the mandate proper; it cannot be reconciled with the Framers' original design for a limited federal government of enumerated powers.An essential aspect of liberty is the freedom not to participate. PPACA's directive that Americans buy an unwanted product from a private company debases individual liberty. And it's unconstitutional.
Use of 308 nm excimer laser for the treatment of chronic hand and foot eczema

Background Chronic hand and foot eczema (CHFE), a prevalent debilitating disorder affecting approximately 15% of the population, presents a socioeconomic and psychosocial burden for patients and often follows a chronic course, refractory to conventional therapies. Thus, a large need exists for more effective therapeutics; the excimer laser (308 nm) is effective for some inflammatory skin diseases, but its efficacy has not been evaluated for CHFE. Methods The study is a retrospective chart review conducted on 30 patients with recalcitrant CHFE (19 with hand involvement, four with foot involvement, and seven with both) treated twice weekly with excimer laser (308 nm) single wavelength ultraviolet (UV)B radiation between January 2013 and December 2014. Results Improvements in clinical scores included a 69% reduction in average physician's global assessment (PGA) scores (from 2.77 at baseline to 0.87 after treatment, P < 0.0001) with a parallel reduction in average modified total lesion/symptom scores of 70% (from 10.2 to 3.1, P < 0.0001). Only mild sunburn-like reactions were observed. Conclusion This report evaluates excimer laser for patients with refractory CHFE and shows excellent and sustained efficacy for this treatment. Compared to other UV therapies, excimer laser offers lower cumulative doses of UV radiation by targeting specific areas. This effective treatment should be considered alone or in combination with other established or newer therapies.
Solution synthesis of metal silicide nanoparticles.

Transition-metal silicides are part of an important family of intermetallic compounds, but the high-temperature reactions that are generally required to synthesize them preclude the formation of colloidal nanoparticles. Here, we show that palladium, copper, and nickel nanoparticles react with monophenylsilane in trioctylamine and squalane at 375 °C to form colloidal Pd2Si, Cu3Si, and Ni2Si nanoparticles, respectively. These metal silicide nanoparticles were screened as electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction, and Pd2Si and Ni2Si were identified as active catalysts that require overpotentials of −192 and −243 mV, respectively, to produce cathodic current densities of −10 mA cm–2.
Reactive Extraction of Triglycerides as Fatty Acid Methyl Esters using Lewis Acidic Chloroaluminate Ionic Liquids

This study investigated the in situ production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) directly from lipid-containing soy flour using a Lewis acidic 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloroaluminate [EMIM]Cl·2AlCl3 (N = 0.67) ionic liquid (IL). The system also contained (i) dichloromethane, added as a cosolvent to reduce IL viscosity and (ii) methanol. The chloroaluminate, methanol, and dichloromethane formed a homogeneous reaction medium that facilitated a relatively rapid rate of FAME formation. IL, methanol, and cosolvent requirements, along with reaction temperature and time needed for high FAME yields, were determined. The highest biomass concentration that could be processed without negatively impacting product yields was also assessed. The results show that FAME yields of >90% can be achieved in 4 h at 110 °C with solids concentrations as high as 20% (w/v). Further, carbohydrates associated with the postreaction residues remained chemically unmodified, which would allow for additional sugar-based coproduct g...
Hegel and Heidegger as Critics

Martin Heidegger devoted considerable effort to diagnosing the state of the modern world. He spoke, as have many, of its ugliness and brutality. He distinguishes himself, however, not by his pictures of ruin but by his attempt to think the impact of our technological world when it functions comfortably and well. Beyond this he tries to think the way men and nature today are cal led to be, a point from which we can glimpse a limit to our world and hope for a new dwelling. I would like to compare Heidegger and Hegel as critics of modernity and of each other's critique. I choose them because I think what they have to say may be of use to us in trying to pick our way through our world. I am not so much interested in defending either thinker as in bringing them into confron tation to locate issues which we must think whether or not we think in German.
Toxic epidermal necrolysis.

Toxic epidermal necrolysis, sometimes called “Stevens-Johnsons Syndrome/’ is a rare condition characterized by massive skin slough and mucositis. Recent changes in management—early burn center referral, deletion of steroids from the therapeutic regimen, and definitive wound management—have reduced the high mortality associated with this condition. Appropriate nursing interventions have great impact on outcomes of this life-threatening and complex multisystem condition.
Cinéma-Vérité in America (I): A Happy Mother's Day

Primary (1960), the first of the Drew Associates productions that are usually considered the earliest examples of cinema-verite in America, was made simultaneously with Chronicle of a Summer in France. Cinema-verite on both sides of the Atlantic – because the distinction between “cinema-verite” and “direct cinema” is not a viable one, I have no qualms about using “cinema-verite” as a general term to cover a wide range of films – was inspired and influenced by Canadian filmmakers working under the auspices of the National Film Board, who were the first to venture into the “real world” with portable synch-sound equipment to capture unscripted, undirected “reality.” (The National Film Board of Canada was founded in the forties by John Grierson, who coined the term “documentary” in the twenties, defining it as the “creative treatment of reality,” and presided over the British documentary film movement in the thirties. The National Film Board filmmakers inherited, but also fundamentally revised, Grierson's understanding of documentary as primarily playing a social or political role.) Nonetheless I associate cinema-verite primarily with the United States. It is in the United States that the grandest hopes for cinema-verite have been harbored. It is in the United States that cinema-verite filmmakers have created the most extensive and impressive body of work. And, although it has not ordinarily been thought of in this way, cinema-verite in the United States has been perhaps the fullest inheritor of the classical American cinema of the thirties and forties.