cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wyclifism as Ideology of Revolution

The student of Wyclif's work soon learns that communion with the master is only one of his rewards, and that it is well worth his while to cultivate an acquaintance with the editors, whose prefaces are not only filled with useful information but often adorned with bits of wisdom, expressions of devotion to the cause, and other items of a more poignant character. It is interesting, for example, to speculate about the identity of Reginald Lane Poole's slovenly copyist, whose faults are so devastatingly exposed in the preface to De dominio divino.1 And it is more than interesting to learn, from Rudolf Buddensieg's preface to the Polemical Works, that in 1880 the Delegates of the Oxford University Press refused to publish them; one may agree with Buddensieg that as of that date England was ungratefully remiss in her debt to "the memory of one of her greatest men."2 Fortunately the Wycliff Society was formed in 1882 to remedy the lack, and in the short space of thirty years managed to publish almost all of the religio-political works, in about twenty-five volumes, and a number of the philosophical works as well. The collaboration between English and German scholars that made this success possible is amply attested in the prefaces, even down to the inevitable German claim, based to be sure on fact, that they had done the bigger share.3 Just as well, perhaps, if Buddensieg was right when he judged that "to edit mediaeval texts critically is work not very familiar to English scholars."4
Real-time drill monitoring and control using building information models augmented with 3D imaging data

Abstract The problem of placing embeds into existing reinforced concrete structures without damaging reinforcement bars is an industry-wide challenge for the construction industry. This paper presents research that investigated real-time monitoring approaches for hazardous engineering processes. A conceptual solution for processing and incorporating point cloud data obtained from 3D imaging technologies 1 into the drilling process in was developed. The 3D imaging technologies were used to map the locations of rebar within a section of a railway bridge deck. Once the point clouds were processed, zones which are safe for drilling were automatically detected and saved as a Building Information Model (BIM). The BIM was used to provide real-time feedback to the drill operator about whether it is safe to continue drilling based on the position and orientation of the drill. The results showed the feasibility of real-time feedback for improving the safety, productivity, and quality of engineering processes by helping avoid the time and cost of rework.
Will future climate favor more erratic wildfires in the western United States

AbstractWildfires that occurred over the western United States during August 2012 were fewer in number but larger in size when compared with all other Augusts in the twenty-first century. This unique characteristic, along with the tremendous property damage and potential loss of life that occur with large wildfires with erratic behavior, raised the question of whether future climate will favor rapid wildfire growth so that similar wildfire activity may become more frequent as climate changes. This study addresses this question by examining differences in the climatological distribution of the Haines index (HI) between the current and projected future climate over the western United States. The HI, ranging from 2 to 6, was designed to characterize dry, unstable air in the lower atmosphere that may contribute to erratic or extreme fire behavior. A shift in HI distribution from low values (2 and 3) to higher values (5 and 6) would indicate an increased risk for rapid wildfire growth and spread. Distributions...
Development of an informatics infrastructure for data exchange of biomolecular simulations: Architecture, data models and ontology

Biomolecular simulations aim to simulate structure, dynamics, interactions, and energetics of complex biomolecular systems. With the recent advances in hardware, it is now possible to use more complex and accurate models, but also reach time scales that are biologically significant. Molecular simulations have become a standard tool for toxicology and pharmacology research, but organizing and sharing data - both within the same organization and among different ones - remains a substantial challenge. In this paper we review our recent work leading to the development of a comprehensive informatics infrastructure to facilitate the organization and exchange of biomolecular simulations data. Our efforts include the design of data models and dictionary tools that allow the standardization of the metadata used to describe the biomedical simulations, the development of a thesaurus and ontology for computational reasoning when searching for biomolecular simulations in distributed environments, and the development of systems based on these models to manage and share the data at a large scale (iBIOMES), and within smaller groups of researchers at laboratory scale (iBIOMES Lite), that take advantage of the standardization of the meta data used to describe biomolecular simulations.
Ecosystem Performance Monitoring of Rangelands by Integrating Modeling and Remote Sensing

Abstract Monitoring rangeland ecosystem dynamics, production, and performance is valuable for researchers and land managers. However, ecosystem monitoring studies can be difficult to interpret and apply appropriately if management decisions and disturbances are inseparable from the ecosystem's climate signal. This study separates seasonal weather influences from influences caused by disturbances and management decisions, making interannual time-series analysis more consistent and interpretable. We compared the actual ecosystem performance (AEP) of five rangeland vegetation types in the Owyhee Uplands for 9 yr to their expected ecosystem performance (EEP). Integrated growing season Normalized Difference Vegetation Index data for each of the nine growing seasons served as a proxy for annual AEP. Regression-tree models used long-term site potential, seasonal weather, and land cover data sets to generate annual EEP, an estimate of ecosystem performance incorporating annual weather variations. The difference between AEP and EEP provided a performance measure for each pixel in the study area. Ecosystem performance anomalies occurred when the ecosystem performed significantly better or worse than the model predicted. About 14% of the Owyhee Uplands showed a trend of significant underperformance or overperformance ( P
Cancellous bone turnover in growing rats: Time‐dependent changes in association between calcein label and osteoblasts

Calcein was given to growing male rats to label mineralizing bone, and groups of animals were sacrificed from 6 h to 12 days later. Fluorochrome-labeled perimeter and osteoblast perimeter were determined in a growth-adjusted sampling site in the secondary spongiosa of the proximal tibial metaphysis. The best correspondence between calcein-labeled perimeter and osteoblast-lined perimeter was during the initial 24 h following administration of the label. This association decreased progressively thereafter because of (1) cessation of bone formation on fluorochrome-labeled surfaces and (2) initiation of new foci of bone formation. The time-dependent decline in osteoblast-lined trabeculae with adjacent calcein label exceeded the increase in osteoblast perimeter on nonfluorochrome-labeled trabeculae, indicating that there was a net decrease in osteoblast number. Fluorochrome-labeled perimeter and bone area showed parallel decreases with time after labeling, as a result of bone resorption. Interestingly, the decrease in cancellous bone was caused exclusively by a reduction in trabecular number. There was no change in trabecular thickness. The findings suggest that the decreased osteoblast number and progressive bone resorption resulted in complete erosion of trabeculae most distal to the growth plate. As a result of the nearly equal growth and destruction of trabeculae, there was no change in the length of the cancellous metaphysis with time. It is concluded that cancellous bone turnover in growing rats represents a maturation process that differs fundamentally from bone turnover in adults.
Promise of pharmacogenomics for drug discovery, treatment and prevention of Parkinson's disease. A perspective.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a heterogeneous array of motor and non-motor features. Anti-PD drugs that are in use target only the motor symptoms, may lose efficacy over time, and can cause serious adverse effects such as dyskinesia and psychosis. There are currently no preventative or disease modifying treatments. All attempts to develop disease modifying drugs have failed. Pharmacogenomics (PGx) has the potential to change the way new drugs are developed and the way drugs are prescribed. By using genetic markers that correlate with, and can therefore predict drug response, clinical trials can be designed to be enriched with individuals who are most likely to benefit from the drug, maximizing drug’s efficacy, minimizing its adverse effects, and boosting the odds of successful drug discovery. Clinical application of PGx will help physicians to quickly and accurately determine the right drugs and the right doses for individuals, avoiding the lengthy trial and error approaches and adverse effects. In combination with known protective factors such as nicotine and caffeine, PGx may enable development of personalized methods for PD prevention and, by extension, care.
Human papillomavirus type 16 sequence variants: identification by E6 and L1 lineage-specific hybridization.

A catalog of human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 (HPV-16) E6 and L1 signature nucleotides was used to develop PCR-based oligonucleotide probe systems capable of distinguishing HPV-16 class and subclass variants. Twenty-three E6-specific oligonucleotide probes targeting 13 variant nucleotide positions and 12 L1-specific oligonucleotide probes targeting 6 variant nucleotide positions were used to characterize HPV-16-containing cervicovaginal lavage specimens. Nucleotide positions that could be distinguished included E6 nucleotides 109, 131, 132, 143, 145, 178, 183, 286, 289, 335, 350, 403, and 532 and L1 nucleotides 6695, 6721, 6803, 6854, 6862, and 6994. Combined hybridization patterns were assigned on the basis of the predicted HPV-16 class, subclass, or minor class variants described previously (T. Yamada, C. M. Wheeler, A. L. Halpern, A.-C. M. Stewart, A. Hildesheim, and S.A. Jenison, J. Virol. 69:7743-7753, 1995). The major HPV-16 variant lineages detected included European prototype-like (E-P), Asian (As), Asian-American (AA), and African (Af1 and Af2) lineages. In addition, E-G131, an E-class variant, and AA-G183, an AA-class variant, were also identified. For each clinical specimen, DNA hybridization results were compared to nucleotide sequence determinations. Targeted L1 and E6 marker nucleotides covaried within all HPV-16 variant isolates examined. These hybridization-based methods result in minimal misclassification error, are amenable to targeting additional lineage-specific nucleotide positions, and should facilitate the large-scale, low-cost analysis of HPV-16 variants in epidemiologic investigations. Specifically, these methods will facilitate epidemiologic studies of HPV-16 transmission and natural history, as well as studies of associations between HPV variants, host immune responses, and cervical neoplasia.
Equilibrium flow of an ideal dissociating gas over a cone

Abstract : The ordinary differential equations are derived for the axially-symmetric flow over a cone of the Lighthill ideal dissociating gas under thermodynamic equilibrium. By means of trigonometric transformations, the equations are simplified to forms containing only rational functions. The equations are integrated numerically by a fourth order Runge-Kutta method and a program listing in Fortran is included in the appendix. Tables of pressure, temperature, fraction of dissociation, and co-tangent of the local Mach angle on the solid cone boundary are tabulated for free flight at Mach numbers of 8, 10, 12, and 14 in an atmosphere of pure oxygen corresponding to altitudes of 20,063; 32,163; and 47,350 meters and for shocks having a tangent of the cone half angle varying from 0.4 to 1.22. The results are compared with calculations for the ideal perfect gas with a ratio of specific heats = 4/3. (Author)
Cadmium Sulfide Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Oscillatory Flow Mixing

Microchannel mixers enable faster mixing times compared with batch stir mixing leading to the promise of higher throughput, better yields and less solvent usage for the solution-phase reactive precipitation of inorganic nanoparticles. However, reliance on diffusive transport for subsecond mixing requires channel dimensions in the tens of micrometers. These channel dimensions make diffusive micromixers vulnerable to clogging. In this paper, an oscillatory flow mixing strategy is explored to increase the contact area between reagents within larger microchannels. Forward and reverse oscillatory signals are designed to pump reactants through a 450 μm high serpentine microchannel to increase advection within the flow. Computational fluid dynamics simulations are performed to provide insight into flow behavior and nanoparticle morphology. Quantification of mixing performance is proposed using mixing quality and particle residence time metrics. Experimental validation is pursued through the reactive precipitation of CdS quantum dots using a reverse oscillatory mixing setup. Transmission electron microscopy provides insights into the particle size distribution and particle crystallinity.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Change detection on Alaska's North Slope using repeat-pass ERS-1 SAR images

Measurements of the C-band (wavelength=5 cm) radar cross section of an area in the Brooks Range foothills on the North Slope of Alaska using images from the ERS-1 satellite that show significant temporal changes occur. These changes are strongly correlated with elevation and hill-slope orientation and are greatest on some of the elevated areas and weaker in river drainages. By constructing difference images using various image pairs, and by analyzing climatological and hydrological data from the site, it is concluded that the radar backscatter changes are largely due to changes in soil and vegetation liquid water content induced by freeze/thaw events. The correlation with topography in the difference images arises from the dependence of vegetation, organic layer thickness, and volumetric water content on hill-slope position and orientation. These results demonstrate the viability of radar backscatter intensity comparisons using repeat-pass images as a means of change detection. >
Ti-Si-N diffusion barriers between silicon and copper

Thin films of Ti-Si-N, reactively spattered from a Ti/sub 5/Si/sub 3/ target, are assessed as diffusion barriers between silicon substrates and copper overlayers. By tests on shallow-junction diodes, a 100 nm Ti/sub 34/Si/sub 23/N/sub 43/ barrier is able to prevent copper from reaching the silicon substrate during a 850/spl deg/C/30 min anneal in vacuum. A 10 nm film prevents diffusion up to 650/spl deg/C/30 min. By high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Ti/sub 34/Si/sub 23/N/sub 43/ predominantly consists of nanophase TiN grains roughly 2 nm in size. >
Granular lift forces predict vertical motion of a sand-swimming robot

Previously we modeled the undulatory subsurface locomotion of the sandfish lizard with a sand-swimming robot which displayed performance comparable to the organism. In this work we control the lift forces on the robot by varying its head shape and demonstrate that these granular forces predict the vertical motion of the robot. Inspired by the tapered head of the sandfish lizard, we drag a wedge shaped object horizontally and parallel to its lower face through a granular medium and show that by varying the angle of the upper leading surface of the wedge, α, the lift force can be varied from positive to negative. Testing the robot with these wedges as heads results in vertical motion in the same direction as the lift force in the drag experiments. As the robot moves forward, the force on its head normal to the body plane results in a net torque imbalance which pitches the robot causing it to rise or sink within the medium. Since repeatedly varying α for a wedge head to achieve a desired lift is impractical, we test robot heads that approximate a wedge head inclined at varying angles by changing the angle of the bottom and top surfaces of the wedge, and show that similar lift control is achieved. Our results provide principles for the construction of robots that will be able to follow arbitrary trajectories within complex substrates like sand, and also lend support to hypotheses that morphological adaptations of desert-dwelling organisms aid in their subsurface locomotion.
Opening the doors: building brand awareness.

In search of a credible and cost-effective way to promote Mount Sinai Hospital (Mount Sinai) and educate a broad public, Mount Sinai opened its doors wide to The Globe and Mail (The Globe). The result was a three-part national feature series that told Mount Sinai’s compelling story, provided third-party credibility and confirmed the value of proactive media relations. The series engaged our staff, energized our volunteers and reached both stakeholders and the general public on an emotional level. It also generated the more than $6 million worth of equivalent advertising space it would have required for Mount Sinai to reach this national audience. The Challenge
Implementing Automated Surveillance for Tracking Clostridium difficile Infection at Multiple Healthcare Facilities

Automated surveillance utilizing electronically available data has been found to be accurate and save time. An automated CDI surveillance algorithm was validated at four CDC Prevention Epicenters hospitals. Electronic surveillance was highly sensitive, specific, and showed good to excellent agreement for hospital-onset; community-onset, study facility associated; indeterminate; and recurrent CDI.
Cloning and characterization of a naturally occurring antisense RNA to human thymidylate synthase mRNA

Based upon reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction results with human KB cell RNA, a cDNA (i.e., 3'rTS1, 1557 nt) with complementarity to thymidylate synthase mRNA was cloned and sequenced. Northern blot analysis showed that 3'rTS1 corresponded to a cytoplasmic 1.8 kb RNA found in several tumor cell lines. The remaining 5'region of this antisense RNA was cloned by a RACE (Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends) procedure. A full length cDNA (i.e., rTS, 1811 nt) was generated by splicing 3'rTS1 with RACE-generated cDNA. rTS RNA is likely a mRNA that contains four open reading frames. Based upon sequence analysis of the RACE cDNAs and the rTS cDNA, rTS RNA is likely processed from a gene containing at least six introns. Northern blot analysis indicates rTS RNA is expressed in a variety of human tumor cell lines and an aberrant from is expressed in a methotrexate-cell line.
Covariance estimators for Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) in longitudinal analysis with small samples.

Generalized estimating equations (GEE) is a general statistical method to fit marginal models for longitudinal data in biomedical studies. The variance-covariance matrix of the regression parameter coefficients is usually estimated by a robust "sandwich" variance estimator, which does not perform satisfactorily when the sample size is small. To reduce the downward bias and improve the efficiency, several modified variance estimators have been proposed for bias-correction or efficiency improvement. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review on recent developments of modified variance estimators and compare their small-sample performance theoretically and numerically through simulation and real data examples. In particular, Wald tests and t-tests based on different variance estimators are used for hypothesis testing, and the guideline on appropriate sample sizes for each estimator is provided for preserving type I error in general cases based on numerical results. Moreover, we develop a user-friendly R package "geesmv" incorporating all of these variance estimators for public usage in practice.
Guardianship and Nontraditional Families

Justice Kennedy observed in dissent in Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 98 (2000), a grandparent visitation case, that “the conventional nuclear family...is simply not the structure or prevailing condition in many households.” From there he observed that American states may choose to give to some child caretakers “de facto” parent status. Illinois lawmakers, both legislators and judges, have made such choices recently. Some of these choices involve guardianships.Effective January 1, 2011, the Illinois Probate Code allows an appointment of a guardian for a minor whose “parent or parents voluntarily relinquished physical custody.” In 2011, the Illinois Appellate Court recognized the legitimacy of a coguardianship of a minor child in the birth mother and the mother’s female partner that was founded on a “lengthy relationship” between the coguardians beginning before the child was born via artificial insemination. In re T.P.S., 2011 IL App (5th) 100617. And in 2012, the Illinois Supreme Court further recognized possible new guardianship roles that are not expressly noted in the Probate Code, but that may be “implied” if the goals of the Code are served. Karbin v. Karbin, 2012 IL 112815.Families with children now come in an array of configurations. New guardianship laws can preserve healthy childcare relations even when the families are reconfigured.
Symmetry in Nonlinear Mechanics

Publisher Summary The mathematical models of many problems in mechanics consist of nonlinear partial differential equations. This chapter focuses on the invariance of those equations under groups of Lie transformations and the resulting qualitative properties and symmetry reductions. The task of determining the largest group of Lie transformations that leaves an invariant a system of differential equations involves purely mechanical, albeit lengthy procedures that are well suited for symbolic computation. Once the group is known, the action of the group on the set of solutions to the equations can be studied. Thus, the group invariance may be utilized to generate new solutions from known ones. The admitted group introduces an algebraic structure that allows important classifications of solutions. The differential equations of engineering and the physical sciences often involve parameters or constitutive laws that are determined experimentally. The equations of the mathematical model should be simple enough to be amenable to analysis. The group approach suggests the acceptance of, as a simplicity criterion, the requirement that the arbitrary element be such that, with it, the model differential equation admits appropriate group invariance.
Cultural conditions promoting sclerotium formation in Stilbothamnium togoense

ABSTRACf Stilbothamniumtogoense produced gram quantities ofsclerotia on autoclaved oat seeds and oatmeal. Stipitate sclerotia (2-6 mm diam) developed on oat seeds while sessile sclerotia (1-20 mm diam; ave. = 10 mm) or poorly defined, flat, stromata-like tissues were produced on oatmeal. Many of the sessile sclerotia were 2-4 times larger than those previously reported for this species. Sclerotial yields (total dry weight) were twice as great for cultures incubated in continuous darkness than in cultures exposed to light. Maximum sclerotiaI yields were obtained at a substrate moisture content of 50-60%. In Petri dish cultures, maximum colony diameters (8 days) were obtained at temperatures of 25 or 28 C, depending on the culture medium used. No growth was recorded for cultures incubated at 10 or 32 C. Sclerotia were produced at 25 and 28 C but not at lower temperatures (15 and 20 C) at which growth occurred. Sclerotia from cultures incubated up to five months were examined for the presence of ascocarps, asci and ascospores but none were found.
The Effects of Corpus Callosum and Cortical Connectivity on Motor Function in Cognitively Intact Elderly (P03.093)

Objective: Determine the effects of regional corpus callosum connectivity on motor function in the elderly. Background Motor dysfunction in the elderly is common, and associated with increased risk of falls and cognitive decline. Microstructural changes to the corpus callosum (CC)have been observed with age and are associated with motor decline. The relationship between the degree of CC connectivity to cortical motor regions and gait and balance function in cognitively intact older people is unknown. Design/Methods: 29 cognitively intact volunteers underwent diffusion tensor MRI and motor testing including gait speed, balance, and time able to stand on one leg (OLS). The CC and cortical target regions were segmented for each individual. Probabilistic diffusion tractography was performed (probabilistic index of connectivity, PICo, algorithm) using CC voxels as seed points and predefined cortical areas as path targets. The CC was delineated into separate topographic regions based on voxels determined to have maximal connections to cortical areas. The relationship between mean PICo values for each CC region and motor outcomes were examined using multiple regression analyses adjusted for age. Results: Increased age was associated with decreased PICo values (connectivity) to the premotor, pre-central, and paracentral gyri for voxels with strongest connectivity to those regions. After adjusting for age, diminished gait speed was associated with decreased PICo values to the precentral and paracentral cortices while poorer balance function (Tinetti balance testing and OLS) was associated with decreased PICo values to the pre-motor, precentral, and paracentral gyri. Conclusions: Advanced age is associated with decreased PICo of the principal diffusion direction in CC voxels with strongest connectivity to cortical areas involved in motor function. Decreased CC connectivity to the motor cortex is associated with poorer performance on gait and balance function tests in cognitively intact elderly, and may be an early marker of those at increased risk of falls and cognitive decline. Supported by: NIH (P30 AG08017, M01 RR000334, R01 AG024059), Department of Veterans Affairs, Storms Family Fund at the Oregon Community Foundation, T&J Meyer Foundation. Disclosure: Dr. Silbert has nothing to disclose. Dr. Perkins has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lahna has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kaye has received personal compensation for activities with Eli Lilly & Company as a participant on a data safety and monitoring board. Dr. Kaye has received research support from Elan Corporation, Danone Medical, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Satoris, and Intel.
The Strange Career of Credo Talk in NCA

(2004). The Strange Career of Credo Talk in NCA. Free Speech Yearbook: Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 13-20.
All-Inorganic Germanium Nanocrystal Films by Cationic Ligand Exchange.

We introduce a new paradigm for group IV nanocrystal surface chemistry based on room temperature surface activation that enables ionic ligand exchange. Germanium nanocrystals synthesized in a gas-phase plasma reactor are functionalized with labile, cationic alkylammonium ligands rather than with traditional covalently bound groups. We employ Fourier transform infrared and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies to demonstrate the alkylammonium ligands are freely exchanged on the germanium nanocrystal surface with a variety of cationic ligands, including short inorganic ligands such as ammonium and alkali metal cations. This ionic ligand exchange chemistry is used to demonstrate enhanced transport in germanium nanocrystal films following ligand exchange as well as the first photovoltaic device based on an all-inorganic germanium nanocrystal absorber layer cast from solution. This new ligand chemistry should accelerate progress in utilizing germanium and other group IV nanocrystals for optoelectronic a...
Determination of Nickel in Copper Pipes and Fittings by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

[Objective]To establish a practical and effective method for determination of trace nickel in copper pipes and fittings.[Methods]Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry was applied.The sample treatment,working conditions,heating schedule and other parameters were explored as well as the rational choice of matrix modifier.[Results]The concentration of barium showed a good linearity in the range of 0～60 ng/ml.The correlation coefficient was 0.9990.The detection limit was 2.5 ng/ml,RSD%(n=6) ≤ 6.55%.The range of recovery rate was 94.6% ～ 103.4%.[Conclusion]This method is simple,with satisfactory sensitivity and accuracy for the determination of such samples.When applied to the analysis of nickel,this method is sensitive,accurate and practical.
Implementation of Interruptible Load Management Based on Demand Side Management

The meaning of demand side management anti its present situation in China are introduced.The important significance for strengthening load management and implementing interruptible load management is discussed.The problems existed in the implementation of the interruptible load management are analyzed.The major measures to implement the interruptible load management are proposed from administration,finanee,technology and guidance.
Pharmacokinetics of warfarin enantiomers: A search for intrasubject correlations

The total body clearance of single doses of R(+)-, S(-)-, and racemic warfarin and the plasma concentration-anticoagulant effect curves for these drugs were determined in 10 healthy men, 21 to 51 yr old. This information was used to calculate the steady-state dose required to decrease prothrombin complex activity to about 30% of normal. This dose (mean +/- SD in mg/70 kg/day) is 17.8 +/- 9.3 for R(+)-warfarin, 6.63 +/- 2.19 for S(-)-warfarin, and 9.4 +/- 1.7 for racemic warfarin. There is a correlation between the maintenance doses of racemic and S(-)-warfarin (r = 0.89, p less than 0.01) but not between those of racemic and R(+)-warfarin (r = 0.30, NS). According to these calculations, the maintenance dose of racemic warfarin required by an individual patient may be a useful predictor of maintenance dose of S(-)-warfarin which will produce a comparable degree of anticoagulation. No such predictability is evident with respect to R(+)-warfarin. The slopes of the log plasma concentration-anticoagulant effect curves for R(+)-and S(-)-warfarin differ significantly. Therefore, the potency ratio of these enantiomers is dose-and concentration-dependent.
Density functional theory analysis of the impact of steric interaction on the function of switchable polarity solvents.

A density functional theory (DFT) analysis has been performed to explore the impact of steric interactions on the function of switchable polarity solvents (SPS) and their implications on a quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) model previously proposed for SPS. An X-ray crystal structure of the N,N-dimethylcyclohexylammonium bicarbonate (Hdmcha) salt has been solved as an asymmetric unit containing two cation/anion pairs, with a hydrogen bonding interaction observed between the bicarbonate anions, as well as between the cation and anion in each pair. DFT calculations provide an optimized structure of Hdmcha that closely resembles experimental data and reproduces the cation/anion interaction with the inclusion of a dielectric field. Relaxed potential energy surface (PES) scans have been performed on Hdmcha-based computational model compounds, differing in the size of functional group bonded to the nitrogen center, to assess the steric impact of the group on the relative energy and structural ...
On Energy-Based Quality of Detection (QoD) for Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks

An energy-based primary signal detection framework is proposed to study the quality of detection (QoD) performance for cognitive radio sensor networks (CRSNs) under single cognitive sensor (CS) detection and multiple CS detection. We use hypothesis testing to first derive the exact solution and then the approximate solution (with less computational complexity) of the QoD metrics. Based on the approximate solution, we develop an adaptive QoD control scheme to maintain the QoD requirements. Numerical simulations are provided to validate the analysis. The proposed framework and analytic results are expected to be applied to different aspects (e.g., protocol design, network deployment) of CRSNs.
Vertical Transmission of Zika Virus in Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes

Previous experimental studies have demonstrated that a number of mosquito-borne flavivirus pathogens are vertically transmitted in their insect vectors, providing a mechanism for these arboviruses to persist during adverse climatic conditions or in the absence of a susceptible vertebrate host. In this study, designed to test whether Zika virus (ZIKV) could be vertically transmitted, female Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus were injected with ZIKV, and their F1 adult progeny were tested for ZIKV infection. Six of 69 Ae. aegypti pools, comprised of a total of 1,738 F1 adults, yielded ZIKV upon culture, giving a minimum filial infection rate of 1:290. In contrast, none of 803 F1 Ae. albopictus adults (32 pools) yielded ZIKV. The MFIR for Ae. aegypti was comparable to MFIRs reported for other flaviviruses in mosquitoes, including dengue, Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, West Nile, and St. Louis encephalitis viruses. The results suggest that vertical transmission may provide a potential mechanism for the virus to survive during adverse conditions.
Using Applications to Motivate the Learning of Differential Equations

The field of differential equations is rich with applications that can be used to motivate and facilitate learning. This paper presents a variety of ways a modeling-focus can be adopted, based on the desired learning outcomes of an individual course. We offer an overview of the implementation of this approach within a specific course and identify several modeling scenarios that can be used either to introduce and motivate a lesson topic or to allow students to apply recently acquired skills to a meaningful problem. While using applications has clear benefits for our students, many of whom go on to pursue engineering degrees, adding these components to a course can be challenging, so this paper also addresses some logistical approaches to folding these applications into a course with success. Student feedback is also provided as evidence of the value of adopting such an approach.
Permian Stratigraphy and Facies, Permian Basin (Texas—New Mexico) and Adjoining Areas in the Midcontinent United States

Permian strata are exposed, and occur in subsurface intracratonic basins, throughout the southwestern and midcontinent United States (Fig. 1). The Permian Basin in west Texas and adjoining New Mexico (Fig. 1) is the deepest basin of Permian sedimentation in the southern midcontinent, and is an area in which subsurface Permian rocks have been studied extensively because of their immense hydrocarbon reserves. In fact, this basin contains the most complete Permian section in all of the southern midcontinent, the strata here representing virtually the entire spectrum of Permian depositional environments known in North America. This chapter focuses on Permian rocks in the Permian Basin and selected adjoining outcrop areas, and considers some of the more important aspects of their stratigraphy, sedimentology, and development of facies systems through time.
The Cowboy Junkies Realism Test

ABSTRACT This short article examines how the band Cowboy Junkies challenged consumer listening habits and sonic expectations during the late 1980s with sound recording techniques steeped in realism.
Minimal energy configurations of gravitationally interacting rigid bodies

Consider a collection of n rigid, massive bodies interacting according to their mutual gravitational attraction. A relative equilibrium motion is one where the entire configuration rotates rigidly and uniformly about a fixed axis in \(\mathbb {R}^3\). Such a motion is possible only for special positions and orientations of the bodies. A minimal energy motion is one which has the minimum possible energy in its fixed angular momentum level. While every minimal energy motion is a relative equilibrium motion, the main result here is that a relative equilibrium motion of \(n\ge 3\) disjoint rigid bodies is never an energy minimizer. This generalizes a known result about point masses to the case of rigid bodies.
FRET-modulated cell lasers

Lasing from living cells expressing fluorescent protein FRET pairs were studied. Experimental results and theoretical analysis showed that difference in FRET energy transfer efficiency resulted in distinct cell lasing behavior.
Role of Defective High-Affinity Thiamine Transporter slc19a2 in Marrow from a Mouse Model of Thiamine-Responsive Anemia Syndrome: Evidence for Defective Deoxyribose and Heme Synthesis.

The rare autosomal recessive human disorder, TRMA syndrome (thiamine-responsive anemia with diabetes and deafness, OMIM 249270), is caused by mutations in the high affinity vitamin B1 transporter, SLC19A2. In human TRMA, ringed sideroblasts and megaloblastic changes are found in the marrow, suggesting potential defects in heme synthesis or mitochondrial function, and DNA synthesis, respectively. The mechanism whereby defective marrow thiamine transport causes these findings in the marrow was examined in a mouse model for TRMA. We previously demonstrated in fibroblasts from humans with TRMA a defect in the rate and pathway used for de novo ribose synthesis using Stable Isotope Dynamic Metabolic Profiling (SIDMaP analysis - Boros et al, Blood102: 3556, 2003). To examine whether this fibroblast defect accurately defined the marrow pathophysiology, we have now examined this pathway in detail in mice defective for the orthologous slc19a2 gene by targeted gene disruption (Fleming et al, Mol Genet Metab80:234, 2003). Slc19a2 mutant (−/−) or wildtype (+/+) mice were subjected to normal mouse chow (22 mg/kg thiamine), or thiamine deficient chow diet. Diets were confirmed thiamine deficient by chemical analysis. To examine heme biosynthesis, we used 55 Fe-transferrin, ex vivo , to label marrow from +/+ or −/− mice maintained for 10 days in thiamine replete or deficient chow. Mutant mice had cell surface labeling indistinguishable from +/+ at 0°C (P>0.3), reflecting available transferrin receptors. Total cellular 55 Fe uptake at 37 C was equal to or slightly greater than that of +/+ marrow in thiamine depleted state. However, incorporation of 55 Fe into heme lagged in −/− cells (7.3 +/− 0.4 pmol/10 6 cells/7 min) compared to +/+ (8.6 +/− 0.5 pmol/10 6 cells, P =0.018 in triplicate experiments). To examine deoxyribose (dRibose) synthesis, mice were maintained on thiamine replete or depleted chow for 10 days, then [1,2 13 C] glucose was administered intraperitoneally overnight and 3 hours before sacrifice and marrow harvest. DNA from whole marrow and from sorted basophilic erythroblasts (CD71+/Ter119+) was isolated, hydrolized, derivatized, and dRibose analyzed by GC-MS. The initial rate of incorporation of 13 C into DNA dRibose, reflecting de novo synthetic rate, was reduced 34% in basophilic erythroblasts of −/− mice after thiamine depletion (n=3 in duplicate experiments, P slc9a2 leads to two distinct erythropoietic defects. De novo DNA dRibose synthesis via transketolase is markedly impaired. Further, while iron uptake by marrow cells is maintained at normal levels, the heme biosynthetic rate is decreased in −/− mice in thiamine-depleted status. This is the first direct demonstration of a role for thiamine in normal erythrocyte heme and DNA metabolism. Together, these defects can account directly for the meglaoblastosis and sideroblasts of human SLC19A2 defects in TRMA.
The carbonic anhydrase CAH1 is an essential component of the carbon-concentrating mechanism in Nannochloropsis oceanica

Aquatic photosynthetic organisms cope with low environmental CO2 concentrations through the action of carbon-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs). Known eukaryotic CCMs consist of inorganic carbon transporters and carbonic anhydrases (and other supporting components) that culminate in elevated [CO2] inside a chloroplastic Rubisco-containing structure called a pyrenoid. We set out to determine the molecular mechanisms underlying the CCM in the emerging model photosynthetic stramenopile, Nannochloropsis oceanica, a unicellular picoplanktonic alga that lacks a pyrenoid. We characterized CARBONIC ANHYDRASE 1 (CAH1) as an essential component of the CCM in N. oceanica CCMP1779. We generated insertions in this gene by directed homologous recombination and found that the cah1 mutant has severe defects in growth and photosynthesis at ambient CO2 We identified CAH1 as an α-type carbonic anhydrase, providing a biochemical role in CCM function. CAH1 was found to localize to the lumen of the epiplastid endoplasmic reticulum, with its expression regulated by the external inorganic carbon concentration at both the transcript and protein levels. Taken together, these findings show that CAH1 is an indispensable component of what may be a simple but effective and dynamic CCM in N. oceanica.
Multi-Regional Adaptation in Human Auditory Association Cortex

In auditory cortex, neural responses decrease with stimulus repetition, known as adaptation. Adaptation is thought to facilitate detection of novel sounds and improve perception in noisy environments. Although it is well established that adaptation occurs in primary auditory cortex, it is not known whether adaptation also occurs in higher auditory areas involved in processing complex sounds, such as speech. Resolving this issue is important for understanding the neural bases of adaptation and to avoid potential post-operative deficits after temporal lobe surgery for treatment of focal epilepsy. Intracranial electrocorticographic (ECoG) recordings were acquired simultaneously from electrodes implanted in primary and association auditory areas of the right (non-dominant) temporal lobe in a patient with complex partial seizures originating from the inferior parietal lobe. Simple and complex sounds were presented in a passive oddball paradigm. We measured changes in single-trial high-gamma power (70-150 Hz) and in regional and inter-regional network-level activity indexed by cross-frequency coupling. Repetitive tones elicited the greatest adaptation and corresponding increases in cross-frequency coupling in primary auditory cortex. Conversely, auditory association cortex showed stronger adaptation for complex sounds, including speech. This first report of multi-regional adaptation in human auditory cortex highlights the role of the non-dominant temporal lobe in suppressing neural responses to repetitive background sounds (noise). These results underscore the clinical utility of functional mapping to avoid potential post-operative deficits including increased listening difficulties in noisy, real-world environments.
Project Frog: Sustainability and Innovation in Building Design

A sustainable-building manufacturer is transitioning from startup to the next phase of growth just as the 2008–09 economic recession brought virtually all U.S. building construction to a halt. Suitable for MBA and undergraduate students in such courses on sustainability, branding, marketing strategy, the case presents a broad range of issues. Market conditions forced the company to rethink strategy, conserve cash, and further refine its product and its processes. Venture capital funding and investor exit expectations required rapid ramping up of projects in the short run. With an aggressive target of triple revenue and profitability by 2011, only five years after startup, it looked to geographic expansion and entrance into new market segments, possibly government, retail, and health care. Its kits provided customers with an affordable way to construct greener, healthier, more energy-efficient buildings. Excerpt UVA-ENT-0158 Rev. Oct. 4, 2010 Project FROG: Sustainability and Innovation in Building Design Introduction Project FROG was an innovative designer of kits to rapidly build energy-efficient, greener, healthier, and affordable buildings. The company was transitioning from startup to the next phase of growth just as the 2008–09 economic recession brought virtually all new building construction to a halt across the United States. Conditions forced the company to rethink strategy, conserve cash, and further refine its product and its processes. The company's Crissy Field project, completed in early 2010, provided a critically important demonstration of the company's designs, and as the economy began to turn around in 2010, geographic expansion and new markets segments, possibly government, retail and health care, were planned. Architect, designer, and founder Mark Miller, President Adam Tibbs, and new CEO Ann Hand also hoped to meet more aggressive targets for margins that would enable the company to triple revenue and be profitable early in 2011, only five years after startup. Venture capital funding and investor exit expectations required rapid ramping up of projects in the short run. Miller summarized the overlap of Project FROG's products and lead venture capital investor's interests: “Their vision for energy and resource efficiency and innovative products is perfectly aligned with the Project FROG approach: to be better, greener, faster and cheaper.” . . .
Context-dependent preferences vary by multicomponent signals in a swordtail

Female mating preferences can be both context dependent and based on the assessment of multicomponent male signals. Here, we assess the social context dependence of female mating preferences for two components of a male's multicomponent signal. We dissected the visual signal of male Xiphophorus nigrensis swordtails, a species in which males vary by both size and degree of courtship, to test (1) how the identity of males in a given choice influences female mating preferences and (2) how females perceptually integrate a male's multicomponent signal. We used validated male animations that generate repeatable female responses to test mating preferences for size and courtship vigour, separately and together, using dichotomous choice tests. When keeping courtship vigour constant, females discriminated between males only when there was a large size difference between them. When keeping size constant, the identity of males in a choice reversed a preference for a vigorously courting male. We found no evidence that females perceptually bind the separate components of a male's signal additively. However, females were faster to approach males when the males varied in both size and courtship than when the males only varied in size, perhaps favouring the evolution of multicomponent signals in males.
Chapter 6. Benefit-Cost Analysis with Perfect Information

This chapter of the book deals with benefit-cost analysis, after the discussion of the role of time in Chapter 5.
Axillary basal cell carcinoma.

Background. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) rarely occurs in the axilla. Only 18 cases have been reported in the world literature. Objectives. To report our institution's 11-year experience with axillary BCC. Methods. A review of patient charts and biopsy specimens is given. Results. We report 14 patients with 15 axillary BCCs. The average patient age was 65.6. The average lesion size was 10.8 mm. Nine patients had a personal history of skin cancer at sun-exposed sites. One patient had basal cell nevus syndrome. A history of ionizing radiation and severe sunburn involving the axilla was each seen in separate patients. No other predisposing factors for developing BCC were identified, such as immune suppression or a history of other malignancies. Histologic subtypes of all tumors were considered less aggressive, and only one tumor recurred. Conclusions. Axillary BCC is rare. Factors other than ultraviolet radiation likely contribute to the development of BCC, especially at sun-protected sites. Performing a periodic and complete cutaneous examination that includes sun-protected sites is important, especially in patients who have a history of skin cancer.