cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Are Categorical Spatial Relations Encoded by Shifting Visual Attention between Objects

Perceiving not just values, but relations between values, is critical to human cognition. We tested the predictions of a proposed mechanism for processing categorical spatial relations between two objects—the shift account of relation processing—which states that relations such as ‘above’ or ‘below’ are extracted by shifting visual attention upward or downward in space. If so, then shifts of attention should improve the representation of spatial relations, compared to a control condition of identity memory. Participants viewed a pair of briefly flashed objects and were then tested on either the relative spatial relation or identity of one of those objects. Using eye tracking to reveal participants’ voluntary shifts of attention over time, we found that when initial fixation was on neither object, relational memory showed an absolute advantage for the object following an attention shift, while identity memory showed no advantage for either object. This result is consistent with the shift account of relation processing. When initial fixation began on one of the objects, identity memory strongly benefited this fixated object, while relational memory only showed a relative benefit for objects following an attention shift. This result is also consistent, although not as uniquely, with the shift account of relation processing. Taken together, we suggest that the attention shift account provides a mechanistic explanation for the overall results. This account can potentially serve as the common mechanism underlying both linguistic and perceptual representations of spatial relations.
Inferring fine-grained control flow inside SGX enclaves with branch shadowing

Intel has introduced a hardware-based trusted execution environment, Intel Software Guard Extensions (SGX), that provides a secure, isolated execution environment, or enclave, for a user program without trusting any underlying software (e.g., an operating system) or firmware. Researchers have demonstrated that SGX is vulnerable to a page-fault-based attack. However, the attack only reveals page-level memory accesses within an enclave. In this paper, we explore a new, yet critical, side-channel attack, branch shadowing, that reveals fine-grained control flows (branch granularity) in an enclave. The root cause of this attack is that SGX does not clear branch history when switching from enclave to nonenclave mode, leaving fine-grained traces for the outside world to observe, which gives rise to a branch-prediction side channel. However, exploiting this channel in practice is challenging because 1) measuring branch execution time is too noisy for distinguishing fine-grained controlflow changes and 2) pausing an enclave right after it has executed the code block we target requires sophisticated control. To overcome these challenges, we develop two novel exploitation techniques: 1) a last branch record (LBR)-based history-inferring technique and 2) an advanced programmable interrupt controller (APIC)-based technique to control the execution of an enclave in a finegrained manner. An evaluation against RSA shows that our attack infers each private key bit with 99.8% accuracy. Finally, we thoroughly study the feasibility of hardware-based solutions (i.e., branch history flushing) and propose a software-based approach that mitigates the attack.
Modeling the effect of palate shape on the articulatory-acoustics mapping

Articulatory variability is reduced for people with flatter palates [Bakst and Lin (2015). Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences; Brunner, Fuchs, and Perrier (2009). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 125(6), 3936-3949]. Brunner, Fuchs, and Perrier [(2009). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 125(6), 3936-3949] hypothesized that this is because the mapping between articulation and acoustics depends on palate depth. Articulatory synthesis was used with three different palate shapes to generate productions of /r/. The parameter spaces of the articulatory synthesizers were searched for vocal tract configurations that result in low F3 (the hallmark acoustic cue for /r/). Palate shape influences not only the sensitivity of the articulatory-acoustic mapping, but also the effect of each individual articulatory parameter on F3.
Enhanced DNA imaging using super-resolution microscopy and simultaneous single-molecule orientation measurements

Single-molecule orientation measurements provide insight into a multitude of biological and polymeric systems. We present a technique for measuring the azimuthal orientation and rotational dynamics of single fluorescent molecules, which is compatible with localization microscopy.
Inhibition of cyst growth in PCK and Wpk rat models of polycystic kidney disease with low doses of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonists

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The studies were designed to test the efficacy of two peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonists in two rodent models of polycystic kidney disease (PKD). MATERIALS AND METHODS The PCK rat is a slowly progressing cystic model while the Wpk-/- rat is a rapidly progressing model. PCK rats were fed with a pharmacological (0.4 mg/kg body weight [BW]) and a sub-pharmacological (0.04 mg/kg BW) dose of rosiglitazone (week 4-28). Wpk-/- rats were fed with pharmacological (2.0 mg/kg BW) and sub-pharmacologic (0.2 mg/kg BW) doses of pioglitazone from day 5 to 18. At termination, kidney weights of treated versus untreated cystic animals were used to determine efficacy. The current studies were also compared with previous studies containing higher doses of PPARγ agonists. The concentrations used in the animals were calculated with reference to equivalent human doses for both drugs. RESULTS The current studies demonstrate: 1) that low, pharmacologically relevant, doses of the PPARγ agonists effectively inhibit cyst growth; 2) there is a class action of the drugs with both commercially available PPARγ agonists, rosiglitazone, and pioglitazone, inhibiting cyst growth; 3) the drugs showed efficacy in two different preclinical cystic models. In the PCK rat, animals fed with a sub-pharmacological dose of rosiglitazone for 24 weeks had significantly lower kidney weights than untreated animals (3.68 ± 0.13 g vs. 4.17 ± 0. 11 g, respectively, P < 0.01) while treatment with a pharmacologic dose had no significant effect on kidney weight. The rapidly progressing Wpk-/- rats were fed with pharmacological and sub-pharmacologic doses of pioglitazone from day 5 to 18 and the kidneys were compared with non-treated, cystic animals. Kidney weights on the pharmacologic dose were not statistically lower than the untreated animals while rats fed a sub-pharmacologic dose showed a significant decrease compared with untreated animals (3.35 ± 0.15 g vs. 4.55 ± 0.46 g, respectively, P = 0.045). CONCLUSION Concentrations of PPARγ agonists below the human equivalent diabetic doses are effective in slowing cyst growth in two rodent models of PKD.
Inverse Compositional Spatial Transformer Networks

In this paper, we establish a theoretical connection between the classical Lucas & Kanade (LK) algorithm and the emerging topic of Spatial Transformer Networks (STNs). STNs are of interest to the vision and learning communities due to their natural ability to combine alignment and classification within the same theoretical framework. Inspired by the Inverse Compositional (IC) variant of the LK algorithm, we present Inverse Compositional Spatial Transformer Networks (IC-STNs). We demonstrate that IC-STNs can achieve better performance than conventional STNs with less model capacity, in particular, we show superior performance in pure image alignment tasks as well as joint alignment/classification problems on real-world problems.
Application of Flow Boiling for Thermal Management of Electronics in Microgravity and Reduced-Gravity Space Systems

Large density differences between liquid and vapor create buoyancy effects in the presence of a gravitational field. Such effects can play an important role in two-phase fluid flow and heat transfer, especially critical heat flux (CHF). CHF poses significant risk to electronic devices, and the ability to predict its magnitude is crucial to both the safety and reliability of these devices. Variations in the gravitational field perpendicular to a flow boiling surface can take several forms, from flows at different orientations at 1 g e to the microgravity environment of planetary orbit, to the reduced gravity on the Moon and Mars, and the high g 's encountered in fighter aircraft during fast aerial maneuvers. While high coolant velocities can combat the detrimental effects of reduced gravity, limited power budget in space systems imposes stringent constraints on coolant flow rate. Thus, the task of dissipating the heat must be accomplished with the lowest possible flow velocity while safely avoiding CHF. In this paper, flow-boiling CHF is investigated on Earth as well as in reduced gravity parabolic flight experiments using FC-72 as working fluid. CHF showed sensitivity to gravity at low velocities, with microgravity yielding significantly lower CHF values compared to those at 1 g e. Differences in CHF value decreased with increasing flow velocity until a velocity limit was reached above which the effects of gravity became inconsequential. This proves existing data, correlations, and models developed from 1 g e studies can be employed with confidence to design reduced gravity thermal management systems, provided the flow velocity is maintained above this limit. This paper discusses two powerful predictive tools. The first, which consist of three dimensionless criteria, centers on determination of the velocity limit. The second is a theoretically based model for flow boiling CHF in reduced gravity below this velocity limit.
Predicting readmission risk following percutaneous coronary intervention at the time of admission

Abstract Objective To investigate whether a prediction model based on data available early in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) admission can predict the risk of readmission. Background Reducing readmissions following hospitalization is a national priority. Identifying patients at high risk for readmission after PCI early in a hospitalization would enable hospitals to enhance discharge planning. Methods We developed 3 different models to predict 30-day inpatient readmission to our institution for patients who underwent PCI between January 2010 and April 2013. These models used data available: 1) at admission, 2) at discharge 3) from CathPCI Registry data. We used logistic regression and assessed the discrimination of each model using the c-index. The models were validated with testing on a different patient cohort who underwent PCI between May 2013 and September 2015. Results Our cohort included 6717 PCI patients; 3739 in the derivation cohort and 2978 in the validation cohort. The discriminative ability of the admission model was good (C-index of 0.727). The c-indices for the discharge and cath PCI models were slightly better. (C-index of 0.751 and 0.752 respectively). Internal validation of the models showed a reasonable discriminative admission model with slight improvement with adding discharge and registry data (C-index of 0.720, 0.739 and 0.741 respectively). Similarly validation of the models on the validation cohort showed similar results (C-index of 0.703, 0.725 and 0.719 respectively). Conclusion Simple models based on available demographic and clinical data may be sufficient to identify patients at highest risk of readmission following PCI early in their hospitalization.
Knowledge exchange, matching, and agglomeration

Despite wide recognition of their significant role in explaining sustained growth and economic development, uncompensated knowledge spillovers have not yet been fully modeled with a microeconomic foundation. This paper illustrates the exchange of knowledge as well as its consequences for agglomerative activity in a general-equilibrium search-theoretic framework. Agents, possessing differentiated types of knowledge, search for partners to exchange ideas in order to improve production efficacy. Contrary to previous work, we demonstrate that a decentralized equilibrium may be underpopulated or overpopulated and underselective or overselective in knowledge exchange, compared to the social optimum.
Surface roughness statistics and temperature step stress effects for D-T solid layers equilibrated inside a 2 mm beryllium torus

Solid D-T layers are equilibrated inside a 2 mm diameter beryllium toroidal cell at temperatures ranging from 19.0 K to 19.6 K, using the beta-layering process. Each experimental run consisted of multiple cycles of rapid- or slow-freezing of the initially liquid D-T charge. Each of these freeze cycles was followed by a lengthy period of beta-layering equilibration, which was terminated by melting the layer. The temperature was changed in discrete steps at the end of some equilibration cycles in an attempt to simulate actual ICF target conditions. High-precision images of the D-T solid-vapor interface were analyzed to yield the surface roughness {sigma}{sub rms} as a sum of modal contributions. Results show an average {sigma}{sub rms} of 1.3 {+-} 0.3 {micro}m for layers equilibrated at 19.0 K and show an inverse dependence of {sigma}{sub rms} on equilibration temperature up to 19.525 K. Inducing sudden temperature perturbations lowered {sigma}{sub rms} to 1.0 {+-} 0.05 {micro}m.
A security and peace mechanism for Northeast Asia: the economic dimension

Abstract Northeast Asia is notable for the relative absence of regional institutions. The Six Party Talks could constitute an embryonic starting point for the development of such institutions. The path toward greater institutionalization is likely to begin in a modest fashion. Functional working groups on topics such as the environment, maritime transport, technical barriers to trade, road and rail links, and energy could provide the locus for integrating North Korea into the broader regional and global economies. Foreign ministries will inevitably take the lead in developing the Northeast Asia Peace and Security Mechanism (NEAPSM), but meaningful economic achievements will require the involvement of other ministries. North Korea has proved problematic in this regard thus far. Moreover, given the importance of private-sector involvement in achieving sustainable economic development in North Korea, modalities will have to be developed to integrate private-sector actors when possible. The governments of the...
The Influence of Trust and Attitudes on the Purchase Frequency of Organic Produce

ABSTRACTGrowth in organic food sales is mainly due to consumers becoming more aware of health issues and environmental concerns. Understanding the drivers of organic consumption is crucial to predict future market outcomes. In this analysis, the authors expand previous research by including general and institutional trust variables in addition to consumer attitudes to examine organic food purchases. Food production is unobservable and hence, consumers need to exhibit trust with respect to organic production and certification. A bivariate ordered probit model applied to U.S. survey data confirms that organic purchases are determined by health, nutrition, and taste. In some cases, general trust and trust in media are statistically significant. Trust in institutions that are involved in the organic certification process is not statistically significant. A hierarchical cluster analysis grouping consumers based on trust and attitudes shows that (dis)trust in the organic certification and supply chain does not ...
Learning on the web

It is commonplace to say that theWeb has changed everything.Machine learning researchers often say that their projects and results respond to that change with better methods for finding and organizing Web information. However, not much of the theory, or even the current practice, of machine learning take the Web seriously. We continue to devote much effort to refining supervised learning, but the Web reality is that labeled data is hard to obtain, while unlabeled data is inexhaustible. We cling to the iid assumption, while all the Web data generation processes drift rapidly and involve many hidden correlations. Many of our theory and algorithms assume data representations of fixed dimension, while in fact the dimensionality of data, for example the number of distinct words in text, grows with data size. While there has been much work recently on learning with sparse representations, the actual patterns of sparsity on the Web are not paid much attention. Those patterns might be very relevant to the communication costs of distributed learning algorithms, which are necessary at Web scale, but little work has been done on this.
Detecting (Un)Important Content for Single-Document News Summarization

We present a robust approach for detecting intrinsic sentence importance in news, by training on two corpora of document-summary pairs. When used for single-document summarization, our approach, combined with the “beginning of document” heuristic, outperforms a state-of-the-art summarizer and the beginning-of-article baseline in both automatic and manual evaluations. These results represent an important advance because in the absence of cross-document repetition, single document summarizers for news have not been able to consistently outperform the strong beginning-of-article baseline.
On efficiency of experimental designs for single factor cDNA microarray experiments

Microarray experiments are used to perform gene expression profiling on a large scale. The focus of this study is on the efficiency of statistical design for single factor cDNA two-color microarray experiments. Relative efficiencies of proposed designs in Yang ([13]) are studied within the framework of incomplete block designs as well as row-column designs. Such efficiencies are investigated under fixed and mixed analysis of variance models. Furthermore, a real data analysis is conducted.
Achieving Universal Coverage Without Turning to a Single Payer: Lessons From 3 Other Countries.

The most popular parts of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) are the most expensive. Universal coverage is a top priority not only for Democrats but also for President Trump. Both Republicans and Democrats want to preserve many costly coverage features of the ACA, including those that prevent insurers from precluding people with preexisting conditions and those that eliminate lifetime or annual coverage limits. The challenge is how to preserve these features and make insurance affordable.
Angular momentum of isolated systems in general relativity

Abstract This article is a conceptual discussion, for non-specialists, of what appears to be a satisfactory solution to the problem of treating angular momentum for isolated radiating systems in general relativity. The approach is a development of one suggested by Penrose, based on twistor theory. While in special relativity angular momentum is a simple tensorial object, in general relativity it acquires components in other representations of the Lorentz group as well. Remarkably, these other components may be identified with the gravitational radiation. Thus special-relativistic angular momentum and gravitational radiation are two parts of one entity, the general-relativistic angular momentum.
Catalase as a sulfide-sulfur oxido-reductase: An ancient (and modern?) regulator of reactive sulfur species (RSS)

Abstract Catalase is well-known as an antioxidant dismutating H 2 O 2 to O 2 and H 2 O. However, catalases evolved when metabolism was largely sulfur-based, long before O 2 and reactive oxygen species (ROS) became abundant, suggesting catalase metabolizes reactive sulfide species (RSS). Here we examine catalase metabolism of H 2 S n , the sulfur analog of H 2 O 2 , hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) and other sulfur-bearing molecules using H 2 S-specific amperometric electrodes and fluorophores to measure polysulfides (H 2 S n ; SSP4) and ROS (dichlorofluorescein, DCF). Catalase eliminated H 2 S n , but did not anaerobically generate H 2 S, the expected product of dismutation. Instead, catalase concentration- and oxygen-dependently metabolized H 2 S and in so doing acted as a sulfide oxidase with a P 50 of 20 mmHg. H 2 O 2 had little effect on catalase-mediated H 2 S metabolism but in the presence of the catalase inhibitor, sodium azide (Az), H 2 O 2 rapidly and efficiently expedited H 2 S metabolism in both normoxia and hypoxia suggesting H 2 O 2 is an effective electron acceptor in this reaction. Unexpectedly, catalase concentration-dependently generated H 2 S from dithiothreitol (DTT) in both normoxia and hypoxia, concomitantly oxidizing H 2 S in the presence of O 2 . H 2 S production from DTT was inhibited by carbon monoxide and augmented by NADPH suggesting that catalase heme-iron is the catalytic site and that NADPH provides reducing equivalents. Catalase also generated H 2 S from garlic oil, diallyltrisulfide, thioredoxin and sulfur dioxide, but not from sulfite, metabisulfite, carbonyl sulfide, cysteine, cystine, glutathione or oxidized glutathione. Oxidase activity was also present in catalase from Aspergillus niger . These results show that catalase can act as either a sulfide oxidase or sulfur reductase and they suggest that these activities likely played a prominent role in sulfur metabolism during evolution and may continue do so in modern cells as well. This also appears to be the first observation of catalase reductase activity independent of peroxide dismutation.
Renormalization of the Neutrino Mass Matrix

The renormalization group equations for the general 2 × 2, complex, neutrino mass matrix are shown to have exact, analytic solutions. Simple formulas are given for the physical mixing angle, mass ratio and intrinsic CP phase. We also establish a (complex) renormalization invariant relating these parameters. It is found that the mixing angle exhibits the resonance behavior. Also, the infrared fixed point corresponds to vanishing mixing angle and infinite mass hierarchy.
CHARLES COQUELIN AND JULES DUPUIT ON BANKING AND CREDIT

Charles Coquelin and Jules Dupuit both advocated free banking, but they articulated different views on credit, the note-issuing mechanism, and the role of banking in economic crises. For Coquelin, credit allowed producers to enhance their productive capacities. There was no need to restrict the issuing of banknotes to the quantity of metallic reserves. Coquelin emphasized the role that privileged banks played in the emergence of economic crises. For his part, Dupuit did not believe that credit could create more capital, and warned against the excessive issuing of banknotes. Dupuit considered economic crises to be caused by real factors. I argue that Coquelin’s ideas reflected a credit theory of money while Dupuit’s views were characteristic of a monetary theory of credit.
On Opportunities: Philosophical and Empirical Implications

In their recently published paper, Ramoglou and Tsang (2015) try to position continuing debates about the objectivity and subjectivity of entrepreneurial opportunities within a broader debate about critical realism and social constructionism. The authors adopt a view originally proposed by Bhakshar (1994, 1998, 2008) which suggests that all science — both physical and social — can be understood through a critical realist lens. However, the approach taken in this paper has three important weaknesses: the study of the physical and social world are not distinguished, the view of opportunities is tautological, and the need for empirical testing is ignored.
INTEGRATED USE OF PERFUSION SPECT/CTA FUSION IMAGING AND PULMONARY BALLOON ANGIOPLASTY FOR CHRONIC PULMONARY THROMBOEMBOLISM

Pulmonary balloon angioplasty (PBA) is an evolving therapy for inoperable chronic pulmonary thromboembolism [(1)][1]. Because the criteria of operability remain subjective based on surgical experience, high-quality imaging integrated with the clinical picture is crucial to making individualized
α5β1 integrin mediates pulmonary epithelial cyst formation.

Background Formation of the epithelial cyst involves the establishment of apical-basolateral polarity through a series of cellular interactions that are in part mediated by the extracellular matrix (ECM). We report that in a three-dimensional multi-cellular self-assembly model of lung development, α5 integrin regulates epithelial cyst formation through organization of soluble fibronectin matrix into insoluble fibrils through a process called fibrillogenesis. Results Dissociated murine embryonic lung cells self-assemble into three-dimensional pulmonary bodies that are dependent on α5β1 integrin mediated fibrillogenesis for cell-cell mediated self-assembly: compaction and epithelial cyst formation. Knockdown of α5 integrin resulted in a significant increase in another mediator of fibrillogenesis, αV integrin. Compensatory increased expression of another mediator of fibrillogenesis, αV integrin, was not sufficient to normalize epithelial cyst formation. Loss of α5 integrin-mediated fibrillogenesis perturbed the ability of clustered epithelial cells to establish clear polarity, loss of epithelial cell pyramidal shape, and disrupted apical F-actin-rich deposition. Lack of rich central epithelial localization of F-actin cytoskeleton and Podocalyxin suggests that loss of α5 integrin-mediated fibrillogenesis interferes with the normal cytoskeleton organization that facilitates epithelial cysts polarization. Conclusions We conclude that lung epithelial cyst formation in development is mediated in part by α5β1 integrin dependent fibrillogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 246:475-484, 2016. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Does bad news spread faster

Bad news travels fast. Although this concept may be intuitively accepted, there has been little evidence to confirm that the propagation of bad news differs from that of good news. In this paper, we examine the effect of user perspective on his or her sharing of a controversial news story. Social media not only offers insight into human behavior but has also developed as a source of news. In this paper, we define the spreading of news by tracking selected tweets in Twitter as they are shared over time to create models of user sharing behavior. Many news events can be viewed as positive or negative. In this paper, we compare and contrast tweets about these news events among general users, while monitoring the tweet frequency for each event over time to ensure that news events are comparable with respect to user interest. In addition, we track the tweets of a controversial event between two different groups of users (i.e., those who view the event as positive and those who view it as negative). As a result, we are able to make assessments based on a single event from two different perspectives.
M theory fivebrane and SQCD

A low energy effective theory of parallel D(irichlet) branes is a gauge theory with sixteen supercharges, but one can consider a web of brane to realize situations with reduced number of supersymmetry [1]. In this talk, I will discuss four-dimensional theories with N = 1 and 2 supersymmetry (i.e. four and eight supercharges). In the case of theories with N = 2 supersymmetry, the exact description of the Coulomb branch is given by reinterpreting the web of branes as a configuration of a single fivebrane in the IIA theory [2,3]. Recently we studied the case with N = 1 supersymmetry, and found that description in term of the fivebrane in M Theory captures strong coupling dynamics of the N = 1 gauge theory in four dimensions [4]. In particular, we found that the configuration of the fivebrane geometrically encodes information on the Affleck-Dine-Seiberg superpotential and the structure of the quantum moduli space of vacua. Simultaneously to our work, the case without matter field was studied in [5]. A related work also appeared in [6].
Generalized self-concordant functions: a recipe for Newton-type methods

We study the smooth structure of convex functions by generalizing a powerful concept so-called self-concordance introduced by Nesterov and Nemirovskii in the early 1990s to a broader class of convex functions which we call generalized self-concordant functions. This notion allows us to develop a unified framework for designing Newton-type methods to solve convex optimization problems. The proposed theory provides a mathematical tool to analyze both local and global convergence of Newton-type methods without imposing unverifiable assumptions as long as the underlying functionals fall into our class of generalized self-concordant functions. First, we introduce the class of generalized self-concordant functions which covers the class of standard self-concordant functions as a special case. Next, we establish several properties and key estimates of this function class which can be used to design numerical methods. Then, we apply this theory to develop several Newton-type methods for solving a class of smooth convex optimization problems involving generalized self-concordant functions. We provide an explicit step-size for a damped-step Newton-type scheme which can guarantee a global convergence without performing any globalization strategy. We also prove a local quadratic convergence of this method and its full-step variant without requiring the Lipschitz continuity of the objective Hessian mapping. Then, we extend our result to develop proximal Newton-type methods for a class of composite convex minimization problems involving generalized self-concordant functions. We also achieve both global and local convergence without additional assumptions. Finally, we verify our theoretical results via several numerical examples, and compare them with existing methods.
PHYSICIAN LEADERSHIP IN BUNDLED PAYMENT JOINT REPLACEMENT INITIATIVES

Introduction Bundled budgeting of payments for joint replacement services has become increasing common in an effort to improve quality while lowering cost. In the US, some Medicare bundled payment programs are voluntary whereas some now are mandatory. Large medical care and medical management organizations have largely been assigned or seized control of management of these programs, leaving the surgeon in a subordinate role. The current abstract describes an experience where surgeons provide leadership and accept responsibility in bundled payment program. Methods We engaged a collective of 16 different private company orthopedic physician groups to apply to become episode initiators under under the Medicare Bundled Payment for Care Improvement (BPCI) models 2 and 3. The application process itself provided historical cost data, enabling each group to independently decide whether or not to proceed with the BPCI. Results Ultimately, 7 of the private orthopedic groups decided to continue with the BPCI initiative. At the first quarter reconciliation, savings ranged from 9% to 17% across the participating groups. Conclusion It is possible and potentially preferable for surgeons to take a primary role in accepting responsibility and leadership in the comprehensive care of joint replacement patients. The surgeons are those who determine the indications for and perform the surgery, accept much of the risk, and typically maintain a career long relationship with the patient. As such, the surgeon is also in the best position to achieve the ultimate goals of improved quality which simultaneously controlling cost. Our experience thus far supports that view that the more leadership surgeons provide in value base care provision, the more our patients and health care system will benefit from optimization of care delivery.
Predictive-Corrective Networks for Action Detection

While deep feature learning has revolutionized techniques for static-image understanding, the same does not quite hold for video processing. Architectures and optimization techniques used for video are largely based off those for static images, potentially underutilizing rich video information. In this work, we rethink both the underlying network architecture and the stochastic learning paradigm for temporal data. To do so, we draw inspiration from classic theory on linear dynamic systems for modeling time series. By extending such models to include nonlinear mappings, we derive a series of novel recurrent neural networks that sequentially make top-down predictions about the future and then correct those predictions with bottom-up observations. Predictive-corrective networks have a number of desirable properties: (1) they can adaptively focus computation on surprising frames where predictions require large corrections, (2) they simplify learning in that only residual-like corrective terms need to be learned over time and (3) they naturally decorrelate an input data stream in a hierarchical fashion, producing a more reliable signal for learning at each layer of a network. We provide an extensive analysis of our lightweight and interpretable framework, and demonstrate that our model is competitive with the two-stream network on three challenging datasets without the need for computationally expensive optical flow.
Conditional Deletion of Bmal1 Accentuates Microvascular and Macrovascular Injury.

The brain and muscle aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator–like protein (BMAL)-1 constitutes a major transcriptional regulator of the circadian clock. Here, we explored the impact of conditional deletion of Bmal1 in endothelium and hematopoietic cells in murine models of microvascular and macrovascular injury. We used two models of Bmal1 fx/fx ; Tek-Cre mice, a retinal ischemia/reperfusion model and a neointimal hyperplasia model of the femoral artery. Eyes were enumerated for acellular capillaries and were stained for oxidative damage markers using nitrotyrosine immunohistochemistry. LSK (lineage-negative, stem cell antigen-1–positive, c- Kit –positive) cells were quantified and proliferation assessed. Hematopoiesis is influenced by innervation to the bone marrow, which we assessed using IHC analysis. The number of acellular capillaries increased threefold, and nitrotyrosine staining increased 1.5-fold, in the retinas of Bmal1 fx/fx ; Tek-Cre mice. The number of LSK cells from the Bmal1 fx/fx ; Tek-Cre mice decreased by 1.5-fold and was accompanied by a profound decrease in proliferative potential. Bmal1 fx/fx ; Tek-Cre mice also exhibited evidence of bone marrow denervation, demonstrating a loss of neurofilament-200 staining. Injured femoral arteries showed a 20% increase in neointimal hyperplasia compared with similarly injured wild-type controls. Our study highlights the importance of the circadian clock in maintaining vascular homeostasis and demonstrates that specific deletion of BMAL1 in endothelial and hematopoietic cells results in phenotypic features similar to those of diabetes.
A multi-wavelength IR laser for space applications

We present a laser technology development with space flight heritage to generate laser wavelengths in the near- to midinfrared (NIR to MIR) for space lidar applications. Integrating an optical parametric crystal to the LOLA (Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter) laser transmitter design affords selective laser wavelengths from NIR to MIR that are not easily obtainable from traditional diode pumped solid-state lasers. By replacing the output coupler of the LOLA laser with a properly designed parametric crystal, we successfully demonstrated a monolithic intra-cavity optical parametric oscillator (iOPO) laser based on all high technology readiness level (TRL) subsystems and components. Several desired wavelengths have been generated including 2.1 µm, 2.7 μm and 3.4 μm. This laser can also be used in trace-gas remote sensing, as many molecules possess their unique vibrational transitions in NIR to MIR wavelength region, as well as in time-of-flight mass spectrometer where desorption of samples using MIR laser wavelengths have been successfully demonstrated
Remorse, Demeanor, and the Consequences of Misinterpretation: The Limits of Law as a Window into the Soul

Although there is a rich legal literature on whether remorse should play a role in the criminal justice system, there is little discussion of how remorse can be evaluated in the legal context. There is ample evidence that perceptions of remorse play a powerful role in criminal cases. Yet the most basic question about the evaluation of remorse has received little attention: is remorse something that can be accurately evaluated in a courtroom? This article argues that evaluation of remorse requires a deep assessment of character, or of the condition of the soul, and that the legal system may not be capable of such evaluation. At the same time, the article acknowledges that remorse is so closely intertwined with judgments of culpability, it may not be feasible to bar decision-makers from considering it. Assuming that evaluation of remorse is ineradicable, the question becomes: what can be done to improve upon an evaluative process riddled with error and bias?
INTERACTION TERMS IN POISSON AND LOG LINEAR REGRESSION MODELS

This paper develops a difference-in-semielasticities (DIS) interpretation for the coefficients of dichotomous variable interaction terms in nonlinear models with exponential conditional mean functions, including but not limited to Poisson, Negative Binomial, and log linear models. We show why these interaction term coefficients cannot be interpreted as a DIS or semielasticity in the same manner as continuous coefficients, which has been overlooked by some empirical researchers. Then we show how interaction terms can be easily transformed into a DIS and derive the asymptotic distribution of this estimator. We illustrate the discrepancy between the interaction term coefficient and the DIS using an empirical example evaluating the relationship between employment, private health insurance and physician office visits. Our results can be applied in treatment effect models when the outcome variable is logged and the dichotomous variables indicating treatment participation and the post-treatment time period.
Design of Quantum Circuits for Galois Field Squaring and Exponentiation

This work presents an algorithm to generate depth, quantum gate and qubit optimized circuits for GF(2m) squaring in the polynomial basis. Further, to the best of our knowledge the proposed quantum squaring circuit algorithm is the only work that considers depth as a metric to be optimized. We compared circuits generated by our proposed algorithm against the state of the art and determine that they require 50% fewer qubits and offer gates savings that range from 37% to 68%. Further, existing quantum exponentiation are based on either modular or integer arithmetic. However, Galois arithmetic is a useful tool to design resource efficient quantum exponentiation circuit applicable in quantum cryptanalysis. Therefore, we present the quantum circuit implementation of Galois field exponentiation based on the proposed quantum Galois field squaring circuit. We calculated a qubit savings ranging between 44% to 50% and quantum gate savings ranging between 37% to 68% compared to identical quantum exponentiation circuit based on existing squaring circuits.
Use of an Automated Microfilm System in the Surgical Pathology Laboratory

The use of the Kodak "Oracle System" in a pathology laboratory is described. After five years experience, the system can be described as very reliable and extremely useful for consolidating, condensing, searching, and maintaining files in a busy surgical pathology laboratory.
Acute Scrotum Due to Haemophilus Influenzae Type b

The acute scrotum in infants and children is generally due to torsion of the spermatic cord, torsion of the appendix testis, or acute epididymitis. An infant is presented who was found to have epididymitis and a scrotal abscess due to Haemophilus influenzae type b at the time of surgical exploration for suspected torsion of the spermatic cord.
Cavernosography in Conjunction with Artificial Erection for Evaluation of Venous Leakage in Impotent Men

Twenty men with incomplete penile erection or inability to maintain an erection were evaluated to determine if venous leakage was a cause. Cavernosography was performed in conjunction with artificial erection induced by infusion of saline into the corpus cavernosa. Thirteen patients requiring higher than normal rates of saline infusion to achieve or maintain erection showed filling of superficial veins in the flaccid state as well as during erection. In five of the seven patients with normal saline requirements there was no filling of superficial veins, and two showed filling in the flaccid state only. Of the thirteen patients whose conditions were diagnosed as venous leakage, seven underwent surgical ligation of superficial veins and deep penile vein arterialization by a saphenous vein bypass graft between the superficial femoral artery and deep penile vein. All these patients had reduced saline requirements postoperatively. When cavernosography is performed in the flaccid state only, filling of superfic...
Role of Computed Tomography in the Evaluation and Management of Carcinoma of the Prostate

Between January 1978 to March 1980, 25 patients with biopsy-proven prostate carcinoma were evaluated by computerized tomography (CT). CT differed from clinical stage in 7 of 25 patients (28%). In 6 of the 7 patients, change in stage resulted because of demonstration of extracapsular extension and/or pelvic lymph node involvement. Twelve of the 25 patients (48%) underwent surgery with histological confirmation of CT findings. CT identified nodal involvement accurately in 10 of 12 patients (83%). We recommend use of CT for initial staging, treatment planning and assessment of response in the management of prostate cancer.
The Influence of Function, Topography, and Setting on Noncontingent Reinforcement Effect Sizes for Reduction in Problem Behavior: A Meta-analysis of Single-Case Experimental Design Data

Richman et al. (J Appl Behav Anal 48:131–152, 2015) completed a meta-analytic analysis of single-case experimental design data on noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) for the treatment of problem behavior exhibited by individuals with developmental disabilities. Results showed that (1) NCR produced very large effect sizes for reduction in problem behavior, (2) NCR implemented with the functional reinforcer resulted in a slightly larger effect size compared to NCR using nonfunctional reinforcers, and (3) schedule thinning for the delivery of reinforcers typically produced temporary and modest increases in levels of problem behavior. The purpose of the current study was to conduct follow-up analyses to determine whether treatment implementation setting, topography, or the function of problem behavior influenced the treatment effect size for problem behavior exhibited by individuals with developmental disabilities. Follow-up analyses showed that NCR effect sizes were very similar across inpatient and outpatient settings and across aggression and property destruction versus self-injurious behaviors. Results showed that NCR effect size for treatment of problem behavior maintained by a form of social reinforcement was slightly greater than problem behavior maintained by automatic reinforcement. Results are discussed in terms of applying NCR in school settings as an initial treatment for problem behaviors that can interfere with academic, adaptive, and vocational skill acquisition for students with developmental disabilities.
The Finite Moment Log Stable Process and Option Pricing

We document a surprising pattern in S&P 500 option prices. When implied volatilities are graphed against a standard measure of moneyness, the implied volatility smirk does not flatten out as maturity increases up to the observable horizon of two years. This behavior contrasts sharply with the implications of many pricing models and with the asymptotic behavior implied by the central limit theorem (CLT). We develop a parsimonious model which deliberately violates the CLT assumptions and thus captures the observed behavior of the volatility smirk over the maturity horizon. Calibration exercises demonstrate its superior performance against several widely used alternatives.
Response of nuclear emulsions to ionizing radiations

Heavy ion tracks in Ilford K-2 emulsion are simulated with a computer program which makes use of the delta-ray theory of track structure, and the special assumption that the response of this emulsion to gamma-rays is 8-or-more hit. The Ilford K-series of nuclear emulsions is produced from a parent stock called K.O emulsion, sensitized to become K. 1 to K. 5, and desensitized to become K-1 to K-3. Our simulations demonstrate that the emulsions K. 5 through K. 0 to K-1 are 1-or-more hit detectors, while K-2 is an 8-or-more hit detector. We have no data for K-3 emulsion. It would appear that emulsions of intermediate hittedness might be produced by an intermediate desensitization, to mimic or match the RBE-LET variations of biological cells, perhaps to produce a “rem-dosimeter”. In the K-2 emulsion no developable grains are produced by stopping H, He, and Li ions. The emulsion has “threshold-like” properties resembling etchable track detectors. It should prove useful in the measurement of high LET dose in a strong low LET background, as for pions or neutrons. Since it can be expected to accumulate and repair “sub-lethal damage”, to display the ion-kill and gamma-kill inactivation modes, the grain-count and track width regimes, it may serve to model biological effects.
Optogenetics and its application in neural degeneration and regeneration

Neural degeneration and regeneration are important topics in neurological diseases. There are limited options for therapeutic interventions in neurological diseases that provide simultaneous spatial and temporal control of neurons. This drawback increases side effects due to non-specific targeting. Optogenetics is a technology that allows precise spatial and temporal control of cells. Therefore, this technique has high potential as a therapeutic strategy for neurological diseases. Even though the application of optogenetics in understanding brain functional organization and complex behaviour states have been elaborated, reviews of its therapeutic potential especially in neurodegeneration and regeneration are still limited. This short review presents representative work in optogenetics in disease models such as spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. It is aimed to provide a broader perspective on optogenetic therapeutic potential in neurodegeneration and neural regeneration.
Promotion of Increasing Tableaux: Frames and Homomesies

A key fact about M.-P. Schutzenberger's (1972) promotion operator on rectangular standard Young tableaux is that iterating promotion once per entry recovers the original tableau. For tableaux with strictly increasing rows and columns, H. Thomas and A. Yong (2009) introduced a theory of $K$ -jeu de taquin with applications to $K$ -theoretic Schubert calculus. The author (2014) studied a $K$ -promotion operator $\mathcal{P}$ derived from this theory, but observed that this key fact does not generally extend to $K$ -promotion of such increasing tableaux. Here, we show that the key fact holds for labels on the boundary of the rectangle. That is, for $T$ a rectangular increasing tableau with entries bounded by $q$ , we have $\mathsf{Frame}(\mathcal{P}^q(T)) = \mathsf{Frame}(T)$ , where $\mathsf{Frame}(U)$ denotes the restriction of $U$ to its first and last row and column. Using this fact, we obtain a family of homomesy results on the average value of certain statistics over $K$ -promotion orbits, extending a $2$ -row theorem of J. Bloom, D. Saracino, and the author (2016) to arbitrary rectangular shapes.