cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Blood pressure reactivity and perception of pain during the forehead cold pressor test.

The relationship between blood pressure reactivity and the perception of pain was examined during a series of three forehead cold pressor tests given every other day to a group of 18 male college students. Subjects classified as high reactors on the basis of peak increases in mean blood pressure during cold pressor tests perceived the cold pressor stimulus as more painful than subjects classified as low reactors. The propensity to rate the cold pressor stimulus as painful was positively correlated with the individual level of blood pressure reactivity (baseline-free partial r = .62). Intra-individual correlations between pain and blood pressure responses were unrelated to subjects' reactivity status. Across the 3-min test, correlations between pain and blood pressure reactivity (with the effects of baseline blood pressure levels partialled out) were significant only during periods when levels of responses were relatively high. The heart rate responses were unrelated to pain ratings. Generalizability theory was applied to the analysis of temporal stability of cold pressor reactions. Both blood pressure and pain responses were highly reproducible across three sessions, appearing to express stable individual differences. The efficacy of 800 mg oral ibuprofen in controlling the cold pressor pain was also tested. Analgesic activity of the drug during the cold pressor test could not be demonstrated.
Metal-molecule-metal junctions via PFPE assisted nanotransfer printing (nTP) onto self-assembled monolayers.

We report a simple method to form metal−molecule−metal junctions (MMMs) via nanotransfer printing with low surface energy perfluoropolyether (PFPE) based stamps. Transfer printing is demonstrated onto thermally deposited metal thin film electrodes where the root-mean-squared roughness of these films is controlled by the deposition process and varies by 40% or more. Transfer of Au and Co thin films is reported onto Au/SAM and Co/SAM electrodes in well-ordered, 200 nm MMM arrays; furthermore, nickel nanotransfer printing is shown for the first time in the construction of 200 nm arrays of Ni/SAM/Ni junctions. The nanotransfer printing we report is reproducible in high fidelity which is required in the application of practical molecular electronic devices. Current−voltage characteristics are presented.
Recent progress of resistive switching random access memory (RRAM)

This paper gives an overview of recent works on metal oxide resistive switching memory (RRAM). We explored the stochastic nature of resistive switching in metal oxide RRAM and a 2-D analytical solver was established to explain the switching parameter variations in HfOx-based RRAM. As an example of application beyond digital memory/storage, AlOx-based RRAM was explored for neuromorphic computing.
The relationship between cytoplasmic organization and the epithelio-mesodermal interaction in the embryonic chick thyroid†

Epithelio-mesodermal interaction in mature thyroids of older chick embryos was tested by dissociation, monolayer culture to disrupt cytoplasmic organization, and reaggregation with heterologous and homologous mesoderm. Each combination formed a different histological pattern: with mesentery — islands of epithelial cells in a loose connective tissue; with heart — follicles at the ends of cords in a rich vascular bed, with perichondrium — a ring of follicles surrounding masses of cartilage; with thyroid capsule — normal thyroid organization. Electron-microscopic examination of cells incorporated into follicles revealed reorganization of canaliculate endoplasmic reticulum in only the homotypic combination. Therefore, interactions occur in mature organs as well as primordia.
Do early responders to psychotherapy maintain treatment gains

This study examined early positive response to psychotherapy in a sample of 147 college student clients seeking therapy at a university counseling center. Early response was determined based on a score representing the difference between client-obtained symptom distress session scores and expected scores derived from a large actuarial study of typical treatment response. In the present study, early positive response to therapy was associated with fewer psychological symptoms at therapy termination and follow-up and maintenance of therapy gains. These results are discussed in relation to placebo effects and common factors and their primary importance in producing meaningful change. Future research directions are recommended that include the use of early response for exploring the contribution of client variables and theoretically derived interventions as they relate to the outcome of psychotherapy.
The Salience of the Democratic Congress and the 2010 Elections

The results of the 2010 congressional elections were indeed historic. The loss of 63 seats by the Democrats was the biggest electoral loss by any party since 1948, making the more recent 1994 and 2006 turnovers pale by comparison. The question that political scientists naturally ask after an event of this magnitude is—why? This article addresses this question by analyzing the role played by the public's attitudes toward Congress.
Retinal and Choroidal Vascular Occlusion Following Intralesional Corticosteroid Injection of a Chalazion

Unilateral visual loss following periocular corticosteroid injection is a reported complication of injections of tonsillar, nasal, scalp, and retrobulbar sites. This is the first reported case, to our knowledge, of intralesional corticosteroid injection of a chalazion producing ipsilateral microembolization and infarction of retinal and choroidal vasculature. An eight-year-old boy underwent reexcision of an upper lid chalazion under general anesthesia. Intraoperatively, 0.5 ml of depot-steroid preparation was injected into the excision site. Postoperatively, vision was unilaterally reduced to light perception only. Examination revealed an afferent pupillary defect, retinal and choroidal emboli, retinal edema, and a macular "cherry red spot". Anterior chamber paracentesis, carbon dioxide rebreathing, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and ocular massage failed to change the embolic pattern. No visual recovery resulted. Fundus photography and fluorescein angiography demonstrated occlusion of the retinal and choroidal vasculature. Extreme care should be exercised during and immediately following intralesional corticosteroid injection of chalazia.
Amiodarone versus lidocaine and placebo for the prevention of ventricular fibrillation after aortic crossclamping: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Objective Ventricular fibrillation occurs commonly after aortic crossclamping in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Ventricular fibrillation increases myocardial oxygen consumption, and defibrillation may harm the myocardium. Thus, a pharmacologic approach to decreasing the incidence of ventricular fibrillation or the number of shocks required may be beneficial. The goal of this study was to evaluate whether amiodarone or lidocaine was superior to placebo for the prevention of ventricular fibrillation after aortic crossclamping in patients undergoing a variety of cardiac surgical procedures. Methods Patients undergoing cardiac surgery requiring aortic crossclamping were randomized to receive lidocaine 1.5 mg/kg, amiodarone 300 mg, or placebo before aortic crossclamp removal The primary outcomes were the incidence of ventricular fibrillation and the number of shocks required to terminate ventricular fibrillation. Results A total of 342 patients completed the trial. On multivariate analysis, there was no difference in the incidence of ventricular fibrillation among treatment groups. The number of required shocks was categorized as 0, 1 to 3, and greater than 3. On multivariate analysis, patients receiving amiodarone required fewer shocks to terminate ventricular fibrillation (odds ratio, 0.51; 95% confidence interval, 0.31-0.83; P = .008 vs placebo). There was no difference between lidocaine and placebo in the number of required shocks (odds ratio, 0.86; 95% confidence interval, 0.52-1.41; P = .541). Conclusions In patients undergoing a variety of cardiac surgical procedures, neither amiodarone nor lidocaine reduced the incidence of ventricular fibrillation. Amiodarone decreased the number of shocks required to terminate ventricular fibrillation.
Scavenger receptor-A mediates gp96/GRP94 and calreticulin internalization by antigen-presenting cells.

gp96 (GRP94) elicits antigen-presenting cell (APC) activation and can direct peptides into the cross- presentation pathways of APC. These responses arise through interactions of gp96 with Toll-like (APC activation) and endocytic (cross-presentation) receptors of APC. Previously, CD91, the α2-macroglobulin receptor, was identified as the heat shock/chaperone protein receptor of APC. Recent data indicates, however, that inhibition of CD91 ligand binding does not alter gp96 recognition and uptake. Furthermore, CD91 expression is not itself sufficient for gp96 binding and internalization. We now report that scavenger receptor class-A (SR-A), a prominent scavenger receptor of macrophages and dendritic cells, serves a primary role in gp96 and calreticulin recognition and internalization. gp96 internalization and peptide re-presentation are inhibited by the SR-A inhibitory ligand fucoidin, although fucoidin was without effect on α2-macroglobulin binding or uptake. Ectopic expression of SR-A in HEK 293 cells yielded gp96 recognition and uptake activity. In addition, macrophages derived from SR-A–/– mice were substantially impaired in gp96 binding and uptake. These data identify new roles for SR-A in the regulation of cellular responses to heat shock proteins.
High-resolution surface soil moisture variability at a midwest site

Soil moisture is highly variable in space and time and affects the performance of electromagnetic sensors through its effects on thermal and dielectric properties. This research focused on characterizing soil moisture variability at spatial scales relevant to the sensing of small targets. Surface moistures of the top 6 cm of soil were collected on regular grids with an impedance probe. Measurements were made at 0.1-m resolution over 3- × 4-m and 3- × 5-m grids at a short grass site on silt loam. Tall grass and bare soil sites on gravelly silt loam were sampled at 1.0-m resolution over 20- × 30-m and 10- × 30-m grids. Exponential models fit to sample variograms of the 0.1-m resolution data show that soil moistures were spatially dependent over a distance of 0.5 m. Maximum variances (variogram sill), for data collected over a four-day span following a rainfall event, increased linearly with decreased mean moisture level as the soil dried. The revealed structures can be exploited to simulate soil moisture variation temporally and spatially. The impedance probe"s ability to reproduce variation in volumetric water content observed with conventional oven drying methods was demonstrated prior to the field experiment. Separate tests demonstrated that the probes can be used interchangeably. The impact of sparse surface grass on the moisture variation measured with the probe was also demonstrated to be small under the conditions tested.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Improved lossless image coder based on suboptimal, adaptive multiplicative autoregressive models

An improved lossless image coder is introduced which is based on suboptimal, adaptive multiplicative autoregressive models. Basically the improvements result from the incorporation of three new elements: a backward block-by-block parameter estimator, a probability model for the residuals, and a contextual entropy coder. The results of a comparative experimental study indicate that on average the improved coder delivers ~7% higher compression than the old scheme.
Spread Spectrum Codes for Continuous-Phase Modulated Systems

We study the theoretical performance of a combined approach to demodulation and decoding of binary continuous-phase modulated signals under repetition-like codes. This technique is motivated by a need to transmit packetized or framed data bursts in high noise regimes where many powerful, short-length codes are ineffective. In channels with strong noise, we mathematically study the asymptotic bit error rates of this combined approach and quantify the performance improvement over performing demodulation and decoding separately as the code rate increases. In this context, we also discuss a simple variant of repetition coding involving pseudorandom code words, based on direct-sequence spread spectrum methods, that preserves the spectral density of the encoded signal in order to maintain resistance to narrowband interference. We describe numerical simulations that demonstrate the advantages of this approach as an inner code which can be used underneath modern coding schemes in high noise environments.
The effect of neonatally administered monosodium glutamate (MSG) on the development of retinofugal projections and the entrainment of circadian locomotor activity

The acute administration of monosodium- l -glutamate (MSG, 8 mg/g) to neonatal hamsters ( Mesocricetus auratus ) destroys the neurons of the inner retina, although some ganglion cells survive. Despite the severe optic nerve degeneration, MSG-treated hamsters synchronize their circadian locomotor activity to light:dark signals. The central projections of the surviving ganglion cells in these animals were determined using anterograde tracing techniques. The retinohypothalamic pathway responsible for the photic synchronization of the locomotor activity was unaffected by the neurotoxin, although the remaining visual pathways were markedly reduced. The results indicate a differential sensitivity of retinal ganglion cells to MSG. The resistance of the retinal ganglion cells that innervate the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus to neonatal MSG treatment is discussed in relationship to other findings. The results from this study and other physiological and morphological findings suggest that the retino-hypothalamic system is an anatomically independent component of the optic system.
The effects of neuropeptides on discrete-trial conditioned avoidance responding

Summary The effects of intracerebroventricular administration of several peptides on discrete-trial, conditioned avoidance responding were assessed in the rat. Three peptides (neurotensin, bombesin and s-endorphin) produced a neuroleptic-like effect (i.e. a decrease in avoidance responding with no effect on escape responding). A low dose (0.6 nmol) of each peptide elicited a significant effect. Neurotensin and bombesin produced a significant but partial decrease in avoidance responding; larger doses of these peptides did not produce a greater effect. s-Endorphin elicited dose-related decrements in avoidance responding. In addition, the effect of neurotensin, but not bombesin or s-endorphin, was antagonized by simultaneous administration of an equimolar dose of thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Hence, the 3 peptides do not appear to produce decreases in avoidance responding by the same mechanism. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, bradykinin, substance P, des-Tyr 1 -γ-endorphin and melanotropin inhibiting factor did not significantly affect avoidance responding. These findings, taken together with previous findings, suggest that intracerebroventricular administration of certain endogenous peptides (neurotensin, bombesin and s-endorphin) may exert neuroleptic-like effects.
Comparison of flow characteristics for dilute phase pneumatic conveying for two different plastic pellets

Abstract A series of dilute phase pneumatic conveying experiments using two different types of plastic pellets has led to the determination and development of distinguishing flow characteristics. Separate experiments on polystyrene and polyolefin pellets captured pressure-drop fluctuations and values at two different measuring points—one at the lower horizontal section of the transporting pipe and another at the upper section and at two different solid-loading ratios for each material. Also, comparison and analysis of the pressure-drop fluctuations and values obtained from the experiments were carried out under the same solid-loading ratio and blower rotational speed for both materials. Basic pressure drop calculations were made to find pressure drop due to pure gas, and that due to the presence of solids using a solid friction factor. In addition, the power spectral density analysis, and the wavelet analysis were conducted for both materials to evaluate the flow characteristics.
New Worlds: A Religious History of Latin America. By John Lynch. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012. Pp. xv, 404. $35.00.)

This author's survey of half a millennium of Latin American religion is monumental and erudite, yet highly readable. Although three chapters are devoted to the colonial era and one to non‐Catholics...
Synthesis and cathepsin D inhibition of peptide-hydroxyethyl amine isosteres with cyclic tertiary amines

Cathepsin D, a lysosomal aspartic protease, has been suggested to play a role in the metastatic potential of several types of cancer. A high activated cathepsin D level in breast tumor tissue has been associated with an increased incidence of relapse and metastasis. High levels of active cathepsin D have also been found in colon cancer, prostate cancer, uterine cancer and ovarian cancer. Hydroxyethyl isosteres with cyclic tertiary amine have proven to be clinically useful as inhibitors of aspartyl proteases similar to cathepsin D in activity, such as the HIV-1 aspartyl protease. The design and the synthesis of (hydroxyethyl)amine isostere inhibitors with cyclic tertiary amines is described. The IC50 and Ki (app) values for the six cathepsin D inhibitors and pepstatin are reported. Compounds 7b,3(S)-[Acetyl-L-valyl-L-phenylalanylamino]-4-phenyl-1-N-piperidine-2(S)-butanol,and 7c, 3(S)-[Acetyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanylamino]-4-phenyl-1-N-piperidine-2(S)-butanol, showed the most potent inhibition of cathepsin D hydrolysis of hemoglobin with IC50 values of 3.5 nM and 4.5 nM, respectively.
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF VEGETATION AT THE RICHVALE VERNAL POOLS, CALIFORNIA'

California vernal pools exhibit vegetation of mainly native, annual vascular plants that flower and set seed as standing water from the Mediterranean climate wet season evaporates. Deeper depressions often show concentric rings of color from the different species responding to progressive drying of the habitat. Vernal pool plant life was numerically analyzed in 1979 near Richvale, in the Sacramento Valley, by sampling in a regular grid pattern that covered both the pool and the adjacent annual grassland. Each species was measured once in all sample sites, all data were pooled and an importance value was determined for each of the 61 species. Species are discussed in relation to the high water line of a pool (maximum extent of standing water). Samples covering all regions of a plot showed there are "pool species" (e.g., Lasthenia fremontii) with nearly identical distributions almost totally within high water line. Four native species made up 75% of all the plants counted in the pool samples. In general, pool species had higher densities inside the high water line than the "non-pool species" had outside the highwater line. Non-pool species (e.g., Aira caryophyllea) tended to occur in the pool samples more than the pool species occurred outside the pool. Some species (e.g., Limnanthes alba) had roughly similar absolute and importance values for pool and non-pool areas; these were called "transition species," and had less importance than either pool or non-pool species throughout the plots. The two study plots, 40 m apart, had similar rankings for the top pool, non-pool and transition species: importance of the species varied within each of these two neighboring pools.
New Conductive Polymeric Materials: Cofacial Assembly of Mixed Valent Metallomacrocycles.

Abstract This paper reports on an approach to control molecular stacking interactions in low-dimensional mixed valence materials by locking partially oxidized metallomacrocycles together in a cofacial orientation. Iodine doping of the face-to-face linked oligomers [M(Pc)O]n (M = Si, Ge, Sn; Pc = phthalocyaninato) produces electrically conductive polymers {[M(Pc)O]Ixn with a wide range of x stoichiometries. Resonance Raman spectroscopy indicates that the iodine has oxidized the polymer chain. Polymer structure has been studied by X-ray powder diffraction, and it is possible to estimate interplanar spacings. Halogen doping of the [M(Pc)O]n materials is accompanied by electrical conductivity increases as large 107 (ohm cm)−1; the general trend is σ Si ⪆ σ Ge > σ Sn . Variable temperature conductivity and magnetic susceptibility data are reported.
Prince as Queer Poststructuralist

This chapter argues that these (flows, melting, delirium, machines) bodies of work deal with comparable concerns, however vastly different their institutional, biographical, and discursive locations. It points out that Prince's only successful movie, Purple Rain, was clearly a story about one kind of de-Oedipalization, the struggle over the social reproduction of patriarchy. In songs like "Strange Relationship," Prince reflects on the contradictions built into dominant narratives about gender and erotic relationships. Prince uses an androgynous falsetto, trembling with desire and vulnerability. Tom Jones recasts the song in the manly voice of the aging hipster, centered and posturing, just like his dancing. Tom Jones changes a few words for his version: where Prince had warned that "women, not girls," rule his world, Jones says "women and girls," transforming Prince's preference for maturity into a boast of indiscriminate lust. Prince recordings of desire thus fall within the boundaries of "queer" performance.
Photonic Materials Based on Mixtures of Cholesteric Liquid Crystals with Polymers

Cholesteric liquid crystals (CLC), polymer stabilized cholesteric liquid crystals (PSCLC), and polymer dispersed cholesteric liquid crystals (PDCLC) are promising dye-doped optically pumped lasing materials with an inherent photonic band gap structure. At low polymer concentrations, lasing from PSCLC occurs in modes near the edge of the selective reflection band. Electric field applied to the samples sandwiched between conducting glasses enhances PSCLC lasing emission. Lasing behavior changes dramatically at higher polymer concentrations in PDCLCs: numerous lasing peaks appear on the top of the emission band. New effects are explained in terms of lasing in photonic defect modes and photonic band gap modes.
Crystal structure of a fuse cyclohexane with an axial t-butyl group: 8β-t-butyl-trans-decahydroquinoline

Abstract 8β- t -Butyl- trans -decahydroquinoline picrate crystallizes a double chair with an axial t -butyl group. Except for a 16.2° torsion of the t -butyl group way from the staggered conformation, the molecule displays only minor conformation deformations.
Childhood Predictors of Anxiety Symptoms: A Longitudinal Study.

The present study examined the concurrent and prospective relation between a select number of potential predictors and symptoms of anxiety among a high-risk community sample of 149 predominately African American children. Parent and child reports of anxiety were assessed in the first and seventh grade. Six domains of childhood risk factors (i.e., Loss-Death, Loss-Separation, Social Adversity, Negative Family Environment, Academic Difficulties, and Peer Rejection) were assessed using multiple informants in the first grade. Results indicated that children who experienced a more negative family environment, had a greater number of losses and deaths, and experienced academic failures in the first grade exhibited higher levels of anxiety (concurrently and/or at the six year follow-up). Findings provide empirical support to etiological models that posit both parental/familial and environmental factors contribute to the development of heightened anxiety in children.
Paradoxical roles of Foxp3+ T cells during infection: from regulators to regulators.

T cells expressing the transcription factor Foxp3 have been shown to limit immune responses against microbes. In a recent issue of Science , Lund et al. support the idea that these cells can also coordinate the early entrance of innate cells at the effector site and therefore positively contribute to protective immunity.
Estimated dietary calcium intake and food sources for adolescent females: 1980–92

Purpose: To estimate dietary calcium intake of three groups of adolescent females ages 11–12 years, 13-14 years, and 15–18 years during four separate 2-year time periods from the years 1980–92; and to identify their food sources of calcium. Methods: Nutrient intake survey based on 14-day food consumption records collected from four national representative samples of 4,000 United States households. Results: Dietary calcium consumption declined significantly ( p p Conclusions: Estimates indicate that dietary calcium intakes fall far short of both the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) and National Institutes of Health (NIH) recommendations. Intakes have declined over time, with age, and appear to be related to a decline in fluid milk consumption. Efforts to increase calcium consumption among adolescent females appear critical. Clear recommendations to consume a minimum of three servings everyday of lowfat or nonfat dairy products such as milk and yogurt are needed to help this population meet daily calcium requirements.
Opening the flood-gates: how neutrophil-endothelial interactions regulate permeability.

Many diseases have an inflammatory component, where neutrophil interactions with the vascular endothelium lead to barrier dysfunction and increased permeability. Neutrophils increase permeability through secreted products such as the chemokines CXCL1, 2, 3, and 8, through adhesion-dependent processes involving β2 integrins interacting with endothelial ICAM-1, and through combinations where β2 integrin engagement leads to degranulation and secretion of heparin-binding protein. Some neutrophil products, such as arachidonic acid or the leukotriene LTA4, are further processed by endothelial enzymes via transcellular metabolism before the resulting products thromboxane A2 or LTC4 can activate their cognate receptors. Neutrophils also generate reactive oxygen species that induce vascular leakage. This review focuses on the mechanisms of neutrophil-mediated leakage.
Above-threshold ionization of atomic hydrogen via resonant intermediate states.

We performed state-of-the-art calculations of the emitted-electron kinetic-energy distribution for atomic hydrogen, initially in its ground state, and interacting with a linearly polarized laser field. The laser had frequencies in the one-photon-resonant (1s+\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2p), two-photon-ionization regime, and irradiances between ${10}^{13}$ and ${10}^{14}$ W/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. A direct numerical solution of the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation was performed using a standard method, and incorporating ``slow'' laser turn-on and turn-off pulse envelope switching functions. Structure was observed, in addition to the usual above-threshold-ionization peaks. This was deduced to be an effect of the Rabi coupling between the 1s and 2p states. The precise form of this structure was found to depend on both the laser detuning and the irradiance, but was unaffected by the turn-on transient.
Embedded cultural values and international transaction cost advantages

Culturally embedded differences in self-interested behavior and perceptions of trust violate the universal assumption of moral hazard held by transaction cost economic theorists. A model of transaction cost advantage is derived and propositions developed using the cultural value diversity literature to test the universal assumptions of transaction cost economics.
Gregarina coronata N. Sp. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida) Described from Adults of the Southern Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

. Gregarina coronata n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida) is described from the adults of the Southern Corn Root Worm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Measurements given are means, in micrometers, taken from mature gamonts in association. Primite: protomerite hemi-ellipsoidal with basal tumidus, length 47.6, width 44.0, with cytoplasmic granule, apical crown apparent; deutomerite elongate ellipsoidal, length 227.9, width 81.3; epimerite absorbed into anterior in gamont, globular in trophozoite. Satellite: protomerite hemi-ellipsoidal, truncated at association interface to appear trapezoidal, length 39.2, width 49.6, with cytoplasmic granule; deutomerite elongate ellipsoidal, length 240.6, width 80.2; epimerite absorbed into anterior in gamont. Association caudofrontal and often precocious, occurring during growth of trophozoites. Gametocysts spherical, 115.3 in diameter, 132.9 with hyaline coat; producing multiple oocyst chains under moist storage in 24–36 h. Oocysts very uniform in shape and size, dorsad: doliform, length 6.4, equatorial width 3.4, polar width 2.9; pleuron: dorso-ventrally flattened, corpus concave with bicondylic termina; corpus height 0.98, width 4.44; terminus height 1.96, width 0.98.
Scaling Effects in Highly Scaled Commercial Nonvolatile Flash Memories

SEE measurements and TID response for 25 nm Micron Technology NAND flash memories are reported. Radiation results of MLC 64 Gb parts are compared with results from SLC 32 Gb parts. Also, scaling effects on SEE and TID are discussed.
From Franklin to Today: Toward a Molecular Level Understanding of Bonding and Adsorption at the Oil−Water Interface†

With Benjamin Franklin’s oil on water experiments as a historical example, people have long been fascinated with the physical characteristics of the interface between water and an organic liquid and the unique chemistry that can occur at that interface. In this paper, we present our current understanding of the structure, orientation, and bonding characteristics of this fluid and dynamic interfacial region based on the efforts in our laboratory over the past decade and the important research of others in this field. In our studies, in which we have used a combination of surface specific nonlinear vibrational spectroscopy in conjunction with molecular dynamics simulations, we find that a general feature of organic−water interfaces is that of weak bonding interactions between adjacent water molecules and between the water and organic molecules. These weak water−organic interactions, present at all of the interfaces that we have studied, result in significant interfacial structuring and molecular orientation...
Planning and processing space science observations using NASA's SPICE system

The Navigation and Ancillary Information Facility (NAIF) team, acting under the directions of NASA's Office of Space Science, has built a data system-named SPICE-to assist scientists in planning and interpreting scientific observations from space-borne instruments. The principal objective of this data system is that it will provide geometric and other ancillary data used to plan space science missions and subsequently recover the full value of science instrument data returned from these missions, including correlation of individual instrument data sets with data from other instruments on the same or other spacecraft. SPICE is also used to support a host of mission engineering functions, such as telecommunications system analysis and operation of NASA's Deep Space Network antennas. This paper describes the SPICE system, including where and how it is used. It also touches on possibilities for further development and invites participation it this endeavor.
Comprehension of metaphors: A test of the two-stage processing model

This study examined the hypothesis that metaphorical sentences are comprehended in a two-stage process of first understanding the literal meaning and then using that to construct the intended metaphorical meaning. Using metaphorical quotations from Shakespeare and nonmetaphorical equivalents, no differences between the two sentence types were obtained in a paraphrasing task which measured the subject’s latency to initiate the paraphrase. Neither was there any metaphoricalnonmetaphorical difference in paraphrase adequacy. Only very minimal negative correlations of paraphrase adequacy and latency were obtained. Thus, no evidence for a two-stage processing model of metaphor comprehension was found. Reasons for such results were discussed, along with other possible processing models.
Using a Legal Lens to Better Understand and Frame Issues Shaping the Employment Environment of Non-Tenure Track Faculty Members

This article provides an overview and analysis of legal standards helping to shape the employment environment of non–tenure track faculty members. Familiarity with the significant differences in the types of employment arrangements for non–tenure track faculty and the resulting legal protections is of potential value to scholars seeking to better understand issues related to these faculty members. Many non–tenure track faculty members possess limited legal protections related to their employment, but a minority work under multiyear appointments with an expectation of renewal. The presence or absence of collective bargaining rights may also result in meaningful differences in the employment environment of non–tenure track faculty members. Additionally, the article examines the potential impact on non–tenure track faculty of legal uncertainty over First Amendment protection for individual academic freedom and other forms of professorial speech.
A fuzzy-logic architecture for autonomous multisensor data fusion

Fuzzy logic techniques have become popular to address various processes for multisensor data fusion. Examples include the following: (1) fuzzy membership functions for data association; (2) evaluation of alternative hypotheses in multiple hypothesis trackers; (3) fuzzy-logic-based pattern recognition (e.g., for feature-based object identification); and (4) fuzzy inference schemes for sensor resource allocation. These approaches have been individually successful but are limited to only a single subprocess within a data fusion system. At The Pennsylvania State University, Applied Research Laboratory, a general-purpose fuzzy-logic architecture has been developed that provides for control of sensing resources, fusion of data for tracking, automatic object recognition, control of system resources and elements, and automated situation assessment. This general architecture has been applied to implement an autonomous vehicle capable of self-direction, obstacle avoidance, and mission completion. The fuzzy logic architecture provides interpretation and fusion of multisensor data (i.e., perception) as well as logic for process control (action). This paper provides an overview of the fuzzy-logic architecture and a discussion of its application to data fusion in the context of the Department of Defense (DoD) Joint Directors of Laboratories (JDL) Data Fusion Process Model. A new, robust, fuzzy calculus is introduced. An application example is provided.
Digital halftoning using a blue noise mask

A new digital halftoning algorithm in which the halftoning algorithm is achieved by a pixelwise comparison of the gray scale image against a non-image array, the blue noise mask, is proposed. The blue noise mask is constructed such that when thresholded at any level, the resulting binary pattern has the correct first order statistics, and also its power spectrum has blue noise (high frequency) characteristics which are visually pleasing. The construction of the blue noise mask is described and experimental results are shown. Results from a psychovisual study are provided where subjects rated halftoned images that have the same first order but different second order statistics. >
Analgesic and Anti-Hyperalgesic Effects of Muscle Injections with Lidocaine or Saline in Patients with Fibromyalgia Syndrome

Background Patients with musculoskeletal pain syndrome including fibromyalgia (FM) complain of chronic pain from deep tissues including muscles. Previous research suggests the relevance of impulse input from deep tissues for clinical FM pain. We hypothesized that blocking abnormal impulse input with intramuscular lidocaine would decrease primary and secondary hyperalgesia and FM patients’ clinical pain.
SHIFT OF THE MEDIASTINUM WITH RESPIRATION; A BRONCHOSPIROMETRIC STUDY IN PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS.

Mediastinal shift during respiration was observed in 28 per cent of 800 patients with advanced pulmonary tuberculosis; roentgenographic and pulmonary data were analyzed in 75 consecutive patients selected from this series. A group of 61 patients without mediastinal shift served as controls. The patients with mediastinal shift had more severe impairment of ventilatory function than the controls and bronchospirometry showed greater inequality of lateralization of this impairment. Mediastinal shift was classified as obstructive, restrictive or combined, depending on the ventilatory defect in the lung producing the mediastinal shift. Bronchospirometry showed significantly greater impairment of function of the lung producing the shift in the restrictive than in the obstructive group. In all groups, oxygen uptake of the lung responsible for the mediastinal shift was impaired more than ventilation or vital capacity. Shift of the mediastinum with respiration cannot be produced experimentally during bronchospirometry if thoracic bellows function on the side of bronchial occlusion is impaired and adequate trans-mediastinal pressure gradients are not developed. Mediastinal shift cannot occur if the mediastinum is fixed due to pleural or parenchymal lung disease, but mediastinal fixation was rarely observed.
NO Gas Loss from Biologically Crusted Soils in Canyonlands National Park, Utah

In this study, we examined N gas loss as nitric oxide (NO) from N-fixing biologically crusted soils in Canyonlands National Park, Utah. We hypothesized that NO gas loss would increase with increasing N fixation potential of the biologically crusted soil. NO fluxes were measured from biologically crusted soils with three levels of N fixation potential (Scytonema-Nostoc-Collema spp. (dark)>Scytonema-Nostoc-Microcoleus spp. (medium)>Microcoleus spp. (light)) from soil cores and field chambers. In both cores and field chambers there was a significant effect of crust type on NO fluxes, but this was highly dependent on season. NO fluxes from field chambers increased with increasing N fixation potential of the biologically crusted soils (dark>medium>light) in the summer months, with no differences in the spring and autumn. Soil chlorophyll a content (an index of N fixation potential), percent N, and temperature explained 40% of the variability in NO fluxes from our field sites. Estimates of annual NO loss from dark and light crusts was 0.04-0.16 and 0.02-0.11 kg NO-N/ha/year. Overall, NO gas loss accounts for approximately 3-7% of the N inputs via N fixation in dark and light biologically crusted soils. Land use practices have drastically altered biological soil crusts communities over the past century. Livestock grazing and intensive recreational use of public lands has resulted in a large scale conversion of dark cyanolichen crusts to light cyanobacterial crusts. As a result, changes in biologically crusted soils in arid and semi-arid regions of the western US may subsequently impact regional NO loss.
Categorization of Lower Body Shapes for Adult Females Based on Multiple View Analysis

Body shapes are generally identified by subjective comparisons of body silhouettes or by calculating ratios of girths. In this study, we developed a reliable and objective categorization method for...
EPA'S approach to radon risk assessment

The Environmental Protection Agency has estimated that 20,000 lung cancer deaths per year may be related to radon exposure. This paper briefly describes the approach used to derive the Agency's central estimate of risk to the population. The weight-of-evidence for classifying radon as a known human carcinogen and the uncertainties associated with estimating risks from radon exposure provide an important context for these estimates and are briefly discussed.
A Class of Unbiased Estimators of the Average Treatment Effect in Randomized Experiments

We derive a class of design-based estimators for the average treatment effect that are unbiased whenever the treatment assignment process is known. We generalize these estimators to include unbiased covariate adjustment using any model for outcomes that the analyst chooses. We then provide expressions and conservative estimators for the variance of the proposed estimators.
Analysis of thick sandwich construction by a {3,2}-order theory

Abstract This study is an extension of the {1,2}-order plate theory to a higher order {3,2} theory. Based on the equivalent single-layer assumptions, the in-plane and transverse displacement components are expressed as cubic and quadratic expansions through the thickness of the sandwich construction. Also, the transverse stress component is assumed to vary as a cubic function through the thickness. Utilizing Reissner’s definitions for kinematics of thick plates, the displacement components at any point on the plate are approximated in terms of weighted-average quantities (displacements and rotations) that are functions of the in-plane coordinates. The undetermined coefficients defining the in-plane and transverse displacement fields are then expressed in terms of the weighted-average displacements and rotations and their derivatives by directly employing Reissner’s definitions and enforcing the zero transverse-shear-stress conditions on the upper and lower surfaces of the sandwich panel. The coefficients defining the transverse stress component are obtained by requiring the transverse strain component, which is expressed in terms of the unknown coefficients of the transverse stress component from a mixed constitutive relation, to be the least-squares equivalent of the kinematic definition of the transverse strain component. The resulting expressions for the unknown coefficients of the transverse stress component are related to resultant strains and curvatures defined from kinematic relations. The equations of equilibrium and boundary conditions of the sandwich plate based on the {3,2}-higher-order theory are derived by employing the principles of virtual displacements. The robustness and accuracy of this {3,2}-order plate theory are established through comparisons with exact solutions available in the literature. The finite element implementation of the present {3,2}-order plate theory is also discussed.
A middleware platform for a biologically inspired network architecture supporting autonomous and adaptive applications

This work describes and empirically evaluates the middleware platform of a new network architecture called the Bio-Networking Architecture. The Bio-Networking Architecture is inspired by the observation that the biological systems (e.g., bee colonies) have already developed mechanisms necessary to achieve future network requirements such as autonomy, scalability, adaptability, and simplicity. In the Bio-Networking Architecture, a network application is implemented as a group of distributed, autonomous and diverse objects called cyber-entities (CEs) (analogous to a bee colony consisting of multiple bees). Each CE implements a functional service related to the application and follows simple behaviors similar to biological entities (e.g., reproduction and migration). In the Bio-Networking Architecture, beneficial application characteristics (e.g., autonomy, scalability, adaptability, and simplicity) arise from the autonomous interaction of CEs. The middleware platform in the Bio-Networking Architecture, the bionet platform, provides reusable software components for developing, deploying, and executing CEs. The components abstract low-level operating and networking details, and implement high-level runtime services that CEs use to perform their services and behaviors. The components in the bionet platform are designed based on several biological concepts (e.g., energy exchange and pheromone emission). This work describes key designs of the bionet platform and empirically demonstrates that the bionet platform is efficient, scalable, reusable, and significantly simplifies development of network applications.
Periodic paralysis and the sodium‐potassium pump

Analysis of the pathophysiology of hypokalemic paralysis, as it occurs in barium poisoning, chronic potassium deficiency, and thyrotoxicosis, suggests that these disorders may have a similar mechanism. An increased ratio of muscle sodium permeability to potassium permeability reduces the ionic diffusion potential, while the resting membrane potential is sustained by an increase of Na-K pump electrogenesis. The result is that potassium entry (the sum of active and passive influx) exceeds potassium efflux; this causes a large shift of extracellular potassium into muscle until the Na-K pump turns off, leading to depolarization and paralysis. The primary defect in familial hypokalemic periodic paralysis, as in the example of barium poisoning, may be a marked reduction of muscle permeability to potassium.
The tunnel source MOSFET: A novel asymmetric device solution for ultra-low power applications

With aggressive MOSFET scaling, short channel effects (DIBL and V TH roll-off), off-state and gate leakage, parasitic capacitance and resistance severely limit the device performance. These, in addition to V DD scaling limitation and high sub-threshold swing (≫60mv/dec) give rise to high I OFF and make power dissipation, both dynamic and static, an enormous challenge, especially for low power/low current applications. New device innovations are essential to achieve low I OFF by having steep sub-threshold behavior for low power applications. Towards this end, a novel asymmetric Tunneling Source MOSFET is proposed in this paper. The main feature of this device is the concept of gate controlled carrier injection through band-to-band tunneling at the source junction. This novel device has the potential for steep sub-threshold behavior (≪60mv/dec), improved I ON /I OFF and high R OUT and gain (g m × R OUT ) at low bias currents. It also possesses excellent immunity against short channel effects which improves scalability into sub-50nm regime and makes it an attractive candidate for low power digital and analog operations.
Family Caregiver Role and Burden Related to Gender and Family Relationships

This study described and contrasted family caregivers and explored the effect of gender and family relationship on the caregiver's role perception, workload, burden, and family help. Home care agencies and community organizations assisted with the recruitment of 533 multicultural, predominantly Latino caregivers who were interviewed at home. The Caregiver Identity Theory guided the study. Survey instruments were standardized tools or were constructed and pretested for this study. Descriptive statistics and t-test analyses assisted in describing the sample, and multivariate analyses were used to contrast the caregiver groups. Findings suggested a gendered approach to self-appraisal and coping. Men in this predominantly Latino and Caribbean sample felt less burden and depression than women who believed caregiving is a female duty. Family nurses should pay attention to the most vulnerable groups-older spouses resistant to using family and community resources and hard-working female adult children-and assess each family situation individually.