cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Terminal Restlessness in the Dying: Hospice Attitudes and Practice

An exploratory study was conducted to ascertain hospice attitudes and practices related to terminal restlessness, a syndrome found in an estimated 1 to 2 percent of dying patients (Kaye, 1997). Three hundred two participating hospices responded to survey questions. Chi-square analyses were conducted to explore frequency differences between the independent variable, utilization of a terminal restlessness tool, and each of the dependent variables: location, census, utilization of a treatment protocol, and number of cases of terminal restlessness reported. Chi-square analysis was also conducted to explore a frequency difference between the independent variable, average daily census, and the dependent variable, number of cases of terminal restlessness reported. With the exception of two predicted relationships, there were no significant differences in the proportion of responses between the independent and dependent variables. Implications of these results for hospice attitudes and practice are discussed. Sug...
The dialogical prioritization of calls: Toward a communicative model of justice

While the philosophy of ethics of Emmanuel Levinas has had a profound impact on contemporary moral theory, there remains the formidable practical task of transforming his interpersonal account of ethics into a viable and productive model of justice with which to guide political decision making. This essay undertakes a preliminary investigation of this task. Consistent with Levinas, this essay claims that justice must begin with the acknowledgment of the Other and recognizes the important role that communication can play in the unmasking of the Other's face. But in the move to the social, multi‐personal relation, communication is needed not only to recover or unmask the face of the Other, but also to dialogically prioritize multiple ethical summonses. This essay argues, therefore, that Levinas's philosophy of ethics recommends a constraint on justice in which the competing calls of multiple Others are prioritized not by invoking an external hierarchy of principles, but through dialogue. This prioritization...
Etching of copper at high rates via generation of volatile copper species

Two approaches to etching of copper have been identified. The first approach involves generating various adducts of CuX where X = Cl or Br, LnCuX, where n = 1 or 2 and L is a Lewis base. Various compounds with general formula LnCuX have been identified where L = PMe3, PEt3, P(i-Pr)3, and PBU3. The second approach involves the reaction of Cu films with Cu(hfac)2 (where hfac = 1,1,1,5,5,5- hexafluoroacetylacetonate) and various L to form two equivalents of (hfac)CuL. Various (hfac)CuL species have been identified where L = alkyne (2-butyne, bis-trimethylsilyl acetylene, pentyne), olefin (1,5-cylooctadiene, vinyltrimethylsilane) and PR3 (PMe3, PEt3). Spontaneous etching experiments have been carried out using copper films in a hot-wall reactor. Etch rates up to 1 pm/min have been achieved at temperatures below 150°C. The high etch rates are the result of the high vapor pressures of the LnCuX and (hfac)CuL which are on the order of 0.1 -1 Torr at 60-100°C. The application of these and other chemical approaches to plasma and laser etching of copper is under investigation.
Parenting Success and Challenges for Families of Children with Disabilities: An Ecological Systems Analysis

This article examines factors that are associated with parenting success for caregivers of children with disabilities using Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems framework. Although numerous studies have investigated risk factors for negative parenting among caregivers of children with disabilities, there are relatively few research findings on parenting success. More specifically, we examine factors for parenting success within the context of micro- (parenting practices, parent-child relations), meso(caregivers’ marital relations, religious social support), and macro-systems (cultural variations, racial and ethnic disparities, health care delivery system), which is then followed by implications for social work practice.
Competing relaxation mechanisms in strained layers.

We show that strained epitaxial layers can relax by two competing mechanisms. At large misfit, the surface becomes rough, allowing easy nucleation of dislocations. However, strain-induced surface roughening is thermally activated, and the energy barrier increases very rapidly with decreasing misfit \ensuremath{\varepsilon}. Thus below some misfit ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}}_{\mathit{c}}$, the strain relaxes by nucleation of dislocations at existing sources before the surface has time to roughen. Relaxation via surface roughening is technologically undesirable; we discuss how temperature, surfactants, or compositional grading change ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}}_{\mathit{c}}$ and so control the mode of relaxation.
Inviscid fluid in high frequency excitation field

The influence of high frequency excitations (HFE) on a fluid is investigated. The response to these excitations is decomposed in two parts: “slow” motion, which practically remains unchanged during the vanishingly small period τ, and “fast” motion whose value during this period is negligible in terms of displacements, but is essential in terms of the kinetic energy. After such a decomposition the “slow” and “fast” motions become nonlinearly coupled by the corresponding governing equations. This coupling leads to an “effective” potential energy which imparts some “elastic” properties to the fluid and stabilizes laminar flows.
Rotation of Young Low-Mass Stars in the Orion Nebula Cluster Flanking Fields

We have photometrically monitored ~3600 young, low-mass stars in four 45' × 45' fields in the outer Orion Nebula cluster, surrounding but not including the Trapezium region. The 281 periodic variables we find do not produce the expected bimodal distribution of rotation periods. There is no unambiguous correlation of period with IC-Ks, H-Ks, and U-V color excesses or more indirect disk indicators; the slowest rotators are not necessarily the disk candidates, and the disk candidates are not necessarily the slow rotators, regardless of how one defines a disk candidate. To the extent that the small numbers allow, the disk candidates represent a constant fraction of the total sample to P = 15 days, beyond which there are no disk candidates, inconsistent with the hypothesis that the more slowly rotating stars are more likely to have disks. We find an intriguing relationship between specific angular momentum (j) and some excesses, namely, H-Ks excesses and the strongest U-V excesses; whereas stars are found with j values ranging over ~106–108 km2 s-1, disk candidates with these excesses are restricted to 106.5 km2 s-1 < j < 107.5 km2 s-1. A similar relationship is not found for the IC-Ks disk candidates, or in the less excessive U-V candidates. There is no clear correlation between signal amplitude and period or log j. Other investigators have found differences in period distributions for stars more and less massive than 0.25 M⊙; we find ambiguous evidence for differences in distributions of P and no difference in those of log j on either side of this boundary, although for stars more massive than ~0.6 M⊙, values appear to cluster around j = 107 km2 s-1. When comparing the log j distribution derived here with those for other clusters, we find that it is consistent with a population of stars draining angular momentum into disks. We conclude that disk locking may be operating, but it is not the complete solution to the problem of angular momentum distributions in young stars. We find weak (1.5–2 σ) evidence for a change in stellar structure, spot coverage, and/or disk characteristics for stars redder than V-IC ~ 2.5 (type ~M3, ~0.25 M⊙). We find that at least ~10% of the stars have identical light curves (shape and phase) between the two seasons of our observations, suggesting that the lifetime of the photospheric disturbance causing periodic modulations in these stars is at least a year.
What is surgery

Progress in surgical science has been characterized by a continuous cycle of innovation from bedside to bench to bedside. Beginning 30,000 years ago with the first bone needles to surgical lasers and robotics of today, each quantum leap has resulted from the convergence of technical advances and creative surgeons, but always defined by an attitude of care toward the sick. One of the most innovative pediatric surgeons, Dr. Mark Ravitch, elucidated some simple yet profound principles in the precise answer to the question "What is Surgery?" This section outlines some simple concepts summarized as "Ravitch's Rules," which provide a useful framework for clarity in understanding the past and illuminating the road ahead. Surgeons must be thoughtful in how they define themselves and their craft, ignoring technological advances at their own peril.
Deuterium retention in tungsten at elevated temperatures

Abstract The tungsten ITER divertor will be operated at temperatures above 1000 K. Most of the laboratory experiments on hydrogen isotope retention in tungsten have been performed at lower temperatures where the hydrogen is retained as both atoms and molecules. At higher temperatures, atomic trapping plays a smaller role. The purpose of this paper is to see if hydrogen is trapped at internal voids at elevated temperatures, and to see if gas-filled cavities can be formed at high fluences. Additionally, this paper examines the effect of helium bubbles and radiation damage on trapping.
Local Axial Relative Velocity Measurements in Bubbly, Cap-Bubbly, and Slug Flows

The local axial relative velocity between the gas and liquid phases in vertical air-water two-phase bubbly, cap-bubbly, and slug flows is investigated at axial measurement locations of z/D = 10 and 32. These measurements are performed in an acrylic vertical pipe with an inner diameter of 50 mm and a height of 3.2 m. The local gas-phase velocity and void fraction measurements are performed using a four-sensor conductivity probe at 14 radial locations. The void fraction profiles are presented to show the flow structure and are used along with visual observation to classify the flow regimes. The liquid-phase velocity measurements are performed using a particle image velocimetry (PIV) system. To separate the liquid-phase information from that of the gas phase an optical phase separation method that uses fluorescent particles and an optical filtration technique is adopted. To remove other noises, such as bubble residuals, background noise, and optically distorted particles from the images that are not removed using the optical phase separation method, an image pre-processing scheme is applied to the raw PIV images. The local axial relative velocity obtained from these local gas- and liquid-phase measurements are important for modeling the momentum transfer between the two phases.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Mucilage processing and secretion in the green alga Closterium. II: Ultrastructure and immunocytochemistry

We conducted an ultrastructural and immunocytochemical analysis of the subcellular components involved in mucilage secretion in Closterium. In conventionally fixed cells, the mucilage vesicle appears dense-cored with an electron-dense center surrounded by radiating fibrils. In freeze-substituted cells, the vesicles are highly osmiophilic. These mucilage vesicles are produced from peripheral swellings of the trans face cisternae of the Golgi apparatus (GA). The vesicles apparently move from the GA, found in cytoplasmic depressions between lobes of the plastid, to the sub-plasma membrane peripheral cytoplasm. Here, they become associated with components of the peripheral cytoskeletal network. The mucilage is ultimately released through flask-shaped pores in the cell wall.
Fracture behavior of individual carbon fibers in tension using nano-fabricated notches

Abstract The fracture toughness of single Toray T700 polyacrylonitrile (PAN) carbon fibers is measured using focused ion beam (FIB) nano-fabrication techniques to induce controlled geometry of end notches with lengths 100 nm to 1 μm. These fibers were subjected to axial loading with a nano-tensile testing system for evaluating mode I fracture behavior. The test data indicates the mode-I fracture toughness (KIC) for these PAN based carbon fibers is 1.73 MPa m1/2 for notch sizes larger than 300 nm, which compares well with limited previous studies. However, measurement scatter in the current study is significantly reduced by using a FIB artificial notch opposed to the native flaw distribution for fracture initiation. In addition, improved fiber mounting and alignment procedures coupled with the precision of the nano-tensile testing system assist in unprecedented resolution in single fiber fracture toughness. For notch sizes less than 0.3 μm, the KIC fracture toughness increases with decreasing notch size, confirming PAN carbon fibers sheath/core microstructure hypothesis. The softer core and harder shell due to synthesis and processing steps suggest the measured data has important implications to single carbon fiber structure–mechanical property relationship.
Transactional memory and the birthday paradox

Many word-based Software TransactionalMemory systems (STMs) have been proposed using tagless ownership tables, where read and write permissions are granted at the granularity of all addresses that map to a given ownership table entry. This optimization to reduce overhead potentially results in false conflicts. Using address traces from a multithreaded program, we demonstrate that the frequency of these false conflicts grows superlinearly with both the TM data footprint and concurrency and that increasing the size of the ownership table results in only a sub-linear reduction in conflict rate. These somewhat surprising relationships have a theoretical foundation that is also responsible for the (naively) unintuitive statistical result generally referred to as the "Birthday Paradox." We present an analytical model based on random population of an ownership table by concurrently executing transactions that correctly predicts the trends in measured data. These results call into question the viability of such an optimization that can undermine the scalability and concurrency claims of software transactional memory.
Spectrum simplification by broadband homonuclear decoupling

Abstract A method of spectrum simplification by broadband homonuclear decoupling is described and illustrated with the spectrum of dimethyl N-(phenylacetyl)-L-glutamate.
Chronic widespread pain and fibromyalgia: what we know, and what we need to know

Fibromyalgia (FM) is currently defined as the presence of both chronic widespread pain (CWP) and the finding of 11/18 tender points on examination. Only about 20% of individuals in the population with CWP also have 11/18 tender points; these individuals are considerably more likely to be female, and have higher levels of psychological distress. There is no clear clinical diagnosis for the other 80% of individuals with less than 11/18 tender points, but it is likely that these persons, like FM patients, also have pain that is 'central' (i.e. not due to inflammation or damage of structures) rather than peripheral in nature. Research into FM has taught us a great deal about the confluence of neurobiological, psychological and behavioural factors that can cause chronic central pain. These conditions respond best to a combination of symptom-based pharmacological therapies, and non-pharmacological therapies such as exercise and cognitive behavioural therapy. In contrast to drugs that work for peripheral pain due to damage or inflammation (e.g. NSAIDs, corticosteroids), neuroactive compounds [especially those that raise central levels of noradrenaline (norepinephrine) or serotonin] are most effective for treating central pain.
Ethanolamine Metabolism in the Rat.

SummaryEthanolamine-1,2-C14 was readily metabolized by the rat, rat tissue slices, and rat tissue homogenates. Over 50% of the administered ethanolamine-1,2-C14 was incorporated into the lipid fraction and 11% was oxidized to C14O2 by the intact rat in an 8-hour period. Ethanolamine oxidation was decreased by vitamin B6 deficiency but not by thiamine deficiency. Glycolaldehyde was not detected as an intermediate in ethanolamine oxidation in rat tissue preparations.
A one-dimensional modeling study of carbonaceous haze effects on the springtime Arctic environment

The effect of carbonaceous Arctic haze on the surface energy balance was investigated using a specially developed one-dimensional three-component numerical model which accounts for the transfer of IR and solar radiation through the atmosphere, turbulent mixing within the boundary layer, and heat conduction through snow-capped sea ice. The results of calculations indicate that, when haze is present, the surface temperature increases, provided the relative humidity through the column does not change. The increase is due to an increase in the absorbed radiation at the surface.
Algorithm, Architecture, and Floating-Point Unit Codesign of a Matrix Factorization Accelerator

This paper examines the mapping of algorithms encountered when solving dense linear systems and linear least-squares problems to a custom Linear Algebra Processor. Specifically, the focus is on Cholesky, LU (with partial pivoting), and QR factorizations and their blocked algorithms. As part of the study, we expose the benefits of redesigning floating point units and their surrounding data-paths to support these complicated operations. We show how adding moderate complexity to the architecture greatly alleviates complexities in the algorithm. We study design tradeoffs and the effectiveness of architectural modifications to demonstrate that we can improve power and performance efficiency to a level that can otherwise only be expected of full-custom ASIC designs. A feasibility study of inner kernels is extended to blocked level and shows that, at block level, the Linear Algebra Core (LAC) can achieve high efficiencies with up to 45 GFLOPS/W for both Cholesky and LU factorization, and over 35 GFLOPS/W for QR factorization. While maintaining such efficiencies, our extensions to the MAC units can achieve up to 10, 12, and 20 percent speedup for the blocked algorithms of Cholesky, LU, and QR factorization, respectively.
Modeling of Orthostatic Intolerance During Lower Body Negative Pressure

Postflight orthostatic intolerance (POI) afflicts a significant fraction of male astronauts and nearly all female astronauts when they first stand on Earth after spaceflight. Symptoms include dizziness and fainting, which can impact their abilities to perform critical tasks during the post-landing period. On the Moon or Mars, poor performance or accidents resulting from POI may have potentially catastrophic consequences due to the more hazardous conditions and lack of medical facilities. In addition, the long duration flights necessary to reach Mars may elicit adaptations that increase the risk of POI. Of the many factors that may influence POI, one of the few that may explain the gradual decline in arterial blood pressure experienced by many subjects during stand tests is the loss of blood volume by capillary filtration. Previous simulations suggest that elevated capillary filtration rates distinguish nonfinishers from finishers of stand tests [1, 2]. In this investigation, further computer modeling was undertaken to compare modeled orthostatic response to that of volunteers during graded orthostatic stress (GOS) involving head up tilt (HUT) and lower body negative pressure (LBNP), which reliably produces presyncope and is a candidate training countermeasure for preventing POI.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Pseudotyped AAV vector-mediated gene transfer in a human fetal trachea xenograft model: implications for in utero gene therapy for cystic fibrosis.

Background: Lung disease including airway infection and inflammation currently causes the majority of morbidities and mortalities associated with cystic fibrosis (CF), making the airway epithelium and the submucosal glands (SMG) novel target cells for gene therapy in CF. These target cells are relatively inaccessible to postnatal gene transfer limiting the success of gene therapy. Our previous work in a human-fetal trachea xenograft model suggests the potential benefit for treating CF in utero. In this study, we aim to validate adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (AAV2) gene transfer in a human fetal trachea xenograft model and to compare transduction efficiencies of pseudotyping AAV2 vectors in fetal xenografts and postnatal xenograft controls. Methodology/Principal Findings: Human fetal trachea or postnatal bronchus controls were xenografted onto immunocompromised SCID mice for a four-week engraftment period. After injection of AAV2/2, 2/1, 2/5, 2/7 or 2/8 with a LacZ reporter into both types of xenografts, we analyzed for transgene expression in the respiratory epithelium and SMGs. At 1 month, transduction by AAV2/2 and AAV2/8 in respiratory epithelium and SMG cells was significantly greater than that of AAV2/1, 2/5, and 2/7 in xenograft tracheas. Efficiency in SMG transduction was significantly greater in AAV2/8 than AAV2/ 2. At 3 months, AAV2/2 and AAV2/8 transgene expression was .99% of respiratory epithelium and SMG. At 1 month, transduction efficiency of AAV2/2 and AAV2/8 was significantly less in adult postnatal bronchial xenografts than in fetal tracheal xenografts. Conclusions/Significance: Based on the effectiveness of AAV vectors in SMG transduction, our findings suggest the potential utility of pseudotyped AAV vectors for treatment of cystic fibrosis. The human fetal trachea xenograft model may serve as an effective tool for further development of fetal gene therapy strategies for the in utero treatment of cystic fibrosis.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Skin and Coal Tar Creosote Exposure in a Railroad Worker

A 50-year-old male railroad worker presented to his primary care physician with an erythematous, tender skin lesion on the right knee; a biopsy of this lesion revealed squamous cell carcinoma in situ. The site of the lesion was sun-protected but had been associated with 30 years of creosote-soaked clothing. In this article, we review dermal and other malignancies associated with creosote, along with creosote occupational exposures and exposure limits. This is a unique case, given the lack of other, potentially confounding, polyaromatic hydrocarbons and the sun-protected location of the lesion.
The impact of consumer food biotechnology training on knowledge and attitude.

Objective: Consumer education is an important aspect in the adoption of any new technology. The objective of this work was to determine whether consumer’s knowledge and attitudes would be influenced by a face-to-face presentation involving food biotechnology.Materials and Methods: Participants (576) were requested to complete a pre-test prior to receiving a 45–80 minute presentation, which was then followed by a post-test. Participants included members from a community organization, undergraduate and graduate college students and cooperative extension educators (county agents).Results: Following training, 98% to 99% correctly indicated that fruits and vegetables contain chromosomes and that foods from biotech crops were currently sold in grocery stores. Prior to training, only 31% felt that these crops were properly regulated by federal agencies, and only 25% were confident that bioengineering was unlikely to make an existing food allergenic. Following training, 83% felt that these crops were properly reg...
A scalable system for community discovery in Twitter during Hurricane Sandy

The wide use of microbloggers such as Twitter offers a valuable and reliable source of information during natural disasters. The big volume of Twitter data calls for a scalable data management system whereas the semi-structured data analysis requires full-text searching function. As a result, it becomes challenging yet essential for disaster response agencies to take full advantage of social media data for decision making in a near-real-time fashion. In this work, we use Lucene to empower HBase with full-text searching ability to build a scalable social media data analytics system for observing and analyzing human behaviors during the Hurricane Sandy disaster. Experiments show the scalability and efficiency of the system. Furthermore, the discovery of communities has the benefit of identifying influential users and tracking the topical changes as the disaster unfolds. We develop a novel approach to discover communities in Twitter by applying spectral clustering algorithm to retweet graph. The topics and influential users of each community are also analyzed and demonstrated using Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI).
Cognitive impairment over the age of 85: Hospitalization and mortality

The risks of cognitive impairment among hospitalized patients over age 85 are not adequately understood. We used electronically recorded ICD-9 codes of inpatients over 85 years old to identify patients age > or =85 who showed signs of cognitive impairment during hospitalization at our institution. We randomly selected patient records showing cognitive impairment and patient control records matched for age and admission date but without cognitive impairment and obtained mortality information up to 18 months after discharge. Records were further examined to characterize hospital stay including reason for admission. After adjustment for comorbidities and potential confounders, patients over age 85 with ICD-9-defined cognitive impairment had increased risk of death within the hospital (hazard ratio (HR)=3.99; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.42-37.90; p=0.229), in the first year after hospitalization (HR=2.35; 95% CI 1.15-4.78; p=0.019), and cumulatively (HR=2.46; 95% CI 1.26-4.82; p=0.009). In this matched cohort of hospitalized patients > or =85 years old, cognitive impairment was associated with an increased mortality rate. Because of this additional risk of death, hospitalized geriatric patients who are cognitively impaired may merit closer monitoring.
Excess algal symbionts increase the susceptibility of reef corals to bleaching

Understanding the factors that influence coral susceptibility to thermally induced bleaching may aid reef management efforts. Now corals with high symbiont cell densities are shown to be more susceptible to bleaching, indicating that environmental conditions which increase symbiont densities—such as nutrient pollution—could exacerbate climate-induced coral bleaching.
Alteration of human breast tumor cell membrane functions by chromosome-mediated gene transfer

BOT-2 cells (human breast tumor origin) have an impaired ability to utilize exogenous thymidine. Previous studies revealed this deficiency to be the permeation event rather than phosphorylation, since the cells have active thymidine kinase. Chromosome-mediated gene transfer was used to transfer genetic information in the form of metaphase chromosomes, from HeLa-65 cells to the BOT-2 cells, correcting the permease deficiency. Poly-L-ornithine or lipochromes were used for facilitation of chromosome uptake. After selection on HAT medium, transferant clones were isolated at a frequency of 4 x 10(-5) and 1 x 10(-5), respectively. Transferants MGP-1 and MGL-1 are stable after 18 months and have been characterized on the bases of purine and pyrimidine nucleoside uptake, relative thymidine kinase activities, alkaline phosphatase activities, and hydrocortisone-induced alkaline phosphatase activity. MGP-1 demonstrates positive thymidine uptake and incorporates radiolabeled thymidine into DNA. MGL-1 remains thymidine transport-deficient and surveys on HAT by increasing endogenous dihydrofolate reductase activity. Alkaline phosphatase activity in MGL-1 is similar to HeLa-65, 2% of that in BOT-2, and in addition, is inducible 25-30-fold by 3 micro M hydrocortisone. We have separated, genetically, a thymidine permease function from phosphorylation in cells of human origin and have transferred genetic information for the regulation of alkaline phosphatase.
What Moral Saints Look Like

Most of us have never met a moral saint, and so it may be difficult for us to imagine what such a person would be like. Even before thinking too deeply about what it takes to be a moral saint, we tend to think that being a saint must be quite difficult. We might even think that the difficulty of being a moral saint — the sacrifice it involves — is in fact a burden, a project so all-consuming that it causes a person to be deprived in certain important ways. If this deprivation is severe enough, the life of the moral saint begins to look awfully bleak. Indeed, the most influential philosophical account of moral sainthood paints a rather bleak picture. But is it really so bad to be a moral saint? If we look more carefully at just what is required for moral sainthood, and if we observe the life of a living, breathing moral saint, we find that it is not so bad after all.
Three-dimensional solidification - A numerical approach

The problem of three-dimensional solidification occurs in many practical applications. A numerical grid generation approach is taken to study solidification of three-dimensional objects with arbitrary temperature distributions over one of the bounding surfaces. The formulation of the problem is based on the conduction model, and the interface is characterized by the Stefan condition. Elliptic-type grid generation expressions are used to construct a three-dimensional mesh over the solution domain, which is continuously updated to account for the moving interface. Several examples are presented to demonstrate the applicability of the technique to such moving-boundary problems.
Retention of VOR gain following short-term VOR adaptation

Motor learning in the vestibular system can be differentially obtained depending upon the context for which the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) has been exposed. Manipulating head orientation relative to gravity is an example of a contextual cue that can elicit independent VOR gains. We were interested in examining retention of short-term VOR adaptation when the adapting stimulus was paired with a novel contextual cue. Two sets of non-human primate VOR adaptation experiments were designed to assess the influence of head position relative to gravity on retention of the pitch VOR. First, the pitch VOR of three squirrel monkeys was adapted for 3 h using minimizing (x0.45) spectacles and a sum-of-sines stimulus (20 degrees /s at 0.5, 1.1, 2.3, and 3.7 Hz) while the animals were positioned left ear down (LED adaptation). Pitch VOR gains were measured in the adapted position (LED) and two non-adapted positions (upright, UP) or right ear down (RED). In the second set of experiments, the pitch VOR was adapted in an upright head position (same adapting stimulus as used in LED) and tested in UP, LED or RED. No head immobility or darkness restrictions were imposed on the animals after the initial adaptation exposure. The pitch VOR gains were measured during the acceleration (G (A)) and constant velocity (G (V)) portions of 1,000 degrees /s(2)-150 degrees /s step responses and during 0.5, 2.0, and 4.0 Hz sinusoids with velocities varying from 20 to 100 degrees /s. All measures of VOR gain for UP, LED, and RED were done immediately after the adaptation and for three subsequent days and at post-adaptation day 7 (PAD 7). When tested in the adapting position, all experiments showed immediate reduction in G (A) and G (V) compared with pre-adaptation levels. For LED adaptation experiments, the pitch G (A) and G (V) gains were significantly reduced for as long as 7 days. Some retention of the LED-adapted VOR gain also occurred when testing in the RED position. No retention of pitch VOR G (A) or G (V) existed for the UP position after adaptation in LED. After the UP-adapt experiments, no retention of the G (A) or G (V) was found when tested in the adapting position. Interestingly, however, some retention of G (A) and G (V) did exist when the UP-adapted animals were tested in LED or RED. Data from sinusoidal rotations followed a similar adaptation pattern as the step responses. Our findings show that after only 3 h of adaptation exposure, adaptation of the pitch VOR gain is retained for several days. This long-term retention of VOR adaptation after short-term exposure appears to be the result of inducing adaptation with an atypical combination of movement and position for the monkey (LED-adapt). Our results indicate that head orientation relative to gravity is an effective context for retaining learned VOR gains in addition to restricting mobility or keeping animals in the dark. We also show that the adapting head position determines the magnitude of VOR adaptation.
Comparison of cloud forcing derived from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment with that simulated by the NCAR Community Climate Model

The cloud radiative forcing derived from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) data was compared with cloud forcing simulated by a T42 version of the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM). The comparison indicates a number of deficiencies in the CCM. Namely, it is shown that the model emits substantially more long-wave radiation than is observed by ERBE. This overestimation is attributed to two model characteristics: (1) the model is too dry and thus reduces the greenhouse longwave radiation effect of the atmosphere (permitting more longwave radiation to escape into space); and (2) the effective high cloud amount is quite small in the model.
Thermodynamic assessment of the Am–Pu system with input from ab initio

Based on the CALPHAD approach, thermodynamic properties and phase diagram of the Am–Pu system are assessed with input from results of ab initio electronic-structure calculations within the framework of density-functional theory. Despite the limited availability of experimental data on this binary system, thermodynamic assessment has been performed and two phase diagrams are proposed that make distinction at high temperature between the relative stability of the bcc phase and the liquid state. Our investigation provides guidance and motivates further experimental studies.
Viability imaging by cardiac computed tomography

First-pass perfusion and delayed enhancement cardiac imaging have been shown to be feasible by cardiac CT. However, questions remain about its reliability, and ideal scanning parameters have yet to be fully established. In general, scar imaging with cardiac CT typically requires 2 scans, with first-pass perfusion information derived from the same data set used to visualize the coronary arteries. Reduced contrast enhancement on first-pass cardiac CT images represents reduced perfusion. Higher doses of contrast are required to perform viability imaging by cardiac CT. Approximately 10 minutes after contrast administration, viability information is obtained by performing a second (noncontrast) scan. In addition to the concepts of perfusion and viability imaging by cardiac CT, we review parameters such as scan timing, tube settings, contrast delivery, reconstruction, and postprocessing techniques, as well as the associated pitfalls and technical limitations in perfusion and viability imaging by cardiac CT.
Proximal stratigraphy and syn-eruptive faulting in rhyolitic Grants Ridge Tuff, New Mexico, USA

Abstract Proximal deposits of the 3.3 Ma Grants Ridge Tuff, part of a 5-km 3 topaz rhyolite sequence, are composed of basal pyroclastic flow, surge, and fallout deposits, a thick central ignimbrite, and upper surge and fallout deposits. Large lithic blocks (≤2 m) of underlying sedimentary and granitic bedrock that are present in lower pyroclastic flow and fallout deposits indicate that the eruptive sequence began with explosive, conduit-excavating eruptions. The massive, nonwelded central ignimbrite displays evidence for postemplacement deformation. The upper pyroclastic surge deposits are dominated by fine ash, some beds containing accretionary lapilli, soft-sediment deformation features, and mud-coated lithic lapilli, indicating an explosive, hydromagmatic component to these later eruptions. The upper fall and surge deposits are overlain by fluvially reworked volcaniclastic deposits that truncate the primary section with a relatively planar surface. The proximal, upper pyroclastic surge and Plinian fall deposits are preserved only in small grabens (5–8 m deep and wide), where they subsided into the ignimbrite and were protected from reworking. The pyroclastic surge and fall deposits within the grabens are offset by numerous small normal faults. The offset on some faults decreases upward through the section, indicating that the faulting process may have been syn-eruptive. Several graben-bounding faults extend downward into the ignimbrite, but the uppermost, fluvially reworked tephra layers are not cut by these faults. The faulting mechanism may have been related to settling and compaction of the 60 m thick, valley-filling ignimbrite along the axis of the paleovalley. Draping surge contacts against the graben faults and brittle and soft-style disruption of the upper pyroclastic surge beds indicate that subsidence was ongoing during the emplacement of the upper eruptive sequence. Seismicity accompanying the late-stage hydromagmatic explosions may have contributed to the abrupt settling and compaction of the ignimbrite.
Examining the Process of Developing a Research- Based Mathematics Curriculum and Its Policy Implications

The implementation of “research-based” mathematics curricula is increasingly becoming a central element of mathematics education reform policies. Given the recent focus on grounding mathematics curriculum policies in research, it is important to understand precisely what it means for a curriculum to be research-based. Using the Curriculum Research Framework (CRF), this paper examines the development process of Math Trailblazers to help situate decision-making processes related to curricula in the broader mathematics education policy landscape. In the process of developing and revising the curriculum, the development and research teams have specifically developed field test materials, researched ways in which teachers and students use and learn with the materials in a small number of classrooms, and then completed research-based revisions of the curriculum materials. While certain elements of the CRF are represented in the research and revision process, other elements, such as why and under what conditions...
Human population effects on genetic diversity of salmonid fishes

Almost all members of the Pacific Salmon have an anadromous life history with reproduction, egg development and juvenile feeding taking place in freshwater. This makes salmon vulnerable to human activities like logging, dam building, agricultural irrigation and hatchery activities. Initially the effect was local and minor in nature. Lately with expanded pen farming and ocean ranching of salmon, some species like pinks and chums, are being moved between streams or from one location to another on a scale not anticipated earlier. The interaction of enhanced and wild stocks of salmon is potentially reducing genetic diversity, which universally is considered necessary for maintaining healthy stocks of salmon. A possible solution is to establish salmon sanctuaries without any enhancement activities.
Changes of renal mRNA species abundance by ochratoxin A.

Abstract Ochratoxin A is a nephrotoxin produced by certain species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. We have found previously that renal but not hepatic P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase, and the mRNA for this enzyme, are rapidly decreased in rats and swine fed 0.1 to 1 mg/kg body weight for a few days. In the present study, we isolated kidney mRNA from rats fed ochratoxin A for 2–5 days. By screening a rat kidney cDNA library with [ 32 P]RNA, we have identified several renal mRNAs whose concentration is changed within 2 days by the toxin. The transcription rate of each mRNA was measured in nuclei isolated from kidneys of rats fed ochratoxin A. The incorporation of [ 32 P]UMP into P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase mRNA and the synthesis of other RNAs were not affected. Therefore, the toxin changes mRNA abundance at the post-transcriptional level.
Greenhouse gas, animal performance, and bacterial population structure responses to dietary monensin fed to dairy cows.

The present study investigated the effects of a feed additive and rumen microbial modifier, monensin sodium (monensin), on selected variables in lactating dairy cows. Monensin fed cows (MON, 600 mg d -1 ) were compared with untreated control cows (CON, 0 mg d -1 ) with respect to the effects of monensin on the production of three greenhouse gases (GHG), methane (CH 4 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), along with animal performance (dry matter intake; DMI), milk production, milk components, plasma urea nitrogen (PUN), milk urea nitrogen (MUN), and the microbial population structure of fresh feces. Measurements of GHG were collected at Days 14 and 60 in an environmental chamber simulating commercial dairy freestall housing conditions. Milk production and DMI measurements were collected twice daily over the 60-d experimental period; milk components, PUN, and MUN were measured on Days 14 and 60. The microbial population structure of feces from 6 MON and 6 CON cows was examined on three different occasions (Days 14, 30, and 60). Monensin did not affect emissions of methane (CH 4 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). Over a 24-h period, emissions of CH 4 , N 2 O, and CO 2 decreased in both MON and CON groups. Animal performance and the microbial population structure of the animal fresh waste were also unaffected for MON vs. CON cows.
On the appearance and mechanisms of formation of langevin-type ions and related nuclei

This paper calls attention to the existence of a stable class of nuclei which charged are termed Langevin ions and uncharged can be called Langevin nuclei. These have diameters lying around 10−6 to 10−6 cm, depending on humidity, and consist of on the order of 106 H2O molecules often formed about some chemical center. They readily lead to cloudy condensation on supersaturation. The various processes by which such nuclei are generated form the basis of this paper. The hazes produced by aggregates of such particles frequently are mistakenly called smogs though they may come from such natural causes as the evaporation of sea fogs.
Clotting of bovine fibrinogen. Calcium binding to fibrin during clotting and its dependence on release of fibrinopeptide B.

Polymerization of bovine fibrinogen acted upon by thrombin is accompanied by binding of Ca2+ and a concomitant decrease of the free Ca2+ concentration. The latter can be recorded by a Ca2+-selective electrode as a shift in the electrode potential. The shift shows marked dependence on the initial free Ca2+ concentration, being maximal at about 10(-4.1) M and decreasing sharply on either side of this. Thus, the effect is limited to the 10(-3)-10(-5) M free Ca2+ concentration range. From the initial and the final value of the electrode potential during a clotting experiment, the amount of Ca2+ bound to fibrinogen and fibrin, respectively, can be calculated. The difference between the two, plotted against free Ca2+ concentration, gives a bell-shaped curve. This indicates that the reason for the Ca2+ binding is a shift of the pK of some groups from a lower to higher value. The recordings can be used for evaluation of the kinetics of the Ca2+ uptake. However, they have to be corrected for the effect of the continuous shift in the free Ca2+ concentration during the experiment. The reaction does not follow simple kinetics, showing a lag period. Therefore, rates were estimated from inverse half-reaction times. Half-times of the corrected curves show that the reaction is first order with respect to thrombin. Moreover, the rate of Ca2+ uptake is identical with that of the conformational change seen in differential scanning calorimetry [Donovan, J.W., & Mihalyi, E. '1985) Biochemistry 24, 3434]. The inverse rate and the final corrected Ca2+ uptake increase linearly with the initial fibrinogen concentration. Concomitant estimates of fibrinopeptide A and B release showed that the Ca2+ uptake runs parallel to the release of fibrinopeptide B. Fibrinopeptide A was released largely during the lag period of the Ca2+ uptake. In agreement with this, clotting with Ancrod, an enzyme that liberates only fibrinopeptide A, was not accompanied by binding of Ca2+. Thus, polymerization is not sufficient for the Ca2+ uptake to occur; liberation of fibrinopeptide B seems to be obligatory. Further support for this was obtained with experiments with the polymerization inhibitor Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro. The tetrapeptide inhibits polymerization and also, proportional to this, release of fibrinopeptide B [Hurlet-Jensen, A., Cummins, H.Z., Nossel, H.L., & Liu, C.Y. (1982) Thromb. Res. 27, 419; Lewis, S.D., Shields, P.P., & Shafer, J.A. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 10192]. Calcium uptake was also depressed by the tetrapeptide in a way similar to its effect upon fibrinopeptide B release.
The Alto Salaverry child: A case of anemia from the Peruvian Preceramic

Excavations during 1974 at the Peruvian Preceramic site of Alto Salaverry led to the discovery of a child's skeleton. The fragmentary skeleton exhibits cribra orbitalia, a pitting of the orbital roof associated with anemia. This specimen provides the first evidence of anemia in a population of the predominantly non-agricultural Peruvian Preceramic and extends the antiquity of the pathology among Precolumbian Peruvians.
A new mechanism for field-assisted processing and flash sintering of materials

Abstract A unified mechanism for field-assisted phenomena such as enhanced rapid flash sintering, reduction in flow stress and grain growth retardation is proposed. It is argued that defect segregation causes enhanced ionic and electronic transport along dislocations and grain boundaries, which leads to enhanced mobility of dislocations and their selective Joule heating. This selective heating, if uncontrolled, can lead to an avalanche and selective melting of grain boundaries, which is proposed to be the primary mechanism for flash sintering of oxides.
Evaluation policy: An introduction and overview

Evaluation policy is of considerable importance, especially in relation to the limited amount of attention it receives as a general topic in the mainstream evaluation literature. Evaluation policies matter for several reasons, among them that they can profoundly affect evaluation practice, they underlie many recent and current controversies about evaluation, and they may be a lever for change that can have far-reaching effects for practice. This chapter gives an overview of several issues regarding evaluation policy, including defining it, identifying possible facets of evaluation policy, describing how it is established, and outlining the potentially greater role for evaluators in shaping the evaluation policies that influence evaluation practice. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS) as a mechanism for biphotonic fluorescence excitation in microscopy

We have observed fluorescence from Coumarin 334 in solution using light of twice an actinic wavelength for excitation. The effect is demonstrated to be biphotonic, but is observed at optical powers below those required for resonant biphotonic excitation, and with an incoherent source. We infer operation of HRS. By extrapolation we propose that this effect should contribute to fluorescence under usual conditions for multiphoton fluorescence microscopy, and that it might be exploited in fluorescence microscopy under conditions where usual mechanisms are inapplicable.