cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pathophysiology of Birth Asphyxia

The pathophysiology of asphyxia generally results from interruption of placental blood flow with resultant fetal hypoxia, hypercarbia, and acidosis. Circulatory and noncirculatory adaptive mechanisms exist that allow the fetus to cope with asphyxia and preserve vital organ function. With severe and/or prolonged insults, these compensatory mechanisms fail, resulting in hypoxic ischemic injury, leading to cell death via necrosis and apoptosis. Permanent brain injury is the most severe long-term consequence of perinatal asphyxia. The severity and location of injury is influenced by the mechanisms of injury, including degree and duration, as well as the developmental maturity of the brain.
Supervoxel-Based Hierarchical Markov Random Field Framework for Multi-atlas Segmentation

Multi-atlas segmentation serves as an important technique for quantitative analysis of medical images. In many applications, top performing techniques rely on computationally expensive deformable registration to transfer labels from atlas images to the target image. We propose a more computationally efficient label transfer strategy that uses supervoxel matching regularized by Markov random field (MRF), followed by regional voxel-wise joint label fusion and a second MRF. We evaluate this hierarchical MRF framework for multi-label diencephalon segmentation from the MICCAI 2013 SATA Challenge. Our segmentation results are comparable to the top-tier one obtained by deformable registration, but with much lower computational complexity.
Congenital Arthrogryposis and Maternal Myasthenia

An infant with arthrogryposis multiplex and other malformations born to a mother who presented with myasthenia gravis immediately following cesarean section is reported from the Depts Neonatology and Obstetrics, Hasharon Hospital, Petah-Tiqva, Tel Aviv Univ Med Sch, Israel.
Effects of Permit-to-Purchase Laws on State-Level Firearm Murder Rates

The purpose of the present study is to determine if permit-to-purchase laws are significantly related to firearm murder rates. There has been very little research done on the effect of this particular gun control measure on crime. The present study differs from prior research in two ways. First, a large longitudinal data set is used, and data for all 50 states for the period 1980 to 2011 are examined. Second, a fixed effects model, controlling for both state and year effects is used. Results suggest that permit-to-purchase laws have no statistically-significant effect on state-level firearm murder rates. These results are contrary to the results found in prior studies on this topic.
Instruments and Methods: A Simple Thermal Ice Drill*

A thermal ice drill using a silicon carbide electrical resistance element has been developed. The silicon carbide element is operated bare in water, permitting a very simple and efficient drill design. Maximum operating power density in these elements is limited to 400 W./cm.3 by the tendency of wet silicon carbide to deteriorate rapidly at high current levels. The elements are readily replaceable and have a drilling life of 40 to 70 m. of hole. Normal drilling rates in ice of 5 to 6 m./hr. can be consistently maintained with 220 W. power input to the drill.
Mitochondrial Mechanisms During Ischemia and Reperfusion

Abstract Ischemic stroke is the leading cause of death and disability. Cerebral ischemia and reperfusion cause parallel changes in mitochondrial activity and adenosine triphosphate production. Animal studies have demonstrated many mechanisms involved in the neuroprotection and acute neuronal cell death, which are likely relevant to the outcomes of patients with stroke. Following an ischemic event, the initial reperfusion recovers energy-related metabolites and mitochondrial function, supporting the energy metabolism in neurons and glias for the ischemic tissue. However, calcium mobility from cytoplasm and endoplasmic reticulum into mitochondria and dynamic alteration of oxidative glucose metabolism may restrict the respiratory capacity and lead to delayed cell death in implicated brain regions. Mitochondrial dysfunction thus contributes to neurodegenerative processes after ischemic stroke, making mitochondrial homeostasis a potential target for stroke therapies. This chapter summarizes the molecular mechanisms in the mitochondrial compartment, energy metabolic changes, ion channel regulations, mitophagy, mitochondrial transfer, and biogenesis during and after ischemia.
Madness ( Eemwengu ) and Its Sources

Integrating indigenous cultural knowledge into conceptualizing mental illness offers fruitful avenues to better contextualize mental health. What is abnormal and indicative of psychological distres...
Mixed convection in fluid superposed porous layers. Part 2: Experiments

Abstract Heat transfer coefficients are reported for mixed convection in a 10 cm × 10 cm horizontal channel partially filled with a porous layer of 3 mm DIA glass beads and bottom heated over a 10 cm length. Measurements were made for Rayleigh-Darcy numbers of 35–655, Peclet numbers of 0–316, and several porous sublayer heights (0, 5, 7.5, 9 and 10 cm). Heat transfer coefficients are favorably compared to prior numerical results and thus validate predictions. The Nusselt number is sensitive to the fraction of the overall layer occupied by the porous sublayer at sublayer fractions less than 0.5, but is less so at larger sublayer fractions. The numerical prediction of a critical Peclet number at which the Nusselt number is minimum is confirmed experimentally, showing that a small cross flow can reduce heat transfer by disrupting natural convection currents. The transition to forced convection occurs at larger Peclet numbers than have been predicted numerically.
Healthcare provider perceptions of accessible exam tables in primary care: Implementation and benefits to patients with and without disabilities.

Abstract Background Recent healthcare mandates require availability of accessible medical exam equipment, which may reduce barriers to care for patients with disabilities (PWD). However, more research is needed to explore healthcare provider views on implementation and routine use of accessible equipment. Objective This study qualitatively explored healthcare provider perceptions of: (1) daily use of accessible medical examination tables with PWD; and (2) recommendations for addressing challenges to using this equipment. Methods Qualitative interviews and focus groups were conducted with physicians, nurse practitioners and registered nurses at a clinic where accessible examination tables were recently implemented in all clinic rooms. Data were coded and thematically analyzed by two researchers trained in qualitative methods. Results A total of 17 providers participated in focus groups or interviews. Participants were mostly female (82%; N = 14), and registered nurses (47%; N = 8), but also included nurse practitioners (29.4%; N = 5), and physicians (23%; N = 4). Common themes were: (1) Ease of use and functionality of tables; and (2) Challenges with use and available training. Overall, providers reported satisfaction with the tables' ability to accommodate patients who are PWD, although they expressed challenges with functionally using the tables with specific populations, such as pediatric patients. Conclusions Healthcare organizations seeking to implement height-adjustable tables should account for structural requirements of the height-adjustable tables (e.g. accommodating clearance needed when planning room sizes). Practical recommendations and policies for integrating height-adjustable tables into routine clinical care are needed to ensure equitable care for PWD.
Continuous glucose monitoring in a cystic fibrosis patient to predict pulmonary exacerbation

Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) experience a significant decline in pulmonary status before the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis related diabetes (CFRD). We hypothesized that hyperglycemia may be a factor in the decline of pulmonary function and increased frequency of pulmonary exacerbations. Long term continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has not been reported in patients with CF and impaired glucose tolerance. We performed CGM for three months in a 17year old male with F508del and F553X CF mutations, baseline forced expiratory volume in 1s (FEV1) of 92% predicted, and impaired glucose tolerance to evaluate changes in glucose levels prior to the diagnosis of a pulmonary exacerbation. Results revealed elevated overnight, fasting and post-prandial glucose levels up to one week prior to diagnosis of a pulmonary exacerbation compared to baseline. In addition, mean glucose was elevated and the patient spent a greater percentage of time with interstitial glucose>140mg/dL up to one week prior to diagnosis of a pulmonary exacerbation. This emphasizes the hypothesis that hyperglycaemia may be a factor in pulmonary exacerbations in this population. This case study strengthens the evidence base to support larger longitudinal studies to understand the impact of glycaemic control and pulmonary function in patients with CF and glucose intolerance.
The Collection Gap: Underenforcement of Corporate and White-Collar Fines and Penalties

Civil and criminal monetary sanctions (fines, penalties, and restitution orders) are primary tools in the enforcement activities of the modern administrative state, particularly in the context of corporate wrongdoing. Although the enforcement literature debates the fairness and efficiency of imposing corporate sanctions, once imposed, those sanctions must be collected to be effective. Yet federal and state agencies are leaving untold billions in collectible fines unrecovered. This is a problem of both theoretical and practical importance, yet it has been largely overlooked. This Article, for the first time, amasses the evidence of pervasive governmental undercollection; rebuts the argument that the problem is due to factors beyond governmental control; examines the root causes of undercollection; and recommends solutions that address the political and economic circumstances that impede reform.
Big Data: Deep Learning for financial sentiment analysis

Deep Learning and Big Data analytics are two focal points of data science. Deep Learning models have achieved remarkable results in speech recognition and computer vision in recent years. Big Data is important for organizations that need to collect a huge amount of data like a social network and one of the greatest assets to use Deep Learning is analyzing a massive amount of data (Big Data). This advantage makes Deep Learning as a valuable tool for Big Data. Deep Learning can be used to extract incredible information that buried in a Big Data. The modern stock market is an example of these social networks. They are a popular place to increase wealth and generate income, but the fundamental problem of when to buy or sell shares, or which stocks to buy has not been solved. It is very common among investors to have professional financial advisors, but what is the best resource to support the decisions these people make? Investment banks such as Goldman Sachs, Lehman Brothers, and Salomon Brothers dominated the world of financial advice for more than a decade. However, via the popularity of the Internet and financial social networks such as StockTwits and SeekingAlpha, investors around the world have new opportunity to gather and share their experiences. Individual experts can predict the movement of the stock market in financial social networks with the reasonable accuracy, but what is the sentiment of a mass group of these expert authors towards various stocks? In this paper, we seek to determine if Deep Learning models can be adapted to improve the performance of sentiment analysis for StockTwits. We applied several neural network models such as long short-term memory, doc2vec, and convolutional neural networks, to stock market opinions posted in StockTwits. Our results show that Deep Learning model can be used effectively for financial sentiment analysis and a convolutional neural network is the best model to predict sentiment of authors in StockTwits dataset.
A 2.267-Gb/s, 93.7-pJ/bit Non-Binary LDPC Decoder With Logarithmic Quantization and Dual-Decoding Algorithm Scheme for Storage Applications

Non-binary low-density parity-check (NB-LDPC) codes are a promising class of error-correcting codes that provide excellent coding gain beyond that of their binary counterparts. However, their decoding complexity has thus far limited practicality. We present an NB-LDPC decoder with information throughput of 2.267 Gb/s and power consumption of 212.4 mW, yielding an energy efficiency of 93.7 pJ/bit, implemented in 40-nm CMOS technology. The employed code is long and high-rate without degree-2 variable nodes, resulting in a low error floor and making the code appropriate for storage applications. A logarithmic quantization scheme is proposed to enable aggressive wordlength reduction to alleviate hardware complexity. In addition, a dual-decoding algorithm scheme is employed to alleviate the computational complexity of decoding, realized in an efficient architecture with high parallelism and avoidance of idle clock cycles.
A Technology-Intensive Approach to Algebra.

The focus is on mathematical modeling omputer-Intensive Algebra (CIA) focuses on the use of technology to help develop a rich understanding of fundamental algebraic concepts in real-world set tings. CIA students learn about functions, variables, systems, equivalent expressions, and equivalent equations in the context of developing, critiquing, and exploring mathematical models of real-life situations. Students use computing tools in their mathematical explorations for easy access to numerical, graphical, and symbolic representations of mathematical ideas. CIA is a fundamentally reformulated beginning-algebra curriculum whose concepts and techniques differ essentially from those of traditional algebra courses. CIA focuses on mathematical modeling instead of classic word problems; it centers on algebraic concepts, such as function and variable, instead of on pencil-and paper algebraic routines; it replaces symbolic manipulation with symbolic reasoning; and it encourages using multiple representations and strategies in algebraic problem solving instead of mastering and using one representation or strategy at a time.
Experimental intracerebral hemorrhage: effect of lysed erythrocytes on brain edema and blood-brain barrier permeability.

Understanding the mechanism of edema formation following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is important for developing treatment protocols for this condition. This study examines the role of red blood cell (RBC) lysis and hemoglobin in edema formation following ICH. Significant brain edema developed after 24 hours in rats infused with lysed RBCs and this was associated with a 3-fold increase blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability to α-aminoisobutyric acid. We have previously shown that intracerebral injection of packed RBCs does not cause edema formation at one day but does at three days. In this study, we found that packed RBCs did not cause significant BBB disruption at one day but produced a 4-fold increase in BBB permeability at three days. These studies show that following ICH the leakage of substances inside the RBC, facilitated by cellular lysis, results in delayed edema. This was confirmed by both experimentally induced lysis and naturally occurring in-vivo lysis.
Multiple Simultaneous Recordings of ICP in Patients with Acute Mass Lesions

Controversy continues regarding the relative reliability of the subarachnoid or subdural screw and the intraventricular catheter. Weaver, et al., at the University of Virginia demonstrated that in some patients when bilateral subarachnoid screws were used, unequal pressures were demonstrated with the lower pressure almost always being recorded from the screw placed on the side opposite the mass (1982). In a more recent report, Mendelow and his colleagues showed that the screw was relatively unreliable in a series of patients suffering head injury (1983). In 56% of the observations the pressure recorded from the subdural screw was either higher or lower (13% higher, 46% lower with the differences larger than 10 mmHg). They concluded that the subdural screw gave unreliable results, particularly by underestimating the occurrence of high ICP. As the intraventricular catheter offers a potential therapeutic advantage, i. e., it can be used for ventricular drainage, we have been advocates of its use. However, because of the increased risk of infection with this method of monitoring, many neurosurgeons have been reluctant to employ it. Accordingly, it appeared appropriate to attempt to confirm or refute the results of Mendelow and also, under circumstances where it was clinically indicated, to monitor ICP from several sites in order to allow comparisons from the ipsilateral as well as contralateral subarachnoid screw and intraventricular catheter.
Reactive Gas Glow Discharges

In the last twenty years or so there has been an enormous growth in the use of reactive gas glow discharges for the processing of surfaces. Surface processing in this context can be divided into three major categories: deposition, etching and surface modification. Deposition and etching are terms which are well understood by most technically trained people but surface modification is a less familiar expression. The term surface modification is used to describe those processes which alter the physical and/or chemical characteristics of a pre-existing solid surface and in which this alteration is limited to a region relatively near the surface of the solid. Examples of surface modification processes are plasma oxidation, plasma nitriding and surface texturing. Some areas of technology in which reactive gas glow discharges play a major role are microelectronics, magnetic and optical recording technologies, photovoltaics, architectural glass, and machine tool fabrication.
Effects of treadmill running velocity on lower extremity coordination variability in healthy runners.

Abstract With a growing interest in coordination variability and its role in endurance running, it is important to identify the effect of running velocity. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of treadmill running velocity on the coordination and variability of coordination of lower extremity couplings of healthy runners during stance. Fourteen apparently healthy runners ran on a split-belt force instrumented treadmill at five different velocities. Continuous relative phase (CRP) was used to quantify coordination and variability (vCRP) between lower extremity couplings of the right limb (thigh-shank, thigh-foot, shank-foot) during three phases of stance (loading, mid stance, and propulsion). Multiple one-way repeated measure ANOVAs were conducted to identify differences among velocity conditions at each phase and discrete events (initial foot contact, peak knee flexion during stance, and toe-off). Thigh internal/external rotation (IR/ER)-Shank abduction/adduction (AB/AD) coupling was different during the propulsive phase (p = 0.02). Thigh flexion/extension-Shank flexion/extension showed the greatest differences in vCRP across velocity conditions with differences occurring during loading phase, mid stance, propulsive phase, and peak flexion (p
Movie Recommendations Using the Deep Learning Approach

Recommendation systems are an important part of suggesting items especially in streaming services. For streaming movie services like Netflix, recommendation systems are essential for helping users find new movies to enjoy. In this paper, we propose a deep learning approach based on autoencoders to produce a collaborative filtering system which predicts movie ratings for a user based on a large database of ratings from other users. Using the MovieLens dataset, we explore the use of deep learning to predict users' ratings on new movies, thereby enabling movie recommendations. To verify the novelty and accuracy of our deep learning approach, we compare our approach to standard collaborative filtering techniques: k-nearest-neighbor and matrix-factorization. The experimental results show that our recommendation system outperforms a user-based neighborhood baseline both in terms of root mean squared error on predicted ratings and in a survey in which users judge between recommendations from both systems.
Tax Policy and Organizational Form: Assessing the Effects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017

We provide historical context to assess the implications of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA) on organizational form. We review the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (TRA86) to assess the extent of organizational form changes in response to changing tax incentives and the effects of those organizational form changes on business operations. We develop a simple analytic model to provide insight into the incentives created by the TCJA and briefly summarize practitioner observations regarding the incentives affecting organizational form decisions. Results suggest that an array of factors make the organizational form decision more difficult and less predictable than in 1986.
Youth provoking peace: an intersectional approach to territorial peacebuilding in Colombia

This article examines how youth (re)construct a sense of self and belonging in the aftermath of displacement and armed conflict in Colombia. I draw on ethnographic research with the Youth Peace Pro...
SMAD5 expression and inhibition of the mitotic kinase aurora-A on sensitivity of breast cancer cells to chemotherapy.

e13516 Background: Breast cancer affects thousands of women each year. Epithelial to Mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been associated with increased metastatic potential of cancer cells as well as ...
On Simple Scheduling in Half-Duplex Relay Diamond Networks

This paper investigates the problem of how to efficiently operate Gaussian half-duplex diamond networks with N relays. It derives sufficient conditions that ensure that the network is operated close to its Shannon capacity, with a linear number in N (instead of exponential) of receive/transmit configuration states. Particularly, these states consist of having either at most one relay receiving or at most one relay transmitting. A transmission scheme is also designed and it is shown that, when the aforementioned conditions are satisfied, it achieves a rate that is to within a constant gap of the Shannon capacity. An appealing feature of the proposed scheme is that it offers guidelines on how to route the information through the relays so that the network operates close to its Shannon capacity.
Lack of association between intraoperative handoff of care and postoperative complications: a retrospective observational study

The significance of intraoperative anesthesia handoffs on patient outcomes are unclear. One aspect differentiating the disparate results is the treatment of confounding factors, such as patient comorbidities and surgery time of day. We performed this study to quantify the significance of confounding variables on composite adverse events during intraoperative anesthesia handoffs. In this retrospective study, we analyzed data from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Project (ACS NSQIP). We examined the effects of intraoperative handoffs between anesthesia personnel. A total of 12,111 cases performed examined at two hospitals operated by a single healthcare system that were that included in the ACS NSQIP database performed. The presence of attending and anesthetist or resident handoffs, patient age, sex, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status (ASA-PS) classification, case length, surgical case complexity, and evening/weekend start time were measured. A total of 2586 of all cases in the NSQIP dataset experienced a handoff during the case. When analyzed as a single variable, attending handoffs were associated with higher rates of adverse outcomes. However, once confounding variables were added into the analysis, attending handoffs and complete care transitions were no longer statistically significant. Inclusion of significant covariates is essential to fully understanding the impact provider handoffs have on patient outcomes. Case timing and lengthy case duration are more likely to result in both a handoff and an adverse event. The impact of handoffs on patient outcomes seen in the literature are likely due, in part, to how covariates were addressed.
Drug use and HIV medication adherence in people living with HIV

AbstractBackground: Opioid and cocaine use epidemics continue to be substantial in the United States and intersect with the HIV epidemic. Antiretroviral medication (ARV) adherence is critical for o...
Mechanism and control of “coffee-ring erosion” phenomena in structurally colored ionomer films

Ionomer polyesters have polymer backbones functionalized with charged groups that make them water-dispersible. Despite the widespread use of ionomer polymers in environmentally friendly coatings without volatile organic solvents, the fundamental understanding of their film formation properties is still limited. In the study, we deposited polyester nanofilms of brilliant structural colors and correlated the macroscale optical properties to the microscale thickness of the thin films. We found that sessile water droplets deposited on these films drive the formation of a rich variety of structures by an evaporation-induced effect of “coffee-ring erosion”. The ionomers spontaneously get partially re-dispersed in the form of nanoparticles in the sessile droplets and driven by convective evaporation flows, become redistributed in multiple colorful ring patterns. By using the structural colors as means to follow the polymer redistribution, we characterized further the coffee-ring patterns and found that the generated patterns are dictated by polymer composition but are mostly independent on molecular weight. As expected by colloidal theory, this phenomenon was suppressed in presence of electrolytes. Furthermore, we show that the integrity of these thin polyester films can be significantly improved by thermal densification without any further chemical curing.
Reconstruction of a radical total vulvectomy defect with a single split anterolateral thigh perforator flap: A case report and review of the literature.

Reconstruction following total vulvectomy is a reconstructive challenge. Previously described techniques typically require bilateral flaps and the associated donor site morbidity. We present a case of reconstruction after radical total vulvectomy using a single split anterolateral thigh (ALT) perforator flap with a design that optimizes perfusion while allowing for primary donor site closure. A 68-year-old female with a history of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma who had previously undergone vulvectomy and radiation therapy presented with local recurrence. The patient required a radical total vulvectomy, resulting in a 12 × 10 cm vulvar defect. A 2-perforator ALT flap (25 × 7 cm) was harvested, split transversely, and then inset in a circumferential manner around the vulva. This approach contrasts with previous reports, which split the ALT flap longitudinally or centrally, and can compromise perfusion and/or preclude primary donor site closure. The patient healed without complication with 6 months of follow-up. The described approach allows for total vulvectomy reconstruction using a single ALT flap with a perforator configuration that maximizes perfusion while obviating the need for donor site grafting.
Organization and Postnatal Development of Visceral Sensory Inputs to the Neuroendocrine Hypothalamus

Sensory signals arising in the body’s internal organs are delivered to the central nervous system by spinal and vagal afferent neurons. These signals modulate pituitary hormone release via ascending neural pathways from the caudal brainstem to the neuroendocrine hypothalamus. Interoceptive (i.e., visceral) feedback regarding the moment-to-moment state of gastrointestinal and other physiological systems is critical for shaping and coordinating adaptive neuroendocrine functions, including hormonal responses to real or perceived homeostatic threats. This chapter summarizes the functional organization and postnatal development of visceral sensory inputs to the neuroendocrine hypothalamus in rats and mice, the two mammalian models in which most of the relevant data have been collected. A special emphasis is placed on hypothalamic inputs arising from noradrenergic (NA) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) neurons, whose cell bodies occupy the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and medullary reticular formation (RF). The axonal projections of NA and GLP1 neurons directly target the hypothalamic medial preoptic area (mPOA), arcuate nucleus (ARC), paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and supraoptic nucleus (SON), where adrenergic and GLP1 receptor signaling modulates neuroendocrine gene expression, pulsatile activity, and pituitary hormone release. NA and GLP1 inputs to the neuroendocrine hypothalamus mature postnatally in rats and mice, likely contributing to the developmental maturation of pituitary hormone release in response to both interoceptive and exteroceptive signals.
Charter-ing a Different Course: A Critical Policy Framework to Support Black Women in Marketized Cities and Schools

This article features interview excerpts from 10 Black women who worked as educators in marketized cities and schools, including urban charter schools operated by charter management organizations, ...
Introduction: Menstruation as Embodied

This section begins where the subfield itself began—at the site of the human body. Of course we experience menstruation in the body, which is always already embedded in particular interactional and sociocultural discourses.
Retroperitoneal Mass—Castleman Disease

A 41-year old lady presented with upper abdominal pain for 1 month. Radiological imaging showed large well-defined solid mass with intense arterial enhancement. She was found to have raised serum chromagranin levels—suggestive of neuroendocrine tumor (NET). Hence, surgical excision of the mass was done. The final histopathology report was unicentric Castleman disease. Postoperatively, patient had raised creatinine with oliguria. Renal biopsy showed antiglomerular basement membrane type of crescentic glomerulonephritis. Castleman disease is a rare entity, and it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of retroperitoneal mass. This case is also reported for its rare involvement of the kidney.
Tailoring MOF-derived porous carbon nanorods confined red phosphorous for superior potassium-ion storage

Abstract The metal-organic framework Zn-MOF-74, which has abundant oxygen-containing groups and Zn elements as pore creators during pyrolysis, can be an ideal precursor for a porous carbon matrix in battery electrodes, but its irregular morphology at the micron size is unfavorable. Here we demonstrate the facile solvothermal synthesis of uniform Zn-MOF-74 hexagonal nano/microrods (ZRods) with an accurate diameter modulation from tens of nanometers to micron size through varying the H2O content in the mixed solvent. An inverted volcano relationship between the ZRod diameters and H2O contents is presented. CH3COO- is identified to be critical to the hexagonal pillar shape formation, while a competitive reaction of protons dissociated from H2O is responsible for the size modulation. After calcination, the obtained porous carbon nanorods enable a high loading capacity and perfect encapsulation of P while reserving free spaces to accommodate the volume change of P in the composite anode, resulting in outstanding potassium storage performance in terms of remarkable initial Coulombic efficiency (78.5%), top-ranking reversible capacity (up to 595.8 mAh g-1), superior rate capability (187.5 mAh g-1 at 5 A g-1), and robust long-term cycling stability (retaining 150.7 mAh g-1 at 2.5 A g-1 after 400 cycles). This morphology modulation of Zn-MOF-74 will promote the advanced applications of Zn-MOF-74 as well as its derived carbon materials, and potentially opens a general pathway for the oriented evolution of various carboxylate-based MOFs.
The CENTS program: promoting healthy eating by addressing perceived barriers.

OBJECTIVE Nutrition interventions addressing barriers to healthy eating can mitigate concerns regarding poor diet and obesity among college students. Aimed at reducing healthy eating perceived barriers, this investigation employed two mindset change intervention studies. DESIGN First, a nutrition improvement program called CENTS (Cost of Eating Nutritiously during Time as a Student) that disseminated specific information and utilized experiential activities for mindset change was developed and pilot tested using a pre/post study design. Second, using a similar pre/post method, the CENTS program was evaluated in a quasi-experimental design. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We examined perceived barriers to healthy eating (e.g. too costly, too much time), fruit and vegetable consumption, and other variables related to healthy eating (e.g. cost estimates, diet attitudes, self-efficacy, sugary foods consumption). RESULTS Results demonstrated some improvement in many outcomes between the two studies. Most noteworthy, the two major perceived barriers of healthy eating (i.e. too expensive, too much time to prepare) dramatically reduced and cost appraisal accuracy improved. Moreover, some attitudes to eat healthy improved and some unhealthy dietary behaviors reduced. CONCLUSION Using mindset change techniques to address perceived barriers to healthy eating, interventions can promote healthy eating and discourage unhealthy dietary habits among college students.
Mathematische Grundlagen der Viskosimetrie

Mit vorliegendem sollen einige der wichtigsten Beziehungen der mathematischen Stromungslehre in gedrangter, doch streng formulierter Form wiedergegeben werden. Der praktisch tatige Ingenieur soll darin das Notwendigste finden. Daruber hinaus soll durch entsprechende Hinweise auf die beiden anderen Abschnitte der Monographie der Zusammenhang mit den Grundlagen hergestellt und weitere Anwendungsmoglichkeiten geschaffen werden.
THE ISSUE: Research on Materials and Their Role in Classroom Discourse and SLA

The author offers her opinions regarding effects of language teaching materials on language learning and second language acquisition. She believes there is a small amount of language teaching materials for less common languages, such as Turkish, Farsi, or Ojibwe, suggests additional research of printed and digital learning materials, and presents questions to consider for language teaching research.
Forests or fields

The assertion that previously cultivated areas now under troplcal forests are particularly suited to conversion for future food production is inconsistent with socially optimal land allocation. With regard to agricultural benefit streams, land cultivated in pre-modern times is not necessarily suitable for cultivation under modern conditions of transportation, crop choice and production technology. With regard to conservation benefits, ecosystem values and ecosystem scarcity are more relevant to land allocation than is the past history of land use.
The Networking of Differences That Makes a Difference: Theology and the Unity of the Church

: What does the church mean when it confesses through the Creeds its oneness? My aim is to reflect on how and why theology needs to bring to the fore a hidden dimension in the discourse on the unity of the church, that is, its tendency to fall into a “solid” and “totalizing” disciplinary technology, i.e., an ideology. I will approach the theme following these basic theological pointers: (a) a biblical primary symbol as it emerges to unveil a new existence and practice—Paul's metaphor of the body in 1 Corinthians 12; (b) a secondary symbol through which the church understood itself to be lodged—the trinitarian understanding of being as a communicative relationship; (c) the regulative principle of law and promise as guiding a discursive practice that supports different levels of decentering and centering that signals a breakthrough of the eschaton—Luther's understanding of law and gospel. These overlapping theological dimensions allow a different metaphorization of the oneness and unity of the church.
Federal sterilization policy: unintended consequences.

In the past, forced sterilizations violated the autonomy of vulnerable women. Today, measures intended to protect such women from the abuses of the past may in fact hamper their autonomy in a different way.
Growth curves and clearance rates of virulent and benign Venezuelan encephalitis viruses in hamsters.

Abstract Four virulent strains of Venezuelan encephalitis virus attained higher concentrations of infectious virus in bloods of adult hamsters than two benign strains when given subcutaneously. One benign virus, the attenuated TC83 vaccine strain, reached higher concentrations in bone marrow and Peyer's patches than virulent subtype I strains, and another benign virus, subtype IV, grew to lower levels. When inoculated intracranially, the two benign viruses attained high concentrations in brain, but did not significantly alter in lethality although morbidity was increased. Intracardiac inoculation failed to increase virus concentrations of two benign viruses in blood or hematopoietic tissues above those found after subcutaneous inoculation, nor did it increase lethalities to those of virulent virus. Three benign virus strains were cleared more rapidly from hamster plasmas than six virulent strains. Differences in clearance rates were apparently not due to destruction of benign viruses by blood or tissue components. Thus viral concentrations in blood correlated directly and clearance rates inversely with hamster virulence, whereas the rate and extent of growth of a VE virus in hematopoietic or brain tissues did not correlate with ability to kill hamsters.
Is the processing of words during eye fixations in reading strictly serial

Extant models of oculomotor control during reading maintain that allocation of attention confines word recognition to one (target) word at a time, and that an eye movement to a new (posttarget) word is computed before attention is shifted to it. To test these assumptions, properties of the posttarget's preview were manipulated during the fixation of the preceding target word. The main results revealed longer target viewing durations when the posttarget preview was visually distinctive or when it was orthographically illegal. The meaning of posttarget text did not affect initial target word reading, although it affected the time spent rereading the target. To account for these findings, extant attention-shift models must assume that readers obtain at least visuospatial and orthographic information from a parafovelly visible word before it is attended. This view has shortcomings, however, and several considerations favor less restrictive model assumptions according to which attention can be allocated to more than one word at a time.
Airborne detection of ecosystem responses to an extreme event: Phytoplankton displacement and abundance after hurricane induced flooding in the Pamlico-Albemarle Sound System, North Carolina

Airborne laser-induced fluorescence measurements were used to detect and monitor ecosystem wide changes in the distribution and concentration of chlorophyll biomass and colored dissolved organic matter in the Pamlico-Albemarle Sound system, North Carolina, U.S., following massive flooding caused by a series of three hurricanes in the late summer of 1999. These high-resolution data provided a significantly more detailed representation of the overall changes occurring in the system than could have been achieved by synoptic sampling from any other platform. The response time for the distribution of chlorophyll biomass to resume pre-flood conditions was used as a measure of ecosystem stability. Chlorophyll biomass patterns were reestablished within four mo of the flooding, whereas higher chlorophylla biomass concentrations persisted for approximately 6 mo. The primary trophic level in the Pamlico-Albemarle Sound system returned to equilibrium in less than a year of a major perturbation.
CONVERGENCE AND A CASE OF PULMONARY ANGIOSARCOMA

Case reports are a time-honored way for physicians to share knowledge in cases that are especially rare, interesting, or instructive. A case report typically involves only the care of one patient and therefore often appears to represent an isolated endeavor. Most cases, however, are not isolated events but rather a convergence of multiple forces. To illustrate this, I have received permission from a patient to identify him in this case discussion. "Convergence" is defined in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language as "the act, condition or quality of converging or approaching the same point from different directions; tend towards a meeting or intersection." This case report is a story of extraordinary convergence, of people and places, of hope and happiness.
Dual optical and nuclear imaging in human melanoma xenografts using a single targeted imaging probe

Abstract Introduction Dual-labeled imaging agents that allow both nuclear and optical imaging after a single injection would be advantageous in certain applications. In this study, we synthesized and characterized a dual-labeled RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) peptide and compared nuclear and optical images obtained with this agent. Methods 111 In-DTPA-Lys(IRDye800)-c(KRGDf) composed of both the 111 In chelator diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) and the near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent dye IRDye800 (excitation/emission, 765/792 nm) was synthesized. The probe was characterized with regard to in vitro biological activity and in vivo pharmacokinetics and the ability to target integrin αvβ3. Tumors of mice injected with the dual-labeled probe were imaged both by gamma scintigraphy and NIR fluorescence optical camera. Results DTPA-Lys(IRDye800)-c(KRGDf), DTPA-Lys-c(KRGDf) and c(KRGDf) inhibited the adhesion of melanoma M21 cells to vitronectin-coated surface with the similar biological activity. Both 111 In-DTPA-Lys(IRDye800)-c(KRGDf) and 111 In-DTPA-Lys-c(KRGDf) had significantly higher uptakes in αvβ3-positive M21 melanoma than in αvβ3-negative M21-L melanoma at 4–48 h after their injection. Side-by-side comparison of images obtained using 111 In-DTPA-Lys(IRDye800)-c(KRGDf) revealed that in living mice, both optical imaging and gamma scintigraphy enabled noninvasive detection of the bound probe to αvβ3-positive tumors, with optical images providing improved resolution and sensitive detection of the superficial lesions and gamma images providing sensitive detection of deeper structures. Conclusion The dual-labeled imaging probe 111 In-DTPA-Lys(IRDye800)-c(KRGDf) was found to specifically bind to αvβ3 in melanoma tumor cells. Employing both nuclear and optical imaging with a single imaging probe may facilitate translation of NIR fluorescence optical imaging into clinical applications.
A study of extreme carbon stars – I. Silicon carbide emission features

10-micron spectra of many extreme carbon stars reveal a prominent emission feature near 11 microns. This is compared with laboratory spectra of SiC grains. Two distinct types of features are found, perhaps indicative of different mechanisms of grain formation in different stars. Estimates are made of probable column densities and total masses of SiC in the circumstellar shells.
Nitrogen release from rock and soil under simulated field conditions

Abstract A laboratory study was performed to simulate field weathering and nitrogen release from bedrock in a setting where geologic nitrogen has been suspected to be a large local source of nitrate. Two rock types containing nitrogen, slate (1370 mg N kg −1 ) and greenstone (480 mg N kg −1 ), were used along with saprolite and BC horizon sand from soils derived from these rock types. The fresh rock and weathered material were used in batch reactors that were leached every 30 days over 6 months to simulate a single wet season. Nitrogen was released from rock and soil materials at rates between 10 −20 and 10 −19 mol N cm −2 s −1 . Results from the laboratory dissolution experiments were compared to in situ soil solutions and available mineral nitrogen pools from the BC horizon of both soils. Concentrations of mineral nitrogen (NO 3 − +NH 4 + ) in soil solutions reached the highest levels at the beginning of the rainy season and progressively decreased with increased leaching. This seasonal pattern was repeated for the available mineral nitrogen pool that was extracted using a KCl solution. Estimates based on these laboratory release rates bracket stream water NO 3 –N fluxes and changes in the available mineral nitrogen pool over the active leaching period. These results confirm that geologic nitrogen, when present, may be a large and reactive pool that may contribute as a non-point source of nitrate contamination to surface and ground waters.
Concept for characterization of neutron flux using optical plume anomaly detection technology

Researchers are working on many fronts to make possible high speed, automated classification and quantification of constituent materials in numerous environments. NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center has implemented a system for rocket engine flow fields/plumes; the optical plume anomaly detection (OPAD) system was designed to utilize emission and absorption spectroscopy for monitoring molecular and atomic particulates in gas plasma. An accompanying suite of tools and analytical package designed to utilize information collected by OPAD is known as the engine diagnostic filtering system (EDIFIS). The current combination of these systems identifies atomic and molecular species and quantifies mass loss rates in H2/O2 rocket plumes. Additionally, efforts are being advanced to hardware encode components of the EDIFIS software to address real-time operational requirements for health monitoring and management. This addresses the OPAD with its tool suite. OPAD's development path as a flight system, certain details of which are discussed herein, provides a valuable foundation for the incorporation of detection and real-time analysis of high energy particles, including neutrons and gamma rays. The integration of these tools and capabilities will provide NASA with a systematic approach to monitoring space vehicle internal and external environments
Molecular weight of low molecular weight heparins by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Abstract Heparin and low molecular weight heparins are polydisperse polysaccharides with a degree of polymerization ranging from 4 to ∼ 40. The determination of their average molecular weights has traditionally relied on size exclusion chromatography involving the use of oligosaccharides of known size and molecular weight as standards. 13C NMR spectroscopy is applied for the first time to obtain the molecular weights of low molecular weight heparins. The signal intensities of the reducing end and internal anomeric carbons, having distinctive chemical shifts in the 13C NMR spectrum, are measured to determine the molecular weight. Compared to techniques utilizing broad band decoupling or selective decoupling of anomeric protons, distortionless enhancement polarization transfer pulse sequence gave better quantitation of signal intensities of anomeric carbons. Molecular weight was calculated from the calibrated ratio of signal intensities of the anomeric carbons of reducing end groups and internal residues, and the disaccharide compositional analysis. The calibrated signal intensity ratio is determined using the T1 relaxation rates of anomeric carbons of model oligosaccharides. The disaccharide composition of low molecular weight-heparins is obtained using capillary electrophoresis. Signal averaging over 40 000–90 000 transients, requiring a total of 12–18 h on a 360-MHz NMR spectrometer was adequate to measure molecular weights in the range of 3000–7000. The measured molecular weights of twelve low molecular weight heparins, analyzed by this 13C NMR spectroscopic technique, correlated well with the number average molecular weights obtained using high performance-gel permeation chromatography and gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In addition to establishing the number average molecular weight, the 13C NMR spectra helped distinguish the structural properties of different commercially prepared low molecular weight heparins.