cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glacial isostasy and relative sea level: A global finite element model

Abstract We review the subject of glacial isostatic adjustment and the structure of global models which have been developed to describe this phenomenon. Models of glacial isostasy have two basic ingredients: 1. (1) an assumed deglaciation history, and 2. (2) an assumed constitutive relation for the rheology of the planetary interior. Although both of these “functionals of the model” are imperfectly known, the parameters which are required to describe them are simultaneously constrained by observations of relative sea level. By comparing the model predictions of relative sea level for times subsequent to a major deglaciation event at a global distribution of sites, with the observed history of relative sea level at these sites, rather stringent bounds may be placed upon the model parameters.
Inertial effects in electromagnetically driven liquid-metal flows with a periodically wavy boundary

Abstract We treat a liquid-metal flow in a gap between two solid perfect conductors with different voltages and with an externally applied, transverse magnetic field. One conductor has a plane surface and the other has a periodically wavy surface. There is a free surface and an electrically insulating, inviscid gas on each side of the conductor with the plane surface. Most of the electric current lines between the conductors are parallel to the magnetic field lines, but, near each corner where a free surface and the plane conductor meet, current lines fringe across the magnetic field lines. This fringing creates an electromagnetic body force which drives a flow parallel to the conductor corner. The inertialess flow for large values of the interaction parameter consists of flow over the tops of the hills of the wavy surface and a recirculation which is trapped between each pair of adjacent hills. Inertial effects convect the transverse parts of these recirculations to the crests of the hills and to the bottoms of the valleys, and this convection results in more circulations in planes which are perpendicular to the magnetic field. The flow is very different from the fully developed flow for two plane perfect conductors, and inertial effects significantly alter the periodic flow. This problem models the flow in a liquid-metal sliding electrical contact with a brush insert, and the periodically wavy boundary models the surface of the brush.
Mothers' Beliefs about Knowledge, Child Development, and Parenting Strategies: Expanding the Goals of Parenting Programs

This study examined the relationship between mothers' beliefs about knowledge (epistemology) and conceptions of child development and parent-child communication strategies. One hundred twenty mothers of preschool-aged children completed the Ways of Knowing measure and Parent Communication Strategies Interview; a subset of 38 also completed the Concepts of Development Questionnaire. Analyses revealed that mothers with more complex understanding of knowledge have less categorical and more multi-faceted conceptions of child development and are more likely to endorse parenting strategies that are less authoritarian and more cognitively challenging for children. EDITOR'S STRATEGIC IMPLICATIONS: Prevention programs designed to promote constructive parenting should foster parents' epistemological development (which guide beliefs and practices) rather than dwell on individual parent behaviors. The authors continue to develop the promising practice of tailoring interventions on the basis of parents' personal belief systems (see also Burns & Bond, 2004).
Self-catalytic branch growth of SnO2 nanowire junctions

Multiple branched SnO2 nanowire junctions have been synthesized by thermal evaporation of SnO powder. Their nanostructures were studied by transmission electron microscopy and field emission scanning electron microcopy. It was observed that Sn nanoparticles generated from decomposition of the SnO powder acted as self-catalysts to control the SnO2 nanojunction growth. Orthorhombic SnO2 was found as a dominate phase in nanojunction growth instead of rutile structure. The branches and stems of nanojunctions were found to be an epitaxial growth by electron diffraction analysis and high-resolution electron microscopy observation. The growth directions of the branched SnO2 nanojunctions were along the orthorhombic [1 1 0] and [11¯0]. A self-catalytic vapor–liquid–solid growth mechanism is proposed to describe the growth process of the branched SnO2 nanowire junctions.
On the surface self-diffusion coefficient

Abstract When considering the diffusivity that is appropriate for a given mechanism of surface diffusion, it is necessary to take into account the distinguishability of the atoms involved in the process being observed. In mass transport processes the adatoms are equilibrated (or nearly so) with the lattice via exchanges at ledges. Since these exchanges cannot be physically detected, these jumps should not be included in the expression for the surface diffusivity for this process. On the other hand, in tracer diffusion, the tracer atoms (distinguishable) are not equilibrated with the lattice. In fact, appreciable gradients in the tracer adatom population may exist from point to point on the surface. In this case, vacancies and ledges may serve as traps for the migrating tracer atoms, thus decreasing their diffusive spreading. Thus the fraction of time that the atoms spend in trap sites must be taken into account. These two processes are discussed in detail and appropriate theoretical expressions for their diffusivities are developed.
Structural changes upon oxidation of a linear, trinuclear iron-molybdenum complex

Abstract The previously-reported compounds, [NEt4]4Mo[(CO)4]2Fe(SPh)4 (1) and [Mo(CO)4]2Fe(SPh)4 (2), which are related by two-electron oxidation and reduction, have been structurally characterized by low-temperature X-ray diffraction. Both are linear compounds, differing principally by the presence in 2 of two iron-molybdenum bonds. The FeMo distances in 1 are 3.362(1) and 3.440(1) A, while in 2 they are 2.748(1) and 2.793(1) A.
Polynomial mappings of groups

A mapping ϕ of a groupG to a groupF is said to be polynomial if it trivializes after several consecutive applications of operatorsD h ,h ∈G, defined byD h ϕ(g)=ϕ(g) −1 ϕ(gh). We study polynomial mappings of groups, mainly to nilpotent groups. In particular, we prove that polynomial mappings to a nilpotent group form a group with respect to the elementwise multiplication, and that any polynomial mappingG→F to a nilpotent groupF splits into a homomorphismG→G’ to a nilpotent groupG’ and a polynomial mappingG’→F. We apply the obtained results to prove the existence of the compact/weak mixing decomposition of a Hilbert space under a unitary polynomial action of a finitely generated nilpotent group.
The Spread of Higher Education Around the Globe A Cross-Country Analysis of Gross Tertiary Education Enrollment, 1999-2005

Many nation-states have realized the importance of tertiary education and the world has seen a corollary increase in tertiary education enrollments. Using Berry and Berry’s event history model as a...
Toxoplasma gondii Rab6 mediates a retrograde pathway for sorting of constitutively secreted proteins to the Golgi complex

Toxoplasma gondii relies on protein secretion from specialized organelles for invasion of host cells and establishment of a parasitophorous vacuole. We identify T. gondii Rab6 as a regulator of protein transport between post-Golgi dense granule organelles and the Golgi. Toxoplasma Rab6 was localized to cisternal rims of the late Golgi and trans-Golgi network, associated transport vesicles, and microdomains of dense granule and endosomal membranes. Overexpression of wild-type Rab6 or GTP-activated Rab6(Q70L) rerouted soluble dense granule secretory proteins to the Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum and augmented the effect of brefeldin A on Golgi resorption to the endoplasmic reticulum. Parasites expressing a nucleotide-free (Rab6(N124I)) or a GDP-bound (Rab6(T25N)) mutant accumulated dense granule proteins in the Golgi and associated transport vesicles and displayed reduced secretion of GRA4 and a delay in glycosylation of GRA2. Activated Rab6 on Golgi membranes colocalized with centrin during mitosis, and parasite clones expressing Rab6 mutants displayed a partial shift in cytokinesis from endodyogeny (formation of two daughter cells) to endopolygeny (multiple daughter cells). We propose that Toxoplasma Rab6 regulates retrograde transport from post-Golgi secretory granules to the parasite Golgi.
Low Light Level Detectors for Astronomy

There is an almost bewildering variety of detectors being used for ground-based astronomical observations. Many of the detectors have advantages for particular projects. One-dimensional detectors are simple, yet suitable for spectroscopy. Other detectors offer high photometric precision and dimensional stability. Some are designed for observing only faint objects and some for bright ones. Sometimes the necessity of having a high quantum efficiency at a particular wavelength dictates the choice of detector. In reality the situation is even more chaotic. This review has not covered some of the exotic detectors that have been developed for x-ray and far-ultraviolet imaging from spacecraft. These detectors use devices such as resistive plates, multianode or crossed-wire microchannel plates, and so on. These devices have not yet seen extensive use in ground-based applications, and their future as visible light detectors remains uncertain. The reasons for the development of such a wide variety of detectors are clear. Commercially available devices are simply not capable of meeting the low light level and photometric performance capabilities needed for astronomical observations. The driving forces are the commercial and military applications for detectors, and with few exceptions there has not been sufficient funding available to mount a detector development program for astronomy. Therefore, astronomers have sought to adapt existing commercial devices to the particular problem at hand. The large number of individual efforts summarized in this review is the result. In the future, I expect the variety to diminish as one or two really good detectors become capable of performing well under the wide variety of observational conditions encountered in astronomy. Many people have proclaimed the ultimate detector to be just around the corner. This is yet to happen. However, I venture to speculate that low-noise, high-performance CCD detectors with a format of 500 by 500 or larger will emerge as the preferred astronomical detector within the next few years. I also expect photographic plates will continue to be used for the many applications requiring wide fields up to 10,000 pixels on a side. Finally, as the detectors approach the ultimate quantum limit, attention will shift away from them and toward development of the system necessary to manipulate, display, and extract the information from the 250,000 numbers that make up a 500 by 500 digital image.
A Shell Model for Atomistic Simulation of Charge Transfer in Titania

The derivation of atomistic potential parameters, based on electronic structure calculations, for modeling electron and hole polarons in titania polymorphs is presented. The potential model is a polarizable version of the Matsui and Akaogi model (Matsui, M.; Akaogi, M. Mol. Simul. 1991, 6, 239) that makes use of a shell model to account for the polarizability of oxygen ions. The −1 and +1 formal charges of the electron and hole polarons, respectively, are modeled by delocalizing the polaron’s charge over a titanium or oxygen ion, respectively, and its first nearest-neighbors. The charge distributions and the oxygen polarizability were fitted to the reorganization energies of a series of electron and hole polaron transfers in rutile and anatase obtained from electronic structure calculations at zero Kelvin and validated against lattice deformation due to both types of polaron. Good agreement was achieved for both properties. In addition, the potential model yields an accurate representation of a range of b...
ACTUAL UTILITY, THE OBJECTION FROM IMPRACTICALITY, AND THE MOVE TO EXPECTED UTILITY*

Utilitarians are attracted to the idea that an act is morally right iff it leads to the best outcome. But critics have pointed out that in many cases we cannot determine which of our alternatives in fact would lead to the best outcome. So we can’t use the classic principle to determine what we should do. It’s not “practical”; it’s not “action-guiding”. Some take this to be a serious objection to utilitarianism, since they think a moral theory ought to be practical and action-guiding. In response, some utilitarians propose to modify utilitarianism by replacing talk of actual utility with talk of expected utility. Others propose to leave the original utilitarian principle in place, but to combine it with a decision procedure involving expected utility. What all these philosophers have in common is this: they move toward expected utility in order to defend utilitarianism against the impracticality objection. My aim in this paper is to cast doubt on this way of replying to the objection. My central claim is that if utilitarians are worried about the impracticality objection, they should not turn to expected utility utilitarianism. That theory does not provide the basis for a cogent reply to the objection.
Antimicrobial activity of lactic acid and copper on growth of Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in laboratory medium and carrot juice.

Abstract Outbreaks of food-borne pathogens, such as Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella, continue to draw public attention to food safety. Several reports have demonstrated the efficacy of using natural ingredients to control the growth of food-borne pathogens. The objective of this study was to investigate antimicrobial effects of lactic acid and copper, alone and in combination, on the survival and growth of Salmonella spp. and E. coli O157:H7 in laboratory medium and carrot juice. Survival and growth of 38 Salmonella spp. and six E. coli O157:H7 strains were compared when grown in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth and carrot juice under conditions including either lactic acid (0.2%) alone, copper sulfate (50 ppm) alone or the combination of the two. The growth inhibition was negligible when copper sulfate was added to BHI broth and carrot juice. Lactic acid (0.2%) retarded the growth of bacterial strains. However, the growth of bacterial strains was significantly inhibited when both lactic acid and copper were in BHI broth and carrot juice within the time frame of this study. These findings indicated that lactic acid, in combination with copper sulfate, could be used to inhibit the growth of pathogens. Natural ingredients, such as lactic acid and low dose of copper ions, can be used to improve the safety of food products.
The coat burn wound dressing

A simple and reliable technique to protect experimental burn wounds in guinea pigs is described. This method significantly reduced the accidental removal of dressings, as well as autocannibalism and contamination.
Biotechnological Approach to a new Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Vaccine

Major contributions towards the development of an absolutely safe FMDV vaccine are evident. With the identification of VP1 as the immunogenic protein, it is possible to manufacture a subunit vaccine via biotechnology. DNA sequences encoding the VP1 protein can be introduced into a bacterium with ease; under the appropriate conditions, large amounts of VP1 can be produced in a short time. The accumulation of amino acid sequences generated by recombinant DNA techniques allows identification of antigenic domains, which are the basis of variability among serotype and subtype viruses. As a result, vaccine production by chemical synthesis of short peptides corresponding to the antigenic determinants is greatly facilitated. At present, results from experimental vaccines employing genetically engineered or chemically synthesized VP1 antigens against homologous virus infection are encouraging. The current approach of preparing vaccine is to utilize the antigenic specificity of the virus. Since FMDV undergoes antigenic drift, variants not neutralized by type-specific serum will arise. An alternative approach is to prepare vaccines based on antigenic sites shared among all serotype and subtype viruses.
On the Discourse of Energy as Material: Future Feedback Technologies and Directions for Experiencing Energy

Engineers are increasingly considering the social dimensions of energy use in the design of energy conservation technologies. This has led to design informed by ethnographic and theoretical inquiry on everyday energy practices and user-technology interactions that will in turn shape future practices and interactions. This paper contributes to the small but growing literature on real-time residential energy feedback displays that more closely examines how users experience such technologies. Survey responses from participants involved in a large-scale residential energy feedback monitoring case study are analyzed and contextualized into a set of positive and negative user “experiences.” The qualitative data derived from these responses add new insight on the social variables of user interaction with real-time feedback monitors that are of use to both the study of energy feedback monitoring and the design of future smart communities. Finally, an example is given of how these participant “experiences” are being put to the test in the design of a new energy feedback technology with implications for future ways of conceptualizing energy.
An Intraoperative algorithm for use of the SIEA flap for breast reconstruction.

Background: The deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap has been shown to be a reliable option for breast reconstruction. A further refinement in the transfer of lower abdominal tissue for breast reconstruction is the superficial inferior epigastric artery (SIEA) flap. A retrospective study was conductedtoassessthereliabilityandexaminetheoutcomesofSIEAflapsforbreast reconstruction while considering an intraoperative algorithm established in this study. Methods: Ninety-nine SIEA flap reconstructions were performed in 82 patients in a 3½-year period. Patients were divided into two groups (before and after algorithm implementation), and their medical records were evaluated with respect to demographic information, tumor type, tobacco use, ischemic time, flap weight, and complications. Potential risk factors for complications were also assessed. Results: Of the first 72 SIEA flaps, five were lost because of arterial thrombosis. All failed flaps had an SIEA diameter of less than 1.5 mm at the level of the lower abdominal incision. In February of 2004 (point T), the senior author (A.J.S.) implemented an intraoperative algorithm for flap selection that allowed use of the SIEA flap only when the SIEA diameter was 1.5 mm or greater than. In the remaining cases, a DIEP flap was used for breast reconstruction. After point T, 27 SIEA flap procedures were performed without any flap losses. Overall fat necrosis and partial flap loss rates were 1.0 and 5.1 percent, respectively. No abdominal bulges/hernias were observed. Only smoking at the time of surgery was associated with increased donor-site complications (p 0.016). Conclusion: The intraoperative algorithm helped decrease flap and abdominal complication rates for the SIEA flap. (Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 120: 1450, 2007.)
A NIR dye for development of peripheral nerve targeted probes

Current imaging modalities lack the ability to quickly assess and classify nerve injury for predicting favourable versus unfavourable healing outcomes, which could minimize episodes of chronic pain and loss of function by allowing for early intervention. Thus, the development of a technique to noninvasively assess peripheral nerve damage is of critical importance. While the development of nerve specific near infrared (NIR) molecular probes capable of such diagnostics constitutes our long term goal, initial studies to identify a NIR dye for constructing such a probe are required. We have evaluated the properties of a novel highly hydrophilic and functionalizable polymethine dye, and its more hydrophobic analogue indocyanine green, within the sciatic nerve of rats following intra-nerve injection. The reporting ability of both dyes at critical depths for nerve imaging, the importance of hydrophilicity on dye transport through nervous tissue, and their toxicity—or lack thereof—to the neural environment have been evaluated. The results suggest that the novel NIR dye is an appropriate fluorescent reporter for use in designing nerve-specific optical molecular probes for non-invasive diagnosis and classification of nerve injury.
Fiscal policy in a simple two-country dynamic model

Abstract This paper analyzes the national and international effects of labor and capital income taxes in a two-country infinite-horizon perfect-foresight neoclassical model with endogenous labor supply and capital accumulation. Two polar regimes of capital income taxation are considered: the source-based and the residence-based. The qualitative effects of labor income taxes are shown to be independent of the taxation regime, whereas the effects of capital income taxes are not.
Agricultural Productivity and Industrialization

The article develops a series of models to analyze the role of agriculture in the development process. The final 3-sector model argues that the agricultural growth can lead to the development of a potential comparative advantage in manufacturing. However, the state's need for revenue often creates barriers to economic reform. Agricultural productivity can provide the basis for this reform. The experiences of Indonesia and South Korea are used to illustrate these ideas.
Comparative Properties of Deciduous and Permanent (Young and Old) Human Enamel1

Some physico-chemical properties of the enamel of deciduous and permanent (young and old) teeth were investigated and compared using x-ray diffraction, infrared absorption spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and chemical analyses. Results demonstrated the following: all enamel samples gave x-ray diffraction patterns of only apatite; all enamel samples gave IR absorption spectra of carbonate-containing apatite; the α-axis of deciduous enamel apatite was larger than that of permanent (both young and old) enamel apatite (mean values, deciduous = 9.458 ± 0.003A; permanent =9 443 ± 0.003A); apatite crystallite dimensions increased with age especially along the c-axis; when compared to permanent, deciduous enamel contained slightly more carbonate, magnesium and HPO42-; the prism (enamel rods) dimensions were slightly smaller, and the extent of acid-etching was more extensive in deciduous enamel than in permanent enamel. These observations combined with other factors such as the difference in the orientation of and crystal density in prism rods and the difference in conditions of the oral environment between deciduous and permanent enamel may account for the reported observations of a decrease in caries prevalance with age.
Isolation of crystalline estriol-3-glucuronide from human pregnancy urine

Crystalline estriol-3-glucuronide has been isolated and characterized, as the intact conjugate, from human pregnancy urine. The infrared spectrum of the isolated conjugate was identical with that of a synthetic sample. Enzymatic cleavage of the isolated compound yielded estriol and glucuronic acid.
Expanding the Window for Thrombolytic Therapy in Acute Stroke The Potential Role of Acute MRI for Patient Selection

Background—Effective therapy was not available for treatment of acute stroke until 1995, when tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) was shown to improve neurological and functional outcome in stroke p...
Homogenization-based constitutive models for magnetorheological elastomers at finite strain

Abstract This paper proposes a new homogenization framework for magnetoelastic composites accounting for the effect of magnetic dipole interactions, as well as finite strains. In addition, it provides an application for magnetorheological elastomers via a “partial decoupling” approximation splitting the magnetoelastic energy into a purely mechanical component, together with a magnetostatic component evaluated in the deformed configuration of the composite, as estimated by means of the purely mechanical solution of the problem. It is argued that the resulting constitutive model for the material, which can account for the initial volume fraction, average shape, orientation and distribution of the magnetically anisotropic, non-spherical particles, should be quite accurate at least for perfectly aligned magnetic and mechanical loadings. The theory predicts the existence of certain “extra” stresses—arising in the composite beyond the purely mechanical and magnetic (Maxwell) stresses—which can be directly linked to deformation-induced changes in the microstructure. For the special case of isotropic distributions of magnetically isotropic, spherical particles, the extra stresses are due to changes in the particle two-point distribution function with the deformation, and are of order volume fraction squared, while the corresponding extra stresses for the case of aligned, ellipsoidal particles can be of order volume fraction, when changes are induced by the deformation in the orientation of the particles. The theory is capable of handling the strongly nonlinear effects associated with finite strains and magnetic saturation of the particles at sufficiently high deformations and magnetic fields, respectively.
Acetabular Fractures in the Elderly: Treatment Recommendations

Acetabular fractures in the elderly population are marked by a high degree of variability in terms of patient and fracture characteristics. Successful outcomes depend on application of highly individualized management principles by experienced teams. Reviewed are indications and outcomes associated with various management options, including closed treatment, open reduction internal fixation, and acute or staged total hip arthroplasty. Proper initial management choices are critical, as early failures and subsequent salvage surgery can be accompanied by significant morbidity. Clinical results after ORIF closely follow the quality of articular reduction and the ability to maintain a congruent reduction of the hip joint. Fracture characteristics predictive of anatomic articular reduction should be treated with ORIF. Fracture characteristics predictive of early post-traumatic arthritis should be treated with simultaneous ORIF and THA. Presented is one referral institution’s treatment algorithm and management approach.
The Size-Reactivity Continuum of Major Bioelements in the Ocean

Most of the carbon fixed in primary production is rapidly cycled and remineralized, leaving behind various forms of organic carbon that contribute to a vast reservoir of nonliving organic matter in seawater. Most of this carbon resides in dissolved molecules of varying bioavailability and reactivity, and aspects of the cycling of this carbon remain an enigma. The size-reactivity continuum model provides a conceptual framework for understanding the mechanisms governing the formation and mineralization of this carbon. In the seawater bioassay experiments that served as the original basis for this model, investigators observed that larger size classes of organic matter were more bioavailable and more rapidly remineralized by microbes than were smaller size classes. Studies of the chemical composition and radiocarbon content of marine organic matter have further indicated that the complexity and age of organic matter increase with decreasing molecular size. Biodegradation processes appear to shape the size distribution of organic matter and the nature of the small dissolved molecules that persist in the ocean.
Grid generation and adaptation for the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo Method

A grid generation and adaptation procedure based on the method of transfinite interpolation is incorporated into the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo Method of Bird. In addition, time is advanced based on a local criterion. The resulting procedure is used to calculate steady flows past wedges and cones. Five chemical species are considered. In general, the modifications result in a reduced computational effort. Moreover, preliminary results suggest that the simulation method is time step dependent if requirements on cell sizes are not met.
A note on the very small grains (VSGs) observed at Halley's comet

The most striking feature in the spatial distribution of the smallest dust grains observed at Halley's comet by the VEGA-1 spacecraft is the sharp glitch at a cometocentric distance of about 180,000 km, which approximately corresponds to the cometopause inside which the contaminated solar-wind plasma was rapidly cooled. This glitch is theorized to have been caused by the electrostatic disruption of larger composite grains which rapidly charged up as they traversed the cometopause. The clear asymmetry in the distribution between the inbound and outbound portion of the spacecraft trajectory is also consistent with the dynamical effects of grain charging.
σ-Tocopherol: An Efficient Protector of Lipids Against Nitric Oxide—initiated Peroxidative Damage

Nitric oxide released by macrophages during inflammation reacts with active oxygen to form peroxynitrite. Peroxynitrite nitrates protein and peroxidizes lipids. σ-Tocopherol traps peroxynitrite and is more effective than α-tocopherol in protecting lipids against such peroxidation.
The amino acid sequences of eleven tryptic peptides of papaya mosaic virus protein by electron ionization mass spectrometry

Eleven of the fourteen tryptic peptides of papaya mosaic virus protein have been sequenced by electron ionization mass spectrometry using chemical and enzymic hydrolyses and mixture analysis as required. Mid-chain cleavages of N-C bonds produced secondary ion series which allowed up to 16 residues to be sequenced without further hydrolysis. Mixture analysis on hydrolysis products enabled a 24 residue tryptic peptide to be sequenced from the data recorded in a single mass spectrum.
Comparing Female and Male Perpetrators' Modus Operandi Victims' Reports of Sexual Abuse

Although a sizable percentage of all sexual abuse in the United States is perpetrated by females, until recently the subject of sexual offending by this population has been largely overlooked. In this study, reports of child sexual abuse by 53 victims of female perpetrators were compared with reports by a group of 53 victims of male perpetrators. Victims were matched for age, race, and sex. The purpose of this investigation was to gain information about similarities and differences in the modus operandi of female and male offenders. Females were more often involved with males in co-offender situations. They were also more likely to exploit their victims than males. Male offenders were reported to be more sexually invasive in their abuse and were more likely to use bribes to obtain victim cooperation than females.
Effects of ribonuclease and spermine on yeast cells.

Abstract Yeast cells ( Candida utilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae ) in the absence of salts and buffer solutions are very sensitive to pancreatic ribonuclease preparations. The major part of their ultraviolet-absorbing constituents is released from the cells into the surrounding medium. Inhibition of ribonuclease action on the cell surface is exerted by the release of intracellular constituents. Spermine (10 −6 M ) shows a similar inhibitory effect when tested with nonmetabolizing cells, but it is not inhibitory under conditions of metabolism and culture. In the presence of glucose, spermine is assimilated by C. utilis , and in the culture medium the cells are protected against ribonuclease by the presence of cations.
Cannabidiol as an emergent therapeutic strategy for lessening the impact of inflammation on oxidative stress

article i nfo Article history: Oxidative stress with reactive oxygen species generation is a key weapon in the arsenal of the immune system for fighting invading pathogens and initiating tissue repair. If excessive or unresolved, however, immune-related oxidative stress can initiate further increasing levels of oxidative stress that cause organ damage and dysfunction. Targeting oxidative stress in various diseases therapeutically has proven more problematic than first anticipated given the complexities and perversity of both the underlying disease and th ei mmune response. However, growing evidence suggests that the endocannabinoid system, which includes the CB1 and CB2 G-protein-coupled receptors andtheirendogenouslipidligands,maybeanareathatis ripefortherapeuticexploitation.Inthiscontext,therelated nonpsychotropic cannabinoid cannabidiol, which may interact with the endocannabinoid system but has actions thataredistinct,offerspromiseasaprototypeforanti-inflammatorydrug development.Thisreview discusses recent studies suggesting that cannabidiol may have utility in treating a number of human diseases and disorders now known to involve activation of the immune system and associated oxidative stress, as a contributor to their etiology and progression. These include rheumatoid arthritis, types 1 and 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer disease, hypertension, the metabolic syndrome, ischemia-reperfusion injury, depression, and neuropathic pain.
Severe and moderate language impairment: Evidence for distinctive etiologies

Forty-two children of at least normal nonverbal intelligence and with a diagnosis of “delayed speech” were subdivided into those having “moderate” and those having “severe” speech difficulties on the basis of the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities. Parents of children with “severe” speech difficulties were of much higher social class, and the children were much more likely to have been exposed to potentially traumatic environmental influences than the “moderately” affected children. The “severely” affected probands were also much less likely than the “moderately” affected probands to have relatives with speech disturbances. These data indicate the heterogeneity of the diagnosis of “delayed speech” and suggest parallels to findings in the area of mental retardation, namely, that moderate deficiencies represent the lower end of the normal curve distribution from either a genetic or an environmental perspective, while severe deficiencies are the result of single genes or of serious environmental traumas.
Anesthesia and pain management for pediatric patients with dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa

Study Objective: To review anesthesia and pain management in pediatric patients with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB). Study Design: Retrospective study. Setting: University-affiliated pediatric hospital. Patients: 25 pediatric patients with RDEB had a total of 121 surgical procedures. Measurements and Main Results: Pediatric patients with RDEB could have vesicles and bullae formation in the skin in response to trauma, friction, or pressure. The common surgical procedures for patients with RDEB were balloon dilation of esophageal strictures (38%), pseudosyndactyly release with or without skin graft (27%), postsurgical or skin care related dressing changes (21%), percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube placement (8%), and circumcision (2%). Our anesthetic techniques included general inhalational anesthesia using mask (21%), general anesthesia using endotracheal tube (48%), and intravenous sedation (31%). No death or other major perioperative anesthetic complications occurred in these reported cases. Conclusions: Patients with RDEB can present considerable management issues for the anesthesiologists. Anesthesia and pain management can be carefully delivered with proper preoperative evaluation and preparation for pediatric patients with RDEB.
Whistler damping at oblique propagation: Laminar shock precursors

This paper addresses the collisionless damping of whistlers observed as precursors standing upstream of oblique, low-Mach number terrestrial bow shocks. The linear theory of electromagnetic waves in a homogeneous Vlasov plasma with Maxwellian distribution functions and a magnetic field is considered. Numerical solutions of the full dispersion equation are presented for whistlers propagating at an arbitrary angle with respect to the magnetic field. It is demonstrated that electron Landau damping attenuates oblique whistlers and that the parameter which determines this damping is beta-e. In a well-defined range of parameters, this theory provides damping lengths which are the same order of magnitude as those observed. Thus electron Landau damping is a plausible process in the dissipation of upstream whistlers. Nonlinear plasma processes which may contribute to precursor damping are also discussed, and criteria for distinguishing among these are described.
A large scale procedure for isolation of nucleoli from rat liver.

Abstract A method is described for a large scale isolation of nucleoli from rat liver in which whole livers were initially minced in a specially devised stainless steel mincer, after which the preparation was homogenized in 0.25 M sucrose containing 0.0033 M CaCl 2 . The homogenate was then subjected to continuous flow centrifugation for sedimentation of the nuclear preparation. The nuclear preparations were 96 to 99 per cent pure by direct particle count in the light microscope. Aliquots (40 ml) of 1:10 homogenates of the nuclear preparation were subjected to sonic oscillation in a sonifier for periods of 1 to 1 1 2 min. The preparation was centrifuged at 600 × g for 10 min. The sediment was subjected to a second sonic oscillation. This preparation and the supernatant fraction from the first centrifugation were layered over 0.88 M sucrose and centrifuged for 40 min at 1560 × g . The nucleolar preparations were the sediments from the second centrifugation. The morphology, as well as chemical analysis, agreed closely with that obtained for small scale nucleolar preparations. The recovery of nucleoli averaged 27 per cent of the total nucleoli in the original liver cells.
Continuum versus periodic lattice Monte Carlo approach to classical field theory

We compare the momentum space with the standard periodic lattice approach to Monte Carlo calculations in classical ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{4}$ field theory. We show that the mismatch in the initial value of ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{\mathrm{cl}}^{2}(t)$ results in a shift in the ``thermalized'' value, at large times. The two approaches converge to the same result in the continuum limit.
Differences in neutrophil function in young and mature cattle and their response to IFN-γ

Neutrophils from young calves (2-4 months old) had significantly lower iodination, oxidative metabolism, chemotaxis and random migration, but higher antibody-independent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (AINC) activity than neutrophils from mature cattle (2–3-years old). Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and oxidative metabolism were enhanced, and random migration was diminished in both groups by in vitro recombinant bovine IFN-γ (rboIFN-γ) treatment. Neutrophils from both groups had enhanced AINC activity and reduced chemotactic responsiveness after incubation in rboIFN-γ, however, these differences were significant only in the mature cattle. RboIFN-γ decreased the cytoplasmic Ca2+ flux in both groups. Neutrophils from young calves had lower cytochrome c reduction and iodination activity than mature cattle in response to both phorbol myristate acetate and opsonised zymosan. Lysed neutrophils from young calves had significantly less myeloperoxidase activity than those from mature cattle. It was also observed that the size of neutrophils increased with age in calves.
Multisweep cyclic voltammetric studies on the effect of charge on diffusion and sorption processes of ML3n+ chelates at clay-modified electrodes

Abstract The unique pattern of uptake of Cr(bpy) 3 3+ at clay-modified electrodes can be attributed to two factors as deduced from experiments with Co(bpy) 3 3+ , Co(bpy) 3 2+ , and (−) d -Cr(bpy) 3 3+ . In the first case, transport of the trivalent species is accelerated across the film because of electrostatic considerations. The initial swelling of the clay film controls the extent of accelerated transport through the film by establishing the interlayer dimensions. Valence, however, does not completely control the pattern of loading of the clay film with the complex. Cr(bpy) 3 3+ and Co(bpy) 3 3+ exhibit different rates of adsorption by the clay surface which contribute to the differing non-equilibrium loading patterns.
Carotenemia associated with green bean ingestion.

: Carotenemia is a condition characterized by yellow discoloration of the skin and elevated blood carotene levels. Excessive and prolonged ingestion of carotene-rich, yellow- or orange-colored foods such as carrots and winter squash is the most common cause, but more rarely it may be associated with consumption of other foods as well as with hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus, anorexia nervosa, liver disease, or kidney disease. Though not uncommon in children, there are few reports in the pediatric literature since its early descriptions in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Awareness of carotenemia can help the provider resolve confusion with jaundice and avoid unnecessary worry and costly tests. Herein we describe carotenemia in an 8-month-old Caucasian girl secondary to increased consumption of commercial infant food green beans.
The Early Development of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in Channel Catfish in Vitro

Abstract This study established ex vivo conditions suitable for studying early trophont development in excised tissues of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus within the first 48 h. Infective theronts of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis were added to freshly excised channel catfish fin, gill, and skin and established fin cells (BF-2) of bluegill Lepomis macrochirus. The early development of trophonts, including growth, rotation speed, attachment, and survival (%), was studied in different tissues and at different times. In all, 86–92% of the theronts attached to fish tissues in an enter, leave, and reenter pattern within the first 10 min. Theront attachment was more than 88% in fins, gills, and skin 1 h post exposure (PE). Attachment and shape transformation of theronts were not observed on BF-2 cells. Trophonts grew to a size of 30.0 ± 3.1 μm in diameter 4 h PE in the gills, an increase of 9.6%/h. The size increase of trophonts was 1.2%/h in the gill between 4 and 8 h. Trophonts grew slowly and increased in d...
Efficient speech edge detection for mobile health applications

Intelligent audio sensors that are continuously recording and analyzing sounds are a critical component of many emerging and future embedded applications. In these applications, the power budget is very tight, of which the analog front end consumes a major proportion. An efficient analog front end should adapt its power consumption to the instantaneous bandwidth of the audio signal of interest, instead of constantly consuming a fixed amount of power that assumes a fixed signal bandwidth. In this paper, we introduce a novel algorithm for identifying the edges of speech in the time-frequency domain, which is used to detect the instantaneous bandwidth of speech. A circuit implementation of our algorithm consumes 42.4µW of power and can extract the instantaneous bandwidth of a signal within an accuracy of 1% even in SNR conditions as low as 10 dB.
Three-Dimensional Particle Acceleration in Electromagnetic Cylinder and Torus

Particle acceleration via Poynting vector with toroidal magnetic field is studied in 3D PIC simulation of electron-positron plasma. We choose two different initial magnetic field configurations to compare how the particle acceleration is affected by the expansion of electromagnetic wave. In the cylindrical case, the electromagnetic field strength decays as (ct)−2, and particles are accelerated in the radial direction as well as the axial direction. Rayleigh- Taylor instability is also observed at the center of the cylinder. In the torus case, the field strength decays as (ct)−3, making the acceleration less efficient. Particles accelerated in the axial direction by E × B force creates strong charge separation.
Modulation of mechanosensory threshold in Aplysia by serotonin, small cardioactive peptideB (SCPB), FMRFamide, acetylcholine, and dopamine.

Abstract Mechanosensory threshold of tail sensory neurons in Aplysia was tested after injecting the tail with neuromodulators known to affect defensive behavior in this animal. Serotonin (5-HT) and small cardioactive peptide (SCP B ) reduced peripheral threshold, while FMRFamide, acetylcholine (ACh), and dopamine increased threshold. FMRFamide and ACh also reduced spontaneous activity of sensory neurons. Glutamate and taurine had no effect. SCP B effects persisted for 15–30 min after washout. Functional similarities between peripheral and central effects of these neuromodulators support the hypothesis of coordinate modulation of both regions of the sensory neuron by the same set of modulators following noxious stimulation.
Degenerations of flag and Schubert varieties to toric varieties

In this paper, we prove the degenerations of Schubert varieties in a minusculeG/P, as well as the class of Kempf varieties in the flag varietySL(n)/B, to (normal) toric varieties. As a consequence, we obtain that determinantal varietes degenerate to (normal) toric varieties.
Role of GTP Binding, Isoprenylation, and the C-Terminal α-Helices in the Inhibition of Cell Spreading by the Interferon-Induced GTPase, Mouse Guanylate-Binding Protein-2

Interferon-γ pre-exposure inhibits Rac activation by either integrin engagement or platelet-derived growth factor treatment. Interferon-γ does this by inducing expression of the large guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) mouse guanylate-binding protein (mGBP-2). Inhibiting Rac results in the retardation of cell spreading. Analysis of variants of mGBP-2 containing amino acid substitutions in the guanosine triphosphate (GTP) binding domain suggests that GTP binding, and possibly dimerization, of mGBP-2 is necessary to inhibit cell spreading. However, isoprenylation is also required. Removal of the N-terminal GTP-binding globular domain from mGBP-2 yields a protein with only the extended C-terminal α-helices that lacks enzymatic activity. The ability of the C-terminal α-helices alone to inhibit cell spreading suggests that this is the domain that interacts with the downstream effectors of mGBP-2. Interestingly, mGBP-2 can inhibit cell spreading whether it is geranylgeranylated or farnesylated. This study begins...
Fractographic analysis of hydrothermally treated silica glass

Abstract Hydrothermal treatment of abraded silica glass in water produces a significant increase in fracture strength and fracture toughness. This was attributed earlier to crack tip blunting. The so-called ‘mirror constant’ of the fracture surface of hydrothermally treated silica glass was investigated. It was found that mirror size changed while the crack length remained unchanged with hydrothermal treatment. At the same time, the ‘mirror constant’ increased with hydrothermal treatment. The variation of ‘mirror constant’ was analogous to that of the apparent fracture toughness value due to crack tip blunting.