cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nanophotonic Devices and Circuits for Communications

The current optical technology is costly, bulky, fragile in their alignment, and difficult to integrate with electronic systems, both in terms of the fabrication process and in terms of delivery and retrieval of massive volumes of data that the optical elements can process. Our most recent work emphasizes the construction of optical subsystems directly onchip, with the same lithographic tools as the surrounding electronics. Arranged in a regular pattern, subwavelength features act as a metamaterial whose optical properties are controlled by the density and geometry of the pattern and its constituents. We also engineered second order nonlinearities in silicon and constructed composite metal-dielectric-semiconductor resonant gain geometries used to create a new type of nanolasers for chip-scale integration of optical information systems. In the following we describe our most recent work on integrated space-division multiplexing (SDM) for data center optical circuits switching networks.
Longitudinal patterns of bone-targeted agent use among patients with solid tumors and bone metastases in the United States

Purpose This study examined real-world long-term use of guideline-recommended bone targeted agents (BTA) among patients with metastatic solid tumors.
Bipopulation Approach to CMAS-Process Simulation

A dynamic model based on species-shift theory in activated sludge is proposed for predicting the response of mixed-culture processes to dynamic organic loadings. Experimental data were collected to verify the model. The closeness between the experimental results and the model prediction indicates strongly that this model has potential in future studies of mixed-microbial cultures to dynamic loadings and in the design of wastewater-treatment processes uning completely mixed-activated sludge process. The minimal laboratory experiment required to implement this model further increases its usefulness.
A Fundamental Study of Nano Electrodeposition Using a Combined Molecular Dynamics and Quantum Mechanical Electron Force Field Approach

Abstract Nano electrochemical additive manufacturing (Nano ECAM) is an emerging technology that combines the trends of miniaturization and additive manufacturing to fabricate complex 3D parts at the nano scale. A combined molecular dynamics and quantum mechanical electron force field approach is used in this work to study the electrochemical and physical input parameter effects on output deposition behavior to obtain fundamental understanding of Nano ECAM process. It was found that electron tunneling behavior occurs below a threshold interelectrode gap (IEG), which is not solvable by reducing the current. This tunneling would mean the electrons were not available to cause the electrolyte ions to deposit onto the substrate. Additionally, if the IEG was too high and the current was too low, the input electrons and cations from the electrolyte would combine and remain in a constant position near but not adsorbed to the surface. Furthermore, the effects of varying Watt's bath concentration were studied. It was found that there was an ideal concentration to perform Nano ECAM at, with values above and below causing deposition to occur less quickly and less efficiently. Finally, the work reported in this paper provides a very valuable computational framework for predicting the ECAM process results for subsequent experimental verification.
Kant's Syntheticity Revisited by Peirce

This paper reconstructs the Peircean interpretation of Kant's doctrine on the syntheticity of mathematics. Peirce correctly locates Kant's distinction in two different sources: Kant's lack of access to polyadic logic and, more interestingly, Kant's insight into the role of ingenious experiments required in theorem-proving. In this second respect, Kant's analytic/synthetic distinction is identical with the distinction Peirce discovered among types of mathematical reasoning. I contrast this Peircean theory with two other prominent views on Kant's syntheticity, i.e. the Russellian and the Beckian views, and show how Peirce's interpretation of Kant solves the dilemma that each of these two views faces. I also show that Hintikka's criterion for Kant's synthetic judgments, i.e. a new individual introduced by the ∃-instantiation rule, does not capture the most important characteristic of Peirce's theorematic reasoning, i.e. the process of choosing a correct individual.
Generalized q-sampling imaging fiber tractography reveals displacement and infiltration of fiber tracts in low-grade gliomas

Low-grade gliomas (LGGs) are slow growing brain tumors that often cause displacement and/or infiltration of the surrounding white matter pathways. Differentiation between infiltration and displacement of fiber tracts remains a challenge. Currently, there is no reliable noninvasive imaging method capable of revealing such white matter alteration patterns. We employed quantitative anisotropy (QA) derived from generalized q-sampling imaging (GQI) to identify patterns of fiber tract alterations by LGGs. Sixteen patients with a neuropathological diagnosis of LGG (WHO grade II) were enrolled. Peritumoral fiber tracts underwent qualitative and quantitative evaluation. Contralateral hemisphere counterparts were used for comparison. Tracts were qualitatively classified as unaffected, displaced, infiltrated or displaced, and infiltrated at once. The average QA of whole tract (W), peritumoral tract segment (S), and their ratio (S/W) were obtained and compared to the healthy side for quantitative evaluation. Qualitative analysis revealed 9 (13.8%) unaffected, 24 (36.9%) displaced, 13 (20%) infiltrated, and 19 (29.2%) tracts with a combination of displacement and infiltration. There were no disrupted tracts. There was a significant increase in S/W ratio among displaced tracts in the pre-operative scans in comparison with the contralateral side. QA values of peritumoral tract segments (S) were significantly lower in infiltrated tracts. WHO grade II LGGs might displace, infiltrate, or cause a combination of displacement and infiltration of WM tracts. QA derived from GQI provides valuable information that helps to differentiate infiltration from displacement. Anisotropy changes correlate with qualitative alterations, which may serve as a potential biomarker of fiber tract integrity.
Chronic Hepatitis C and Genotyping: The Clinical Significance of Determining HCV Genotypes:

Chronic hepatitis C, attributed to infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV), is a global health problem. The overall prevalence of viral hepatitis worldwide is estimated to be 3-5% with over 175 million people infected with HCV. Clinically, HCV can establish a persistent, chronic infection contributing to progressive liver disease, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), requiring intensive treatment regimens, possible liver transplantation and long-term care. Due to the chronic nature of HCV infection and the tremendous burden on healthcare resources, clinicians and laboratorians have looked for key epidemiological, pathological and viral characteristics that may provide insight into disease progression, severity and response to therapy to permit the administration of effective therapeutic regimens as well as long-term management of infected individuals. Determination of viral genotype has been identified as one parameter that could provide direction in the clinical management of patients with chronic HCV infections. The following review provides background on determination of HCV genotypes and the relevance of viral genome characterization in the current clinical setting.
Understanding the Impact of Individual Creativity with Information Technology upon the Deep Usage of IT Systems

In today’s competitive business world, creativity is an important component in enhancing an organization’s ability to retain its competitive advantage and stay ahead of competitors. In order to exploit creativity, firms must learn to identify and leverage it across all levels of the organization. Nonetheless, despite the importance of creativity, no work to date has conceptualized individual creativity with IT, nor studied the impact of creativity with IT upon the deep usage of IT systems. In this paper, we report the results of a study involving 111 users of an Electronic Document System that finds creativity to be a stronger driver of the creation of novel and useful ideas about IT than innovation or self-efficacy. By extension, it was a stronger predictor of the deep usage of IT even after accounting for perceptions towards the IT.
The Nature and Effects of Sorption Processes in Subsurface Systems

Sorption processes can significantly affect the fate and transport of contaminants in subsurface systems. Prediction of these effects relies on an understanding of sorption equilibria and rates, and on their accurate characterization and representation. This paper reviews the current level of understanding of the processes, and of the forms and utility of different models used to describe them and their effects. Emphasis is placed on concept development, and on the application of these concepts in understanding and explaining contaminant behavior in subsurface systems. Examples are provided to illustrate the impact of sorption equilibria and rates on contaminant transport.
Medical Consequences of the Inhalation of Volatile Nitrites

Amyl and butyl nitrite have had legitimate medical indications for their use for over a century, but in the last two decades they have become an increasingly popular means for getting high, and have currently come to be frequently scrutinized as the cause of or a cofactor in a plethora of somatic disorders. The compounds are liquids at room temperature that rapidly evaporate and decompose unless kept cool, sealed, and protected from excess light exposure. Their volatile properties allow for sniffing to be the route of intoxication. They are touted as a means to alter consciousness and heighten sexual arousal and as adjuvants in achieving a euphoric state. The use of these substances has increased markedly over the past two decades, becoming a $20-million-a-year industry with an estimated cadre of over 5 million regular users.1 A nationwide survey in 1978 of graduating high school students revealed that one in nine had contact with this class of drugs.2
Effects of Subjective Biases on Strategic Information Transmission

In this paper, we study the effects of subjective biases on strategic information transmission (SIT) within a Stackelberg game setting, where a human transmitter (leader) communicates an encoded source message to a human receiver (follower) so that the receiver decodes back a desired version of the original source signal. We model human decisions using Rieger–Wang’s prospect theory, which is an extension of traditional prospect theory to continuous decision spaces. Having found a closed-form expression for the receiver’s best response strategy under any general setting, we consider two settings: Gaussian SIT games and exponential SIT games. While the Gaussian SIT games result in strategies that are independent of subjective biases of both the transmitter and the receiver, we show that the equilibrium strategies in exponential SIT games depend on the subjective biases of both the transmitter and the receiver. Numerical results are presented to illustrate results in both Gaussian and exponential settings.
Driver network as a biomarker: systematic integration and network modeling of multi-omics data to derive driver signaling pathways for drug combination prediction

MOTIVATION Drug combinations that simultaneously suppress multiple cancer driver signaling pathways increase therapeutic options and may reduce drug resistance. We have developed a computational systems biology tool, DrugComboExplorer, to identify driver signaling pathways and predict synergistic drug combinations by integrating the knowledge embedded in vast amounts of available pharmacogenomics and omics data. RESULTS This tool generates driver signaling networks by processing DNA sequencing, gene copy number, DNA methylation and RNA-seq data from individual cancer patients using an integrated pipeline of algorithms, including bootstrap aggregating-based Markov random field, weighted co-expression network analysis and supervised regulatory network learning. It uses a systems pharmacology approach to infer the combinatorial drug efficacies and synergy mechanisms through drug functional module-induced regulation of target expression analysis. Application of our tool on diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and prostate cancer demonstrated how synergistic drug combinations can be discovered to inhibit multiple driver signaling pathways. Compared with existing computational approaches, DrugComboExplorer had higher prediction accuracy based on in vitro experimental validation and probability concordance index. These results demonstrate that our network-based drug efficacy screening approach can reliably prioritize synergistic drug combinations for cancer and uncover potential mechanisms of drug synergy, warranting further studies in individual cancer patients to derive personalized treatment plans. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION DrugComboExplorer is available at https://github.com/Roosevelt-PKU/drugcombinationprediction. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The Psychology of Connectivity: Follower Counts and Identity

Information exchange is embodied in the sharing model which originated as a simple communal gossip session. On a digital platform, the network reached by communal gossip is enormous. Sharing in the virtual world builds self-esteem and confers virtual status where power is synonymous with follower counts on social media and generates a feel-good dopamine spike. But sharing is accompanied by comparison, judgment, anxiety and fear, only assuaged by additional self-revelation. The psychology of sharing creates a flywheel of ever-increasing exchange resulting in massive digital content.
Adaptive Coding and Modulation for Robust 50G PONs

Adaptive coding and modulation (ACM) in a 50G passive optical network (PON) enables variable-rate transmission and reduced excess margin. The system proposed here transmits at a fixed symbol rate, with three modulation formats: 2-, 3-, and 4-ary pulse amplitude modulation (PAM). Further rate variation is enabled through variable forward error-correction overhead adjusted via puncturing and shortening of a hard-decision-decoded low-density parity check code for code rates between 0.67 and 0.92. Other system improvements, such as optimized PAM level spacing, avalanche photodiodes, and equalization are also considered. The system supports received optical powers spanning 10 dB at bit rates of 15 – 55 Gb/s.
The library’s role in building campus conversations: Extending academic discourse

Higher education lives on the academic community established by and for its faculty. [The Campus Conversations in Standish speaker] series drives that community by sharing our expertise, building intellectual networks, and reminding us all of the very interesting work being done every day by individual faculty. This series reminds us of the integral role the Libraries’ play in the development and advancement of scholarship. In many ways, the Libraries serve as a cross-campus hub.— James Stellar
Electric field induced metallic behavior in thin crystals of ferroelectric α -In2Se3

Ferroelectric semiconductor field effect transistors (FeSmFETs), which employ ferroelectric semiconducting thin crystals of α-In2Se3 as the channel material as opposed to the gate dielectric in conventional ferroelectric FETs (FeFETs), were prepared and measured from room to liquid-helium temperatures. These FeSmFETs were found to yield evidence for the reorientation of electrical polarization and an electric field-induced metallic state in α-In2Se3. Our findings suggest that FeSmFETs can serve as a platform for the fundamental study of ferroelectric metals as well as the exploration of potential applications of semiconducting ferroelectrics.
Kari Soriano Salkjelsvik y Felipe Martinez Pinzón, eds. Revisitar el costumbrismo. Cosmopolitismo, pedagogías y modernización en Iberoamérica.

Este libro es un buen punto de partida para el estudio del costumbrismo espanol y latinoamericano y ofrece nuevas lineas de investigacion en un campo de estudio todavia no explorado plenamente. Mas significativo que su reconocimiento a un genero a veces subestimado, la compilacion contribuye al importante trabajo de trazar e iluminar la historia discursiva e ideologica de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. Los temas tratados en los ensayos son diversos, pero en conjunto rastrean el proceso a traves del cual el romanticismo politico de la independencia nacional evoluciono con el advenimiento de discursos positivistas y desarrollistas. Asimismo, los diferentes autores se interesan por las paradojas y problematicas que resultaron de esto.
Advanced Techniques for Robust SAR ATR: Mitigating Noise and Phase Errors

We present advanced Deep Learning (DL) techniques for robust Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) automatic target recognition (ATR) in the presence of noise and signal phase errors. Our research focuses on ensuring robust performance of SAR ATR algorithms under noise and adversarial attacks. Robust DL-based SAR ATR is paramount in operational scenarios such as disaster relief, search and rescue, and highly accurate object classification for autonomous vehicles. Our contributions, as described in this paper, include algorithm development and implementation of an advanced deep learning technique known as adversarial training (AT) to mitigate the detrimental effects of sophisticated noise and phase errors. Our research demonstrated that 1) AT improves performance under extended operating conditions, in some cases improving up to 10% over models without AT. 2) The use of AT improves performance when sinusoidal or wideband phase noise is present, in some cases gaining 40% in accuracy that would be lost in the presence of noise. 3) We find the model architecture has significant impact on robustness, with more complex networks showing a greater improvement from AT. 4) The availability of multi-polarization data is always advantageous. To our knowledge no one has provided an extensive analysis of the impact of adversarial machine learning (ML) on SAR image classification. Thus, this paper serves as a comprehensive research revealing the impact of adversarial attack and how to mitigate it.
From foods to artifacts: Children’s evaluative and taxonomic categorization across multiple domains

Abstract In previous research, the domain of food has been the main test case for examining children’s use of evaluation as a basis for conceptual organization. The present research investigates how children’s evaluative category representation of foods compare to the domains of animals, artifacts, plants, and people. Three studies were conducted with children (N = 176, range = 3;22 – 8;78 years) involving categorization tasks. Results reveal domain similarity in younger and older children’s developing ability for evaluative categorization. Results also demonstrate domain differences in younger and older children’s tendency to categorize based on evaluative versus taxonomic relations. Applications of these findings are discussed within the context of methods to enhance children’s healthy food choices and consumption.
Impact of Job Complexity and Performance on CFO Compensation

SYNOPSIS: This study investigates the impact of job complexity and firm, as well as CFO-specific performance, on CFO compensation. We find job complexity and overall firm performance affects both CFO salary and bonus, while CFO-specific performance affects CFO bonus. Specifically, we find that CFOs are not only rewarded when their firms meet or beat earnings targets, but they get incremental rewards for managing earnings and/or expectations to allow their firms to meet or just beat those targets.
Temporal outcomes of transcatheter mitral valve replacement in native mitral valve disease with annular calcification

Background Surgical intervention in patients with native mitral disease due to severe mitral annular calcification (MAC) carries significant risk. Transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR) using balloon-expandable aortic transcatheter heart valve (THV) in MAC had emerged as alternative treatment. Objectives We aim to study the temporal change in clinical outcomes of the procedure at a single center. Methods We retrospectively studied 23 patients who underwent TMVR in MAC at Mayo Clinic from January, 14, 2014 to March, 15, 2019. Cases were divided into early (n = 11) and late (n = 12) experience. The primary end point was 30-day all-cause mortality. The secondary end points were immediate technical success, 30-day procedural success, and 1-year all-cause mortality. Results Mean age of patients was 75.2 ± 8.9 years and 17 (74.0%) were female. Median STS score for 30-day mortality was 8 (Interquartile range 4.3-13.4) for the entire population. Immediate technical success was achieved in 21 out of 23 patients (two failures in the early experience were related to tamponade and procedural death). Thirty-day procedural success was higher in the late experience (10 out of 12 patients) compared to early experience (5 out of 11 patients, p = .06). Four deaths in the first 30-days were observed in the early experience while all patients survived to hospital discharge in the late experience (p = .01). Conclusions Procedural success and 30-day survival of transcatheter mitral valve replacement in severe mitral annular calcification procedure using balloon-expandable aortic prosthesis had improved over the years. This is likely attributed to significant advancement in procedural planning, valve design, and techniques.
Stability of Fluid Flow through a Channel with Flexible Walls

In the present paper, we summarize the results of the research devoted to the problem of stability of the fluid flow moving in a channel with flexible walls and interacting with the walls. The walls of the vessel are subject to traveling waves. Experimental data show that the energy of the flowing fluid can be transferred and consumed by the structure (the walls), inducing “traveling wave flutter.” The problem of stability of fluid-structure interaction splits into two parts: (a) stability of fluid flow in the channel with harmonically moving walls and (b) stability of solid structure participating in the energy exchange with the flow. Stability of fluid flow, the main focus of the research, is obtained by solving the initial boundary value problem for the stream function. The main findings of the paper are the following: (i) rigorous formulation of the initial boundary problem for the stream function, ψ x , y , t , induced by the fluid-structure interaction model, which takes into account the axisymmetric pattern of the flow and “no-slip” condition near the channel walls; (ii) application of a double integral transformation (the Fourier transformation and Laplace transformation) to both the equation and boundary and initial conditions, which reduces the original partial differential equation to a parameter-dependent ordinary differential equation; (iii) derivation of the explicit formula for the Fourier transform of the stream function, ψ ˜ k , y , t ; (iv) evaluation of the inverse Fourier transform of ψ ˜ k , y , t and proving that reconstruction of ψ x , y , t can be obtained through a limiting process in the complex k -plane, which allows us to use the Residue theorem and represent the solution in the form of an infinite series of residues. The result of this research is an analytical solution describing blood flowing through a channel with flexible walls that are being perturbed in the form of a traveling wave.
Future directions of the National Institutes of Health Science of Behavior Change Program.

BACKGROUND: The National Institutes of Health Science of Behavior Change Common Fund Program has accelerated the investigation of mechanisms of behavior change applicable to multiple health behaviors and outcomes and facilitated the use of the experimental medicine approach to behavior change research. PURPOSE: This commentary provides a brief background of the program, plans for its next phase, and thoughts about how the experimental medicine approach to behavior change research can inform future directions in two areas of science-reproductive health and COVID-19 vaccine uptake. CONCLUSIONS: The incorporation of a mechanisms-based approach into behavior intervention research offers new opportunities for improving health.
Fidelity of Information Processing on a Psychomotor Vigilance Task Predicts Changes in Self-Reported Sleepiness Ratings.

Introduction Daytime sleepiness is a common problem. Although sleepiness is primarily assessed at the self-report unit of analysis, factors that contribute to an individual's experience and report of sleepiness remain poorly understood. While sleepiness is known to impact vigilance performance, the impact of vigilance performance on sleepiness reports is less well understood. We aimed to explore how performance on a psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) relates to changes in self-reported sleepiness in a rested condition. Methods Participants were 66 adults (Mdn=23, range 18-49 years old), 47% female, 88% white, with a wide range of insomnia symptoms. Participants rated their sleepiness on a scale from 1 (not sleepy) to 10 (extremely sleepy) at the start (pre) and the end (post) of a 10-minute computerized PVT. Ordinal regression determined whether mean reciprocal reaction time, a measure of overall performance, or the log-transformed signal-to-noise ratio (LSNR), a measure of fidelity of information processing, predicted post-sleepiness, adjusting for pre-sleepiness, insomnia, and potential confounds. Results Lower LSNR predicted greater change in sleepiness (pre-to-post PVT) and higher post-sleepiness even after adjusting for pre-sleepiness, mean reciprocal reaction time, insomnia, and other potential confounds (p<0.05). Discussion When adjusting for insomnia symptoms and potential confounds, participants with lower fidelity of information processing reported higher sleepiness than they had reported at the start of the PVT. Possible mechanisms and explanations are discussed in relation to a 3-factor model of sleep-wake states. This line of research may contribute to innovative approaches to assessing and treating sleepiness.
Study of Memory Effects in International Market Indices

Long term memory effects in stock market indices that represent internationally diversified stocks are analyzed in this paper and the results are compared with the S&P 500 index. The Hurst exponent and the Detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) technique are the tools used for this analysis. The financial time-series data of these indices are tested with the Normalized Truncated Levy Flight to check whether the evolution of these indices is explained by the TLF.Some features that seem to be specific for international indices are discovered and briefly discussed. In particular, a potential investor seems to be faced with new investment opportunities in emerging markets during and especially after a crisis.
“This one’s on me!”: Differential well-being effects of self-centered and recipient-centered motives for spending money on others

Past research reliably shows that spending money on others (termed prosocial spending) makes people happier than spending money on oneself. The present research tested whether the happiness benefits of prosocial spending may be reduced when spending money on others for self-centered reasons—to benefit the self—than when done for recipient-centered reasons—to benefit the recipient. Four specific spending motives—spending on others to self-enhance, out of obligation, to enhance recipients, and to support recipients—were derived empirically and tested for their unique effects on hedonic and eudaemonic well-being. Across four studies, recipient-enhancement, a recipient-centered motive with a positive effect on well-being, and obligation, a self-centered motive with a negative effect on well-being, emerged as the most reliable motivational predictors of well-being from prosocial spending, across hedonic and eudaemonic forms. These findings offer the first evidence of specific interpersonal motives on prosocial spending behaviors and their effects on levels of rewards in addition to kinds of rewards.
Using global snapshots to Access Data streams on the Grid

Data streams are a prevalent and growing source of timely data. As streams become more prevalent, richer interrogation of the contents of the streams is required. Value of the content increases dramatically when streams are aggregated and distributed global behavior can be interrogated. In this paper, we demonstrate that access to multiple data streams should be viewed as one of deriving meaning from a distributed global snapshot. We define an architecture for a data streams resource based on the Data Access and Integration [2] model proposed in the Global Grid Forum. We demonstrate that access to streams by means of database queries can be intuitive. Finally, we discuss key research issues in realizing the data streams model.
You Shoot Like a Girl: Stereotype Threat and Marksmanship Performance in the U.S. Marine Corps

Stereotype threat is the concern that an individual may be at risk of confirming a negative stereotype about one's own group. That is, the added anxiety and pressure associated with disconfirming a stereotype may ultimately hinder an individual's performance. Female Marines, a USMC minority who confront negative stereotypes specific to performance, may be at risk of underperforming in physically demanding tasks and examinations. Since this self-induced threat may be responsible for leading scholars to conclude that servicewomen are ill equipped to soldier, it is important to demonstrate the affects of stereotype threat with respect to performance in the military. One on-site experiment will reveal to what extent stereotype threat affects the performance of female Marines in terms of marksmanship qualifications on the rifle. If this phenomenon negatively effects female Marines, it is likely that other military minorities may have the same experience. To this end, this paper considers ways to ameliorate stereotype threat to ensure the improved performance for all service members, across all service branches.
Rural adolescent health: the importance of prevention services in the rural community.

Context: Adolescence is a pivotal developmental period for the establishment of positive health and health practices. However, developmentally propelled risk behaviors coinciding with barriers to health services may increase the propensity for untoward health outcomes in adolescence. In addition, the sociocultural context of the rural environment can present challenges to the health of adolescents. Limited data on rural adolescent health, particularly among population subgroups, hinder the ability to adequately advocate for adolescent health prevention services. Methods: A secondary analysis of the 2005 California Health Interview Survey Adolescent questionnaire was conducted. Selected survey items corresponding to the Healthy Youth 2010 objectives were analyzed for 663 adolescents aged 12-17 residing in rural regions of California. Adolescent subgroup analysis included race/ethnicity, age, and poverty level. Findings: Adolescent health issues of particular concern in this study include sexual health, substance use, mental health, and risk factors for obesity. Predictably, risk behaviors increase with the age of the adolescent. Minority and poor youth demonstrate the greatest vulnerability to untoward health outcomes. Conclusion: Significant risk behaviors and health concerns exist among the rural adolescent population, particularly among poor and minority youth, arguing for the creation and preservation of prevention services for youth in the rural community. Future research using alternative sampling methodologies may be necessary to adequately represent the higher-risk adolescent in the rural community. More data are needed on vulnerable adolescent populations in the rural community in order to adequately advocate for prevention services.
A Class of Explicit Two-Step Runge-Kutta Methods with Enlarged Stability Regions for Parallel Computers

In this paper we study a class of explicit pseudo two-step Runge-Kutta (EPTRK) methods for first-order ODEs for parallel computers. We investigate linear stability and derive methods with enlarged stability regions. In numerical experiments on a shared memory computer we compare a parallel variable step size EPTRK implementation with the efficient sequential Runge-Kutta method dopri5.
Modelling T-cell memory by genetic marking of memory T cells in vivo

Immunological memory is the ability of the immune system to respond with enhanced vigour to pathogens that have been encountered in the past. Following infection or immunization, most effector T cells undergo apoptotic cell death, but a small fraction of these cells, proportional to the early antigen load and initial clonal burst size1, persist in the host as a stable pool of memory T cells2,3,4,5,6,7. The existence of immunological memory has been recognized for over 2,000 years, but our understanding of this phenomenon is limited, primarily because memory lymphocytes cannot be unequivocally identified as they lack specific, permanent markers. Here we have developed a transgenic mouse model system whereby memory T cells and their precursors can be irreversibly marked with a reporter gene and thus can be unambiguously identified. Adoptive transfer of marked CD8+ T cells specific for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus protected naive recipients following viral challenge, demonstrating that we have marked memory T cells. We also show that cytotoxic effector lymphocytes that develop into memory T cells can be identified in the primary response.
Exploiting Parallelism in Tabled Evaluations

This paper addresses general issues involved in parallelizing tabled evaluations by introducing a model of shared-memory parallelism which we call table-parallelism, and by comparing it to traditional models of parallelizing SLD. A basic architecture for supporting table-parallelism in the framework of the SLG-WAM[14] is also presented, along with an algorithm for detecting termination of subcomputations.
Collaborative study for the characterization of a chikungunya virus RNA reference reagent for use in nucleic acid testing

Background and Objectives Infections with the mosquito-borne chikungunya virus (CHIKV) can cause febrile illness or be asymptomatic. Laboratory diagnosis of CHIKV is often made with laboratory-developed nucleic acid amplification technology (NAT) assays because there are no U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved diagnostic or blood screening assays. We aimed to produce a well-characterized CHIKV RNA reference reagent (CHIKV-RR) for use in NAT assays. Materials and Methods A CHIKV RNA-RR consisting of cell culture-grown, heat-inactivated CHIKV diluted in human plasma was assessed by 8 laboratories in a collaborative study. The participants were asked to test the CHIKV-RR using their NAT assay(s) by qualitative testing (determination of RNA end-point by testing log and half-log dilutions followed by calculation of estimated NAT-detectable units/ml, after adjustment for the sample volume used for testing), and by quantitative testing, when available. Results Results from the testing showed that the CHIKV-RR had an estimated overall mean of 7·56 log10 detectable units/ml, ranging from 6·2 log10 to 8·6 log10. Conclusions The Center for Biologics for Evaluation and Research/FDA CHIKV RNA-RR for NAT was established with a concentration of 7·56 log10 detectable units/ml.
The Identification and Characterization of Workload Classes

In all areas of engineering, it is important to be able to accurately forecast how a system would react to some change. For instance, for a proposed new bridge design, what would be the effect of 10 large trucks simultaneously crossing the bridge? Or, for an existing parallel computer system, what would be the expected response time if three processors failed simultaneously? To be able to answer such performance prediction questions, an engineer needs a correct characterization of the current system.
Evidence Suggestive of Compartmentalization of Deoxyribonucleic Acid-Synthesizing Systems in Freeze-Treated Bacillus subtilis

Freezing of Bacillus subtilis in liquid nitrogen results, upon thawing of the cells, in an enhanced deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate and reduced thymidine (Tdr) incorporation into cellular deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The DNA synthesized from thymidine triphosphate (TTP) was made by a “repair”-type system as determined by density transfer experiments. The mono- and diphosphate precursors were also incorporated by a “repair”-type synthesis. When Tdr was used as the radioactive precursor in the assay mixture, the product was only that expected from a semiconservative synthesis. Superlethal ultraviolet light exposure of the freeze-treated cells stimulated incorporation of phosphorylated precursors into DNA. Tdr uptake was greatly reduced by ultraviolet exposure, and only repair synthesis was observed. TTP and Tdr do not compete with one another in this system. The possibility that two DNA synthesizing systems exist in separate, non-mixing cellular compartments is considered.
Dose-dependent interaction between cholecystokinin and sham feeding

Abstract Previous work in this laboratory indicated that decreases in feeding motivation produced by cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) develop through synergism with signals generated by feeding. In these experiments, we used a runway paradigm to assess the contribution of signals from the oral cavity to this interaction. In contrast to the substantial (44%) impairment in runway performance produced by the combination of 1 μg/kg CCK-8 and 5 min normal prefeeding, 5 min sham feeding failed to potentiate the effect of 1 μg/kg CCK-8. Sham feeding in conjunction with this dose of CCK-8 reduced running speed by no more (2%) than CCK-8 alone (9%). Similar results were obtained whether rats were allowed a longer sham feeding interval (12 min) or the prefeeding interval was shifted in time so that it ended only 3 min before the start of the runway test. By contrast, larger doses of CCK-8 interacted with 5 min sham feeding to substantially impair runway performance; significant decreases in speed of 29% and 41% were observed after 2 and 4 μg/kg CCK-8, respectively. Results with these doses indicate that synergy between CCK-8 and signals from the oral cavity can contribute to the inhibitory effects of this agent. However, the failure of the combination of the 1 μg/kg dose and sham feeding to replicate the interaction seen with normal prefeeding indicates the additional involvement of signals arising from food stimulation distal to the oropharynx.
Haṃsamiṭṭhu: “Pātañjalayoga is Nonsense”

The ninth chapter of the Haṃsavilāsa of the Gujarati Śaiva author Haṃsamiṭṭhu (born 1738 ad) argues that Pātanjalayoga, conceived of as a conflation of Aṣṭāṅgayoga and Haṭhayoga, cannot be valid soteriology. Pātanjalayoga is presented as a paradoxical and painful attempt to achieve quiescence by forcibly eliminating karma. Haṃsamiṭṭhu, conversely, views ‘euphoria’ (ullāsa) as a prerequisite for liberation, and therefore advocates a painless method of Rājayoga. This is taught as a Śaiva form of the Rāsalīlā involving transgressive substances and behaviour. A frame story establishes Haṃsamiṭṭhu’s authority to teach such practices by revealing his secret identity as Haṃsa, a favored companion of Śiva who incarnates for a single life to promulgate esoteric teachings. The purity of this Rāsalīlā is defended by challenging the validity of a conventional morality that seeks to portray it as abhorrent.
The Cat and Mouse Games That Genes, Viruses, and Cells Play

Serrano et al. are not the first to have noted that oncogenes paradoxically induce cells to stop growing. The seed of the idea has come from observations of Evan and his group that the myc oncogene can, under certain conditions, elicit another type of anti-proliferative response—apoptosis. (Evan et al. 1992xEvan, G.I, Wyllie, A.H, Gilbert, C.S, Littlewood, T.D, Land, H, Brooks, M, Waters, C.M, Penn, L.Z, and Hancock, D.C. Cell. 1992; 69: 119–128Abstract | Full Text PDF | PubMed | Scopus (2366)See all ReferencesEvan et al. 1992). Others subsequently showed that the E1A oncogene, which is myc-like in some of its actions, also induces apoptosis (3xDebbas, M and White, E. Genes Dev. 1993; 7: 546–554Crossref | PubMedSee all References, 12xLowe, S.W and Ruley, H.E. Genes Dev. 1993; 7: 535–545CrossrefSee all References). This apoptosis can be reversed by several means, among them, the introduction of ras oncogene (Lin et al. 1995xLin, H.J, Eviner, V, Prendergast, G.C, and White, E. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1995; 15: 4536–4544See all ReferencesLin et al. 1995).Now we begin to see the symmetry in the design of the circuitry that programs the cell's defense mechanisms. ras and perhaps other similarly acting oncogenes induce a senescence which E1A can block. E1A induces an apoptosis which can be blocked by ras; ras appears also able to block myc-induced apoptosis (McKenna et al. 1996xMcKenna, W.G, Bernhard, E.J, Markiewicz, D.A, Rudoltz, M.S, Maity, A, and Muschel, R.J. Oncogene. 1996; 12: 237–245See all ReferencesMcKenna et al. 1996). Hence, senescence and apoptosis represent the two alternative responses that cells mount in response to these two functionally complementary classes of oncogenes.Unexplained by this are the precise physiologic and biochemical mechanisms by which the myc participates in these collaborations. Ostensibly, myc intervenes in the cell cycle clock machinery to prevent ras-induced senescence, but that is not yet shown experimentally. An important molecular clue is likely provided by the recent observation that the Myc protein can induce expression of the Cdc25A phosphatase, an important activator of G1 CDKs (Galaktionov et al. 1996xGalaktionov, K, Chen, X, and Beach, D. Nature. 1996; 382: 511–517Crossref | PubMed | Scopus (593)See all ReferencesGalaktionov et al. 1996).All this brings us a large step closer to realizing one of the major goals of current cancer research: rationalizing the complex, multi-step process of tumor progression in terms of the workings of the molecular machinery that operates inside cells to regulate their proliferation.
Modality of presentation and blocking in sentence recognition memory

In contrast to the findings of Bransford and Franks (1971) that no specific information is retained about acquisition sentences in their recognition memory paradigm, it was shown that subjects can consistently distinguish OLDs from NEWs when visual presentation is used, but not when auditory presentation is used. This is in agreement with the speculation of Katz and Gruenewald (1974) as to why such a split was observed in their study. This difference also has a bearing on the typical finding of no modality effects in long-term memory, as compared to the consistent superiority of auditory presentation in short-term memory. It was also found that blocking semantically related sentences during acquisition heightened the perceived “OLDness” of test sentences compared to nonblocked presentation.
Results of Vitrectomy for Rare Proliferative and Hemorrhagic Diseases

We compiled the results of pars plana vitrectomy in rare proliferative and hemorrhagic diseases. In retinal vasculitis of unknown origin (perhaps Eales' disease), six out of seven eyes had visual improvement; in sickle cell disease, two out of three eyes improved. Three eyes with presumed toxocariasis were successfully treated. In retrolental fibroplasia (RLF), only lighter degrees of the cicatricial stage with traction detachments can be treated. Some cases may simulate Coats' disease. There are also cases which simulate the typical picture of RLF, where there is no history of prematurity or oxygen usage. Five patients with RLF were treated, three of these successfully. Cryoglobulinemia (one case) and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (one case) were successfully treated. Senile macular degeneration can also be an indication for vitrectomy (two out of three eyes were successfully treated).
AN X-RAY SEARCH FOR COMPACT CENTRAL SOURCES IN SUPERNOVA REMNANTS. I. SNRs G093.3+6.9, G315.4-2.3, G084.2+0.8, AND G127.1+0.5

Most astronomers now accept that stars more massive than about 9?M? explode as supernovae and leave stellar remnants, either neutron stars or black holes, with neutron stars being more prevalent. Recent modeling of the explosions suggests a significant diversity in the key natal properties?rotation rate, velocity, and magnetic field strength?of the resulting neutron stars that account for the association of active radio pulsars, pulsar wind nebulae, and magnetars with supernova remnants (SNRs). The discovery of a central X-ray source in Cas?A, the youngest known Galactic SNR, dramatized the expected diversity. However, less than half of the SNRs within 5 kpc have identified central sources, and only three are identified as the remnants of Type?Ia SNe. Here we report a systematic effort to search for compact central sources in the remaining 23 SNRs of this distance limited sample. Our search was inspired, on empirical considerations, by the enigmatic faint X-ray source in Cas?A; motivated, on theoretical grounds, by the expectation that young neutron stars emit cooling X-ray emission; and made possible by the superb angular resolution offered by the Chandra X-ray mission and the sensitivity of the XMM-Newton mission.?????In this first paper we report Chandra observations of four SNRs (G093.3+6.9, G315.4-2.3, G084.2+0.8, and G127.1+0.5). We have undertaken a systematic optical/IR identification program of the X-ray sources detected in the field of each SNR. Foreground (flare stars, active stars) and background (active galactic nuclei) sources have identifiable IR/optical counterparts. In contrast, the counterparts of neutron stars (or black holes) are expected to be very faint. We are able to account for all the well-detected X-ray sources and thus able to state with some confidence that there are no associated central sources down to a level of one-tenth of that of the Cas?A central source, LX 1031 ergs s-1. We compare our limits with cooling curves for neutron stars and find that any putative neutron stars in these SNRs must be cooling faster than expected for traditional 1.35 M? neutron stars and that any putative pulsar must have low spin-down luminosities 1034 ergs s-1. However, our limits are unable to constrain the presence or absence of more unusual options, such as relatively more massive neutron stars with M 1.45 M?, neutron stars with exotic interiors, or quiescent black holes. In subsequent papers, we will report on the X-ray and optical/IR observations of the remaining members of the 5 kpc sample.