cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Politics of Childhood in Cold War America Ann Marie Kordas. London: Pickering & Chatto, 2013.

The Politics of Childhood in Cold War America Ann Marie Kordas. London: Pickering & Chatto, 2013.In The Politics of Childhood in Cold War America, Ann Marie Kordas argues that childhood was a unique prominent political vehicle during America's contest with its communist rivals. Divided into five chapters focused on parenting practices, educational reform, children's consumer culture, gender roles, and juvenile delinquency, The Politics of Childhood distils the predominant ideologies of the time from an impressive range of texts, including child-rearing and educational works, etiquette manuals, magazine and newspaper articles, government studies, essays written by children for school assignments, and-most prominently-educational films. It is unfortunate that the book could not supplement this fascinating material with illustrations, but the variety of texts addressed speaks to Kordas's extensive knowledge of the era.In the first chapter, "Father No Longer Knows Best: Parenting and Parent-Child Relationships," she focuses on the shift in parenting ideals that took place after World War II: whereas previous decades had stressed a need for "inner-directed" citizens, self-regulating individuals "designed to meet the requirements of a production-oriented society" (18), postwar American society was "other-directed" and therefore "feared conflict, worshipped conformity, and discouraged citizens from doing anything to differentiate themselves from other members of the group" (27). Chapter Two, "Lessons for Liberty: Schooling," reveals how educational reforms responded directly to perceived Soviet threats. Kordas shows, for example, an increased emphasis on science, a subject at which Americans would need to be adept in order to remain competitive. Educational materials also took on a propagandistic tone, emphasizing the superiority of American values and the pitfalls of communism. As the author points out, it was in 1954, after all, that the Pledge of Allegiance became a mandated classroom ritual.Chapter Three, "All American: The Child CitizenSoldier," ventures outside of the classroom to examine the consumer culture of children. From spy kits to chemistry sets, the message sent to children, particularly boys, was that they needed to be properly trained for inevitable conflict. Children could also serve their country by preparing to take on families of their own. Chapter Four, "The Dating Game: Gender Roles," shows how children's culture stressed the inculcation of traditional gender norms. …
Preparation of pyrrolo[3,2,1‐jk]carbazole by nickel(0) mediated ring contraction of pyrrolo[3,2,1‐kl]phenothiazine. Proton NMR and mass spectral studies

Pyrrolo[3,2,1-jk]carbazole 1a, the previously unreported 16π-electron parent compound, has been synthesized by treatment of pyrrolo[3,2,1-kl]phenothiazine 2a with a 1:1 mixture of bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene) nickel(0) and 2,2′-bipyridyl. An unequivocal assignment of the 1H nmr spectrum of 1a was made by decoupling experiments and by comparison with the 1H nmr spectrum of 1,9-dideuteriopyrrolo[3,2,1-jk]carbazole 1b. Metastable ion studies, exact mass measurements and the dideuterioderivative 1b were utilized to investigate the electron impact induced fragmentation of 1a.
Evaluation of flecainide acetate in the management of patients at high risk of sudden cardiac death

The clinical effectiveness of flecainide acetate was evaluated in 36 patients (29 male and 7 female, average age 56 years) in whom therapy with previous antiarrhythmic agents had failed. All patients had documented ventricular tachycardia on Holter electrocardiographic recording and 31 of 36 (86%) had had syncope or required cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or both. Angiographic findings demonstrated significant coronary artery disease in 22 (61%) and primary left ventricular dysfunction in 14 (39%), with a left ventricular ejection of 0.39 +/- 0.4. Patients were treated with an average flecainide dose of 302 +/- 76 mg/day. The follow-up time was 101 +/- 156 days. Thirty-two of 36 patients (89%) had complete elimination of ventricular tachycardia from Holter monitoring and only 2 patients had flecainide discontinued because of noncardiac side effects (numbness, blurred vision and ataxia). However, the drug was subsequently discontinued in 5 patients because of cardiac side effects (proarrhythmic effect in 2, sinus bradycardia in 1, complete atrioventricular block in 1 and new left bundle branch block in 1) and 10 patients died during flecainide therapy (1 with cerebral stroke, 3 with congestive heart failure and 6 with incessant ventricular tachycardia). A comparison of the general cardiac features of those who died with those who did not revealed a significantly lower ejection fraction (0.24 +/- 0.1 vs 0.45 +/- 0.1, p less than 0.05) and a significantly higher flecainide dose (350 +/- 85 versus 276 +/- 59 mg/day, p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Far-infrared transmission measurements on grid-gate GaAs/AlGaAs lateral-surface-superlattice structures

Abstract We report far-infrared transmission measurements on grid-gate lateral-surface-superlattices on GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures. At sufficiently negative gate voltages, Vg, when the gated regions are completely depleted, the observed resonance is due to transitions between energy levels resulting from confinement of the remaining electrons in the ungated regions into quasi zero-dimensional quantum dots. At more positive values of Vg, before the gated regions are completely depleted, an unexpected splitting is observed in the resonance. Transmission spectra were also taken from a grating-gate sample and a sample without gate. The energy structure and allowed optical transitions of a 2DEG in a 2D periodic potential and a magnetic field are calculated. These results are used to discuss the observed splitting.
Ethnic label use in adolescents from traditional and non-traditional immigrant communities

Understanding adolescents’ use of ethnic labels is a key developmental issue, particularly given the practical significance of identity and self-definition in adolescents’ lives. Ethnic labeling was examined among adolescents in the traditional immigrant receiving area of Los Angeles (Asian n = 258, Latino n = 279) and the non-traditional immigrant receiving area of North Carolina (Asian n = 165, Latino n = 239). Logistic regressions showed that adolescents from different geographic settings use different ethnic labels, with youth from NC preferring heritage and panethnic labels and youth from LA preferring hyphenated American labels. Second generation youth were more likely than first generation youth to use hyphenated American labels, and less likely to use heritage or panethnic labels. Greater ethnic centrality increased the odds of heritage label use, and greater English proficiency increased the odds of heritage-American label use. These associations significantly mediated the initial effects of setting. Further results examine ethnic differences as well as links between labels and self-esteem. The discussion highlights implications of ethnic labeling and context.
Bandwidth choice for differentiation

Abstract We propose a class of procedures for choosing the bandwidth, or smoothing parameter, for linear nonparametric estimates of the rth derivative of a smooth function observed with error on a discrete set of points. These procedures are based on minimizing a nearly unbiased estimate of the integrated mean square error. Theoretical justification is provided in the special case of a tapered Fourier series estimate.
Effects of NFκB decoy oligonucleotides released from biodegradable polymer microparticles on a glioblastoma cell line

The objectives of this study were to investigate a nuclear factor-kappa B (NFkappaB) decoy oligonucleotide (ODN) strategy on the inhibition of glioblastoma (GBM) cell line growth and to evaluate a poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticle delivery system for the NFKB decoy ODNs in vitro. We have demonstrated that NFkappaB activation is important in regulating GBM cell line growth. Aberrant nuclear expression of NFkappaB was found in a panel of GBM cell lines, while untransformed glial cells did not display NFkappaB activity. Nuclear translocation of NFkappaB was inhibited by using a 'decoy" ODN strategy. NFkappaB decoy ODNs designed to inhibit NFkappaB resulted in a significant reduction in cell number (up to 45%) compared to control cultures after 2 days. The reduction in cell number correlated with a decrease in cyclin D1 protein expression and a commensurate decrease in Cdk-4 activity. These results provide evidence suggesting that NFkappaB mediates cell cycle progression and demonstrates a mechanism linking increased NFkappaB activity with GBM cell growth and cell cycle disregulation. Decoy ODNs were encapsulated at a yield of 66% in PLGA microparticles and released in a controlled manner in phosphate buffered saline for up to 28 days. Approximately 83% of entrapped ODNs were released by day 28. During 3 days of GBM cell line culture, the released decoy ODNs retained their biologic activity and led to significantly reduced cell number as compared to control cultures. These findings offer a potential therapeutic strategy in the control of human GBM cell line growth in vitro and suggest that PLGA microparticles may be appropriate as delivery vehicles for the "decoy" ODN strategy.
Extension of Submillimeter Wave Spectroscopy below a Half-Millimeter Wavelength

The methods of high-resolution microwave spectroscopy have been extended to $\ensuremath{\lambda}=0.43$ mm. The J=5\ensuremath{\rightarrow}6 rotational line of ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}$${\mathrm{O}}^{16}$ has been measured to be 691 472.60\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.60 Mc/sec. With other measured lower frequency transitions, this value leads to a centrifugal stretching constant ${D}_{0}=0.18390\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.00014$ Mc/sec and to ${B}_{0}=57635.970\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003$ Mc/sec for ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}$${\mathrm{O}}^{16}$. Measurements of the three hyperfine components of the $J=0\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1$ transition of H${\mathrm{Cl}}^{35}$ at $\ensuremath{\lambda}=0.48$ mm yield for this molecule ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{0}=625919.24\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.52$ Mc/sec and ${B}_{0}=312991.30\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.26$ Mc/sec. With the infrared value of ${B}_{0}$ in wavelength units measured with great accuracy by Rank and his associates, our ${B}_{0}$ value yields the spectral value $c=299792.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4 \mathrm{km}/sec$ for the velocity of light. This value is in agreement with, and is of comparable accuracy to, the best values obtained by other more direct methods for the measurement of $c$.
Distributed and Boundary Control for a Parallel System of Euler-Bernoulli Beams

A distributed parameter system consisting of two Euler-Bernoulli beams coupled in parallel is considered. It is shown that the system is uniformly exponentially stabilizable by an appropriate application of either distributed or boundary control. Strong stability is also established in both cases, although in the case of boundary control, the strong stability result is only proved for the situation in which both beams have identical dynamics.
Intrinsic phonon relaxation times from first-principles studies of the thermal conductivities of Si and Ge

Using a first-principles approach, we present forms for the intrinsic phonon relaxation times in semiconductors, which properly reflect the physically distinct behaviors of the normal and umklapp scattering processes. We find that accurate representation of the phonon-phonon scattering strength and inclusion of scattering of acoustic phonons by optic phonons are essential ingredients, which are missing from the decades old derivations of commonly used intrinsic relaxation times. We also assess the validity of the relaxation time approximation itself for silicon and germanium.
BIOCHEMICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL PEROXISOMAL DEFECTS IN ZELLWEGER SYNDROME

The report of absent peroxisomes and distorted mitochondria in liver and kidney of Zellweger syndrome suggested that the manifestations may be secondary to disturbed function of these organelles. The associated question of persistence of peroxisomal enzyme activity in the absence of peroxisomes was equally provocative. Liver and intestinal biopsies from a patient with Zellweger syndrome were assayed for 3 peroxisomal enzymes. Catalase was present in both tissues in normal concentrations but was not sedimentable at 10,000 rpm for 30 min. Cyanide-insensitive β -oxidation of palmitoyl-CoA and dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase were not detectable in liver. Absence of the former could explain the reported accumulations of very long-chain fatty acids. The acyltransferase is essential in the synthesis of plasmalogens which are widely distributed in membranes but whose functions are poorly understood. Peroxisomes could not be found in liver or intestine by EM. Mitochondria were normal. Rare, very small bodies were noted in intestine some of which were DAB-positive (catalase-containing). These findings provide the first unequivocal evidence of a deficiency in peroxisomal enzymes in human disease. Zellweger syndrome may result from an interruption in peroxisomal formation.
Interactions between the effects of methamphetamine and pentobarbital on operant behavior in the pigeon

This study investigated the effects of methamphetamine and pentobarbital on the performance of pigeons trained to peck a key on two alternating schedules of food reinforcement. In the presence of a blue key-light, every 31st response was reinforced (FR 31); in the presence of a red key-light, a single response was reinforced when 5 min had elapsed (FI 5). In control studies, methamphetamine (1–3 mg/kg, i.m.) alone decreased rates of responding on FR 31, but increased rates of responding on FI 5. Pentobarbital (1–10 mg/kg, i.m.) alone increased rates of responding on both FI 5 and FR 31; maximal effects occurred at 10 mg/kg. Combinations of methamphetamine and pentobarbital produced FR 31 response rates between those produced by the individual drugs. In contrast, the combination markedly increased FI 5 response rates. The maximal increase in FI 5 response rates occurred with the combination of 1 mg/kg of methamphetamine and 10 mg/kg of pentobarbital, and it was greater than the sum of the maximal increases produced by either drug alone. Thus, combined doses of methamphetamine and pentobarbital can either antagonize or enhance the effects of the individual drugs on operant behavior; the type of interaction that occurs is dependent upon the schedule of reinforcement.
Effect of nitrogen and calcium stock plant nutrition on Petunia × hybrida leaf and anther explant growth in vitro

Abstract Petunia × hybrida Hort. Vilm.-Andr. ‘Coral Sea’ stock plants were grown with a modified Hoagland's solution to determine the effect of stock plant N and Ca nutrition on subsequent leaf explant and anther growth in vitro. In separate experiments, N was 0, 75, 150 or applied at 0, 100, 200 or 400 mg 1−1 as nitrate-N, and Ca was applied at 300 mg 1−1. Leaf explants from plants grown with 100 mg 1−1 N produced the greatest amount of callus, while those from plants grown with 200 and 400 mg 1−1 N produced the highest number of shoots. Nitrogen treatments increased the anther fresh weight and the number of shoots per culture compared to anthers derived from stock plants that did not receive N. The fresh weight of shoots produced by leaf explants decreased with increasing Ca concentrations applied to stock plants. Anthers derived from stock plants treated with 0 mg 1−1 Ca produced the highest number of shoots per culture. Anatomically, both filament and anther wall tissue produced callus, but no callus production from microspores was observed. Organs produced by anthers were diploid.
Self-inflicted shotgun wounds of the abdomen

Three cases of self-inflicted wounds of the abdomen caused by a long-barrelled shotgun are described. The difficulties encountered and the appropriate surgical management are discussed.
A meta-analysis of plant field studies simulating stratospheric ozone depletion

The potential effects of increased ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B, 280–320 nm) simulating stratospheric ozone depletion in field studies with vascular plants have previously been summarized only in narrative literature reviews. In this quantitative synthesis, we have assessed the significance of solar UV-B enhancement for ten commonly measured variables involving leaf pigmentation, plant growth and morphology, and photosynthesis using meta-analytic statistical methods. Of 103 papers published between 1976 and mid-1999 from field studies, more than 450 reports from 62 papers were included in the database. Effects of UV-B were most apparent for the case of UV-B-absorbing compounds with an average increase of approximately 10% across all studies when comparing the ambient solar UV-B control to the treatment (involving ambient UV-B plus a UV-B supplement from special UV lamps). Some morphological parameters such as plant height and leaf mass per area showed little or no response to enhanced UV-B. Leaf photosynthetic processes (leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence) and the concentration of photosynthetic pigments (total chlorophylls and carotenoids) were also not affected. Shoot biomass and leaf area showed modest decreases under UV-B enhancement. The reduction in shoot biomass occurred only under very high levels of simulated ozone depletion and leaf area was affected only when studies inappropriately used the plant (i.e., the subreplicate) rather than the plot as the experimental replicate. To the best of our knowledge, this review provides the first quantitative estimates of UV-B effects in field-based studies using all suitable published studies as a database.
In vitro culture of Parascaris equorum larvae and initial investigation of parasite excretory-secretory products

Currently, diagnosis of Parascaris equorum infection in equids is limited to patent infections. The goals of this study were to culture P. equorum larvae in vitro and identify excretory-secretory (ES) products for prepatent diagnostic testing. Parascaris equorum L2/L3 larvae were hatched and cultured for up to 3 weeks for ES product collection. Fifth stage (L5) P. equorum were also cultured for ES product collection. Examination of ES fractions by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and silver stain revealed L2/L3 products ranging from 12–94 kDa and L5 products ranging from 12–189 kDa. Western blot analyses were conducted using polyclonal antibodies produced against P. equorum or Baylisascaris procyonis L2/L3 ES products, sera from rabbits inoculated with B. procyonis or Toxocara canis eggs, and sera from animals naturally infected with P. equorum or T. canis. Western blot results indicated parasite antigens migrating at 19 and 34 kDa may be useful for specifically detecting P. equorum infections.
Evaluation of a Pilot Program of Faculty Advising at an Urban Commuter University.

To evaluate a pilot program of faculty advising at a large, public, urban, commuter university, 448 pairs of entering students, both freshmen and transfer students, were matched on various demograp...
Synthesis of single- and double-13C-labeled cholesterol oleate.

Abstract Cholesterol oleate with the 13 C-label in oleic acid at the carbonyl and/or in the sterol ring at position 4 was synthesized by two methods: (1) cholesterol was condensed with oleic anhydride, prepared from [1- 13 ]oleic acid, in the presence of dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) in anhydrous chloroform at room temperature for 4–5 h; (2) cholesterol or 13 C-enriched cholesterol at position 4 were reacted with 90% [1- 13 C]-oleic acid in the presence of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) and DMAP at room temperature in anhydrous chloroform for 1.25 h. The single- 13 C and double- 13 C-labeled cholesterol oleate were obtained 90% yields after purification by silicic acid column chromatography. Their purity was assessed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and 13 C-NMR spectroscopy. Tritium-labeled cholesterol oleate was also synthesized by method 1 using the fatty acid anhydride.
Nonclassical light generation by a photonic-crystal one-atom laser

We investigate the effects of sub-Poissonian photon statistics and photon antibunching in the light generation by a photonic-crystal one-atom laser. The physical system consists of a two-level light emitter strongly coupled to a high-quality microcavity engineered within a photonic crystal and coherently driven by a strong external laser field. This study reveals that the electromagnetic environment provided by the photonic crystal facilitates light generation characterized by pronounced sub-Poissonian photon statistics and photon antibunching, and strongly enhanced relative to that from a one-atom laser in a conventional optical cavity. The characteristics of the cavity photon statistics are fundamentally distinct from those of a corresponding microcavity in ordinary vacuum. For large discontinuities in the photon density of states between Mollow spectral components of atomic resonance fluorescence, in the good cavity regime, the photon statistics is sub-Poissonian, in contrast to the case of a conventional cavity where sub-Poissonian photon statistics is present only for a bad cavity. These results suggest the possibility of using a photonic-crystal one-atom laser as an efficient source of nonclassical light.
Do Maxillary Sinus Retention Cysts Reflect Obstructive Sinus Phenomena

Objective To determine the relation of maxillary sinus retention cysts (RCs) to ostiomeatal complex (OMC) obstruction and anatomic variation of the paranasal sinuses. Methods The results of 410 computed tomographic scans of the sinuses ordered by otolaryngologists in an academic center during a 1-year period were reviewed. Computed tomographic scans with maxillary sinus RCs were studied to determine cyst characteristics, the Lund score, OMC size and patency, and the presence of anatomic variations. Statistical analysis was conducted to determine the relation of RCs to these factors. Results The incidence of RCs was 12.4% (51 cases). The mean patient age was 41.3 years, with a female-male ratio of 2.4:1. Nine cases demonstrated bilateral cysts, allowing 42 unilateral cases to be analyzed with the nondiseased side as a control. The mean cyst size was 1.56 cm, and cysts were most commonly located inferiorly (30 [50%]) and were solitary (45 [88%]). The RC side had a higher mean Lund score than the control side (2.62 vs 1.93; P = .008, Wilcoxon signed rank test). Of the cyst sides, 18 (43%) demonstrated OMC occlusion, vs 15 (36%) for the control side ( P = .55, McNemar test). The mean OMC size was smaller for the cyst side vs the control side (0.77 vs 1.35 mm; P = .13). No association was found between RCs and concha bullosa or Haller cells ( P = .45 and P = .39, respectively). Conclusions Maxillary sinus RCs do not reflect persistent obstructive pathology of the OMC, and are not associated with potentially obstructive anatomic sinus variations. Consideration should be given to not scoring RCs as positive disease during Lund staging.
Intracellular processing of prolactin

PRL has been reported to exist as a number of mol wt and charge variants. We have attempted to determine the relationships among the charge and lower mol wt variants by two-dimensional gel analysis of pituitary and pituitary cell extracts. Silver-stained gels of the extracts showed three major charge isoforms of 24,000 mol wt PRL (PRLs 1, 2, and 3, with PRL 3 being the most anodic) and what appeared to be an arc of products originating in the region of PRL 3. Each spot in the arc was distinct and represented a small decrease in size (two to eight residues), with a corresponding increase in net negative charge. When primary cell cultures were labeled with [35S] methionine, the three PRL isoforms and arc products were detectable by autoradiography. Western blots of the two-dimensional gels snowed the arc products to be immunologically related to PRL. Treatment of the cell cultures with hydroxynorvaline (5 mM), which inhibits processing of pre-PRL to PRL, resulted in doublet spots in the arc. Elimination of ...
Rapid separation of DNA restriction digests using size selective capillary electrophoresis with application to DNA fingerprinting

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) using running buffers containing a water soluble polymer (methylcellulose, MC) was employed for the rapid size-selective separation and identification of plasmid DNA (pBR322 and pBR328). The two plasmid samples were distinguished based on differences in CE elution patterns resulting from injections of their Hinfl enzyme digests. The restriction fragments in the digests were detected by incorporating the DNA intercalation dye, ethidium bromide (EB), in the running buffer and utilizing laser fluorimetry. Short separation times were achieved by increasing the applied field, but with a concomitant decrease in fragment resolution. This behavior was attributed to three main effects: (i) a reduction in efficiency due to problems with Joule heating, (ii) a decrease in selectivity as the fragments elongate and align with the high fields, and (iii) a general reduction in system retention due to the fragment elongation and increased capillary temperature. The deleterious effects of Joule heating were minimized by employing small diameter capillaries and low buffer concentrations. The molecular weight of the MC polymer primarily influenced separation efficiency. Conversely, MC concentration influenced both selectivity and system retention. High efficiency (106 plates m−1) and good resolution of the fragments in the different restriction digests were achieved using running buffers containing 100,000 MW methyl cellulose at high fields. Under optimized conditions, the test plasmid sample digest provided reproducible and unique elution profiles with 120 s separation times.
Reconciling arroyo cycle and paleoflood approaches to late Holocene alluvial records in dryland streams

Abstract A century of research into the environmental records of alluvial-valley fills in drylands has led to new theories about landscape response to climate change and cultural evolution over the Holocene. In a largely separate line of inquiry, paleoflood hydrologists have scoured bedrock canyons for slackwater deposits, extending the flood record and exploring their climatic significance. Both approaches rely on the analysis and dating of late Holocene alluvium, sometimes along the same drainages, yet they differ in the geomorphic setting in which they should be applied. Studies of arroyo cut-and-fill cycles are focused on broad alluvial valleys, whereas paleoflood hydrology has been focused mainly in narrow bedrock canyons. With a focus on the southwestern U.S., we review and compare the fundamentals of these two approaches and their paradigmatic disconnect, and then discuss potential linkages that could lead to a more complete understanding of how dryland streams adjust to external stimuli. Recent regional compilations provide insight into the broader relation between the two record types over entire physiographic provinces. Meanwhile, new tools such as OSL dating, short-lived isotopes, and improved hydraulic modeling are paving the way for refinement and reconciliation of the two approaches within individual drainages. The relation between past arroyo cut-and-fill cycles and paleofloods must be thoroughly explored if we are to fully understand how drainages will respond to a changing climate over the coming decades to centuries.
A 44–93- $\mu\hbox{s}$ 250–400-mV 0.18- $\mu\hbox{m}$ CMOS Starter for DC-Sourced Switched-Inductor Energy Harvesters

Although microsystems can replenish batteries and energize modules with ambient energy without having to store much energy on board, on-chip photovoltaic cells and thermoelectric generators generate 50–400 mV, which is usually not sufficiently high to operate transistors. Although stacking cells is possible, the tradeoff in power is ultimately unfavorable because small transducers output little power. Thankfully, transformers can boost millivolt voltages but not without a significant toll on space. Motion-propelled microelectromechanical system switches can also start a harvester but only in the presence of vibrations. Moreover, although 50–300-mV ring and $LC$ oscillating networks can charge batteries, initialization requires 1–15 ms. The prototyped 0.18- $\mu\hbox{m}$ CMOS oscillating starter presented here draws power from 250–450 mV to charge 100 pF to 0.32–1.55 V in 44–92 $\mu\hbox{s}$ . In the steady state, the cost of the starter to the direct-current-sourced harvester it supports is only a 1.8% drop in the power conversion efficiency.
Theory of relaxation of mobile water protons induced by protein NH moieties, with application to rat heart muscle and calf lens homogenates

Kimmich and co-workers (cf., Winter, F., and R. Kimmich. 1982. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 719:292–298) discovered peaks in the magnetic field-dependent longitudinal relaxation rate (1/T1) of water protons of muscle tissue, cells, and dehydrated protein in the field range 0.5–5 MHz (proton Larmor frequency), and argued that the peaks resulted from cross relaxation associated with quadrupolar splittings of the 14N nuclei of protein NH groups. More recently, analogous peaks were found in homogenates of calf eye lens (Beaulieu, C.F., J.I. Clark, R.D. Brown III, M. Spiller, and S. H. Koenig, 1987. Abstr. Soc. Magn. Res. Med., 6th, New York. 598–599), which are essentially concentrated protein solutions, and were measured with sufficient precision to allow resolution of the relaxation spectra into several peaks and the intrinsic linewidths to be determined. Here, we analyze these relaxation spectra, as well as earlier data on rat heart (Koenig, S. H., R. D. Brown III, D. Adams, D. Emerson, and C. G. Harrison. 1984. Invest. Radiol. 19:76–81) in some detail, and suggest a specific pathway for the cross relaxation to which we apply the theory of relaxation quantitatively. The view that emerges is that, at fields such that the proton Zeeman energy of the NH protons matches an 14N quadrupolar splitting, relaxation of these protons is by cross relaxation to the 14N nuclei which in turn transfer excess energy to the protein. The correlation time for the NH proton interaction is the T2 of the 14N nuclei, approximately 10(-6) s, whereas T1 of the NH protons is approximately 1.25 ms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Treatment with aureomycin of localized Pasteurella multocida infection.

Summary A chronic, localized infection of thenose due to Past. multocida and originating in all likelihood from a horse was treated with aureomycin given locally and perorally. The clinical response was favorable and the organism disappeared. However, it could be demonstrated again during the subsequent attack of cellulitis caused by hemolytic streptococcus and Staph. aureus , which was treated successfully with penicillin. The necrotic tissue was removed. The clinical and bacteriological improvement following cessation of all therapy has continued. In vitro, this strain proved to be highly susceptible to aureomycin and did not develop resistance to this antibiotic.
Flow Physics of a Pulsed Microjet Actuator for High-Speed Flow Control

Flow control actuators based on a small-diameter source jet and a cylindrical cavity structure take advantage of the flow resonance within the cylindrical cavity to generate a variable-frequency, pulsed high-momentum microjet issuing through the cavity orifice. The flow-acoustic coupling, which leads to resonance within the cavity of the actuator, is the main driving mechanism behind the pulsed microjet. In the present study, a computational methodology based on high-order numerical techniques is used to simulate a highly unsteady and compressible pulsed actuator flowfield. Simulation generated flowfield results are analyzed to further understand the complex flow physics governing the pulsed actuator operation. The simulation provides significant details about the highly unsteady and complex microscale actuator flowfield, which are not observable from the experiments. Qualitative comparisons made between the simulated flowfield visualizations and the experimental microschlieren images show a reasonable le...
Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with joint laxity (SEMDJL)

Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with joint laxity (SEMDJL) is a distinctive form of skeletal dysplasia characterized by severe dwarfism, generalized articular hypermobility, and progressive spinal malalignment. We report on a patient with SEMDJL, who presented with all the characteristic orthopedic manifestations of the disorder, required multiple operative procedures, and has the longest reported follow-up and survival into adulthood with a favorable outcome. We describe all the clinical and radiographic findings that can allow an early diagnosis of this type of skeletal dysplasia, which can lead to profound disability with potentially lethal spinal and pulmonary complications in early childhood. In view of the severe clinical and genetic implications, diagnostic precision is of vital importance, particularly since the disorder is currently believed to be more common than initially reported.
Daily Catheter-directed Single Dosing of t-PA in Treatment of Acute Deep Venous Thrombosis of the Lower Extremity

The strong fibrin affinity of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) theoretically obviates continuous infusion or replacement of t-PA after direct intrathrombic injection. This hypothesis led the authors to evaluate single daily catheter-directed injection of rt-PA as a thrombolytic treatment for acute deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremity. Once-daily injection of rt-PA was performed in large thrombosed veins (popliteal or larger) with use of pulse-spray catheters and in small thrombosed veins in patients' calves with use of 3–4-F coaxial catheters. Patients received only full systemic anticoagulation on his/her patient care unit. This dosing regimen has been tested in 10 patients (12 legs) with a maximum dose of 50 mg per leg per day. Extensive thrombolysis was achieved in nine patients and partial thrombolysis was achieved in one patient, at an average total dose of 106 mg of rt-PA per leg. Minor bleeding was seen in three patients and no transfusions were needed. Our technique and the rationale for this pilot study is the focus of this article.
Ontology-guided knowledge discovery of event sequences in maintenance data

We created an application that facilitates improved knowledge discovery from aircraft maintenance data by transforming transactional database records into ontology-based event graphs, and then providing a filterable visualization of event sequences through time. We developed OWL ontologies based on formally defined IEEE standards, and use these ontologies to guide the data mining and data transformation processes. Our application removes much of the users burden for data look-up and greatly increases the potential for knowledge discovery from data (KDD) in this field. We provide an easy-to-use interface that generates relevant sequences of data in a meaningful context in a fraction of the time it would take domain experts to retrieve and display similar information.
Determination of the Relative Amounts of α -carbamazepine and β -carbamazepine in a Mixture by Powder X-Ray Diffractometry

A powder X-ray diffraction technique has been developed to quantify the relative amounts of α-carbamazepine (A) and β-carbamazepine (B) when they occur as a mixture. The theoretical basis of this technique was developed in 1948 by Alexander and Klug (Anal. Chem., 20:886-889). The powder X-ray diffraction patterns of A and B revealed that the line with d-spacing of 10.1 A was unique to A. The ratio of the integrated intensity of the 10.1 A line in a mixture of A and B, to the intensity of the 10.1 A line in a sample consisting of only A, was calculated as a function of weight fraction of A in the mixture. These ratios were also experimentally determined, and there was a good agreement between the theoretical and experimental intensity ratios. The particle size of the samples, the sample preparation technique and the experimental conditions were controlled so as to eliminate the major sources of error in powder X-ray diffractometry. In order to minimize preferred orientation of the particles, a sample holder was specially fabricated.
Making Attributions to and Plans to Confront Gender Discrimination: The Role of Optimism

Three studies demonstrated that optimism increased women's plans to confront gender discrimination. Furthermore, these studies showed that this relation was not a result of attributions to discrimination or perceptions of discriminatory events. Rather, as demonstrated in Study 3, the reason optimists were more likely to indicate that they would confront sexism was that they take an active approach to dealing with discriminatory feedback and expect to have successful outcomes in confronting their perpetrator.
Assessment of Accrued Damage and Remaining Useful Life in Leadfree Electronics Subjected to Multiple Thermal Environments of Thermal Aging and Thermal Cycling

Electronic systems are often stored for long periods prior to deployment in the intended environment. Aging has been previously shown to effect the reliability and constitutive behavior of second-level leadfree interconnects. Deployed systems may be subjected to cyclic thermo-mechanical loads subsequent to deployment. Prognostication of accrued damage and assessment of residual life is extremely critical for ultrahigh reliability systems in which the cost of failure is too high. The presented methodology uses leading indicators of failure based on microstructural evolution of damage to identify impending failure in electronic systems subjected to sequential stresses of thermal aging and thermal cycling. The methodology has been demonstrated on area-array ball-grid array test assemblies with Sn3Ag0.5Cu interconnects subjected to thermal aging at 125 °C and thermal cycling from -55 to 125 °C for various lengths of time and cycles. Damage equivalency methodologies have been developed to map damage accrued in thermal aging to the reduction in thermo-mechanical cyclic life based on damage proxies. Assemblies have been prognosticated to assess the error with interrogation of system state and assessment of residual life. Prognostic metrics including α - λ metric, sample standard deviation, mean square error, mean absolute percentage error, average bias, relative accuracy (RA), and cumulative RA have been used to compare the performance of the damage proxies.
Management and outcome in hypoplastic left heart syndrome

Abstract Hypoplastic left heart syndrome is a common cause of cardiac death in the first few weeks of life. It comprises atresia or underdevelopment of the left-sided heart structures. Over the past 20 years, Norwood and his co-workers have developed a three-stage complex palliative correction of this lesion. The first and second stages are performed within the first few months of life; the third stage, or Fontan procedure, whereby the right ventricle is connected to the systemic circulation and the systemic venous return is connected directly to the lungs without an intervening ventricle, is performed in the second to fifth year of life. Results have improved, the survival rate for stages I and II now being of the order of 70% and actuarial survival at 2–5 years being around 60%. Recent modifications of the technique comprise a right ventricle to pulmonary artery shunt rather than the modified Blalock–Taussig shunt. This is likely to impact positively on the outcome, with survival rates of 80–90% for stages I and II and actuarial survival greater than 80% at 5 years. The long-term outlook for this group of patients is likely to be that of the normal Fontan population, most or all perhaps requiring a heart transplantation later in life.
Finasteride, a 5alpha-reductase inhibitor, blocks the anticonvulsant activity of progesterone in mice.

Progesterone is an effective anticonvulsant against pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) seizures. This action is hypothesized to require the metabolic conversion of progesterone to the gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptor potentiating neuroactive steroid allopregnanolone by 5alpha-reductase isoenzymes followed by 3alpha-hydroxy oxidoreduction. We evaluated this possibility using the competitive 5alpha-reductase inhibitor finasteride. Progesterone (50-200 mg/kg, i.p.) protected mice against PTZ-induced seizures in a dose-dependent manner (ED50, 94 mg/kg). Pretreatment with finasteride (50-300 mg/kg, i.p.) produced a dose-dependent (ED50, 146 mg/kg) reversal of the protective effects of progesterone (2 x ED50 dose = 188 mg/kg). In contrast, finasteride (up to 300 mg/kg) failed to affect the anticonvulsant activity of allopregnanolone (10-30 mg/kg, i.p.; ED50, 12 mg/kg). Finasteride (up to 300 mg/kg) did not block the protective effect of high doses of progesterone (250-350 mg/kg) on tonic hindlimb extension in the maximal electroshock seizure test (progesterone ED50, 235 mg/kg). The anticonvulsant activity of progesterone against PTZ-induced seizures can be blocked by 5alpha-reductase inhibition, providing strong evidence that the anticonvulsant effect of the steroid in this model is mediated by its active metabolite allopregnanolone.
Vanilloid Receptor Like 1 (VRL1) Immunoreactivity in Mammalian Retina: Colocalization with Somatostatin and Purinergic P2X1 Receptors

The distribution of vanilloid receptor like1 immunoreactivity (VRL1-IR) in the retinas of rat, cat, and monkey was studied by single- and double-labeling immunocytochemistry. The patterns were similar for all three species in that VRL1-IR was most prominent in the inner plexiform layer, with scattered compact projections to the outer plexiform layer (OPL). VRL1-immunoreactive cell bodies were present throughout the rat retina, represented by amacrine cells in the inner nuclear layer and ganglion cell layer (GCL). In cat and monkey retinas, VRL1-immunoreactive cell bodies were restricted to the GCL in the inferior retina. Occasional cell bodies were associated with retinal blood vessels, but their identity as pericytes, glia, or neurons is uncertain. All VRL1-immunoreactive cells and processes colocalized with somatostatin and purinergic P2X1 receptor-IR but not with tyrosine hydroxylase-IR. VRL1-immunoreactive processes in the OPL did not label with antisera against synaptic vesicle 2 (SV2), suggesting that they were dendritic and did not derive from interplexiform cells. However, VRL1-immunoreactive processes in the far periphery toward the pars plana labeled for SV2, suggesting that these processes were presynaptic. The VRL1-immunoreactive cell bodies in the monkey GCL were not calbindin-immunoreactive, demonstrating that they were not displaced H2 horizontal cells. The VRL1-immunoreactive cells in cat and monkey could represent biplexiform and/or associational ganglion cells that receive input in the OPL throughout the retina and direct output to the far periphery. The presence of P2X1 receptors and vanilloid receptor like 1 protein on somatostatin-containing neurons in mammalian retina adds to the growing complexity regarding the chemical control of retinal function that is likely to include the microcirculation. J. Comp. Neurol. 474: 407– 418, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Indexing terms: synaptic proteins; monkey; cat; rat; ganglion cells; retinal blood vessels
Do Populations of an Invasive Weed Differ Greatly in Their Per-Gram Competitive Effects?

ABSTRACT. Quantifying an invasive species' negative impacts across its introduced range will be quite challenging if the impacts vary unpredictably from site to site or from population to population. Little emphasis, however, has been placed on quantifying such interpopulation variation in the impacts of individual invasive species. We studied the response of a native grass (Festuca rubra) to competition from 4 geographically dispersed invasive plant (Melilotus albus) populations in order to determine if some populations of this invader have greater competitive impacts than others. Despite the relatively large number of experimental units in our greenhouse study, we did not obtain evidence that competitive effects per gram of biomass varied by invader population. Therefore, in some cases it should be possible to estimate the effects of invasive weeds with simple competition models that ignore some forms of phenotypic variation, as long as the models control for invader biomass per unit area (i.e., invader...
Swarm intelligence managed UWB waveform and cognitive sensor network protocol

In this paper, an ultra-wideband waveform that is designed for optimum power and communication protocol that utilizes cognitive processing to make intelligent communication parameter decisions is proposed for wireless sensor application. Due to multiple objectives such as adaptive data rate, power control and quality-of-service, the message transmission becomes a non-deterministic polynomial computation time hard problem requiring cognitive processing. Thus a swarm algorithm that provides an optimal and reliable solution is applied. The low-cost, low-power hardware Bi-pulse-ultra-wideband is resilient to multipath fading, which occurs due to the wall-penetration, shadowing and propagation loss. The designed cross layer protocol incorporates the signal's physical properties. Hence, a cross layer protocol helps to balance the throughput while reducing latency, sensor resources thus longevity of network is attained.
Maurits C. Escher—Master of the Infinite

You will not find his name in many art books, for he was largely ignored by the art community. His pictures do not adorn the walls of the world’s great museums, for he loathed publicity. If you wish to see his art, look for it in books on mathematics or physics, for he felt a closer kinship to the world of science than to his fellow artists. Unknown but to a few throughout most of his lifetime, he suddenly rose to fame during the last fifteen years of his life, but his genius was not universally recognized until after his death. For if there has ever been an artist who depicted the mathematical curiosities of the world around us, it was Maurits Cornelis Escher.