cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Encyclopedia of American Folk Art

Encyclopedia of American Folk Art Gerard C. Wertkin, Editor. New York and London: Routledge, 2004. The Encyclopedia of American Folk Art includes one very manageable volume -a guide to the objects, artists, and cultural background of three centuries of folk art in America. This comprehensive reference is a welcome contribution to a field dominated by the study of particulars, with most publications either monographs or exhibition catalogues. Editor Gerard Wertkin, the longtime director of the American Folk Art Museum in New York, engaged ninety-two contributors, most of whom are elite scholars from academia, and the curatorial staffs of America's leading fine and folk art museums. As specialists, they maintain the particularity required to do justice to a subject as diverse as folk art, but by their number, cover the subject broadly. Each of the 607 entries contains abundant information and is so well written that one is compelled to read beyond the original query. Readers will also appreciate the cross-references and individualized bibliographies following each entry. Unfortunately, the illustration quality falls short of text quality. Some reproductions arc indistinct, as if overenlarged, and some of the color plates are dull or yellowed. Inexplicably, the text does not reference the illustrations, a problem especially for the color plates, which are grouped together away from the entries that they illustrate. Four categories of entries provide different types of information. One category comprises entries on types of objects, including functional objects like face jugs, quilts, and weathervanes; religious objects like retabalos and gravestones; and aesthetic objects such as folk versions of landscape and still-life painting. A second category comprises entries on individual artists. With about four hundred biographies, this is by far the largest category, and one that reflects the idiosyncracy and individuality contrasting American folk art with the more class-based and traditionbound folk art of Europe. A third category comprises entries on the art of communal groups, identified by hyphenated terms such as German-, Scandinavian-, Asian-, African-, Native-, JewishAmerican folk art, and so on. These essays furnish historical background for situating individual objects and artists. Communal groups generally are defined ethnically or geographically, but there are also entries on the art of groups defined by estrangement from community, such as outsider art and visionary art. …
An RIE process for submicron, silicon electromechanical structures

A reactive ion etching (RIE) process was used for the fabrication of submicron, single-crystal silicon (SCS) mechanical structures. The process gives excellent control of lateral dimensions ( >
Predicting synthetic lethal genetic interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using short polypeptide clusters

Background: Protein synthetic lethal genetic interactions are useful to define functional relationships between proteins and pathways. However, the molecular mechanism of synthetic lethal genetic interactions remains unclear. Results: In this study we used the clusters of short polypeptide sequences, which are typically shorter than the classically defined protein domains, to characterize the functionalities of proteins. We developed a framework to identify significant short polypeptide clusters from yeast protein sequences, and then used these short polypeptide clusters as features to predict yeast synthetic lethal genetic interactions. The short polypeptide clusters based approach provides much higher coverage for predicting yeast synthetic lethal genetic interactions. Evaluation using experimental data sets showed that the short polypeptide clusters based approach is superior to the previous protein domain based one. Conclusion: We were able to achieve higher performance in yeast synthetic lethal genetic interactions prediction using short polypeptide clusters as features. Our study suggests that the short polypeptide cluster may help better understand the functionalities of proteins.
Manipulation of an axisymmetric jet using continuous control jets

The mechanisms associated with the interaction of an axisymmetric free jet (d e = 4 mm; Re U e = 26 500 and 6600) with two continuous control jets on mixing, spreading and direction were examined experimentally. The flow field was visualized and measured using particle image velocimetry, where the interaction of the main jet with the control jets was investigated for different momentum coefficients, streamwise interaction locations and Reynolds numbers. Applying control at low momentum coefficients results in a stabilizing effect, where near the orifice the main jet is stretched such that the turbulent quantities are decreased. However, when control is applied at high momentum coefficients, enhanced mixing and destabilization is obtained, as well as an earlier transition to turbulence and an alteration of the large coherent structures of the main jet. Moreover, the effectiveness of the control jets in altering the main jet flow is more pronounced when the interaction occurs closer to the main jet exit as ...
Computer education for secondary school mathematics teachers

This paper discusses the role of computer education in the training of high school mathematics teachers, including rationale, motivation, suggested topics and their implementation in the college classroom. The rationale has to do mainly with a general updating of training programs to reflect the increasingly technological nature of our world. The emergence of the computer now makes possible new approaches to the subject matter which can provide the student with added insights as to the nature of mathematics and his own abilities to deal with it.The computer education component of the teacher-training program has three broad divisions: (1) general orientation to computers, and basic skills in programming, (2) study of computer applications to problems in mathematics, (3) consideration of influence of the computer on secondary school mathematics education (curriculum, instruction, administrative practice, etc.). These three areas are delt with in three separate courses at the University of Illinois, which are described.
Mass spectra of 3,3‐difluoro‐1‐halo‐2‐arylcyclopropenes

The electron ionization (EI) mass spectra of a series of 3,3-difluoro-1-halo-2-arylcyclo- propenes (1, 2) give the fragments [M-X](+) (X: Br, Cl) as the base peaks. A comparison of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) profiles of the m/z 151 ions recorded from compounds 1 and 2 and 3-bromo-3,3-difluoro-1-phenylcyclopropyne (5), 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-3-phenyl- cyclopropane (6), 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroindane (7), and 2,3,3-trifluoroindene (8) suggested that the structure of the derived [M-X](+) fragment ion is more likely that of a substituted cyclopropenium ion. The results from calculations using the density functional theory (DFT) method support this MS/MS analysis.
The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: Assessing psychopathology in dementia patients

The Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) was developed to assess psychopathology in dementia patients. It evaluates 12 neuropsychiatric disturbances common in dementia: delusions, hallucinations, agitation, dysphoria, anxiety, apathy, irritability, euphoria, disinhibition, aberrant motor behavior, night-time behavior disturbances, and appetite and eating abnormalities. The severity and frequency of each neuropsychiatric symptom are rated on the basis of scripted questions administered to the patient's caregiver. The NPI also assesses the amount of caregiver distress engendered by each of the neuropsychiatric disorders. A total NPI score and a total caregiver distress score are calculated, in addition to the scores for the individual symptom domains. Content validity, concurrent validity, inter-rater reliability, and test-retest reliability of the NPI are established. Different neurologic disorders have characteristic neuropsychiatric manifestations and distinctive NPI profiles. The NPI is sensitive to treatment effects and has demonstrated the amelioration of behavioral symptoms in Alzheimer's disease by cholinergic agents. The NPI is a useful instrument for characterizing the psychopathology of dementia syndromes, investigating the neurobiology of brain disorders with neuropsychiatric manifestations, distinguishing among different dementia syndromes, and assessing the efficacy of treatment.
Chromosomal Abnormalities in Glioblastoma Multiforme by Comparative Genomic Hybridization: Correlation with Radiation Treatment Outcome

Glioblastoma multiforme (GM) is the most common and most malignant astrocytoma in adults. After surgery, radiation therapy extends patient survival; however, in vivo response to radiation therapy is variable. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the cytogenetic abnormalities of GM differ according to patient response to radiation therapy. Radiation response was defined by either progression [radiation-resistant (RR)] or resolution [radiation-sensitive (RS)] of tumor at the first postradiation radiographic imaging evaluation. Twenty RR and 10 RS frozen tissue specimens were subjected to cytogenetic analysis by comparative genomic hybridization. RS and RR specimens had different cytogenetic aberrations that mapped predominantly to chromosomes 7, 9, 10, 13, and 19. Relative gain of 7 occurred in 70% of the RR and 30% of the RS cases and was the most significant difference involving a single change between the two groups (P = 0.06). RR and RS specimens also differed in their patterns of simultaneous cytogenetic aberrations. A simultaneous gain of chromosomes 7 and 19 was found in 30% of the RR cases but was absent in the RS group. Concurrent loss of 9p23-24 and 13q14 regions was absent in the RS cohort but occurred in 30% of the RR series. This latter cytogenetic pattern was also associated with older age. Amplifications were more common in the RR series, but the difference did not reach statistical significance. The data suggest that GM with different in vivo responses to radiation therapy also differ cytogenetically.
Why adults do or do not watch educational television

The reasons given for watching or not watching educational television have a great deal of bearing upon why people attend to commercial television as well. The following study was the pilot for a series being conducted by the Institute for Communication Research at Stanford University for the National Educational Television and Radio Center. The study was planned by Dr. Wilbur Schramm and the author, with the. latter supervising the field work and analysis. Dr. Lyle is presently assistant professor of Journalism at the University of California, Los Angeles.
ERYTHROID CELL DIFFERENTIATION AND THE INHIBITION OF CYTOKINESIS BY CYTOCHALASIN

Cytochalasin B produces multinucleated erythroid cells in tissue cultures of very young chick blastoderms. There is no apparent qualitative interference with differentiation and maturation of erythroid cells, but the amounts produced are reduced 4- and 10-fold. These effects of cytochalasin are readily reversible.
Role of intestinal sterol transporters Abcg5, Abcg8, and Npc1l1 in cholesterol absorption in mice: gender and age effects.

Recent studies have indicated that intestinal cholesterol absorption is a multistep process, which is regulated by multiple genes at the enterocyte level. However, the molecular mechanisms whereby ...
Restoring Savanna Using Fire: Impact on the Breeding Bird Community

Restoration of many terrestrial plant communities involves the reintroduction of fire. However, there have been few studies of the effects of fire on the avifauna during the restoration process. To study the effects of oak savanna restoration on avian communities, breeding birds were censused and the vegetation structure documented in seven experimental burn units (8‐18 ha) that had experienced different frequencies of controlled burns during the past 31 years (0‐26 burns). Data were analyzed with both direct and indirect gradient analyses using multivariate techniques. The results showed that, as savanna restoration proceeded, there was a general decline in predominantly insectivorous species, particularly those that feed in the upper canopy region (leaves and air space), and a general increase in omnivorous species, particularly those that feed on the ground and in the lower canopy. Insectivorous bark gleaners (woodpeckers) also increased during restoration and were correlated with the increase in standing dead trees resulting from the fires. Overall, savanna restoration resulted in increases in the abundance of many open country bird species, including many species that have been declining in central and eastern North America, including red-headed woodpecker, Baltimore oriole, eastern kingbird, vesper sparrow, field sparrow, lark sparrow, brown thrasher, American goldfinch, and brown-headed cowbird. The shifts in species and guilds were correlated with changes in burn frequency and the macro vegetation structure—tree and shrub density, leaf area index, and relative proportion of standing dead trees. The findings show that savanna restoration can increase bird diversity and provide important habitat for uncommon or declining bird species. These birds are most likely attracted to one or more of the distinctive habitat features of the restored savanna environments, including scattered mature trees, standing dead trees and snags, and presence of both shrubby and grassland vegetation. The findings also suggest that restoration ecologists and wildlife biologists will need to work together to achieve desired goals, since different types of savanna restoration efforts may produce different effects on the breeding bird community.
The implications of job matching for retirement health insurance and leave benefits

This paper focuses on potential reasons for variations in benefit packages, in particular variations in the availability of retirement health insurance and leave. An important feature of our analysis is that we do not start with heterogeneity in workforces to explain fringe benefit differences across employers. It would be straightforward to say that differences across employers in fringe benefit packages simply represent differences in the preferences of their workforces. Rather, we focus on heterogeneity across employers as an important source of differences in fringe benefit packages. Preliminary evidence is found supportive of the predicted differences in the likelihood of such fringe benefits as retirement health insurance and leave based upon two variables–the extent of on-the-job training offered by the employer and the size of the employers. We also examine the implied links between these fringe benefits and such variables as average tenture and the proportion of the workforce that is female.
IL-13 regulates vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in human osteoblasts.

Activated T cells (Act T) produce multiple cytokines that affect osteoblast function as well as osteoclastogenesis. One of these cytokines, IL-13, is a multifunctional cytokine elaborated by Act T that regulates vascular cellular adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 expression in endothelial cells. VCAM-1 has also been implicated in osteoclast formation by myeloma cells. We therefore studied whether IL-13 regulates VCAM-1 in human osteoblastic cells since these cells express RANKL, the major osteoclastogenic factor and osteoclast precursors are found adjacent to osteoblasts. Human T cells were activated in the absence or presence of Cyclosporin A (CsA), an inhibitor of the production of most activated T cell cytokines. Conditioned media were assayed for IL-13 by ELISA. Act T produced IL-13 and, unlike other T cell cytokines, this was elevated 3-fold by CsA. Exposure of human osteoblasts (hOB) to doses of recombinant human IL-13 (rhIL-13, 0-10 ng/ml) resulted in an increase of VCAM-1 mRNA (up to 5-fold) within 4 h with a maximum stimulation at 1 ng/ml. CsA had no effect on basal hOB VCAM-1 mRNA expression. Examination of VCAM-1 on the cell surface of hOB, by immunocytochemistry, revealed increasing levels of surface expression of the protein within 16 h after stimulation with doses of rhIL-13 (0.1-10 ng/ml) which were reflective of the mRNAs. IL-6 production was also stimulated in a dose dependent manner with a maximum of 2.5-fold with 1 ng/ml rhIL-13 within 16 h. Since both VCAM-1 and IL-6 showed similar responses to IL-13, IL-6 was examined for its ability to induce VCAM-1. Immunocytochemistry demonstrated no effect of IL-6 on VCAM-1 expression. These data demonstrate that during pathological processes associated with T cell activation, such as rheumatoid arthritis or possibly post-menopausal osteoporosis, T cells may play a pivotal role in osteoclast precursor adhesion to osteoblasts as a first step prior to RANKL signaling.
Their Data, Our Cause: An Exploration of the Form, Function, and Deployment of Mapping Technologies among Community Environmental Justice Organizations

The field of environmental justice offers many examples of the utility of maps and GIS for illustrating the disproportionate levels of environmental risk being endured by disadvantaged or marginalized racial, ethnic or income groups. However, these have predominantly focused on the distribution of environmental risk rather than focusing on the map-making parties themselves. This research directs attention towards the use of maps and GIS by “local” environmental justice organizations in their calls for environmental justice. I focus on activist engagement with maps and mapping technologies like GIS. Through a survey of community-based environmental organizations, I examine whether these organizations use maps and if so, how maps are produced including the sources of mapping knowledge used in the map-making process. By examining how and why such organizations map environmental hazards and use GIS, this chapter provides insights into the notion of GIS mapping as an empowering practice. I assess the types of maps produced and the data sources used in order to see more clearly potential restrictions on the power and ability of organizations to counter dominant narratives of their communities. This research reveals that while these organizations recognize the importance of maps to their efforts, there are significant differences in the resources and abilities of environmental justice organizations.
Word Sense Inventories by Non-Experts.

In this paper, we explore different strategies for implementing a crowdsourcing methodology for a single-step construction of an empirically-derived sense inventory and the corresponding sense-annotated corpus. We report on the crowdsourcing experiments using implementation strategies with different HIT costs, worker qualification testing, and other restrictions. We describe multiple adjustments required to ensure successful HIT design, given significant changes within the crowdsourcing community over the last three years.
A Big Picture Approach to Presidential Influence on Agency Policy-Making

This article is part of the ongoing debate about the proper extent of presidential influence on agency policy-making. Rather than take sides, however, about whether the President should have more or less influence, it posits that the influence should be exercised by defining and holding administrative agencies to the President's overarching policy objectives for the nation. The article begins by analyzing the need for presidential influence and concludes that there is such a need. It proceeds to argue that micromanagement of agency policy decisions by the White House is problematic because the regulatory analysis arm of the President, the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs in the OMB, does not have the resources to review adequately, the details of agency policy decisions and because the President does not have the resources to monitor closely the work of OIRA analysts to ensure that they reflect the President's desired outcomes on policy details. It also notes the potential for special interests to have disproportionate influence on OMB oversight of regulation. The article proposes instead that the President set out a big picture of his regulatory objectives and to require that agencies explain how their decisions take into account these objectives. The big picture approach, the article contends, will both reduce the President's monitoring costs to ensure that agencies act consistently with his priorities and will increase accountability to the general public and thereby reduce the influence of special interest groups on regulation. Finally, the article gives some suggestions for how a President might go about establishing and implementing this big picture approach to influence.
Tax Compliance and International Cultural Factors: A Multilevel Empirical Study

We examine the relationship between culture and tax evasion using Hofstede’s cultural measures. Using a mixed modeling approach, our results indicate the presence of an association between tax evasion and Hofstede’s cultural dimensions. Twenty-eight nations were used in our two sets of analyses representing two different years, and demographic variables were used in the models as controls. Using the associations found in this study, companies, academic researchers, government officials, and other interested parties may now be better able to predict future tax rates and resulting worldwide micro- and macroeconomic effects.
Parent–child conversations regarding the ontological status of a robotic dog

Abstract Prior research shows that children’s reasoning about robots tests the boundaries of their ontological commitments. In this study, we investigated the potential role of parent–child conversation in guiding children’s developing understandings about robots. Parents and children (3- and 5-year-olds) engaged in a play session in which they talked about a robotic dog, a live animal (a rodent), and a human-made artifact (a toy car). Afterwards, participants reasoned about whether each item had a set of animate (e.g., biological, psychological, sensory) and artifact (e.g., human-made, breakable) properties. Findings revealed that parents and children spontaneously talked about the robotic dog using both animate and artifact properties during the play session. Furthermore, parent talk in the play session had the most influence on children’s reasoning when the properties under consideration were less well-established in children’s thinking and/or not easily identified by visual cues (i.e., psychological and sensory).
Effect of prostaglandins E 1 and A 1 on the gastric circulation in dogs.

SummaryThe effect of intravenous and intraarterial injections of PGE1 and PGA1 on the gastric peripheral vascular beds was studied in anesthetized dogs, in which the total gastric arterial system was perfused at a constant rate of blood flow by a Sigmamotor pump. By both routes of administration, both PGE1 and PGA1 decreased the gastric arterial perfusion pressure and the gastric peripheral vascular resistance, while the gastric venous pressure remained essentially unchanged. This study indicates that PGE1 and PGA1 are potent vasodilators on the gastric circulation in the dog.The authors are grateful to Dr. J. Pike of the Upjohn Co., Kalamazoo, MI, and Dr. H. Strade, of the Organon Inc., West Orange, NJ for their generous supplies of PGE1 and PGA1 and Liquaemin (sodium heparin), respectively.
Breeding of high head rice rate,good taste rice new variety Yinjingruanzhan

Yinjingruanzhan was a new hybrid rice variety with good quality,high head rice rate and good taste which was bred through hybrid breeding technique.It was released by Guangdong Crop Variety Approval Committee in 2006.Yinjingruanzhan showed prominent head rice rate,good taste quality,stable high yield,strong resistance and wide adaptability in area test and application production in Guangdong.
The Performance-Variability Paradox: Risk Taking

This study presented in this chapter extends the analyses and results from the previous chapter to the risk-taking aspect of the performance time series. Although the rescaled range statistic, H, is defined as having a range between 0 and 1, 24 % of the 172 time series were negative. Results confirmed that negative H was possible and not a result of psychometric error. Field dependence and H for the risk-taking time series were the best predictors of risk taking overall, of the variables studied. Persistence in risk taking, as evidenced by the autocorrelations was associated with spelling ability, anagrams test scores, and field dependence.
Cost-Push and Conflict Inflation

Chapter 10 described the workings of demand-pull inflation. Such inflations were identified with persistent aggregate nominal demand growth, and operated under conditions in which the distribution of income between capital and labor was uncontested. This chapter develops the theory of conflict inflation, which may be viewed as the lineal descendant of the theory of cost-push inflation developed in the 1950s. The cost-push approach to inflation emphasized the causal role of rising costs in factor markets, which were then passed on as higher output prices. Conflict inflation follows this line of reasoning, but identifies the source of inflation as the struggle between workers and firms over the distribution of income. In terms of the model presented in Chapter 10, this amounts to recognizing the endogenous and contested character of the mark-up, m.
Complex nanomineral formation utilizing kinetic control by PLAL.

We used pulsed-laser ablation in liquids (PLAL) of Cu or Zn foil targets in water or in aqueous Cu or Zn salt solutions. PLAL in neat water generated mixtures of metal and (thermodynamically preferred) metal oxide nanomaterials, whereas the availability of select dissolved anions predictably led to the fabrication of more complex phase-pure nanominerals. PLAL of Cu foil in aqueous CuCl_2 solution produced nano-paratacamite, Cu_2Cl(OH)_3, whereas nano-rouaite, Cu_2(NO_3)(OH)_3, was formed in aqueous Cu(NO_3)_2 and NH_4OH solution. Likewise, we synthesized simonkolleite, Zn_5(OH)_8Cl_2·H_2O, or layered zinc hydroxide nitrate, Zn_5(OH)_8(NO_3)_2·2H_2O, nanoparticles by PLAL of Zn targets in aqueous ablation liquids with added ZnCl_2 and NH_4OH or Zn(NO_3)_2, respectively. Bimetallic zincian paratacamite resulted from PLAL of Cu foil in aqueous Cu and Zn chloride solution. Our results show that kinetic control exceeded thermodynamic product formation during nanosecond ultraviolet PLAL.
A kinetic approach to modeling general-texture evolution in two-dimensional polycrystalline grain growth

Abstract Important statistical descriptors of grain boundary networks are misorientation distribution functions (often referred to as grain boundary character distributions), which show relative measures of interfaces with given misorientation parameters. This paper is aimed at extending the Boltzmann-type kinetic modeling framework developed in the previous work (Yegorov et al., 2016) to the two-dimensional case of general textures with no restrictions on possible grain orientations, but under the assumption that the grain boundary energy density depends only on the disorientation variable. In order to avoid an enormous computational complexity of treating the general-texture case, the kinetic model for polycrystalline grain growth is constructed from the very beginning in a specific discretized form with respect to the disorientation variable. A significant aspect of the developed approach is that its formulation requires a collection of a priori distributions which describe possible disorientations of grain boundaries connected in a triple junction. A separate numerical algorithm for approximating such distributions is proposed as applied to cubic crystal lattices. The numerical results obtained by the constructed model are in good agreement with the corresponding large-scale simulation results from the related literature.
Universal Interventions: Fully Exploring Their Impacts and Potential to Produce Population-Level Impacts

ABSTRACTIn this article we seek to promote a deeper understanding of the value of universal intervention research in education as well as other fields and to call for greater interdisciplinary learning and discourse. Our goal is to deepen the conversation regarding how to build a stronger research orientation toward longitudinal, population-level outcomes in education and mental health. After highlighting the value of universal approaches targeting entire populations and their relevance to education, we raise issues regarding the traditional benchmarks of efficacy when applied to universal intervention trials and suggest alternative metrics for judging the impact of universal approaches. We conclude with lessons based on exemplar studies to help shape future research and policy regarding universal interventions.
Kondo Effect in an Amorphous Ni 41 Pd 41 B 18 Alloy Containing Cr

The results of electrical-resistivity-vs-temperature measurements on an amorphous ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{41}$ ${\mathrm{Pd}}_{41}$ ${\mathrm{B}}_{18}$ alloy containing up to 4-at.% Cr exhibits the characteristics of a Kondo system. The experimental data are used to make a comparison between the Kondo theory and the Hamann theory. It is found that both theories agree very well on the slope of logarithmic temperature dependence of the $s\ensuremath{-}d$ resistivity. In terms of a universal resistivity curve, the Hamann theory comes to closer agreement with the experimental data in a wider temperature range than does the Kondo theory.
Keynote address: Opening keynote

The complete presentation was not made available for publication as part of the conference proceedings. Provides a brief professional biography of the presenter.
Multi-Destination Rendezvous in Cognitive Radio Networks

In cognitive radio (CR) networks, rendezvous is when two secondary users tune to the same frequency channel simultaneously so that they can communicate with each other. Reducing the rendezvous delay, a.k.a the time to rendezvous (TTR), has been a highly focused topic for research. Many existing papers have tried to reduce the TTR between a pair of secondary users (SUs). To the best of our knowledge, no paper has previously considered the multi-destination rendezvous issue where a SU sender has different packets in its buffer for multiple destinations. Those who approached a similar scenario relied on a common control channel or the existence of multiple radios. In this research, we consider blind rendezvous using a single radio. We propose a new rendezvous protocol to handle the multiple destination scenario to decrease the overall TTR and increase the throughput, thus enhancing the overall performance of the CR network. Extensive simulations are carried out to demonstrate the performance of the proposed multi-destination rendezvous protocol.
Within-session reversal learning in rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta )

In a midsession reversal (MSR) task, animals are typically presented with a simple, simultaneous discrimination (S1+, S2-) where contingencies are reversed (S1-, S2+) half-way through each session. This paradigm creates multiple, relevant cues that can aid in maximizing overall reinforcement. Recent research has shown that pigeons show systematic anticipatory and perseverative errors across the session, which increase as a function of proximity to the reversal trial. This behavior has been theorized to indicate primary control by temporal cues across the session, instead of the cues provided by recent reinforcement history that appear to control behavior shown by humans. Rats, however, appear to be guided by recent reinforcement history when tested in an operant context, thereby demonstrating behavior that parallels that seen in humans, but they appear to be guided by temporal cues when tested in an open-field apparatus, showing behavior more akin to that seen in pigeons. We tested rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) on the MSR with a computerized simultaneous visual discrimination to assess whether they would show errors indicative of control by time or by recent reinforcement history. When a single reversal point occurred midsession, rhesus macaques showed no anticipation of the reversal and a similar level of perseveration to rats tested in an operant setting. Nearly identical results also were observed when the monkeys were trained with a single, variable reversal point or with multiple, variable reversal points within a session. These results indicate that temporal cues are not guiding response flexibility in rhesus macaque visual discrimination.
Nursing Music Protocol and Postoperative Pain.

Pain has always been a major concern for patients and nurses during the postoperative period. Therapies, medicines, and protocols have been developed to improve pain and anxiety but have undesirable risks to the patient. Complementary and alternative medicine therapies have been studied but have not been applied as regular protocols in the hospital setting. Music is one type of complementary and alternative medicine therapy that has been reported to have favorable results on reducing postoperative pain, anxiety, and opioid usage. However, music lacks a protocol that nurses can implement during the perioperative process. This paper is an in-depth literature review assessing a best practice recommendation and protocol that establishes a consensus in the use of music therapy. The results suggest that music therapy may consist of calming, soft tones of 60-80 beats per minute for at least 15-30 minutes at least twice daily during the pre- and postoperative periods. It is suggested that music only be used in conjunction with standards of care and not as the primary intervention of pain or anxiety. This evidence suggests that proper use of music therapy can significantly reduce surgical pain. Implementing these protocols and allowing the freedom of nursing staff to use them may lead to greater reductions in surgical pain and anxiety and a reduction in opioid use.
Biomedical Optics Scientific Community

The new Editor-in-Chief, Brian Pogue, gives an overview of the biomedical optics community.
Distinctive psychological and social experiences of women choosing prophylactic oophorectomy for cancer prevention.

Women known to have significantly elevated ovarian cancer risk due to genetic mutations or family history can reduce this risk by surgically removing both ovaries and fallopian tubes (RRBSO, risk-r...
Factors associated with the use of social workers for assistance with lifetime and 12-month behavioral health disorders

This study examined the use of social workers for assistance with a behavioral health disorder. Data were from the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys. The analytic sample included respondents who reported using professional services for assistance with a behavioral health disorder during their lifetime (n=5,585). Logistic regression was used to examine the use of a social worker during the respondent’s lifetime or the 12 months prior to the interview. Ten percent of respondents visited a social worker for help with a behavioral health disorder during their lifetime and three percent did so in the 12 months prior to the interview. Women were less likely than men to report using a social worker. Those who visited a social worker tended to also use other professionals for a behavioral health disorder although overall respondents reported visiting social workers less frequently for this reason than other types of professionals.
Sensors and data retention in grand Slam tennis

Tiny machines have been used to analyze information in many sports; these chips are called MEMS. MEMS can track calories burned and heart rate, as well as aid in boosting sports performance by moving sensors off the body and into equipment, like tennis rackets. Companies such as Babolat and IBM are using sensor fusion of MEMS to aid in the fan experience as well as the player's knowledge. ICAN had the idea to receive sensor information to provide feedback, aiding in learning, such as alerting coaches, parents, teachers, or any type of advisor so they can alert how to correct or develop the correct movement. There is also technology given to the fans, specifically at the US Open. IBM has also developed the Slamtracker, providing instant analytics and insights. The Slamtracker gathers data from courtside statisticians, chair umpires, radar guns, ball position, player location, pace of play, and baseline proximity, which are compared to information for the last eight years of Grand Slam tennis data. We have analyzed the data from the past three years of three players who can say to use these methods of improving their game. Based on the use of these technologies we found a significant increase in viewership and Players increased their standings in all cases based on the statistical analysis.
Rotational carotid insufficiency: an unusual cause of bow hunter's syndrome.

We report an unusual case in which physiologic neck rotation impeded perfusion through the internal carotid artery. The patient had a history of prior radical neck surgery and radiation for malignancy. He presented withbow hunter’s-like symptoms with transient loss of consciousness and right-sided weakness with left lateral neck rotation. A self-expanding peripheral stent was successfully used to treat the patient by preventing rotatory carotid compression. In select patients with prior neck surgery and radiation, carotid injections should be part of a dynamic cerebral angiogram if the vertebral arteries are unremarkable.
The Profundity of the Everyday: Family Routines in Adolescence Predict Development in Young Adulthood.

Abstract Purpose The current study was designed to investigate the unique, long-term effects of family routines during adolescence on multiple developmental domains in young adulthood for rural African-Americans. Methods Prospective data were collected annually for 6 years from 504 rural African-American youth and their parents, beginning when the youth were 16 years of age. Results Results indicated that youth whose primary caregivers reported more family routines during adolescence (e.g., regularly eating together as a family, consistent bedtime) reported less alcohol use, greater emotional self-regulation, lower epinephrine levels, and higher rates of college/university enrollment in young adulthood. These effects were evident for all outcomes controlling for socioeconomic risk, sex, and available baseline (age 16 years) measures; for a subset of outcomes, the effects of family routines persisted even after taking into account levels of supportive parenting, harsh parenting, and household chaos. Conclusions Findings substantiate the benefits of consistent, predictable family environments for healthy development and suggest that family routines constitute an important, yet understudied, factor for adolescents’ long-term development.
ROLE OF IMAGING IN LYME CARDITIS

Lyme carditis is a rare presentation of Lyme disease, caused by Borrelia burgodorferi . We present a case of Lyme disease presenting with multi-organ system involvement and the importance of non invasive cardiac imaging in diagnosis of Lyme carditis. A 62 year old male presented to our hospital
Effects of scleral-lens oxygen transmissibility on corneal thickness: A pilot study.

Abstract Purpose To investigate the effect of various oxygen transmissibilities (Dk/t) of scleral lenses and corneal thickness recovery time from overnight eye closure with patching on corneal edema during 5 h lens wear. Methods Scleral lenses (hofocon A, 15.6 mm diameter) were worn bilaterally with three different Dks (100, 140, and 160 Barrer). Central and peripheral corneal thickness (CCT and PCT) were measured using optical coherence tomography. Four subjects were randomly selected for one additional visit and asked to patch one eye before night sleeping. The patch was not removed until lens insertion to avoid corneal deswelling. Then CCT of both eyes was measured. Results Ten neophytes with healthy eyes participated in the study. Mean [95% CI] Dk/t of the study lenses was 32.0 [29.2, 34.7] hBarrer/cm. Mean [95% CI] CCT immediately upon lens insertion and after 5 h of lens wear were 532.4 [520.3, 544.5] μm and 538.7 [526.5, 551.0] μm, respectively. Mean [95% CI] percentage change (%Δ) in CCT was 1.2% [0.9%, 1.5%], 1.2% [0.9%, 1.4%], and 0.8% [0.6%, 1.1%] for CCT, nasal PCT, and temporal PCT, respectively. There was an inverse relationship between temporal Dk/t and %ΔPCT (p Conclusion There was limited amount of corneal edema induced by short-term scleral lens wear with lens Dk/t ranging from 21 to 47 hBarrer/cm and lenses with lower lens Dk/t did not induce significantly higher corneal swelling. Scleral lens insertion soon after overnight eye closure with patching did not introduce additional swelling for young and healthy eyes.
Sugar-cellulose composites V. The mechanism of fiber strengthening by cell wall incorporation of sugars

The incorporation of sucrose or some other disaccharides (cellobiose, α-lactose or trehalose) into the cell wall of pulp fibers increases the tearing resistance of the resultant sugar-containing paper relative to that of its sugar-free counterpart, but only when the fiber is well-refined. Maltose and β-lactose do not exhibit this effect. By the use of a high cellulose pulp the increase is shown not to be due to the presence of hemicelluloses. Differential scanning calorimetry indicates that the interaction between the sucrose molecules and the cellulosic fibers changes and becomes more uniform as the fibers are refined. Although the azo dye Congo red bonds strongly with cellulose the analogous reaction with disaccharides and cyclodextrins, established spectrophotometrically, could not be used to predict the physical outcome of the interactions with added disaccharides or cyclodextrins. From a consideration of the stereochemistry of the impregnant disaccharides the augmentation of the fiber strength is attributed to the interlamellar hydrogen bonding of impregnant molecules having hydroxy endgroups in the cis conformation and separated by about 10A. The incorporation of cyclodextrins further demonstrates that the conformation and the separation distance between the OH groups located in the interlamellar sugar molecule play an important role in strengthening the sugar-impregnated fiber and in augmenting the tearing resistance of sugar-containing papers.
Pengaruh Penggunaan Smartphone Terhadap Motivasi Belajar Siswa

The aim of this research is to explain influence smartphone on learning motivation of students in elementary school, Mapanget Subdistrict, Manado City. This research is in four elementary schools: SD Inpres 03 Paniki Bawah, SD Katolik Santo Yohanes Mapanget Barat, SD Katolik 02 Santo Don Bosco Paniki Bawah; and SD Katolik 10 Santo Fransiskus Buha. Samples those used are 84 students. This research is a quantitative approach. It used the survey’s method. It have stages: observation of the location of the research, preparation of questionnaires, distribution of questionnaires, validity testing, data collection, processing of research results, analysis of the results of research, and discussion. The result showed that the effect of smartphone on the learning motivation of students in elementary school Mapanget Subdistrict was 0.057 or 5.7% with a significance 0.028 < 0,05. The results of testing t-table is greater than t count, namely t-hitung = 2.232 ≥ (t-tab) = 1.989. This means that smartphone have an effect on students’ learning motivation even though it is in the low category 5.7%. Suggestion as recommendation: students do not use excessive smartphones both at school and at home. Parents and teachers always supervise children especially using of smartphone everday because the effect of smartphone on students’ learning motivation is very low.
Supporting underrepresented minority women in academic dermatology

The lack of underrepresented minorities in medicine (UIM) in dermatology has been well established, but the challenges faced by UIM women in dermatology have not yet been explored. UIM women belong simultaneously to more than one underrepresented group and therefore face complex challenges that are common to women and underrepresented minorities. Yet, the literature that focuses explicitly on UIM women as a group is scarce. This commentary provides insight into some of the challenges faced by UIM women in academic dermatology and provides specific recommendations to support these women through mentorship, professional development, and legitimization of their contributions to institutional diversity and service efforts.
Year in Review: eLearn Magazine 2018-2019

eLearn Magazine had a successful year with an increase in the number of published articles, establishment of a new online system for managing the submission and peer review process, publication of two special issues, and a new partnership.
“Sintering” Models and In-Situ Experiments: Data Assimilation for Microstructure Prediction in SLS Additive Manufacturing of Nylon Components

Selective laser sintering methods are workhorses for additively manufacturing polymer-based components. The ease of rapid prototyping also means it is easy to produce illicit components. It is necessary to have a data-calibrated in-situ physical model of the build process in order to predict expected and defective microstructure characteristics that inform component provenance. Toward this end, sintering models are calibrated and characteristics such as component defects are explored. This is accomplished by assimilating multiple data streams, imaging analysis, and computational model predictions in an adaptive Bayesian parameter estimation algorithm. From these data sources, along with a phase-field model, bulk porosity distributions are inferred. Model parameters are constrained to physically-relevant search directions by sensitivity analysis, and then matched to predictions using adaptive sampling. Using this feedback loop, data-constrained estimates of sintering model parameters along with uncertainty bounds are obtained.
Understanding How Parents Make Meaning of Their Child’s Behaviors During Screening for Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Longitudinal Qualitative Investigation

A family's journey in understanding their child's behaviors in relation to Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) frequently begins with screening. This study aimed to characterize the interpretive processes that unfold for parents. We employed longitudinal interviews with 19 families engaged in a community-based multi-stage screening protocol. Parents participated in 1-6 interviews dependent upon children's length of engagement in the screening protocol; data were analyzed through modified grounded theory. Parents who moved towards understanding their child's behaviors as ASD expressed (1) sensitization to ASD symptoms, (2) differentiation from other developmental conditions, and (3) use of the ASD diagnosis to explain the etiology of concerning behaviors. Identifying interpretive processes involved during ASD screening provides new opportunities for shared decision-making.