cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment of family history of alcoholism in sons of alcoholic fathers

Results of studies of sons of alcoholics (SOAs) may vary depending on the density of the family history of alcoholism of the SOA subjects selected. To assess how reliably SOA subjects report a history of alcoholism in first- and second-degree relatives, we compared family histories obtained from 20 SOAs with those provided by their fathers. In all 20 cases, SOAs and their fathers agreed that the father met criteria for alcohol dependence but for no other primary Axis I psychiatry disorder. However, agreement was not as good for whether other paternal relatives in addition to the father were affected (kappa = 0.36) or for whether the family history was unigenerational or multigenerational for alcoholism (kappa = 0.44). Whether this discrepancy was due to under-reporting by the son or over-reporteing by the father is unclear. These results suggest that 18-25 year old SOAs are reliable sources regarding alcohol dependence in their fathers, but that for determination of density of the family history of alcoho...
HTLV-1 infection of Humanized SCID mice recapitulates Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL) development.

Human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is the etiologic agent of Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), an aggressive CD4+/CD25+T cell malignancy. The early molecular events induced by HTLV-1 infection as well as the role of various viral genes in the induction of leukemia remain unclear, predominantly due to the lack of an animal model that recapitulates ATLL development. We have previously demonstrated that HTLV-1 is capable of infecting human hematopoietic progenitor and stem cells (CD34+HP/HSCs) and that infection of CD34+HPCs has dramatically different biological effects in comparison to infection of mature T lymphocytes. To determine if HTLV-1 infection of CD34+HP/HSCs recapitulates leukemogenesis in vivo, human hematopoiesis was reconstituted in NOD/SCID mice by injection of human CD34+HPCs infected ex vivo with HTLV-1. Humanized NOD/SCID (HU-SCID) mice infected with HTLV-1 (HTLV-1-HU-SCID) consistently developed CD4+CD25+T cell lymphomas with clinical characteristics associated with ATLL at ~10 weeks post-reconstitution and show significantly elevated levels of HTLV-1 infected human CD4+T cells in the thymus, mesenteric lymph node, spleen and peripheral blood. Lymphoma cells successfully engrafted in naive NOD/SCID mice when injected into the peritoneal cavity and maintain the expression of viral proteins, gp46env and p19gag. Moreover these infected mice showed hyperproliferation of infected human stem cells (CD34+CD38-) in the bone marrow suggesting that HP/HSCs represents viral reservoir target cells which maintain HTLV-1 infection for extended periods of time in vivo. We speculate that HTLV-1 infection of hematopoietic stem cells establishes a virally-infected ''cancer stem cell'' which subsequently gives rise ATL in patients. Notably, CD34+HPCs isolated from HTLV-1 infected patient PBL demonstrate proviral integrations, suggesting that these cells harbor infection in humans. CD34+HPCs transduced with a lentivirus vector expressing the HTLV-1 Tax gene (Tax1) also results in CD4+/CD25+T cell leukemia/lymphoma in HU-SCID mice, suggesting that Tax1 expression is sufficient for lymphomagenesis. HTLV-1 infection of humanized NOD/SCID mice represents a novel in vivo model which recapitulates viral lymphomagenesis and provides a compelling system to investigate and characterize molecular events in human stem cells in the initiation and progression to ATLL.
Alcohol cue reactivity and private self-consciousness among male alcoholics

Recent alcohol cue exposure studies have noted that not all alcoholics demonstrate increased reactivity when presented with alcohol-related cues. This study examined the relationship of private self-consciousness (PSC) to subjective, self-report measures of reactivity and measures of negative mood states that involve a focus on internal processes. These subjective measures of reactivity were contrasted with salivary reactivity, an objective measure of reactivity which does not require individual self-report or awareness. A cue reactivity assessment was administered to 47 men meeting DSM-III-R criteria for a diagnosis of alcohol dependence. Our hypothesis, that PSC would predict urge reactivity status and greater levels of negative mood states, was supported. Urge reactors were more likely to be high in PSC, while the proportions of salivary reactors and nonreactors were not significantly different between the high and low PSC groups. Although regression analyses indicated that PSC did not significantly predict urge to drink alcohol, it did predict angry/frustrated mood and sad/depressed mood at the first alcohol trial. These results suggest that individuals high in PSC may benefit more from cue exposure-based treatment, as they are more likely to be urge reactors and to evidence negative mood reactivity. Low PSC individuals may be at higher risk for relapse given they are less able to recognize internal reactions signaling the presence of a high-risk alcohol use situation, and therefore less likely to mobilize coping responses.
Distribution of plasmids in cyanobacteria of the LPP group

The distribution of plasmid DNA has been studied in 23 strains and variants of non-heterocystous filamentous cyanobacteria that are susceptible to infection by the LPP-1 cyanophage (archetype). 21 have identical plasmid profiles and contain 3 plasmids of Mrs 0.9, 10 and approx. 12 · 106 respectively. In one strain, Plectonema FS180, the plasmids have been designated pMP1, pMP2, and pMP3, respectively. pMP1 shows sequence homology with pMP2 and pMP3 but not with DNA from an LPP-type cyanophage. Plectonema UTEX 598 lacks the small plasmid only, while Plectonema UTEX 1541 is distinct amongst all these strains with 3 plasmids of Mrs 3, 10, and > 30 · 106, respectively. The findings support the view that the majority of these strains may be independent isolates of a single species.
Gambling-related Irrational Beliefs in the Maintenance and Modification of Gambling Behaviour

Abstract The present study investigated a primary assumption of the cognitive theory of problem gambling, that gambling-related irrational beliefs lead directly to problematic gambling behaviour. Participants (N =114) received a message designed to increase their illusion of control (IOC) over a computerised roulette game, a message designed to decrease their IOC, or a neutral message. Participants then played the game, during which their gambling behaviour was recorded and irrational beliefs were measured. Based on the cognitive model, it was expected that those receiving the IOC enhancement message would evidence greater levels of irrational beliefs and correspondingly more intense gambling behaviour and that those in the IOC reduction condition would show decreased levels of both irrational beliefs and behaviour. However, although conditions differed as to levels of irrational beliefs, there were no significant differences in gambling behaviour. Results are discussed and implications of the results on ...
Social interaction between parents and babies: validation of an intervention procedure.

Summary The purpose of this paper is to evaluate a set of intervention procedures developed as part of a parent-infant interaction model from a larger research study on social interaction between parents and their handicapped infants. Data is presented for three dyads, selected to illustrate the applicability of the procedures under a variety of different conditions including ages of the babies, target behaviours chosen and intervention situations. Results indicated that interactions could be altered through direct intervention with the mothers. The procedures used in the Social Interaction Assessment and Intervention model thus seem to be valid for bringing about change in interactions in dyads with a variety of interactive problems, in at least two different types of situations, and with babies differing widely in age and extent of delay.
Computational studies of the thermal fragmentation of P-arylphosphiranes: have arylphosphinidenes been generated by this method?

CASSCF, CASPT2, CCSD(T), and (U)B3LYP electronic structure calculations have been performed in order to investigate the thermal fragmentation of P-phenylphosphirane (1) to phenylphosphinidene (PhP) and ethylene. The calculations show that generation of triplet PhP via a stepwise pathway is 21 kcal mol-1 less endothermic and has a 12 kcal mol-1 lower barrier height than concerted fragmentation of 1 to give singlet PhP. The formation of singlet PhP via a concerted pathway is predicted to be stereospecific, whereas formation of triplet PhP is predicted to occur with complete loss of stereochemistry. However, calculations on fragmentation of anti-cis-2,3-dimethyl-P-mesitylphosphirane (cis-1Me) to triplet mesitylphosphinidene (MesP) indicate that this reaction should be more stereospecific, in agreement with the experimental results of Li and Gaspar. Nevertheless, with a predicted free energy of activation of 42 kcal mol-1, the formation of MesP from cis-1Me is not likely to have occurred in an uncatalyzed rea...
First-principles based LIDAR simulation environment for scenes with participating mediums

Employing a modified photon mapping technique that originated within the computer graphics community, a first-principle based elastic LIDAR model was developed within the Digital and Remote Sensing Image Generation (DIRSIG) framework that calculates time-gated photon counts at a sensor from topographic reflections and multiply scattered returns. The LIDAR module handles a wide variety of complicated scene geometries, diverse surface and participating media optical characteristics, multiple bounce and multiple scattering effects, and a variety of source and sensor models. This flexible modeling environment allows the researcher to evaluate sensor design trades for topographic systems and the impact that scattering constituents (e.g. water vapor, dust, sediment, soot, etc.) could have on a Differential Absorption LIDAR (DIAL) system's ability to detect and quantify constituents of interest within volumes including water and atmospheric plumes. This paper will present the numerical approaches employed to predict sensor reaching photon counts including specific approaches adopted to model multiple scattering and absorption within a plume. These approaches will be discussed and benchmarked against analytically predicted results using a non-stationary, diffusion approximation and a multiple scattering LIDAR equation. The analytical development and consistency of the modified photon mapping method with the underlying physics and radiative transfer theory for participating media is also presented. A representative dataset generated by DIRSIG of a DIAL system will be presented and analyzed for a synthetic scene containing a factory stack plume containing absorption and scattering effluents.
Methodological issues in growth‐curve analyses with married couples

Because longitudinal data are increasingly being used to test predictions regarding close relationships, researchers are also increasingly being confronted with methodological issues unique to the analysis of longitudinal data. In this paper, four issues in conducting growth-curve analyses with married couples are examined: assessing statistical assumptions about homoscedastic and independent errors, handling information about missing data, dealing with couples with only one assessment, and estimating quadratic effects. Each issue is illustrated with actual data, and syntax from the multilevel module in LISREL 8.52 is provided for specific analyses. Guidelines are presented for helping researchers think through each issue with their own data set.
Copper(II) and zinc(II) complexes of some cyclic triamines

~ e c e i v e d 2 7 ~ n ~ 1975) Recent interest in the properties of metal complexes containing stereospecific ligands and various explanations regarding their stability 1'2 have prompted our study of copper(II) and zinc(II) complexes of a series of potentially tridentate amines, Figure i. Preliminary data presented in this note suggest that these ligands impose a facial nitrogen coordination on the metal ion along a pseudo-C3, axis of symmetry. The properties of these complexes serve to illustrate the effect of structural constraints along this symmetry axis. Although these amines do not fall into the generally accepted catagory of macrocyclic ligands, many of the effects observed for complexes of macrocyclic ligands have been observed with sterically restricted tridentate ligands; 3'4 therefore, some insight into the " macrocycle effect 5'' may be provided.
Civic Involvement, Organizational Ties, and Local Economic Development

Research on local economic development has taken a significant turn in recent years. Much of the previous work has focused on market factors that influence the adoption of economic development poli...
INORGANIC SENSORS UTILIZING MEMS AND MICROELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGIES

Abstract The most significant recent advances in achieving sensor sensitivity and selectivity has been tied to the integration of thin film sensors with micromachined and/or microelectronic technologies. Arrays of micro-hotplates, microcantilever beams and metal oxide semiconductor devices show great promise as chemical sensor platforms exhibiting enhanced selectivity and markedly reduced power dissipation. Microcantilever beams, presently under development, demonstrate exceptional sensitivity for thermal, optical and magnetic stimuli.
The Media Got it Wrong! A Critical Discourse Analysis of Changes to the Educational Policy Making Arena

The context for education policy making has changed dramatically in recent years. Policy-making at the state-level has become characterized by near-unprecedented enactment of neo-liberal education policies, increased influence of so-called Education Reform Advocacy Organizations (ERAOs) and increased challenges to unions’ political influence. In this article, I explore the news media’s characterization of power and political influence in this new policy making arena. I offer case study analysis of a Massachusetts law, passed in the summer of 2012 with support from a non-profit advocacy group called Stand for Children, that limits seniority-based tenure for public school teachers. I use Critical Discourse Analysis to explore how themes, or discourses, common to this new context of policy making played out in the media coverage of the law, and I identify and characterize differences between media coverage of the law and the historical account as told in stakeholder interviews with major players involved in policy debate and development. Ultimately, I suggest that differences between media and interview data can tell us a lot about power and political influence in a time of dramatic policy change.
Progressive Fracture of Stitched Stiffened Composite Shear Panels in the Postbuckling Range

Progressive damage and fracture of stitched J-stiffened composite panels under shear loading is evaluated via computational simulation. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the postbuckling range application of a new methodology that scales up constituent material properties, stress and strain limits to the structure level, to evaluate the overall damage and fracture propagation for stitched laminates. Stiffened panels with different lay-up configurations are simulated for various damage stages, including damage initiation, growth, accumulation, and progression to fracture. Postbuckling analysis is also included to evaluate progressive fracture characteristics after local buckling of the skin. Results are compared with experimental data from the literature.
An Exploratory Study of Vocalization Areas in the Brain of the Redwinged Blackbird (Agelaius Phoeniceus)

The brain of the redwinged blackbird, a species of the suborder of songbirds, was explored for regions from which vocalization could be evoked by electrical stimulation. In all, 966 points in the brain were tested for evoked vocalizations in acute experiments with the bird restrained under local anesthesia in a stereotaxic instrument. Responsive regions were found mainly I) in the midbrain in and near the torus semicircularis in its non-auditory part, 2) in the hypothalamus and septal area, and 3) in the archistriatum. Responses of uncertain significance were also obtained from the hyperstriatum accessorium. Minimum thresholds for evoked vocalization were lowest in the torus and highest in the striatum. The evoked vocalizations were analyzed spectrographically. They included both normal and abnormal calls; male and female song and flight calls were not evoked. In most cases calls evoked from the midbrain were of the "annoyance" type. Calls evoked from the anterior brain stem were more variabe and also included Cheers and various other alarm calls. The neuroanatomical data are presented on sections which may be employed as a stereotaxic guide to the brain of the redwinged blackbird. The basic similarity between the neuroanatomical substrate of vocalization in birds and most mammals is pointed out.
Face touching in primates: a closer look.

Abstract D imond and H arries (Neuropsychologia22, 227–233, 1984) claim that monkeys, unlike great apes and humans, rarely touch their faces. These authors reported the existence of a left-hand preference for face touching in great apes and humans. Using two species of macaques, we found an incidence of face touching by monkeys which was much higher than that reported by Dimond and Harries. Moreover, a re-analysis of their data failed to show any evidence for species differences in lateralization of face touching by primates.
Host Restriction Factor Screening: Let the Virus Do the Work

In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Varble et al. (2013) engineer a library of RNA viruses to express small interfering RNAs and couple this with the power of virus evolution and selection to screen for host genes that when silenced resulted in greater viral infection in vivo.
Characterization of microsatellite markers for pinedrops, Pterospora andromedea (Ericaceae), from Illumina MiSeq sequencing.

Premise of the study: Pterospora andromedea (Ericaceae) is a mycoheterotrophic plant endemic to North America with a disjunct distribution. Eastern populations are in decline compared to western populations. Microsatellite loci will allow comparison of genetic diversity in endangered to nonthreatened populations. Methods and Results: Illumina MiSeq sequencing resulted in development of 12 polymorphic microsatellite loci from 63 perfect microsatellite loci tested. One polymorphic locus was obtained from a traditional enrichment method. These 13 loci were screened across two western and two eastern populations. For western and eastern populations, respectively, number of alleles ranged from one to 10 and one to four, and observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.000 to 0.389 and 0.000 to 0.143. Conclusions: These are the first microsatellite loci developed for Pterospora. They will be useful in conservation efforts of the eastern populations and for examination of population genetic parameters at different geog...
ON ARTIFICIAL PARTHENOGENESIS IN SEA URCHINS.

IN No. 277 of SCIENCE, I stated that the MgCl2 solution used in my experiments on artificial parthenogenesis was a 20/8n solution. I have since found that the assistant who made the Mg-solution used and who has left the laboratory must have made a mistake as the solution contained only about 120 g. of MgCl2 in a liter. This does not affect my results, but might be an obstacle to the successful repetition of my experiments by others.
Subzero osmotic characteristics of intact and disaggregated hepatocyte spheroids.

This study has been conducted to examine basic transport characteristics of pig hepatocytes cultured as spheroids for use in a bioartificial liver. Static osmotic experiments were conducted by subjecting hepatocyte spheroids in solutions of increasing sucrose concentrations. A Boyle–van't Hoff plot was used to extrapolate an osmotically inactive volume,Vb, of 0.60, which is unusually high and might not represent the inactive volume of the individual cells. The spheroids were disaggregated and low-temperature cryomicroscopy experiments performed to examine the transport and intracellular ice formation (IIF) characteristics. A hydraulic permeability,Lpg, of 7.6 × 1015m3/Ns and an activation energy,Elp, of 82 kJ/mol was determined for the individual cells. The kinetic (Ωo) and thermodynamic (κo) coefficients for IIF were determined to be 5.9 × 108m−2s−1and 3.0 × 109K5, respectively. These results infer a decrease in the temperature range over which IIF is observed compared to freshly isolated pig hepatocytes. The technique of freeze substitution was used to examine the structure inside the spheroid during freezing. At a low cooling rate of 1°C/min, increasing amounts of intercellular ice formed between the cells. At a higher cooling rate of 100°C/min small intracellular ice crystals formed. This study shows the location of ice in a freezing hepatocyte spheroid and confirms that the cells cultured as spheroids do not transport water in the same manner as isolated cells.
Alcohol and aggression: effects of personal threat on human aggression and affective arousal

Theorists have attempted to account for the relationship between alcohol intoxication and a wide range of aggressive behaviors by ascribing alcohol-related aggression to the disinhibiting effects of alcohol and to its disruptive effects on cognitive processes. Allocation of attention and situational threat have been thought to mediate alcohol-related aggression. In the present study, 72 male social drinkers received either alcohol, a placebo, or a nonalcoholic beverage and were exposed to either threatening or nonthreatening personal information. Measuring levels and duration of aggressive responses on a Taylor-Buss aggression machine, intoxicated subjects were found to be generally more aggressive under threatening than under nonthreatening information conditions. Intoxicated subjects also reported relatively large increases in anger, depression, and tension following the aggression task, which appeared to be affected by the type of information received. These findings concur with and refine previous models suggesting that alcohol focuses the drinker's attention to salient cues in threatening circumstances, thus increasing the likelihood of aggressive behavior.
Hybridizing: contemporary glide slopes to provide vertical guidance for GPS approaches

Vertical guidance for an instrument approach to landing during conditions of reduced visibility is a crucial element with respect to safety of flight. It is noteworthy that this vertical component-to be most useful and safe-must desirably provide the pilot with no more than several feet of uncertainty. Unfortunately, with GPS the vertical portion of the position information supplied the pilot by GPS signals is the least precise because of geometries involved. Augmentation for enhancement of accuracy is quite important and the assertion is that it is necessary for totally safe vertical guidance. Evidence from approximately 60 years of experience with electronic landing systems serving the public is that there has been no aircraft accident due to a defective vertical guidance signal. Visibilities as low as 600 feet horizontally can exist at certain airports and landings can still be accomplished. These landings, while not common, are being accomplished flawlessly by contemporary aircraft and equipment. Many aspects of the contemporary UHF glide slope have been studied during its half-century of use. This paper reports on advances, some of them quite recent, that make it realistic to claim that a glide slope can be sited for Category I operation at any runway that meets the physical requirements for this type of operation. For the UHF glide slope, siting imperfections are accommodated by using one of five available types of contemporary glide slope systems or derivatives thereof. This paper reviews how accommodations are achieved in practical cases. Results from earlier tests are identified which show hybridizing of UHF glide slopes and GPS can be used to provide good approach guidance to aircraft making fully automatic approaches to touchdown.
An investigation of the dynamic mechanical properties of polymethyl methacrylate

The dynamic mechanical properties of polymethyl methacrylate have been studied over a frequency range of from 6 × 10−4 to 1.6 × 102 cycles per second and a temperature range of from −20° to +80°C. In order to cover this frequency range with a single piece of apparatus, a modified Kimball-type testing machine was developed. The testing method is analyzed and the data taken on polymethyl methacrylate and other plastics interpreted in terms of molecular theory. The results on polymethyl methacrylate indicate that three mechanisms of relaxation are involved in the response of the material in this frequency and temperature range. The importance of dynamic mechanical properties to the practical engineering design of plastics components is discussed. It is suggested that three-dimensional plots of modulus or loss factor vs. frequency and temperature is the best method of describing the mechanical behavior of plastics at their use conditions.
A simulation framework for real-time management and control of inventory routing decisions

We consider a logistics network where a single warehouse distributes a single item to multiple retailers. Retailers in the network participate in a Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) program with the warehouse, where the warehouse is responsible for tracking and replenishing the inventory at various retailer locations. The information update occurs every time a vehicle reaches a location and the decision on the delivery quantity and the next location to visit is made. For a small increase of locations in the network, the state space for the solution increases exponentially, making this problem NP-hard. Thus, we propose a solution methodology where in the size of the state space is reduced at each stage. In this work, we use simulation to develop the framework for the real-time control and management of inventory and routing decisions, given this scenario.
Plasmodium falciparum and Dihydrofolate Reductase I164L Mutations in Africa

The paper by Ochong et al. modifies the real-time PCR method we published previously and applies it to samples from Malawi, Zambia, and Thailand (2, 7). These authors bring up several criticisms of the original technique, and we welcome this opportunity to clarify concerns about this method. We would also like to comment on some of their conclusions. The primary criticism of Ochong et al. of our assay of mutations of dihydrofolate reductase at position 164 (DHFR-164) is that there was nonspecific binding of the probes. We have previously reported this phenomenon (1), which is evident from the original paper describing the MGB probe (see Fig. 4 in reference 5). However, this background binding does not interfere with the assay's discriminating ability as long as proper controls (standard curves of both wild-type and mutant DNA at concentrations similar to the clinical samples) are included (1, 2). In addition, the assay's performance is dependent on the real-time PCR machine, reagents, and even the batch of probe (1). Thus, the assay's discriminating ability should be reoptimized when it is adapted to different conditions. Overall, we find the modified assay of Ochong et al. to be a successful adaptation of our assay to a new lab. However, this adaptation was incompletely validated. For example, the authors did not determine its sensitivity and specificity by running both real-time PCR and the gold standard allele-specific PCR with the same samples. Also, the authors should address the possibility that whole-genome amplification changes the frequencies of haplotypes from that in the original sample. There is a much stronger body of evidence supporting the emergence of the DHFR-164L mutation in Africa than is suggested in this paper. We recently confirmed the existence of the DHFR-164L mutation in Malawi by a heteroduplex tracking assay and direct sequencing (4). Furthermore, a subsequent report by Lynch et al. found the mutation in 14% of samples from southwestern Uganda collected in 2005 (6). Previously, in 2002, the mutation had been found at a prevalence of 1.25% in Kanungu in southwestern Uganda (3). This suggests that the mutation may be emerging regionally in Africa. Finally, it is important to note that all of the reported studies of the prevalence of the DHFR-164L mutation use patients enrolled in studies and were not sampled to represent the general population. Thus, small differences in prevalence between studies and study sites are to be expected.
Solutions to industrial engineering problems using integrated software environments

Abstract The development of word processing systems and the spreadsheet environment marked the beginning of the professional computing movement. For the first time, programs were available that were both highly functional and highly usable, even by non-computer people. The next group of “hot” programs in the business market were “integrated” packages providing a combination of word processing, spreadsheet, database, graphics, and telecommunications. Unfortunately, these integrated packages have not displaced such single purpose programs as Lotus 1-2-3, dBase and WordPerfect as the dominant forces in desktop computing. Integrated packages are generally perceived as complex, cumbersome, and difficult to master. An important point to note, however, is that high proficiency is not necessary; successful users of commercial software seldom know or use more that 40% of a programs functionality. This paper addresses the use of integrated software packages to solve Industrial Engineering problems. More specifically, examples are presented demonstrating the use of Ashton Tate's Framework II to solve production and operations management problems. Sample applications include forecasting, after tax economic analysis, and data storage and retrieval, demonstrating the advantages of linking word processing, spreadsheets, and databases.
The Political Effectiveness of Terrorism Revisited

Terrorists attack civilians to coerce their governments into making political concessions. Does this strategy work? To empirically assess the effectiveness of terrorism, the author exploits variation in the target selection of 125 violent substate campaigns. The results show that terrorist campaigns against civilian targets are significantly less effective than guerrilla campaigns against military targets at inducing government concessions. The negative political effect of terrorism is evident across logit model specifications after carefully controlling for tactical confounds. Drawing on political psychology, the author concludes with a theory to account for why governments resist compliance when their civilians are targeted.
Charles Ernest Overton: narcosis studies and a contribution to general pharmacology

The year 1986 marked the 85th anniversary of the publication of Charles Ernest Overton’s classic monograph Studien uber die Narkose (‘Studies of Narcosis’) [1]. This book has been cited widely by scientists studying the correlation of biological activity with partition coefficients and the mechanism of anaesthesia. It is of enormous value to modern toxi­cologists, particularly those involved in the development of quantitative structure—toxicity relationships, and the predictive limitations of such models. Overton reported a wealth of precise physiological and histo­logical observations on the response of a variety of plant and animal species to a large number of organic compounds. His remarkable deductions continue to serve as an inspiration for new scientific research and discovery.
Growth of donor-derived dendritic cells from the bone marrow of murine liver allograft recipients in response to granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor

Allografts of the liver, which has a comparatively heavy leukocyte content compared with other vascularized organs, are accepted permanently across major histocompatibility complex barriers in many murine strain combinations without immunosuppressive therapy. It has been postulated that this inherent tolerogenicity of the liver may be a consequence of the migration and perpetuation within host lymphoid tissues of potentially tolerogenic donor-derived ("chimeric") leukocytes, in particular, the precursors of chimeric dendritic cells (DC). In this study, we have used granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor to induce the propagation of progenitors that give rise to DC (CD45+, CD11c+, 33D1+, nonlymphoid dendritic cell 145+, major histocompatibility complex class II+, B7-1+) in liquid cultures of murine bone marrow cells. Using this technique, together with immunocytochemical and molecular methods, we show that, in addition to cells expressing female host (C3H) phenotype (H-2Kk+; I-E+; Y chromosome-), a minor population of male donor (B10)-derived cells (H-2Kb+; I-A+; Y chromosome+) can also be grown in 10-d DC cultures from the bone marrow of liver allograft recipients 14 d after transplant. Highly purified nonlymphoid dendritic cell 145+ DC sorted from these bone marrow-derived cell cultures were shown to comprise approximately 1-10% cells of donor origin (Y chromosome+) by polymerase chain reaction analysis. In addition, sorted DC stimulated naive, recipient strain T lymphocytes in primary mixed leukocyte cultures. Evidence was also obtained for the growth of donor-derived cells from the spleen but not the thymus. In contrast, donor cells could not be propagated from the bone marrow or other lymphoid tissues of nonimmunosuppressed C3H mice rejecting cardiac allografts from the same donor strain (B10). These findings provide a basis for the establishment and perpetuation of cell chimerism after organ transplantation.
Cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of excimer laser radiation

Excimer laser radiation at 193 nm, 248 nm and 308 nm cause DNA photochemistry. The photobiological effects resulting from exposure of cells to 308 nm and 248 nm radiation appear to be the same as those obtained using low irradiance CW sources at similar wavelengths. This indicates that the high irradiances available from the excimer laser cause the same DNA photochemistry as the lower-irradiance CW sources. Excimer laser radiation at 193 nm causes less cytotoxicity than predicted based on the DNA absorption spectrum. This may result from absorption of 193 nm radiation by protein present between the cell surface, and nuclear DNA, or from less efficient DNA photochemistry using 193 nm radiation. In vitro assays indicate that DNA-damaging effects resulting in cytotoxicity decrease in the order 248 nm greater than 308 nm greater than 193 nm.
Long-term outcomes of early-onset wheeze and asthma

Evidence from longitudinal cohort studies demonstrates that wheezing that begins in early life and continues into the school years generally persists into adulthood. This persistent wheezing is associated with lung function deficits and airways hyperresponsiveness that appear to be established in the first few years of life. Allergic sensitization early in life, early-life infection with rhinovirus, or colonization with any of a number of bacteria have been associated with increased risk of persistent wheeze. Early life, whether in utero or in the first few years of life, presents a window of vulnerability during which airway injury results in persistent airways dysfunction. Available data further suggest that a second such window of vulnerability might be present in the preadolescent and adolescent years. Lung function growth patterns established by age 6 years generally continue into early adulthood to middle adulthood, typically leaving groups of subjects with wheezing that persists into or relapses during adulthood with a mean FEV 1 of about 10% of predicted value less than their peers who do not wheeze. Subgroups of patients with persistent asthma, however, can have progressive decreases in lung function and enter adulthood with even lower lung function. The concern exists that these deficits in lung function apparent in early adulthood might put subjects at risk for the later development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Superconducting transition temperatures of mercury-alkaline earth metal compounds☆

Abstract The superconducting transition temperatures of several Hg-Mg metallic compounds have been determined. The critical temperature decreases monotonically with increasing Mg content, and shows no apparent crystal-structure dependence. An attempt has thus been made to extrapolate to the transition temperature of pure Mg. This procedure yields an estimate (rather uncertain) of between 1 and 10 × 10 −3 ° K for the T c of pure Mg. The transition temperatures of Hg 2 Mg, HgMg, Hg 3 Mg 5 , HgMg 2 and HgMg 3 fall in the range 4·0−0·16°K. The critical temperatures of a few compounds of Hg with Ba and Ca have also been measured above 1·25°K.
An integrated geometric driven bipolar analog/digital standard cell and semi custom design environment

An integrated geometric driven bipolar analog/digital standard cells and semicustom design environment is presented. The semicustom design environment consists of schematic entry, circuit simulation, statistical simulation, schematic-driven symbolic cell/block layout, and verification, while the standard cell design environment contains schematic entry, behavioral simulation, verification, and place and route. >
Interaction of near-infrared femtosecond laser pulses with biological materials in water

We study the effects of the interaction of 40-fs Ti-sapphire laser radiation at 800 nm with biological materials—proteins or intact Bacillus spore, dissolved or suspended in pure water, respectively. The estimated laser intensity at the target is 10 13 W∕cm 2 . On the molecular level, oxidation of solvent-accessible parts of pro- teins has been observed even after a single femtosecond laser pulse, as demonstrated by mass spectrometry. A remarkable morphological effect of the femtosecond laser radiation is the complete disintegration of extremely refractive cells such as bacterial spores, evidenced in scanning electron micrographs. After 500 laser pulses, all suspended spores in the irradiated volume are completely destroyed, which makes them nonviable. Characteristic spore biomolecules, e.g., small acid-soluble spore proteins, are extensively oxidized after several laser pulses. In comparative studies, no effects have been observed when irradiating the same samples with 10-ns laser pulses at the same laser wavelength and fluence. We demonstrate that the laser power density (irradiance), resulting in different amounts of total deposited energy, determines the types of effects for femto- second laser interactions with biological matter. ©The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI. (DOI: 10.1117/1 .OE.53.5.051510)
Selective Correlation Detection of Photonically Generated Ultrawideband RF Signals

We demonstrate hardware auto/cross-correlation measurements of photonically generated ultrawideband (UWB) RF burst waveforms in the 3-10 GHz range. Full delay dependent correlation studies with matched waveform pairs reveal correlation peaks ~15 dB above those obtained with nonmatching sets of waveforms. The possibility of real-time correlation detection is also explored, as are correlation measurements of waveforms that are transmitted over a short line-of-sight wireless link. With waveforms modified to precompensate for antenna dispersion, 7 dB correlation contrast between matched and nonmatched waveform pairs is obtained. Our results suggest hardware correlation detection as a possibility for processing of arbitrary waveforms in an Ultra-wideband (UWB) receiver.
Individual Differences and the Development of Joint Attention in Infancy

This study examined the development of joint attention in 95 infants assessed between 9 and 18 months of age. Infants displayed significant test-retest reliability on measures of following gaze and gestures (responding to joint attention, RJA) and in their use of eye contact to establish social attention coordination (initiating joint attention, IJA). Infants displayed a linear, increasing pattern of age-related growth on most joint attention measures. However, IJA was characterized by a significant cubic developmental pattern. Infants with different rates of cognitive development exhibited different frequencies of joint attention acts at each age, but did not exhibit different age-related patterns of development. Finally, 12-month RJA and 18-month IJA predicted 24-month language after controlling for general aspects of cognitive development.
The Push/Pull model of transactions

We present a general theory of serializability, unifying a wide range of transactional algorithms, including some that are yet to come. To this end, we provide a compact semantics in which concurrent transactions PUSH their effects into the shared view (or UNPUSH to recall effects) and PULL the effects of potentially uncommitted concurrent transactions into their local view (or UNPULL to detangle). Each operation comes with simple criteria given in terms of commutativity (Lipton's left-movers and right-movers). The benefit of this model is that most of the elaborate reasoning (coinduction, simulation, subtle invariants, etc.) necessary for proving the serializability of a transactional algorithm is already proved within the semantic model. Thus, proving serializability (or opacity) amounts simply to mapping the algorithm on to our rules, and showing that it satisfies the rules' criteria.
Solitary Cortical Tubers

We report two cases of solitary cortical tubers not associated with tuberous sclerosis and having an appearance simulating neoplasm in two patients presenting with seizures. CT showed solitary, hyperdense frontal lobe lesions in both patients. MR revealed a lesion hyperintense on both T1- and T2-weighted images in one patient and a heterogeneous mass with a target appearance in the other. Histologically, the lesions were consistent with cortical tubers.
Effects of Smoke and Fire-related Cues on Penstemon barbatus Seeds

Previous research has found that exposure to fire-related cues enhances germination of some plant species, and such species may exist in frequent-fire southwestern United States Pinus ponderosa forests. I performed four greenhouse experiments with Penstemon barbatus, a perennial forb common in P. ponderosa forests, testing seed responses to liquid and air smoke, charred P. ponderosa wood and leachate, heat and emergence substrates. Liquid smoke increased P. barbatus emergence to as high as 63%, 44% greater than controls, and enhanced emergence in all 4 experiments. Air smoke produced by burning P. ponderosa litter for 15 min appeared to increase emergence similar to liquid smoke. In contrast, P. ponderosa charred wood and charred wood leachate did not improve emergence, and sometimes inhibited positive effects of smoke. Heating samples at 100 C for 30 min did not affect emergence. Substrate and liquid smoke interacted in one experiment, with smoke increasing emergence more sharply on basalt and potting soil than on limestone soil. These greenhouse findings have practical implications for germinating P. barbatus, but need testing under field conditions to evaluate their importance in this species' population biology after fire in P. ponderosa forests.
Crowding Activates Heat Shock Protein 90

Hsp90 is a dimeric ATP-dependent chaperone involved in the folding, maturation, and activation of diverse target proteins. Extensive in vitro structural analysis has led to a working model of Hsp90's ATP-driven conformational cycle. An implicit assumption is that dilute experimental conditions do not significantly perturb Hsp90 structure and function. However, Hsp90 undergoes a dramatic open/closed conformational change, which raises the possibility that this assumption may not be valid for this chaperone. Indeed, here we show that the ATPase activity of Hsp90 is highly sensitive to molecular crowding, whereas the ATPase activities of Hsp60 and Hsp70 chaperones are insensitive to crowding conditions. Polymer crowders activate Hsp90 in a non-saturable manner, with increasing efficacy at increasing concentration. Crowders exhibit a non-linear relationship between their radius of gyration and the extent to which they activate Hsp90. This experimental relationship can be qualitatively recapitulated with simple structure-based volume calculations comparing open/closed configurations of Hsp90. Thermodynamic analysis indicates that crowding activation of Hsp90 is entropically driven, which is consistent with a model in which excluded volume provides a driving force that favors the closed active state of Hsp90. Multiple Hsp90 homologs are activated by crowders, with the endoplasmic reticulum-specific Hsp90, Grp94, exhibiting the highest sensitivity. Finally, we find that crowding activation works by a different mechanism than co-chaperone activation and that these mechanisms are independent. We hypothesize that Hsp90 has a higher intrinsic activity in the cell than in vitro.
Land Acquisition Program of the War and Navy Departments, World War II

HE outbreak and spread of war in Europe demanded large acreages of land within the United States for the expansion and training of the Nation's military and naval forces. Land was needed for training camps, airfields, bombing and artillery ranges, ordnance plants and depots, and many other activities of war. Until 1940 the Nation had not used extensive acreages of land for war purposes. However, within the following 2? years more privately owned land was purchased by the Federal Government than ever before in a comparable length of time. At the same time, much Federal land that was under the jurisdiction of agencies other than the War and Navy Departments was made available for military training. Acquisition of extensive acreages for war uses brought with it many problems. Buying of large areas of agricultural land meant a mass movement of people out of the areas purchased. This in turn disrupted community organizations, school districts, and other local governmental units, as well as causing hardship among the families affected. When hundreds and thousands of workers
Measuring Parents’ Involvement in Children’s Education

The goal of this chapter is to direct attention toward the issues in measuring parents’ involvement in children’s education. We review the major assessment approaches used to date, highlighting both the strengths and weaknesses of each approach. This is followed by suggestions for enhancing the measurement of parents’ involvement along three key lines. First, we make the case that more attention be given to ensuring the convergent and discriminant validity of the time and cost-efficient retrospective approach in which parents, children, or teachers report on parents’ typical involvement. Second, we outline how daily and observational approaches may be used to address important conceptual and practical questions that have not been answered. Third, we suggest assessing how parents navigate bridges, such as parent–teacher conferences, created by schools to foster parents’ involvement.
Medical Student Research: Program Structure, Feedback, and Outcomes at a New Medical School

Research experiences in various forms have been available to medical students for many decades. However, recently, there has been a trend to integrate this opportunity into existing curriculum through scholarly concentration programs. The impetus for including research during medical school is to acquire and develop critical thinking and analytical skills prior to residency without adding time to undergraduate medical education. Research program structure, feedback, and survey outcomes from the newly formed Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine (OUWB) are presented. Conclusions drawn support the potential for rigorous future research endeavors as the students move into their graduate medical education.