cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ACQ4: an open-source software platform for data acquisition and analysis in neurophysiology research

The complexity of modern neurophysiology experiments requires specialized software to coordinate multiple acquisition devices and analyze the collected data. We have developed ACQ4, an open-source software platform for performing data acquisition and analysis in experimental neurophysiology. This software integrates the tasks of acquiring, managing, and analyzing experimental data. ACQ4 has been used primarily for standard patch-clamp electrophysiology, laser scanning photostimulation, multiphoton microscopy, intrinsic imaging, and calcium imaging. The system is highly modular, which facilitates the addition of new devices and functionality. The modules included with ACQ4 provide for rapid construction of acquisition protocols, live video display, and customizable analysis tools. Position-aware data collection allows automated construction of image mosaics and registration of images with 3-dimensional anatomical atlases. ACQ4 uses free and open-source tools including Python, NumPy/SciPy for numerical computation, PyQt for the user interface, and PyQtGraph for scientific graphics. Supported hardware includes cameras, patch clamp amplifiers, scanning mirrors, lasers, shutters, Pockels cells, motorized stages, and more. ACQ4 is available for download at http://www.acq4.org.
Evaluation of area source models to predict near ground level concentrations due to emissions released during agricultural applications.

The modeling of emissions to predict concentrations at downwind distances close to the area sources such as agricultural is of great interest for practical applications. In this study, three area source models used for agricultural sources – the Shear, the Parker, and the Smith models – are compared using two field data sets. Statistical performance measures are used to evaluate and compare the performance of the models. The evaluation results showed that the Shear model performed better than the Parker and the Smith models for all the near downwind distances under unstable conditions (B and C). The analysis of model algorithms indicate that the relatively better performance of the Shear model is due to the incorporation of a variation of wind speed and vertical eddy diffusivity (atmospheric turbulence) with height above the ground.
Efficacy of a pedometer-based physical activity program on parameters of diabetes control in type 2 diabetes mellitus

The aim of the study was to determine whether a recommendation to walk 10000 steps per day would result in significant improvements in glycemic control, insulin sensitivity, and cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The study was a 6-week randomized controlled trial that included 30 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. After 10 days of baseline activity, patients were randomized into 2 groups: control and active. The control group (n = 15) was instructed to continue with their baseline activity for 6 weeks. The active group (n = 15) was instructed to walk at least 10000 steps per day 5 or more days per week, for 6 weeks. Data relevant to glycemic control and other parameters of health were collected at study weeks 0 and 6. There were no differences in the baseline activity between groups (P = .36). Subjects in the active group significantly increased physical activity by 69% during the intervention phase of the study (P = .002), whereas there was no change in the physical activity of the control group (P > .05). High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and resting energy expenditure significantly increased in the active group (P < .05). Finally, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) activity was reduced by exercise relative to the control group (P = .03). There were no differences in any other study parameters during the 6-week study. In conclusion, short-term intervention with a pedometer increased physical activity and positively affected plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 activity in previously inactive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The use of a pedometer may prove to be an effective tool for promoting healthy lifestyle changes that include daily physical activity and self-monitoring of therapeutic goals.
Kinetic studies on the erythrocyte hexokinase of the horse, Equus caballus

Abstract 1. 1. Equine erythrocyte hexokinase (ATP: D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase, EC2. 7.I.I) was isolated in a partially-purified preparation by KCl elution from DEAE-Sephadex A-50, ammonium sulfate precipitation and Sephadex G-75 gel filtration. 2. 2. The Km values for glucose and adenosine triphosphate were 0.04 and 0.5 mM respectively. 3. 3. The enzyme was inhibited by 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) at the in vivo concentration of this glycolytic intermediate. The inhibition of hexokinase by DPG was a function of the Mg2+ and ATP concentrations. 4. 4. These findings indicate that the low intracellular ATP concentration in the mature erythrocyte of the horse may be the major factor which regulates hexokinase activity in this cell type.
Influence of Semi-Recumbent Position on Intra-Abdominal Pressure as Measured by Bladder Pressure

Background Intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) obtained by bladder pressure measurement is used to detect impending abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS), but, while it is recommended to use a supine position, the literature describes IAP measurement in varying positions. This study evaluated the impact of body position at differing head-of-bed (HOB) elevations on bladder pressure when planned to be used as a surrogate IAP measurement. Materials and methods Forty-five trauma patients admitted to a surgical intensive care unit underwent bladder pressure measurements at 0, 15, 30, 45° HOB position and 30° HOB position plus 15° of reverse Trendelenburg tilt; these measurements were performed in counterbalanced fashion and assessed by built-in angle indicators on the bed rails of each bed. Study participants were connected to an IAP monitoring kit via their indwelling Foley catheter. Results A total of 675 bladder pressure measurements were obtained with 135 measurements at each of five HOB elevations (0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 30° +15° tilt). Statistically significant differences occurred between all HOB elevations. Statistically significance differences also occurred at different BMI statuses. Conclusions Elevating HOB significantly increases bladder pressure measurement. Bladder pressure measurements in nonsupine positions may not provide valid interpretation for IAP, and more so in cases of increased body mass index.
Quantifying early diagenesis of fatty acids in a rapidly accumulating coastal marine sediment

We report here the results of a quantitative study designed to (i) evaluate the rates of early diagenesis of unbound fatty acids in an organic-rich, coastal marine sediment and (ii) address the relative importance of incorporation of bacterial biomass within the sedimentary organic matter surviving microbially mediated early diagenesis. Radiochronometric tracer studies at the sampling site, Cape Lookout Bight, N.C., U.S.A., prove that sediment accumulation has occurred at a constant rate of 10.3 ± 1.7 cm yr−1 since at least 1971. Higher plant and labile plankton-derived organic materials driving early diagenesis appear to have accumulated at constant annual rates since at least the mid 1970s. Change in the unbound fatty acid concentrations are thus known to result primarily from diagenetic processes. While these data cannot discriminate between the diagenetic processes of (a) complete remineralization and (b) incorporation into a “non-extractable” bound fatty acid fraction, it is nonetheless significant that the measured decrease could account for as much as 8.2% of the production ΣCO2 and CH4 at this site (assuming complete remineralization to these end products). These results also indicate the following reactivity relationships: unsaturated fatty acids > branched fatty acids > saturated fatty acids. Furthermore, within the saturated fatty acid fraction, medium chain length compounds (C14–C1) are degraded at “apparent” rates 6–7 times faster than long chain length compounds (C20–C34). Results of kinetic modelling indicate that no simple relationship exists between remineralization rates and molecular weight (or carbon chain length) and suggest that the preferential preservation of terrestrially derived long chain length fatty acids results from their inclusion into microbially inaccessible matrices.
What is a Surgical Complication

The concise article by Daniel Sokol and James Wilson from the United Kingdom delivers a pointed analysis of the semantic derivation of a definition of ‘‘surgical complication’’ [1]. They note the discrepancy among definitions of this highly relevant topic, and indeed there is little in the literature that scientifically defines what a surgical complication actually is. Most of the general source material on medical error has not specifically looked at errors on the surgical services at all. The authors’ definition of surgical complication evolves into ‘‘an undesirable unintended problem that is a direct result of the surgery itself, and that would not have occurred had the operation gone as well as could reasonably be expected.’’ This seems to include a relationship of the incident to the operation, that the result is not expected or welcomed, and that there is some flexibility of the definition proportional to the expected outcome—i.e., that the risk factors play a role in the anticipated results. We think that this definition, although perhaps not ideal for all circumstances, does provide a platform from which to study the problem and initiate changes that may improve performance in this regard. There are, however, some important issues that must be included in any discussion of surgical error. If there is, indeed, error determined to have affected outcome, identifying the type of error is important in defining its significance. Thus some questions remain: Was the patient harmed? Was only the length of hospital stay affected? Was there permanent disability? Did the patient die? Specification of the genesis of the error also plays an essential role in using the information surrounding the error to improve future performance. For example, was the error technical? Was it judgmental? Was it an error in diagnosis? Without such qualification, solutions are difficult if not impossible to generate. We wonder whether the best definition should allow for analysis of a ‘‘cascade effect’’ wherein multiple causative components come together to give undesirable results. Also, is there a way to assess for latent errors (often called ‘‘near-miss situations’’) so that they can be considered in the improvement process as well? We are convinced that the definition offered here is a good start to the analysis of surgical error, keeping in mind that errors within the surgical domain are likely not a factor in other areas of medicine. With the caveats expressed above we commend the authors for a concise primer on surgical complications, and we simply wish to emphasize that there are a number of modifiers and additional data points necessary to complete the definition so that it is more relevant to the solutions which are surely needed.
Footshock induced analgesia is dependent neither on pituitary nor sympathetic activation.

Abstract A variety of environmental stimuli have been demonstrated to produce potent behavioral analgesia. Of these, footshock has been shown to be capable of differentially eliciting opiate or non-opiate analgesia dependent upon the body region shocked; front paw and hind paw shock produce opiate and non-opiate analgesia, respectively. In addition, footshock can be used as a conditioned stimulus to elicit classically conditioned opiate analgesia. A question which arises is whether such pain inhibition is mediated by neural or hormonal pathways. Evidence exists which suggests that endogenous opioids in the pituitary and adrenal medulla may be involved in the production of environmentally induced analgesia. Furthermore, epinephrine administration has previously been shown to produce pronounced pain inhibition. However, the present series of experiments demonstrate that the pituitary-adrenal cortical and sympathetic-adrenal medullary axes are neither necessary nor sufficient for the production of footshock induced analgesia (FSIA). Hypophysectomy failed to attenuate front paw FSIA, hind paw FSIA or classically conditioned analgesia indicating that pituitary β-endorphin or other pituitary factors are not necessary for the production of analgesia. Adrenal opioids and peripheral catecholamines are also not critical since front paw FSIA was potentiated by adrenalectomy or total sympathetic blockade. Furthermore, pituitary and sympathetic activation are not sufficient for the production of analgesia since low thoracic spinalization allows normal hormonal response to front paw shock yet abolishes shock-induced inhibition of the spinally mediated tail flick reflex. These results provide strong evidence that front paw FSIA, hind paw FSIA and classically conditioned analgesia are mediated by neural, rather than hormonal, pathways and provide further parallels between these forms of environmental analgesia, morphine analgesia and brain stimulation produced analgesia.
Determining the context of text using augmented latent semantic indexing

Latent semantic analysis has been used for several years to improve the performance of document library searches. We show that latent semantic analysis, augmented with a Part–of–Speech Tagger, may be an effective algorithm for classifying a textual document as well. Using Brille's Part–of–Speech Tagger, we truncate the singular value decomposition used in latent semantic analysis to reduce the size of the word–frequency matrix. This method is then tested on a toy problem, and has shown to increase search accuracy. We then relate these results to natural language processing and show that latent semantic analysis can be combined with context free grammars to infer semantic meaning from natural language. English is the natural language currently being used. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The primary ice phase field in the H2O-NaCl-dimethyl sulphoxide ternary system

The determination and application of H2O-NaCl-cryoprotective agent phase diagram information appears to be a fruitful area for co-operative research between materials scientists and biologists. Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) is a widely used cryoprotective agent, and in this present work the primary ice phase field in the H2O-NaCl-DMSO system has been determined including the extension into this system of the lines of two-fold saturation from the ice-NaCl · 2H2O and the ice-DMSO · 3H2O binary eutectics. Liquidus surface data are presented for isoplethal sections taken through the ternary system along composition lines defined by weight ratios of DMSO to NaCl of 1/5, 1/2 and 9. Liquidus surface data obtained from an additional thirteen isoplethal sections are used to construct the complete isothermal projections of the primary ice phase field along 10° C contours. The distribution and occurrence of glassy phases in this ternary system are also discussed.
Role of group II and group III metabotropic glutamate receptors in spinal cord injury.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) produces an increase in extracellular excitatory amino acid (EAA) concentrations that results in glutamate receptor-mediated excitotoxic events. An important class of these receptors is the metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). mGluRs can activate a number of intracellular pathways that increase neuronal excitability and modulate neurotransmission. Group I mGluRs are known to modulate EAA release and the development of chronic central pain (CCP) following SCI; however, the role of group II and III mGluRs remains unclear. To begin evaluating group II and III mGluRs in SCI, we administered the specific agonists for group II, APDC, or group III, L-AP4, by interspinal injection immediately following SCI. Contusion injury was produced at spinal segment T10 with a New York University impactor (12.5-mm drop, 10-g rod 2 mm in diameter) in 30 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (175-200 g). Evoked and spontaneous behavioral measures of CCP, locomotor recovery, changes in mGluR expression, and amount of spared tissue were examined. Neither APDC nor L-AP4 affected locomotor recovery or the development of thermal hyperalgesia; however, L-AP4 and APDC attenuated changes in mechanical thresholds and changes in exploratory behavior indicative of CCP. APDC- and L-AP4-treated groups had higher expression levels of mGluR2/3 at the epicenter of injury on post contusion day 28; however, there was no difference in the amount of spared tissue between treatment groups. These results demonstrate that treatment with agonists to group II and III mGluRs following SCI affects mechanical responses, exploratory behavior, and mGluR2/3 expression without affecting the amount of tissue spared, suggesting that the level of mGluR expression after SCI may modulate nociceptive responses.
Analysis of Adhesion Molecules Involved in Leukocyte Homing into the Basolateral Pockets of Mouse Peyer's Patch M Cells

The basolateral membranes of intestinal M cells are invaginated to form large intraepithelial "pockets" that are populated by specific sub-sets of mucosal leukocytes, including CD4+ T cells, memory and naive B cells, and occasional dendritic cells. The adhesion molecules involved in leukocyte trafficking and/or retention within this unique immunological niche are unknown. In this study, we used immunofluorescence microscopy and a battery of monoclonal antibodies to identify the adhesion molecules expressed by leukocytes situated within the intracellular pockets of mouse Peyer's patch (PP) M cells. M cell associated leukocytes (MAL) consistently stained positive for integrin alpha4beta7, and integrin LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18), but were rarely positive for L-selectin (CD62L) or the mucosal integrin alphaEbeta7. However, neither the alpha4beta7 ligands MadCAM-1 or VCAM-1, nor the LFA-1 ligand ICAM-1, were detected on M cell basolateral membranes. To determine whether integrins alpha4beta7 or LFA-1 play a functional role leukocyte homing to M cell pockets, we examined M cells in mice deficient in integrin beta7 or CD11a/CD18. Although PP from CD18 or integrin beta7 mice were reduced in number and size as compared to age-matched controls, we identified M cells in both strains of mice. However, mice lacking CD18 (but not integrin beta7) had significantly fewer leukocytes within M cell pockets as compared to control animals, suggesting LFA-1 (but not alpha4beta7) may contribute, in part, to leukocyte trafficking into and/or retention within this unique immunological niche.
A flavonol triglycoside from Baccharis thesioides

Abstract Five flavonols have been isolated from the aerial parts of Baccharis thesioides . On the basis of spectroscopic analysis the structure of a new flavonol triglycoside has been elucidated as quercetin 3- O -[β- d -apiofuranosyl (1→2)α- l -rhamnopyranosyl (1→6)]-β- d -glucopyranoside. Four known flavonols were identified as rutin, hyperoside, isoquercitrin and quercetin.
Photochemistry of the lower troposphere

Abstract A steady state model of the chemistry in the lower troposphere is developed in which the number densities of major atmospheric species, N2, O2, H2O, CH4, CO, O3, N2O, NH3 and NO + NO2 are held constant at values appropriate to a summer latitude of 34°. Hourly daytime concentrations are then calculated for HO2, OH, CH3O2, CH3O, H2CO, NO, NO2, NO3, N2O5, HNO3 and HNO2 along with a representative evening value. The major products of the nitrogen daytime chemistry are HNO3 and HNO2. The apparent controlling loss mechanism for HNO3, heterogeneous reaction of HNO3 on particulate surfaces leading to the formation of inorganic nitrates, is also an important mechanism for removing oxides of nitrogen from the air. The calculated rate of removal greatly exceeds the estimates of Erickson (1952) though some critical rate coefficients are in doubt and the effect of bacterial action has not been considered. The dominant radicals, HO2 and CH3O2, have daytime concentrations approaching 1.2 × 109 molecules cm−3 and 5 × 108 molecules cm−3 respectively. The concentration of OH approaches 1.7 × 107 molecules cm−3. At night HO2 and CH3O2 are the only radical species present in a significant amount. Chain reactions which interconvert HO2 and OH also serve as a source of H2CO and a sink for CO, H2 and CH4. It is of interest that the CH4 sink ultimately results in the production of CO and H2 thus providing a large natural source for both. The concentrations of H2CO, H2O2 and CH2OOH are all calculated to be in the ppb range.
Immigration vs. outsourcing: Effects on labor markets

Abstract Anti-globalizers are concerned, inter alia, with the effects on a developed country's real wage rate of legal or illegal immigration, as well as the outsourcing of labor-intensive activities abroad. Although a lowering of the wage rate may ensue, it is by no means a logical necessity. I show that either immigration or outsourcing of a labor-intensive fragment of production may serve to raise the wage rate of national labor in a developed country. As well, I point out how these two effects differ from each other.
NUCLEAR STRUCTURE STUDIES IN THE LEAD REGION WITH (d,t) REACTIONS

Abstract Energy distributions of protons from (d, p) reactions in the isotopes of Pb and Bi were measured with ≈ 100 keV resolution and angular distributions of several of the groups were studied. The angular distribution from Pb207 (d, p) Pb208 (g, s) agrees very well with the distorted wave Born approximation calculation of Tobocman and with measured angular distributions of ln = 1 transitions in Pb206 (d, p) Pb207. The difference from a measured ln = 3 transition is quite large. From studies of the excitation of the various single hole states of Pb207 in Pb206 (d, p) Pb207, the wave function of the ground state of Pb206 is determined to be approximately Ψ 206 = 0.56( p 1 2 ) −2 + 0.25( f 5 2 ) −2 + 0.12( p 3 2 ) −2 + 0.04( i 13 2 ) −2 + 0.03( f 7 2 ) −2 , which has less ( p 1 2 ) −2 , and more (f 5 2 ) −2 , i 13 2 −2 and (f 7 5 ) −2 the theoretical wave functions of True and Ford, and of Kearsley. A new low lying non-hole state of Pb207is found. Extensive efforts to understand the spectrum from Pb208 (d, p) Pb209 are reported. The relative intensities of the various peaks are very difficult to explain.
Cytogenetics of an intrachromosomal transposition in Neurospora.

Knowledge of intrachromosomal transpositions has until now been primarily cytological and has been limited to Drosophila and to humans, in both of which segmental shifts can be recognized by altered banding patterns. There has been little genetic information. In this study, we describe the genetic and cytogenetic properties of a transposition in Neurospora crassa. In Tp(IR→IL)T54M94, a 20 map unit segment of linkage group I has been excised from its normal position and inserted near the centromere in the opposite arm, in inverted order. In crosses heterozygous for the transposition, about one-fifth of surviving progeny are duplications carrying the transposed segment in both positions. These result from crossing over in the interstitial region. There is no corresponding class of progeny duplicated for the interstitial segment. The duplication strains are barren in test crosses. A complementary deficiency class is represented by unpigmented, inviable ascospores. Extent of the duplication was determined by duplication-coverage tests. Orientation of the transposed segment was determined using Tp x Tp crosses heterozygous for markers inside and outside the transposed segment, and position of the insertion relative to the centromere was established using quasi-ordered half-tetrads from crosses x Spore killer. Quelling was observed in the primary transformants that were used to introduce a critical marker into the transposed segment by repeat-induced point mutation (RIP).
The Intersection of Law and Ethics – at 600 Grant Street, Pittsburgh, PA: Is it Ethical to Assert a Legal Technicality to Avoid Liability for a Debt Created by Fraud?

A considerable literature exists regard-ing the moral obligation to keep one's promises. Several authors have focused on the exceptional circumstances which may or should excuse this moral duty. Less frequently discussed is the question of how this general moral obligation and its possible exceptions play out in the context of negotiable written promises to pay money, i.e., so-called "commercial paper." This paper focuses on the application of the legal rules governing commercial paper, and on the ethical implications involved in the application of those rules. More specifically, it asks whether the assertion of the technical doctrine known as "holder in due course," and the denial of that status in some cases, promotes ethical behavior in the marketplace. By examining the circumstances of one case, involving a substantial investment and a large bank, I hope to shed some light on how the legal and ethical rules do in fact "intersect."
Nanofriction visualized in space and time by 4D electron microscopy.

In this letter, we report a novel method of visualizing nanoscale friction in space and time using ultrafast electron microscopy (UEM). The methodology is demonstrated for a nanoscale movement of a single crystal beam on a thin amorphous membrane of silicon nitride. The movement results from the elongation of the crystal beam, which is initiated by a laser (clocking) pulse, and we examined two types of beams: those that are free of friction and the others which are fixed on the substrate. From observations of image change with time we are able to decipher the nature of microscopic friction at the solid−solid interface: smooth-sliding and periodic slip-stick friction. At the molecular and nanoscale level, and when a force parallel to the surface (expansion of the beam) is applied, the force of gravity as a (perpendicular) load cannot explain the observed friction. An additional effective load being 6 orders of magnitude larger than that due to gravity is attributed to Coulombic/van der Waals adhesion at the interface. For the case under study, metal−organic crystals, the gravitational force is on the order of piconewtons whereas the static friction force is 0.5 μN and dynamic friction is 0.4 μN; typical beam expansions are 50 nm/nJ for the free beam and 10 nm/nJ for the fixed beam. The method reported here should have applications for other materials, and for elucidating the origin of periodic and chaotic friction and their relevance to the efficacy of nano(micro)-scale devices.
Automated Tracking Of The Vascular Tree In DSA Images Using A Double-Square-Box Region-Of-Search Algorithm

We have developed a double-square-box region-of-search algorithm for semi-automated tracking of the vascular tree. Starting from a user-specified point, the algorithm accurately and automatically tracks the connected vessels in the entire vascular tree. In this study, we used the tracking algorithm in conjunction with the iterative deconvolution technique to obtain accurate vessel sizes and contrasts along the vessels being tracked. The tracking algorithm used the vessel size information to generate square-box regions of search for subsequent tracking points. Both the vessel size and the vessel contrast were monitored to determine the point at which tracking of a particular vessel would be terminated. The vessel sizes and contrasts along the vascular tree will be useful for further quantitative analysis of the vessels. At present, the algorithm accurately tracks the vascular tree into regions in which the ratio between the vessel contrast and the root mean square (RMS) noise is approximately 3 for vessel sizes of 0.5 mm or more.
1347 STATISTICAL DOCUMENTATION THAT CONTINUOUS OXYGEN MONITORING IMPROVES PATIENT CARE

In a prospective controlled study, we used the Oximetrix(R) catheter oximeter in preterm infants with cardiopulmonary disease to determine if continuous measurement of arterial oxygenation offers any significant clinical advantages over conventional intermittent monitoring. Eleven study and 11 control infants were matched for gestational age, weight, hematocrit and similarity of disease. The mortality rate, need for a ventilator and the time in an FiO2 >.40 or >.70 were similar in both groups. The simultaneous measurement of saturation by the catheter oximeter and the Radiometer OSM2 bench device was compared. The correlation coefficent of 1039 data pairs was .97. In-vivo calibration was required in 60% of catheters in use 40 hours. The time before the first calibration was 18.3 ± 10.6 hours (mean ± S.D.). During the first 72 hours, 51% more blood samples for gas analysis were withdrawn from the control group (p=.012) and the number of blood samples obtained per hour during the catheter's lifetime was greater (p=.026). More blood transfusions were needed in the control group (p=.019). The PaO2 was greater than 100 mmHg 18.6% (control) and 8.4% (study) of the total hours the catheters were used for monitoring (p=.026). This study shows statistically significant evidence that the continuous measurement of arterial oxygenation using the Oximetrix(R) oximeter improves the management of infants with cardiopulmonary disease.
Molecular sieve synthesis using alkylated sparteine derivatives as structure-directing agents

Abstract (-)-Sparteine is alkylated to prepare a series of compounds that are used as structure-directing agents (SDAs) to specifically crystallize large pore molecular sieves. Two new sparteine derivatives, N -ethylsparteinium (EtSPA) and N , N ′ -dimethylsparteinium (Me 2 SPA), are synthesized and their single crystal X-ray structures obtained. The results from molecular sieve syntheses using EtSPA and Me 2 SPA are compared to previously reported preparations that employed N (16)-methylsparteinium (MeSPA). In general, crystalline phases obtained with MeSPA, e.g., SSZ-24, CIT-5, ITQ-21, can also be prepared using EtSPA and Me 2 SPA. However, Me 2 SPA did produce what appears to be a new phase from a reaction mixture containing Zn 2+ .
Application of Computer-Aided Aircraft Design in aMultidisciplinary Environment

Applications of a multidisciplinary system of computer programs to selected analytical and optimization problems encountered in an aircraft design are described. The depth of the analyses and optimizations permits such detailed output as individual stringer sizes and pressure distributions. Data flow from one program to another is performed in a hands-off manner in the modular and open-ended system. Numerical examples show how this automation permits multidisciplinary trade-off studies, typical of a preliminary design process to be based on such a level of detail in each discipline that normally would not be available at this stage of the process.
The impact of first-trimester screening on AMA patients' uptake of invasive testing.

Objective Prenatal testing for AMA includes invasive procedures such as CVS and amniocentesis, which have risks. We sought to determine the effects of first-trimester screening (FTS) on referrals for genetic counseling and patients' decisions to pursue invasive testing after FTS was offered in 2002. Methods We compared AMA patients presenting for prenatal care who underwent early genetic counseling (<13 weeks' gestation) from 2001 to those from 2003. Charts were reviewed for maternal age, gestational age, past obstetric history, prior CVS or amniocentesis, abnormal ultrasound findings and decision to proceed with invasive testing. The two groups were compared using Student t-test and chi-square tests. Results In 2001, 552 AMA women enrolled in prenatal care; 68 presented for early genetic counseling. In 2003, 728 AMA women enrolled in prenatal care; 172 presented for early genetic counseling. More counseled women chose genetic testing in 2003 than in 2001 (95% vs 79%, p < 0.01). More patients elected an invasive procedure in 2001 compared to 2003 (71% vs 26%, p < 0.01). Conclusion Availability of FTS results in more AMA women having early prenatal genetic counseling and choosing some form of genetic testing. Such women are less likely to choose invasive tests than those without access to FTS. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive random search for continuous simulation optimization

We present, analyze, and compare three random search methods for solving stochastic optimization problems with uncountable feasible regions. Our adaptive search with resampling (ASR) approach is a framework for designing provably convergent algorithms that are adaptive and may consequently involve local search. The deterministic and stochastic shrinking ball (DSB and SSB) approaches are also convergent, but they are based on pure random search with the only difference being the estimator of the optimal solution [the DSB method was originally proposed and analyzed by Baumert and Smith]. The three methods use different techniques to reduce the effects of noise in the estimated objective function values. Our ASR method achieves this goal through resampling of already sampled points, whereas the DSB and SSB approaches address it by averaging observations in balls that shrink with time. We present conditions under which the three methods are convergent, both in probability and almost surely, and provide a limited computational study aimed at comparing the methods. Although further investigation is needed, our numerical results suggest that the ASR approach is promising, especially for difficult problems where the probability of identifying good solutions using pure random search is small. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2010
Influence of parental dietary iodine level on thyroid activity of eighteen day chick embryos.

SummaryThyroid activity in 18-day embryos from hens fed 3 levels of dietary iodine was studied with the use of I131. The thyroid glands of embryos from hens on the lowest level of iodine synthesized and released thyroxine at a much faster rate than embryos from hens on higher levels of iodine. This rapid synthesis and release of thyroxine in more active thyroid glands can confound measusements of thyroid activity by I131 “uptake” procedures if care is not taken in selecting proper time intervals between injection and autopsy.
Self-Report Measures in the Assessment of Antiretroviral Medication Adherence: Comparison with Medication Possession Ratio and HIV Viral Load

Background:Adherence is a major determinant of the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART). We determined the association between self-reported adherence (SRA) and medication possession ratio...
Study of the Hypothesis of Threshold Dominance in a Renormalized Linear σ Model

We examine Li and Pagels's hypothesis of threshold dominance (h.t.d.) in a linear SU(2) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} SU(2) $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ model renormalized up to one loop. The exact inverse two-point functions ($\ensuremath{\sigma}$ and $\ensuremath{\pi}$ inverse propagators) at zero momentum transfer are calculated. These values are compared with that obtained by following the h.t.d. procedure. The threshold-dominance values show a sensitive dependence on the "cutoff," and the error ranges from 8% to 43%.
Intelligent file hoarding for mobile computers

Mobile computing adds a new wrinkle to the ageold problem of caching. Today’s wireless links are both slow and expensive, and are not always available to a user. Therefore, when a mobile user is disconnected, a cache miss means (at best) a substantial cost in time and money, or (at worst) a complete halt to work if critical information has not been cached. Existing solutions to this problem rely on some combination of explicit hoard profiles and spying on a user’s file accesses. Neither of these approaches is ideal in terms of reliability or user-friendliness. Our solution might be called transparent analytical spying. Instead of simply recording a list of file accesses, we analyze program executions and tie them to specific files. By observing multiple executions of a program, we are able to build sets of files associated with each program, and can heuristically separate application files from user files. We can then present a high-level view to the user that is similar to loading a briefcase. We have an implementation of our hoarding tool running under OS/2.
Efficient drug approval and monitoring must rely on sound regulatory science.

The path to drug approval is long, hard and often perplexing. In recent months, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has promised to bolster 'regulatory science', which aims to transform its decision-making process to be more efficient, transparent and accountable. However, diverse stakeholders, including patients, drug developers and the US Congress, will have to rise to the challenge of coordinating their priorities if this endeavor is to succeed.
The interpolation problem with a degree constraint

The author previously (1983, 1987) showed that there is a correspondence between nonnegative (Hermitian) trigonometric polynomials of degree /spl les/n and solutions to the standard Nevanlinna-Pick-Caratheodory interpolation problem with n+1 constraints, which are rational and also of degree /spl les/n. It was conjectured that the correspondence under suitable normalization is bijective and thereby, that it results in a complete parametrization of rational solutions of degree /spl les/n. The conjecture was proven by Byrnes et al. (1995), along with a detailed study of this parametrization. However, Byrnes et al. used a slightly restrictive assumption that the trigonometric polynomials are positive and accordingly, the corresponding solutions have positive real part. The purpose of the present note is to extend the result to the case of nonnegative trigonometric polynomials as well. We present the arguments in the context of the general Nevanlinna-Pick-Caratheodory-Fejer interpolation.
Cross sections for H(-) and Cl(-) production from HCl by dissociative electron attachment

Dissociative electron-attachment cross-section measurements for the production of H/sup -/ and Cl/sup -/ from HCl have been performed with use of a crossed target-beam--electron-beam collision geometry and a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The relative-flow technique is employed to determine the absolute values of cross sections. The attachment energies corresponding to various cross-section maxima are 7.1 +- 0.1 eV and 9.05 +- 0.1 eV for H/sup -//HCl; 0.85 +- 0.02 eV for Cl/sup -//HCl. The cross sections at these maxima are 2.07 x 10/sup -18/ cm/sup 2/ and 0.93 x 10/sup -18/ cm/sup 2/ for H/sup -//HCl; 26.59 x 10/sup -18/ cm/sup 2/ for Cl/sup -//HCl, respectively.
The influence of tetracycline and chloramphenicol on the healing of cutaneous wounds.

Abstract The effects of two commonly used antibiotics, tetracycline and chloramphenicol, whose main mechanism of action is the inhibition of protein synthesis, on the rate of gain of tensile strength in healing wounds were investigated. No significant differences from control were observed unless the dose of drug used was severely toxic as measured by the failure of the test animals to gain weight. The implications are that these drugs may be used in treating surgical patients without the danger of adversely affecting the healing of their wounds and that the fibroblast system is less sensitive to these drugs than are other types of tissue.
Perspectives on genetic aspects of dental patterning

Nearly a century of speculation and experimentation has gone into trying to understand the mechanisms that establish the pattern of the differentiated heterodont dentition. Regionally differing qualitative (combinatorial) expression of regulatory genes appears to be involved in this process. Work by our laboratory and others shows that the six members of the mammalian Dlx family of homeobox genes are expressed (a) at multiple times during dental development, (b) differently at different stages, (c) in a way that is related to their genomic organization as gene-pairs linked to three of the four Hox clusters of positional patterning genes. The expression appears to be involved in jaw regionalization, tooth initiation, and tooth development. However, this expression correlates with no single aspect of dental patterning or tooth development, involves redundant and complementary function, and developmental differences between the maxillary and mandibular dentition suggest that other elements remain to be identified. For example, the possibility that quantitative aspects of gene expression specify developmental fields in the dentition has not yet been investigated. Although the maxilla and mandible develop differently, indirect evidence suggests that, especially in the future midline (incisor) regions, both jaws may be patterned by a consistent process that occurs before neural crest migration takes place, and we hypothesize that signaling factors like Sonic hedgehog and Pax transcription factors may be involved.
DNA topoisomerase II selects DNA cleavage sites based on reactivity rather than binding affinity

DNA topoisomerase II modulates DNA topology by relieving supercoil stress and by unknotting or decatenating entangled DNA. During its reaction cycle, the enzyme creates a transient double-strand break in one DNA segment, the G-DNA. This break serves as a gate through which another DNA segment is transported. Defined topoisomerase II cleavage sites in genomic and plasmid DNA have been previously mapped. To dissect the G-DNA recognition mechanism, we studied the affinity and reactivity of a series of DNA duplexes of varied sequence under conditions that only allow G-DNA to bind. These DNA duplexes could be cleaved to varying extents ranging from undetectable (<0.5%) to 80%. The sequence that defines a cleavage site resides within the central 20 bp of the duplex. The DNA affinity does not correlate with the ability of the enzyme to cleave DNA, suggesting that the binding step does not contribute significantly to the selection mechanism. Kinetic experiments show that the selectivity interactions are formed before rather than subsequent to cleavage. Presumably the binding energy of the cognate interactions is used to promote a conformational change that brings the enzyme into a cleavage competent state. The ability to modulate the extent of DNA cleavage by varying the DNA sequence may be valuable for future structural and mechanistic studies that aim to determine topoisomerase structures with DNA bound in pre- and post-cleavage states and to understand the conformational changes associated with DNA binding and cleavage.
Fermilab hyperon program — present and future plans

Abstract Hyperon experiments at Fermilab up to the present have concentrated on decay physics. The upcoming generation of experiments continues some aspects of hyperon decay studies but expands the focus to include hyperon strong interaction physics, hyperons including charmed quarks, and a search for direct CP Violation in hyperon decay. In the further future a broad range of hyperon programs is conceivable, but a strong physics motivation must be developed to bring any of the options to fruition.
Patterning of a polysiloxane precursor to silicate glasses by microcontact printing

Abstract A polysiloxane precursor to silicon dioxide was used to generate silica patterns on a flat surface. The conversion of a thin film of this polymer to silica was done either by photolithography or by printing an organic acid on the film. The former technique allowed the formation of structures with thickness as large as 2 μm. The latter method could generate patterns with sub-micron resolution and thicknesses smaller than 0.2 μm. These structures could be used as resists for O2 reactive ion etching (RIE).
The Principle of Moral Projection: A reply to Professor Ranken

This article responds to two criticisms by Professor Nani Ranken of the Principle of Moral Projection in business ethics. In the process it enlarges upon our understanding of the moral agenda of management and the corporation as a participant in ethical transactions.
Dynamic molecular recognition on the surface of vesicle membranes

The ability of a vesicle-bound receptor to associate with a water-soluble ligand increases with membrane loading level and the presence of membrane additives with cationic N–CH3 groups.
Method for continuous guidance of endoscopy

Previous research has indicated that use of guidance systems during endoscopy can improve the performance and decrease the skill variation of physicians. Current guidance systems, however, rely on computationally intensive registration techniques or costly and error-prone electromagnetic (E/M) registration techniques, neither of which fit seamlessly into the clinical workflow. We have previously proposed a real-time image-based registration technique that addresses both of these problems. We now propose a system-level approach that incorporates this technique into a complete paradigm for real-time image-based guidance in order to provide a physician with continuously-updated navigational and guidance information. At the core of the system is a novel strategy for guidance of endoscopy. Additional elements such as global surface rendering, local cross-sectional views, and pertinent distances are also incorporated into the system to provide additional utility to the physician. Phantom results were generated using bronchoscopy performed on a rapid prototype model of a human tracheobronchial airway tree. The system has also been tested in ongoing live human tests. Thus far, ten such tests, focused on bronchoscopic intervention of pulmonary patients, have been run successfully.
Non-iterative domain decomposition methods for a non-stationary Stokes–Darcy model with Beavers–Joseph interface condition☆

Abstract In order to solve a non-stationary Stokes–Darcy model with Beavers–Joseph interface condition, two non-iterative domain decomposition methods are proposed. At each time step, results from previous time steps are utilized to approximate the information on the interface and decouple the two physics. Both of the two methods are parallel. Numerical results suggest that the first method has accuracy order O ( h 3 + Δ t ) . In order to improve the accuracy and efficiency, a three-step backward differentiation is used in the second method to achieve an accuracy order O ( h 3 + Δ t 3 ) , which is illustrated by a numerical example.
TU-D-BRA-01: Treating a Moving Target under the Guidance of Hybrid kV and MV Imaging

In recent years, MV and kV electronic flat panel imaging devices have become commonplace equipment installed on the gantry of many newer medicalLINACs. Such imaging devices are now routinely used in the clinic for verification of correct initial patient setup before start of a treatment fraction. This is done through MV portal images, 2D kV fluoroscopic images, or cone‐beam CT. However, these amorphous‐silicon detectors have not been used to their full potential. With high resolution imaging capture rates of ∼ 10 frames per second, the role of these MV and kV detectors can be additionally expanded to include real‐time target tracking during the actual radiation treatment delivery process. This lecture will provide an overview of recent research in the use of MV and kV imagers for real‐time tracking purposes. In addition, an explanation of the basic theory and methods necessary to perform real‐time tracking will be discussed. Learning Objectives: 1. Fundamentals of MV and kV flat panel detectors. 2. Image processing and prediction methods used for real‐time MV and kV intheclinic. 3. Issues involved in implementing hybrid MV and kV in the clinic.