cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intraoral scanning reduces procedure time and improves patient comfort in fixed prosthodontics and implant dentistry: a systematic review.

The primary aim of this systematic review was to evaluate whether intraoral scanning (IOS) is able to reduce working time and improve patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) compared to conventional impression (CI) techniques, taking into account the size of the scanned area. The secondary aim was to verify the effectiveness of IOS procedures based on available prosthodontic outcomes. Electronic and manual literature searches were performed to collect evidence concerning the outcomes of IOS and CI performed during the treatment of partially and complete edentulous patients for tooth- or implant-supported restorations. Qualitative analysis was conducted to evaluate the time efficiency and PROMs produced by the two different techniques. Clinical prosthodontic outcomes were analyzed among the included studies when available. Seventeen studies (9 randomized controlled trials and 8 prospective clinical studies) were selected for qualitative synthesis. The 17 included studies provided data from 430 IOS and 370 CI performed in 437 patients. A total of 7 different IOS systems and their various updated versions were used for digital impressions. The results demonstrated that IOS was overall faster than CI independent of whether quadrant or complete-arch scanning was utilized, regardless of the nature of the restoration (tooth or implant supported). IOS was generally preferred over CI regardless of the size of the scanned area and nature of the restoration (tooth- or implant-supported). Similar prosthodontic outcomes were reported for workflows implementing CI and IOS. Within the limitations of this systematic review, IOS is faster than CI, independent of whether a quadrant or complete arch scan is conducted. IOS can improve the patient experience measured by overall preference and comfort and is able to provide reliable prosthodontic outcomes. Reduced procedure working time associated with the use of IOS can improve clinical efficiency and the patient experience during impression procedures. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are an essential component of evidence-based dental practice as they allow the evaluation of therapeutic modalities from the perspective of the patient. IOS is generally preferred by patients over conventional impressions.
007 versus the Darker Races: The Black and Yellow Peril in Dr. No

In Dr. No, Ian Fleming’s 1958 novel, Cold War hero James Bond must defeat the Cold War villain Doctor No and his Jamaican Chinese henchmen, who Fleming calls “Chinese Negroes” or the “Chigroes.” This article examines the characterization of hybridity as a threat to British purity and empire represented in Doctor No, who is of German and Chinese ancestry, and his mixed-race African, Chinese minions. Set in Jamaica, the novel, the sixth of the James Bond series, provides a fascinating, intimate portrait of pre-independence Kingston and Afro-Asian intimacies. Though the representation of these Afro-Asian intimacies are largely erased from the 1962 film, Dr. No, the first of the major James Bond movies, race is coded in various Orientalist forms, including yellowface. In many ways, both the novel and the film can be viewed as responses to the crisis of decolonization for Britain. The Chigroes and Doctor No come to represent a Black and Yellow Peril perhaps triggered by the Afro-Asian coalitions that were beginning to form at conferences such as Bandung in 1955 that threatened to decenter Europe.
Rat and Mouse Acute Liquid Bait Test Method

A method to assess the efficacy of an acute water bait is discussed in considerable detail. The test allows rats and mice a free choice between an acute toxicant-treated water bait and tap water. It is a three-day test. The test solution is considered effective if there is a 90 percent mortality in the rodents tested.
The use of a continuous brachial plexus catheter to facilitate inpatient rehabilitation in a pediatric patient with refractory upper extremity complex regional pain syndrome.

Background: The goal of interventional management of refractory pediatric complex regional pain syndrome is to facilitate early restoration of function to the affected extremity. These interventions are more complicated in children, as most do not tolerate these procedures without sedation. Case report: We report the first detailed description of a pediatric patient with complex regional pain syndrome refractory to medical management who had complete resolution of symptoms after brief inpatient rehabilitation involving continuous brachial plexus blockade and a multidisciplinary apaproach. Conclusion: Repeated interventional therapy for refractory, severe complex regional pain syndrome may not be feasible in children owing to the requirement for deep sedation or general anesthesia. A multidisciplinary apaproach of brief inpatient rehabilitation and continuous blockade via an indwelling pain catheter may provide a safer, more cost-effective means of restoring function in children with advanced disease.
Real-time detection of imaging errors in the Knife-Edge Scanning Microscope through change detection

Advances in high-resolution, high-throughput 3D microscopy techniques are enabling subcellular investigation of whole small animal organs such as the mouse brain. Knife-Edge Scanning Microscopy (KESM) is one such technique based on physical (or serial) sectioning to overcome diffraction limited imaging in optical sectioning approaches. However, due to the physical sectioning process depending on a mechanical process, vibration (chatter) and obstruction of the light path by floating debris can cause a varying degrees of image error. In this paper, we present a change-detection-based error detection method to minimize such errors. Change detection is done in three steps: preprocessing (subsampling and illumination equalization), change detection, and postprocessing (morphology-based operation). Based on the change detection results, a finite state machine is used to alert a human operator or stop the machine. The method has been tested on three KESM data sets, demonstrating its effectiveness. The approach is expected to be widely applicable to other physical sectioning microscopy techniques.
Determination of cellulose crystallinity from powder diffraction diagrams.

One-dimensional (1D) (spherically averaged) powder diffraction diagrams are commonly used to determine the degree of cellulose crystallinity in biomass samples. Here, it is shown using molecular modeling how disorder in cellulose fibrils can lead to considerable uncertainty in conclusions drawn concerning crystallinity based on 1D powder diffraction data alone. For example, cellulose microfibrils that contain both crystalline and noncrystalline segments can lead to powder diffraction diagrams lacking identifiable peaks, while microfibrils without any crystalline segments can lead to such peaks. This leads to false positives, that is, assigning disordered cellulose as crystalline, and false negatives, that is, categorizing fibrils with crystalline segments as amorphous. The reliable determination of the fraction of crystallinity in any given biomass sample will require a more sophisticated approach combining detailed experiment and simulation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 103: 67–73, 2015.
High efficiency thin-film Cu(In,Ga)Se/sub 2/-based photovoltaic devices: progress towards a universal approach to absorber fabrication

The formation chemistry of Cu(In,Ga)Se/sub 2/ by several reaction paths has been considered, and growth models of these processes have been developed. The results suggest a simple, reproducible approach to the formation of the multinary compound. The foundation of a universal process for the fabrication of Cu(In,Ga)Se/sub 2/-based solar cells is presented. Several embodiments of the process make it self-limiting with moderate compositional tolerances and simple endpoint detection. It is applicable to different device structures, and scalable to a variety of hybrid deposition technologies. A growth model is presented that correctly describes this process and related ones. Novel CuInSe/sub 2/ single-layer and Cu(In,Ga)Se/sub 2CuGaSe/sub 2/ multilayer absorber structures have been fabricated by physical vapor deposition using this process. Laboratory-scale photovoltaic devices demonstrate a total-area efficiency of 13.3%. >
Functions of the sequences at the ends of the inverted repeats of pseudorabies virus.

Abstract Two mutants were constructed to explore the functions of the sequences at the end of the S terminus of pseudorabies virus (PrV). In mutant vYa, 17 bp from the internal inverted repeat, as well as adjacent sequences from the L component, were deleted. In mutant v135/9, 143 bp from the internal inverted repeat (including sequences with homology to the pac-1 site of herpes simplex virus), as well as adjacent sequences from the L component, were deleted. Our aim in constructing these mutants was to ascertain whether equalization of the terminal regions of the S component would occur, whether genome termini that lack either the terminal 17 or 143 bp would be generated as a result of equalization of the repeats (thereby identifying the terminal nucleotides that may include cleavage signals), and whether inversion of the S component would occur (thereby ascertaining the importance of the deleted sequences in this process). The results obtained show the following (i) The removal of the terminal 17 or 143 bp of the internal S component, including the sequences with homology to the pac-1 site, does not affect the inversion of the Us. (ii) The equalization of both the vYa and the v135/9 inverted repeats occurs at high frequency, the terminal repeats being converted and becoming similar to the mutated internal inverted repeat. (iii) Mutants in which the 17 terminal base pairs (vYa) have been replaced by unrelated sequences are viable. However, the 143 terminal base pairs appear to be essential to virus survival; concatemeric v135/9 DNA with equalized, mutant-type, inverted repeats accumulates, but mature virions with such equalized repeats are not generated at high frequency. Since concatemeric DNA missing the 143 bp at both ends of the S component is not cleaved, the terminal 143 bp that include the sequences with homology to the pac-1 site are necessary for efficient cleavage. (iv) v135/9 intracellular DNA is composed mainly of arrays in which one S component (with two equalized inverted repeats both having the deletion) is bracketed by two L components in opposite orientations and in which two L components are in head-to-head alignment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Strong F-regularity in images of regular rings

We characterize strong F-regularity, a property associated with tight closure, in a large class of rings. A special case of our results is a workable criterion in complete intersection rings. Tight closure is a recently introduced operation linked to a variety of results in commutative algebra. Among the major results achieved with its use are a generalization of the Direct Summand Conjecture for rings containing a field [HH2] and a greatly simplified proof that invariant rings of regular rings by reductive groups are Cohen-Macaulay [HH1]. (Other applications are found in [Ho], [HH3], [HH4], and [S].) Hoping to discover additional results and to understand what makes tight closure so effective, one is led to examining tight closure itself. One way to do this is to study related concepts such as strong F-regularity. The definition of strong F-regularity is not intuitively clear. An F-finite reduced ring R of prime characteristic p is strongly F-regular if for every element c of R that is not in any minimal prime of R, the R-linear map R -R'/q sending 1 -*Cq has an R-linear retraction for all sufficiently large powers q of p [HH3]. (Here, R1q/ denotes the set of qth roots of the elements of R, regarded as an R-module in the natural way.) While its definition may seem largely technical, this concept turns out to fit nicely with a number of ring properties. Strongly F-regular rings are between regular rings and Cohen-Macaulay normal rings [HH3]. They are always F-pure and have a negative a-invariant in the graded case ([HH3],[HH2]). And, of course, they're connected with tight closure: Every ideal in a strongly F-regular ring is tightly closed ([HH3]). What we contribute to an understanding of strong F-regularity is a characterization (Theorems 2.3 and 3.1) in a large class of rings: A homomorphic image S/I of an F-finite regular local or F-finite regular graded ring S of characteristic p with (homogeneous) maximal ideal m, assumed to have infinite residue field in the graded case, by a (homogeneous) radical ideal I is strongly F-regular if and only if s(I[Pel : I) Z m[Pel for some e > 1, where s is a (homogeneous) element of S at Received by the editors March 2, 1994 and, in revised form, August 9, 1994; the contents of this paper were presented to the AMS Special Session on Commutative Noetherian Rings and Modules, San Francisco, CA, January 4, 1995. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 13A35.
Noninverse correlation induction: guidelines for algorithm development

Abstract We propose guidelines for future development of random-variate generators that are capable of inducing statistical dependence between simulation replications without incurring the computational burden of numerically inverting the distribution function. Two examples are given: an exponential generator using the inverse transformation and a generic acceptance—rejection generator based on an existing beta generator. A driver program and illustrative Monte Carlo results are discussed.
Frozen embryo disputes revisited: a trilogy of procreation-avoidance approaches.

In recent years, courts have increasingly found them-selves arbiters of disputes in the emotionally charged area of assisted reproductive technologies. Legal disputes are hardly surprising in the world of infertility medicine, where millions of patients spend billions of dollars in efforts to have a child. Increasingly, these efforts produce embryos that are frozen for later use, at once maximizing a couple's chances for success and minimizing the medical intrusiveness that necessarily accompanies most forms of assisted reproductive technologies. But with over 100,000 embryos in frozen storage in the United States and a divorce rate of 40 to 50 percent, it is not surprising that disputes over the disposition of these embryos are arising, causing the legal landscape surrounding these technologies to continue to expand.
An energy-efficient ring-oscillator digital PLL

A linear but fully digital phase control path and a bang-bang frequency control path enable an energy-efficient digital ring-oscillator PLL architecture. A 65nm CMOS prototype occupies 150µm × 170µm of area and generates a 3GHz clock from a 300MHz reference with 1.13ps rms period jitter while consuming 2mW from a single 1V power supply.
Systems engineering - Space Telescope project

At midpoint in the development of the Space Telescope (ST), a review process was conducted which determined that much benefit could be derived from an expanded systems engineering effort. The Systems Engineering Office thus established is responsible for the running of a management information system whose functions encompass design change control and the implementation of a maintenance and refurbishment program. By these means, interface hardware/software incompatibilities between critical ST modules and subsystems have been revealed and corrected.
Evaluations of stressful transactions: what's in an appraisal?

Summary Appraisals are the portal to emotional experience and action. Past research has demonstrated that challenge and threat appraisals have different implications for psychological, physiological, and behavioural responses, typically relying on two-item assessments of appraisals. The present study investigated the predictive utility of a theoretically expanded appraisal measure. Both indexes were used to classify participants as either challenged (task demands were rated as commensurate with coping resources) or threatened (task demands were rated as exceeding resources). Group differences in stress responses were examined. The lengthened appraisal assessment was reliable. Furthermore, compared with the two-item measure, the expanded measure better distinguished differences in emotional experience and performance. Similar fi ndings were obtained for cardio- vascular stress responses. Enhancing the assessment of individual differences in stressor appraisals facilitates our understanding their nature and potential for modifi cation, and the nature of the stress process. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparative study of swimming behavior in eight species of muroid rodents

Ten males and females from each of eight species of muroid rodents were tested for their tendency to leave a dry platform and swim in 5-min tests. Overall, 85% of the animals entered the water at least once and all showed integrated swimming behavior, even though they had not previously encountered standing water. There were no consistent sex differences. Species differences were found with respect to the latency to enter the water, the number of bouts of swimming, the total time swimming, and the mean swim bout duration. These species differences could not be related to ecological factors in the natural habitat.
Variation of constants, vector Lyapunov functions, and comparison theorem

We obtain a new comparison result and discuss its relation to known results. A simple application to stability theory is also given to indicate the usefulness of the comparison result.
LEFT VENTRICULAR EJECTION PATTERNS IN CHILDREN WITH OUTFLOW OBSTRUCTION

The pressure/volume changes during early (E3), mid (M3) and late (L3) thirds of ejection were analyzed in 20 normal children (W), 7 aortic coarctation (Co), and 20 aortic stenosis (AS). Mean peak systolic gradient was 30 mmHg in Co, and 31 in AS. Ejection fraction at E3, M3, and L3 were 0.33, 0.36 and 0.27 for W; 0.35, 0.37 and 0.28 for Co; 0.24, 0.41 and 0.28 for AS. Tension-time index (TTI) in mmHg-sec, stroke index (SI), output index (OI), ejection rate (SI/sec) and SI/TTI ratio in cc/mmHg-sec/m2 were obtained. These are summarized below (P values vs N: *-<.05; **- < .001). Normal ejection is characterized by maximal flow and high output/force ratio during E3. This pattern is absent in AS but is preserved in Co due to unobstructed flow to aorta and presence of collaterals.
Adaptation of Selenastrum capricornutum (Chlorophyceae) to copper

Selenastrum capricornutum Printz, growing in a chemically defined medium, was used as a model for studying adaptation of algae to a toxic metal (copper) ion. Cells exhibited lag-phase adaptation to 0.8 μM total Cu (10−12 M free ion concentration) after 20 generations of Cu exposure. Selenastrum adapted to the same concentration when Cu was gradually introduced over an 8-h period using a specially designed apparatus that provided a transient increase in exposure concentration. Cu adaptation was not attributable to media conditioning by algal exudates. Duration of lag phase was a more sensitive index of copper toxicity to Selenastrum that was growth rate or stationary-phase cell density under the experimental conditions used. Chemical speciation of the Cu dosing solution influenced the duration of lag phase even when media formulations were identical after dosing. Selenastrum initially exposed to Cu in a CuCl2 injection solution exhibited a lag phase of 3.9 d, but this was reduced to 1.5 d when a CuEDTA solution was used to achieve the same total Cu and EDTA concentrations. Physical and chemical processes that accelerated the rate of increase in cupric ion concentration generally increased the duration of lag phase.
Determination of bound styrene in insoluble emulsion polymerised styrene-butadiene copolymers

Bound styrene is determined in insoluble emulsion polymerised styrene-butadiene copolymers by measurement of the 10.3 μm/13.2 μm absorbence ratio using the baseline method. This ratio is obtained from the infra-red spectrogram of the copolymer. The styrene content is then determined from a standard curve. The standard curve is constructed from absorbence ratios of 10.3 μm/13.2 μm derived from the infra-red spectrograms of cast films of styrene-butadiene latices over a range of compositions in which the bound styrene has been determined by nitration of the isolated and extracted copolymers. Styrene content based on nitration is determined from standard curves relating styrene concentration to spectrophotometric absorbence measurements at wavelengths of 285.0 nm, 273.8 nm and 265.0 nm. The source of the styrene for these curves is NBS standard rubber #1500.
The pricing of retail deposits: Concentration and information

Abstract The traditional structure-conduct-performance (SCP) hypothesis relates concentration and the mean level of prices but ignores the dispersion of prices around their mean levels. This paper tests two hypotheses which are capable of explaining both the mean and the dispersion of elements in the pricing vector of retail banks—a concentration/collusion-based hypothesis and an asymmetric information-based hypothesis. Evidence is found that the dispersion of bank fees across banks may be due to both market structure and information reasons. The level of bank fees appears to be generally insignificantly related to concentration.
Core-exchange effects in like-ion scattering

Abstract The influence of blocking on core-exchange effects is studied by examining several scattering systems, characterized by the common feature of having a small nucleon-number difference equal to 2. The analysis is performed in terms of a macroscopic model in which the intercluster potential employed contains a Majorana space-exchange component. The result shows that such influence is weak in the d + α system, moderate in the α + 6 Li system, but strong in the 16 O + 18 O system. In addition, it is found that, even when there is appreciable blocking, core-exchange contributions are significant. This indicates that, in a two-cluster system, the nucleon-number difference is still the dominant factor in determining the importance of the core-exchange terms.
Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia. Edited by Bardwell L. Smith. Leiden: E. J. Brill (International Studies in Sociology and Social Anthropology XXII), 1976. 117 pp. Index. Gld. 42.00

Religion, Social Conflict and the Problem of Identity in South Asia: An Interpretive Introduction, Bardwell L. Smith Dr. Bhimras Ramji Ambedkar: Rebel against Hindu Tradition, Balkrishna Govind Gokhale The Izhavas of Kerala and their Historic Struggle for Acceptance in the Hindu Society, Cyriac K. Pullapilly Religion and the Secular: Categories for Religious Conflict and Religious Change in Independent India, Robert D. Baird Dilemmas of Secularism in Bangladesh, Joseph T. O'Donnell Land, Personhood, and Sorcery in a Sinhalese Village, A.J. Selvadurai Aristocrats and Rituals in Contemporary Ceylon, H.L. Seneviratne Monastic and Lay Buddhism in the 1971 Sri Lanka Insurgency, Agehananda Bharati Index Contributors
iNOS (NOS2) at a glance.

Nitric oxide (NO) is an effector of the innate immune system. The innate immune system is a set of rapid host responses to pathogens. Cells of the innate immune system - macrophages, neutrophils and natural killer cells - use pattern recognition receptors to recognize molecular patterns associated
Distinct regions of Sp1 modulate DNA binding and transcriptional activation

Sp1 is a sequence-specific DNA binding protein that activates RNA polymerase II transcription from promoters that contain properly positioned GC boxes. A series of deletion mutants of Sp1 were expressed in Escherichia coli and used to identify separate regions of the protein that are important for three different biochemical activities. The sequence-specificity of DNA binding was conferred by Zn(II) fingers, whereas a different region of Sp1 appeared to regulate the affinity of DNA binding. The E. coli-synthesized Sp1 was able to stimulate initiation of RNA synthesis in vitro, and at least two distinct segments of the protein contributed to its transcriptional activity.
suffering and the work of culture: a case of magical poisoning in Toraja

In this article, I use Obeyesekere's concept of the work of culture to examine a case of magical poisoning among the Toraja (South Sulawesi, Indonesia). I argue that episodes of suffering must be situated not only culturally but also within the context of the individual sufferer's life experience, and suggest that we must consider carefully why only certain symbolic transformations of painful emotions may “work” for a given individual, why a symbolic transformation that “works” for one person may not for another, and why even apparently successful transformations of suffering may bring only temporary relief. [suffering, work of culture, magical poisoning, Toraja, Indonesia]
Species composition of local riffle beetle (Coleoptera: Elmidae) assemblages in small coastal streams of the Gulf of Mexico: the influences of local and regional factors

Using Partial Mantel tests to isolate distance and environmental effects from each other, we examined species composition of riffle beetle assemblages (Coleoptera: Elmidae) of 22 local streams from the Gulf of Mexico, as a function of dispersal and environmental constraints. In addition, we examined how different stream topologies (Euclidean, Network) influenced dispersal constraints on species composition. In general, when the influences of local and regional influences were isolation from each other (Partial Mantel test), community dissimilarity increased between sites as differences in both stream conditions and distance between sites increased. However, these trends varied over the scale of study (within and across water basins) and stream topology. For example, at the scale of the watershed, overland dispersal did not appear to be a limiting factor in the formation of local elmid assemblages. The relationship between local species composition and distance was not evident in a distance–decay regression, nor was an environmental similarity versus community similarity regression significant. At least within the limits of our study, it was clear that if local and regional influences were not isolation from each other (Partial Mantel test), their associations with local assemblages were not evident. We also argue the utility of restricting study to a single family of insects when attempting to clarify the causal mechanisms responsible for local species assemblages.
Nonresonant charge transfer in the threshold region for 3He++4He

Measurements of the ratio of the rate coefficient for charge transfer between $^{3}\mathrm{He}^{+}$ and $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ to that for the reverse process have been made in the temperature range 8 K\ensuremath{\lesssim}T\ensuremath{\lesssim}80 K. A 1.1-meV difference in the ionization potential of these species leads to an endothermicity in the forward direction of this reaction, and these experiments constitute the only measurements of a threshold resulting from such a small endothermicity. In addition, a limited number of direct measurements of the rate coefficients for these processes have been made and are included here. The measurements were done in a cooled Penning trap using Fourier transform spectroscopy of the axial trapping frequency. The measurements are compared to theoretical estimates.
Exact Versus Asymptotic Mantel-Haenszel DIF Statistics: A Comparison of Performance Under Small-Sample Conditions

This study evaluated exact testing (Agresti, 1992) as a method for conducting Mantel-Haenszel DIF analyses (Holland & Thayer, 1988) with relatively small samples. Sample-size restrictions limit the standard asymptotic Mantel-Haenszel for many practical applications; however, new developments in computing technology have made exact testing procedures feasible. The highly discrete distributions that are likely to occur in small-sample DIF analyses could yield very different results for asymptotic versus exact methods. It is therefore important to determine under controlled conditions the extent to which the exact approach is effective in correctly identifying DIF. A series of computer simulations were conducted in which 3 levels of induced bias (IRT b-parameter differences between groups of .25, .50, and .75) and 4 sample sizes (reference group= 500, focal group = 25, 50, 100, and 200) were investigated. Power comparisons at .01 and .05 alpha levels were carried out between the exact testing procedure and the conventional Mantel-Haenszel
Global Focus, Local Acts: Providing Mental Health Services to Indigenous People

Four fundamental challenges to the provision of mental health services to indigenous populations are discussed, including proximity to services, community knowledge of mental health principles, human resource use, and cultural congruence. We describe concepts common to most indigenous approaches to mental well-being, including restoring health through balance and relatedness. Some strategies of practice are suggested to facilitate the cultural competence of psychiatric nurses and other mental health professionals who work with indigenous peoples. We contend that changes in availability of mental health services to indigenous peoples across the globe can be initiated with local actions by professionals who serve this population.
Non-linear complementary filter based upper limb motion tracking using wearable sensors

In this paper, we present a method to reconstruct motion trajectories of the upper body using inertial measurement units (IMUs). We combine the use of complementary filters and biomechanical models to reconstruct upper body motions. At rst, we use complementary lters to combine information from low-frequency part of accelerometers and magnetometers, and high-frequency part of gyros to estimate sensor orientations and gyro bias. Then we use the estimated orientations of the upper arm and forearm to calculate trajectories of upper limb movements. Finally, we determine the set of parameters for complementary lters that minimized training errors. Experimental results indicate higher than 90% accuracy using accelerometers, gyros and magnetometers.
MRI of atherosclerosis: diagnosis and monitoring therapy

Atherosclerosis is a prevalent disease affecting millions of Americans. Despite our advances in diagnosis and treatment, atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death in America. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging has overcome the limitations of current angiographic techniques and has emerged as a leading noninvasive imaging modality for atherosclerotic disease. Atherosclerosis of the arterial wall of the human carotid, aortic, peripheral and coronary arteries have all been successfully evaluated. In addition, the power of magnetic resonance imaging to differentiate the major components of atherosclerotic plaque has been validated. The ability to image the vessel wall and risk stratify atherosclerotic plaque will create management decisions not previously faced, and has the potential to change the way atherosclerosis is treated.
10 Questions about the use of bevacizumab in the management of recurrent malignant gliomas.

1 is bevacizumab? Bevacizumab (Avastin; Genentech, South San Francisco, CA) is a monoclonal antibody that targets the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a predominant ligand for the VEGF receptors Flt-1 and KDR. The binding of VEGF to its receptors promotes endothelial cell proliferation as well as angiogenesis—-a process required for tumor growth beyond 0.125 mm, which involves the formation of new blood vessels from existing vasculature. The rationale for targeting angiogenesis in brain tumors is based on the highly vascularized nature of malignant gliomas and the increased expression of angiogenic mediators, including VEGF, within brain tumors relative to nonmalignant tissue. Several mechanisms of action have been proposed for antiangiogenic therapies, including the inhibition of tumor-associated neoangiogenesis, a direct effect on VEGFRexpressing tumor cells, potential injury to glioma stem cells by disruption of the microvascular stem cell niche, and the normalization of the tumor-associated vasculature, which leads to improved drug delivery. 2 are the indications for the use of bevacizumab that are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)? After demonstrating significant improvements in progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), bevacizumab, in combination with intravenous (IV) 5-fluorouracil–based chemotherapy, was initially approved by the FDA in 2004 for the first-line treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Bevacizumab was subsequently approved in combination with standard chemotherapy for the treatment of advanced non–small-cell lung cancer, metastatic breast cancer, and previously treated mCRC because of its ability to improve PFS and/or OS outcomes in these tumor types. In May 2009, the FDA-granted accelerated approval of bevacizumab as a single agent for the treatment of glioblastoma that has progressed following prior therapy. The accelerated approval was based on an improvement in objective response rate reported in 2 studies—an open-label, multicenter, randomized, noncomparative phase 2 trial, BRAIN, that evaluated bevacizumab with and without irinotecan (Camptosar; Pfizer, New York, NY), a topoisomerase I inhibitor, in 167 patients with glioblastoma at first or second relapse, and the single-arm, singleinstitution NCI 06-C-0064E trial that evaluated bevacizumab monotherapy in 56 patients with glioblastoma that had progressed following treatment with temozolomide and radiation therapy.
Testing dynamic relations between perceived competence and fear of failure in young athletes

Abstract Conceptually, achievement motives are stable phenomena; however, recent evidence suggests that fear of failure (FF) levels decrease slightly as participants gain experience with an activity. One plausible explanation for this decrease in FF is that practice (and consequential reinforcement and approval from coaches) leads to increased perceptions of competence and concomitant reductions in the perceived likelihood and aversiveness of failing. Boys and girls in a recreational summer swimming program ( N = 165) completed measures of FF and perceived competence (PC) at the beginning, middle, and end of a 6-week swimming season. The FF and PC measures exhibited strong and strict factorial invariance, respectively. As expected, FF scores exhibited a slight but significant decrease over the season whereas PC growth trajectories varied significantly. Neither initial levels of nor subsequent changes in PC significantly predicted the rate at which FF scores changed over six weeks. These findings indicated that changes in PC do not confound evaluations of change in FF during youth sport seasons.
Neonatal Outcomes and Mental Illness, Substance Abuse, and Intentional Injury During Pregnancy

Post print version of article may differ from published version. The original publication is available at springerlink.com; DOI: 10.1007/s10995-011-0821-x.
ALCF MPI Benchmarks: Understanding Machine-Specific Communication Behavior

As systems grow larger and computation is further spread across nodes, efficient data communication is becoming increasingly important to achieve high throughput and low power consumption for high performance computing systems. However, communication efficacy not only depends on application-specific communication patterns, but also on machine-specific communication subsystems, node architectures, and even the runtime communication libraries. In fact, different hardware systems lead to different tradeoffs with respect to communication mechanisms, which can impact the choice of application implementations. We present a set of MPI-based benchmarks to better understand the communication behavior of the hardware systems and guide the performance tuning of scientific applications. We further apply these benchmarks to three clusters and present several interesting lessons from our experience.
A quick, compact, two-sample dispersion test: Count five

The common “F test” for testing the equality of two population variances is very sensitive to the normality assumption, yet many introductory statistics books do not stress this sensitivity. Several alternative dispersion tests have been developed that do not assume normality, but these are rarely discussed other than in nonparametric statistics texts. Additionally, these tests generally require tables of critical values or software to calculate p values. We propose a simple graphical procedure, requiring no tables or software, that compares absolute deviations of one sample to another. With equal sample sizes, if one sample has the five largest absolute deviations, we conclude that its population has greater dispersion. We believe the simplicity of this test makes it a viable alternative to the often misleading F test and to other tests.
DENSITY-DEPENDENT PREDATION, HABITAT VARIATION, AND THE PERSISTENCE OF MARINE BIVALVE PREY

The persistence of prey encountering intense predation varies by species, prey density, and habitat type; however, the collective impact of these factors has rarely been tested experimentally in natural marine systems. Using the thin-shelled clams Mya arenaria and Macoma balthica as prey, and the main epibenthic predator of whole adult clams, the blue crab Callinectes sapidus, we conducted a series of experiments in Chesapeake Bay tributaries that (1) links field abundance and distribution of bivalve prey species with habitat-specific mortality patterns; (2) represents the first comprehensive field test of species-specific, habitat-specific, and density-dependent mortality for subtidal, soft-bottom, deep-burrowing prey; and (3) thereby enables development of a conceptual model to be used as a heuristic tool linking predator–prey dynamics, habitat type, and evolutionary defense tactics for marine benthos. In 15 years of field monitoring, Mya was more common in sand than mud habitats, and Macoma was widely distributed and at higher densities than Mya in mud and sand. In field experiments, mortality of both Mya and Macoma was density dependent in those habitats where the clams are common. The blue crab population in the field exhibited a type III “guild functional response” on Mya in sand, and on Macoma in both mud and sand. Mortality was lower in sand than mud for Mya, and similar in mud and sand for Macoma, correlating with the high abundances of Mya in sand and Macoma in sand and mud. The persistence of large juvenile and adult bivalves when confronted with intense predation derived substantially from a low-density refuge from predation that varied in a species-specific manner with habitat type, demonstrating the species-specific importance of density and habitat to clam survival. We developed a conceptual model detailing the relative importance of behavior, morphology, habitat features, and the basic components of predator–prey interactions to the survival of bivalve molluscs. At one extreme are bivalve molluscs, such as oysters, that emphasize morphological refuges that increase the predator's handling time. At the other extreme are bivalves, such as Mya and Macoma, that reduce predator encounter rates. The model is intended to be used as a heuristic tool to develop testable hypotheses.
Enzymatic extender unit generation for in vitro polyketide synthase reactions: structural and functional showcasing of Streptomyces coelicolor MatB.

In vitro experiments with modular polyketide synthases (PKSs) are often limited by the availability of polyketide extender units. To determine the polyketide extender units that can be biocatalytically accessed via promiscuous malonyl-CoA ligases, structural and functional studies were conducted on Streptomyces coelicolor MatB. We demonstrate that this adenylate-forming enzyme is capable of producing most CoA-linked polyketide extender units as well as pantetheine- and N-acetylcysteamine-linked analogs useful for in vitro PKS studies. Two ternary product complex structures, one containing malonyl-CoA and AMP and the other containing (2R)-methylmalonyl-CoA and AMP, were solved to 1.45 A and 1.43 A resolution, respectively. MatB crystallized in the thioester-forming conformation, making extensive interactions with the bound extender unit products. This first structural characterization of an adenylate-forming enzyme that activates diacids reveals the molecular details for how malonate and its derivatives are accepted. The orientation of the α-methyl group of bound (2R)-methylmalonyl-CoA, indicates that it is necessary to epimerize α-substituted extender units formed by MatB before they can be accepted by PKS acyltransferase domains. We demonstrate the in vitro incorporation of methylmalonyl groups ligated by MatB to CoA, pantetheine, or N-acetylcysteamine into a triketide pyrone by the terminal module of the 6-deoxyerythronolide B synthase. Additionally, a means for quantitatively monitoring certain in vitro PKS reactions using MatB is presented.
Proton spin-lattice relaxation in the nematic liquid crystalline phase

Abstract The “strong” proton T 1 temperature dependence in the nematic phase of p -ethoxy-benzylidene- p-n -butylaniline and p -ethoxyphenylazo phenyl heptanoate is not accounted for by the long-range order fluctuations and the short-range molecular reorientations alone. An additional thermally activated relaxation mechanism, possibly translational diffusion, is necessary to explain the above T 1 data. Translational diffusion is proven to be the dominant relaxation mechanism in the isotropic phase of p -methoxybenzylidene- p-n -butylaniline through its characteristic frequency dependence. A self-diffusion constant of 0.9 × 10 −7 cm 2 /sec was obtained for this nematic at 50°C.
Vascular responses of human skin to injection of substance P and mechanism of action.

Abstract The mechanism of cutaneous inflammation caused by substance P in human skin was assessed in five subjects receiving i.d. injections (5–405 pmol) at pH 7.2 as compared to histamine (0.08–1.6 nmol), compound 48/80 (100 ng) and solvent control. Both substance P and histamine produced sigmoid dose-response curves for the following parameters: 1 min and 5 min planimetrically measured areas of erythema, and mean diameter of weal. Substance P pretreatment induced tachyphylaxis, as assessed by standard methods with adequate controls, to both histamine and to substance P and vice versa. Erythema following substance P i.d. was not blocked by a constricting band. Diphenhydramine, and to a lesser extent doxantrazole, (but not cimetidine or indomethacin) when assessed as inhibitors after oral pretreatment, did shift dose response curves for histamine and substance P to the right. Light and electron microscopic assessment of mast cells was compared in substance P and solvent control injected human skin. These results support a possible role for substance P in cutaneous inflammation acting either directly or via histamine release from mast cells.
Preclinical Behavioral Models for Addressing Unmet Needs in Opiate Addiction

Abstract Addiction is a behavioral state characterized by loss of control over drug use and must be appreciated as a chronic relapsing, not acute, disorder. Factors that contribute to the transition from casual use of a drug to loss of control and compulsive use include positive reinforcement (e.g., euphoria, reward), negative reinforcement (e.g., self-medication, alleviation of withdrawal), and conditioned reinforcement (either positive or negative). These same factors may interact to produce relapse even after prolonged periods of abstinence. This review summarizes the current status of animal behavioral and neurobiological models which were designed to address the multiplicity of factors contributing to the addiction process. Use of these models is critical in assessing efficacy of novel treatments, in exploring the neurobiological substrates of reinforcement, dependence, and withdrawal in an effort to identify new targets for treatment intervention, and in uncovering genetic factors that predispose certain individuals to addiction.
Mapping shallow permafrost by electromagnetic induction — Practical considerations

Abstract The performance of shallow-sounding, commercial electromagnetic induction (EM) instruments for geotechnical purposes in permafrost regions is evaluated. These instruments are best used in the reconnaissance mode for pre-drilling information. Modeling of temperature-dependent resistivity profiles based on drillhole temperature measurements and water contents measured on drill cuttings indicate that, in the discontinuous permafrost region, ice-rich silt permafrost and massive ground ice are best detected in the winter months (December through March). However, for areas which have significant lateral variations in soil types or ice content, the late summer or the early autumn months appear to be the best period for detecting ice-rich permafrost, although the resistivity contrast between frozen and unfrozen zones would be relatively large throughout the year. Modeling also indicates that surface moisture in the active layer overlying permafrost can produce apparent resistivities that are so low that the presence of permafrost may not be detected. The importance of establishing a site for instrument calibration, particularly for seasonal and long-term studies, is discussed.
Teaching communication courses with feature films: A second look

(1995). Teaching communication courses with feature films: A second look. Communication Education: Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 155-156.
Class Secrets Project: Toward the Teaching of Empathy

This lesson plan is designed to help students develop an awareness of the prevalence, diversity, and similarity of the kinds of secrets that people keep and how such secrets shape romantic and sexual relationships. This lesson plan describes how to accomplish this goal in high school and college classrooms, and with other adult learners.
Mental Health of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youths: A Developmental Resiliency Perspective

Research suggests that lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) youths are at increased risk for both victimization and internalizing mental health problems, but limited research has studied their association or factors that increase resilience. The sample in this study included 425 LGBs between the ages of 16 and 24 years. The majority had disclosed their sexual orientation to family or friends (98%), and 97% had someone in their lives who was accepting of their orientation. Racial/ethnic minority and female participants in general reported lower levels of disclosure and acceptance. Most participants reported some form of sexual orientation-related victimization (94%). Victimization was associated with psychological distress, but a compensatory model indicated that in the context of this victimization both peer and family support had significant promotive effects. A test of a protective model found social support did not ameliorate negative effects of victimization. The positive effects of family support decreas...
Uncompensated Corner-Reflector Interferometer*

Analysis is made of the effect of omitting the compensating plate in a corner-reflector interferometer. It is concluded that a noncompensated instrument has disadvantages when compared to a compensated one, but when properly adjusted it may still be useable with a photoelectric detector. The flux is integrated over rectangular field stops.