cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling heat transfer in Bi2Te3–Sb2Te3 nanostructures

Abstract Bi2Te3–Sb2Te3 nanostructures are gaining importance for use in thermoelectric applications following the finding that the Bi2Te3–Sb2Te3 superlattice exhibits a figure of merit, ZT = 2.4, which is higher than conventional thermoelectric materials. In this paper, thermal transport in the cross-plane direction for Bi2Te3–Sb2Te3 nanostructures is simulated using the Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) for phonon intensity. The phonon group velocity, specific heat, and relaxation time are calculated based on phonon dispersion model. The interfaces are modeled using a combination of diffuse mismatch model (DMM), and the elastic acoustic mismatch model (AMM). The thermal conductivity for the Bi2Te3–Sb2Te3 superlattice is compared with the experimental data, and the best match is obtained for specularity parameter, p, of 0.9. The present model is extended to solve for thermal transport in 2-D nanowire composite in which Sb2Te3 wires are embedded in a host material of Bi2Te3. Unlike in bulk composites, the results show a strong dependence of thermal conductivity, temperature, and heat flux on the wire size, wire atomic percentage, and interface specularity parameter. The thermal conductivity of the nanowire is found to be in the range of 0.034–0.74 depending on the atomic percentage and the value of p.
A note on the asymptotic properties of the product-limit estimator on the whole line

Abstract It was shown by Gill (1983) that a Donsker type theorem for empirical distributions holds for Kaplan-Meier estimates up to the point of last observation. In this note, we show that this restriction to last observation is unnecessary and convergence holds on the entire interval, providing a full extension of Donsker's result to censored models.
Assessment of Environmental Flow Requirements by Entropy-Based Multi-Criteria Decision

Environmental flow methodologies based on hydrological indices have increasingly evolved, because they play an important role in a riverine ecosystem management. Moreover, human activities, such as dams, in many basins have altered their natural hydrologic processes and they also change habitat for aquatic and riparian species. Decision making by echo-managers considering these multi-variables has been subjective. Therefore, to provide eco-managers with guidelines, an eco-index with entropy related to the probability density function (pdf) and Ordered Weighted Averaging (OWA) operator is been suggested in this study. The index was applied to Geum River in South Korea with 33 Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration (IHA) by Richter et al. (1998) through IHA software (TNC 2009). The objective of this paper is to outline an entropy-based hydrologic alteration assessment of biologically relevant flow regimes using gauged flow data. On the Geum River, dams have affected river flow measured at four stations and the eco-index suggests that more attention needs to be paid to the tributaries between Gongju and Gyuam stations. Echo-Index with maximum entropy and OWA operator reflects the effect of every parameter and helps with determination considering multi variables. In future more temporal and spatial information needs to be examined for ecosystem alteration.
How to Perform a Necropsy if a Toxin is Suspected

Abstract Toxicologic sampling in cases of suspected toxic exposures, be they accidental or intentional, involves not only animals, living or dead, but also the environment. Diagnosis of a toxic exposure is not just laboratory driven, but also involves history, clinical signs, diagnostic tests, and necropsy findings including gross and histologic results. Although the list of toxic agents and tests available is extensive, the samples to be collected are more focused. The purpose of this techniques article is to familiarize practitioners with the components of a toxicologic investigation and to enhance sampling techniques.
Anomalous delays of teleseismic P waves in Yellowstone National Park

TELESEISMIC P waves recorded by a short-period seismic network, comprising 12 stations, in Yellowstone National Park, show anomalous delays of 1–2 s in their travel times in the central region of the park relative to the surrounding area. To explain this phenomenon, I propose that a substantial body of low velocity material is present beneath the park, with horizontal dimensions of several tens of kilometres; it may be the magma chamber associated with the volcanism of Yellowstone (ref. 1, and G. P. Eaton et al., unpublished).
Correlation of the β-sheet crystal size in silk fibers with the protein amino acid sequence

Low voltage transmission electron microscopy (LVTEM) and wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) are used to independently determine the size of the β-sheet crystalline regions in Bombyx mori silk fibers. The peak in the size distributions of the major and minor axes of the anisotropic crystallites measured from the LVTEM images compare well with the average sizes as determined by Scherrer analysis of the X-ray fiber diagrams. These values are then discussed in the context of the B. mori fibroin heavy chain amino acid sequence, and the underlying mechanism for the organism's control on fiber crystallite size, and therefore mechanical properties, is proposed.
Does psychodiagnosis have a future

Summary Psychodiagnostic testing is being belabored by behavioristic psychologists for being a poor predictor of behavior and by humanistic psychologists for being a discriminatory procedure. It is also being alleged that psychodiagnosis serves little purpose, is tied to an anachronistic model of diagnosis, and is no longer being used or taught to any great extent. These criticisms are refuted by a clarification of the role psychodiagnostic assessment serves in personality appraisal, and survey data are adduced to indicate that psychodiagnosis is very much alive and well in contemporary clinical psychology.
Hormesis/preconditioning mechanisms, the nervous system and aging

Throughout life, organisms and their cells are subjected to various stressors which they must respond to adaptively in order to avoid disease and death. Accordingly, cells possess a variety of stress-responsive signaling pathways that are coupled to kinase cascades and transcription factors that induce the expression of genes that encode cytoprotective proteins such as protein chaperones (PC), growth factors and antioxidant enzymes. Emerging findings suggest that many of the environmental factors that improve health and so prolong lifespan (for example, dietary restriction, exercise and cognitive stimulation) exert their beneficial effects through a hormesis-like mechanism. Here we describe data supporting the hormesis hypothesis of disease resistance and longevity, with a focus on findings from studies of the nervous system in this laboratory.
Teaching Content with Trade Books: A Strategy

(1985). Teaching Content with Trade Books: A Strategy. Childhood Education: Vol. 61, No. 5, pp. 366-370.
Negative Credit Spreads: Liquidity and Limits to Arbitrage

Recent reports in the financial press regarding negative spreads in the investment-grade corporate bond market have drawn the attention of policy makers and market participants alike. Using a sample of investment-grade corporate bond yields for the period 9/2009 to 9/2010, the authors examine all data points where the trade price reflects a negative spread. There are a total of 67 instances distributed among 10 companies where the credit spread is negative based on reported trade prices. The observed credit spread does not violate arbitrage restrictions once the bid–ask spread and liquidity are accounted for. In terms of default risk, CDS prices are higher than the bond yield spread on these days, but funding and asset-specific liquidity constraints possibly limit the ability to exploit the arbitrage.
Prediction and evaluation of sintering aids for Cerium Gadolinium Oxide

Abstract This paper presents dilatometry results for Ce 0.9 Gd 0.1 O 1.95 , a common intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell electrolyte material, doped at the 1, 3, and 5 mol% level using nitrates. The results indicate that across all dopant nitrate levels, Cu, Co, Fe, Mn, Li, and Zn reduce the Ce 0.9 Gd 0.1 O 1.95 sintering temperature, while Ca, Mg, and Ni have little effect, and Al and K increase the sintering temperature. These results can be interpreted in terms of a Vegard's Slope quality factor analysis which uses a dopant's charge and size to rank its propensity to heterogeneous dope the material and/or segregate to the grain boundary as a separate phase. Further, this work shows that Ce 0.9 Gd 0.1 O 1.95 can be sintered to 99% density at a record-low temperature of 800 °C, using as little as 3 mol% lithium as a dopant.
Pharmacokinetics of homoharringtonine in dogs

We studied the pharmacokinetics and distribution of homoharringtonine (HHT), an antitumor alkaloid, in anesthetized dogs using chromatographic and radiochemical techniques. Uniformly tritiated HHT was administered i.v. to five dogs at doses of 0.05 to 0.34 mg/kg, 200 μCi per animal. Unchanged HHT disappeared in a triphasic manner from the plasma with an initial plasma t1/2 of 9.4±4.2 min, an intermediary t1/2 of 1.4±0.5 h, and a terminal t1/2 of 40.6±4.6 h. The plasma clearance was 114.0±20.1 ml/kg-1 h-1 and the steady-state volume of distribution was 6.2±0.71/kg. In 72 h, 40.1%±4.0% of the administered radioactivity was excreted in the urine, 17.8%±2.7% of which was unchanged HHT. HHT was metabolized extensively to one major and two minor metabolites. Biliary excretion of total radioactivity was 14.4% in 5 h, 2% of which was HHT. HHT concentration in the CSF was highest 4 h after drug administration, about 40% of the concentration in the concurrent plasma. At autopsy 5 h after dosing, the highest percentage of HHT was in the liver (7.4%), follwed by the small intestine (2.5%), stomach (1.0%), pancreas (0.8%), kidneys (0.8%), and lungs (0.7%). The heart, spleen, large intestine, and brain each retained less than 0.5%. However, 24 h after dosing, 4% of the HHT still remained in the liver, 1% in the small intestine, and less than 1% in the other organs. HHT seems to be extensively metabolized in dogs and partially retained in the body.
In vitro sensitivity of immature human mast cells to chemotherapeutic agents.

Cells from the human immature mast cell line, HMC-1 were tested for their sensitivity to 11 chemotherapeutic agents by changes in viability and incorporation of tritiated thymidine ([3H]-th
THE HISTOGENESIS OF CELLS IN EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA IN THE DOG

The kinds of cells and the sequence in which they appeared in the inflammatory exudate were studied in a series of experimentally produced pneumonic lesions in dogs. There was a gradual and progressive change in the character of the exudate and the kinds of cells as the disease progressed. The microscopic findings could be more closely correlated with the age of the lesions than with their gross appearance or with the clinical condition of the animal at the time of death. The cells in the exudate came principally from the blood. The polymorphonuclear leucocytes were gradually replaced by larger phagocytic mononuclear cells. These were derived chiefly from the hypertrophy and transformation into larger phagocytic cells of the lymphocytes and monocytes of the blood after they entered the air spaces along with the polymorphonuclear leucocytes in the early stages of the disease. To follow the development of the hematogenous exudate cells into macrophages in the dog, the pneumonic process must be studied from its earliest inception and at close stages during the first 36 hours of the disease. The local septal cells contributed only in a minor way to the origin of the macrophages. Their principal reaction appeared to be one of enlargement without detachment from the alveolar walls. Consolidation of the lungs occurred as a result of the spread of the pneumococci through the air spaces by direct passage of the infected edema fluid from alveolus to alveolus through the pores of Kohn and from bronchiole to bronchiole from aspiration during breathing and coughing. The similarity of the histogenesis of the exudate cells in this series of experimentally induced pneumonic lesions in the dog and in those which occur spontaneously in man was discussed.
New trimethylenemethane cycloaddition mechanisms. Chemistry of 1-t-butyl-5-isopropylidenebicyclo[2.1.0]Pentane

Abstract Substitution of a t -butyl group for hydrogen at the bridgehead position of 5-isopropylidenebicyclo[2.1.O]pentane changes the cycloaddition chemistry, and several new pathways emerge.
Cellular Differentiation in a Highly Specialized Insect Secretory Organ

The colleterial glands of insects are accessory reproductive structures which produce secretions that are applied to eggs after fertilization and which serve a number of protective functions. The colleterial glands of lepidoptera are of particular interest in the study of the events of cellular differentiation because they undergo rapid development, generally during the pupal adult transformation, and contain highly specialized cells which produce large amounts of a restricted variety of secretory products. The extreme specialization of these organs facilitates parallel studies of differentiation at the biochemical and morphological level. This communication describes the changes in the ultrastructure of cells which will form the protein-secreting segment of the colleterial gland of the moth Actias luna during the period of transition from the undifferentiated state to the acquisition of secretory ability. An initial stage of general cellular proliferation by mitosis in the presumptive colleterial tissue mass is followed by differentiation of the cells in the absence of further mitosis. Four distinctive cell types are recognized during the phase of differentiation. These types include a chitogenous cell which forms the chitin lining of the main duct, and three cells which cooperate in the formation of a secretory apparatus. Cell A forms two temporary flagella-like structures which assist in the formation of a ductule, which eventually leads from the secretory cell to the main duct. Near the end of the differentiative phase, Cell A degenerates and is phagocitized by Cell B. Cell B becomes the actual secretory element, and acquires cytoplasmic features such as extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus which are associated with synthesis and secretion of protein. The final element, Cell C, remains associated with the ductule which it helps to construct and which traverses its cytoplasm.
Characterization of oligomer formation of amyloid-β peptide using a split-luciferase complementation assay

Amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) is the amyloid component of senile plaques in Alzheimer disease (AD) brains. Recently a soluble oliomeric form of Aβ in Aβ precursor protein transgenic mouse brains and AD brains was identified as a potential causative molecule for memory impairment, suggesting that soluble Aβ oligomers cause neurodegeneration in AD. Further characterization of this species has been hampered, however, because the concentrations are quite small and it is difficult to monitor Aβ oligomers specifically. Here we developed a novel method for monitoring Aβ oligomers using a split-luciferase complementation assay. In this assay, the N- and C-terminal fragments of Gaussia luciferase (Gluc) are fused separately to Aβ. We found that conditioned media from both N- and C-terminal fragments of Gluc-tagged Aβ1–42 doubly transfected HEK293 cells showed strong luminescence. We used gel filtration analyses to analyze the size of oligomers formed by the luciferase complementation assay, and found that it matched closely with oligomers formed by endogenous Aβ in Tg2576 neurons. Large oligomers (24–36-mers), 8-mers, trimers, and dimers predominate. In both systems, Aβ formed oligomers intracellularly, which then appear to be secreted as oligomers. We then evaluated several factors that might impact oligomer formation. The level of oligomerization of Aβ1–40 was similar to that of Aβ1–42. Homodimers formed more readily than heterodimers. The level of oligomerization of murine Aβ1–42 was similar to that of human Aβ1–42. As expected, the familial AD-linked Arctic mutation (E22G) significantly enhanced oligomer formation. These data suggest that Gluc-tagged Aβ enables the analysis of Aβ oligomers.
Animal model for polyhydramnios

Summary Chronic intravenous infusion of angiotensin I [182 μg/(kg · day)] into fetal lambs caused gross polyhydramnios. Infusions of comparable volumes of vehicle or lower concentrations of angiotensin I [48 μg/(kg · day)] did not cause gross polyhydramnios. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;160:389-90.)
Neurobehavioral deficits in mice lacking the erythrocyte membrane cytoskeletal protein 4.1

The erythrocyte membrane cytoskeletal protein 4.1 (4.1R) is a structural protein that confers stability and flexibility to erythrocytes via interactions with the cytoskeletal proteins spectrin and F-actin and with the band 3 and glycophorin C membrane proteins. Mutations in 4.1R can cause hereditary elliptocytosis, a disease characterized by a loss of the normal discoid morphology of erythrocytes, resulting in hemolytic anemia [1]. Different isoforms of the 4.1 protein have been identified in a wide variety of nonerythroid tissues by immunological methods [2-5]. The variation in molecular weight of these different 4.1 isoforms, which range from 30 to 210 kDa [6], has been attributed to complex alternative splicing of the 4.1R gene [7]. We recently identified two new 4.1 genes: one is generally expressed throughout the body (4. 1G) [8] and the other is expressed in central and peripheral neurons (4.1N) [9]. Here, we examined 4.1R expression by in situ hybridization analysis and found that 4.1R was selectively expressed in hematopoietic tissues and in specific neuronal populations. In the brain, high levels of 4.1R were discretely localized to granule cells in the cerebellum and dentate gyrus. We generated mice that lacked 4.1R expression; these mice had deficits in movement, coordination, balance and learning, in addition to the predicted hematological abnormalities. The neurobehavioral findings are consistent with the distribution of 4.1R in the brain, suggesting that 4.1R performs specific functions in the central nervous system.
Management and Genetic Influences on Survival in Jerseys

Abstract Over 119,000 Jersey cows (daughters of 374 bulls) that first calved in 1979 through 1987 were used to evaluate management and genetic effects on survival in Jersey cows. Survival traits included survival through first lactation, survival to 20 mo after fist calving, and length of productive life (maximum 60 mo). Higher production in first lactation and lower age at first calving were associated with longer productive lives. Registered daughters had longer productive lives than did grade daughters, and regressions of survival on milk yield were more positive for registered daughters. Heritability estimates of survival traits after adjustment for first lactation milk yield (linear and quadratic) from grade daughters, from registered daughters, and from all daughters were low (mean = .05). Genetic correlations among the survival measures using independent data sets based on odd versus even DHIA herd numbers were .77 or higher. Many of the same genes may control culling for reasons other than yield at various ages. Genetic correlations among the survival measures from grade versus registered daughters were moderate to high (.48 and larger). Response to selection against culling in Jerseys would be slow.
Integrating environmental conservation and economics

John Dewey argued that the field of philosophy is useful only if it can solve the central, strategic problems of the day. Taking Dewey's remarks to heart, I show that philosophy is indeed useful for connecting environmental and economic concerns in order to promote global, sustainable development. In this paper I use ordinary language philosophy and pragmatism to explore the varieties of integration patterns. I challenge environmental researchers to examine their integration patterns in order to better understand their own views and abilities to work with others to promote sustainable development on a global scale.
Further Results on the Macroeconomic Effects of AIDS: The Dualistic, Labor-Surplus Economy

This article generalizes and extends the earlier analyses of Cuddington (1993) and Cuddington and Hancock (forthcoming) by incorporating the presence of underemployment and dual labor markets - considerations that seem particularly important when assesssing the likely impact of AIDS in many African countries. The dual-economy simulations of the economic impact of AIDS using Tanzanian data suggest that the macroeconomic consequences of the epidemic are of the same order of magnitude as those obtained using a single-sector, full-employment model: gross domestic product (GDP) is 15 to 25 percent smaller by 2010 than it would have been wtihout AIDS, and per capita GDP is 0 to 10 percent smaller. The output loss from AIDS in the dual-economy framework is roughly the same as the output gain achievable through policies designed to increase labor market flexibility. The exercise is crude, but it suggests that meaningful efforts at economic reform in economies devastated by AIDS may at least ameliorate some of the negative economic effects of the epidemic, although they would certainly not offset its personal and social costs.
High-redshift Lyman-α galaxies

A strong Lyman-α line enables relatively easy detection of high redshift galaxies. Lyman-α galaxies are now known from z = 3 to 6.6. No evolution is discerned in the Lyman-α line luminosity function in this redshift range. This implies that the intergalactic medium at z = 6 is at least 50% ionized over more than 50% of the volume. Recent continuum detections of these galaxies from HST , MMT and Spitzer are now allowing us to address questions about the nature of these Lyman-α emitters, their stellar populations and ages. We find that by and large the Lyman-α galaxies are young galaxies dominated by stellar populations that are less than 25 Myr old.
Computation of a face attractiveness index based on neoclassical canons, symmetry, and golden ratios

Analysis of attractiveness of faces has long been a topic of research. Literature has identified many different factors that can be related to attractiveness. In this research we analyze the role of symmetry, neoclassical canons, and golden ratio in the determination of attractiveness of a face. We focus on the geometry of a face and use actual faces for our analysis. We find there are some differences in the criteria used by males and females to determine attractiveness. The model we have developed to predict the attractiveness of a face using its geometry is accurate with low residual errors.
Synthesis of 2-mercaptocymene-3-carboxylic acid.

The synthesis of 2-mercaptocymene-3-carboxylic acid is reported. Also prepared in the course of this investigation were the new compounds: 1- S -5-isopropyl-8-methylthianaphthalene-4-one, 1- S -2,3-dihydro-2,3-dibromo-5-isopropyl-8-methyl-thianaphthalene-4-one, and 1- S -2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxy-5-isopropyl-8-methyl-thianaphthalene-4-one. These compounds are of interest because they bear structural relationships to several pharmacologically active derivatives of salicylic acid.
Measurement of Glucose Disposal Rates in Normal and Diabetic Human Subjects After Repeated Intravenous Injections of Glucose1

In an attempt to elicit maximal insulin release from the pancreas, 3 successive intravenous injections of glucose (each 25 g) were given to each of 38 normal subjects and 15 patients with diabetes mellitus. After allowing for glycosuria, the glucose disposal rate (GDR) after each injection was calculated by multiplying the glucose space by the observed rate of decline of the plasma glucose concentration from 10 to 35 min after each injection. GDR increased significantly after the 2nd and 3rd (cf the first) injection in normal subjects and in patients with diabetes mellitus who could be satisfactorily controlled on tolbutamide, but not in diabetics who required therapy with insulin. The GDR after the initial injection of glucose was highest in the young adult normal subjects, lower in elderly normal subjects (>70 years), lower still in the tolbutamide-responsive diabetics, and lowest in the insulin-dependent diabetics. Blood insulinlike activity, assayed in the rat epididymal fat pad, usually rose higher a...
Effects of cigarette smoking on lexical decision-making

10 habitual smokers, aged 19-25 yr., were randomly assigned to smoke either a very low nicotine "Placebo" cigarette (.05-mg nicotine delivery as estimated by the FTC method) or a Nicotine cigarette (.7-mg estimated nicotine delivery). Each participant was asked to abstain from smoking for 4 to 7 hr. prior to testing. After completing a presmoking test of lexical decision-making, participants smoked either a Nicotine or Placebo cigarette and were then retested for reaction times and accuracy on the lexical decision test. When presented the most difficult lexical decisions, participants responded significantly faster after smoking a Nicotine cigarette than they did before smoking; smoking a Placebo cigarette did not affect reaction times. Response accuracy was unaffected by smoking either kind of cigarette. These results suggest that smoking a nicotine cigarette may improve attention or memory retrieval after several hours of smoking abstinence.
Wilkinson Support Calculated with Exact Probabilities: An Example Using Floricaula/LEAFY Amino Acid Sequences that Compares Three Hypotheses Involving Gene Gain/Loss in Seed Plants

This paper describes a method for quantifying the extent to which a character supports a hypothesized monophyletic group. The basic idea was first proposed by Wilkinson in 1998; hence, we call it Wilkinson support. A character provides Wilkinson support if it could have changed state on the branch leading to the hypothesized monophyletic group without requiring any extra steps in an evolutionary tree. We describe a method to determine the exact probability that a character would provide Wilkinson support for a random group of the same size as the hypothesized monophyletic group. A character’s weight is defined as the negative natural log of this probability. The sum over all characters of these weights in a data set is a measure of total weighted support. We exemplify this method using 30 Floricaula/LEAFY amino acid sequences. One copy of this gene occurs in angiosperms, but two copies occur in the other four seed plant groups. Angiosperms could have been primitively single-copy or could have lost either of the two paralogs. These possibilities correspond to three hypotheses of monophyly. We use total weighted Wilkinson support to evaluate these three hypotheses, and all three are shown to be significantly different from random as individual hypothesized monophyletic groups. Comparing these three hypotheses for total weighted support reveals that one has much more support than do the other two. This hypothesis favors the ‘‘mostly-male’’ theory of flowering-plant origins.
Effects of residual antibiotics in groundwater on Salmonella typhimurium: changes in antibiotic resistance, in vivo and in vitro pathogenicity

An outbreak-causing strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium was exposed to groundwater with residual antibiotics for up to four weeks. Representative concentrations (0.05, 1, and 100 μg L−1) of amoxicillin, tetracycline, and a mixture of several other antibiotics (1 μg L−1 each) were spiked into artificially prepared groundwater (AGW). Antibiotic susceptibility analysis and the virulence response of stressed Salmonella were determined on a weekly basis by using human epithelial cells (HEp2) and soil nematodes (C. elegans). Results have shown that Salmonella typhimurium remains viable for long periods of exposure to antibiotic-supplemented groundwater; however, they failed to cultivate as an indication of a viable but nonculturable state. Prolonged antibiotics exposure did not induce any changes in the antibiotic susceptibility profile of the S. typhimurium strain used in this study. S. typhimurium exposed to 0.05 and 1 μg L−1amoxicillin, and 1 μg L−1tetracycline showed hyper-virulent profiles in both in vitro and in vivo virulence assays with the HEp2 cells and C. elegans respectively, most evident following 2nd and 3rd weeks of exposure.
Healing Through Meeting and the Problematic of Mutuality

The question as to how much mutuality is possible and desirable between therapist and client transcends the bounds of orthodox psychoanalysis as it focuses on the real interhuman relationship betwe...
An Explicit One-Dimensional Time-Dependent Tilting Cloud Model

Abstract An explicit one-dimensional time-dependent tilting cloud model has been developed for use in cumulus parameterizations. The tilting axis is not necessarily orthogonal to the (r, θ) plane, making the horizontal axisymmetric assumption more reasonable. This explicit time-dependent tilting model (ETTM) consists of an updraft and a downdraft, which are governed by the same dynamic and thermodynamic equations. The updraft is initiated by a moist thermal bubble, while the downdraft is consequently induced by evaporative cooling and the drag force of precipitation separating from the tilting updraft instead of being arbitrarily initialized. The updraft is capable of reproducing the major features of a deep cloud such as overshooting cooling above the cloud top, evaporative cooling near the surface, and drying in the lower atmosphere at dissipating stages. The entrainment–detrainment rate in this model is well defined, and its time variation is quite significant. Moreover, the vertical profile of the air...
Evaluation of gremlin 1 (GREM1) as a candidate susceptibility gene for albuminuria-related traits in Mexican Americans with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Several novel genes that are up-regulated in the kidney in diabetes have been identified including GREM1, which encodes gremlin 1. GREM1 maps to human chromosome 15q12, a region previously found to be linked to albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) in Mexican Americans. The objective of this study is to investigate whether genetic variants in GREM1, a positional candidate gene, contribute to variation in ACR. By sequencing 32 individuals for both exons and 2-kilobase putative promoter region of GREM1, we identified 19 genetic variants including 5 in the promoter region and 13 in the 3′ untranslated region. Of 19 polymorphisms identified, 13 polymorphisms were genotyped in the entire cohort (N = 670, 39 large families) either by restriction fragment length polymorphism or by TaqMan (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) assays. Association analyses between the genotypes and ACR, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and related phenotypes were carried out using a measured genotype approach as implemented in the variance component analytical tools (SOLAR). Of the variants examined for association, none exhibited statistically significant association with ACR after accounting for the effects of covariates such as age, sex, diabetes, duration of diabetes, systolic blood pressure, and antihypertensive medications. However, 2 novel variants at the 3′ untranslated region showed significant association with estimated glomerular filtration rate (P = .010 and P = .049) and body mass index (P = .013 and P = .019) after accounting for trait-specific covariate influences. Furthermore, a novel variant located in the promoter exhibited a significant association with systolic (P = .038) and diastolic blood pressure (P = .005) after adjusting for the effects of age, sex, diabetes, and antihypertensive medications. In conclusion, the variants examined at GREM1 are not significant contributors to variation in ACR in Mexican Americans, although they appear to minimally influence risk factors related to ACR.
Unemployment as a Factor in Early Retirement Decisions

Abstract. Is retiring early a way for older workers to cope with the stigma and discouragement of unemployment? A regression analysis using the National Longitudinal Survey sample of American men age 52–64 in 1973 shows that weeks of previous unemployment is significantly related to early retirement for both Black and White males. This relationship holds when controlling for social security and pension eligibility, assets, health limitations, family responsibilities, occupation, changes in the unemployment rate and urban residence. The results suggest that social policy concerning retirement prior to age 65 should take into account the important role of unemployment in pushing workers out of the labor force into early retirement.
Quantifying Anthropogenically Driven Morphologic Changes on a Barrier Island: Fire Island National Seashore, New York

Abstract KRATZMANN, M.G. and HAPKE, C.J., 2012. Quantifying anthropogenically driven morphologic changes on a barrier island: Fire Island National Seashore, New York. Beach scraping, beach replenishment, and the presence of moderate development have altered the morphology of the dune–beach system at Fire Island National Seashore, located on a barrier island on the south coast of Long Island, New York. Seventeen communities are interspersed with sections of natural, nonmodified land within the park boundary. Beach width, dune elevation change, volume change, and shoreline change were calculated from light detection and ranging (LIDAR), real-time kinematic global positioning system (RTK GPS), and beach profile data sets at two ∼4 km long study sites. Each site contains both modified (developed, replenished, and/or scraped) and nonmodified (natural) areas. The analysis spans 9 years, from 1998 to 2007, which encompasses both scraping and replenishment events at Fire Island. The objectives of this study were ...
Stress granules as crucibles of ALS pathogenesis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal human neurodegenerative disease affecting primarily motor neurons. Two RNA-binding proteins, TDP-43 and FUS, aggregate in the degenerating motor neurons of ALS patients, and mutations in the genes encoding these proteins cause some forms of ALS. TDP-43 and FUS and several related RNA-binding proteins harbor aggregation-promoting prion-like domains that allow them to rapidly self-associate. This property is critical for the formation and dynamics of cellular ribonucleoprotein granules, the crucibles of RNA metabolism and homeostasis. Recent work connecting TDP-43 and FUS to stress granules has suggested how this cellular pathway, which involves protein aggregation as part of its normal function, might be coopted during disease pathogenesis.
Current radiotherapeutic approaches to pancreatic cancer

Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas is not a radioresistant neoplasm, as was once believed. The data now suggest that in some instances this cancer may be radiocurable. This fact seems to justify the risk of pancreatic biopsy even in the face of unresectable disease, for it is well known that many benign conditions imitate pancreatic cancer. Clinical benefit from radiation for pancreatic cancer treatment is dose related. Careful delineation of tumor margins, precision treatment planning, and precision dose delivery can minimize damage to adjacent normal tissues. Interstitial implantation and intraoperative electron beam therapy are being studied as methods of accurate dose delivery for pancreatic cancer. Fractionation studies and high LET studies are in embryonic stages. Combined modality regimens may have much to offer in terms of improved palliation and survival for patients with localized adenocarcinoma of the pancreas.
Scaphoid impression fracture: A case report

A unique fracture of the distal radial articular surface is reported. The fracture appears to be the result of an impaction of the scaphoid on the radius.
Spatiotemporal Bayesian Analysis of Lyme Disease in New York State, 1990-2000

Mapping ordinarily increases our understanding of nontrivial spatial and temporal heterogeneities in disease rates. However, the large number of parameters required by the corresponding statistical models often complicates detailed analysis. This study investigates the feasibility of a fully Bayesian hierarchical regression approach to the problem and identifies how it outperforms two more popular methods: crude rate estimates (CRE) and empirical Bayes standardization (EBS). In particular, we apply a fully Bayesian approach to the spatiotemporal analysis of Lyme disease incidence in New York state for the period 1990-2000. These results are compared with those obtained by CRE and EBS in Chen et al. (2005). We show that the fully Bayesian regression model not only gives more reliable estimates of disease rates than the other two approaches but also allows for tractable models that can accommodate more numerous sources of variation and unknown parameters.
Underseepage and its Control: A Symposium: Investigation of Underseepage - Mississippi River Levees

The studies reported here in include a compilation of past underseepage reports; exploration and geological studies of numerous sites where underseepage was a serious problem in 1937; installation ...
Multiresolution Fractal Analysis of Medical Images

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Background Review Proposed Analytical Models Results Conclusion Future Trends Acknowledgment References
Biology of Phytobia setosa, a Cambium Miner of Sugar Maple

The sugar maple cambium miner, Phytobia setosa (Loew), forms elongate serpentine mines in the cambium of living sugar maple and red maple. The mines appear as brown streaks in lathe-turned veneer. P. setosa damage has been found in 7 States, the District of Columbia, and in the province of Quebec, Canada. Adults emerge in the first week of May and the females lay their eggs singly on 1-year-old twigs. The larvae have 3 instars, mining from mid-May until late July. The larvae leave the host via the primary roots to pupate beginning early July and overwinter as puparia. The solitary parasite Symphya agromyzae Rohwer was reared from a puparium of P. setosa and is the first record of this parasite from Wisconsin.
Diagnostic value of reaction time in different formats of personality items.

Summary.-The proposal, earlier described by Gilbert (1965), that S will agree with a congenial personaliry item faster than he will disagree with its reversal of equal reading length (polar format) was found to apply also to the "involved-neutral" format, in which S's reaction times for neutral stimulus propositions are compared with his reaction times for ego-involved personality items. Recent criticism of papcr-and-pencil personality testing (Whyte, 1956; Gross, 1962; Hoffman, 1964; Amrine, 1965, 1966) has led psychologists to reexamine personaliry assessment. Part of this criticism stems from che problems of response-bias (Jackson & Messick, 1961; Diers, 1964) and of social desirability (Crowne & Marlowe, 1960; Messick, 1960; Block, 1965). Gilbert (1965) took this criticism as a point of departure. In place of fast cachiscoscopic presentation of single words, Gilbert has recorded latency of response (reaction time) to gersonality items stated as full sentences. The rationale was that short reaction times indicated areas that were congenial with S's present functioning, while long reaction times indicated areas of emotional disturbance. The mean difference between the long and short reaction times for a personaliry item and its reversal was significant (P = 0.001 ) .
Abstract 613: Depletion of Mdm2 and Mdm4 by adenovirus: Molecular mechanism and anticancer therapeutic implication

Mdm2 and Mdm4 are two paralogous proteins. They contain a conserved p53-binding domain in the N-terminal region and a RING-finger domain in the C-terminal part. Both proteins physically bind p53 and prevent p53 activation. Biochemically, Mdm2 acts as an E3 ubiquitin ligase of p53 and promotes ubiquitin-dependent p53 degradation. Mdm4 does not appear to have intrinsic E3 ubiquitin ligase activity and may negatively control p53 function through suppressing p53-mediated transactivation of gene expression. Mdm2 and Mdm4 also form heterodimer, which suggests that Mdm2 and Mdm4 might cooperatively control p53 activity. In vivo, both Mdm2 and Mdm4 have an essential but non-redundant function in suppressing p53 activity to enable embryonic development. Mdm2 and Mdm4 are overexpressed in several types of human cancer such as breast cancer and osteosarcoma. In transgenic mouse models, overexpression of Mdm2 or Mdm4 leads to tumorigenesis. Thus, both Mdm2 and Mdm4 are bona fide oncogenes. Several small molecules that disrupt the interaction between p53 and Mdm2 and Mdm4 have been shown to induce p53 activation, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. These compounds also cause tumor repression in preclinical animal models. Thus, they have clinical potentials for treating various types of human cancer. Biological agents that specifically target Mdm2 and Mdm4 have not been described. We found that adenovirus infection of diverse type of cancer cells results in dramatic downregulation of both Mdm2 and Mdm4. Adenovirus E1B-55K binds specifically both Mdm2 and Mdm4 in cells and in vitro, demonstrating specific interactions between E1B-55K and Mdm2 or Mdm4. Cotransfection experiments indicated that E1B 55K alone was sufficient to deplete Mdm2 and Mdm4. E1B-55K is known to form a functional E3 ubiquitin ligase consisting of Cul2 or Cul5. Thus, it is likely that E1B-55K targets Mdm2 and Mdm4 for ubiquitin-mediated proteosomal degradation. Based on these observations, we hypothesize that adenovirus is effective for treating cancers with overexpression of Mdm2 or Mdm4. We are currently testing whether adenoviral therapy is efficacious on treating such cancers in cell culture and animal models. (This work was supported by Bankhead-Coley Cancer Research Program of the Florida Department of Health.) Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 613. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-613
A numerical study of thermal effects on vortex-induced vibration

We propose a method to control the vortex-induced vibrations (VIV) of a cylinder using thermal effects. The cylinder was elastically mounted and heated with the flow direction aligned along the direction of the thermal induced buoyancy force. By introducing natural convection in the fluid medium due to the heated cylinder, VIV was shown to decrease. The VIV can even be fully suppressed when the Richardson number which represents the ratio of natural convection and forced convection, is above a critical value. This critical Richardson number was found to depend on the structural stiffness. To fully suppress the VIV of a structure with higher stiffness, a higher critical Richardson is required.
Molecular Marker-Assisted Breeding: A Plant Breeder’s Review

A plant breeder faces the challenge of how to more effectively and efficiently perform selection and accelerate the breeding progress to satisfy the requirements of changing markets for crop cultivars. Molecular marker-assisted breeding (MAB), the application of molecular biotechnologies (DNA markers) to practical breeding and selection, is a novel strategy and a powerful methodology for plant improvement. It has significant advantages compared with conventional breeding methods. Since the 1990s MAB has received increasingly attention and has been extensively used in different crop species. From a plant breeder’s point of view, this chapter addresses the general procedures, theoretical and practical considerations of MAB in plants, including marker-assisted selection (MAS), marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC), marker-assisted gene pyramiding (MAGP), marker-assisted recurrent selection (MARS) and genomewide selection (GWS). Applications of individual MAB methods to practical breeding as well as widely used DNA markers are briefly reviewed, and the challenges and perspectives of MAB are discussed. As a new technology, MAB is not a replacement for but a valued supplement to conventional breeding. Integration of MAB into conventional breeding programs represents an optimistic strategy for future crop improvement.
Model level design pattern instance detection using answer set programming

Software engineering is becoming increasingly model-centric. Engineers are using models more within projects and their models are growing in complexity. A challenge facing the modeling community is evaluation of these models. One technique for software evaluation is detecting instances of established "good" or "bad" solutions in a system, often termed design patterns or antipatterns, respectively. Most approaches require implemented code for detection. However, this precludes early-stage analysis, and the evaluation of purely or mostly model-centric systems. In this position paper, we introduce a detection technique that uses answer set programming to find occurrences of patterns within sets of structural and behavioral models. We represent the patterns as rules and the structural and behavioral system models as facts, requiring both model types since some patterns specify both. We provide an overview of our proposed approach, contrast existing work, and present discussion points on its impact on model evaluation and anticipated challenges.
Zinc in selected hospital diets. Comparison of analysis vs. calculation

How reliable are calculations of zinc in hospital diets, compared with data obtained by analysis?
Epizootic of paratuberculosis in farmed elk

After multiple cases of chronic diarrhea and weight loss in a farmed elk herd, 3 yearlings and 1 adult elk with similar clinical signs were euthanatized and necropsied. Gross and histologic evidence of paratuberculosis were found in the yearlings. Evidence of serum antibody to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis was detected in the 2 elk with the most disseminated infection. Acid-fast organisms were isolated from multiple organs in all 4 elk and identified as M paratuberculosis by DNA probe. Thirty-five percent of 1 calf crop (n = 31) died or were euthanatized because of paratuberculosis before they were 2 years old. The organism was believed to have been spread by standing water that was used by calves as a wallow and a source of drinking water. The water was believed to have been contaminated by an infected adult female elk introduced to the herd just before calving season.
Improving low health literacy and patient engagement: A social ecological approach

Abstract Objective This article posits four principal objectives related to the overarching goal of broadening the conceptualization of health literacy. We propose a social ecological approach to health literacy and patient engagement by illustrating how this multilevel approach offers an array of strategic options for interventions. Discussion A social ecological approach supports a broader understanding of health literacy that aligns with increased patient engagement. The ecological model highlights the importance of context, demonstrates how health literacy and patient engagement are inextricably connected, and gives rise to strategies to enhance them both. We illustrate the five multilevel intervention strategies for addressing low health literacy and promoting patient engagement: accumulation, amplification, facilitation, cascade, and convergence strategies. In addition, we provide a theoretical foundation to facilitate the development of interventions to enhance health literacy and ultimately increase patient engagement. Conclusions The practice implications of adopting a broader social ecological perspective to address low health literacy shifts the field from thinking about individual educational interventions to how individual interventions may be augmented or supported by interventions at additional levels of influence. The potential benefit of adopting a multilevel intervention approach is that combining interventions could produce synergies that are greater than interventions that only utilize one level of influence.