cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Relationship Between First Names and Teacher Expectations for Achievement Motivation

This study examines perceptions of achievement motivation as influenced by first name and student ethnicity. One hundred thirty elementary school teachers were given a vignette of a fifth-grade student and instructed to judge the behavior and characteristics of the student. Results showed that there was a significant main effect for an ethnic first name. Overall, significantly lower achievement scores were given by raters whose descriptions used an African American-sounding name rather than a Caucasian-sounding name.
Mathematical modeling and steady-state analysis of a proton-conducting solid oxide fuel cell

This paper presents a study of mathematical modeling and steady-state analysis of a proton-conducting solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). The SOFC has a SrCe0.95Yb0.05O3−α (SCY) electrolyte and two platinum electrodes. A mathematical model of the SOFC is first developed. The model captures electrochemical processes as well as the transport phenomena. The existence of steady-state multiplicity in the cell under three modes of constant ohmic load, potentiostatic and galvanostatic operations is studied. Simulation results show that a multiple steady-states region exists at low inlet fuel and air temperatures under constant ohmic load and potentiostatic operations. The occurrence of ignition and extinction in the cell solid (electrolyte, anode and cathode) temperature is reported. This result is in agreement with those for oxygen ion-conducting solid oxide fuel cells in which the existence of steady-state multiplicity has been attributed to the dependence of the electrolyte oxygen-ion conductivity on temperature. This work shows that concentration and temperature multiplicities coexist.
Health Risks From Exposure to Metal-Working Fluids in Machining and Grinding Operations

Metal-working fluids (MWFs) are used in machining and grinding operations to cool the tool and work, reduce the friction between the tool and work, improve the surface integrity of the work piece, and increase tool life and productivity. Health problems have been reported among workers exposed to MWFs, including incidences of respiratory, digestive and skin cancers, and increased rates of cough and phlegm. This paper reviews and discusses issues concerning health risks from exposure to MWFs in machining and grinding operations, the various factors that influence the degree of exposure, and control methods to reduce exposure to metal-working fluids.
Toward an Experimentally Determined 26mAl(p,γ)27Si Reaction Rate in ONe Novae

Evidence of the ongoing nucleosynthesis of 26Al in our galaxy has been found in presolar grains and in observations of the 1.809‐MeV γ ray, which results from the β decay of the ground state of 26Al (26gAl; t1/2 = 7.2x 105 yrs) to an excited state in 26Mg. The nucleosynthesis of 26Al is complicated by the existence of the isomeric state, 26mAl, at 228 keV (t1/2 = 6.3 s), which must be treated independently from 26gAl in certain stellar environments, such as ONe novae, where temperatures are below 0.4 GK [1]. 26mAl β decays directly to 26gMg, bypassing the emission of the 1.809‐MeV γ ray. The 26gAl(p,γ)27Si and 26mAl(p,γ)27Si reactions destroy 26Al in novae and have a direct impact on the net amount of 26Al produced. While the 26gAl(p,γ)27Si reaction rate has been studied extensively, there has been virtually no information published on resonances of the 26mAl(p,γ)27Si reaction and previously published reaction rates [2] have been based on 26gAl+p resonances and Hauser‐Feshbach calculations. The 27Al(3He,t...
Standardizing the management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia

Purpose. An evidence-based heparin- induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) treatment protocol to standardize the management of confirmed or suspected HIT was developed. Summary. In a retrospective review of 10 patients with known or suspected HIT over a two-year period, medical records were evaluated for baseline laboratory results, treatment selection, initial dosing and monitoring, discontinuation of heparin, and alternative therapies chosen. Six of 10 patients had antibody-confirmed HIT at admission. Nine patients received alternative anticoagulation therapy with one of two formulary direct thrombin inhibitor (DTI) agents, lepirudin and argatroban; 1 patient was given fondaparinux. Medical record analyses revealed deficiencies in both initial and transitional dose administration and renal function monitoring, order omissions, infusion-related medication errors, and treatments that were unsubstantiated, inappropriate, or lacking in regulatory approval. The new treatment protocol developed to assist physicians, pharmacists, and nurses with HIT management focused primarily on the two agents labeled for HIT, lepirudin and argatroban. The protocol established baseline levels for the selection of anticoagulation therapy as well as guidance in DTI selection, use, and monitoring. Guidelines for initial dosing and continuous infusion rates based on weight and detailed instructions in all aspects of therapy discontinuation (transition) were included. HIT treatments unsupported by data ensuring the efficacy and safety of therapies were excluded. Careful review of the relevant literature led to the inclusion of alternative anticoagulant treatments based on issues of safety, efficacy, cost, and convenience of dose forms. Conclusion. A treatment protocol for HIT was developed and implemented in a tertiary care hospital in an effort to improve the management of patients suffering from this complication.
Evaluation of H.R. 2454's potential impacts on Texas's electricity profile using the rosenfeld effect as a basis for evaluation

The American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 (H.R. 2454) introduces a combined federal standard for efficiency and renewable electricity. This standard requires utilities to supply a portion of their customer’s demand using energy efficiency measures and renewable electricity generation. (1) This manuscript discusses an analysis conducted on the effect of H.R. 2454 on Texas’s electricity generation mix. In order to benchmark the net opportunity for energy efficiency, this analysis includes the historical trends in electricity consumption by sector and per capita for two states, Texas and California. This manuscript contains discussion on findings in two key areas. First, the overall consumption patterns seen historically in Texas compared to California including key differences found in each sector: residential, industrial and commercial/other. Second, the factors that contributed to these patterns including policy mechanisms, technological advances, and shifts in industry that contributed to these patterns. These findings are then applied to electricity consumption and generation mix projections in Texas. Evaluating these projections reveals the potential environmental impacts of H.R. 2454 on Texas.© 2010 ASME
The sustainability of subsistence hunting of peccaries in the Argentine Chaco

Subsistence hunting practiced by poor rural and indigenous people in Latin America differentially affects the three species of peccaries (Artiodactyla: Tayassuidae). Sustainability of subsistence hunting of peccaries in the Argentine semi-arid Chaco, where the three species coexist, was unknown. My objectives were to determine the importance of peccaries for the local people, describe the current pattern of hunting and its impact on the three species of peccary and identify the factors that affect hunting sustainability. I found that many rural (70%) and village people (40%) consumed peccaries. White-lipped and chacoan peccaries were more susceptible to overharvesting than collared peccary. Current rates of hunting of white-lipped and chacoan peccaries are likely not sustainable because: (a) density of both species was between two to three times higher inside a protected area than outside; (b) populations have declined near larger villages and in older settlements; (c) herds sizes were small in comparison with other regions; (d) large number of juveniles less than one year old were harvested; (e) hunting did not discriminate based on sex or reproductive status and (f) The unified harvest model indicated unsustainable harvest because more than 40% of the reproductive production was taken and populations densities were less than 60% carrying capacities. In contrast, harvest of collared peccary seems sustainable at the current rates of hunting by rural peasants. Other threats such as forest exploitation, however, are accelerating, and are likely to reduce sustainability.
Experimental study of continuum lowering

to the ionisation limit are observed with a spatial resolution of100 jim in the direction normal to the target plane and with a temporal resolution of up to 4 ps. Theposition of the ionisation limit is seen to depend very crucially on the plasma parameters of density andtemperature, and is explained through continuum lowering effects. We observed the dynamics of thecontinuum lowering for plasma slices at different distances from the target, and record a maximumlowering of 40 eV in He-like carbon (10% of the ionisation potential) from the disappearance of the
Real time prediction of marine vessel motions using Kalman filtering techniques

The present investigation is concerned with the prediction of the future behavior of a vessel within some confidence bounds at a specific instant of time, taking into account an interval of a few seconds. The ability to predict accurately the motions of a vessel can reduce significantly the probability of failure of operations in rough seas. The investigation was started as part of an effort to ensure safe landing of aircraft on relatively small vessels. However, the basic principles involved in the study are the same for any offshore operation, such as carbo transfer in the open sea, structure installation, and floating crane operation. The Kalman filter is a powerful tool for achieving the goals of the prediction procedure. Attention is given to a linear optimal predictor, the equations of motion of the vessel, the wave spectrum, rational approximation, the use of Kalman filter and predictor in an application for a ship, and the motions of a semisubmersible.
Determination of fracture toughness in rubber modified glassy polymers under impact conditions

This paper analyzes the applicability of simple indirect methods for determining the impact fracture toughness of ductile polymers. Commercial rubber-modified thermoplastics were assayed. Tests were carried out in a Charpy impact pendulum on sharp notched samples at room temperature and at 80°C. Specimens of different geometric relationship, were considered. Thickness, side grooving and span effects were investigated. Reslts appear to be geometrically and strain rate independent. ABS and high impact polystyrene samples exhibited a whitening effect due to craze formation through the whole fracture surface, indicating that stable crack propagation was occurring. Medium impact polystyrene, however, exhibited combined stable and unstable crack propagation mode, displaying shiny and dull zones on the surfaces of the broken samples. Data were analyzed following the corrected elastic and the Jc methods. The fit quality was evaluated by statistical analysis. In addition, two new methods were tried: the methods proposed by Vu-Khanh and De Charentenay for semiductile behavior and by Vu-Khanh for ductile behavior. The equivalencies between the different critical parameters that arose from the methods are compared and analyzed.
Step- and genetic parent/offspring relationships in a Caribbean village

Abstract Ethnographic data from a rural Trinidadian village were examined to test for differences in step-and genetic parent/offspring relationships. The data indicated that when both step- and genetic offspring are co-resident in the same household, fathers interact more frequently and less agonistically with genetic offspring than they do with step-offspring. Contrary to predictions from attachment theory, two possible mechanisms for paternal attachment, duration of co-residence and co-residence at birth, are associated with lower rates of interaction, and higher rates of agonistic interaction with stepoffspring. The data also indicate gender differences in step- and genetic parent/ offspring relationships, higher rates of “fosterage” for stepoffspring, higher rates of emigration from the village for stepoffspring, and lower reproductive success for individuals raised by a stepparent.
A Simplified Model for the Pyrolysis of Charring Materials

A simplified model of the pyrolysis of charring materials is analyzed. The effects of moisture are neglected, and the heat of pyrolysis is assumed equal to zero. Four stages of pyrolysis are obtained: (i) inert heating, (ii) initial pyrolysis, (iii) thin char, and (iv) thick char. Formulas for the volatile mass efflux, m, are obtained in stages (ii), (iii), and (iv); m = 0 in the first stage. The calculations indicate that the surface temperature controls the volatile production rate in the initial pyrolysis stages (the kinetically controlled regime), while the temperature gradient controls the volatile production rate in the thick char stage (the diffusion-controlled regime). Comparisons of the calculated results with numerical computations are made for the volatile mass efflux, the surface temperature, and the density.
Total body irradiation selectively induces murine hematopoietic stem cell senescence

Exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) and certain chemotherapeutic agents not only causes acute bone marrow (BM) suppression but also leads to long-term residual hematopoietic injury. This latter effect has been attributed to damage to hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) self-renewal. Using a mouse model, we investigated whether IR induces senescence in HSCs, as induction of HSC senescence can lead to the defect in HSC self-renewal. It was found that exposure of C57BL/6 mice to a sublethal dose (6.5 Gy) of total body irradiation (TBI) resulted in a sustained quantitative and qualitative reduction of LKS+ HSCs. In addition, LKS+ HSCs from irradiated mice exhibited an increased expression of the 2 commonly used biomarkers of cellular senescence, p16Ink4a and SA-β-gal. In contrast, no such changes were observed in irradiated LKS- hematopoietic progenitor cells. These results provide the first direct evidence demonstrating that IR exposure can selectively induce HSC senescence. Of interest, the induction of HSC senescence was associated with a prolonged elevation of p21Cip1/Waf1, p19Arf, and p16Ink4a mRNA expression, while the expression of p27Kip1 and p18Ink4c mRNA was not increased following TBI. This suggests that p21Cip1/Waf1, p19Arf, and p16Ink4a may play an important role in IR-induced senescence in HSCs.
The continental component of a Pacific Marine aerosol: Identification by combined neutron activation analysis and scanning electron microscopy with X-ray analysis

The relative merits and sampling requirements of instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis as applied to the continental component of marine aerosols are discussed. When correlated with air mass information, the quantitative INAA data on the concentrations of 15 major and minor elements in the continental dust fraction provides information on the geochemical type and location of the land source. Although the SEM/EDS technique provides only qualitative concentrations for 6 additional elements in the aerosol, the important feature of single particle analysis enables more nearly synoptic interpretation of aerosol composition and concentration. A combined INAA and SEM/EDS study of the aerosol samples is therefore preferred.
Thomas-Fermi dielectric screening in semiconductors

The present note investigates the range of validity of Resta's linearized Thomas-Fermi (TF) approach to dielectric screening in semiconductors.
Does verb structure affect sentence comprehension

Fodor, Garrett, and Bever have reported two experiments suggesting that sentences containing complex verbs are more difficult to comprehend than ones containing simple verbs. However, the tasks they used, paraphrasing and anagram solving, reflect comprehension difficulty only very indirectly. Both of the present experiments compared the difficulty of sentences containing simple and complex verbs using the paraphrasing task and also a task that assesses on-line comprehension difficulty, phoneme monitoring. The paraphrasing task yielded the predicted effect in Experiment 1 but not in Experiment 2. The phoneme monitoring task failed to yield the effect in either experiment. Two alternative accounts were suggested for the present data as well as those of Fodor et al.
A Trypanosoma brucei bloodstream form mutant deficient in ornithine decarboxylase can protect against wild-type infection in mice

A Trypanosoma brucei bloodstream mutant in which both copies of the ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) gene were knocked out (ODC mutant) was used to determine the biological functions of ODC in T. brucei. Growth of the mutant cells ceased within 12-24 h in regular culture medium deficient in polyamines, but could be rescued by supplementation with 1 mM putrescine. A mouse model of T. brucei infection was used to determine whether the mutant was still infective and was found to develop either extremely low or undetectable levels of parasitemia, suggesting that in T. brucei, ODC activity is essential for establishing an infection. Furthermore, when these mice were subsequently challenged with wild-type T. brucei cells expressing the same variant surface glycoprotein (VSG), they did not develop any parasitemia, indicating that inoculating the mice with the attenuated ODC mutant had conferred protection against challenge by wild-type cells. These results were reproduced in C57BL/6J mice deficient in alpha-beta and gamma-delta T-cell receptors. However, no protection was observed in rag-2 knockout mice deficient in both B and T lymphocytes or in C57BL/10J mice deficient only in B lymphocytes. The results thus suggest that the ODC mutant could induce a T-lymphocyte-independent but B-lymphocyte-dependent immunity against wild-type cells of the same VSG. Such a mechanism of immunity has been elicited only by live T. brucei cells, but not by isolated VSGs or radiation-killed trypanosomes. This ODC mutant may thus represent a genuinely attenuated T. brucei bloodstream form capable of immunizing mammals against infections by African trypanosomes of the same VSG subtype without causing detectable infection by itself. The observation also raises the interesting likelihood that the in vivo treatment of T. brucei bloodstream forms with alpha-DL-difluoromethylornithine is a de facto attenuation of the parasitic organisms, which may very well result in B-lymphocyte-dependent host immune responses to subsequent infections by parasites of the same VSG subtypes.
Off-island hawaiians “making” ourselves at “home”

Abstract This article explores some of the recent developments in movements to reassert Hawaiian sovereignty that occur in Hawai‘i, but with special reference to displaced nationalisms and political formations in Hawaiian communities off-island. I examine the gendered nature of the terms in which activists in the Hawaiian Islands describe and invoke diasporic Hawaiians, particularly in the calls they send out for diasporas to “return home” to Hawai‘i. I call attention to Hawaiian women’s prominence in some areas of the Hawaiian sovereignty movement and the symbolic bases on which they draw in the process of forging such a position. The very process of making and remaking oneself, whether at home or not, is, among other things, always gendered. I argue for the difference that the infusion of a diasporic feminist sensibility could make to Hawaiian nationalist projects, pushing them further in the direction of specifically gendered possibilities of decolonization.
Dependence of macrophysical phenomena on the values of the fundamental constants

Using simple arguments, it is considered how the fundamental constants determine the scales of various macroscopic phenomena, including the properties of solid matter; the distinction between rocks, asteroids, planets, and stars; the conditions on habitable planets; the length of the day and year; and the size and athletic ability of human beings. Most of the results, where testable, are accurate to within a couple of orders of magnitude.
Low Frequency Longitudinal Vibrations of an Elastic Bar Made of a Dynamic Material and Excited at One End

Abstract The dynamic materials, particularly the spatio-temporal composites, have been investigated in a number of recent publications. In the present paper, we examine a dynamic performance of an elastic bar with material parameters specified as an activated (moving at uniform velocity V ) periodic pattern of segments occupied by ordinary materials 1 and 2, with density ρ and stiffness k specified as (ρ 1 , k 1 ) and (ρ 2 , k 2 ), respectively. We particularly consider the low frequency wave propagation arising when the period d of the material pattern is much less than the wavelength λ of a dynamic disturbance. The bar is excited at its left end by a signal g ( t ).
Multifidelity JPEG based compression of images using variable quantisation

In image processing applications, certain regions in an image may be of greater interest to the user. For these types of applications, a multifidelity region based variable quantisation scheme is proposed. The resulting subjective visual duality is considerably higher than for comparable compression ratios employing the standard JPEG implementation.
Child support guidelines: Economic theory and policy considerations

Federal legislation has mandated that all states develop numeric guidelines for child support awards in divorce and paternity suits. The purpose of this article is to review the theoretical models currently used in guidelines development and to present an analysis of issues pertinent to the development and use of guidelines. A familiarity with the principles underlying child support guidelines will assist family scientists who may be called upon to provide expertise on this public policy issue.
Thermal Stability and Segregation Processes in Self-Assembled Size-Selected AuxFe1-x Nanoparticles Deposited on TiO2(110): Composition Effects

In-situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements have been performed to investigate the formation and thermal stability of mono- and bimetallic AuxFe1-x (x = 1, 0.8, 0.5, 0.2, 0) nanoparticles (NPs) supported on TiO2(110). Nearly hexagonal arrangements of size-selected Au, Fe, and Au−Fe NPs with well-defined interparticle distances have been achieved by diblock-copolymer encapsulation. Upon stepwise annealing from 300 to 1060 °C, a remarkable thermal stability of the Au−Fe NPs was observed, maintaining their original spatial arrangement on the TiO2 surface up to 900 °C. A majority phase of a gold−iron alloy (solid solution) was achieved for our Au0.5Fe0.5 NPs in the temperature range of 700 °C - 800 °C, and for Au0.2Fe0.8 NPs at 800 °C, while a phase mixture of bcc Fe and Au−Fe alloy was observed for the Au0.8Fe0.2 system at 800 °C-900 °C. For all samples the segregation of Au atoms toward the NP surface was detected upon high temperature annealing (800 °...
Outward foreign investment and export structure: a case study of Taiwan's FDI in Malaysia

As Taiwan's outward FDI was primarily motivated by the relatively lower costs of land and labour in the host countries, one tends to expect that the structure of production and exports in Taiwan would shift toward higher capital and skill intensity. The structure of Taiwan's exports to the ASEAN-4 was concentrated more in higher human and physical capital intensities than Taiwan's total exports to the world. Moreover, Taiwan's exports to the ASEAN-4 were more concentrated on intermediate goods and machinery. A case study of Taiwan's outward FDI in Malaysia indicated that three of the five leading industries that accounted for a large shares of changes on FDI stocks and corresponding export commodities were the same. Pooling estimates also show that FDI has a small but positive impact on Taiwan's exports to the host country. The study further showed that Taiwan's FDI in Malaysia includes mixed tactics of ‘defensive’ and ‘aggressive’ strategies in various industries. In terms of the influence of the presenc...
A variational Bayesian method to inverse problems with impulsive noise

We propose a novel numerical method for solving inverse problems subject to impulsive noises which possibly contain a large number of outliers. The approach is of Bayesian type, and it exploits a heavy-tailed t distribution for data noise to achieve robustness with respect to outliers. A hierarchical model with all hyper-parameters automatically determined from the given data is described. An algorithm of variational type by minimizing the Kullback-Leibler divergence between the true posteriori distribution and a separable approximation is developed. The numerical method is illustrated on several one- and two-dimensional linear and nonlinear inverse problems arising from heat conduction, including estimating boundary temperature, heat flux and heat transfer coefficient. The results show its robustness to outliers and the fast and steady convergence of the algorithm.
In primary sclerosing cholangitis, gallbladder polyps are frequently malignant.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: The management of gallbladder polyps/masses in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) ( i.e. , cholecystectomy vs observation) remains problematic. Given the risk of biliary tract cancer in PSC in the face of the benign nature of most gallbladder polyps in the general population, our aim was to determine the prevalence of gallbladder cancer in PSC patients with a gallbladder mass who had undergone cholecystectomy. METHODS: The case records of all patients with PSC undergoing a cholecystectomy at the Mayo Clinic between 1977–1999 were reviewed. RESULTS: Of the 102 patients with PSC who underwent a cholecystectomy, 14 of 102 (13.7%) had a gallbladder mass. In the subset of patients with gallbladder masses, eight of 14 (57%) had adenocarcinomas (seven primary adenocarcinomas and one metastatic cholangiocarcinoma); the other six had benign masses (five adenomas and one cholesterol polyp). In those patients with benign masses, 33% had associated epithelial cell dysplasia; in patients with primary gallbladder cancers, 57% had associated dysplasia. The patients with primary gallbladder adenocarcinoma had a favorable outcome after cholecystectomy, with a 36-month survival of 66%. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, gallbladder neoplasms in PSC patients are malignant in approximately 40–60% of the cases. The presence of gallbladder epithelial cell dysplasia suggests a dysplasia-carcinoma sequence in PSC similar to that observed in ulcerative colitis. Consideration should be given to performing a cholecystectomy in PSC patients with gallbladder polyps. If a cholecystectomy is not performed, careful interval follow-up is warranted.
Fifteen Years After the Surgeon General's Report: Challenges, Changes, and Future Directions in Physical Education

Great anticipation surrounded the release of the first ever Surgeon General's report on physical activity and health in 1996. The report stated that physical activity can contribute significantly to overall levels of health and the quality of life for all Americans. However, since the report's release, little has improved in the health status of children and adults in the United States. Over 33% of the adult population and 16% of the nation's children are obese (CDC, 2009). The purpose of this review is to examine the historical role of physical education, the impact of the Surgeon General's report, the role of Physical Education Teacher Education (PETE) programs in preparing future physical education teachers, and current developments related to physical activity and health in the United States.
A Transfer of Training Study of Control Loader Dynamics

The control inceptor used in a simulated vehicle is an important part in maintaining the fidelity of a simulation. The force feedback provided by the control inceptor gives the operator important cues to maintain adequate performance. The dynamics of a control inceptor are typically based on a second order spring mass damper system with damping, force gradient, breakout force, and natural frequency parameters. Changing these parameters can have a great effect on pilot or driver control of the vehicle. The neuromuscular system has a very important role in manipulating the control inceptor within a vehicle. Many studies by McRuer, Aponso, and Hess have dealt with modeling the neuromuscular system and quantifying the effects of a high fidelity control loader as compared to a low fidelity control loader. Humans are adaptive in nature and their control behavior changes based on different control loader dynamics. Humans will change their control behavior to maintain tracking bandwidth and minimize tracking error. This paper reports on a quasi-transfer of training experiment which was performed at the NASA Langley Research Center. The quasi transfer of training study used a high fidelity control loader and a low fidelity control loader. Subjects trained in both simulations and then were transferred to the high fidelity control loader simulation. The parameters for the high fidelity control loader were determined from the literature. The low fidelity control loader parameters were found through testing of a simple computer joystick. A disturbance compensatory task is employed. The compensatory task involves implementing a simple horizon out the window display. A disturbance consisting of a sum of sines is used. The task consists of the subject compensating for the disturbance on the roll angle of the aircraft. The vehicle dynamics are represented as 1/s and 1/s2. The subject will try to maintain level flight throughout the experiment. The subjects consist of non-pilots to remove any effects of pilot experience. First, this paper discusses the implementation of the disturbance compensation task. Second, the high and low fidelity parameters used within the experiment are presented. Finally, an explanation of results from the experiments is presented.
Oxytocin antisense reduces salt intake in the baroreceptor-denervated rat

Experiments were performed to evaluate the role of central oxytocin (OT) in the inhibition of salt intake produced by sinoaortic denervation (SAD). The effect of OT antisense treatment on 24 h intake of 2% NaCl in SAD and sham-operated (SO) rats was determined. PVN injection of unmodified antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) to OT mRNA decreased intake of 2% NaCl in SAD, but not SO rats. Salt consumption was 22 ± 4 ml after the injection of control ODN as compared to 8 ± 4 ml after the OT antisense injection (P < 0.05). SAD animals also demonstrated an increased plasma OT response to salt loading, an elevation from 3.2 ± 0.7 to 6.9 ± 0.8 pg/ml. In contrast, salt ingestion produced no significant change in plasma OT in the SO group. The increased endocrine response in the SADs occurred even though salt intake was lower in this group. There were no group differences in plasma electrolytes or posterior pituitary OT content. Results show that OT antisense specifically inhibits salt intake in the denervated rat, suggesting that the central oxytocinergic axis stimulates sodium drive in this experimental model.
Evaluation of in Vitro Precipitation Methods

Four in vitro precipitation methods were tested and evaluated using flavopiridol and diazepam formulations. The methods include static serial dilution, dynamic injection, and dropwise addition with and without stirring. The results generated from these methods are comparable and complementary. The static serial dilution method is most effective in quantifying the amount of precipitation and more descriptive of the formation and redissolution of the precipitate than the others. The dynamic injection method, however, has its merit in more realistically simulating the physiological environment of drug-blood interaction near the injection sites.
Possibilistic linear programming with triangular fuzzy numbers

Abstract We consider a mathematical programming problem where all the parameters may be fuzzy variables specified by their possibility distribution and we define the possibility distribution of the objective function. The ideas are illustrated on possibilistic linear programming.
An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Intentional Interference to eLORAN

Recent studies on the vulnerability of GPS to interference recommend that a backup system be made available to determine own-aircraft position for both navigation and surveillance services in the National Airspace System (NAS). This backup will provide horizontal-only position information during brief, localized GPS outages caused by system, natural or intentional-interference factors. MITRE performed an evaluation of the potential candidates for such a backup system.[1] The results of this analysis showed that enhanced LORAN (eLORAN) is likely the best choice among the alternatives studied. This paper concentrates first on three interference scenarios that have been postulated by MITRE, with which an adversary could attempt to intentionally interfere with LORAN. The second part of paper provides a preliminary assessment of eLORAN coverage degradation under a simplified interference scenario.
Case Report: Reversible Nephrotic Range Proteinuria and Renal Failure in Atheroembolic Renal Disease

A case is described in which atheroembolic renal disease was associated with nephrotic range proteinuria, sub-acute renal failure, severe hypertension and microhematuria, in the absence of typical peripheral stigmata of atheroemboli. Nephrotic range proteinuria has not been previously reported in atheroembolic renal disease. With sustained aggressive treatment of hypertension there was diminution and eventual clearing of the proteinuria accompanied by marked improvement in renal function. The histopathology, the indications for renal biopsy, and possible causes of proteinuria are discussed.
Lamb Model of Respiratory Syncytial Virus–Associated Lung Disease: Insights to Pathogenesis and Novel Treatments

Preterm birth is a risk factor for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis and hospitalization. The pathogenesis underlying this is not fully understood, and in vivo studies are needed to better clarify essential cellular features and molecular mechanisms. Such studies include analysis of lung tissue from affected human infants and various animal models. The preterm and newborn lamb lung has developmental, structural, cellular, physiologic, and immunologic features similar to that of human infants. Also, the lamb lung is susceptible to various strains of RSV that infect infants and cause similar bronchiolar lesions. Studies in lambs suggest that viral replication in airways (especially bronchioles) is extensive by 4 days after infection, along with bronchiolitis characterized by degeneration and necrosis of epithelial cells, syncytial cell formation, neutrophil infiltration, epithelial cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia, and innate and adaptive immune responses. RSV bronchiolitis greatly affects airflow and gaseous exchange. RSV disease severity is increased in preterm lambs compared with full-term lambs; similar to human infants. The lamb is conducive to experimental assessment of novel, mechanistic therapeutic interventions such as delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor and enhancement of airway epithelial oxidative responses, Club (Clara) cell protein 10, and synthesized compounds such as nanobodies. In contrast, exposure of the fetal ovine lung in vivo to ethanol, a risk factor for preterm birth, reduces pulmonary alveolar development and surfactant protein A expression. Because the formalin-inactivated RSV vaccination enhances some inflammatory responses to RSV infection in lambs, this model has the potential to assess mechanisms of formalin-inactivated RSV enhanced disease as well as newly developed vaccines.
2-D electrohydrodynamic simulations towards zero offset voltage with corona ionisers

Abstract This paper reports results from a computational investigation of charge neutralisation with DC, AC, and pulse-DC corona ionisers using 2-D axisymmetric electrohydrodynamic modelling with an emphasis on minimising the offset voltage. The results showed that balanced DC ionisers can effectively neutralise the charge of a conductive plate; however, balanced AC and pulse-DC ionisers give rise to a certain offset voltage with an oscillation caused by alternate mono-polar space charges created near the ionisers resulting from ions emitted from the ionisers. In addition, we suggest a modification for AC and pulse-DC ionisers to minimise the offset voltage, including its AC component. Consequently, we found that continuously balanced ions emitted from ionisers which can create a quasi-neutralised charge distribution by positive and negative ions in the entire space at a steady state are of significant importance to make the offset voltage zero.
Warming alters routing of labile and slower-turnover carbon through distinct microbial groups in boreal forest organic soils

Abstract Our understanding of the mechanisms driving the response of soil organic carbon (SOC) pools to warming, though critical for predicting climate feedbacks, remains limited. Here we report results from a warming experiment using O-horizon soils from two mesic, boreal forest sites with contrasting climate regimes. We replaced extant Oi soil horizons, or litterfall C, with another coniferous Oi possessing a distinct δ 13 C signature, and tracked the net incorporation of the replaced Oi and, by difference, Oea-C into soil microbial phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) following 120-day incubations at 15 °C and 20 °C. We demonstrate how regional climate (site effects) and experimental warming (temperature effects) influence microbial incorporation of Oi versus slower-turnover Oea SOC pools. Microbial biomass, estimated from total PLFA, increased by 32–60% with temperature and was 20–42% higher within soils from the warmer versus cooler site, congruent with increased mineralization in those soils. The proportion of Gram-positive bacterial PLFA-C derived from Oi-C more than doubled and coincided with a reduction in the incorporation of Oi-C into fungal relative to bacterial PLFA with warming and in soils from the warmer site. Mirroring the relative decrease in fungal incorporation of Oi-C, warming led to an increase of 22–31% in the proportion of fungal PLFA-C derived from the Oea-C, consistent with the increased incorporation of this slower-turnover SOC pool in soils from the warmer site. The increase in microbial biomass and shift in routing of Oi and Oea pools through PLFA indicate that warming preferentially increases fungal mineralization of more slow-turnover C pools in these boreal organic soils. Shifts in microbial substrate routing and biomass increases with warming observed here underscore the potential importance of changing proportions of microbial biomass remnant contributions to SOC pools with climate warming.
Detection and quantification of poultry probiotic bacteria in mixed culture using monoclonal antibodies in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Abstract Murine monoclonal antibodies were used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection and quantification of selected probiotic bacteria present in a continuous-flow competitive exclusion culture known to be effective at reducing chicken cecal and crop colonization by Salmonella typhimurium. Veillonella, Enterococcus avium and S. typhimurium were grown anaerobically in batch culture of Viande Levure broth in pure culture and mixed culture. The mixed cultures produced significantly more acetate and propionate than any of the pure cultures with acetate and propionate being the predominant volatile fatty acids. The association in mixed culture resulted in a significant increase in cell numbers compared to the respective pure cultures. The ELISA was capable of detecting 104 cells per ml of the bacteria. The plots of cell numbers determined by the ELISA versus direct plating increased in accordance with increases in cell numbers with r2 values of 0.950, 0.922 and 0.940 for the pure culture incubations and 0.901, 0.924 and 0.905 in the mixed culture incubation for E. avium, S. typhimurium and Veillonella, respectively. The results indicate that the monoclonal antibodies can be used to quantitatively assay individual probiotic bacterial species grown in a mixed culture incubation.
SCALED ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE ADHESIVE INTERPHASE PROPERTIES

High-performance film adhesives are often employed in aerospace composite structures to provide adequate adhesion between substrates. This study was performed to evaluate the fracture properties of a commercial film adhesive and a carbon fiber prepreg material in both co-cured and bonded applications. In addition, the fundamental reasons for macroscopic fracture properties were evaluated on the microscale using interphase analysis and surface analysis techniques. From this information, it was possible to examine the commingling of prepreg and adhesive resins in the bond line interphase region. The information presented in this study points to a critical aspect of material selection and utilization that is often not considered in composite design: resin compatibility. *Dedicated to Prof. Francisco J. Balta Calleja on the occasion of his 65th birthday.
Guide wire-sheath technique for pulmonary artery catheterization and central vein cannulation.

The combination of a spring guide wire with a sheath introducer system has been successfully used for the routine placement of pulmonary artery and central venous catheters. The method, which is described is simple, quick, and safe. It is applicable to the initial placement of the catheter, to any necessary alterations in its position and to its eventual replacement with a central venous cannula.
Notre Dame Lamb-shift polarised ion source

Abstract The Lamb-shift polarised ion source in use with the Notre Dame tandem Van de Graaff accelerator is described and some of the stages in its development are reviewed. Results of initial measurements of the polarisation are given.
Ontogeny of constitutive immunity: maternal vs. endogenous influences

Summary Variation in ontogeny and strength of immune defence mechanisms can be integrally related to variation in life-history strategies and determined by trade-offs during development. However, little is known about the ontogeny of immune function in wild birds, especially in altricial birds and in a comparative context across altricial species with diverse life-history strategies. In this study, we examined the ontogeny of constitutive immunity in a group of 22 passerine species sampled in tropical Venezuela and north temperate Arizona. Our results show activity of constitutive components of the immune defence at 1–3 days posthatching and an increase in immune activity with age. Interspecific variation in immune activity at hatching was mainly explained by extrinsic factors mediated by the mother (egg size and egg temperature), suggesting an important role of maternal effects on offspring immunity at hatching. In contrast, the increase in agglutination activity with age suggests that immune function in older nestlings reflects intrinsic development. The increase in immune activity was greater in species that hatched with lower initial levels, and was somewhat negatively related to growth rate across species. Our results suggest slower intrinsic development of immune function may be compensated by larger maternal contributions. Slower intrinsic development of immune function, in turn, may reflect a trade-off with faster somatic growth. Our study highlights the importance of both maternal (extrinsic) and endogenous (intrinsic) contributions to variation in immune function across altricial species that may reflect an important axis of developmental strategies.
Febrile seizures, genetic (generalized) epilepsy with febrile seizures plus, and Dravet's syndrome.

PURPOSE. This article discusses febrile seizures, generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus, and Dravet's syndrome. CONCLUSIONS. It can be difficult for patients and their families to comprehend what it means to have a seizure disorder with a genetic cause. Nurses caring for patients with seizure disorders require knowledge of the condition, its causes, treatment, and prognosis to better care for and inform their patients. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. It is important for all specialists working with pediatric populations to understand possible causes of seizure disorders linked to febrile episodes, its diagnosis, and treatment, and their responsibility to provide pertinent education to patients and their families.
Differential expression of factor XIIIa and CD34 in cutaneous mesenchymal tumors

The histogenetic relationship amongst various dendritic cells of the dermis which may express markers including factor XIIIa (FXIIIa) or CD34 remains unclear. In this study we utilized a sensitive indirect immunoperoxidase staining technique to identify CD34 and FXIIIa, as well the monocyte/macrophage markers KP-1 and MAC 387 expression in a variety of cutaneous dermal tumors of mesenchymal origin to see if differential expression of CD34 vs FXIIIa exists. Tumors studied included dermatofibroma (DF) (N = 10), keloid (N = 9), atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX) (N = 3), and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) (N = 7). DF were all composed of FXIIIa+ spindle-shaped and stellate tumor cells (mean score = 4.9 or > or = 75% FXIIIa+) as previously reported, but these cells rarely ( 75% CD34+ and FXIIIa negative, while one DFSP was negative for both CD34 and FXIIIa. In all DFSP, there were trapped FXIIIa+ cells which were distinct from the spindle-shaped tumor cells. AFX showed sparse populations of FXIIIa+ cells in the stroma (mean score = 1.33 or 10-25% positive), which were distinct from the atypical giant cells characteristic of these tumors. Keloid similarly contained trapped FXIIIa+ cells (mean score = 0.44 or < 5% positive) that were distinct from the spindle-shaped fibroblasts of the tumor mass. Dendritic and spindle-shaped cells within these tumors were consistently both KP-1 and Mac-387 negative, while all lesions studied were characterized by scattered round, histiocytic cells which were KP-1+ and/or Mac-387+ irrespective of tumor cell type.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Radiation Sensitivity of Rodent Species

WILD species of rodents are reported to be more resistant to acute radiation exposure than laboratory strains1. The LD50(30) acute exposure dose for the old-field mouse (Peromyscus polionotus), the cotton mouse (Peromyscus gossypinus) and the harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys humilis) is 1,100 to 1,200 r., for the cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) 1,200 to 1,500 r. and for pocket mice (Perognathus formosus and P. longimembris) 1,300 to 1,500 r.2–4. LD50(30) values for laboratory rodents range from 450 to 850 r. when the radiation is delivered as a single acute dose5. Ecologists have tended to interpret this as an advantage conferred by the “wild” condition. Chronic exposure over a long time is, however, less damaging than the same dose given in a short time5, but new results show that wild mice are quite sensitive to damage from chronic exposure in terms of life shortening and reduced fertility.