cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does Balance Sheet Classification Matter? Evidence From Trust Preferred Stock

The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) continues to debate the accounting for financial instruments and the distinction between liabilities and equity. A trend toward shifting items to the liability category is ongoing; for example in 2003 FASB Statement No. 150 required several items, including mandatorily redeemable shares, to be re-classified as liabilities. The AAA Financial Accounting Standards Committee (2001) voiced its concern over the increasing heterogeneity of the liability category and called for quasi-equity categories to improve the representational faithfulness of individual categories. We address the question of whether financial statement categorization of trust preferred stock (TPS) influences its market valuation. We exploit FASB Statement No. 150 as an opportunity for quasi-experimentation. Statement No. 150 required TPS, a mandatorily redeemable financial instrument, to be re-classified from the mezzanine to the liability section of the balance sheet. We empirically test whether the balance sheet label affects market valuation of TPS. Using a sample of 105 firm-year observations from 2001-2004, we find that when TPS is re-classified as a liability the market values TPS more like a liability than when it was reported in the mezzanine. Our evidence adds support to the AAA Committee's contention that financial statement users depend on balances sheet categories, and that additional heterogeneity in the liability section may lead to confusion and miss-interpretation.
Replacement of donor lymphoid tissue in small-bowel transplants

The presence of recipient lymphocytes in grafts is thought to equate with rejection. Thus, we wished to follow the fate of lymphocytes after transplant of the small bowel. Three complete small-bowel transplants, two with the liver from the same donor also transplanted, were done successfully. Patients were immunosuppressed with FK 506. 5 to 11% of lymphocytes in the recipients' peripheral blood were of donor origin during the early postoperative period when there were no clinical signs of graft-versus-host disease. However, donor cells were no longer detectable after 12 to 54 days. Serial biopsy specimens of the grafted small bowel showed progressive replacement of lymphocytes in the lamina propria by those of the recipient's HLA phenotype. Lymphoid repopulation was complete after 10 to 12 weeks but the epithelial cells of the intestine remained those of the donor. The patients are on enteral alimentation after 5, 6, and 8 months with histopathologically normal or nearly normal intestines. Re-examination of assumptions about the rejection of intestinal grafts and strategies for its prevention are required following these observations.
The Drosophila hnRNP M homolog Rumpelstiltskin regulates nanos mRNA localization

Anterior-posterior axis patterning of the Drosophila embryo requires Nanos activity selectively in the posterior. This spatial asymmetry of Nanos is generated by the localization of nanos mRNA to the posterior pole of the embryo, where it is subsequently translated. Posterior localization of nanos is mediated by a complex cis-acting localization signal in its 3' untranslated region comprising several partially redundant localization elements. This localization signal redundancy has hampered the identification of trans-acting factors that act specifically to effect posterior localization of nanos. Here, we have used a biochemical approach to identify Rumpelstiltskin, a Drosophila heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) M homolog, which binds directly to an individual nanos localization element. Rumpelstiltskin associates with nanos mRNA in vitro and in vivo, and binding by Rumpelstiltskin correlates with localization element function in vivo. Through analysis of a rumpelstiltskin null mutation by genetic strategies that circumvent redundancy, we demonstrate that Rumpelstiltskin regulates anterior-posterior axis patterning by functioning as a direct-acting nanos mRNA localization factor.
Effects of In Vitro Aging of Magnesia-Stabilized Zirconia

The intent of this project was to evaluate any changes in the flexure strength of magnesia-partially-stabilized zirconia when aged in distilled water for time periods of 6, 12, and 18 mos. The aging conditions were autoclaved specimens in air (AA) or distilled water (AW) and nonautoclaved specimens in distilled water (NW) at stressing rates of 10.0, 1.0, or 0.1 mm/min. The statistical analysis showed no significant difference between the aging times. The aging-time data were then pooled and a statistical analysis run between the different aging conditions (AA, AW, and NW) and stressing rates. The specimens tested in air were significantly stronger than those tested in water autoclaved or nonautoclaved. For the pooled data, all stressing rates were statistically significant from each other.
Hydraulically powered dissimilar teleoperated system controller design

Addresses two issues associated with the implementation of a hydraulically powered dissimilar master-slave teleoperated system. These issues are the overall system control architecture and the design of robust hydraulic servo controllers for the position control problem. Finally, a discussion of overall system performance on an actual teleoperated system is presented. (Schilling's Titan II hydraulic manipulators are the slave manipulators and the master manipulators are from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory-developed Advanced Servo Manipulator).
A new TCP congestion control algorithm for media streaming

This paper proposes a new TCP congestion control algorithm (TCP-MS) that works better with media streaming applications in terms of network bandwidth utilization, fairness and traffic smoothness. Different from traditional TCP congestion control algorithms that estimates congestion by packet loss or queuing delay, TCP-MS estimates congestion by packet acknowledgement speed and adjusts window per round trip time. This provides a more accurate and less oscillatory congestion window changes, therefore improves network bandwidth utilization and traffic smoothness. We compare our algorithm with typical loss-based TCP-Reno and delay-based TCP-Vegas, and the results show that TCP-MS is an ideal transport protocol for streaming videos.
Cooperative and synergistic solvent effects in SET‐LRP of MA

SET-LRP requires a combination of ligand and solvent that mediates the disproportionation of Cu(I)X into Cu(O) activator, and Cu(II) deactivator. The solvent also modulates the kinetics of the reaction. More polar solvents, including mixtures of water and organic solvents enhance the rate of polymerization in accord with the Dimroth-Reichardt parameter. Here, it is demonstrated that a similar effect is observed in binary mixtures of organic solvents, wherein the addition of a more polar solvent to a less polar solvent provides a linear increase in the apparent rate constant of propagation, k . However, this linear relationship does not hold for the entire range of volume fraction for binary mixtures when ethylene carbonate (EC) or MeOH are one of the two components. Results herein, suggest that the kinetics of SET-LRP in these solvent mixtures is cooperatively and synergistically determined by polarity, degree of disproportionation, and also by another parameter related to the ability of the solvent to stabilize colloidal Cu(0) and determine its particle size.
The comparative biomechanics of an ophidian defensive behaviour: head triangulation in hognose snake ( Heterodon ) and an egg-eating snake ( Dasypeltis )

Head triangulation is a regular component of the defensive behaviour of both Heterodon and Dasypeltis. In Heterodon platyrhinos, the triangulation is achieved primarily through rotation of the quadrate in the transverse plane with the distal end of the quadrate moving dorsad. The quadrate is pulled by the m. cervicomandibularis acting in conjunction with one of the jaw adductors. Head triangulation in Dasypeltis scabra is produced by rotation of the quadrate mainly in the frontal plane with the distal end of the quadrate moving craniad. Experimental analysis documents that contraction of the m. adductor mandibulae externus superficialis is temporally linked to this displacement of the quadrate. The presence of two different mechanical bases for head triangulation in these distantly related colubrids suggests that this behavioural display has evolved independently in these ophidian lineages.
Puesta al día en el estudio de susceptibilidad de Streptococcus pneumoniae

RESUMEN DE RECOMENDACIONES ! El estudio de susceptibilidad en S. pneumo-niae debe hacerse en forma rutinaria usandolas mas recientes recomendaciones y puntosde corte. ! Como se ha discutido anteriormente, se debehacer primero un screening con un disco deoxacilina para obtener la susceptibilidad apenicilina (excepto en aquellos S.pneumoniae aislados de LCR) usando elmedio especificado en la Tabla 1. En estamisma placa se pueden agregar discos deeritromicina y clindamicina. Recuerde que lascefalosporinas no deben ser estudiadas pordifusion en agar. ! Si el area de inhibicion en rededor del discode oxacilina es < 19 mm, se debe confirmarla resistencia por el metodo de epsilometria(E-test) usando una tira de penicilina. Sepuede agregar ademas una tira de ceftriaxonao cefotaxima, en especial si se han detectadopreviamente cepas de neumococos resisten-tes a cefalosporinas en ese hospital. ! Si la cepa de S. pneumoniae ha sido aisladade LCR, es aconsejable recurrir de inmediatoa la epsilometria (u otro metodo de CIM) paraestudiar la susceptibilidad a penicilina y aceftriaxona (o cefotaxima). En la misma placase puede agregar un disco de vancomicina.Ademas el NCCLS recomienda hacer elestudio de susceptibilidad a meropenem porun metodo de CIM. Si la prevalencia de cepasresistentes a cefalosporinas en un determina-do hospital es muy baja, en mi opinion no esabsolutamente necesario hacer el estudio ameropenem.
Fullness and Dearth: Depth Experience and Democratic Life

tion of basic commitments or identity. Stated in this abstract fashion, my question is likely to seem rather bewildering or simply uninteresting for the study of politics. Perhaps its sense and significance might be better grasped if I begin by pointing to a prominent example of such experience, and what I believe would be generally agreed was its far-reaching impact on con- temporary ethical-political reality in the United States. Consider here George W. Bush's experience of being "born again," and the effect it seems to have had on how he, as president, conceived his own and his country's callings in the wake of the events of 9/11 (Public Broadcasting System (PBS) 2004; Unger 2007). Repeatedly, Bush interpreted the intensity of his faith
Costimulation blockade in autoimmunity and transplantation

Signaling through the costimulation receptors is a critical pathway in the regulation of T-cell activation. The selective costimulation inhibitor abatacept (cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated antigen 4—Ig) binds to CD80 and CD86 on antigen-presenting cells, blocking interaction with CD28 on T cells, and is approved for the treatment of moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis. Belatacept (LEA29Y), currently enrolling phase III trials in renal transplantation, was rationally designed from abatacept to bind with more avidity to CD86, providing the more potent immunosuppressive properties required for immunosuppression in transplantation. This review describes the relevant preclinical studies and summarizes recent clinical findings on these 2 molecules in autoimmune diseases and organ transplantation. Although both inhibit the CD28 costimulatory pathway, they are tailored for specific disease states—abatacept for autoimmune diseases and belatacept for transplantation.
Determinants Of Accounting Anxiety In Business Students

The identification of the level of anxiety, especially in accounting among business students, have not been directly explored and recognized. This empirical study was conducted to ascertain any significant determinants of accounting anxiety among business students. An online survey questionnaire was administered to all registered students at Bentley College, the largest business University in New England. A new accounting anxiety rating scale (AARS) was developed based on a modified computer anxiety rating scale (CARS) by Broome and Havelka (2002). A total of 1,112 responses were received and analyzed, indicating a response rate of 30 percent, which is relatively significant considering similar online survey responses. ANOVA tests were applied to determine the significance in accounting anxiety, controlling for four variables, academic majors, degree levels, experience and gender. The results show that there are significant differences in accounting anxiety levels in all four tests among students with different academic majors, degree levels, work experiences and significant difference in accounting anxiety between male and female students, contrary to recent and similar study of computer anxiety in business students.
Structural determinants for the interaction of lipopolysaccharide binding protein with purified high density lipoproteins: role of apolipoprotein A-I

The interaction of lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) with apolipoprotein (apo)A-I on high density lipoproteins (HDL) was studied in solid phase ligand binding assays with a biotinylated LBP-specific antibody. The association was dependent on LBP concentration and enhanced in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Maximal enhancement was measured at an LPS/LBP molar ratio of 6. To identify regions on apoA-I that participate directly or indirectly in the interaction between LBP and HDL, we attempted to inhibit LBP association with a panel of mapped apoA-I-specific monoclonal antibodies. Whereas some antibodies were effective inhibitors, others were not, even though they bound apoA-I. Furthermore, selected apoA-I synthetic peptides inhibited the antibody-mediated interference of the HDL/LBP interaction. Although no specific mechanism can be defined for the basis of the inhibitory effects of the antibodies on the association of LBP with HDL, we identified a role for three unique regions on apoA-I between residues 1-31, 95-164, and 178-200. These results suggested that apoA-I is a key component in the association of LBP with HDL and may play an important role in the biologic activity of LPS/LBP complexes.
Functional Heterogeneity of Human CD34+ Cells Isolated in Subcompartments of the G0 /G1 Phase of the Cell Cycle

Using simultaneous Hoechst 33342 (Hst) and Pyronin Y (PY) staining for determination of DNA and RNA content, respectively, human CD34(+) cells were isolated in subcompartments of the G0 /G1 phase of the cell cycle by flow cytometric cell sorting. In both bone marrow (BM) and mobilized peripheral blood (MPB) CD34(+) cells, primitive long-term hematopoietic culture-initiating cell (LTHC-IC) activity was higher in CD34(+) cells isolated in G0 (G0CD34(+) cells) than in those residing in G1 (G1CD34(+) cells). However, as MPB CD34(+) cells displayed a more homogeneous cell-cycle status within the G0 /G1 phase and a relative absence of cells in late G1 , DNA/RNA fractionation was less effective in segregating LTHC-IC in MPB than in BM. BM CD34(+) cells belonging to four subcompartments of increasing RNA content within the G0 /G1 phase were evaluated in functional assays. The persistence of CD34 expression in suspension culture was inversely correlated with the initial RNA content of test cells. Multipotential progenitors were present in G0 or early G1 subcompartments, while lineage-restricted granulomonocytic progenitors were more abundant in late G1 . In vitro hematopoiesis was maintained for up to 6 weeks with G0CD34(+) cells, whereas production of clonogenic progenitors was more limited in cultures initiated with G1CD34(+) cells. To test the hypothesis that primitive LTHC-ICs would reenter a state of relative quiescence after in vitro division, BM CD34(+) cells proliferating in ex vivo cultures were identified from their quiescent counterparts by a relative loss of membrane intercalating dye PKH2, and were further fractionated with Hst and PY. The same functional hierarchy was documented within the PKH2(dim) population whereby LTHC-IC frequency was higher for CD34(+) cells reselected in G0 after in vitro division than for CD34(+) cells reisolated in G1 or in S/G2 + M. However, the highest LTHC-IC frequency was found in quiescent PKH2(bright) CD34(+) cells. Together, these results support the concept that cells with distinct hematopoietic capabilities follow different pathways during the G0 /G1 phase of the cell cycle both in vivo and during ex vivo culture.
Why we do what we do? Making sense of antithrombotic therapy in patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.

“Humanity's greatest advances are not in its discoveries—but in how those discoveries are applied.” —Bill Gates (honorary doctorate acceptance speech, Harvard, June, 2007) CEO and President of Microsoft Few if any entities in medicine have been investigated in such detail, in numerous
Identify Intronic MicroRNA with Bioinformatics

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single-strand nonprotein coding RAN with 18 to 25-nucleotides long. With complementary sequence to target messenger RNA (mRNA), miRNA regulates mRNA degradation and protein translation. miRNAs have been identified in various organisms ranging from virus to human. Increasing evidence indicates that mammalian gene regulation has multiple layers and the availability of mRNA is not the sole regulation mechanism. The evolutionally conserved miRNA may be a primary regulation mechanism of gene expression. Its role in directing embryo development and stem cell differentiation should not be underestimated.Due to the small size of miRNA, identifying it with experimental approach (e.g., direct cloning) is difficult. The cell type and developmental-specific expression of miRNA make the experimental approach even more difficult. Consequently, bioinformatics approaches have been developed to identify novel miRNA. In human miRNA study, many studies search for the mostly complete human genomic sequence. Here, we report a rapid bioinformatics approach to mine miRNA from gene specific introns. Intronic miRNA may directly regulate the expression of its target genes during development. The reported bioinformatics approach not only identifies the potential miRNA, but also provides the intron location of these miRNA like sequence. This information is critical for studying the gene-gene interaction via miRNA, and facilitates the study of miRNA in gene expression regulation.
Interaction of Haemophilus influenzae with Mucus, Cilia, and Respiratory Epithelium

One nontypeable laboratory strain and five nontypeable clinical isolates of Haemophilus influenzae from sputum were investigated. Bacteria replicated from 10(4) to 10(8) cfu/ml over 24 h in an organ culture of human respiratory mucosa with only the intact mucosal surface exposed. By transmission electron microscopy, bacteria were not seen in association with normal respiratory epithelium, even after incubation for 24 h. H. influenzae infection caused patchy and occasionally confluent damage to epithelium, and the bacteria associated only with structurally damaged cells. Scanning electron microscopy revealed increased mucus, and slowed ciliary beat frequency was measured by photometry. Fimbriation of H. influenzae increased buccal cell adherence but did not facilitate association with normal or damaged respiratory epithelium or increase epithelial damage, indicating that adhesins other than fimbriae are present. Interactions with mucus, cilia, and epithelium are likely to be important in the pathogenesis of H. influenzae respiratory infections.
ACOUSTIC MEASUREMENTS AND BACKGROUND NOISE SEPARATION IN WIND TUNNELS

An attempt is made at developing an integral methodology for experimental acoustic measurements and separation of background noise in wind tunnels. To this end, an array beamforming technique known as delay-and-sum beamforming is identified and tested. The theories underlying delay-and-sum beamforming and minimum redundancy arrays are discussed briefly. Two linear arrays, a seven microphone uniform linear array and a four microphone minimum redundancy array, are designed. To provide a source of monochromatic sound for calibration purposes, an acoustic driver is designed based on Helmholtz resonator theory. Array beamforming results show that tests conducted with the two linear arrays in the open field provide good resolution of the driver sound source Direction Of Arrival (DOA) peaks from the background noise, and provide a semianechoic reference with which to compare wind tunnel results. The minimum redundancy array proved more accurate than the uniform linear array in terms of resolution because of the minimum redundancy array’s ‘increased effective aperture over the uniform linear array. Beamforming results obtained for the driver placed inside the wind tunnel with no flow and tunnel velocities of 45 and 81 fWsec successfully resolved the DOA peaks of the driver from the background noise of the tunnel. NOMENCLATURE A area of the opening of Hehnholtz resonator
Abstract P2-13-06: Acellular dermal allograft fenestrations decrease outpatient expander fills and increase direct to implant incidence in implant-based immediate breast reconstruction

Introduction: The innovation of fenestrated allograft (acellular dermal matrix, ADM) has improved patient outcomes in two-stage tissue expander/implant breast reconstruction. This technical alteration utilizes optimal fenestration overlap and has enhanced the efficiency of the reconstructive experience. We present a follow-up study of one- and two-stage breast reconstruction with a more refined, standardized method of surgeon-designed fenestration of ADM. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of 52 patients (91 breasts) having undergone one- and two-stage breast reconstruction using fenestrated ADM at our institution from 2013 to 2014. Results: Mean intra-operative fill volume (IOFV) measured 402cc (SD=118cc), and IOFV as a percent of tissue expander size averaged 79.1% (SD=16.7%). Ten breasts were expanded to 100% and completed reconstruction in one stage with implant placement. IOFV as a percentage of total fill volume at completion of expansion averaged 73.6% (SD=16.6%). Two-stage reconstruction patients underwent 1.8 post-operative expansions on average (range 0-4) and averaged 81.2cc (SD=29.3cc) per in-office expansion. Days to full expansion averaged 45.1 days, while days to exchange averaged 137.8 days (Table 1). Mean days to exchange between our first 24 breasts to complete reconstruction vs. our last 23 breasts to complete reconstruction differed significantly, with 205 ± 43.8 days vs. 137.7 ± 138.1 days, respectively (p=0.03). The major complication rate requiring re-operation within 30 days post-operatively was 11.0%. Four breasts experienced partial mastectomy flap necrosis requiring re-operation with implant salvage (4.4%). Six breasts (6.6%) underwent explantation due to: infection (three), flap necrosis (two), and patient preference (one) (Table 2). Conclusion: Our fenestrated technique is demonstrated to increase intra-operative fill volume, decrease number of post-operative expansions and time to full expansion, and improve expansion rate with subjectively less pain. We believe our patients benefited from improved cosmetic outcomes with better shape, maintenance of breast footprint, and enhanced comfort due to the decreased number of intra-office fills and increased intra-operative expansion. Citation Format: Daar DA, Bourgeois JM, Mowlds DS, Wirth GA, Paydar KZ. Acellular dermal allograft fenestrations decrease outpatient expander fills and increase direct to implant incidence in implant-based immediate breast reconstruction. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2015 Dec 8-12; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-13-06.
Disparity processing in primary visual cortex

The first step in binocular stereopsis is to match features on the left retina with the correct features on the right retina, discarding 'false' matches. The physiological processing of these signals starts in the primary visual cortex, where the binocular energy model has been a powerful framework for understanding the underlying computation. For this reason, it is often used when thinking about how binocular matching might be performed beyond striate cortex. But this step depends critically on the accuracy of the model, and real V1 neurons show several properties that suggest they may be less sensitive to false matches than the energy model predicts. Several recent studies provide empirical support for an extended version of the energy model, in which the same principles are used, but the responses of single neurons are described as the sum of several subunits, each of which follows the principles of the energy model. These studies have significantly improved our understanding of the role played by striate cortex in the stereo correspondence problem.This article is part of the themed issue 'Vision in our three-dimensional world'.
Relation of Na+ reabsorption to utilization of O2 and lactate in the perfused rat kidney

When the ratio delta TNa+/delta QO2 is used to estimate the energy requirements for net Na+ reabsorption (TNa+), it is assumed that the entire change in renal O2 uptake (delta QO2) is utilized only for the delta TNa+. However, if increases in renal synthetic work also occur when TNa+ is increased, the energy cost for TNa+ will be overestimated. We perfused the substrate-limited isolated rat kidney at 38 degrees C, pH 7.4, a mean arterial pressure of 120 mmHg, and mean lactate concentrations between 0 and 8.3 mM. We measured QO2, TNa+, net reabsorption of lactate (Tlac), net utilization of lactate (Qlac), lactate decarboxylation rate (Qlacox), as well as the net entry rate of lactate into biosynthetic pathways (Qxslac). When no exogenous substrate was present (rates are means, g wet wt-1 . min-1) GFR was 351 +/- 38 microliter, %TNa+ was 54 +/- 2%, and QO2 was 2.85 +/- 0.31 mumol; there was also a loss of about 20% of renal tissue K+ content. When mean [lactate] greater than or equal to 0.73 mM, the loss of tissue K+ was completely prevented and %TNa+ increased to and remained at about 85%. At mean [lactate] of 8.3 mM, Tlac was 5.1 +/- 0.6 mumol, QO2 was 6.12 +/- 1.24 mumol, and GFR was 709 +/- 83 microliter. Qlac, delta Qlacox and delta TNa+ increased in parallel with each other and approaches maximal rates as [lactate] was raised. By contrast, Tlac increased as a linear function of perfusate [lactate] and was not related to changes in Qlac. The molar increases in TNa+ were 10- to 20-fold greater than the increases in Tlac. It is more probable, therefore, that lactate enhances TNa+ by providing energy from its oxidation rather than by a co-transport phenomenon. At all concentrations of lactate, more lactate was utilized (Km = 1.2 mM; Vmax = 3.4) than was decarboxylated (Km = 1.6 mM; Vmax = 1.7), indicating that as lactate concentration increased, both the synthesis of new products from lactate and Na+ reabsorption increased. We conclude that the ratio delta TNa+/delta QO2, overestimates the energy cost of Na+ reabsorption. In order to obtain an accurate estimate of the energy requirements for TNa+ in kidney, the simultaneous changes in the rate of net biosynthetic work must also be quantified as TNa+ is changed.
Auditory Attention and Comprehension During a Simulated Night Shift: Effects of Task Characteristics

Objective:The current study investigated performance on a dual auditory task during a simulated night shift.Background:Night shifts and sleep deprivation negatively affect performance on vigilance-...
Aiming High, Reaching Out, and Doing Good: Helping Homeless Library Patrons with Legal Information

Public librarians can use legal topics to reach out to homeless people who are already in the library as well as those who do not come to the library. This article inspires readers to appreciate why libraries need to provide this kind of outreach, conveys significan knowledge about homeless people's unique legal troubles, and demonstrates how to conduct legal research.
Staying connected with youth transitioning out of foster care: “Thank you for not giving up on me”:

SummaryNumerous research studies have addressed the experiences and outcomes of youth transitioning out of foster care; however, far fewer have addressed how to overcome the challenge of locating and retaining research participants from this population. This article contributes to the field by highlighting effective approaches to staying connected with (i.e., recruiting, relocating, and retaining) youth participants in longitudinal research studies. Two hundred ninety-four youth in the Southeastern United States participated in a longitudinal research study about their experiences as they transitioned out of foster care. Two years later, 80% of eligible participants from the baseline population (n = 223) chose to participate in the second wave of data collection.FindingsCase examples are presented to illustrate the practical applications of youth-centered and person-centered approaches to participant recruitment, relocation, and retention and how engaging with youth on a case by case basis can minimize at...
A Voxel-Based Morphometry Study Reveals Local Brain Structural Alterations Associated with Ambient Fine Particles in Older Women

Objective: Exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5: PM with aerodynamic diameters <2.5µm) has been linked with cognitive deficits in older adults. Using fine-grained voxel-wise analyses, we examined whether PM2.5 exposure also affects brain structure. Methods: Brain MRI data were obtained from 1,365 women (aged 71-89) in the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study and local brain volumes were estimated using RAVENS (regional analysis of volumes in normalized space). Based on geocoded residential locations and air monitoring data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, we employed a spatiotemporal model to estimate long-term (3-year average) exposure to ambient PM2.5 preceding MRI scans. Voxel-wise linear regression models were fit separately to gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) maps to analyze associations between brain structure and PM2.5 exposure, with adjustment for potential confounders. Results: Increased PM2.5 exposure was associated with smaller volumes in both cortical GM and subcortical WM areas. For GM, associations were clustered in the bilateral superior, middle, and medial frontal gyri. For WM, the largest clusters were in the frontal lobe, with smaller clusters in the temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes. No statistically significant associations were observed between PM2.5 exposure and hippocampal volumes. Conclusions: Long-term PM2.5 exposures may accelerate loss of both GM and WM in older women. While our previous work linked WM decreased volumes to PM2.5 air pollution, this is the first neuroimaging study reporting associations between air pollution exposure and smaller volumes of cortical GM. Our data support the hypothesized synaptic neurotoxicity of airborne particles.
Review of the Series: A Roman Catholic Perspective

The Edinburgh Centenary Series is a series for today’s global church. It is about global concerns—migration, children, interfaith dialogue, social justice, reconciliation, secularism, and globalization itself. It has contributions from every part of our world, across denominations, women and men. It is sold at a global price—free downloads for personal use. It is the fruit of global collaboration. The editors of the various volumes come from every continent, and from every Christian church or denomination. The series presents a wonderful portrait of today’s global, ecumenically conscious, and contextualized church.
The Antigenic Structure of the Rabies Virus Glycoprotein

The rabies virus glycoprotein is the virion component responsible for induction of virus-neutralizing antibody and protection of animals against challenge. To determine its antigenic structure, a limited number of fragments were obtained by chemical cleavage and isolated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Eight large peptides, ranging in size from 32 to 77 amino acid residues, were mapped within the predicted amino acid sequence of the glycoprotein by determining the N-terminal sequence of each fragment. The antigenicity and immunogenicity of these peptides were then evaluated. Following inoculation of mice, all peptides induced significant levels of antibodies capable of binding to virus or purified viral glycoprotein in a solid-phase immunoassay. Fragments Cr1, Cr3, and Cr4, also induced significant levels of virus-neutralizing and complement-dependent lytic antibodies. Fragments Cr3 and Cr4 were immunoprecipitated by hyperimmune rabbit antirabies serum. To locate domains of the glycoprotein responsible for the stimulation of T helper cells, the peptides were tested for their capacity to stimulate proliferation of nylon wool-purified T cells obtained from spleens of rabies-immune mice. Peptides Cr1, Cr2, and Cr3 stimulated antigen-specific proliferation. Proliferation required the addition of syngeneic irradiated antigen-presenting cells and the proliferating cells were Lyt1-positive, Lyt2-negative. In addition, stimulation was obtained using a 36 amino acid synthetic peptide comprised of almost the entire sequence of Crl. Cytotoxic T cells are postulated to play a major role in protection against rabies infection. In vitro, glycoprotein and mixtures of glycoprotein fragments stimulated a secondary cytotoxic response (mediated by Lyt2-positive cells) comparable in magnitude with that stimulated by virus. In the presence of added T cell growth factors, fragment Cr4 also stimulated cytotoxic activity. The immunologic analysis of rabies virus glycoprotein fragments showed that specific immunologic functions are associated with different regions of the molecule. This finding should be a major consideration in the designing of a synthetic rabies vaccine.
Long-term rates of ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) for women with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) meeting LORIS trial eligibility criteria undergoing standard therapy.

560 Background: Identification of DCIS patients at low risk for progression to invasive carcinoma could obviate the need for standard surgery and radiation therapy (RT). The “Surgery versus Active Monitoring for LOw RISk DCIS [LORIS]” trial is studying the safety of monitoring low-risk DCIS without excision, although IBTR rates in this population undergoing standard therapy are unknown. Methods: Women with DCIS treated with breast-conserving surgery (BCS) with or without RT from 1996-2010 were included from a prospectively maintained database. IBTR rates were compared between those who did and did not meet LORIS eligibility criteria (age ≥46yrs, screen-detected calcifications, non-high grade DCIS diagnosed on needle biopsy, absence of nipple discharge, minimal family history). Results: 2,537 women were identified; 405 met LORIS criteria. LORIS cohort median age was 60yrs (range 46-86yrs); 210 (52%) underwent RT, 81 (20%) received endocrine therapy. Median follow-up was 5.8yrs (range 0-18yrs). 24 experienc...
ERP evidence for conflict in contingency learning

The proportion congruency effect refers to the observation that the magnitude of the Stroop effect increases as the proportion of congruent trials in a block increases. Contemporary work shows that proportion effects can be driven by both context and individual items, and are referred to as context-specific proportion congruency (CSPC) and item-specific proportion congruency (ISPC) effects, respectively. The conflict-modulated Hebbian learning account posits that these effects manifest from the same mechanism, while the parallel episodic processing model posits that the ISPC can occur by simple associative learning. Our prior work showed that the neural correlates of the CSPC is an N2 over frontocentral electrode sites approximately 300 ms after stimulus onset that predicts behavioral performance. There is strong consensus in the field that this N2 signal is associated with conflict detection in the medial frontal cortex. The experiment reported here assesses whether the same qualitative electrophysiological pattern of results holds for the ISPC. We find that the spatial topography of the N2 is similar but slightly delayed with a peak onset of approximately 300 ms after stimulus onset. We argue that this provides strong evidence that a single common mechanism-conflict-modulated Hebbian learning-drives both the ISPC and CSPC.
Response to Cullenward and Koomey critique of ‘historical evidence for energy efficiency rebound in 30 US sectors’

Abstract This article responds to a recent critique in these pages by Danny Cullenward and Jonathan Koomey of a prior article reporting measured historical rebound magnitudes on the productive side of the US economy. They argue that the data quality objections they raise are serious enough to warrant outright dismissal of the reported rebound magnitudes. In particular, they cite unaccounted for regional energy price differences as fatal to the credibility of the results. The present analysis instead shows, via various extreme sensitivities around the energy price trajectory, that historical rebound magnitudes in 30 productive sectors of the US economy are sensitive but robust to energy price differences – both magnitude and variability differences – and remain large and thereby policy-relevant (commonly > 50%, with the overall average varying from 15% to over 200% (“backfire”) at the extremes). Along the way, the analysis provides further evidence of the reliability of the widely-used Jorgenson et al. econometric data set and methodology, and of the multitude of articles that have followed there from.
Social Media and the First Amendment: Educators’ Trap Game:

Monica Williams, a beloved counselor of an urban middle school, is shocked to learn that she is being terminated for a comment she made on Facebook. This case was developed for use in an educational leadership course for students to evaluate an educator’s right to freedom of speech in relation to social media. Instructors can use the case to encourage dialogue around legal issues and ethical considerations of an individual’s rights versus community standards. The discussion questions are designed to guide students in analyzing the scenario through legal policies, ethical considerations, and human resource issues.
The effect of melasma on self-esteem: A pilot study

Melasma is a common disorder of hyperpigmentation characterized by tan or brown macules and patches affecting sun-exposed areas, particularly the face. Melasma has been shown to have a significant impact on the quality of life and self-esteem of those affected. We interviewed six patients who were diagnosed with moderate-to-severe melasma with regard to the effect of their disorder on their self-esteem. All patients reported a significant negative effect on their quality of life and self-esteem. With successful therapy using a triple combination of cream and oral tranexamic acid to treat their melasma, all reported a marked improvement in self-esteem. Physicians who treat patients with melasma should be aware of its profound psychosocial effects and the improvement that successful melasma treatment can have on self-esteem.
Spendthrifts and Tightwads in Childhood: Feelings about Spending Predict Children's Financial Decision Making

Adults differ in the extent to which they find spending money to be distressing; "tightwads" find spending money painful and "spendthrifts" do not find spending painful enough. This affective dimension has been reliably measured in adults, and predicts a variety of important financial behaviors and outcomes (e.g., saving behavior, credit scores). Although children's financial behavior has also received attention, feelings about spending have not been studied in children, as they have in adults. We measured the spendthrift-tightwad (ST-TW) construct in children for the first time, with a sample of 5-to-10-year-old children (n = 225). Children across the entire age range were able to reliably report on their affective responses to spending and saving, and children's ST-TW scores were related to parent reports of children's temperament and financial behavior. Further, children's ST-TW scores were predictive of whether they chose to save or spend money in the lab, even after controlling for age and how much they liked the offered items. Our novel findings - that children's feelings about spending and saving can be measured from an early age and relate to their behavior with money - are discussed with regard to theoretical and practical implications.
Establishment of the cross-clade antigen detection system for H5 subtype influenza viruses using peptide monoclonal antibodies specific for influenza virus H5 hemagglutinin.

Abstract The H5 subtype of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5 HPAI) viruses is a threat to both animal and human public health and has the potential to cause a serious future pandemic in humans. Thus, specific and rapid detection of H5 HPAI viruses is required for infection control in humans. To develop a simple and rapid diagnostic system to detect H5 HPAI viruses with high specificity and sensitivity, we attempted to prepare monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that specifically recognize linear epitopes in hemagglutinin (HA) of H5 subtype viruses. Nine mAb clones were obtained from mice immunized with a synthetic partial peptide of H5 HA molecules conserved among various H5 HPAI viruses. The antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using the most suitable combination of these mAbs, which bound specifically to lysed H5 HA under an optimized detergent condition, was specific for H5 viruses and could broadly detect H5 viruses in multiple different clades. Taken together, these peptide mAbs, which recognize linear epitopes in a highly conserved region of H5 HA, may be useful for specific and highly sensitive detection of H5 HPAI viruses and can help in the rapid diagnosis of human, avian, and animal H5 virus infections.
Primacy model and the evolution of the olfactory receptor repertoire

For many animals, the neural activity in early olfactory circuits during a single sniff cycle contains sufficient information for fine odor discrimination. Whilst much is known about the transformations of neural representations in early olfactory circuits, exactly how odorant evoked activity in the main olfactory bulb shapes the perception of odors remains largely unknown. In olfaction, odorant identity is generally conserved over a wide range of conditions, including concentration. We present a theory of identity assignment in the olfactory system that accounts for this invariance with respect to stimulus intensity. We suggest that the identities of relatively few high affinity olfactory receptor types determine an odorant9s perceived identity. This set of high-affinity receptors is defined as the primary set and the coding model based on their responses is called the primacy theory. In this study, we explore the impact that primacy coding may have on the evolution of the ensemble of olfactory receptors. A primacy coding mechanism predicts the arrangement of different receptor types in a low-dimensional structure that we call a primacy hull. We present several statistical analyses that can detect the presence of this structure, allowing the predictions of the primacy model to be tested experimentally.
Cleaved β-Actin May Contribute to DNA Fragmentation Following Very Brief Focal Cerebral Ischemia.

Our previous study demonstrated caspase independent DNA fragmentation after very brief cerebral ischemia, the mechanism of which was unclear. In this study, we explore whether actin is cleaved following focal cerebral ischemia, and whether these structural changes of actin might modulate DNA fragmentation observed following focal ischemia. Results showed that a cleaved β-actin fragment was identified in brains of rats 24 hours following 10-minute and 2-hour focal ischemia. Though granzyme B and caspase-3 cleaved β-actin in vitro, the fragment size of β-actin cleaved by granzyme B was the same as those found after 10-minute and 2-hour focal ischemia. This was consistent with increases of granzyme B activity after 10-minute and 2-hour ischemia compared with controls. Cerebral extracts from 10-minute and 2-hour ischemic brains degraded DNA in vitro. Adding intact β-actin to these samples completely abolished DNA degradation from the 10-minute ischemia group but not from the 2-hour ischemia group. We concluded that β-actin is likely cleaved by granzyme B by 24 hours following 10-minute and 2-hour focal cerebral ischemia. Intact β-actin inhibits DNase, and cleavage of β-actin activates DNase, which leads to DNA fragmentation observed in the brain following very brief focal ischemia.
Electropolymerized polythiophene photoelectrodes for photocatalytic water splitting and hydrogen production

Abstract We present thiopene-based devices fabricated via spin-coating and electropolymerization (EP) for usage in solar-powered, photocatalytic hydrogen gas (H2) harvesting. Two innovative claims are achieved in this work: (1) demonstration of electropolymerized photoelectrochemical (PEC) devices for water splitting, and (2) drastically improved performance of EP-PEC devices over spin-coated PEC hydrogen harvesters, achieving >0.5 V improvement in onset voltage (Von, bias voltage needed to produce photocurrent), with Von of 0 V vs. Ag/AgCl. As such, this work points to new opportunities for material and device fabrication for cheaper and efficient PEC hydrogen-harvesting systems.
The Historical-Ontological Priority of Technology Over Science

The thesis I wish to explore in this essay is that there is a significant sense in which technology may be seen to be both ontologically and historically prior to science. There is, of course, an obvious and trivial sense in which this claim may be regarded as true. If technologies in the broadest and most concrete sense involve humans and their uses of tools and artifacts, then at the least one can say that technology in this sense is both universal and was probably involved at the time of the emergence of the human species. There are no instances of societies, cultures, or human groups which do not use tools and artifacts in their relations with the natural environment.
Patterns of Coping in Divorce

Clearly, a central psychological stress for those undergoing a divorce arises from a perception of oneself as “unlovable” or wanting as a spouse or parent. At a less conscious level, perhaps a major stressor is what Rice15 has called “narcissistic injury”—the damage inflicted by the loss of the spouse to one’s primitive fantasies of infantile greatness.
Allegory Encourages Self-Reflection and Multi-Cultural Understanding in a College Communications Course.

Urban college students (n=179) from diverse cultural backgrounds and regions received instruction in the writing of short narratives, or allegories, to express generalizations about human behavior. At the beginning of the three-month semester students were given samples of allegories concluding with a lesson and then were asked to create an original allegory. These original narratives were analyzed and their conclusions categorized. Students’ allegories expressed diverse cultural values although there were cross-cultural similarities. Findings indicated Asian students expressed significant interest in attaining wisdom and a balanced life over time. Latinx emphasized attaining self-respect, love, loyalty and fair treatment. Eastern Europeans were concerned over breaking a trust. Being deceived by appearances was a mutual concern for North Americans, Latinx and Europeans. At the semester’s end a survey of student reactions indicated students gained increased cultural understanding from sharing their work. Implications are that allegory may be used as a literary device to achieve self-reflection and understanding of other cultures.