cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Nursing in Preventing Violence against Women

Violence against women is a significant problem at every age. While nurses have increased their role in identifying and managing cases of women who have experienced physical and sexual abuse, they have been less active in preventing violence. Effective prevention requires an understanding of the prevalence and seriousness of the problem, awareness of the societal forces that foster and sustain it, and application of feminist principles to counteract those forces. The incidence of rape and battery in contemporary society is highlighted, and the societal forces of devaluation of women, power inequity, and treatment of women as property that maintain this destructive behavior are outlined. Preventive nursing actions derived from feminist philosophy that are applicable in clinical practice are discussed.
A slot-asynchronous MAC protocol design for blind rendezvous in cognitive radio networks

In cognitive radio networks (CRNs), two users have to rendezvous on a common available channel before communications. Most existing rendezvous papers focus on the channel-hopping (CH) sequence design. However, rendezvous may suffer from the handshake failure on the rendezvous channel, especially in unsynchronized-slot scenarios. In this paper, the challenge of slot-asynchronous rendezvous in CRNs is addressed for the first time. A protocol aiming to improve the handshake performance during the CH process is proposed. By analyzing the potential factors leading to the handshake failure, we design a novel MAC protocol with an optimal size of a time slot which can mitigate the effects of these factors and provide the shortest time for rendezvous. In addition, we also propose a probabilistic model for estimating the average rendezvous time under different CRNs. Simulation results validate our analytical model and demonstrate that our proposed protocol can achieve the rendezvous time close to the theoretical value under slot-asynchronous scenarios.
Synthesis and characterization of pH-sensitive poly(N-2-hydroxyethyl acrylamide)–acrylic acid (poly(HEAA/AA)) nanogels with antifouling protection for controlled release

Major challenges in the development of effective stimuli-responsive nanogels as targeted drug and gene delivery carriers are to improve biocompatibility, stability, and controlled release during systemic circulation. In this work, biofunctional nanogels based on copolymers of poly(N-2-hydroxyethyl acrylamide) (polyHEAA) and acrylic acid (AA) with controlled size and morphology are synthesized using an inverse-microemulsion free-radical polymerization method. The chemical composition, size, swelling behavior, physical stability, and antifouling ability of the poly(HEAA/AA) nanogels are characterized by FTIR, dynamic light scattering, and atomic force microscopy. The cell viability and uptake of the nanogels are evaluated under physiological conditions. The controlled release of drugs in the nanogels is measured in both aqueous media and cell culture upon changes in pH and salt concentration. The poly(HEAA/AA) nanogels exhibit both superlow fouling ability to resist nonspecific protein adsorption and ultrastability to keep their hydrodynamic sizes unchanged in 100% human blood plasma for 30 days in vitro. The controlled release of Rhodamine 6G encapsulated in poly(HEAA/AA) nanogels is demonstrated at a low pH and high salt concentration. More importantly, the conjugation of transferrin with poly(HEAA/AA) nanogels allows the uptake of nanogels by SH-SY5Y cells and triggering of intracellular drug release, while not inducing cytotoxicity to cells similar to innate cell viability. HEAA/AA-based nanogels hold great potential as drug delivery carriers in vivo, because they integrate ultrastability, superlow fouling ability, and environmental-responsive controlled release property into one chemical entity.
Serotonin function in panic disorder: intravenous administration of meta-chlorophenylpiperazine.

A placebo-controlled study of the direct serotonin receptor agonist meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (MCPP), intravenously infused over 90 s in a 0.06 mg/kg dose, was conducted in 10 patients with panic disorder and 9 normal control subjects. Cortisol, MCPP serum levels, and behavioral responses were measured over a 180-min period. MCPP induced equivalent cortisol release and behavioral responses in both groups. Differences between intravenous and oral administration of MCPP are discussed, and the present findings are related to the serotonergic hypothesis of panic disorder.
Radiation safety issues with high activities of liquid I-125: Techniques and experience

The handling of a liquid radioactive source is a procedure that is uncommon for the average clinical medical physicist. A newly approved treatment device utilizes high activities of liquid I-125 solution as the source of radiation. The radiation safety issues and our experience utilizing high activity liquid I-125 sources are presented. To date we have treated 22 patients with infused activities ranging up to 26.8 GBq (724 mCi). The careful manipulation of such solutions is important to maintain a safe environment for the patients and the involved medical staff. 2003 American College of Medical Physics.
Choosing Therapy for Childhood Asthma

Inhaled corticosteroids remain the primary long-term treatment for controlling childhood asthma. Sodium cromoglycate (cromolyn sodium) and nedocromil sodium are both well tolerated, but usually less effective, alternatives to corticosteroids. Long-acting beta(2)-agonists (beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonists) may be useful adjuncts in patients already receiving inhaled corticosteroids who require frequent use of short-acting bronchodilators or experience nocturnal exacerbations (i.e. overall asthma control suboptimal). Theophylline has bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory effects and may also be used as an adjunct to inhaled corticosteroids. Leukotriene receptor antagonists are now an alternative as monotherapy in young children with mild persistent asthma, or as adjunctive therapy with inhaled corticosteroids as well. Short-acting inhaled beta(2)-agonists or other short-acting bronchodilators should be used as needed for acute episodes. For inhaled delivery, metered-dose inhalers with spacer devices (holding chambers) may be used as the delivery system in many patients, but the choice of inhalation method must be individualised, based largely on patient acceptance and compliance. Systemic corticosteroids may be used to gain prompt control when initiating long-term therapy in patients with severe, persistent asthma that does not respond to inhaled medication or in patients who are unable to take inhaled medication. The anti-immunoglobulin E antibody, omalizumab, is a novel therapy that attacks a fundamental immunopathological process of asthma and has shown promising results in several clinical trials.
Collaborating around the tabletop

In romantic visions of yesteryear, the idyllic nuclear family gathered around the kitchen table to share a bountiful dinner meal or the extended family came together around the dining-room table for a traditional holiday feast. These were occasions for lively and significant discussions, where consequential decisions emerged or were proclaimed and in which traditions were enacted and passed on. In such conversations, memorable interchanges took place spontaneously, without generally being planned or even in contrast to intentions brought to the table. How did the physical and social setting of the occasion open up a space across the tabletop in which discourses could form of their own volition? How did things come to word, which none of the participants had in mind beforehand or would have come up with on their own? Several years ago in the introduction to an issue of this journal (Stahl 2007), we imagined a group of people meeting around a primordial tribal fire (see Fig. 1). They discussed the dialectical relationship between the fire as a spiritual phenomenon and the individual logs that contributed to its continuing existence. Participants in the discussion exchanged questions and perspectives, building a multi-vocal network of utterances that reflected the complexity of the relationship. The discussion of the emergence of the tribal fire from the burning logs served as a metaphor for the problem of the relationship of group cognition to individual thinking. The questions and reflections of the tribal members mirrored theories influential in CSCL research, from mental models to distributed cognition, activity theory, and actor-network theory. The articles in that issue of the journal exemplified various positions within CSCL analogous to those in the mythical discourse of the tribe. Conversation around the fire was paradigmatic of oral society. The answering of questions and the relating of narratives were knowledge-disseminating and knowledgebuilding mechanisms for unmediated verbal interaction. In literate society, texts like professional journals can open analogous “spaces” in which knowledge can be built and archived for communities such as research fields. In the digital age, technologies like wikis can play a similar role, at least in theory. Imagine a mature Wikipedia page that presents a fairly coherent view, with a subtle intertwining of numerous thematic threads. Assume that the page has grown through a Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (2011) 6:485–490 DOI 10.1007/s11412-011-9135-7
A kinetic model for comparing proteolytic processing activity and inhibitor resistance potential of mutant HIV-1 proteases.

Abstract A kinetic model is presented for the comparison of potential proteolytic processing activities of wild-type and mutant human immunodeficiency virus proteases in the presence and absence of protease inhibitors. The protease processing of gag substrate in the immature virions is assessed by the kinetic parameters, kcat, Km and Ki. The relationship of the estimated potential processing activities to the viability of the HIV mutants and their tendencies to resist inhibitors also are discussed. A fully developed model has the potential to simulate the results of inhibitor resistance either in vivo or in cell culture.
Comparison of high-dose and medium-dose propranolol in the relief of exercise-induced myocardial ischemia.

Abstract The effects of medium-dose (160 mg/day) and high-dose (480 mg/day) oral propranolol were compared in 22 patients who had typical angina pectoris and objective evidence of myocardial ischemia during exercise. Left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) and wall motion score (WMS) (an index of regional LV dysfunction) were assessed by radionuclide angiography both at rest and during exercise to the pretreatment maximum work load. Functional class improved in 11 of the 22 patients during medium-dose propranolol therapy. Medium-dose propranolol reduced mean resting heart rate from 71 to 55 beats/min, exercise heart rate from 122 to 93 beats/min, and exercise systolic blood pressure from 183 to 162 mm Hg (p Thus, in patients with coronary artery disease and exercise-induced ischemia, propranolol reduced heart rate and blood pressure and the incidence of exercise-induced chest pain, electrocardiographic changes, and ischemic LV dysfunction. Although most of these effects were seen with medium-dose propranolol, higher doses provided additional relief of chest pain and S-T segment depression, and further improved global and regional LV function in several patients.
The Design, Development, and Evaluation of a Systematic Method for English Diction in Choral Performance:

This study is concerned with the design, development, implementation, and evaluation of a standardized method for teaching English diction for choral music performance. Review and analysis of vario...
Increase in pyrolytic carbon optical anisotropy and density during processing of coated particle fuel due to heat treatment

Abstract Measurements of pyrolytic carbon optical anisotropy and density have been made on a series of tri-isotropic (TRISO) coated particles prepared for the United States Department of Energy’s Advanced Gas Reactor Fuel Development and Qualification (AGR) program. These measurements show the effect of varying the deposition conditions, especially the deposition temperature, on the density and optical anisotropy of the carbon layers. Additional heat treatment studies of the coated particles at various stages illustrate the strong effect of post-deposition thermal processing on these two pyrolytic carbon properties. Such post-deposition heat treatment occurs during SiC deposition and fuel compact firing, resulting in increased anisotropy and density of the pyrolytic carbon layers.
Verbal fluency performance in amnestic MCI and older adults with cognitive complaints.

Verbal fluency tests are employed regularly during neuropsychological assessments of older adults, and deficits are a common finding in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Little extant research, however, has investigated verbal fluency ability and subtypes in preclinical stages of neurodegenerative disease. We examined verbal fluency performance in 107 older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI, n = 37), cognitive complaints (CC, n = 37) despite intact neuropsychological functioning, and demographically matched healthy controls (HC, n = 33). Participants completed fluency tasks with letter, semantic category, and semantic switching constraints. Both phonemic and semantic fluency were statistically (but not clinically) reduced in amnestic MCI relative to cognitively intact older adults, indicating subtle changes in the quality of the semantic store and retrieval slowing. Investigation of the underlying constructs of verbal fluency yielded two factors: Switching (including switching and shifting tasks) and Production (including letter, category, and action naming tasks), and both factors discriminated MCI from HC albeit to different degrees. Correlational findings further suggested that all fluency tasks involved executive control to some degree, while those with an added executive component (i.e., switching and shifting) were less dependent on semantic knowledge. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of including multiple verbal fluency tests in assessment batteries targeting preclinical dementia populations and suggest that individual fluency tasks may tap specific cognitive processes.
Activity of Three 8-Hydroxyquinoline Derivatives Against In Vitro Dental Plaque

Three 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives, assessed using an in vitro preformed dental plaque model system, were differentially inhibitory for four plaque-forming microorganisms.
Bone Health and the Female Athlete Triad in Adolescent Athletes

Peak bone mass (PBM) is a negative predictor of osteoporosis and lifelong fracture risk. Because osteoporosis is such a prevalent disease with life-threatening consequences, it is important to try to maximize PBM. Adolescence is a critical period for bone acquisition. This article discusses some of the differences in male and female skeletal development and modifiable factors that enhance bone accrual in this age group, particularly in athletes. Hormonal influences, effects of physical activity, and nutritional contributions are included, with a focus on the adolescent athlete. Emphasis is placed on the importance of appropriate energy availability in this age group. We also review prevention and treatment strategies for the female athlete triad (ie, the inter-relationship of decreased energy availability, menstrual irregularity, and low bone density) in adolescents and athletic women. Recommendations for maximizing bone density in both male and female adolescents are discussed.
Diagenesis and convection reflected in pore water chemistry on the western flank of the East Pacific Rise, 20 degrees south

Abstract NO 3 − , PO 4 3− , SiO 2 , total alkalinity (TA), Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ and O 2 were measured in seventeen in situ pore water profiles at 3 sites on the western flank of the East Pacific Rise at 20° S latitude. The top 1–2 m of the sediment was oxic at all sites. Stoichiometric modeling shows the CN of the decomposing organic matter to be about 106/6.6 while CP ranges from 106/0.7 to 106/0.25. The TA rise is greater than predicted by models assuming calcite saturation. suggesting that phases other than calcite are important in the alkalinity balance and control of CaCO 3 saturation. At Site III (crustal age 4.6 Myr), anomalous pore water NO 3 − and SiO 2 profiles were observed in areas of high heat flow (and inferred upwelling of pore waters through sediments) and low heat flow (and inferred downwelling). NO 3 − and SiO 2 profiles at the high heat flow site support the heat flow evidence for upwelling; the low heat flow NO 3 − and SiO 2 profiles give equivocal evidence for downwelling. No hydrothermal Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , or F − anomalies were observed in the upwelling pore waters, suggesting the absence of significant water/rock reactions during convection at this site.
Sleep as a Mediator in the Pathway Linking Environmental Factors to Hypertension: A Review of the Literature

Environmental factors, such as noise exposure and air pollution, are associated with hypertension. These environmental factors also affect sleep quality. Given the growing evidence linking sleep quality with hypertension, the purpose of this review is to investigate the role of sleep as a key mediator in the association between hypertension and environmental factors. Through this narrative review of the extant literature, we highlight that poor sleep quality mediates the relationship between environmental factors and hypertension. The conceptual model proposed in this review offers opportunities to address healthcare disparities in hypertension among African Americans by highlighting the disparate impact that the predictors (environmental factors) and mediator (sleep) have on the African-American community. Understanding the impact of these factors is crucial since the main outcome variable (hypertension) severely burdens the African-American community.
Temperature distribution in swirling jets.

Abstract Analytical solutions of the energy equation are obtained showing strong effects of flow swirl:(a) significant increase in heat exchange, (b) heat isolation of a wall, (c) formation of temperature fronts and (d) flame stabilization in vortex burners. Two problems are studied in detail: (i) a point source of heat at the origin of a swirling jet submerged in an infinite fluid and (ii) heat transfer from an isothermal wall near a swirling jet. The paper explains the physical mechanism of effects (a–d) and shows the means to control them.
Antihistamine therapy in experimental shock.

SummaryThe administration of Benadryl or Thephorin to rats subjected to tourniquet shock tended to increase mortality if given in relatively large doses. Dogs in burn shock treated with Benadryl did not differ significantly from untreated controls with respect to mortality, blood pressure, hematocrit, and blood and serum specific gravity.
High performance liquid chromatography of carbon-11 labeled thymidine and its major catabolites for clinical PET studies

Abstract The identity and pharmacology of the rapidly formed radiolabeled metabolites formed following i.v. injection of C-11 thymidine (TdR) labeled in the 5-methyl-position are being studied in animal models and patients with cancer. A high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure has been developed for the separation of these metabolites including thymine, dihydrothymine, β-ureidoisobutyric acid, and β-aminoisobutyric acid from plasma and tissue extracts. Information obtained regarding the pharmacokinetics of the metabolites are being used to generate mathematical models for C-11 TdR incorporation rates into DNA.
A review of genome-scale metabolic flux modeling of anaerobiosis in biotechnology

The genome-scale metabolic flux modeling of anaerobic metabolism relevant to biotechnology has recently expanded in focus. In particular, there is interest in modeling facultative anaerobes (including yeast) to learn how to effectively eliminate microaerobic environments in favor of anaerobiosis. This is advantageous to bioprocessing and maximizes product formation from metabolic pathways that require substantial reducing power. Recent modeling efforts have also focused on CO/CO2 and lignocellulosic sugar utilization for the production of advanced biofuels and chemicals. Several genome-scale models (GEMs), representing diverse metabolic traits, now exist for the non-pathogenic clostridia, methanogen, and Geobacter spp. obligate anaerobes, and microbial consortia interactions are now being modeled. Several new modeling tools to automate GEM construction, incorporate −omics datasets, and derive metabolic engineering strategies can now apply to anaerobiosis.
Interplanetary dust in the transmission electron microscope - Diverse materials from the early solar system

An analytical electron microscope study of dispersed interplanetary dust aggregates collected in the earth's stratosphere shows that, in spite of their similarities, the aggregates exhibit significant differences in composition, internal morphology, and mineralogy. Of 11 chondritic particles examined, two consist mostly of a noncrystalline chondritic material with an atomic S/Fe ratio equal to or greater than 2 in places, one consists of submicron metal and reduced silicate 'microchondrules' and sulfide grains embedded in a carbonaceous matrix, and another consists of submicron magnetic-decorated unequilibrated silicate and sulfide grains with thick low-Z coatings. Although the particles are unmetamorphosed by criteria commonly applied for chondritic meteorites, the presence of reduced chemistries and the ubiquity of mafic, instead of hydrated, silicates confirm that they are not simply C1 or C2 chondrite matrix material. The observations indicate that portions of some particles have not been significantly altered by thermal or radiation processes since their assembly, and that the particles probably contain fine debris from diverse processes in the early solar system.
STRANGULATION OF COTTON ROOTS

In 1923, specimens of a peculiar and, until recently, puzzling cotton root trouble were received. The specimens were of cotton plants with welldeveloped tops but with extremely shallow and very greatly reduced root systems (fig. 1 a). There was no indication of attack by fungi or bacteria, nor of injury by insects, rodents, or farm implements, to account for the shortened roots ; yet it was difficult to explain how such large plants could have developed without more extensive root systems. These specimens were from widely separated points in Texas : Mercedes, Eloise, El Campo, and Chillicothe. We have had no further record of this condition on cotton in this state until the past season. However, affected cotton plants were received in 1924 from W. E. Ayres, then Assistant Director of the Delta Branch Experiment Station at Stoneville, Mississippi ; from Dr. V. H. Young, of the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station; and from Burdette, Arkansas. During the summer of 1929, many specimens were again received from cotton planters in different parts of the State, including the four places where affected plants had been found in 1923. Affected plants were also collected by the writers from cotton fields near Itasca, Buna, Cameron, Palmer, and Von Ormy. It was possible for the first time to study the root systems of affected plants in place in the field. Cotton growers referred to such cotton plants as "rootless cotton, 77 "flat-foot,77 "club-foot/7 and "bumble-foot.77 These terms are undesirable since the affected plants actually possessed well-developed roots, which, however, were constricted just below ground. The name "root strangulation77 appears more appropriate and is suggested. Cotton root strangulation has appeared only sporadically, and is of economic importance only in limited areas. In affected fields, in 1929, losses from dead plants ranged from 3 to 8 per cent, of the stand. Many of the affected plants died early in the season, before the bolls were fully developed, while there were often one to five normal bolls on other plants. Description
Differential sensitivity of IgA proteins of different subclasses and allotypes to reduction of disulfide bonds and digestion by streptococcal protease.

Abstract Twenty purified IgA proteins were typed for subclass and allotype serologically and immunochemically. Spontaneous release of light chain dimers was studied in correlation with susceptibility to streptococcal protease and, in a smaller group, the ability to interact with staphylococcal protein A. As a rule serological and immunochemical typing agreed, but the results differed for two proteins. In one case the discrepancy could be attributed to contamination of an IgAl protein with IgA2 A2m (1) molecules or, more likely, to the existence of an IgA2 A2m (1) protein with disulfide bonds joining the heavy and light chains. The second case was apparently a mistyping, since the protein behaved as IgA1 by all immunochemical criteria and the reaction with anti-IgA2 A2m (1) was weak. Upon incomplete reduction of interchain bonds, most of the IgAl proteins and all the IgA2 A2m (1) proteins released predominantly H2 subunits; but in a small number of IgA1 proteins, release of HL subunits was equal to or greater than the release of H2, suggesting that additional serotypes of IgA remain to be defined.
The role of the zinc finger motif and of the residues at the amino terminus in the function of yeast ribosomal protein YL37a.

Abstract YL37a is an essential yeast ribosomal protein that has a C2-C2 zinc finger motif. Replacement of the cysteine residues had yielded variants that lacked the capacity to bind zinc but still supported cell growth. In a continuation of an examination of the relation of the structure of YL37a to its function, the contribution of amino acid residues in the intervening sequence between the internal cysteine residues of the motif was evaluated. Substitutions of alanine for the lysine residues at positions 44, 45, or 48, or for arginine 49 slowed cell growth. The most severe effect was caused by a double-mutation, K48A-R49A. A mutation of tryptophan 55 to alanine was lethal. Mutations to alanine of six conserved residues (K6, K7, K13, Y14, R17, and Y18) in the amino-terminal region decreased cell growth; the Y14 mutation was lethal. An in vitro assay for binding of YL37a to individual 26 S rRNA domains was developed. Binding of the recombinant fusion protein MBP-YL37a was to domains II and III; the Kd for binding to domain II was 79 nM; for domain III it was 198 nM. There was a close correspondence between the effect of mutations in YL37a on cell growth and on binding to 26 S rRNA. In the atomic structure of the 50 S subunit of Haloarcula marismortui, the archaebacteria homolog of yeast YL37a, L37ae, coordinates a zinc atom and the finger motif is folded and interacts mainly with domain III of 23 S rRNA; whereas the amino-terminal region of L37ae interacts primarily with domain II. The biochemical and genetic experiments complement the three-dimensional structure and define for the first time the functional importance of a subset of the residues in close proximity to nucleotides.
Density Functional Theory Study of Transition-Metal Compounds Containing Metal−Metal Bonds. 1. Molecular Structures of Dinuclear Compounds by Complete Geometry Optimization

Complete geometry optimizations were carried out by methods of density functional theory to study molecular structures of dinuclear transition-metal compounds containing metal−metal bonds of various orders. It is shown that the structures of the dinuclear compounds can be accurately predicted by DFT methods. In particular, we show that accurate geometry optimization can be performed efficiently by using small basis sets in the calculations. Furthermore, an effective core potential approximation may be incorporated into the DFT calculations for computational effectiveness without losing much accuracy. The molecules included in this study were M2(O2CH)4 (M = Nb, Mo, Tc), M2(HNCHNH)4 (M = Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh), M2(HNNNH)4 (M = Mo, Ru, Rh), and M2Cl4(PH3)4 (M = Nb, Mo, Tc).
FURTHER ANALYSIS OF PICTURE INTERFERENCE WHEN TEACHING WORD RECOGNITION TO CHILDREN WITH AUTISM

Previous research indicates that pairing pictures with associated words when teaching sight-word reading may hinder acquisition (e.g., Didden, Prinsen, & Sigafoos, 2000; Singh & Solman, 1990; Solman & Singh, 1992). The purpose of the current study was to determine whether this phenomenon was due to a previously learned association between the spoken word and picture (i.e., blocking) or due to the mere presence of a picture as an extrastimulus prompt (i.e., overshadowing). Three participants were taught to recognize words that were presented alone or paired with pictures that the participants either could or could not identify prior to training. All participants learned the words more quickly when they were presented alone rather than with pictures, regardless of their prior learning history with respect to pictures representing the words. This finding is consistent with the phenomenon of overshadowing. Nonetheless, consistent with blocking, all participants also acquired the words presented alone more quickly if they could not identify the associated pictures prior to training. Together, these findings have important implications for using prompts when teaching skills to individuals with developmental disabilities.
Separation of vitamin K and associated lipids by reversed-phase partition column chromatography.

Abstract A reversed-phase partition chromatographic procedure is described that effectively separates isoprenologs of vitamin K and ubiquinone, other fat-soluble vitamins, and associated lipids. The method is adaptable to a wide range of fat-soluble substances and conveniently used for preparative purification.
Thermal stresses in optical fibers: Fluid core assumption

Abstract Comparison with a viscoelastic analysis shows that, for a step-index optical waveguide, the “fluid core” assumption provides a better approximation to the thermal stresses than the “elastic core” assumption. In this paper, we present an analysis of the stresses in a graded-index fiber, based on the fluid core assumption. A more realistic estimate of the setting temperature is also provided. The influence of the calculated stresses on the refractive index profile is shown to be significant.
VCSELs at Honeywell: The story continues

Honeywell continues to be the world’s leading supplier of VCSELs operating at 850 nm. This paper will cover new commercial application areas for 850-nm VCSELs, and will present new findings in VCSEL reliability science. In particular, newly-developing applications drive requirements for ever more reliable VCSEL design and fabrication, and for improvements in controls for ESD (electrostatic discharge) and EOS (electrical overstress) at manufacturing facilities both for VCSEL components and for higher-level assemblies employing VCSEL components. Honeywell efforts toward improvement of reliability and toward reduction of ESD exposure are described, as is an alternative approach to improving reliability of systems containing VCSELs without compromising their performance.
Form‐Function Correspondences in Children's Inference

Perceptual similarity among concept members has been viewed as inadequate to motivate concept formation. Instead, it has been argued that intuitive beliefs about the world offer more structured motivation for concepts. Our research explores children's beliefs about the relations between perceptually based similarity among things and their predicted behaviors. We focus on form-function correspondences as fundamental components of very young children's belief systems. Groups of 2- and 4-year-old children were asked to choose which of 2 line-drawn animals evidenced a particular "function," a special behavior. Even the youngest children showed sensitivity to form-function correspondences by selecting the animal whose form afforded the particular function. A second study investigated how form-function correspondences affect the relative influences of perceptual similarity and shared labels over patterns of children's inference. Perceptual similarity, if "motivated" by intuitive beliefs about correspondences between form and function, was found to be sufficient basis for inference and a more robust basis than shared labels when children attributed meaningful functions to novel animal forms.
Intestinal bypass and zinc.

Excerpt To the editor: The recent observations of decreased zinc and copper levels in patients after intestinal bypass procedures in the absence of skin lesions seems, at first glance, to be an obs...
Hereditary Pancreatitis: Endoscopic and Surgical Management

Hereditary pancreatitis is a rare cause of chronic pancreatitis. In recent years, genetic mutations have been characterized. The rarity of this disorder has resulted in a gap in clinical knowledge. The aims were to characterize patients with hereditary pancreatitis and establish clinical guidelines. Pediatric and adult endoscopic, surgical, radiologic, and genetic databases from 1998 to 2012 were searched. Patients with recurrent acute or chronic pancreatitis and genetic mutation for either PRSS-1, SPINK-1, or CFTR or those who met the family history criteria were included. Patients with pancreatitis due to other causes, without a positive family history, familial pancreatic cancer, or cystic fibrosis, were excluded. Eighty-seven patients were identified. Genetic testing confirmed the diagnosis in 54 patients (62 %). Eighty-five patients (98 %) underwent 263 endoscopic procedures including sphincterotomy (72 %), stone removal (49 %), and pancreatic duct stenting (82 %). Twenty-eight patients (32 %) have undergone 37 operations which included 19 resections and 18 drainage procedures. The interval between procedures for recurrent pain was longer for surgery than for endoscopic therapy (9.1 vs. 3.4 years, p < 0.05). Most children and young adults with hereditary pancreatitis can be managed initially with endoscopic therapy. When surgery is undertaken, the procedure should be tailored to the pancreatic anatomy and cancer risk.
Improved pregnancy outcome with gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a) stimulation is due to the improvement in oocyte quantity rather than quality.

The impact of gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a) on the quality and quantity of oocytes harvested in in vitro fertilization—embryo transfer (IVF-ET) patients was studied by comparing the results for patients stimulated with gonadotropin alone and with gonadotropin plus GnRH-a. Adding GnRH-a significantly improved the viable pregnancies per transfer and reduced the spontaneous abortions, which seemed to improve oocyte quality. However, when oocyte quality was evaluated by the fertilization rate and the implantation and delivery rates per embryos transferred, there were no significant difference in the results, indicating that GnRH-a did not improve the oocyte quality. On the other hand, GnRH-a significantly increased the average number of oocytes harvested, fertilized, and transferred, and this increased number of oocytes transferred has been demonstrated to increase pregnancy and multiple-pregnancy rates. Multiple pregnancy with more embryos implanted would significantly reduce the abortion rate. Abortion rates decreased inversely to the number of embryos implanted. Our data strongly suggest that the efficacy of GnRH-a on IVF-ET patients was due more to the quantity increase than the quality of embryos transferred.
Nylon surface modification: 2. Nylon-supported composite films.

We have developed techniques for the introduction of reactive functional groups to nylon surfaces via site-specific reactions targeting at the naturally abundant amide repeating units on the surface. In this report, we describe the fabrication of nylon-supported composite surfaces using the most efficient modification methods we have developed. N-Alkylation with (3-glycidoxypropyl)triethoxysilane (GPTES) in the presence of potassium tert-butoxide (t-BuOK) leads to surfaces with silica-like reactivity. Subsequent chemical vapor deposition using tetrachlorosilane (SiCl4) and water results in composite films with a thin layer of silica, which was made hydrophobic by reaction with a fluorinated silane reagent. Reduction of the amide groups with borane−THF (BH3−THF) complex leads to a 69% conversion of surface amides to the corresponding secondary amine groups. Alginate was chosen as the model polyelectrolyte for the introduction of a hydrated surface layer. Because of the strong electrostatic interaction betw...
A procedure for computer analysis of data from macromolecule-ligand binding studies.

Abstract A procedure for fitting macromolecule-ligand binding data to a mathematical model using computer techniques is described. The computer algorithm for carrying out this procedure together with a flow diagram of the main program are presented. Using this procedure, the choice of an appropriate model is made from computed results, and the subjective bias often associated with hand-drawn graphical methods is avoided. In addition, estimates of the statistical standard errors of the binding constants are obtained, and information concerning the validity of the model is provided. The output obtained from the computer is displayed in both tabular and graphical form.
Effects of Milk-Borne Insulin-Like Growth Factors-I or -II (IGF-I or -II) on Growth of the Artificially Reared (AR) Suckling Rat

Effects of Milk-Borne Insulin-Like Growth Factors-I or -II (IGF-I or -II) on Growth of the Artificially Reared (AR) Suckling Rat
On Uzbek "Nationalization"

(2006). On Uzbek 'Nationalization' Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia: Vol. 44, No. 4, pp. 80-85.
The kinetic assembly of the intrinsic bovine factor X activation system

Abstract The activation of bovine factor X by bovine factors IXaα and IXaβ has been examined under conditions of progressive assembly of the complete intrinsic activation system, i.e., factor X/factor IXa/Ca 2+ /phospholipid (PL)/factor VIIIa. In the presence of Ca 2+ , and the absence of PL and factor VIIIa, factor IXaα is a more efficient enzyme than factor IXaβ toward factor X activation, primarily due to the much higher k cat for the factor IXaα-catalyzed reaction. Analysis of the steady-state kinetic properties, after addition of PL (mixtures of phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylserine) to the factor X/ factor IXa/Ca 2+ activation system, shows that the mechanism most closely follows a nonessential activation scheme, where the true substrate is the factor X/Ca 2+ /PL complex. The presence of PL results in a large (1–2 orders of magnitude) increase of the k cat for factor IXaβ, but does not substantially affect the steady-state kinetic constants of the factor IXaα-catalyzed reaction. Examination of the steady-state activation kinetics of factor X, after addition of factor VIIIa to factor X/factor IXa/Ca 2+ /PL, demonstrates that the mechanism is most consistent with a nonessential activation scheme of fluid phase substrate (factor X) being activated by a PL-bound enzyme system (factor IXa/ Ca 2+ /factor VIIIa/PL). The presence of factor VIIIa stimulated the rates of factor X activation by factor IXaβ/Ca 2+ /PL by 1–2 orders of magnitude. Qualitatively similar behavior was noted for the factor IXaα-catalyzed activation. The results of this manuscript show that, in the presence of Ca 2+ and absence of other cofactors, factor IXaα is a much more efficient enzyme for factor X activation, as compared to factor IXaβ. This is likely due to effects on the system resulting from covalent retention of the negatively charged activation peptide, by factor IXaα. However, the enzymatic activity of factor IXaβ shows a far better response to cofactors, particularly PL, than factor IXaα, thereby rendering factor IXaβ the more efficient enzyme in the complete intrinsic activation system.
The Revised Personal Lifestyle Questionnaire for Early Adolescents

The purposes of this study were to revise the Personal Lifestyle Questionnaire (PLQ), a measure of positive health practices, for use with early adolescents and to provide evidence of reliability and validity for the revised PLQ instrument. The sample consisted of 224 seventh and eighth graders who responded to the revised PLQ and instruments measuring three theoretically relevant variables. Relative to the revised PLQ, content validity was established, construct validity was determined by support of three hypotheses derived from theoretical propositions, and a two factor solution was accepted in factor analysis procedures using principal components analysis with Varimax rotation. Acceptable reliabilities were obtained on the total revised PLQ and Factor 1; the reliability for Factor 2 fell slightly below the acceptable standard.
Correlation of the "EMIT" with a gas-liquid chromatographic method for determination of antiepileptic drugs in plasma.

AbstractWe report a study of the comparison of antiepileptic drugs (pheno-barbital, phenytoin, primidone, and carbarnazepine) by the Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique “EMIT” and the gas chromatography (GLC) method. Overall, reasonable correlations were observed for all of the above-mentioned assays by both methods in the majority of samples included in this study. Our observations for statistical and clinical differences at various levels of phenobarbital and phenytoin are discussed. A suggestion is provided in order to avoid a major discrepancy (approximately 30% higher values by EMIT vs GLC) in results observed from the “Bottom of the Bottle Effect” for EMIT reagent.
Proactive Responding to Anticipated Discrimination Based on Chronic Illness: Double-Edged Sword?

Purpose Proactive strategies for avoiding stigmatization may prevent work-related discrimination (Singletary and Hebl J Appl Psychol 94:797–805, 2009), yet these strategies may also cause strain in the stigmatized. We tested a model in which previous workplace discrimination experiences and anticipated future workplace discrimination related to proactive responses (compensatory behaviors and concealing behaviors), which, in turn, related to job tension.
Debt and the Built Urban Environment: Examining the Growth of Urban Slums in the Less Developed Countries, 1990–2010

The present study examines the influence of external debt on the change in the proportion of the total population living in urban slum conditions in the less developed countries between 1990 and 2010, drawing from a political economy of the world-system theoretical perspective. Ordinary least squares panel regression illustrates external debt as a percent of gross national income has a statistically significant positive effect producing higher levels of urban slum growth. This result is recurrent across all developing countries but is particularly strong among sub-Saharan African nations. Further, urban population growth 1960–1990 exhibits a positive effect contributing to higher urban slum growth. The results support the hypothesis that external debt burden is an important factor contributing to higher levels of urban slum growth in the less developed countries between 1990 and 2010. This effect, moreover, is particularly strong among sub-Saharan African countries relative to developing countries within ...
Impaired polyclonal T cell cytolytic activity. A possible risk factor for systemic lupus erythematosus.

Objective. To determine whether impaired generation of polyclonal T cell cytolytic activity is over-represented in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) compared with other rheumatologic diseases and whether such impaired generation of cytolytic activity waxes and wanes with disease activity and/or changes in medications. Methods. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 84 SLE patients, 55 rheumatologic disease (RD) controls, and 44 normal subjects were stimulated with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody, maintained in interleukin-2, and assayed for cytolytic activity against 51Cr-labeled Daudi target cells. Results. Generation of cytolytic activity was significantly lower in SLE patients than in either RD or normal controls. Abnormal cytolytic responses in SLE could not be attributed to the patient's sex, race, age, disease activity, or antirheumatic medications (including corticosteroids and cytotoxics), although both SLE and RD patients taking azathioprine (AZA) manifested lower responses than did corresponding patients not taking AZA. Abnormal cytolytic activity reflected, in large measure, impaired cytolytic activity of CD8+ T cells. No significant difference in the generation of cytolytic activity between RD and normal controls was detected. Conclusion. Impaired generation of polyclonal T cell cytolytic activity may be a predisposing factor in the development of SLE.
Human prostatic reverse transcriptase and RNA-virus.

Methods for the assay of the RNA-dependent DNA polymerase which has the characteristics of the enzyme in murine leukemia virus have been adapted for study of extracts of human prostate in a search for RNA viral activity. Of the extracts from a total of 25 glands submitted to the evolved screening procedure 6 or 24% proved active enough to warrant further characterization, including tests of template dependence and specificity. In this set the extract from a carcinoma proved far more potent than any of the five coming from benign hyperplastic glands. It was not only dependent upon the presence of template but was a lot more responsive to the template most effective with virus, i. e., poly rA · oligo T (12 to 18) than with poly rA · poly T. Finally, the elution pattern of this extract's enzyme activity closely resembled that obtained from authentic viral extract. It was concluded from these preliminary experiences that this analytical scheme may be a simple means to investigate viral association with prostatic cancer.
Visual control of cursorial prey pursuit by tiger beetles (Cicindelidae)

Target detection poses problems for moving animals, such as tiger beetles, that track targets visually. The pursuer's movements degrade target image contrast and induce reafferent image movement that confounds continuous detection of prey. In nature, beetles pursue prey discontinuously with several iterations of stop-and-go running. The beetle's dynamics were analyzed by filming pursuits of prey or experimenter-controlled dummies. Durations of stops are inversely related to prey visual angular velocity; as the prey image moves between neighboring ommatidial fields, the beetle relocalizes it and renews running. During subsequent runs, translation and rotation depend upon prey visual angular velocity and position, respectively, seen during the previous stop. The beetle runs, then stops, while prey continues moving. After two to three iterations of stop-and-go the beetle catches its prey, suggesting open-loop control of running. Computational model simulations produce good qualitative spatio-temporal fit with actual pursuits. However, when pursuing prey dummies, beetles track continuously and quickly follow changes in target position, suggesting closed-loop control using a position-sensitive servo mechanism. Differences between these types of pursuit control system are discussed with respect to limitations in signal detection, particularly spatio-temporal contrast, that may force beetles to use an open-loop system.