cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Internal Pressure of the Human Meniscal Attachments During Physiological and Pathological Loading

Knee menisci are semi-lunar, fibrocartilaginous structures that convert applied compressive loads to circumferential hoop stresses which are attenuated at the tibial plateau via the meniscal attachments [1]. These specialized interfaces, located at the lateral anterior (LA), lateral posterior (LP), medial anterior (MA), and medial posterior (MP) horns, are crucial to maintaining mechanical functionality of menisci, thereby preventing osteoarthritis [2]. Soft-tissues subjected to compression and shear loads are known to possess proteoglycans, which aid in resisting these applied stresses by retaining interstitial fluid [1]. Interestingly, proteoglycans are also known to be present at the meniscus to bone interface [3]. Despite the presence of these biphasic attachments and their important role in joint load transfer, there have been no quantitative investigations of the mechanical environment within these attachments under physiological and pathological loads. Recent development of a novel pressure microsensor now allows direct observation of fluid pressure, which will aid in understanding the internal mechanical environment within the attachment sites. Previous work indicates that the attachment sites are geometrically, mechanically, and histologically different [4], thus it is hypothesized that the fluid pressures would likewise differ.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Early time expansions for sedimentation of weakly nonideal solutions

An expansion valid for short times is presented for the rectangular approximation to the Lamm equation when the sedimentation coefficient can be expressed as s = S0(1−kc). The expansion allows the study of meniscus perturbations on the Faxen approximation, as well as a determination of when reflections from the base become significant.
Comparative growth of juvenile white sturgeon and striped bass: Effects of temperature and hypoxia

The influences of temperature and environmental hypoxia on the growth rates of two California anadromous fishes, white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) and striped bass (Morone saxatilis) were examined. Fish (0.5–0.6 g initial weight) were fedad libitum rations ofArtemia in flow-through aquaria regulated for temperature (15, 20, and 25°C) and oxygen tension (130 and 90 torr Po 2). Growth of sturgeon was significantly greater at 20 °C compared with 15 °C, but there was no difference between 20 and 25 °C. Striped bass growth increased with each 5° increment of temeprature elevation to 3.2% body weight per d at 25 °C, the fastest growth rate measured. The temperature of maximum growth reflected the temperature of the native estuarine rearing area. Environmental hypoxia (90 torr Po 2) reduced growth of sturgeon within each temperature level, whereas striped bass growth was reduced by hypoxia only at the upper two temperatures. Sturgeon were much more active in the growth chambers than striped bass. Sturgeon activity increased with each 5 °C temperature increase under normoxia and hypoxia, except at 25 °C (hypoxia) where activity was insignificantly different from that at 20 °C (hypoxia).
Work and Heart Disease I. A Physiologic Study in the Factory

Sixty-two factory workers, 36 with heart disease, and 26 healthy control subjects, were studied during a typical day's work. Observations of energy expenditure, pulmonary ventilation, pulse rate and electrocardiogram are reported and analyzed in relation to the type of work, the influence of heart disease, and possible objective evidence of fatigue.
Simulating the Effects of Alternative Forest Management Strategies on Landscape Structure

Quantitative, spatial tools are needed to assess the long-term spatial consequences of alternative management strategies for land use planning and resource management. We constructed a timber harvest allocation model (HARVEST) that provides a visual and quantitative means to predict the spatial pattern of forest openings produced by alternative harvest strategies. HARVEST was used to investigate the effect on landscape structure of alternate management plans formulated for the Hoosier National Forest (HNF) in southern Indiana, U.S.A. The 1985 Forest Plan for the HNF specified primarily clearcutting across most of the forest, and the 1991 Amended Forest Plan specified primarily group selection (removal of small groups of trees), limited to a much smaller portion of the forest. We assessed the relative importance of variation in the extent and intensity of timber harvest on landscape spatial pattern. We simulated 150 years for each alternative and calculated several measures of forest spatial pattern. The total area of forest interior and the mean size of forest interior blocks declined more under the 1985 Plan than under the 1991 Plan, primarily because of the greater area dedicated to timber production in the 1985 Plan. Despite the 65% decrease in timber production in the 1991 Plan, that Plan produced almost as much forest edge as the 1985 Plan due to heavy reliance on small harvests with large perimeter-to-area ratios. Both Plans resulted in an even distribution of age classes up to the age equal to rotation length, a dramatic decline in mid-age classes, and a large area of mature forest. The restriction of harvest activity to more limited areas in the 1991 Plan appeared to have a greater effect on forest spatial pattern than did the differences in harvest intensity of the two Plans. HARVEST provides a tool to link planning alternatives with potential changes in landscape structure, commodity production, and other resource values that are spatially dependent.
Acquired stuttering and bilateral cerebral disease

Abstract Two cases of adult acquired stuttering are discussed. In both cases, the development of stuttering was associated with the appearance, in patients who had prior evidence of left-hemisphere dysfunction, of bihemispheral dysfunction. Both patients also had high anxiety levels. A course of speech therapy, which proved to be markedly anxiolytic, resulted in improvement in the communicative ability of both patients.
End-tidal versus transcutaneous measurement of PCO2 during voluntary hypo- and hyperventilation

Recent studies have shown that end-tidal PCO(2) is lower during anxiety and stress, and that changing PCO(2) by altering breathing is therapeutic in panic disorder. However, end-tidal estimation of arterial PCO(2) has drawbacks that might be avoided by the transcutaneous measurement method. Here we compare transcutaneous and end-tidal PCO(2) under different breathing conditions in order to evaluate these methods in terms of their comparability and usability. Healthy volunteers performed two hypoventilation (slow vs. paused breathing) and two hyperventilation tests (25 mm Hg at 18 vs. 30 breaths per minute). Three measurements of PCO(2) (two end-tidal and one transcutaneous device), tidal volume, and respiration rate were recorded. Before and after each test, subjects filled out a symptom questionnaire. The results show that PCO(2) estimated by the two methods was comparable except that for transcutaneous measurement registration of changes in PCO(2) was delayed and absolute levels were much higher. Both methods documented that paused breathing was effective for raising PCO(2), a presumed antidote for anxious hyperventilation. We conclude that since the two methods give comparable results choosing between them for specific applications is principally a matter of whether the time lag of the transcutaneous method is acceptable.
Comparing mortgages with different payment frequencies

Abstract The biweekly-payment mortgage is an alternative to the monthly-payment mortgage. In this study, logistic regression is used to determine the influence of demographic characteristics on the choice between these two types of mortgages. Of the six independent variables that were considered, only two had significant influence on mortgage choice. They were the frequency of paydays and education.
Suspended silica beam splitters on silicon with large core-clad index deference

Optical beam splitters form a fundamental component in integrated optical systems, performing as modulators, interferometers and (de)multiplexers. While silica is a desirable material, because of its low non-linear susceptibility, it is extremely challenging to achieve the requisite core-clad refractive index contrast. In this work, silica splitters with an effective refractive index difference of 25% between the core and clad is demonstrated. The splitter can divide power evenly with low crosstalk from 1520 to 1630nm. In addition, the splitting ratio doesn't change and the output power increases linearly with the input power, which indicates a low susceptibility to thermal effects. The splitter's polarization independent behavior is also verified.
The appearance of a new antigenic determinant during the degradation of myelin basic protein

Studies were undertaken to determine of a previously unrecognized or inaccessible antigenic determinant might be exposed during the course of digestion of basic protein by a normal brain enzyme. As studied by double antibody radioimmunoassay, exposure of bovine brain myelin basic protein to bovine brain cathepsin D led to the appearance of an antigenic determinant recognized by an antibody reactive predominantly with the molecular region of BP encompassing residues 79-88. The 5 major microheterogeneous components of basic protein demonstrated this phenomenon. These results indicate that a normally appearing enzyme in brain known to the present in a number of cell types including oligodendrocytes can lead to the appearance of peptides of basic protein whose antigenic determinants may not be revealed in the intact molecule. This finding suggests that a number of basic protein peptides may be released by a similar mechanism so that efforts made to detect and quantitate such peptides must be capable of recognizing their unique antigenic features.
Evaluation of low flow long dwell chronic intermittent peritoneal dialysis.

Twelve patients on chronic intermittent peritoneal dialysis for end-stage renal disease were followed a total of eight months on high dialysate flow rate (four liters/hour) and low dialysate flow rate (two liters/hour). Creatine, blood urea nitrogen, serum electrolytes, albumin, calcium and phosphorous were recorded weekly. Interdialytic weight gain and intradialytic weight loss were recorded with each dialysis. No significant differences were noted when the mean values were compared for the two trial periods. The two liter/hour dialytic flow rate is less expensive, more convenient for the patients, and could result in a decreased risk for peritonitis when compared to the four liter/hour flow rate. For chronic intermittent peritoneal dialysis, the two liter/hour flow rate should be the preferred mode of therapy.
LIGHT MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS ON THE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT OF THE MALE SAND RAT, PSAMMOMYS OBESUS

Abstract The anatomy of the reproductive tract of the male sand rat, Psammomys obesus , was examined by light microscopy. Histologically, the reproductive tract is similar to other rodent species. Seminiferous tubules in the 1-month-old sand rat do not contain a tubular lumen but Sertoli cells, spermatogonia and spermatocytes are present. A full complement of germ cells is present in the seminiferous tubules by 2.5 months and spermatogenesis is well established. The interstitial space is not well defined until 2.5 months when cell types typical of most rodent species are observed. The epididymis is not noticeably segmented into lobules. An epididymal lumen is not observed until 2.5 months. Cauda epididymal sperm are not observed in the 1 or 2.5-month-old animals and cauda epididymal sperm counts from the 7.5 and 12.5-month-old animals are highly variable. The epididymis, proximal and middle regions of the vas deferens, seminal vesicles and prostate display morphological and histological characteristics similar to other rodent species. The distal end of the vas deferens is not expanded to form an ampulla.
Health Information Technology And Patient Safety: Evidence From Panel Data

The potential of health information technology (IT) to transform health care delivery has spurred health IT adoption and will likely contribute to increased investments in coming years. Although an extensive literature shows the value of health IT at leading academic institutions, its broader value remains unknown. We sought to estimate IT's effect on key patient safety measures in a national sample. Using four years of Medicare inpatient data, we found that electronic medical records have a small, positive effect on patient safety. Although these results are encouraging, we suggest that investment in health IT should be accompanied by investment in the evidence base needed to evaluate it.
Structural non-linearity effects on flutter of a swept wing in transonic flows

Abstract The transonic flutter analysis of swept wings containing structural non-linearities is considered. Concentrated preload non-linearities are treated using asymptotic expansions which take into account the influence of the higher harmonics of the load-displacement expansion series. The generalized aerodynamic load matrix is obtained using pulse transfer function analysis. Transonic aerodynamic flows are modeled using the transonic small-disturbance equation which is solved by applying an approximate factorization finite-difference algorithm. The frequency domain solution of the aeroelastic equation is obtained through root-locus analysis. The effects of the magnitudes of the preload non-linearities on the flutter stability boundary of the system are studied.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Electrochemical Analysis of 1,4-diferrocenyl-tetrafluorobenzene. Effects of Linker Perfluorination on Intermetallic Electronic Communication

The reaction of monolithioferrocene (prepared from ferrocene and n-butyllithium) and 0.25 equiv of hexafluorobenzene afforded 1,4-diferrocenyl-tetrafluorobenzene (1) in 15 % isolated yield. Complex (1) was characterized crystallographically. The molecule adopts a conformation in which the cyclopentadienyl-arylene torsion angle is about 14 deg, suggesting typical biaryl electronic conjugation. However, solution voltammetric data reveal very little electronic communication between the two iron centers. Thus the p-tetrafluorophenylene linker exhibits insulating behavior.
Internal Boundary Layer Scaling in ``Two Layer'' Solutions of the Thermocline Equations

Abstract The diffusivity dependence of internal boundary layers in solutions of the continuously stratified, diffusive thermocline equations is revisited. If a solution exists that approaches a two-layer solution of the ideal thermocline equations in the limit of small vertical diffusivity κυ, it must contain an internal boundary layer that collapses to a discontinuity as κυ → 0. An asymptotic internal boundary layer equation is derived for this case, and the associated boundary layer thickness is proportional to κ1/2υ. In general, the boundary layer remains three-dimensional and the thermodynamic equation does not reduce to a vertical advective–diffusive balance even as the boundary layer thickness becomes arbitrarily small. If the vertical convergence varies sufficiently slowly with horizontal position, a one-dimensional boundary layer equation does arise, and an explicit example is given for this case. The same one-dimensional equation arose previously in a related analysis of a similarity solution tha...
Ca++-sensitizing mutations in troponin, Pi, and 2-deoxyATP alter the depressive effect of acidosis on regulated thin-filament velocity

Repeated, intense contractile activity compromises the ability of skeletal muscle to generate force and velocity, resulting in fatigue. The decrease in velocity is thought to be due, in part, to th...
Predictors of television and online video platform use: A coexistence model of old and new video platforms

Recognizing that new and old media coexist in media markets, the overarching aim of this study is to investigate how the perceived characteristics of online video platforms and consumer-related factors affect consumer intention to use the Internet and television to watch video content. The primary theoretical foundations are the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and the technology acceptance model (TAM). By extending TAM and TPB into other constructs, the present study aims to provide richer explanations for consumers' choice of a video platform in the competitive video marketplace. This study used a survey method to collect data. A total of 1500 adults throughout the US who use the Internet were employed for the sample of the main survey. For the analysis to test hypotheses, 388 responses were used. This study found that the more consumers perceive online video platforms differ from television in satisfying their needs, the more likely they are to use online video platforms. The relative advantage and compatibility of online video platforms decrease the likelihood of using television.
Beiträge zur Psychologie der Gestalt

Der durch die Veroffentlichungen der Kulpeschen Schule hervorgerufene Streit um die Gesetze des Vorstellungsverlaufes hat dazu gefuhrt, das nicht nur die Anhanger dieser Schule, sondern auch ihre Gegner im assoziationspsychologischen Lager ihre Begriffe mehr und mehr prazisieren und konkretisieren musten. So muste G. E. Muller bei seinem bekannten grosangelegten Widerlegungsversuch der gegen die Assoziationspsychologie gerichteten Angriffe einem schon fruher verwendeten Begriff eine zentrale Stellung geben und ihn darum genauer bestimmen und mit den ubrigen Gesetzen der Assoziationspsychologie in Einklang bringen. Nur mit Hilfe des Begriffes der Richtungsvorstellung kann Muller den geordneten Vorstellungsverlauf erklaren, der Erfolg der Erklarung mus also wesentlich von der Fundierung dieses Begriffes abhangen.
Energy utilization of a tropical lizard

Abstract 1. 1. Energy budgets were determined in the laboratory for full-sized adult males and females and for immature individuals of the lizard, Anolis limifrons . 2. 2. Food ingestion for all individuals averaged 60 cal/g/day, of which 88.4% was assimilated. The relative allocation of assimilated energy for adults was 68% to respiration, 23% to production, and 9% to urinary wastes. The respective values for immature individuals were 55, 38 and 8% Thus, growing individuals allocated relatively more energy to production than did adults. 3. 3. As an independent check on food intake under laboratory conditions food intake by individuals in the field was estimated from scat output. 4. 4. Results suggest that energy budgets determined for adult males can be extended to the field situation. For adult females and immatures, the energy allocated to reproduction and growth, respectively, was underestimated in the laboratory study.
Anxiety sensitivity as a predictor of acute subjective effects of smoking.

INTRODUCTION Anxiety sensitivity (i.e., AS; the degree to which one believes that anxiety and its related sensations are harmful) is a stable trait that is associated with habitual smoking. Yet, the mechanisms linking AS and smoking are unclear. A promising hypothesis is that high-AS individuals are more sensitive to the acute subjective reinforcing effects of smoking and are, therefore, more prone to tobacco dependence. This study examined trait AS as a predictor of several subjective effects of cigarette smoking. METHODS Adult non-treatment-seeking smokers (N = 87; 10+ cigarettes/day) completed a measure of AS during a baseline session. Prior to a subsequent experimental session, participants were asked to smoke normally before their appointment. At the outset of that visit, each participant smoked a single cigarette of their preferred brand in the laboratory. Self-report measures of affect and cigarette craving were completed before and after smoking, and post-cigarette subjective effect ratings were provided. RESULTS AS predicted greater increases in positive affect from pre- to post-cigarette (β = .30, p = .006) as well as greater smoking satisfaction and psychological reward (β = .23 to .48, ps < .03). Each of these effects remained statistically significant after adjusting for anxiety symptom severity. AS did not predict the degree of negative affect and craving suppression or post-cigarette aversive effects. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that positive reinforcement mechanisms may be particularly salient etiological processes that maintain smoking in high-AS individuals.
On the origin of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål) (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Cyrtacanthacridinae)

The locust genus Schistocerca (Stal) has a transatlantic disjunction, which has been controversial for more than a century. Among 50 species within the genus, only one species, the desert locust (S. gregaria Forskal), occurs in the Old World, and the rest occur in the New World. Earlier taxonomists suggested that the desert locust is a migrant from America, but this view was strongly challenged when a large swarm of the desert locust successfully crossed the Atlantic Ocean from West Africa to the West Indies in 1988. The currently accepted view, supported by this incident, is that the New World species are descendants of a gregaria-like ancestor, and the desert locust would be ancestral to the rest of the genus. However, there is surprisingly little evidence to support this view other than the 1988 swarm. I present the most comprehensive phylogenetic study that suggests that the desert locust originated from the New World, contrary to the accepted view. I also present a hypothesis about how the ancestral Schistocerca might have colonized the New World in the first place in light of phylogenetic relationships with other cyrtacanthacridine genera.
The connective tissue ground substance in the mouse uterine cervix: an electron microscopic histochemical study.

Sections of uterine cervix from ovariectomized mice treated with relaxin (R) or estradiol benzoate (EB) alone or EB and R in combination were exposed to dialyzed iron solutions prior to epoxy embedding. Control mice were untreated or received the hormone vehicles. Prior to iron staining, some sections were exposed to: (1) 0.05% testicular hyaluronidase for four hours at 37°C; or (2) acidified methanol for four hours at 60°C. Ultrastructurally, the uterine cervical walls from control mice and those treated with R contained densely packed bundles of collagenous fibrils and cells that resembled fibrocytes with few organelles. Except for spurious intracellular iron deposits, there was no iron staining of extracellular components. Fibroblasts of cervices from mice treated with EB or EB and R were larger with highly developed endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi components. Small cytoplasmic vesicles were present close to the cell surface and each contained a thin inner rim of material. The stroma was characterized by widely dispersed bundles of collagenous fibrils in a greatly expanded cervical wall where there was extracellular iron staining that was prominent near cell surfaces and between individual fibrils within an amorphous material. Brief digestion with testicular hyaluronidase resulted in a reduction of extracellular iron staining, although deposits remained adjacent to cell surfaces, between fibrils and within cytoplasmic vesicles. Acidic methylation caused severe tissue damage so that an assessment of iron deposition in thin sections was impossible.
General analysis and optimization of the four- detector photopolarimeter

The four-detector photopolarimeter (FDP) is analyzed for an arbitrary spatial configuration and any reflection characteristics (ri, ψi, Δi,) of the first three detectors. The instrument matrix A, which relates the output signal vector I to the input Stokes vector S by I = AS, and its determinant are derived explicitly. The essential condition that A be nonsingular (det A ≠ 0) is satisfied in general with uncoated absorbing detector surfaces, assuming that the plane of incidence (POI) is rotated between successive reflections by other than 90°. Therefore no special coatings on the detectors are required, and a thin dielectric (e.g., thermal oxide) layer would suffice. The differential reflection phase shift Δ is unrestricted for the first and third detectors and has optimum values of ±90° for the second. The optimum rotation angles of the POI are ±45° and ±135°. The optimum values of the surface parameter ψ are 27.37°, 22.5° or 67.5°, and 0 or 90° for the first, second, and third reflections, respectively. The following topics are also considered: (1) the partition of energy among detectors, (2) the effect of tilting the last detector, (3) operation of the FDP over a broadband spectral range, (4) choice of the light-beam path, and (5) calibration.
Social perception and social reality : a reflection-construction model

This article presents a reflection-construction model of relations between social perception and social reality.
Adaptive Boundary Control of Out-of-Plane Cable Vibration

This paper develops active controllers for the out-of-plane vibration of a flexible cable using boundary actuators and sensors, An exact model knowledge controller exponentially stabilizes the cable displacement assuming known system parameters. An adaptive controller asymptotically stabilizes the cable displacement while compensating for parametric uncertainty in the actuator mass and cable tension. The performance of the controllers is experimentally demonstrated.
Kiosk versus In-person Screening for Alcohol and Drug Use in the Emergency Department: Patient Preferences and Disclosure

Introduction: Annually eight million emergency department (ED) visits are attributable to alcoholuse. Screening ED patients for at-risk alcohol and substance use is an integral component ofscreening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment programs, shown to be effective at reducingsubstance use. The objective is to evaluate ED patients’ acceptance of and willingness to disclosealcohol/substance use via a computer kiosk versus an in-person interview. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, survey-based study. Eligible participants included thosewho presented to walk-in triage, were English-speaking, ≥18 years, were clinically stable andable to consent. Patients had the opportunity to access the kiosk in the ED waiting room, andwere approached for an in-person survey by a research assistant (9am-5pm weekdays). Bothsurveys used validated assessment tools to assess drug and alcohol use. Disclosure statistics andpreferences were calculated using chi-square tests and McNemar’s test. Results: A total of 1,207 patients were screened: 229 in person only, 824 by kiosk, and 154 byboth in person and kiosk. Single-modality participants were more likely to disclose hazardousdrinking (p=0.003) and high-risk drug use (OR=22.3 [12.3-42.2]; p<0.0001) via kiosk. Participantswho had participated in screening via both modalities were more likely to reveal high-risk drug useon the kiosk (p=0.003). When asked about screening preferences, 73.6% reported a preference foran in-person survey, which patients rated higher on privacy and comfort. Conclusion: ED patients were significantly more likely to disclose at-risk alcohol and substance use toa computer kiosk than an interviewer. Paradoxically patients stated a preference for in-person screening,despite reduced disclosure to a human screener. [West J Emerg Med. 2015;16(2):220–228.]
Tapping modulation of the far infrared (17-μm region) emission from the cabbage looper moth pheromone (sex scent)

Many species of insects communicate with each other by tapping (palpating) their antenna or feet against the bodies of other insects. The male cabbage looper moth (Trichoplusia ni) palpates the abdominal pheromone (sex scent) gland of the female. A thin layer (thick monolayer) of the sex attractant [(Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol acetate] is easily phase-amplitude modulated by tapping a thin coating of the acetate coated on a wax substrate. The modulated emissions which are narrowband and high amplitude (maserlike) ride on the shifting ir carrier wave emitted by the pheromone molecule.
Structure of endoglucanase Cel9A from the thermoacidophilic Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius.

The production of biofuels using biomass is an alternative route to support the growing global demand for energy and to also reduce the environmental problems caused by the burning of fossil fuels. Cellulases are likely to play an important role in the degradation of biomass and the production of sugars for subsequent fermentation to fuel. Here, the crystal structure of an endoglucanase, Cel9A, from Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius (Aa_Cel9A) is reported which displays a modular architecture composed of an N-terminal Ig-like domain connected to the catalytic domain. This paper describes the overall structure and the detailed contacts between the two modules. Analysis suggests that the inter­action involving the residues Gln13 (from the Ig-­like module) and Phe439 (from the catalytic module) is important in maintaining the correct conformation of the catalytic module required for protein activity. Moreover, the Aa_Cel9A structure shows three metal-binding sites that are associated with the thermostability and/or substrate affinity of the enzyme.
Producing uniform lesion pattern in HIFU ablation

High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is emerging as a modality for treatment of solid tumors. The temperature at the focus can reach over 65° C denaturing cellular proteins resulting in coagulative necrosis. Typically, HIFU parameters are the same for each treated spot in most HIFU control systems. Because of thermal diffusion from nearby spots, the size of lesions will gradually become larger as the HIFU therapy progresses, which may cause insufficient treatment of initial spots, and over‐treatment of later ones. It is found that the produced lesion pattern also depends on the scanning pathway. From the viewpoint of the physician creating uniform lesions and minimizing energy exposure are preferred in tumor ablation. An algorithm has been developed to adaptively determine the treatment parameters for every spot in a theoretical model in order to maintain similar lesion size throughout the HIFU therapy. In addition, the exposure energy needed using the traditional raster scanning is compared with those of two other scanning pathways, spiral scanning from the center to the outside and from the outside to the center. The theoretical prediction and proposed algorithm were further evaluated using transparent gel phantoms as a target. Digital images of the lesions were obtained, quantified, and then compared with each other. Altogether, dynamically changing treatment parameters can improve the efficacy and safety of HIFU ablation.
A community-wide assessment of the use of pulmonary artery catheters in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

As part of an on-going population-based study of patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction (MI) in all 16 hospitals in the Worcester, Massachusetts Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area, temporal trends in the use of the pulmonary artery (PA) catheter were examined. Three thousand two hundred and sixty-three patients with validated acute MI during the calendar years 1975, 1978, 1981 and 1984 comprised the study population. There has been a consistent and significant increase in PA catheter use in patients with acute MI over time, from 7.2 percent in 1975, 13.8 percent in 1978, 14.8 percent in 1981 to 19.9 percent in 1984 (p
Factor versus cluster models of schizotypal traits. II: relation to neuropsychological impairment.

Heterogeneity in cognitive performance in schizophrenia and schizotypy may be accounted for, by differences in predominant symptom presentation. However, studies have not demonstrated consistent relations between specific cognitive impairments and specific trait dimensions in either population. Studies of group differences, particularly those using groups defined by cluster analyses are rare, but suggest that the negative trait dimension is more associated with executive function deficits, positive trait dimension with memory and attentional difficulties, and the disorganized trait dimension with attention problems. The present study examined the relation of schizotypal trait dimensions and executive function deficits in schizotypal individuals using two methods. Correlations between schizotypal factor scores and cognitive measures demonstrated that high negative symptoms were associated with poor performance on the WCST, while high scores on other trait dimensions were related to a better WCST performance. High scores in all trait dimensions were related to the naive rater's observations of unusual social behavior. A cluster analysis revealed three groups of schizotypals (predominantly negative presentation, predominantly positive symptom presentation, and high on all dimensions). The cluster with predominantly negative symptoms performed worse, than all other schizotypal groups and unselected controls, on the WCST and a higher percentage of them were rated as clinically impaired on the neuropsychological battery. However, schizotypals who were high on all trait dimensions were rated as having the most unusual social behavior by the naive raters. Overall, results support the hypothesis of a relation between executive function deficits and negative symptoms in schizotypal individuals.
Properties of E-Beam Interactive Oxide Films

Deposition of E-beam interactive films by rf sputtering and their behavior under high intensity irradiation was investigated. Both polycrystalline and amorphous films of SiO2, ZrO2, Al2O3, and Y2O3 were deposited and their behavior under irradiation found to-be strongTy dependent on film structure. Using a modified STEM the formation of small holes (<10nm diam.) was achieved with exposure times in the millisecond range. Deposition parameters, film characteristics, drilling behavior, and a possible mechanism are discussed.
Estimating the influence of the thermal environment on activity patterns of the desert woodrat (Neotoma lepida) using temperature chronologies

Environmental temperature influences the ecology and life history of animals. In habitats near the thermal range boundary, fluctuations in temperature may influence the ability of species to persis...
High-Density Production of Carbon Nanotubes in Contact Arc-Discharge at Low Helium Pressure

We report here on the structural properties of carbon nanotubes prepared by contact arc-discharge at low helium pressure of 100 torr. In contrast to the conventional arcdischarge, the contact discharge reduces the gap between the electrodes to a minimum value while still maintaining a plasma. The resulting carbonaceous deposit on the cathode surface, with the contact discharge operating under 100 torr helium atmosphere, contains the columnar structures with high density carbon nanotubes. These columnar structures are several millimeters in length, much longer than those generated under the conventional arc-discharge. These experimental results reveal that reducing the gap adds greater stability to the arc-discharge and establishes conditions that favor high-density nanotube growth under a low helium pressure.
An examination of consumer browsing behaviors

Purpose – Browsing is a common consumer behavior, but it has not been researched extensively. The aim of this paper is to fill some of the gaps in the research.Design/methodology/approach – Drawing on literature from different areas, consumers' browsing experiences, browsing patterns, and factors influencing browsing activities are empirically examined. A combination of interviews and shopping trips with informants to examine the issues are used.Findings – The results show that browsing serves both functional and recreational purposes. Consumers vary by the degree to which they browse functionally or recreationally. Browsing behaviors are influenced by both consumer characteristics and the retail environment. Browsing is a powerful consumer information acquisition activity and has both desired and undesired consequences for consumer purchases. Consumers use various strategies to cope with the undesired consequences.Practical implications – Exploration of browsing patterns and factors influencing these pat...
Neuropeptides in the nematode Ascaris suum.

Most of the successful anti-nematode drugs currently available affect the nematode locomotory system. Their success is due to their interactions with molecules associated with the main neuro-transmitters of the motor nervous system, acetylcholine and GABA. These drugs tend to have a relatively broad spectrum of action, affecting a wide variety of nematodes, presumably because nematode motor nervous systems are conservative in their use of these transmitters.
Aluminum-Iodoform Composite Reactive Material**

Mechanically alloyed aluminum–iodoform composites were prepared with iodine concentration of 20 wt%. Ball milling at both room temperature and liquid nitrogen temperature was explored. Material characterization by electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction showed no difference between samples milled at different temperatures. However, samples prepared at room temperature aged rapidly. Thermo-gravimetric measurements quantifying release of iodine upon heating confirmed that cryogenic milling was necessary to stabilize iodoform in the Al-matrix. Iodine was released upon heating in four distinct stages. The oxidation of the prepared materials was also studied using thermo-gravimetric analysis and two main oxidation steps were detected. The ignition temperatures were determined for powders coated onto a metal filament heated electrically at 103–104 K min−1. The ignition temperatures of the prepared materials were noticeably lower compared to the Al · I2 composite prepared using a similar cryo-milling approach. The combustion characteristics determined using constant volume explosions of aerosolized powders were found to be similar to those of Al · I2 composite. The maximum pressure and rate of pressure rise observed in the latter experiments were greater than for pure aluminum powders with comparable particle sizes.
Hair Follicle Vascularization and Innervation

• Advances in immunohistochemical techniques and the development of antibodies specific for nerves, neuropeptides, lymphatics and endothelial cells have given investigators the opportunity to visualize all cutaneous nerves endothelial and endothelial- derived cells.
Studies on the release of lysosomal enzymes from kidney lysosomes.

Incubation of kidney lysosomes at 37° results in a graded release of lysosomal enzymes. The release of enzyme occurs in two stages. First the enzymes become available to the substrate but remain sedimentable. Later the amount of soluble enzyme increases and eventually is almost equal to that of the available enzyme. Morphological studies of lysosomes showed that during the process involving increasing availability of enzymes, the lysosomes remained intact. Release of the soluble enzymes was characterized ultrastructurally by a complete loss of the electron-opaque matrix contained within the lysosomal membrane. The increased release of soluble enzymes was concomitant with an increase in the number of individual lysosomes showing complete loss of contents, rather than a gradual loss or dilution of matrix density. Lysosomes which had lost their electron-opaque contents retained their outer membrane intact and were seen to contain numerous internal membranes and small vesicles.
Determination of Pain Phenotypes in Knee Osteoarthritis: A Latent Class Analysis Using Data From the Osteoarthritis Initiative.

Objective Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a broadly applied diagnosis that may describe multiple subtypes of pain. The purpose of this study was to identify phenotypes of knee OA, using measures from the following pain-related domains: 1) knee OA pathology, 2) psychological distress, and 3) altered pain neurophysiology. Methods Data were selected from a total of 3,494 participants at visit 6 of the Osteoarthritis Initiative study. Latent class analysis was applied to the following variables: radiographic OA severity, quadriceps strength, body mass index, the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, the Coping Strategies Questionnaire-Catastrophizing subscale, number of bodily pain sites, and knee joint tenderness at 4 sites. The resulting classes were compared on the following demographic and clinical factors: age, sex, pain severity, disability, walking speed, and use of arthritis-related health care. Results A 4-class model was identified. Class 1 (4% of the study population) had higher CCI scores. Class 2 (24%) had higher knee joint sensitivity. Class 3 (10%) had greater psychological distress. Class 4 (62%) had lesser radiographic OA, little psychological involvement, greater strength, and less pain sensitivity. Additionally, class 1 was the oldest, on average. Class 4 was the youngest, had the lowest disability, and least pain. Class 3 had the worst disability and most pain. Conclusion Four distinct pain phenotypes of knee OA were identified. Psychological factors, comorbidity status, and joint sensitivity appear to be important in defining phenotypes of knee OA–related pain.
A novel methodology to evaluate the use of an ultrasonic tip.

Abstract Introduction The purpose of this in vitro investigation was to use a novel methodology to evaluate the use of an endodontic ultrasonic (US) tip. Methods BUC 1 US tips (n = 10) were mounted to a testing apparatus that applied a linear movement of the US tip to dentin specimens with an axial force of 15 g. Instrumentation was activated for 20-second cycles up to a 2-minute baseline and continued for 10-minute intervals up to a defined inefficient/dropout point. Dentin cutting efficiency was measured by the change in weight of dentin specimens to the nearest 0.01 mg. A quantitative analysis was conducted on length and diameter of the US tips by using images taken at 15.625 magnification and 1000 pixels/cm (1 pixel = 0.01 mm) resolution. Weight of dentin specimens and images were captured at 2, 50, 100, 150, and 190 minutes of instrumentation. Results There was no statistically significant difference in dentin removal between measurement times for any US tip specimen. There was a statistically significant difference in tip length over time (P = .002). Tukey post hoc analysis revealed that tip length decreased significantly at 2 minutes of instrumentation. Conclusions Within the limits of this investigation, the BUC 1 US tip did not significantly decrease in efficiency between 2 and 190 minutes of use. The decrease in tip length was found to be significant at 2 minutes of instrumentation. Adding a linear movement, in addition to an axial force, for testing US tips will make future investigations more clinically relevant.
Lipocalin 2 is a regulator of macrophage polarization and NF-κB/STAT3 pathway activation

Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) has been previously characterized as an adipokine/cytokine and implicated in obesity and inflammation. Herein, we investigated the role and potential mechanism of Lcn2 in the regulation of macrophage polarization in obesity-associated inflammation. We observed that Lcn2−/− mice displayed an up-regulation of expression of M1 macrophage marker Cd11c but a down-regulation of M2 marker arginase 1 in adipose tissue and liver of mice upon a high-fat diet feeding. Lcn2-deficient bone marrow–derived macrophages (BMDMs) were more sensitive to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, leading to a more profound up-regulation of expression of pro-inflammatory markers than wild-type (WT) BMDMs. Accordingly, LPS stimulation elicited an increase in the activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), c-Jun, and STAT3 signaling pathways as well as an up-regualtion of expression of NF-κB and STAT3 target genes such as IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, and MCP-1 in Lcn2−/− BMDMs compared with WT controls. Pre-treatment of recombinant Lcn2 attenuated LPS-stimulated degradation of IκBα and STAT3 phosphorylation as well as LPS-induced gene expression of IL-6 and iNOS in Lcn2−/− BMDMs. Moreover, the NFκB inhibitor markedly blocked LPS-stimulated STAT3 phosphorylation in Lcn2−/− BMDMs. These results together with the time course of Lcn2 secretion, NFκB and STAT3 phosphorylation in response to LPS stimulation, suggest that Lcn2 plays a role as an anti-inflammatory regulator in macrophage activation via modulating a feed-forward activation of NFκB-STAT3 loop.
In-home nutritional assessment of inner-city elderly.

Aims of this research have been to obtain aggregate data on reported problems in food access that are experienced by homebound, inner-city elderly; to disaggregate the data to show which subgroups of elderly are at highest risk for these types of food in security; and to assess whether these elderly differ socioeconomically, medically, or nutritionally from homebound elderly who report that they eat regularly. Instruments were designed to measure population- based food insecurity and to ask respondents to provide information about their socioeconomic status and dis abilities as well as the extent to which they have formal or informal assistance in obtaining food. The need to collect this information has been linked to a state-wide effort to target city nutritionally needy elderly for home- delivered meals. Findings have been that food insecurity in the inner-city homebound is linked to loss of mobility as well as to poverty and lack of in-home food assis tance. Minority elderly whose questionnaire responses indicate food insecurity include diabetics whose disease control is adversely affected by irregular eating. When methods of home assessment have been used to ex amine the extent to which a home-delivered meals pro gram meets the nutritional needs of recipients, it has been possible to demonstrate that meals recipients show less food insecurity than a comparison group on waiting lists to receive meals. J. Nutr. 120:1538- 1543, 1990.
Spatial correlation modeling for probe test cost reduction in RF devices

Test cost reduction for RF devices has been an ongoing topic of interest to the semiconductor manufacturing industry. Automated test equipment designed to collect parametric measurements, particularly at high frequencies, can be very costly. Together with lengthy set up and test times for certain measurements, these cause amortized test cost to comprise a high percentage of the total cost of manufacturing semiconductor devices. In this work, we investigate a spatial correlation modeling approach using Gaussian process models to enable extrapolation of performances via sparse sampling of probe test data. The proposed method performs an order of magnitude better than existing spatial sampling methods, while requiring an order of magnitude less time to construct the prediction models. The proposed methodology is validated on manufacturing data using 57 probe test measurements across more than 3,000 wafers. By explicitly applying probe tests to only 1% of the die on each wafer, we are able to predict probe test outcomes for the remaining die within 2% of their true values.