cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ab initio study of cross-interface electron-phonon couplings in FeSe thin films on SrTiO 3 and BaTiO 3

We study the electron-phonon coupling strength near the interface of monolayer and bilayer FeSe thin films on ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}, {\mathrm{BaTiO}}_{3}$, and oxygen-vacant ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$ substrates, using ab initio methods. The calculated total electron-phonon coupling strength $\ensuremath{\lambda}=0.2--0.3$ cannot account for the high ${T}_{c}\ensuremath{\sim}70\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ observed in these systems through the conventional phonon-mediated pairing mechanism. In all of these systems, however, we find that the coupling constant of a polar oxygen branch peaks at $\mathbf{q}=0$ with negligible coupling elsewhere, while the energy of this mode coincides with the offset energy of the replica bands measured recently by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy experiments. But the integrated coupling strength for this mode from our current calculations is still too small to produce the observed high ${T}_{c}$, even through the more efficient pairing mechanism provided by the forward scattering. We arrive at the same qualitative conclusion when considering a checkerboard antiferromagnetic configuration in the Fe layer. In light of the experimental observations of the replica band feature and the relatively high ${T}_{c}$ of FeSe monolayers on polar substrates, our results point towards a cooperative role for the electron-phonon interaction, where the cross-interface interaction acts in conjunction with a purely electronic interaction. We also discuss a few scenarios where the coupling strength obtained here may be enhanced.
Estimation of genetic variance and covariance components for weaning weight in Simmental cattle

The objectives of this study were to estimate genetic parameters for weaning weight of Simmental cattle from data without selective reporting and to examine heterogeneity of parameters with a multiple trait approach. Heterogeneity of (co)variance components (VC) by sex is accounted for in national genetic evaluations for Simmental cattle. Completely reported data were split into bull, heifer, and steer populations to obtain VC estimates. Estimates of direct-maternal genetic correlation were negative, which suggests that selective reporting was not a cause of a negative correlation in Simmental data. However, analyzing only data for males does not account for selection on females and vice versa. Heterogeneous VC for sex were evaluated by analyzing Simmental data using a multiple trait model where male and female data were treated as two traits. Estimates of heritability of direct (maternal) effects were .19 (.07) and .25 (.12) and estimates of the direct-maternal genetic correlation were -.05 and -.20 for males and females, respectively. The multiple trait model fit the data better (P <.01) than the model under the assumption of homogeneous VC.
The effect of turbulent kinetic energy on inferred ion temperature from neutron spectra

Measuring the width of the energy spectrum of fusion-produced neutrons from deuterium (DD) or deuterium-tritium (DT) plasmas is a commonly used method for determining the ion temperature in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions. In a plasma with a Maxwellian distribution of ion energies, the spread in neutron energy arises from the thermal spread in the center-of-mass velocities of reacting pairs of ions. Fluid velocities in ICF are of a similar magnitude as the center-of-mass velocities and can lead to further broadening of the neutron spectrum, leading to erroneous inference of ion temperature. Motion of the reacting plasma will affect DD and DT neutrons differently, leading to disagreement between ion temperatures inferred from the two reactions. This effect may be a contributor to observations over the past decades of ion temperatures higher than expected from simulations, ion temperatures in disagreement with observed yields, and different temperatures measured in the same implosion from DD and DT neutrons. This difference in broadening of DD and DT neutrons also provides a measure of turbulent motion in a fusion plasma.
Computations of Turbulent Flow over a Sharp Fin at Mach 5

Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulations were carried out for sharp fin-induced shock wave/turbulent boundary-layer interactions at Mach 5. Calculations were executed for two fin angles of attack, with each case employing four turbulence models. The computational results were compared with vetted experimental data. For all the cases considered, the calculations replicated the experimentally observed flow structure, which is primarily determined by inviscid, rotational flow effects. Predictions of parameters dominated by viscous effects tended to be less accurate. The predictions of the different turbulence models were qualitatively consistent, but the predicted peak skin friction and wall heat flux varied by as much as a factor of two between the models. The discrepancies between computation and experiment are believed to be a result of large-scale unsteadiness and three dimensionality, which are not captured well by conventional turbulence models.
The Marketing Strategy of Planned Visual Communications

Frequently misrepresented, the concept of “corporate identity” is misunderstood by many marketing executives.This brief article defines the subject, details the concrete techniques involved, and ou...
Teaching a Hip-Hop Ecology:

Sociologist Michael J. Cermak discusses what he learned while teaching environmental science with hip-hop in urban public high schools. This article provides an applied perspective of teaching at the crux of social justice and the environment.
Evaluation on Poliomyelitis-free Confirmation in Jiangsu Province in 2003

In 2003, Jiangsu Province continued to conduct some work to sustain polio-free status. 203 acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases were reported in 2003. The reported incidence of non-polio AFP cases was 1.52 per 100 000 children under 15 years old, the collection rate of adequate stool specimens, the timely AFP cause follow-up rate, the timely specimen delivery rate and the timely testing result feedback rate were all above 93%. The unreported rate of AFP cases was 3.8% through conducting active search. In the Province, the polio pathogeny surveillance was conducted continuously and no any wild polioviruses were isolated. At the same time the supplementary immunization was carried on, two rounds of OPV coverages were both above 98%. It suggested that Jiangsu AFP surveillance quality was high, all measures to eliminate polio were administered well, and the polio free status was sustained in the whole Province.
On Concept of Investment and Investment System of Environmental Protection in China

The paper explicates the concept and significance of investment system of environmental protection in China proceeding from the theory of investment system in China.
How to Use the Code of Federal Regulations and the Federal Register

There are principally three reasons why a person working in the foods field should learn to effectively use the Code of Federal Regulations and the Federal Register. One is to find the federal regulation, or regulations covering a specific substance, food, process, procedure, etc. The second reason is to keep up-to-date with changes in regulations which may occur in respect to a specific substance, food, process, procedure, etc. The third is to keep up-to-date with regulation of foods generally. Procedures which can be used to accomplish each of these will be given in this chapter, using examples. First, however, the codification or numbering system for federal regulations will be explained.
SU-F-I-59: Quality Assurance Phantom for PET/CT Alignment and Attenuation Correction

Purpose: This study utilizes a commercial PET/CT phantom to investigate two specific properties of a PET/CT system: the alignment accuracy of PET images with those from CT used for attenuation correction and the accuracy of this correction in PET images. Methods: A commercial PET/CT phantom consisting of three aluminum rods, two long central cylinders containing uniform activity, and attenuating materials such as air, water, bone and iodine contrast was scanned using a standard PET/CT protocol. Images reconstructed with 2 mm slice thickness and a 512 by 512 matrix were obtained. The center of each aluminum rod in the PET and CT images was compared to evaluate alignment accuracy. ROIs were drawn on transaxial images of the central rods at each section of attenuating material to determine the corrected activity (in BQML). BQML values were graphed as a function of slice number to provide a visual representation of the attenuation-correction throughout the whole phantom. Results: Alignment accuracy is high between the PET and CT images. The maximum deviation between the two in the axial plane is less than 1.5 mm, which is less than the width of a single pixel. BQML values measured along different sections of the large central rods are similar among the different attenuating materials except iodine contrast. Deviation of BQML values in the air and bone sections from the water section is less than 1%. Conclusion: Accurate alignment of PET and CT images is critical to ensure proper calculation and application of CT-based attenuation correction. This study presents a simple and quick method to evaluate the two with a single acquisition. As the phantom also includes spheres of increasing diameter, this could serve as a straightforward means to annually evaluate the status of a modern PET/CT system.
Required Shift of Paradigm

After decades of reliance on the excuse of colonialism, Africa’s “maldevelopment” clearly has more to do with its own leaders than centuries of colonial exploitation. The economic development of such former colonies as Malaysia or Indonesia in Asia falsifies the view that a colony cannot get out of underdevelopment. To their credit, some African leaders have attempted to deal with the development equation through socialism or misguided nationalism. Nyerere’s Ujamaa, Kaunda’s Humanism, Kenyatta’s Harambee, or Mobutu’s Authenticite, were all efforts to lift their countries out of misery. However, these leaders failed for lack of clear vision in the first three cases and because of an adamant will to loot in the last. Even countries such as Cote d’Ivoire or Gabon, which remained on a capitalist path of economic development, have very little success to show. The differences in economic progress cannot be explained by the ideological proclivities of African leaders, since capitalist, socialist, and nationalist leaders have all met with failure. On the eve of this new millennium, Africa’s record on the economic and social development realms leaves much to be desired. An overhaul of the continent is in order if Africa is to have any chance to make up lost ground.
Structured Organic Non-Linear Optics

Recent research progress and current research activities in the area of organic nonlinear optics (NLO) are summarized, and major challenges are discussed in this chapter with a focus on molecular engineering of materials in nanoscale. A general introduction to the field of organic NLO and structured organic nonlinear optics materials is presented along with recent highlights of device applications of the materials that are redefining the scope of the organic NLO. We provide an overview of structured organic NLO field with particular emphasis on the specific advantages to be gained, and new challenges associated with the structured materials in nanoscale that enable novel optical device applications possible compared to more conventional organic NLO. Moreover, we attempt to show how a systematic study of the structured organic NLO can bring traditional sciences and nanoscience together, and provide a perspective of the structured organic NLO as a crucial foundation for further development of nanophotonics, a nanoscience and technology.
Beauty and the Genealogy of Art Theory

Within the analytic tradition, those of us who take art as our field of study call ourselves either philosophers of art or aestheticians. From one perspective, these alternative labels could be seen as a harmless sort of shorthand. For two major concerns of the field, however it is named, are the theory of art, which traditionally pertains to questions about the nature of the art object, and aesthetic theory, which pertains primarily to certain dimensions of the experience of art (and also to the experience of certain features of nature). Thus, rather than identifying ourselves longishly as philosophers of art and philosophers of aesthetics, for economy's sake, we may simply refer to ourselves as one or the other, leaving the remaining label unstated, but understood. And where this is the motive behind the alternations of title, the ambiguous labeling seems quite harmless. However, the ambiguity can also be understood to rest on a substantive and controversial claim – namely, that the theory of art and the theory of aesthetics are conceptually linked in such a way that the former can be reduced to the latter; that, in other words, there are not two, generally independent areas of philosophical inquiry here, but one unified field. Thus, we are called either philosophers of art or philosophers of aesthetics because, in most contexts of any significance, those titles signal a concern with the selfsame issues. The view that the philosophy of art and the philosophy of aesthetics are conceptually linked is explicitly stated in what have been called aesthetic theories of art.
Travel distance to screening facilities and completion of abnormal mammographic follow-up among disadvantaged women

Abstract Purpose Although many studies have examined factors in predicting incomplete and delay in abnormal mammogram follow-up, few have used geospatial methods to examine these factors. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between travel distance to health facilities and completion of abnormal mammogram follow-up among disadvantaged women in South Carolina. Methods Women participating in South Carolina's Best Chance Network between 1996 and 2009 with abnormal mammogram were included in the study. Kaplan–Meier survival was used to describe the probability of work-up completion after abnormal mammogram among different distance categories, and Cox proportional hazards model was used to further assess the relationship between work-up completion and travel distance to the screening provider and mammography facility. Results Among 1,073 women, there was significant difference in time to completion of abnormal mammogram work-up by race; African American women had longer time to completion compared to European American women. Accounting for race, age, previous mammograms, income, and insurance status, women who lived closest to their diagnosing mammography facility were more likely to complete their work-up compared to those who lived the farthest (HR = 1.41; 95% CI = 1.00–1.80). Conclusions Distance to the diagnosing mammography facility may play a role on the completion of abnormal mammogram work-up.
Recognition and Infection of Clover Root Hairs by RhizobiumTrifolii

The infection of clover roots by the nitrogen-fixing bacterium,Rhizobium trifolii, involves interaction of both symbionts and is host specific. The host specificity expressed during root hair infection occurs before formation of the infection thread (Li, Hubbell 1969) and constitutes a model for cellular recognition between procaryotes and eucaryotes. A white clover glycoprotein lectin called trifoliin A (ca. 53 kD) accumulates on the surface of root hairs at the growing tip and appears to function as a cell recognition molecule (Dazzo et al. 1978; Dazzo, Truchet 1983). Therefore, our studies of recognition in this symbiosis have focused on trifoliin A on the root and complementary saccharide receptors on the bacterial symbiont. In this paper, we review the current understanding of interactions between these cell surface components as affected by symbiotic genes on the nodulation plasmid ofR. trifolii.
Towards efficient sampling: exploiting random walk strategies

From a computational perspective, there is a close connection between various probabilistic reasoning tasks and the problem of counting or sampling satisfying assignments of a propositional theory. We consider the question of whether state-of-the-art satisfiability procedures, based on random walk strategies, can be used to sample uniformly or nearuniformly from the space of satisfying assignments. We first show that random walk SAT procedures often do reach the full set of solutions of complex logical theories. Moreover, by interleaving random walk steps with Metropolis transitions, we also show how the sampling becomes near-uniform.
Facilities: Swiss approve new synchrotron light source

Switzerland is to have a new synchrotron radiation source. Last month the Swiss parliament voted unanimously to build the Swiss Light Source (SLS) at the Paul Scherrer Institute in Villigen. One of series of third-generation synchrotron sources being planned for Europe, SLS is scheduled to begin operation 2001 (Physics World March p5). Initial research will focus on materials science, surfaces and interfaces, micro and nano structures, and protein crystallography.
International students’ social media use and social adjustment

Based on a survey of international students enrolled in a U.S. university, this study examines how social media use is associated with perceived social support and adjustment when demographic and social psychological characteristics are controlled for. Our research shows that level of social media use is positively associated with level of perceived social adjustment but not with level of perceived social support. International students don’t feel comfortable discussing their distress via social media due to complex cultural internetworking present in the online networking sphere. The results of this study indicate that in studying this topic we should take into account both common challenges in getting social support online and special circumstances facing international students. The current study offers scholarly and policy implications for providing relevant social, academic, and professional resources to international students in the United States — a group that has significantly grown in numbers in the past decade.
DNA repair deregulation in discrete prostate cancer lesions identified on multi-parametric MRI and targeted by MRI/ultrasound fusion-guided biopsy.

// Caleb R. Dulaney 1 , Soroush Rais-Bahrami 2 , 3 , Debra Della Manna 1 , Jennifer B. Gordetsky 4 , Jeffrey W. Nix 2 and Eddy S. Yang 1, 5, 6 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA 2 Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA 3 Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA 4 Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA 5 Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA 6 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA Correspondence to: Eddy S. Yang, email: eyang@uab.edu Keywords: prostatic neoplasms, DNA repair, magnetic resonance imaging, image-guided biopsy Received: January 20, 2017 Accepted: June 02, 2017 Published: July 10, 2017 ABSTRACT Prostate cancer is histologically and molecularly heterogeneous. Clinically significant disease is often driven by dominant intra-prostatic lesions (IPLs). Prostate cancers cluster into molecular phenotypes with substantial genetic heterogeneity making pathway-based molecular analysis appealing. MRI/ultrasound fusion biopsy provides a unique opportunity to characterize tumor biology of discrete lesions at diagnosis. This study determined the feasibility of pathway-based gene expression analysis of prostate biopsies and characterized cancer pathway deregulation. Thirteen patients had prostate cancer diagnosed by MRI/ultrasound fusion biopsy and either Gleason 6 or Gleason ≥8. Gene expression profiling was performed on 14 biopsies using >700 genes representing 13 cancer pathways. Pathway-based analysis compared gene expression among samples based on clinical, pathological, and radiographic characteristics. Pathway-based gene expression analysis was successful in 12 of 14 (86%) samples. Samples clustered based upon deregulation of DNA Repair and Notch, Chromatin Modification and Cell Cycle, or all other pathways, respectively. DNA Repair demonstrated the greatest differential deregulation. Lesions with Gleason ≥8, PSA ≥10, or intense dynamic contrast enhancement (DCE) had significantly higher DNA Repair deregulation than those with Gleason 6, PSA <10, or low to moderate DCE. Alterations in DNA Repair gene expression were diverse with upregulation of markers of DNA damage and down-regulation of DNA Repair proteins. This study demonstrates the feasibility of pathway-level gene expression analysis of discrete intra-prostatic lesions sampled by MRI/ultrasound fusion biopsy. IPLs cluster into distinct molecular phenotypes, the most significantly altered being DNA Repair.
Transcription factor NF-κB is modulated by symbiotic status in a sea anemone model of cnidarian bleaching.

Transcription factor NF-κB plays a central role in immunity from fruit flies to humans, and NF-κB activity is altered in many human diseases. To investigate a role for NF-κB in immunity and disease on a broader evolutionary scale we have characterized NF-κB in a sea anemone (Exaiptasia pallida; called Aiptasia herein) model for cnidarian symbiosis and dysbiosis (i.e., "bleaching"). We show that the DNA-binding site specificity of Aiptasia NF-κB is similar to NF-κB proteins from a broad expanse of organisms. Analyses of NF-κB and IκB kinase proteins from Aiptasia suggest that non-canonical NF-κB processing is an evolutionarily ancient pathway, which can be reconstituted in human cells. In Aiptasia, NF-κB protein levels, DNA-binding activity, and tissue expression increase when loss of the algal symbiont Symbiodinium is induced by heat or chemical treatment. Kinetic analysis of NF-κB levels following loss of symbiosis show that NF-κB levels increase only after Symbiodinium is cleared. Moreover, introduction of Symbiodinium into naive Aiptasia larvae results in a decrease in NF-κB expression. Our results suggest that Symbiodinium suppresses NF-κB in order to enable establishment of symbiosis in Aiptasia. These results are the first to demonstrate a link between changes in the conserved immune regulatory protein NF-κB and cnidarian symbiotic status.
Using an Unfolding Simulation With Maternity and Pediatric Nursing Students

Abstract Providing appropriate and timely learning experiences for maternity and pediatric clinical rotations can pose challenges for nursing programs. Learning experiences for student nurses may be limited because of a number of variables, including patient availability, the ability to conduct assessments, availability of clinical sites, and number of students allowed. Nursing programs may elect to creatively utilize simulation experiences to promote student learning in specialty areas. This article discusses an unfolding simulation experience with maternity and pediatric nursing students.
The Ethics of Willful Ignorance

The ABA ethical rules state that a lawyer may not assist a client in conduct that she “knows” is criminal or fraudulent. In this article, I argue that we ought to hold lawyers responsible when they remain willfully ignorant of their clients’ illegal activity. When a lawyer suspects that her client might be engaged in criminal or fraudulent activity, she should have an obligation to investigate. I disagree with prominent legal ethics scholar, David Luban, who has argued that lawyers should be able to turn a blind eye to signs of wrongdoing. I argue that rather than undermining the attorney client relationship, this new obligation would help lawyers serve their clients by encouraging lawyers to understand the full facts of the case.
Whose Side Are You On? Asian Americans' Mistrust of Asian-White Biracials Predicts More Exclusion From the Ingroup.

We investigated Asian Americans’ perceptions of Asian–White biracials. Because the Asian/White boundary may be more permeable than other minority/White boundaries, we reasoned that Asian Americans ...
Regulation of Cortical Vesicle Exocytosis in Sea Urchin Eggs

Exocytosis in many cells appears to be regulated by intracellular free calcium (see Augustine et al., 1987). The exocytosis of cortical vesicles in the sea urchin egg at fertilization has provided an excellent example for studying both the processes leading to a rise in intracellular calcium and the steps by which the rise in calcium causes exocytosis.
Biological Sequelae of TRAF2 Downregulation in Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia Cells.

Abstract Background. Several TNF family members (CD40L and BAFF/BLYS) have been implicated in Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia (WM) cell growth and survival. More recently, abnormalities in the APRIL-TACI pathway have been demonstrated by us in WM cells (Hunter, ASH2006, #228). TRAFs (TNFR-associated factor) are a family of adaptor proteins that mediate signal transduction from multiple members of the TNF receptor superfamily. In particular, TRAFs facilitate pro-apoptotic signaling from the TACI receptor, and TRAF2 is of importance among the TRAF adapter proteins since this protein is required for TNF-alpha-mediated activation of SAPK/JNK MAPK known to be involved in drug-induced death of tumor B cells. We therefore examined the role of TRAF2 in WM growth and survival. Method. We investigated TRAF2, 3 and 5 gene expression in WM patient bone marrow (BM) CD19+ cells and cell lines (BCWM.1, WSU-WM) and compared their expression to BM CD19+ cells from healthy donors. Expression of human TRAF transcripts were determined using real time quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR) based on TaqMan fluorescence methodology. To evaluate the role of TRAF2, a knockdown model was prepared in BL2126 B-cells and BCWM.1 WM cells using electroporation, with resulted ≥50% knockdown efficiency using RT-PCR and immunoblotting. Results. We found that TRAF3 and 5 gene expression was higher in WM versus healthy donors, while TRAF2 expression was lower in 8/13 (60%) patients, using qPCR. TRAFs gene expression did not correlate with tumor burden or WM prognostic markers. We next sought to understand the biological sequelae of TRAF2 deficiency in BL2126 and BCWM.1 cells and found that TRAF2 knockdown induced increased survival at 72 hours in both cell lines. We next studied sequence analysis of 20 WM patients CD19+ BM cells to determine whether there was a TRAF2 genomic alteration, and found heterozygous early termination mutation in exon 5 in 1 (5%) patient. Conclusion. Our data demonstrate that TRAF2 is a commonly dysregulated TNF family adapter protein in patients with WM, with important consequences in WM cell growth and survival.
Dirichlet spectral-Galerkin approximation method for the simply supported vibrating plate eigenvalues.

In this paper, we analyze and implement the Dirichlet spectral-Galerkin method for approximating simply supported vibrating plate eigenvalues with variable coefficients. This is a Galerkin approximation that uses the approximation space that is the span of finitely many Dirichlet eigenfunctions for the Laplacian. Convergence and error analysis for this method is presented for two and three dimensions. Here we will assume that the domain has either a smooth or Lipschitz boundary with no reentrant corners. An important component of the error analysis is Weyl's law for the Dirichlet eigenvalues. Numerical examples for computing the simply supported vibrating plate eigenvalues for the unit disk and square are presented. In order to test the accuracy of the approximation, we compare the spectral-Galerkin method to the separation of variables for the unit disk. Whereas for the unit square we will numerically test the convergence rate for a variable coefficient problem.
Civic Engagement through Asian American and Pacific Islander Studies: Cultivating Capacity for Social Justice through Critical Service Learning.

This autoethnographic case study analyzes how “ASAM 230 – Civic Engagement Through Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) Studies,” an ethnic studies course created at a public, comprehensive university in partnership with a community-based organization, cultivates capacity for social justice through critical service learning. ASAM 230 purposefully manifests social justice principles, conscious equitable distribution of individual and structural power, and a focus on authentic, sustainable relationships, with conceptual, practical implications for social change agents and educators.
Tensile properties of composite metal foam and composite metal foam core sandwich panels

Steel-steel composite metal foam (SS-CMF) and composite metal foam core sandwich panels (SS-CMF-CSP) were manufactured and tested under quasi-static tension. The SS-CMF-CSP were manufactured by att...
Older Adults without Desired Surrogates in a Nationally Representative Sample

Background/objectives Little is known about older adults who have intact capacity but do not have a desired surrogate to make decisions if their capacity becomes impaired. Design Cross-sectional study of a nationally representative sample. Setting National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP), 2005-2006. Participants Community-dwelling older adults without known cognitive impairment, aged 57 to 85, interviewed as part of NSHAP (n = 2,767). Measurements We examined demographic, medical, and social connectedness characteristics associated with answering "no" to this question: "Do you have someone who you would like to make medical decisions for you if you were unable, as for example if you were seriously injured or very sick?" Because many states permit nuclear family to make decisions for persons with no legally appointed health care agent, we used logistic regression to identify factors associated with individuals who were ill suited to this paradigm in the sense that they had nuclear family but did not have a desired surrogate. Results Among NSHAP respondents, 7.5% (95% confidence interval = 6.4-8.7) did not have a desired surrogate. Nearly 90% of respondents without desired surrogates had nuclear family. Compared with respondents with desired surrogates, those without desired surrogates had lower indicators of social connectedness. On average, however, they had four confidants, approximately 70% socialized at least monthly, and more than 90% could discuss their health with a confidant. Among respondents who had nuclear family, few characteristics distinguished those with and without desired surrogates. Conclusion Nearly 8% of older adults did not have a desired surrogate. Most had nuclear family and were not socially disconnected. Older adults should be asked explicitly about a desired surrogate, and strategies are needed to identify surrogates for those who do not have family or would not choose family to make decisions for them.
Carbon dots deposition in adult bones reveal areas of growth, injury and regeneration

C-dots synthesized from carbon nanopowder (oxidation, hydrothermal) are particularly attractive theragnostic agents for bone-related injuries and disease due to their bright fluorescence and high binding affinity and specificity for bones, as demonstrated in a larval animal model. Larval bone development, however, is significantly different from the bone growth, repair and regeneration processes occurring in adults. Using adult zebrafish, we investigated C-dots interactions with adult skeletal structures. Upon injection, C-dots were observed at the surface of bones, at sites of appositional growth. In regenerating bones, C-dots were observed at the core and on the surface of the bones depending on the age of the tissue. C-dots deposition occurred within 30 min of delivery and it was highly selective. Importantly, their deposition did not interfere with bone regeneration or the animals health. Together, these properties establish C-dots as novel tools for the diagnostic and treatment of adult bone-related injuries and diseases.
Lasting consequences of psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli L.) infestation on tomato defense, gene expression, and growth

The tomato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli Sulc (Hemiptera: Triozidae), is a pest of solanaceous crops such as tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) in the U.S. and vectors the disease-causing pathogen ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’. Currently, the only effective strategies for controlling the diseases associated with this pathogen involve regular pesticide applications to manage psyllid population density. However, such practices are unsustainable and will eventually lead to widespread pesticide resistance in psyllids. Therefore, new control strategies must be developed to increase host-plant resistance to insect vectors. For example, expression of constitutive and inducible plant defenses can be improved through selection. Currently, it is still unknown whether psyllid infestation has any lasting consequences on tomato plant defense or tomato plant gene expression in general. In order to characterize the genes putatively involved in tomato defense against psyllid infestation, RNA was extracted from psyllid-infested and uninfested tomato leaves (Moneymaker) 3 weeks post-infestation. Transcriptome analysis identified 362 differentially expressed genes. These differentially expressed genes were primarily associated with defense responses to abiotic/biotic stress, transcription/translation, cellular signaling/transport, and photosynthesis. These gene expression changes suggested that tomato plants underwent a reduction in plant growth/health in exchange for improved defense against stress that was observable 3 weeks after psyllid infestation. Consistent with these observations, tomato plant growth experiments determined that the plants were shorter 3 weeks after psyllid infestation. Furthermore, psyllid nymphs had lower survival rates on tomato plants that had been previously psyllid infested. These results suggested that psyllid infestation has lasting consequences for tomato gene expression, defense, and growth.
Soft-Robust Algorithms for Batch Reinforcement Learning.

In reinforcement learning, robust policies for high-stakes decision-making problems with limited data are usually computed by optimizing the percentile criterion, which minimizes the probability of a catastrophic failure. Unfortunately, such policies are typically overly conservative as the percentile criterion is non-convex, difficult to optimize, and ignores the mean performance. To overcome these shortcomings, we study the soft-robust criterion, which uses risk measures to balance the mean and percentile criterion better. In this paper, we establish the soft-robust criterion's fundamental properties, show that it is NP-hard to optimize, and propose and analyze two algorithms to approximately optimize it. Our theoretical analyses and empirical evaluations demonstrate that our algorithms compute much less conservative solutions than the existing approximate methods for optimizing the percentile-criterion.
Task-related excitatory/inhibitory ratios in the fronto-striatal circuitry predict attention control deficits in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Abstract Reduced GABA concentrations at rest in the fronto-striatal circuitry are repeatedly implicated in cognitive symptoms of ADHD. However, recent evidence has suggested that GABA and its precursor, glutamate, are capable of undergoing dynamic modifications in response to environments. Yet, it remains unclear how the dynamics between glutamate and GABA may change when people are exerting their control of attention, and whether they would predict attention control deficits in ADHD. To study this question, we used MR spectroscopy to quantify GABA and glutamate+glutamine (Glx) concentrations in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the caudate nucleus in the fronto-striatal circuitry while subjects were performing attention control tasks. We studied 19 adults with ADHD (31-51 years) and 16 adults without ADHD (28-54). We found GABA and Glx concentrations during the tasks increased in both subjects with or without ADHD, but the extent of increases was significantly reduced in subjects with ADHD. Notably, E/I ratios (Glx/GABA) also increased and significantly predicted error rates while subjects with or without ADHD performed the Stroop and Flanker tasks. Critically, regression models including E/I ratios, GABA concentrations, and the ADHD diagnosis significantly predicted task performance in these tasks. Furthermore, clear interactions among these factors predicted the impaired attention control in the Flanker task in subjects with ADHD. These findings demonstrate for the first time that E/I ratios in the ACC and the caudate nucleus increased when people exerted their control of attention, and suggest that reduced GABA contribution to E/I ratio in these two brain regions may account for cognitive deficits in ADHD.
Association of the Affordable Care Act with survival among adolescents and young adults with lymphomas in California.

6532Background: Our recent study showed that the implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) was associated with increased health insurance coverage among adolescents and young adults (AYAs, 15...
Experimental demonstration of a two-dimensional sound diffusing acoustic metasurface with subwavelength thickness

Acoustic diffusers are surfaces that minimize the strength of room modes in small- and medium-sized rooms and reduce specular reflections in large spaces. Since diffusers are surface treatments that are mounted to walls of interior spaces, it is desirable to reduce their thickness in order to maximize usable space. Traditional diffuser designs, such as the quadratic residue diffuser (QRD) make use of variable depth wells to control the local phase of the reflected field. In these designs, well depth is directly proportional to the reflected phase, rendering the overall thickness dependent on the design frequency. Coiled-space (CS) structures are good candidates to minimize diffuser thickness while maintaining performance. However, CS structures have tortuous channels which are susceptible to viscous losses which can degrade diffuser performance. This work presents a CS design for a 2D QRD (N = 7) diffuser with minimal viscous losses and λ/8 thickness, a 4x reduction compared to traditional QRD. Six unit-cell designs were optimized, fabricated, and measured in an impedance tube. Measured reflection coefficients are in a good agreement with predictions. The 3D diffusion performance of the CS and traditional diffusers were measured on multiple planes orthogonal to the diffuser surface with CS and traditional designs performing comparably.
Two-layer additively manufactured crown: Proof of concept.

Abstract Objectives To assess the feasibility of additively manufacturing a crown with a 2-layer design. Methods A mandibular first molar tooth preparation titanium die for a full coverage restoration was obtained. The die was used to design a monolayer (ML group) and 2-layer (2L group) anatomically contoured crown. In the ML group, the specimen was manufactured with a hard polymer (Rigur RGD450; Stratasys). In the 2L group, the crown was splinted into 2 parts: the intaglio that represented 25% of the total crown volume that was manufactured with a resilient polymer (Vero; Stratasys) and the exterior that represented the remaining crown volume that was manufactured with a hard polymer (Rigur RGD450; Stratasys). Specimens were manufactured using a material jetting printer (Connex3 Object260; Stratasys). The marginal and internal discrepancies of ML and 2L specimens were visually assessed. Results The ML and 2L specimens were manufactured using a material jetting printer that obtained a visually acceptable marginal and internal discrepancy. Conclusions The 2-layer dental crown can be manufactured using a material jetting printer. Clinical significance Material jetting technology has the capability to fabricate a 2-layer dental crown design which can be fabricated using materials with different properties.
Fiscal Therapy: Curing America’s Debt Addiction and Investing in the Future

Fiscal Therapy: Curing America’s Debt Addiction and Investing in the Future is a rare gem. There are many books on the growing U.S. national debt and deficit, but Fiscal Therapy tackles these with exhaustive comprehensiveness, current data, a focus on fairness, and detailed proposals.
Impact of three-body interactions in a ReaxFF force field for Ni and Cr transition metals and their alloys on the prediction of thermal and mechanical properties

Abstract In this work, we discuss the temperature-dependent elastic constants, thermal expansion and melting temperature of Ni and Cr transition metals using a ReaxFF reactive force field. While the ReaxFF force field has been successfully applied to various chemistries on these transition metals, it cannot replicate the experimentally observed relationship between C12 and C44. In addition, ReaxFF predicts the negative stacking-fault energy for fcc Ni, accelerating the fcc → hcp phase transformation. We show that by introducing three-body interaction parameters to the metal force field, which have not been included previously for transition metals, ReaxFF can successfully predict experimental elastic constants of fcc Ni and bcc Cr at finite temperatures. We then evaluate the thermal lattice expansion at T = 0 – 1700 K and compare to experimental data available in the literature – the higher thermal expansion coefficient corresponds to Ni, which is known to have a lower melting temperature than Cr. To estimate the melting temperature of Ni and Cr using the ReaxFF force field, we performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations by adopting the hysteresis method. With a sufficiently large system size and void concentration, the melting temperature is predicted to be 1698 K for Ni (agreeing within 1.7%) and 2410 K for Cr (within 10%). Furthermore, we develop a Ni/Cr alloy force field by combining Ni and Cr force fields and optimizing their cross-interaction parameters. It is shown in both ReaxFF and DFT that fcc-based Ni3Cr is the most stable phase with a negative heat of formation while all bcc alloys have positive heats of formation, indicating a possible phase separation for Ni and Cr. The elastic constants at 0 K calculated by ReaxFF agree with DFT values within 5–10%, except for the large deviation in C33.
Natural Resources Beyond Water and Food 2020–2050

What is the status of natural resources availability and access in 2020 other than water and food and how is this projected to change in 2050 and beyond? Among resource categories considered here are energy, critical/strategic metals, industrial minerals and rocks, loss of forest land or no loss as important sources of timber, food, and medicinal plants.
Quantum Criticality of Hot Random Spin Chains

We study the infinite-temperature properties of an infinite sequence of random quantum spin chains using a real-space renormalization group approach, and demonstrate that they exhibit nonergodic behavior at strong disorder. The analysis is conveniently implemented in terms of $\mathrm{SU}(2{)}_{k}$ anyon chains that include the Ising and Potts chains as notable examples. Highly excited eigenstates of these systems exhibit properties usually associated with quantum critical ground states, leading us to dub them ``quantum critical glasses.'' We argue that random-bond Heisenberg chains self-thermalize and that the excited-state entanglement crosses over from volume-law to logarithmic scaling at a length scale that diverges in the Heisenberg limit $k\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$. The excited state fixed points are generically distinct from their ground state counterparts, and represent novel nonequilibrium critical phases of matter.
On the Dual Formulation of Regularized Linear Systems with Convex Risks

In this paper, we study a general formulation of linear prediction algorithms including a number of known methods as special cases. We describe a convex duality for this class of methods and propose numerical algorithms to solve the derived dual learning problem. We show that the dual formulation is closely related to online learning algorithms. Furthermore, by using this duality, we show that new learning methods can be obtained. Numerical examples will be given to illustrate various aspects of the newly proposed algorithms.
Some Recent Developments in Evolutionary Approaches to the Study of Human Cognition and Behavior

In this paper I review some theoretical exchanges and empiricalresults from recent work on human behavior and cognition in thehope of indicating some productive avenues for critical engagement.I focus particular attention on methodological debates between Evolutionary Psychologists and behavioral ecologists. I argue for a broader and more encompassing approach to the evolutionarily based study of human behavior and cognition than either of these two rivals present.
History of the Common Law: The Development of Anglo-American Legal Institutions

This introductory text explores the historical origins of the main legal institutions that came to characterize the Anglo-American legal tradition, and to distinguish it from European legal systems. The book contains both text and extracts from historical sources and literature. The book is published in color, and contains over 250 illustrations, many in color, including medieval illuminated manuscripts, paintings, books and manuscripts, caricatures, and photographs. Two great themes dominate the book: (1) the origins, development, and pervasive influence of the jury system and judge/jury relations across eight centuries of Anglo-American civil and criminal justice; and (2) the law/equity division, from the emergence of the Court of Chancery in the fourteenth century down through equity's conquest of common law in the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The chapters on criminal justice explore the history of pretrial investigation, policing, trial, and sentencing, as well as the movement in modern times to nonjury resolution through plea bargaining. Considerable attention is devoted to distinctively American developments, such as the elective bench, and the influence of race relations on the law of criminal procedure. Other major subjects of this book include the development of the legal profession, from the serjeants, barristers, and attorneys of medieval times down to the transnational megafirms of twenty-first century practice; the literature of the law, especially law reports and treatises, from the Year Books and Bracton down to the American state reports and today's electronic services; and legal education, from the founding of the Inns of Court to the emergence and growth of university law schools in the United States. History of the Common Law offers: dynamic teaching materials that include primary sources, scholarship, summaries, notes, and questions judiciously selected and edited sources over 250 illustrations--many in full color "Living Law "units that connect legal-historical developments to modern law an illustrated timeline that highlights key dates a comprehensive Teacher's Manual, with suggestions for using the book in a two- or three-credit course Vivid writing, engaging source materials, and lavish illustrations breathe life into nearly 1,000 years of Anglo-American legal history. Concise summaries, manageable extracts, clear organization, and a detailed Teacher's Manual consistently support your teaching. *Teacher's Manuals are a professional courtesy offered to professors only. For more information or to request a copy, please contact Aspen Publishers at 800-950-5259 or legaledu@wolterskluwer.com.