cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adenosine Triphosphate: Protection against Radiation-Induced Chromosome Loss in Drosophila

Injection of 5 milligrams of adenosine triphosphate per milliliter into adult Drosophila melanogaster Xe2 yB/sc8 y+ 4 to 8 hours old either immediately before or after administration of 2000 roentgens of x-rays protected those cells in spermatogenesis which were in or near meiosis from the loss of the ring X or the y+ portion of Y chromosome. The loss of the chromosomes was determined by appearance of exceptional XO males in the offspring.
Direct Aerosol Introduction in Constant-temperature Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

Combination of a sample introduction/desolvation system with a Woodriff-type constant temperature furnace atomizer allows for the rapid, direct analysis of aqueous samples with precisions comparable to and detection limits 5 times lower than those obtained by conventional flame analysis. The introduction system consists of a pneumatic nebulizer, a spray chamber for collection of large aerosol particles, a heated chamber for solvent evaporation, and a condenser for solvent removal. Under optimized operating conditions, detection limits obtainable for Ag, Cd, Zn, and Pb are 0.14, 0.50, 0.64, and 8.3 ppb, respectively, whereas precision at a concentration level 50 times the detection limit is 2.7%, 5.3%, 7.0%, and 5.5% relative standard deviation. The system is relatively free from chloride and nitrate matrix interferences, whereas interferences resulting from the presence of 1% sulfate and phosphate ions appear to be related to the nebulization process and can be greatly reduced by modification of these conditions.
Forecasting with computer-evolved model specifications: a genetic programming application

Abstract This paper uses genetic programming (GP) to evolve model specifications of time series data. GP is a computerized random search optimization algorithm that assembles equations until it identifies the fittest one. The technique is applied here to artificially simulated data first then to real-world sunspot numbers. One-step-ahead forecasts produced by the fittest of computer-evolved models are evaluated and compared with alternatives. The results suggest that GP may produce reasonable forecasts if their user selects appropriate input variables and comprehends the process investigated. Further, the technique appears promising in forecasting noisy complex series perhaps better than other existing methods. It is suitable for decision makers who set high priority on obtaining accurate forecasts rather than on probing into and approximating the underlying data generating process. Scope and purpose This paper contains a brief introduction and an evaluation of the use of genetic programming (GP) in forecasting time series. GP is a computerized random search optimization technique based upon Darwin's theory of evolution. The algorithm is first applied to model and forecast artificially simulated linear and nonlinear time series. Results are used to evaluate the effectiveness of GP as a forecasting technique. It is then applied to model and forecast sunspot numbers—the most frequently analyzed and forecasted series. An autoregressive and a threshold nonlinear dynamical systems to capture the dynamics of the irregular sunspot numbers’ cycle were tested using GP. The latter delivered estimated equations yielding the lowest mean square error ever reported for the series. This paper demonstrates that GP's forecasting capabilities depend on the structure and complexity of the process to model. Skills and intuition of GP's user are its limitation.
Optimization of amperometric microsensors for monitoring choline in the extracellular fluid of brain tissue

Abstract Microsensors for choline with selectivity over ascorbate have been prepared by immobilizing horseradish peroxidase and choline oxidase within a cross-linkable redox polymer deposited onto 10-μm diameter carbon fiber microcylinder electrodes, ca. 300–400 μm in length. To eliminate ascorbate interference, microsensors are modified by incorporating ascorbate oxidase into the sensing membrane and by applying a Nafion overlayer. When operated at 37 ° C at an applied potential of −0.1 V vs. Ag/AgCl, the microsensors detect 10 μm to 1 mM choline with no interference from 0–400 μM ascorbate. The modified choline microsensors detect 0–100 μM choline in a linear fashion (r = 0.99), again with no ascorbate interference. At 37 ° C the microsensors detect 10 μM Ch with a signal-to-noise ratio of 12 and a response time of ca. 15 s (10–90% of the change in signal). In order to evaluate their performance in vivo, the microsensors were implanted into the brain of a rat alongside a micropipet from which small volumes (75–250 nl) of a choline solution were injected into the tissue.
Leucine aminopeptidase: A zinc metalloenzyme

Abstract The leucine aminopeptidase of the supernatant fraction of porcine kidney is instantaneously inhibited by orthophenanthroline, bipyridyl, cupferron, sodium diethyldithiocarbamide, sodium sulfide, and sodium cyanide. All of these inhibitions are reversed by addition of group IIb metal ions in appropriate quantity to the reaction mixture. During purification of the enzyme under conditions which minimize the addition of extraneous metal, the zinc-to-protein ratio in the fractions rises to a final value between 4 and 6 g-atoms per 300,000 g of protein, as estimated by three independent analytical methods, while the content of all other metals falls to negligible levels. Removal of the zinc from the purified enzyme or its replacement by cadmium results in loss of enzyme activity in proportion to the loss of zinc. Replacement of the cadmium in cadmium leucine aminopeptidase by zinc restores native levels of activity. Manganese can also partially replace the zinc of the purified enzyme yielding a derivative more active toward both leucine amide and leucine p -nitroanilide than the native enzyme. These data suggest that leucine aminopeptidase is a zinc metalloenzyme.
The evolution of jumping in frogs: morphological evidence for the basal anuran locomotor condition and the radiation of locomotor systems in crown group anurans.

Our understanding of the evolution of frog locomotion follows from the work of Emerson in which anurans are proposed to possess one of three different iliosacral configurations: 1) a lateral-bending system found in walking and hopping frogs; 2) a fore-aft sliding mechanism found in several locomotor modes; and 3) a sagittal-hinge-type pelvis posited to be related to long-distance jumping performance. The most basal living (Ascaphus) and fossil (Prosalirus) frogs are described as sagittal-hinge pelvic types, and it has been proposed that long-distance jumping with a sagittal-hinge pelvis arose early in frog evolution. We revisited osteological traits of the pelvic region to conduct a phylogenetic analysis of the relationships between pelvic systems and locomotor modes in frogs. Using two of Emerson's diagnostic traits from the sacrum and ilium and two new traits from the urostyle, we resampled the taxa originally studied by Emerson and key paleotaxa and conducted an analysis of ancestral-character state evolution in relation to locomotor mode. We present a new pattern for the evolution of pelvic systems and locomotor modes in frogs. Character analysis shows that the lateral-bender, walker/hopper condition is both basal and generally conserved across the Anura. Long-distance jumping frogs do not appear until well within the Neobatrachia. The sagittal-hinge morphology is correlated with long-distance jumping in terrestrial frogs; however, it evolved convergently multiple times in crown group anurans with the same four pelvic traits described herein. Arboreal jumping has appeared in multiple crown lineages as well, but with divergent patterns of evolution involving each of the three pelvic types. The fore-aft slider morph appears independently in three different locomotor modes and, thus, is a more complex system than previously thought. Finally, it appears that the advent of a bicondylar sacro-urostylic articulation was originally related to providing axial rigidity to lateral-bending behaviors rather than sagittal bending. J. Morphol., 2011. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The effect of adrenalectomy on the circadian variation in the rate of kindled seizure development

The hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis (HPAA) is activated during kindled seizures and the circadian changes in this axis may contribute to the circadian variation in the kindling rate. Changes in the rate of seizure development were examined in rats that were amygdala kindled in the a.m., at midday and in the p.m.. Sham operated control groups were compared to adrenalectomized groups. Adrenalectomy had no effect on the midday rate but abolished the normal circadian variation by accelerating the rate in the a.m. and decreasing the rate in the p.m.. These results suggest a complicated relationship of kindled seizure rate to the hormones of the HPAA axis.
A modern approach to rotiferan phylogeny : Combining morphological and molecular data

The phylogeny of selected members of the phylum Rotifera is examined based on analyses under parsimony direct optimization and Bayesian inference of phylogeny. Species of the higher metazoan lineages Acanthocephala, Micrognathozoa, Cycliophora, and potential outgroups are included to test rotiferan monophyly. The data include 74 morphological characters combined with DNA sequence data from four molecular loci, including the nuclear 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, histone H3, and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I. The combined molecular and total evidence analyses support the inclusion of Acanthocephala as a rotiferan ingroup, but do not support the inclusion of Micrognathozoa and Cycliophora. Within Rotifera, the monophyletic Monogononta is sister group to a clade consisting of Acanthocephala, Seisonidea, and Bdelloidea—for which we propose the name Hemirotifera. We also formally propose the inclusion of Acanthocephala within Rotifera, but maintaining the name Rotifera for the new expanded phylum. Within Monogononta, Gnesiotrocha and Ploima are also supported by the data. The relationships within Ploima remain unstable to parameter variation or to the method of phylogeny reconstruction and poorly supported, and the analyses showed that monophyly was questionable for the families Dicranophoridae, Notommatidae, and Brachionidae, and for the genus Proales. Otherwise, monophyly was generally supported for the represented ploimid families and genera.
THERMODYNAMICS OF DIFFUSION UNDER PRESSURE AND STRESS : RELATION TO POINT DEFECT MECHANISMS

A thermodynamic formalism is developed for illuminating the predominant point defect mechanism of self- and impurity diffusion in silicon and is used to provide a rigorous basis for point defect-based interpretation of diffusion experiments in biaxially strained epitaxial layers in the Si–Ge system. A specific combination of the hydrostatic and biaxial stress dependences of the diffusivity is ±1 times the atomic volume, depending upon whether the predominant mechanism involves vacancies or interstitials. Experimental results for Sb diffusion in biaxially strained Si–Ge films and ab initio calculations of the activation volume for Sb diffusion by a vacancy mechanism are in quantitative agreement with no free parameters. Key parameters are identified that must be measured or calculated for a quantitative test of interstitial-based mechanisms.
Prevention of Pulmonary Emboli in a Respiratory Intensive Care Unit: Efficacy of Low-dose Heparin

Ninety-eight patients admitted to our respiratory intensive care unit during a one-year period were compared retrospectively with 99 well-matched patients admitted during a second one-year period. The use of prophylactic low-dose heparin in the second year was associated with a significant decrease in pulmonary emboli documented by ventilation-perfusion scan, pulmonary angiography, and autopsy. No specific bleeding complications could be directly attributed to the use of low-dose heparin. The frequency and severity of gastrointestinal hemorrhage as determined by hemoglobin fall and transfusion requirements were not significantly affected by the prophylactic use of low-dose heparin. Low-dose heparin appears to be effective and safe in respiratory intensive care unit patients in the prevention of pulmonary emboli.
Regulation of Appetite, Body Composition, and Metabolic Hormones by Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP)

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a 28-amino acid neuropeptide that belongs to the secretin-glucagon superfamily of peptides and has 68 % homology with PACAP. VIP is abundantly expressed in the central and peripheral nervous system and in the gastrointestinal tract, where it exercises several physiological functions. Previously, it has been reported that VIP regulates feeding behavior centrally in different species of vertebrates such as goldfishes, chicken and rodents. Additional studies are necessary to analyze the role of endogenous VIP on the regulation of appetite/satiety, feeding behavior, metabolic hormones, body mass composition and energy balance. The aim of the study was to elucidate the physiological pathways by which VIP regulates appetite/satiety, feeding behavior, metabolic hormones, and body mass composition. VIP deficient (VIP -/-) and age-matched wild-type (WT) littermates were weekly monitored from 5 to 22 weeks of age using a whole body composition EchoMRI analyzer. Food intake and feeding behavior were analyzed using the BioDAQ automated monitoring system. Plasma levels of metabolic hormones including active-ghrelin, GLP-1, leptin, PYY, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), adiponectin, and insulin were measured in fasting as well as in postprandial conditions. The genetic lack of VIP led to a significant reduction of body weight and fat mass and to an increase of lean mass as the mice aged. Additionally, VIP-/- mice had a disrupted pattern of circadian feeding behavior resulting in an abolished regular nocturnal/diurnal feeding. These changes were associated with an altered secretion of adiponectin, GLP-1, leptin, PYY and insulin in VIP-/- mice. Our data demonstrates that endogenous VIP is involved in the control of appetite/satiety, feeding behavior, body mass composition and in the secretion of six different key regulatory metabolic hormones. VIP plays a key role in the regulation of body phenotype by significantly enhancing body weight and fat mass accumulation. Therefore, VIP signaling is critical for the modulation of appetite/satiety and body mass phenotype and is a potential target for future treatment of obesity.
The serum iron level, hematocrit, sedimentation rate, and leukocyte alkaline phosphatase level in pediatric patients with Hodgkin's disease.

The serum iron level, hematocrit, leukocyte alkaline phosphatase level (L.A.P.), and sedimentation rate in 35 pediatric patients with Hodgkin's disease were evaluated. Criteria for remission and relapse were defined; 20 were in remission and 15 in relapse. The patients were also staged clinically. Those initially in remission were followed for 12 months unless relapse occurred earlier and those initially in relapse were followed for variable periods up to 12 months. In the absence of a change of status the investigations were repeated at 6 monthly intervals. Normal values were observed in both sexes in Stage I remission (there were no patients in Stage I relapse), and an increasing number of abnormal parameters appeared as the stages advanced. For Stages II-IV combined, during relapse the frequency of abnormal values was: serum iron 100% for both males and females; sedimentation rate 56% for males, 62% for females; hematocrit 56% for males, 54% for females, and L.A.P. 44% for males and 46% for females. During remission, the frequency of abnormal values was: serum iron, for males 83% and females 50%; sedimentation rate 42% males, 50% females; hematocrit 42% males, 33% females, and L.A.P. 55% males and 17% females. The results suggest a continuum or progression of disease subject to some form of modification or control under the influence of therapy. The factors responsible for a low serum iron in Hodgkin's disease are considered. They differ from the usual causes of hypoferremia in malignancy and suggest that the parameter reflects the activity of an enigmatic basic process.
The sulfhydryl groups of ovalbumin.

Abstract 1. 1. The reactivity of the sulfhydryl groups of ovalbumin has been investigated by iodine oxidation studies and by a titrimetric method with p-chloromercuribenzoate. The titrimetric method involved the addition of p-chloromercuribenzoate to solutions of the protein buffered at pH 5.3 and back titration of the excess or unreacted mercury reagent with cysteine, with nitroprusside as an outside indicator. 2. 2. The derivative of native ovalbumin and p-chloromercuribenzoate was recrystallized. It was dissociated by dialysis against excess cysteine at pH 7.0 and the original protein could be recovered. 3. 3. Native ovalbumin was found to contain approximately 3 equiv./ mole reactive sulfhydryl, and denatured ovalbumin was found to contain 4 equiv./mole. 4. 4. Partial oxidation of native ovalbumin with iodine followed by p-chloromercuribenzoate titrations indicated that iodine preferentially oxidizes those sulfhydryl groups that react with p-chloromercuribenzoate in the native protein. 5. 5. It was concluded from titrations of native and denatured whole egg white that the ovalbumin contains most, if not all, of the sulfhydryl groups in egg white.
PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL-SPECIFIC PHOSPHOLIPASE C CYCLIC PHOSPHODIESTERASE ACTIVITY DEPENDS ON SOLVENT POLARITY

Large enhancements (maximum of 82-fold in terms of enzyme efficiency, Vmax/Km) of bacterial PI-PLC cyclic phosphodiesterase activity were observed in the presence of organic solvents miscible in water (dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide, and 2-propanol). In general, organic solvents lowered the Km for myo-inositol 1,2-cyclic phosphate (cIP) and increased Vmax substantially. This kinetic effect was similar to that obtained with phosphatidylcholine micelles and bilayers in an aqueous assay system for cyclic inositol phosphate hydrolysis [Zhou, C., et al. (1997) Biochemistry 36, 347-355]. Solvent properties were examined to determine which ones correlated with the activation of PI-PLC toward cIP in each solvent. Activation correlated best with the solvent polarity as measured by ET(30); no significant correlation was observed with solution surface tension, the bulk dielectric constant (epsilon), 1/epsilon (a measure of the strength of charge interactions), or the Hildebrand solubility parameter. The sigmoidal curve of the enzyme activity versus solvent polarity was consistent with the solvent promoting a transition in the enzyme from a low-activity to a high-activity form. Possible candidates for this change, including enzyme dimerization, helix B/loop stabilization, and dehydration of the active site, are discussed.
Beliefs about One's Bodily State, Emotionality, and Aggression

--70 male undergraduates were given a placebo and told either that i t was a stimulant, analgesic, reflex-inhibitor, or vitamin. Ss completed a mood questionnaire, after receiving either 6 shocks (attack) or 2 shocks (no attack), ostensibly an evaluation of their solution to a problem. They then used shock to evaluate a standard solution ~roduced by their former evaluator (a confederate). No significant differences were detected among the placebo conditions in shock number, duration, intensity, or latency. However, among Ss reporting that the "drug" seems to have some effect, those attacked and taking the reflex-inhibitor had significantly longcr shock latencies. Attacked analgesic Ss did not perceive the shocks as less ~ 3 1 n f u l but rated themselves highest i n insult.
Population Dynamics in Complex Landscapes: A Case Study.

The abundance and distribution of natural populations can be strongly influenced by the types and arrangement of habitat patches within a landscape. The impact of landscape changes on population dynamics is difficult to study using conventional population models and field techniques. Spatially explicit simulation models provide a powerful method for modelling landscape and population changes at large spatial scales and may prove useful as a management tool for mobile animal populations. As an example of this approach, we present a model designed to elucidate the effects of landscape—level variation in habitat dispersion on the size and extinction probability of avian populations in a region managed for timber production. In the model, habitat suitability and availability within the landscape change annually as a function of timber harvest and management strategies. The model incorporates life history characteristics of Bachman's Sparrow (Aimophila aestivalis), a species of management concern in the southeastern United States, and the landscape characteristics of the Savannah River Site, South Carolina, an area managed for timber production where the sparrow is relatively common. Life history characteristics used in the model include dispersal, survivorship, and reproductive success information reported for Bachman's Sparrow at this site or elsewhere in its range. Results of the simulations suggest that variation in demographic variables affects population size more than variation in dispersal ability. Changes in adult and juvenile survivorship have especially large impacts on the probability of population extinction. The presence of habitat types that serve as permanent sources of dispersers increases the total population size in the landscape, and lowers the probability of extinction. Results of models such as BACHMAP can suggest modifications to current management plans that would increase the probability of population persistence for species of special concern in managed landscapes.
Ovarian Neoplasms in Children

Objective: To review the clinical presentation, treatment, and outcome in a series of children with ovarian neoplasms. Design: A retrospective review of the medical records in a case series of 29 girls with ovarian neoplasms. The length of follow-up ranged from 6 months to 7½ years and averaged 3.0 years in the girls with malignant tumors. Setting: The patients were treated at a large referral children's hospital. Patients: Twenty-nine girls with ovarian neoplasms were treated from 1976 to 1992. The average age of the patients was 10 years and ranged from 2 to 16 years. Main Outcome Measures: The principal outcomes examined were mortality and surgical morbidity. Results: The most common presenting symptoms for these ovarian tumors in pediatric patients included chronic abdominal pain, an abdominal mass, or distention. Three girls presented with precocious puberty or hirsutism. In 27 cases, the tumor was a primary ovarian lesion. In two patients, the ovarian mass was the presenting finding for a stage IV non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Seventeen tumors were benign and 12 were malignant. Tumors originating from the germ-cell line predominated (n=17). Seven of the 10 ovarian malignant neoplasms were stage I at the time of diagnosis. All but one of the girls with malignant tumors received either adjunctive radiation therapy or multiple-agent chemotherapy. Two girls with sex cord/stromal cell tumors who presented with stage I disease ultimately developed widespread metastases. Both girls with large epithelial tumors survived. All of the girls with benign tumors and seven (70%) of 10 with malignant lesions survived. Conclusion: Ovarian tumors are unusual lesions in the pediatric population. Unlike in adults, such neoplasms generally originate from the germ-cell line. Whereas most ovarian tumors in girls are benign, some children have malignant tumors that are very aggressive and do not respond well to adjuvant therapy. In particular, malignant sex cord/stromal cell tumors, even when they present at an early stage, may behave unpredictably. (Arch Surg. 1993;128:849-854)
Antagonism of Nicotine's Action by Cocaine Analogs

Abstract Structure-activity relationships of a number of synthetic cocaine analogs are described comparing their effectiveness antagonizing the behavioral effects of nicotine in mice with their ability to compete for [3H]mecamylamine, [3H]nicotine, and [3H]3-quinuclidinylbenzilate ([3H]QNB) binding to calf brain membranes. Within a series of phenyltropane carboxylic acid methyl esters the most potent anlogues were the 4-I and 4-F -phenyl analogs, while replacement of F by Cl or alkyl groups diminishhed potency. The isopropyl and phenylcarboxylic acid esters were comparable in potencty to the methyl esters. There appeared to be a relationship between the potency of the analogs in inhibiting the dopamine transporter and nictoine antagonism. A good correlation was observed between pharmacologic potency and [3H]mecamylaine binding to brain membranes. It was concluded that the antagonistic action of the cocaine analogs involved an ion channel site on the neuronal nicotinic cholinergic receptors.
Comparison of Men Versus Women in Cross-Sectional Area Luminal Narrowing, Quantity of Plaque, Presence of Calcium in Plaque, and Lumen Location in Coronary Arteries by Intravascular Ultrasound in Patients with Stable Angina Pectoris

Women have an increased mortality after coronary interventions compared with men, which may be partly explained by differences in comorbid clinical conditions. However, whether women also have quantitative differences in coronary atherosclerosis is not known. Preinterventional intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) was used to study de novo, nonostial native coronary lesions in 169 women and 549 men with chronic angina. The external elastic membrane (EEM), lumen, and plaque + media (P + M) areas, plaque burden, plaque eccentricity, and calcium were measured at the target lesion and at a proximal reference site. All cross-sectional IVUS measures were also corrected for body surface area. Results are reported as mean +/- 1 SD. Women had significantly smaller reference site EEM (16.5 +/- 5.3 vs 19.4 +/- 6.3 mm2, p <0.0001), lumen (8.7 +/- 3.0 vs 9.9 +/- 4.0 mm2, p = 0.0020), and P + M areas (7.8 +/- 3.7 vs 9.5 +/- 4.2 mm2, p = 0.0001). Women also had significantly smaller lesion site EEM (16.2 +/- 5.9 vs 18.3 +/- 6.7 mm2, p = 0.0028), lumen (2.4 +/- 1.7 vs 2.9 +/- 2.6 mm2, p = 0.0273), and P + M areas (13.6 +/- 5.7 vs 15.3 +/- 6.4 mm2, p = 0.0112). However, when corrected for BSA, these differences were no longer significant. Women and men also had similar reference and lesion plaque burden, eccentricity, and calcium. Preinterventional IVUS analysis failed to detect any quantitative or qualitative differences in coronary atherosclerosis in men compared with women.
Injection Locked Oscillator: A Review

AbstractThe paper discusses on the fundamentals of the injection locked oscillator. Starting from the Adler's approach of the injection locked oscillator to the Razavi's model of the injection locked oscillator is discussed in details. Experimental results are also incorporated in support of the analytical results.
A low power control system optimized for solar thermal power generation

In solar energy generation, most tracking systems are developed for photovoltaic (PV) systems. These controls are built for installations that are typically heavy, require a lot of power, and don't require close tolerances on the algorithm. However, due to the high correlation of direct solar incidence, solar thermal applications require much stricter tolerances, but can be built with much lower power requirements due to the significantly reduced weight. The proposed system will use an Arduino style microcontroller for a dual axis tracking system. One axis will be an axial “turntable” controlled with a single pneumatic cylinder. The second axis will be angular, and will be controlled with two pneumatic cylinders. The voltage required for this system is 12 VDC, which will allow for flexible energy storage options. The use of a USB enables Arduino will allow an end user to utilize a laptop to run diagnostics when installing the full system to enable optimization of the power generated. Once the system is optimized, it will be able to run without the interface to reduce the power requirement of the control system. This paper will show that the proposed system is energy efficient and cost effective with the ability to integrate with local resources. This system, when combined with a lightweight solar thermal generator, will be an ideal daytime generator for remote installations, especially in those areas with little or no access to traditional grid power.
The salicylic acid-inducible alternative oxidase gene aox1 and genes encoding pathogenesis-related proteins share regions of sequence similarity in their promoters.

We have isolated and characterized a genomic clone, λAOSG11, corresponding to aox1, which encodes the 42 kDa alternative oxidase precursor protein of Sauromatum guttatum Schott. The sequence of λAOSG11 revealed that aox1 consists of four exons separated by three short introns. Exon three contains the region of aox1 that (1) is highly conserved in the corresponding genes of potato, rice, and yeast, and (2) encodes a region of the deduced protein that is predicted to form two transmembrane α-helices. Southern blot analysis of restriction endonuclease-digested genomic DNA, indicated that aox1 is a single, nuclear-encoded gene in S. guttatum. We have determined the transcriptional start site of aox1 using nuclease protection and primer extension experiments. Comparison of the putative promoter region of aox1 to promoters of PR1a and GRP8 revealed some sequence similarity.
ACTIVE BREACHING OF A GEOMETRIC SEGMENT BOUNDARY IN THE SAWATCH RANGE NORMAL FAULT, COLORADO, USA

Abstract The northwest-trending Sawatch Range normal fault system is the principal range-bounding fault of the northern Rio Grande Rift of central Colorado. It displays a geometric segment boundary in the form of a prominent en echelon step at the Chalk Cliffs, a zone of highly fractured and hydrothermally altered quartz monzonite. There, the modern fault geometry suggests that the Sawatch Range fault is presently breaching the boundary. Immediately north of the Chalk Cliffs, the range front fault is active whereas immediately south, the range front fault is inactive. Instead, it is replaced by a north-trending break that transects much of the boundary. The Chalk Cliffs also display a four-stage history of faulting and alteration/mineralization that appears to track the boundary's evolution. First-stage chlorite-filled faults and second-stage laumontite-filled faults affect the entire boundary and likely pre-date the breach. They record a change of fluid chemistry during oblique extension associated with the boundary's early history. Third stage, calcite-filled fractures are generally restricted to the eastern half of the boundary, between the breaching fault's projection into the Chalk Cliffs and the active range front fault. These fractures probably coincide with initiation of the breach. Modern (fourth stage) hydrothermal activity occurs at, and slightly beyond, the eastern edge. This coincidence of hydrothermal events with changes in large-scale fault geometry illustrates how normal fault zones, through breaching, can simplify their geometries and localize associated deformation and hydrothermal activity.
Ultraviolet and radio flares from UX Arietis and HR 1099

Simultaneous observations of the RS CVn systems UX Ari and HR 1099 with the IUE satellite and the VLA are presented. Flaring activity is observed at ultraviolet wavelengths with the IUE when none is detected at radio wavelengths with the VLA. Radio flares with no detectable ultraviolet activity have also been observed. Thus, flares in the two spectral regions are either uncorrelated or weakly correlated. The flaring emission probably originates in different regions at the two wavelengths. Radio flares from RS CVn stars may originate in sources that are larger than, or comparable to, a star in size. This is in sharp contrast to compact, coherent radio flares from dwarf M stars. The ultraviolet flares from RS CVn stars probably originate in sources that are smaller than a component star.
Paxillin focal adhesions, localization and implication: insight from Photo-Activated Localization Microscopy

Photo-Activated Localization Microscopy (P.A.L.M.) as described by E. Betzig (2006) optically resolves selected subsets of photo-activatable fluorescent probes within cells at mean separations of less than 25 nanometers through serial photo-activation and subsequent photobleaching of numerous sparse subsets of photo-activated fluorescent protein molecules.The position information from all subsets is then assembled into a super-resolution image, in which individual fluorescent molecules are isolated at high molecular densities. In this work COS-7 and ST14A tdEos-Paxillin transfected cells were used. We observed some features that limit the versatility of PALM, both in this setup and in its present version. It takes actually hours to go through the cycles of photo-activation and image acquisition, to collect all of data needed and to generate a single high-resolution image limiting the use to fixed specimens which precludes PALM.'s use for imaging of live cells. More important is the loss of data. Depending on the spatial concentration of the PA-FPs, most of the information about the position of molecules is lost during the photo-activation photobleaching phase, especially during the first cycles of data collection. From the biological point of view, we observe small paxillin clusters along the focal adhesions. Supported by U54 GM064346 CMC (MD, EG), NIH-P41-RRO3155 (EG, FC), P50-GM076516 (EG).Sponsored by Enrico Gratton
The mobility of beach fill in front of a seawall on an estuarine shoreline, Cliffwood Beach, New Jersey, USA

Abstract A field investigation was conducted to identify beach change associated with emplacement of a stone seawall and beach fill designed to protect an eroding cliff near the west end of a meso-tidal estuary. Visual observations of wave processes reveal a mean breaking wave height of 0·2 m at the most exposed monitoring site, a storm-wave height of 0·43 m and a maximum longshore current velocity of 0·55 ms −1 . Maximum net erosion at any one monitoring site over 44 months was 26·3 m 3 m −1 of beach, resulting in a rate of erosion of 2·3 m year −1 . Up to 6·8 m 3 m −1 of eolian accretion occurred due to the overly wide nourished beach. Local differences in shoreline orientation, sheltering by headlands, position of the seawall on the beach profile, shore-perpendicular structures and sediment availability resulted in variability in beach processes and changes in beach profile. Flanking occurred at the southeast end of the seawall, where fill material bypassed the upper foreshore and moved along the low tide terrace, favored by a pronounced break in shoreline orientation. Net erosion did not occur at the west end of the seawall because sufficient fill sediment was available from updrift sources. Where no fill remained in front of the seawall, wave energy dissipation on the outer low-tide terrace at low tide and wave reflection off the structure without breaking at high tide diminished the effectiveness of wave-energy concentration and turbulence on the low-tide terrace at the base of the wall, and there was no net scour. Shore-parallel structures constructed on the low-tide terrace on meso-tidal estuarine shorelines may not require a fronting protective beach to prevent net toe scour, but nourishment may delay flanking problems on the upper foreshore at downdrift sites.
Atmospheric science: Predictable lightning paths?

Electrical discharges from thunderstorms include bolts-from-the-blue, blue jets and gigantic jets along with the more common intracloud and cloud-to-ground lightning. All these phenomena can be understood in a single framework.
"S-T-R-8 Up" Latinas: Affirming an Alternative Sexual Identity

For young women, being “aggressive” is generally viewed as a negative identity and associated with bullying and interpersonal violence. Especially in a heteronormative context, sexually aggressive identities are not commonly associated with young women. Resulting negative perceptions or silences surrounding this possible sexual identity are directly consequential in the development of comprehensive sexuality education curricula. Taking a narrative approach and applying a Photovoice elicitation strategy to prompt discussion, the data presented in this article show how young Latinas, when given the opportunity, critically construct aggressive identities in contrastive terms, affirming the identity to befit a counter-intuitive understanding. Implications of considering subjective complexities in sexuality education curricula are discussed in the conclusion.
POSTSTRATIFICATION EQUATING BASED ON TRUE ANCHOR SCORES AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO LEVINE OBSERVED SCORE EQUATING

This paper presents a new equating method for the nonequivalent groups with anchor test design: poststratification equating based on true anchor scores. The linear version of this method is shown to be equivalent, under certain conditions, to Levine observed score equating, in the same way that the linear version of poststratification equating is equivalent to Tucker equating. Some issues related to this result are discussed.
Surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma: does it work?

Bolondi et al. evaluated the cost effectiveness of surveillance of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A cohort of 313 Italian patients with cirrhosis was enrolled in an HCC surveillance program that consisted of ultrasonography (US) and serum -fetoprotein (AFP) performed every 6 mo. Hepatitis C was present in 64%, hepatitis B (17%), and alcohol abuse (25%). This cohort was compared to a control group of 104 consecutive patients referred from other facilities for incidentally detected HCC. The two main outcomes examined were eligibility of patients for treatment as well as survival. Additional outcomes were the overall cost of surveillance program; cost per treatable HCC; and cost per year of life saved. During a follow-up period averaging 56 months, 61 patients (20%) in the surveillance program developed HCC (incidence 4.1% year). Only 69% of patients with HCC were treated as follows: 9% had surgical resection, 26% liver transplantation, 24% percutaneous ethanol injection, and 43% had transarterial chemoembolization [TACE]. The cumulative survival rate of the patients with HCC detected in the surveillance program was significantly longer than that of the controls (p = 0.02). The median survival for patients with HCC in the surveillance and control groups was 30 and 15 months, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed surveillance to be an independent predictor of longer survival. Elevated AFP, Child-Pugh classes B and C, and male sex were found to be independent risk factors for developing HCC. The overall cost of the surveillance program was $753,226. The cost per treatable HCC was $17,934, and the cost for year of life saved was $112,993. The cost authors concluded that their HCC surveillance program in patients with cirrhosis consumed a large number of resources and offered little benefit in patient survival. (Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97:2676–2677. © 2002 by Am. Coll. of Gastroenterology)
Reframing Polarization: Social Groups and “Culture Wars”

Recent analyses of American politics often invoke the term “culture war” depicting sharp and increasing divisions within the American polity. Most of this research defines culture in terms of values and beliefs about social issues and defines polarization in terms of partisan and issue divisions. I evaluate the claim of worsening “culture wars” by using a conceptualization of political culture that focuses on social groups and measuring polarization as both social group members’ attitudes toward their own social in-groups and out-groups, and the effects of group attitudes on partisanship. Analyzing inter-group attitudes from 1964 to 2012 for social group cleavages defined by race, class, age, sex, and religion shows that polarization in attitudes toward social groups is minimal and generally stable, and most group members feel positively toward out-groups. Partisan and issue polarization seen in prior research do not extend to deep or increasing inter-group hostility that could reinforce issue-based and partisan polarization.
Predicting the Time at Which a Specified Number of Subjects Will Achieve "Success"

Kaminsky and Nelson's (1975) method for estimating the times of future "successes" from the times of earlier "successes" in the same sample is discussed in terms of its potential applications to long term psychological treatment, research, or training programs.
Potential use of Weather Radar to Study Movements of Wintering Waterfowl

ABSTRACT To protect and restore wintering waterfowl habitat, managers require knowledge of routine wintering waterfowl movements and habitat use. During preliminary screening of Doppler weather radar data we observed biological movements consistent with routine foraging flights of wintering waterfowl known to occur near Lacassine National Wildlife Refuge (NWR), Louisiana. During the winters of 2004–2005 and 2005–2006, we conducted field surveys to identify the source of the radar echoes emanating from Lacassine NWR. We compared field data to weather radar reflectivity data. Spatial and temporal patterns consistent with foraging flight movements appeared in weather radar data on all dates of field surveys. Dabbling ducks were the dominant taxa flying within the radar beam during the foraging flight period. Using linear regression, we found a positive log-linear relationship between average radar reflectivity (Z) and number of birds detected over the study area (P < 0.001, r2 = 0.62, n = 40). Ground observa...
Testicular lesions of periarteritis nodosa, with special reference to diagnosis.

Abstract Significant morbid changes were found at necropsy in the testes of forty-one of forty-four male patients with periarteritis nodosa. Abnormalities included specific lesions in the arteries, recent and healed infarcts, diffuse parenchymal obliteration, focal degeneration of testicular tubules, hematomas and hemorrhage. The testes in a fourth of the patients were obviously smaller than normal. Testicular arterial lesions diagnostic of periarteritis nodosa were found in thirty-eight of the forty-four patients (86 per cent). Symptomatic or objective abnormalities of the testes were noted clinically in eight of the forty-four patients. The rarity of symptoms and signs of testicular abnormalities in other generalized diseases suggests that careful search for testicular pain, tenderness or swelling, or a decrease in size of one or both testes in the presence of evidence of vascular disease in other organ systems may aid in establishing the diagnosis clinically. It is estimated that the diagnosis of periarteritis nodosa can be made by testicular biopsy in one-fifth of male patients who have that disease. Biopsy of a testis may be considered when a clinical testicular abnormality is apparent in a patient suspected of having periarteritis nodosa who does not present any cutaneous, subcutaneous or muscular lesions. Biopsy should include a portion of the tunica vasculosa and of the underlying parenchyma.
Launching a new era for behavioural surveillance

Despite systems to monitor the incidence of disease dating from the mid-1800s,1 behavioural surveillance is in relative infancy. The first systematic data on human sexual behaviour, the Kinsey Reports, were published in the late 1940s/early 1950s, but it was not until 40 years later that national systematic efforts to collect data on sexual behaviours were undertaken. Great Britain's National Surveys of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (NATSAL) and the National Health and Social Life Survey in the USA were both launched in the early 1990s in response to the emerging HIV/AIDS epidemic, and both were accompanied by significant debate about public funding of research on the still taboo subject of sexual behaviour. Today, taboos have loosened and systematic collection of data on sexual behaviour is routine in many settings. Nevertheless, there are few instances of data that can be compared across time and geographical location. In response to this, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) launched an effort to harmonise behavioural surveillance by recommending uniform collection of core indicators across populations. In this issue, Jorgensen et al describe results of Denmark's baseline behavioural surveillance survey using the ECDC core indicators in a general population sample of young adults (see Jorgensen et al ). Approximately 30% did not use condoms at sexual debut, placing them at risk of sexually transmitted infections (STI). Even more were unprotected at their last sexual encounter, and this was amplified in casual partnerships. While the results themselves are not surprising, the establishment of baseline data for the ECDC core indicators in Denmark …
Analysis of the flow‐patterns on two surfaces of constant potential density in the southern North Atlantic

The distributions of salinity- and oxygen-content on two surfaces of approximately constant potential density (actually for the surfaces of σt = 27 and σt = 26) have been studied for the zone of the Atlantic Ocean between the equator and 30° north. It appears that flow normal to these surfaces and vertical mixing are of secondary importance compared with lateral mixing. It is found that all salinities on each of these surfaces lie within the range of salinities found at its intersections with the sea-surface in high northern and southern latitudes, and it appears that the major sources for the water on each surface are along its intersections. From the apparent advance of salt or relatively fresh, of O2-rich or O2-poor, tongues along these surfaces, certain features of the flow-patterns have been deduced.
An annular focus ultrasonic lens for local hyperthermia treatment of small tumors.

Abstract A system for applying local hyperthermia employing ultrasonic transducers with annular focusing lenses gave better temperature uniformity in small fibrosarcomas than conventional unfocused transducers. The lenses were designed for ultrasonic frequencies of 3,4,5 and 9 MHz for tumors approximately 6 mm dia. Tests in degassed water indicated that the focusing lenses concentrated approx. 80% of the ultrasonic energy into an annular-shaped focus of 6 mm dia. located at a distance of 3 cm in front of the lens. These transducers were used to heat subcutaneous PARA-7 fibrosarcomas in hamsters. Steady-state temperature measurements indicated temperature gradients within tumors of 0.5–1.0°C when transducers employing annular-focused lenses were used, versus gradients of 2.0–2.3°C with 10 mm dia. unfocused transducers.
SEALING PROPERTIES OF BENTONITE SUSPENSIONS

Sealing with waterborne clays is a rapid and low cost method of controlling seepage through porous media whenever the clay source is within economical shipping distance of the sealing site. But more must be learned about this method of sealing before it can be fully utilized.