cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anxiety and cognitive performance in adolescent women with disruptive behavior disorders

Comparing 36 disruptive behavior-disordered and 40 normal female adolescents, we found higher levels of anxiety and poorer performance on a measure of verbal fluency in the clinical sample. No group differences were found on a nonverbal measure of reflectivity nor on a measure of interpersonal cognitive problem solving. Nor was evidence found for an hypothesized anxiety-related performance decrement among disruptive behavior-disordered youth. However, anxiety induction facilitated performance across groups on interpersonal cognitive problem solving.
Early subclinical macular edema in eyes with uveal melanoma: association with future cystoid macular edema.

Purpose To determine the frequency of early subclinical macular edema in eyes with uveal melanoma and its association with future cystoid macular edema (CME). Design Retrospective cohort study. Participants A total of 306 patients with uveal melanoma; 260 patients had follow-up of 1 or more years after plaque radiotherapy (follow-up cohort). Methods Review of medical records and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. Main Outcome Measures Frequency of early subclinical macular edema (increased central macular thickness of >10 μm without cystoid changes before or at 4 months after plaque radiotherapy); rate of future CME. Results At baseline, 164 patients (54%) had subclinical macular edema in the involved eye. On multivariate analysis, factors associated with subclinical macular edema at baseline were increasing tumor diameter ( P = 0.001), increasing tumor thickness ( P = 0.010), and subretinal fluid ( P = 0.001). Of 260 patients in the follow-up cohort, 105 (40%) developed CME during a median follow-up of 31 months (mean, 34; range, 12–70 months). Eyes with subclinical macular edema at baseline (and at 4 months after plaque radiotherapy) had a significantly higher rate of future CME (n = 66; 50%) compared with eyes without subclinical macular edema at baseline (n = 39; 30%) ( P = 0.005; hazard ratio, 1.77; 95% confidence interval, 1.19–2.64). On multivariate analysis, the factors associated with future development of CME included female gender ( P = 0.004), increasing tumor thickness ( P P = 0.002), hemorrhage over tumor ( P = 0.017), and increased CMT of >10% at baseline in the involved eyes compared with the opposite eyes ( P = 0.012). Conclusions Subclinical macular edema is common in eyes with uveal melanoma before and at 4 months after plaque radiotherapy and is associated with initial larger tumor size. Eyes with early subclinical macular edema are at significantly higher risk for future CME. These findings suggest that tumor-related factors, most likely mediated through proinflammatory cytokines, may play an important role in development of post-radiation CME.
Low-frequency polarimetry of the millisecond pulsar PSR1937 + 214

Pulsars with periods of a few milliseconds1,2 test theories of the radio emission process in extreme conditions. The velocity of light radius, which is an important scale-length in most theories, is less than 10 stellar radii for the millisecond pulsar PSR1937 + 214, and the inferred surface magnetic field is a few times 108 G, less than 10−3 that inferred for the Crab pulsar. Polarization observations across both the main pulse and the prominent interpulse can help clarify the emission geometry and probe similarities between this pulsar and others, such as the Crab pulsar, that have very different magnetospheric conditions. High-frequency polarization observations exist for this pulsar3,4, but the temporal smearing produced by interstellar dispersion has hampered low-frequency observations. We now report polarization observations at 431 MHz that have 4 µs time resolution and are free from the effects of interstellar dispersion. We find that the interpulse polarization decreases towards lower frequencies, opposite in trend to the polarization of the main pulse and of most other pulsars. The position angles at the centre of the main pulse and interpulse are approximately equal and the position angle gradients have the same sign, supporting a model in which the main pulse and interpulse are emitted above opposite magnetic poles.
Nature inspired flow field designs for proton exchange membrane fuel cell

Nature inspired flow field designs for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are a relatively recent development in the technology evolution. These novel designs have the potential to show dramatic performance improvements by effective distribution of reactant gases without water flooding. Optimization of a flow field requires balancing gas distribution, water management, electron transport, pressure drop and manufacturing simplicity. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation studies are a useful tool for evaluating nature inspired flow field designs; however, the predictions should be used with caution until validated by an experimental study. Nature inspired flow field designs can be generated using formal mathematical algorithms or by making heuristic modifications to existing natural structures. This paper reviews the current state of nature inspired PEMFC flow field designs and discusses the challenges in evaluating these designs.
DETECTION LIMIT FOR SILVER BY ENERGY-DISPERSION X-RAY ANALYSIS USING RADIOISOTOPES.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the sensitivity for silver in silica using radioisotopic X-ray sources, electronic discrimination with a single-channel analyzer, and scintillation detectors. The sensitivity for silver was determined as a function of excitation energy. Using monoenergetic K-spectra X-ray sources Sb, Te, and Ba, a normalized detection limit ranging from 21 to 13 ppm was obtained for 100-sec counting intervals. With an annular 125 I source a detection limit of 15 ppm silver was measured. The effect on the detection limit of heavy metals common to silver ores was also investigated. A detection limit of 25 ppm or less was still obtained when 5 percent concentrations were present in the silica matrix provided X-ray interferences with the Ag Kα radiation did not exist. The need for accurate background measurements for analysis in the parts-per-million range was emphasized. The sensitivities found in this work indicate that a portable radioisotopic X-ray analyzer could be designed for low-grade silver ores.
Suppression of range sidelobes in bistatic radars

Conventional weighting schemes give little or no suppression of some of the range sidelobes of a linear-FM rectangular pulse passed through a matched filter.
Micropatterned diamond edge emitters of high aspect ratio

Abstract This paper reports the fabrication process and field emission characteristics of high aspect ratio micropatterned diamond edge emitter cathode. An edge-shaped geometry has the advantage of providing large number of emission sites along the edge as determined by the microstructure of the edge surface. This is studied by fabricating emitter arrays of edges with three different lengths and comparing their emission behavior in a diode configuration. The edge emitter arrays were fabricated on silicon wafers by a mold transfer technique using conventional silicon micropatterning and etching techniques. The emission current was found to be function of length of the edge, with the longest edge showing the highest emission current. The turn-on field was observed not to be significantly affected by the length of the edge. We also report excellent high temperature field emission characteristics of diamond edge emitters. The field emission behavior was found to be temperature insensitive up to 300 °C with negligible reverse leakage current.
Instructional Design, Active Learning, and Student Performance: Using a Trading Room to Teach Strategy

This research used a quasi-experimental design with two conditions to test the impact of active learning in the context of integrated instructional design. The control condition was a traditional a...
The Fish Oil Story Remains Fishy

There is substantial evidence, mostly observational, that diets that include fish reduce the risk of coronary heart disease.1,–,4 Yet, a major question remains as to whether this benefit is due entirely to the omega-3, or long-chain, n-3 fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and/or other nutrient contents in fish. An alternative explanation is that people who consume more fish are already consuming a heart-healthy diet. Although an effect of omega-3 fatty acids on cardiac sudden death has been suggested,5,–,7 minimal evidence exists to support their use in the setting of an acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Article see p 2152 The Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Miocardico (GISSI)–Prevenzione was a trial in patients surviving a recent (<3 months earlier) AMI.5 In that trial, 11 323 patients were randomly assigned to 1-g supplements of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamin E (300 mg/d), both, or no treatment on top of the optimal pharmacological treatment and lifestyle advice at the time. Survival curves for n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid treatment diverged early after randomization, and total mortality was significantly lowered after 3 months of treatment (risk reduction, 0.59; 95% confidence interval, 0.36 to 0.97; P =0.037), and the reduction in risk of sudden death was particularly relevant and statistically significant at 4 months (risk reduction, 0.47; 95% confidence interval, 0.219 to 0.995; P =0.048). Although this study was implemented 10 years ago, it set the stage for the OMEGA Trial, a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of earlier administration of omega-3 fatty acids in patients with AMI who were receiving more recent and aggressive state-of-the-art and guidelines-based therapy. The OMEGA Trial8 set …
Two new species of Disciphania (Menispermaceae: Tinosporeae) from subandean Ecuador and Peru

Described, figured, and discussed are the new speciesDisciphania dioscoreoides Barneby from Amazonian Ecuador and Peru, andD. tricaudata Barneby, sympatric with it in Ecuador. Both are referred toDisciphania sect.Taubertia (K. Schumann) Barneby.
Placement of molecules in (not out of) the cell

To uniquely describe a crystal structure, it is sufficient to specify the crystal unit cell and symmetry, and describe the unique structural motif which is repeated by the space-group symmetry throughout the whole crystal. It is somewhat arbitrary how such a unique motif can be defined and positioned with respect to the unit-cell origin. As a result of such freedom, some isomorphous structures are presented in the Protein Data Bank in different locations and appear as if they have different atomic coordinates, despite being completely equivalent structurally. This may easily confuse those users of the PDB who are less familiar with crystallographic symmetry transformations. It would therefore be beneficial for the community of PDB users to introduce standard rules for locating crystal structures of macromolecules in the unit cells of various space groups.
A Three-Dimensional Coordination Polymer Featuring Effective Ferrimagnetic Hydroxide-Bridged Manganese(II) Chains

A three-dimensional coordination polymer, [Mn3(OH)2Na2(3-cnba)6]n (1) (3-Hcnba = 3-cyanobenzoic acid), has been synthesized by the reaction of MnCl2, NaN3, and 3-Hcnba in water. Its crystal structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Magnetic studies show that the complex behaves as a three-dimensional metamagnet built from effective ferrimagnetic Mn(II) chains in which spin moments are linked by interactions in an AF−F−AF (F = ferromagnetic and AF = antiferromagnetic) sequence in the triangular magnetic repeating unit.
Reduction in Testicular Temperature After Varicocelectomy in Infertile Men

Abstract Objectives To study the effects of varicocelectomy on testicular temperature. Methods Testicular skin surface temperature was directly measured with an electronic thermometer calibrated to 0.01°C in 119 men before and after microsurgical varicocelectomy and in 45 control patients without varicocele. Results Testicular temperatures in men with varicocele were elevated preoperatively (right side [R]: 34.00 ± 0.91°C/left side [L]: 34.37 ± 0.87°C unilateral; R: 34.07 ± 0.83°C/L 34.34 ± 0.85°C bilateral) relative to control patients (R: 33.04 ± 2.47°C/L 32.86 ± 2.52°C) (P Conclusions Testicular temperatures were elevated bilaterally in men with both unilateral and bilateral varicoceles. Both unilateral and bilateral microsurgical varicocelectomy results in a bilateral decrease in testicular temperature. These results support the hypothesis that a defect in testicular thermoregulation contributes to the pathophysiology of varicocele and demonstrate, for the first time in humans, the efficacy of varicocelectomy in restoring normal testicular temperatures.
Activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor signal transduction pathway stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of protein kinase C delta.

The expression of an oncogenic rasHa gene in epidermal keratinocytes stimulates the tyrosine phosphorylation of protein kinase C δ and inhibits its enzymatic activity (Denning, M. F., Dlugosz, A. A., Howett, M. K., and Yuspa, S. H.(1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 26079-26081). Keratinocytes expressing an activated rasHa gene secrete transforming growth factor α (TGFα) and have an altered response to differentiation signals involving protein kinase C (PKC). Because the neoplastic phenotype of v-rasHa expressing keratinocytes can be partially mimicked in vitro by chronic treatment with TGFα and the G protein activator aluminum fluoride (AlF-4), we determined if TGFα or AlF-4 could induce tyrosine phosphorylation of PKCδ. Treatment of primary keratinocyte cultures for 4 days with TGFα induced tyrosine phosphorylation of PKCδ, whereas AlF-4 only slightly stimulated PKCδ tyrosine phosphorylation. The PKCδ that was tyrosine-phosphorylated in response to TGFα had reduced activity compared with the nontyrosine-phosphorylated PKCδ. Treatment of keratinocytes expressing a normal epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with TGFα or epidermal growth factor for 5 min induced PKCδ tyrosine phosphorylation. This acute epidermal growth factor treatment did not induce tyrosine phosphorylation of PKCδ in keratinocytes isolated from waved-2 mice that have a defective epidermal growth factor receptor. In addition, the level of PKCδ tyrosine phosphorylation in v-rasHa-transduced keratinocytes from EGFR null mice was substantially lower than in v-rasHa transduced wild type cells, suggesting that activation of the EGFR is important for PKCδ tyrosine phosphorylation in ras transformation. However, purified EGFR did not phosphorylate recombinant PKCδ in vitro, whereas members of the Src family (c-Src, c-Fyn) and membrane preparations from keratinocytes did. Furthermore, clearing c-Src or c-Fyn from keratinocyte membrane lysates decreased PKCδ tyrosine phosphorylation, and c-Src and c-Fyn isolated from keratinocytes treated with TGFα had increased kinase activity. Acute or chronic treatment with TGFα did not induce significant PKCδ translocation in contrast to the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, which induced both translocation and tyrosine phosphorylation of PKCδ. This suggests that TGFα-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of PKCδ results from the activation of a tyrosine kinase rather than physical association of PKCδ with a membrane-anchored tyrosine kinase. Taken together, these results indicate that PKCδ activity is inhibited by tyrosine phosphorylation in response to EGFR-mediated signaling and activation of a member of the Src kinase family may be the proximal tyrosine kinase acting on PKCδ in keratinocytes.
Call for papers special issue: Making information usable

Devices, machines, and systems are becoming more complex and sophisticated while at the same time they are being made available to more people. Unfortunately, the operation of these products — whatever their nature — is seldom self-evident. At best we turn to instructions simply to confirm our expectations and learn what is new. At worst we must depend on them to compensate for a lack of human engineering in the product. Most of the time, however, we need instructions to use all the functions and capabilities that have been provided to us at an acceptable cost. Information has to be part of the customer's package. In issue number one next year we will be looking at techniques for making printed information usable.
Use of fluorinated polybrominated diphenyl ethers and simplified cleanup for the analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in house dust.

Abstract A simple, cost-effective method is described for the analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in house dust using pressurized fluid extraction, cleanup with modified silica solid phase extraction tubes, and fluorinated internal standards. There are 14 PBDE congeners included in the method, some typically contained in the commercial mixtures used as flame retardants, and some which are not routinely reported in the peer-reviewed literature. A gas chromatographic–mass spectrometry instrumental method provides baseline separation in
Analytic solutions for three-state systems with overlapping pulses.

Two classes of analytic solutions for three-state systems involving two overlapping laser pulses of different shapes, or of similar shapes but with their centers displaced, are presented. We find a remarkable connection between the order of arrival of the two overlapping pulses and the effectiveness of transfer from the ground state to the third state, and we find remarkable results for the maximum occupation probability of the intermediate state. The approach of these analytic solutions to the adiabatic-following process is also demonstrated.
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites in dairy milk and milk products of Agra City, India

bovine milk, milk products and in the environmental samples has been reported. Therefore, a study was undertaken to monitor the trace levels of DDT and its metabolites in dairy milk and butter samples of Agra city, India to assess the risk to the consumers and seasonal variability. Analysis of DDT from milk and butter samples were done by using the method standardized in the laboratory. During the year 2002-2003 milk samples were collected for the analysis of DDT and its metabolites in different seasons viz. winter, summer and rainy season. During winter seasons 28 samples of milk were analyzed and only 19 samples were found to be positive with the o, p-DDT, p, p-DDT and p, p-DDE metabolites of DDT while in summer and rainy seasons only 15 and 20 were found positive from out of 28 and 27 samples. The total DDT (o, p-DDT, +p, p-DDT+p, p-DDE) residues were 36.8 9, 33.2 9, 23.9x10 9 during winter, summer and rainy seasons, respectively. In the present study, during 2002-2003 out of 83 dairy milk samples only 54 (65.10%) were found to be positive with DDT residues. Similarly, out of 21, 20 and 19 butter samples, 13, 12 and 12 samples were positive with DDT residues. The total DDT residue concentrations were 26.1  10 9, 23.8 10 -9 and 22.4 10 -9 during winter, summer and rainy seasons, respectively. Tolerance limit for the DDT residues in milk and butter samples is 0.05x10 "6 (on whole milk basis) and 1.25 -6 prescribed by prevention of food adulteration, India (PFA, 1986). None of the milk and butter samples showed total DDT residues above are higher than the tolerance limit. The total DDT concentrations were 36.8 9, 33.2x 10 -9 and 23.9x 10 -9 in winter summer and rainy seasons, respectively while the same pattern of residues was observed in butter samples. Maximum permissible intake (MPI) and theoretical maximum residue contribution (TMRC) were calculated for DDT in milk and butter. These values also indicated that milk and butter are safe for consumption.
Single machine rescheduling with new jobs arrivals and processing time compression.

We consider job rescheduling problems where rescheduling is required in response to newly arriving jobs. To reduce the negative impacts of disruptions to the original schedule, the processing times of the newly arriving jobs can be reduced at a cost, which we call a time compression cost. The objective of the problem is to minimize total cost after rescheduling, which includes schedule disruption costs, time compression related costs, and a cost that depends on a traditional measure of schedule efficiency. We separately consider two different measures of schedule efficiency: total completion time and weighted tardiness, and present polynomial time algorithms for the total completion time case. For the weighted tardiness cost efficiency measure, we provide a heuristic based on very large scale neighborhood (VLSN) search.
Fitness of Escherichia coli during Urinary Tract Infection Requires Gluconeogenesis and the TCA Cycle

Microbial pathogenesis studies traditionally encompass dissection of virulence properties such as the bacterium's ability to elaborate toxins, adhere to and invade host cells, cause tissue damage, or otherwise disrupt normal host immune and cellular functions. In contrast, bacterial metabolism during infection has only been recently appreciated to contribute to persistence as much as their virulence properties. In this study, we used comparative proteomics to investigate the expression of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) cytoplasmic proteins during growth in the urinary tract environment and systematic disruption of central metabolic pathways to better understand bacterial metabolism during infection. Using two-dimensional fluorescence difference in gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) and tandem mass spectrometry, it was found that UPEC differentially expresses 84 cytoplasmic proteins between growth in LB medium and growth in human urine (P<0.005). Proteins induced during growth in urine included those involved in the import of short peptides and enzymes required for the transport and catabolism of sialic acid, gluconate, and the pentose sugars xylose and arabinose. Proteins required for the biosynthesis of arginine and serine along with the enzyme agmatinase that is used to produce the polyamine putrescine were also up-regulated in urine. To complement these data, we constructed mutants in these genes and created mutants defective in each central metabolic pathway and tested the relative fitness of these UPEC mutants in vivo in an infection model. Import of peptides, gluconeogenesis, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle are required for E. coli fitness during urinary tract infection while glycolysis, both the non-oxidative and oxidative branches of the pentose phosphate pathway, and the Entner-Doudoroff pathway were dispensable in vivo. These findings suggest that peptides and amino acids are the primary carbon source for E. coli during infection of the urinary tract. Because anaplerosis, or using central pathways to replenish metabolic intermediates, is required for UPEC fitness in vivo, we propose that central metabolic pathways of bacteria could be considered critical components of virulence for pathogenic microbes.
Foetal and maternal RNA labelled with 3 H-cytidine.

BIOCHEMICAL analysis of in vivo RNA metabolism in the rat foetus has been hindered by inability to adequately label foetal RNA1–5. In contrast, in vitro studies of RNA metabolism in mammalian blastocysts have not been hampered by this restriction as uptake of isotopic uridine is adequate6–8. The inability of the foetus to incorporate labelled uridine administered to the mother may be due to dependence on the maternal circulation and placental transport. Our experiments show that rat foetal and maternal RNA can be labelled to yield a high specific activity RNA by administering 3H-cytidine to the pregnant animal. Moreover, they indicate that placental transport is not the limiting factor in the use of labelled uridine as a precursor for foetal RNA. Although labelled cytidine has been reported to cross the rat placenta in later stages of pregnancy3, its value in labelling foetal RNA has not been demonstrated previously.
The RLG Partnership

ABSTRACT Created in 2006 with the coming together of RLG and OCLC, the RLG Partnership is a transnational research venue for libraries, archives and museums. In concert with OCLC Research, the RLG Partnership focuses on a work agenda that includes system-wide organization and interactions of libraries, archives and museums; research information management; mobilizing unique materials in collections; metadata support and management; and infrastructure to support metadata flow in the Web environment.
Majority decision on median semilattices

Abstract The majority decision function is extended to median semilattices and then characterized using three simple axioms.
Selective multimodal gas sensing in epitaxial graphene by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

We report the sensing behavior of epitaxial graphene (EG) grown on C-face SiC substrates by infrared reflectance spectroscopy through molecular adsorption of NO2, NH3 and N2 gases. Fourier Transform Infrared Reflection (FTIR) measurements were performed on EG under gas exposure and it clearly exhibits an EG thickness dependence. By comparing the change in Ef under gas adsorption with the adsorbed impurity concentration as a function of EG thickness, the 3 gases were clearly distinguished, enabling a new paradigm for multi-modal gas sensing using optical interrogation of EG surfaces towards EG electronic or optical noses.
Structure theorems for partially asynchronous iterations of a nonnegative matrix with random delays

We consider partially asynchronous parallel iteration of a fixed nonnegative matrix with stationary ergodic interprocessor communication delays. We study the iteration via a random graph describing the interprocessor influences. Our major result is an invariant description of the rates of convergence of arbitrary sequences of individual processor-time values. In the course of proving this result a number of other invariant properties of the convergence of the iteration are described. The convergence rates that appear in our results are Lyapunov exponents of certain random matrix products derived from the original matrix and the statistics of the delays.
Color match: an imaging based mobile cosmetics advisory service

In this paper we describe an exploratory study of a mobile cosmetic advisory system that enables women to select appropriate colors of cosmetics. This system is intended for commercial use to address the problem of foundation color selection. Although women are primarily responsible for making most purchasing decisions in the US, we found very few studies to assess the adoption of retail related mobile services by women. Based on surveys, semi-structured interviews, and focus groups, we have identified a number of design factors that should be considered when designing mobile services for women consumers. The results of our study indicate that while usefulness is an important factor, other design aspects such as mobile vs. kiosk, installed vs. existing software, technical comfort vs. social comfort, social vs. individual, privacy and trust should also be accounted for.
Effects of Breathing on Multijoint Control of Center of Mass Position During Upright Stance

Breathing exerts destabilizing effects on postural stability during quiet stance. The authors conducted an experiment to evaluate the role of motor abundance in the organization of the postural synergy compensating for the effects of breathing. They measured the kinematic pattern of covariation among the major joints of the postural chain (ankle, knee, hip, trunk, and neck) as a function of different breathing modes (spontaneous, paced, and increased volume) and different stance instructions (still vs. relaxed) using the uncontrolled manifold approach. Joint variability was structured to preserve the stable position of the center of mass. This result supports the hypothesis that motor abundance of the postural chain plays an important role in the flexible compensation for breathing during quiet stance.
Projective modules with free multiples and powers

Let P be a finitely generated projective module over a commutative ring. Some tensor power of P is free iff some sum of copies of P is free. Theorem. Let A be a commutative ring and P a finitely generated projective A-module of rank r > 0. (a) Suppose that P8" (= P ®A • ■ ■ ®AP, n times) is free for some integer n > 0. Then mP (= P ffi • • • ffiP, m times) is free for some integer h > 0, where m = rh(n-l) . nh (b) Suppose that mP is free for some integer m > 0. Then for some integer t > 0, P®m' is free. Since P and the assumed isomorphisms with free modules are defined over some finitely generated subring of A, there is no loss in assuming, as we do, that A is noetherian, say of dimension d. In K0(A) we put x = [P] and y = x — r. Proof of (a). By hypothesis, x" = r" so (1) 0 = x" r"=yz, where z = x""1 + x"~2r + ■■ ■ +xr"~2 + r"~\ We have n z nr"-1 = £ (^"-'r'-1 rn~l) / = i n = ?r'-^je""'r"-') = -yw ; = 1 for some w, whence n ■ r"~1 = z + yw. For h > 0 we thus have (2) nhrh{"-1) = zu + yhwh for some u. According to [B, Chapter IX, Proposition (4.4)], y is nilpotent, in fact yh + l = 0 for some h d, it then follows from the Cancellation Theorem [B, Chapter III, Corollary (3.5)], that mP = mAr = Amr. Received by the editors February 13, 1985 and, in revised form, April 3, 1985. 1980 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 13C10, 13D15. ©1986 American Mathematical Society 0002-9939/86 $1.00 + $.25 per page 207 License or copyright restrictions may apply to redistribution; see http://www.ams.org/journal-terms-of-use 208 HYMAN BASS AND ROBERT GURALNICK Proof of (b). By assumption, mx = mr, i.e. my = 0. By induction on / > 1 we can write xm' = rm' + y2'zt for some zt G K0(A). Indeed x = r + y so z, = 1. By induction, xm = (xm y = Irm +y2Zi) = (r">'r + my2,z,(rTM')m-1+(y2')2z!+l, whence the claim, since my = 0. Now as above, yh = 0 for some h ^ d + 1. Taking t large enough so that 2' > h, we then have xm' = rm\ i.e. [P®»!'] = [(^C)®"1'] = [Ar"' ]. If r = 1 then i5®"1' = A, so assume that a> 1. With t large enough so that rm > d = dim(/l) we again conclude from the Cancellation Theorem that P®m' is free. References [B] H. Bass, Algebraic K-theory, Benjamin, New York, 1968. Department of Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027 Department of Mathematics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089 License or copyright restrictions may apply to redistribution; see http://www.ams.org/journal-terms-of-use
Exploring the variation within

We usually think of an individual's cells as sharing the same genome. Challenging this notion, two new studies show that somatic mosaicism is common and can be an early herald of cancer.
Variation of agronomic characters among and between guayule lines

A selected group of 42 guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray) lines were evaluated on the basis of various morphological characteristics and compared to a total population of 234 lines. The objective of this study was to determine the amount of variation that existed both within and among guayule lines over a 2-year period. The parental lines all reproduced apomictically, and as expected, many lines exhibited a high degree of uniformity for every measured character. However, many other lines were extremely variable for varying numbers of characters. This appears to be due to varying degrees and combinations of apomeiosis, thus establishing a long-term source of genetic variation. The high amount of variability existing among and within these guayule lines indicates that significant progress by selection for both rubber percentage and yield is feasible.
The platelet-derived growth factor signaling system in snapping turtle embryos, Chelydra serpentina: potential role in temperature-dependent sex determination and testis development.

The platelet-derived growth factor (Pdgf) signaling system is known to play a significant role during embryonic and postnatal development of testes in mammals and birds. In contrast, genes that comprise the Pdgf system in reptiles have never been cloned or studied in any tissue, let alone developing gonads. To explore the potential role of PDGF ligands and their receptors during embryogenesis, we cloned cDNA fragments of Pdgf-A, Pdgf-B, and receptors PdgfR-α and PdgfR-β in the snapping turtle, a reptile with temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD). We then compared gene expression profiles in gonads from embryos incubated at a male-producing temperature to those from embryos at a female-producing temperature, as well as between hatchling testes and ovaries. Expression of Pdgf-B mRNA in embryonic gonads was significantly higher at a male temperature than at a female temperature, but there was no difference between hatchling testes and ovaries. This developmental pattern was reversed for Pdgf-A and PdgfR-α mRNA: expression of these genes did not differ in embryos, but diverged in hatchling testes and ovaries. Levels of PdgfR-β mRNA in embryonic gonads were not affected by temperature and did not differ between testes and ovaries. However, expression of both receptors increased at least an order of magnitude from the embryonic to the post-hatching period. Finally, we characterized expression of these genes in several other embryonic tissues. The brain, heart, and liver displayed unique expression patterns that distinguished these tissues from each other and from intestine, lung, and muscle. Incubation temperature had a significant effect on expression of PdgfR-α and PdgfR-β in the heart but not other tissues. Together, these findings demonstrate that temperature has tissue specific effects on the Pdgf system and suggest that Pdgf signaling is involved in sex determination and the ensuing differentiation of testes in the snapping turtle.
Diagnosis and treatment of vasospastic disorders

Abstract Vasospastic disorders of the extremities commonly present in women of reproductive age. For this reason, the primary care obstetrician/gynecologist must be knowledgeable with regard to the classification, diagnosis, and treatment of these disorders. A thorough understanding of the disease processes will allow the primary care physician to manage the majority of patients with vasospastic disorders and refer unusual or refractory cases to vascular medicine specialists.
Safety and Efficacy of Lacosamide in the Intensive Care Unit

Background Seizures are common in critically ill patients and can impact morbidity and mortality. Traditional anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) in this setting are not always effective and are associated with adverse events and drug interactions. Lacosamide (LCM) is a new AED which is available in parental form although few studies have evaluated the safety and efficacy of LCM in critically ill patients.
Chromosome diminution in Ascaris suum Two-fold increase of nucleosomal histone to DNA ratios during development

The swine intestinal nematode, Ascaris suum, eliminates chromatin material from its primordial somatic cells during early embryogenesis. A technique for isolation of nuclei from pre- and post-diminution stage embryos has been developed and these isolated nuclei were used in investigations of nuclear events during diminution. The amount of DNA per nucleus determined by diphenylamine assays and isotope dilutions was 0.66 pg and 0.29 pg in pre- and post-diminution nuclei, respectively. Thus, A. suum loses 56% of its nuclear DNA during diminution. The loss of nuclear DNA enabled in vivo examination of histone to DNA ratios as a function of changes in DNA quantities. Ascaris histones were identified by acid extractability and tryptic fingerprint comparison with rat liver histones. Measurement of histone quantities was accomplished using linearity of Coomassie blue binding to histones separated in dodecyl sulfate gels. Ascaris nucleosomal histones levels were relatively constant in pre- and post-diminution nuclei. However, nucleosomal histone to DNA ratios approximately doubled during diminution.
P2Y-purinoceptor regulation of surfactant secretion from rat isolated alveolar type II cells is associated with mobilization of intracellular calcium.

Abstract 1 The effect of methylene, thio, and imido substituted analogues of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) on surfactant phospholipid secretion and calcium mobilization in rat isolated alveolar Type II cells was studied. 2 ATP was the most potent secretagogue of adenine nucleotides studied. The rank order of agonist potency for [3H]-phosphatidylcholine secretion was ATP greater than adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (gamma S-ATP) greater than beta, gamma-imido adenosine 5'-triphosphate (AMPPNP) greater than beta, gamma-methylene adenosine 5'-triphosphate (beta, gamma-CH2-ATP) greater than alpha, beta-methylene adenosine 5'-triphosphate (alpha, beta-CH2-ATP). The respective EC50S were 10(-6) M, 2 X 10(-6) M, 2 X 10(-5) M, and greater than 2.5 X 10(-4) M. 3 Exogenous ATP also induced a rapid mobilization of intracellular calcium monitored by changes in Fura 2 fluorescence. The rank order of agonist potency for calcium mobilization was similar to the rank order of agonist potency for surfactant secretion: ATP = gamma S-ATP greater than AMPPNP greater than alpha, beta-CH2-ATP. 4 There was no effect of EGTA on ATP-induced calcium mobilization, consistent with the hypothesis that exogenous ATP induces release of calcium from intracellular stores. 5 These data are consistent with a P2Y-purinoceptor regulating surfactant secretion from isolated Type II cells via mobilization of intracellular calcium, since: (a) non-hydrolyzed analogues of ATP are potent secretagogues, (b) beta, gamma-CH2-ATP was a more potent secretagogue than alpha, beta-CH2-ATP and (c) the rank orders of agonist potency for calcium mobilization and phospholipid secretion were the same.
Reversible dilatation of hypertrophied left ventricle in pheochromocytoma: Serial two-dimensional echocardiographic observations

Ces observations suggerent que, au moins dans le pheochromocytome, si une dilatation ventriculaire gauche apparait, elle peut etre reversible et ainsi ne pas necessairement refleter la cardiopathie hypertensive au stade terminal. Une tentative energique pour abaisser la pression arterielle devrait etre consideree chez tous les malades avec une cardiopathie hypertensive qui presentent une elevation significative de la pression arterielle et des signes d'insuffisance cardiaque
The Qx-coder

The IBM Adaptive Bilevel Image Compression (ABIC) algorithm depends upon the hardware-optimized Q-coder. The Joint Bi-level Image Experts Group (JBIG) settled upon a software-optimized QM-coder. This paper explores the incompatibilities of the hardware-and software-optimized binary arithmetic coding conventions and reports on the solution that allowed a merged Qx-coder in hardware. A unique hardware solution is presented for the termination of the JBIG data stream (CLEARBITS). The probability estimation is presented in a common format. Detailed flowcharts are included in the Appendix. An ASIC core is available that supports both the ABIC and JBIG bilevel data compression standards using this merged Qx-coder.
Isotopic inferences on the chemical structure of the mantle

Abstract Variations in the isotopic composition of rocks derived from the upper mantle can be used to infer the chemical history and structure of the Earth's interior. The most prominent material in the upper mantle is the source of mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB). The MORB source is characterized by a general depletion in incompatible elements caused by the extraction of the continental crust from the mantle. At least three other isotopically distinct components are recognized in the suboceanic mantle. All three could be generated by the recycling of near surface materials (oceanic crust, pelagic sediments, continental lithospheric mantle) into the mantle by subduction. Therefore, the isotope data do not require a compositionally layered mantle, but neither do they deny the existence of such layering. Correlations between the volumetric output of plume volcanism with the reversal frequency of the Earth's magnetic field, and between the geographic distribution of isotopic variability in oceanic volcanism with seismic tomography suggest input of deep mantle material to surface volcanism in the form of deep mantle plumes. Volcanism on the continents shows a much wider range in isotopic composition than does oceanic volcanism. The extreme isotopic compositions observed for some continental magmas and mantle xenoliths indicate long-term (up to 3.3 Gyr) preservation of compositionally distinct material in thick (>200 km) sections of continental lithospheric mantle.
A note on the three color problem

It is shown that a planar graph withouti-circuits, 4 ≤i ≤ 9, is 3-colorable. This result strengthens the result obtained by H.L. Abbott and B. Zhou.
A Comparison of Risk Factors for Sexual Victimization Among Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Heterosexual Homeless Young Adults

Although high rates of sexual victimization have been reported among homeless youth, less is known about whether the risk factors vary for gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth compared to heterosexual youth. Based on a sample of 172 homeless young adults ages 19 to 26, results revealed that depressive symptoms, prostitution, and having friends who traded sex were significantly associated with higher levels of sexual victimization. Gay, lesbian, and bisexual young adults experienced more sexual victimization compared to heterosexual young adults. A test for interactions revealed that the effect of sexual orientation on sexual victimization was moderated by trading sex and having friends who traded sex. Finally, there is support for partial mediation of the effects of sexual abuse, neglect, and depressive symptoms on sexual victimization through other risk factors.
Availability of Internet Training Programs for Elderly Public Library Patrons

Abstract The elderly could benefit greatly from learning to use the Internet as an information seeking tool, but they often require specialized training to become successful users. Public libraries are interested in providing services that meet the needs of their users, but often inadequate staffing and funding levels and competing services hinder their ability to meet the needs of all their patrons. A questionnaire about the availability of Internet training programs for elderly patrons, and existing barriers which impede delivery of the training, was sent to a random sample of one hundred public libraries in New York State and completed by 60 libraries. Seventy-eight percent of the public libraries who participated in the survey reported that they are not providing Internet training specifically for elderly patrons. Fifty-three percent reported the existence of one or more barriers to providing training including lack of staff and inadequate funding. Sixty-three percent view the need to provide training...
Decoherence and relaxation of a superconducting quantum bit during measurement

During measurement, information is transferred from the measured quantum system to the detector via their coupling. The same coupling that extracts information from the quantum system transmits noise from the detector's environment to the system as well. In this paper, we derive the limit to the measurement efficiency of a superconducting persistent-current qubit measured by a dc superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) and calculate the noise transmitted to the qubit from the environment of the dc SQUID. The method, with simple linear circuitry correspondence, can be applied to calculate the noise transferred to a quantum system from the environment of an arbitrary external system that interacts with it. The relaxation and decoherence induced by this noise are also estimated.
Effects of aflatoxin B1 on rat peritoneal macrophages and mouse fibroblasts (L-M cells).

Abstract Aflatoxin B1, added to cultures of rat peritoneal macrophages and mouse fibroblasts (L-M cells), inhibited the uptake and incorporation of tritiated leucine and uridine by both cell types and impaired phagocytic activity of the macrophages.
Quantification of Ammonium in Aerosols by Near-Infrared Photothermal Spectroscopy:

The potential of near-infrared photothermal spectroscopy for the analysis of aerosols collected on filter membranes is demonstrated. Laboratory-generated aerosols consisting of ammonium sulfate and soot are collected on Teflon® filters by the use of a dichotomous sampler. The N-H overtone/combination band at 2110 nm is used to determine ammonium in these mixtures. The presence of soot is shown to have a deleterious effect on the detectability of ammonium. The extent of this limitation is examined with the employment of well-characterized samples. An empirical expression, based on Beer's law, is developed which relates the photothermal signal to the relative soot and ammonium sulfate loadings.
Punctiform initiation of seafloor spreading in the Red Sea during transition from a continental to an oceanic rift

Transition from a continental to an oceanic rift occurs in the Red Sea by initial emplacement of oceanic crust in regularly spaced ‘hot points’, which serve as nuclei for axial propagation into segments of oceanic crust accretion and for initiation of seafloor spreading. Hot points develop above upwelling mantle diapirs caused by density / viscosity inversion beneath continental and oceanic rifts.
Toward a rule-based biome model

Current projections of the response of the biosphere to global climatic change indicate as much as 50% to 90% spatial displacement of extratropical biomes. The mechanism of spatial shift could be dominated by either 1) competitive displacement of northern biomes by southern biomes, or 2) drought-induced dieback of areas susceptible to change. The current suite of global biosphere models cannot distinguish between these two processes, thus determining the need for a mechanistically based biome model. The first steps have been taken towards the development of a rule-based, mechanistic model of regional biomes at a continental scale. The computer model is based on a suite of empirically generated conceptual models of biome distribution. With a few exceptions the conceptual models are based on the regional water balance and the potential supply of water to vegetation from two different soil layers, surface for grasses and deep for woody vegetation. The seasonality of precipitation largely determines the amount and timing of recharge of each of these soil layers and thus, the potential mixture of vegetative life-forms that could be supported under a specific climate. The current configuration of rules accounts for the potential natural vegetation at about 94% of 1211 climate stations over the conterminous U.S. Increased temperatures, due to global warming, would 1) reduce the supply of soil moisture over much of the U.S. by reducing the volume of snow and increasing winter runoff, and 2) increase the potential evapotranspiration (PET). These processes combined would likely produce widespread drought-induced dieback in the nation’s biomes. The model is in an early stage of development and will require several enhancements, including explicit simulation of PET, extension to boreal and tropical biomes, a shift from steady-state to transient dynamics, and validation on other continents.
Indications for obtaining surveillance thoracic and lumbar spine radiographs.

The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors for thoracic/lumbar spine fractures in patients with blunt injuries and subsequently establish indications for obtaining surveillance thoracolumbar radiographs. Retrospective review of all patients with blunt injuries (n=1485) admitted in 1992 to a level I trauma center with a discharge diagnosis of thoracolumbar spine fracture established entrance criteria for a 4-month prospective study. Relative risk of fracture (RR) was calculated. Retrospective. Seventy-six percent (176 of 233) had radiographs; 21% had fractures; one diagnosed late. Prospective. One hundred percent (167 of 167) had radiographs; 9% (15 of 167) had fractures; none diagnosed late or missed. Forty percent (26 of 65) of patients with fractures had no pain or tenderness; 35% (9) required surgical spinal fixation