cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Allele frequencies for 27 Y-STR loci with U.S. Caucasian, African American, and Hispanic samples

samples from 3 different U.S. sample groups Caucasian (74), African American (71) and Hispanic (44) were typed for 70 autosomal genetic markers. These 70 markers are bi-allelic (C/T) short nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). For each sample, the 70 SNP markers were typed in 11 unique 6-plexes and a single 4-plex PCR. A total of 10 of the 210 tests (70 loci 3 populations) for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium indicated a statistically significant result. In order to evaluate the minimum number of SNP loci needed to distinguish all 189 samples from one another, we ranked the loci according to their levels of observed heterozygosity and p-values obtained upon testing for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The top 12 loci according to these ranking criteria were tabulated along with the number of unique genotypes observed when combining subsequent SNP markers. The 12 selected SNPs possessed an observed heterozygosity of >0.45 in all three populations examined and thus would be expected to exhibit more differences between samples. All of the 189 samples in this study were individualized with a subset of 12 SNP loci. However, it is likely that the addition of more than 12 SNP loci will be required to resolve larger sets of unrelated individuals from one another. By way of comparison, in these same 189 individuals all but one pair is resolved from one another with three of the traditional short tandem repeat (STR) loci possessing the highest heterozygosity values (D2S1338, D18S51, and FGA) run with the Identifiler kit. The final pair of unrelated samples could be resolved with the combination of 4 STR loci: D2S1338, D18S51, FGA, and VWA. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
Broad-Sense Heritability and Stability of Internal Heat Necrosis and Specific Gravity in Tetraploid Potatoes

apical end of the tuber. Necrotic tissue appears at or near harvest and generally in the larger tubers first (SterInternal heat necrosis (IHN), a severe physiological disorder of rett and Henninger, 1997). potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers, is characterized by brown Potato cultivars differ in their susceptibility to IHN. spots or blotches that first appear toward the apical end of the tuber parenchyma but in severe cases may involve most of the parenchyma In regional testing in the mid-Atlantic states from 1988 tissue. The purposes of this study were to determine the amount of to 1990, ‘Atlantic’ was very susceptible to IHN, whereas genetic variation for and the stability of IHN in tetraploid potato ‘Norchip’ was moderately susceptible, and ‘Superior’ clones, and the relationships among IHN, specific gravity, and tuber was less susceptible (Porter et al., 1989, 1990; Morrow size distribution. Nineteen potato clones (four cultivars and 15 breed- et al., 1991). Cultivars with high specific gravity, such ing selections) were grown in Bridgeton, NJ and Painter, VA from as Atlantic, are preferred by potato chip processors. 1991 to 1993 in a randomized complete block with four replications Until recently, Atlantic was specified in .80% of the of 20 hills per plot. The crop was harvested 2 to 3 wk later than processing contracts in the mid-Atlantic region (Sterrett normal harvest time to provide for maximal exposure to heat stress. and Wilson, 1990), although growers were at consider
Interaction of deoxycytidine and deoxycytidine analogs in normal and leukemic human myeloid progenitor cells.

Abstract The inhibitory effects of three deoxycytidine analogs, 1-B-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (Ara-C), 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, (DAZ) and Ara-5-azacytosine (AAC) were compared with respect to the clonogenic behavior of human promyelocytic leukemic cells (HL-60), a deoxycytidine kinase deficient subvariant (HL-60/Ara-C), and normal human myeloid progenitor cells (CFU-GM). When cells were continuously exposed to each agent for 7 days, Ara-C was the most inhibitory, DAZ slightly less effective and AAC the least inhibitory on a molar basis. HL-60/Ara-C were also highly cross-resistant to both DAZ and AAC. In the absence of deoxycytidine, all three agents were either equally inhibitory or slightly more inhibitory to the growth of CFU-GM than to HL-60, whereas administration of deoxycytidine in ten to one-hundred fold excess protected CFU-GM to a greater extent than HL-60. In contrast, administration of high concentrations of drugs, e.g. 10 −5 −10 −4 M, in conjunction with excess deoxycytidine exhibited greater toxicity toward CFU-GM than toward HL-60/Ara-C. Coadministration of deoxycytidine in ten-fold excess reduced the total intracellular accumulation and DNA incorporation of each analog in HL-60 cells by approx. 50%, whereas a hundred fold excess was associated with greater than a 90% reduction in these values. These studies demonstrate that deoxycytidine may antagonize the effects of Ara-C, DAZ and AAC in both normal and leukemic human myeloid cells, and that at low drug concentrations the degree of protection may be greater for normal elements. However, regimens employing high drug concentrations in conjunction with deoxycytidine do not appear to exert a selective inhibitory effect toward a highly resistant leukemic subvariant. These data suggest that alternative deoxycytidine/deoxycytidine analog dose relationships and schedules must be sought which are capable of selectively eradicating resistant cells.
Foveal contrast thresholds with blurring of the retinal image and increasing size of test stimulus.

Contrast thresholds in foveal vision for circular disks of various angular sizes were measured as the image was blurred by being thrown out of focus. The threshold increased with blurring of the retinal image, but the rate of this increase was less with the larger stimulus disks. The data plot was fitted by an equation developed on theoretic bases, which used the concept of a minimal effective retinal area. The relationship between contrast threshold and size of the stimulus disk was shown to be described by a hyperbola, one asymptote of which was defined by Ricco’s law, the other by a constant threshold for larger subtenses of the disk. This relationship was shown to fit adequately the data of other investigators for sharp imagery. With blurring of imagery, the thresholds were increased; but below a critical angle, they obeyed Ricco’s law. The critical angle increased with increase of blurring. The results are discussed with regard to the optical image on the retina, quasi-independent retinal areas with total or partial summation, and the influence of experimental conditions.
New studies on the first heart sound

Abstract Experimental investigators exclude “valve closure” as a cause of the first heart sound and recognize “valve tension” only as a minor contributing factor. They accept the exclusive importance of left ventricular events in causing the first heart sound and attribute the vibrations of this sound to accelerations and decelerations of the left ventricular-aortic system plus the blood it contains. Recent studies demonstrate that the second component of the first heart sound coincides with the opening of the aortic valve and relate it to the dynamic changes resulting from this event. They show that the vibrations of this second component are larger and have a higher frequency in the outflow tract of the left ventricle in comparison with the main chamber. Other studies have compared the amplitude of the first sound recorded within the left ventricle with that recorded either on the skin or over intermediate layers. The conclusion is that an average loss of 30 db is present. However, this loss is greater for low frequency than for high frequency vibrations. Changes of the first sound are discussed. They occur in experimental or clinical conditions as a result of changes in the power or rapidity of contraction of the left ventricle. Usually a change in frequency is noted on auscultation as a change in intensity. Modification of the volume of blood (dilatation) or thickness of the wall (hypertrophy) can also modify the first heart sound.
Murine leukaemia C-type virus associated with functional murine carcinomas of endocrine origin.

The discovery of C-type viral particles related to murine leukaemia virus in two different mouse tumour cell types is indirect support for the “oncogene” hypothesis.
On-Orbit Servicing: A New Value Proposition for Satellite Design and Operation

The use of humans to service satellites designed for servicing has been adequately demonstrated on the Hubble Space Telescope and International Space Station. Currently, robotic on-orbit servicing technology is maturing with risk reduction programs such asOrbital Express. Robotic servicing appears to be technically feasible and provides a set of capabilities which range from satellite inspection to physical upgrade of components. However, given the current design and operation paradigms of satellite architectures, it appears that on-orbit servicing will not be heavily used, and, as a result, is not likely to be economically viable. To achieve the vision of on-orbit servicing, the development of a newvalue proposition for satellite architectures is necessary. This new value proposition is oriented around rapid response to technological or market change and design of satellites with less redundancy.
Disclosing Genetic Information to Family Members About Inherited Cardiac Arrhythmias: An Obligation or a Choice?

Inherited cardiac arrhythmias such as long QT syndrome and Brugada syndrome, present clinical as well as ethical, legal, and social challenges. Many individuals who carry a deleterious mutation are largely asymptomatic and therefore may not be diagnosed until after the occurrence of a personal or family member’s cardiac event. The familial nature of inherited genetic information raises numerous ethical, legal, and social issues regarding the sharing of genetic information, particularly when an individual found to carry a deleterious mutation refuses to disclose his or her results to at-risk family members who could benefit from life-saving treatments. This qualitative study sought to understand the experiences with genetic testing for individuals (n = 50) with a personal or family history of cardiac events or sudden death. Unstructured in-person focus groups or interviews were conducted for each participant in the study. The recordings of these interviews were transcribed verbatim and subsequently analyzed and coded. Participants’ comments regarding sharing of genetic information centered around four main themes: (1) motivation to disclose; (2) extent of disclosure; (3) effect of disclosure on family dynamics; and (4) reasons for not sharing genetic information. The majority of individuals believed that affected individuals are obligated to disclose genetic information to family members. In the era of personalized medicine, the disclosure of genetic information provides individuals the opportunities to learn about the genetics, disease characteristics, and treatment options in order to reduce morbidity and mortality in themselves and their family members. Further research is necessary to identify and explore the barriers to sharing genetic information with at-risk family members.
A Natural History of Belief

Contemporary philosophy of mind is dominated by a conception of our propositional attitude concepts as comprising a proto-scientific causal-explanatory theory of behavior. This conception has given rise to a spate of recent worries about the prospects for “naturalizing” the theory. In this paper I return to the roots of the “theory-theory” of the attitudes in Wilfrid Sellars’s classic “Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind.” I present an alternative to the theory-theory’s account of belief in the form of a parody of Sellars’s “Myth of Jones,” one that highlights the normative and pragmatic aspects of this concept and, hopefully, enables us to bypass questions about its physical “realization.”
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Depsipeptide Represses Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase and Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor-1β Gene Expression in Human Papillary Thyroid Cancer Cells

Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) catalyzes N-methylation of nicotinamide and other structural analogues. NNMT gene expression is enhanced in many papillary thyroid cancer cells and activated...
The transport of radiolabeled indoleacetic acid and its conjugates in nodal stem segments of Phaseolus vulgaris L.

The transport of radiolabeled indoleacetic acid (IAA), and some of its conjugates, was investigated in nodal stem segments of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Donor agar blocks containing either [2-acetyl-14C]-IAA; [2-acetyl-14C]-indole-3-acetyl-L-aspartate (IAAsp); [2-acetyl-14C]-indole-3-acetyl-L-glycine (IAGly); or [2-acetyl-14C]-indole-3-acetyl-L-alanine (IAAla) were placed on either the apical or basal cut surface of stem segments each bearing an axillary bud at the midline. In some experiments, a receiver block was placed on the end opposite to the donor. After transport was terminated, the segments were divided into five equal sections plus the bud, and the radioactivity of donors, receivers and each part of the stem segment was counted.
The complex between phage 434 repressor DNA-binding domain and operator site OR3: structural differences between consensus and non-consensus half-sites.

Abstract Background: The repressor of phage 434 binds to a set of operator sites as a homodimer. Its relative affinities for these sites determine the switch from lysogenic to lytic growth. The six 434 operator sites (O R 1, O R 2, O R 3, O L 1, O L 2 and O L 3) have a particularly simple organization; all are 14 base pairs long, with a conserved 5′-ACAA sequence symmetrically placed at either end, and a variable central six base pairs. O R 3 is unique among naturally-occurring 434 operator sites in that it contains a non-consensus base pair, G·C, at the fourth position of the otherwise invariant 5′-ACAA sequence. Comparisons among structures of the 434 repressor DNA-binding domain, R1–69, bound to various operator sites, allow us to analyze differential specificity in regulatory complexes of this kind. Results: We have determined the structure at 2.5 A resolution of a complex of R1–69 with DNA containing the O R 3 site and compared it with previously studied complexes of R1–69 bound to O R 1 and O R 2. There are surprisingly extensive structural differences between the consensus and non-consensus half-sites of O R 3 with respect to their interactions with R1–69, including a shift in the DNA backbone and a small rotation of the entire R1–69 monomer. Conclusions: Recognition of the base pair difference that is critical for the 434 regulatory switch involves a number of amino acid residues, not just the one or two side chains in direct contact with the G·C base pair. Moreover, the repressor imposes a somewhat altered DNA conformation on the non-consensus half-site.
Sequential brand extensions and brand choice behavior

Abstract This paper focuses on the impact of sequential brand extensions on brand choice. With few exceptions, past research has primarily examined single brand extensions associated with a unique parent brand. In reality, a single brand name may be extended into multiple product categories. This research uses scanner panel data on two sequential brand extensions to examine the effect of experience with a parent brand and a successful previous brand extension on trial and repeat of a subsequent brand extension. The reciprocal effect of extension on brand choice in multiple parent categories is also examined.
Analytical asymptotic structure of the correlation-kinetic component of the Kohn-Sham exchange-correlation potential in atoms

The contribution of Pauli and Coulomb correlations to the asymptotic structure of the Kohn-Sham density-functional theory exchange-correlation potential in the classically forbidden region of atoms is well established. In this paper we derive the analytical asymptotic structure of the correlation-kinetic component of the potential to decay in this region as $8{\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{0}\ensuremath{\chi}{/5r}^{5},$ where ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{0}^{2}/2$ is the ionization potential and \ensuremath{\chi} is an expectation value of the resulting ion.
Microscopic description of excitation of nuclear isoscalar giant resonances by inelastic scattering of 240 MeV α particles

A microscopic description of the excitation of isoscalar giant monopole resonance (ISGMR) and quadrupole resonance (ISGQR) in ${}^{28}\mathrm{Si},$ ${}^{40}\mathrm{Ca},$ ${}^{58}\mathrm{Ni},$ and ${}^{116}\mathrm{Sn}$ by 240 MeV bombarding energy $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles is provided based on self-consistent Hartree-Fock-- (HF-) random-phase-approximation (RPA) approach and the distorted-wave Born approximation (DWBA). The folding model is used to obtain optical potentials from the HF ground-state density and a density dependent Gaussian nucleon-$\ensuremath{\alpha}$ interaction ${(V}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}n}).$ The parameters of ${V}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}n}$ are determined by fitting experimentally measured angular distributions for the case of elastic scattering. Angular distributions of inelastically scattered $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles for ISGMR and ISGQR excitations of the target nucleus are obtained using the folding model DWBA and both microscopic (RPA) and hydrodynamical (collective model) transition densities (found from HF ground state densities). A possible overestimation of the energy weighted sum rules and shifts of centroid energies due to the collective-model-based DWBA reaction description is reported.
Work in progress — Updates to a mobile circuits-and-signals learning kit that incorporates a USB data acquisition unit

Portable data acquisition (DAQ) toolkits can address issues faced by secondary Electronics curricula that employ benchtop laboratories. These issues include cost, overcrowding, lecture versus laboratory topic alignment, higher-level learning, and student/resource cultural mismatches. This paper presents updates to a Rapid Analysis and Signal Conditioning Laboratory (RASCL) toolkit which employs breadboarding resources, portable DAQ technology, and LabVIEW virtual instruments (VIs) that in aggregate allow a student to acquire circuit parameters and signals off campus. For the cost of two textbooks, this toolkit offers potential as a hands-on learning supplement for lecture material spanning multiple semesters, a hardware platform for distance-learning laboratories, and an alternative for traditional benchtop learning experiences. Hands-on exercises that incorporate these tools are being created and assessed in four courses at Kansas State University (KSU) (Electrical & Computer Engineering programs) and East Carolina University (ECU) (General Engineering program).
The expressive powers of the logic programming semantics

Abstract We study the expressive of two semantics far deductive databases and logic programming: the well-founded semantics and the stable semantics. We compare them especially to two older semantics, the two-valued and three-valued program completion semantics. We identify the expressive power of the stable semantics and, in fairly general circumstances, that of the well-founded semantics. In particular, over infinite Herbrand universes, the four semantics all have the same expressive power. We discuss a feature of certain logic programming semantics, which we call the Principle of Stratification, a feature allowing a program to be built easily in modules. The three-valued program completion and well-founded semantics satisfy this principle. Over infinite Herbrand models, we consider a notion of translatability between the three-valued program completion and well-founded semantics which is in a sense uniform in the strata. In this sense of uniform translatability we show the well-founded semantics to be more expressive than the three-valued program completion. The proof is a corollary of our result that over non-Herbrand infinite models, the well-founded semantics is more expressive than the three-valued program completion semantics.
Size of defeat and liking for superior and similar ability competitors.

Abstract Data are reported supporting the view that a competitor's pronounced superiority in ability can serve the positive function of reducing threat to self-esteem stemming from severe negative comparisons by rendering these comparisons irrelevant. Females of apparently comparable ability, compared their performances on a test said to measure cognitive fluency. A competitor's promotion to a higher level of ability (i.e., being designated as incomparably superior by an outside agent) caused an initially comparable competitor who decisively defeated the subject to be eliminated as a relevant comparison threat and to be liked more than a nonpromoted competitor who only marginally defeated the subject and hence remained comparable. A promoted competitor who marginally defeated the subject and a nonpromoted competitor who decisively defeated the subject were relatively disliked. Perceived ability and threat data together with observer control group findings indicated that this liking pattern was a function of differential comparison threat and not of the competitors' objective stimulus characteristics.
Resonant power supplies for a rapid-cycling accelerator

A resonant power supply has been proposed as an efficient power supply for a future 60-GeV, Kaon-producing accelerator. The engineering design of the electric system of the main-ring power supplies is described. It is shown that the resonant power supply can be built with standard commercially available components. The most critical component is the bypass switch, which requires gate-turn off thyristors, connected in parallel. Standard metal-clad switchgear can be used for the AC system. The resonant power supplies can be fed directly from the 115-kV utility network, but the resonance power supplies draw pulse loads from the utility network. This pulse may produce disturbances. AC filter and reactive power compensation is needed for economical operation. >
Global Distribution and Characteristics of Diurnally Varying Low-Level Jets

Abstract This study documents the global distribution and characteristics of diurnally varying low-level jets (LLJs), including their horizontal, vertical, and temporal structure, with a special emphasis on highlighting the underlying commonalities and unique qualities of the various nocturnal jets. Two tools are developed to accomplish this goal. The first is a 21-yr global reanalysis performed with the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) using a horizontal grid spacing of 40 km. A unique characteristic of the reanalysis is the availability of hourly three-dimensional output, which permits the full diurnal cycle to be analyzed. Furthermore, the horizontal grid spacing of 40 km better resolves many physiographic features that host LLJs than other widely used global reanalyses. This makes possible a detailed examination of the systematic onset and cessation of the jets, including time–height representations of the diurnal cycle. The second tool is an index of nocturnal...
Rotational bands in 140Gd: Systematics of triaxial N=76 isotones.

States up to I/sup ..pi../ = (20/sup +/) have been established in the neutron-deficient /sup 140/Gd nucleus by means of the /sup 92/Mo(/sup 50/Cr, 2p..gamma..) reaction. At a rotational frequency (h/2..pi..)..omega.. = 0.30 MeV, the ground-state band is crossed by a band built on the aligned (..pi..h/sub 11/2/)/sup 2/ two-quasiproton configuration. This proton-aligned band was observed from spins 10/sup +/ to (20/sup +/). A second 10/sup +/ state was established which is most likely built on the (..nu..h/sub 11/2/)/sup 2/ two-quasineutron configuration. The ..gamma..-vibrational band was observed up to I/sup ..pi../ = (8/sup +/) with the odd- and even-spin members exhibiting a pronounced signature splitting. The results are compared to those found recently for the lighter /sup 136/Nd and /sup 138/Sm N = 76 isotones.
Experimental warming and burn severity alter soil CO2 flux and soil functional groups in a recently burned boreal forest

Global warming is projected to be greatest in northern regions, where forest fires are also increasing in frequency. Thus, interactions between fire and temperature on soil respiration at high latitudes should be considered in determining feedbacks to climate. We tested the hypothesis that experimental warming will augment soil CO2 flux in a recently burned boreal forest by promoting microbial and root growth, but that this increase will be less apparent in more severely burned areas. We used open-top chambers to raise temperatures 0.4-0.9degreesC across two levels of burn severity in a fire scar in Alaskan black spruce forest. After 3 consecutive years of warming, soil respiration was measured through a portable gas exchange system. Abundance of active microbes was determined by using Biolog EcoPlates((TM)) for bacteria and ergosterol analysis for fungi. Elevated temperatures increased soil CO2 flux by 20% and reduced root biomass, but had no effect on bacterial or fungal abundance or soil organic matter (SOM) content. Soil respiration, fungal abundance, SOM, and root biomass decreased with increasing burn severity. There were no significant interactions between temperature and burn severity with respect to any measurement. Higher soil respiration rates in the warmed plots may be because of higher metabolic activity of microbes or roots. All together, we found that postfire soils are a greater source of CO2 to the atmosphere under elevated temperatures even in severely burned areas, suggesting that global warming may produce a positive feedback to atmospheric CO2, even in young boreal ecosystems.
Stochastic Leadtimes in Two-Level Assembly Systems

Abstract Shortages of assembly parts often arise from late arrivals of one or more batches of components. We address the problem of determining planned leadtimes in two-level assembly systems with stochastic leadtimes, with the objective of minimizing the sum of inventory holding costs and tardiness costs. An algorithm is developed which exploits properties of the objective function to find optimal solutions. Computational results indicate that optimal solutions often have negative safety times for at least one of the components, as well as substantial safety times for the assembly stage.
Level-spacing statistics for the Anderson model in one and two dimensions

We investigate the energy level-spacing distribution of the discrete one and two-dimensional Anderson model. The numerical results suggest that, for any finite disorder, the level spacing is Poisson distributed.
Neurotrophin-3: a neurotrophic factor related to NGF and BDNF

The development and maintenance of the nervous system depends on proteins known as neurotrophic factors. Although the prototypical neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor (NGF), has been intensively studied for decades, the discovery and characterization of additional such factors has been impeded by their low abundance. Sequence homologies between NGF and the recently cloned brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were used to design a strategy that has now resulted in the cloning of a gene encoding a novel neurotrophic factor, termed neurotrophin-3 (NT-3). The distribution of NT-3 messenger RNA and its biological activity on a variety of neuronal populations clearly distinguish NT-3 from NGF and BDNF, and provide compelling evidence that NT-3 is an authentic neurotrophic factor that has its own characteristic role in vivo.
The effects of elevated intraabdominal pressure, hypercarbia, and positioning on the hemodynamic responses to laparoscopic colectomy in pigs

Background: This study investigated three factors postulated to be sources of physiological stress in laparoscopic surgery: hypercarbia, elevated intraabdominal pressure, and the steep Trendelenburg position. Our research was designed to define the effects of each of these potential stressors on hemodynamic responses observed during laparoscopic colectomy in pigs. Methods: Twenty-four pigs were randomized into the following four groups, based on the method for obtaining surgical exposure while a colectomy or laparoscopic-assisted colectomy was performed: Open surgery (n = 6), CO2 pneumoperitoneum (n = 6), Helium pneumoperitoneum (n = 6), and abdominal wall Lifter (n = 6). The animals were paralyzed with minute ventilation adjusted. All animals underwent extensive pulmonary and hemodynamic monitoring with measurements of the following parameters: RR, Vt, minute ventilation, O2, sat, ETCO2, PVR, HR, MAP, CO, PAP, CVP, PCWP, SV, LVSWI, DO2, and VO2. The laparoscopic pigs were placed in the steep Trendelenburg position during surgery. Results: The effect of a CO pneumoperitoneum was to increase PaCO2 PVR and cause an acidemia that could not be prevented by an increase in minute ventilation. Elevated intraabdominal pressure decreased UO. Both pneumoperitoneum groups had a fourfold increase in IVCP, a measure of intraabdominal pressure. Some of this increase was due to placement into the Trendelenburg position; IVCP increased to a lesser degree in the Lifter group. The steep Trendelenburg position caused significant increases in PAP, CVP, and PCWP; however, a contributory effect of elevated intraabdominal pressure cannot be ruled out. None of these procedures had any significant effect on the HR or MAP. There was a significant increase in CO in the CO2 and Lifter groups; however, when CO was controlled for HR effects, there was no significant effect on SV from any of these different procedures. LVSWI, DO2, and VO2 were not affected by any of the different exposure methods. Conclusions: The effects of laparoscopic surgery and open surgery on hemodynamic responses are minimal, and no one method is superior to another when performed in pigs that are healthy, hydrated, and hyperventilated to keep ETCO2 <40. However, since elderly and sick patients have a lower threshold for physiologic decompensation, we can infer that the small hemodynamic changes noted in this study might become significant factors when surgery is performed on compromised patients. The finding that an abdominal wall lifting device causes the fewest metabolic and hemodynamic effects makes its use an important consideration when performing laparoscopic surgery in patients with cardiopulmonary compromise, hemodynamic instability, or any preexisting renal insufficiency.
Inhibition of Papilloma Formation by Analogues of 7,8-Dihydroretinoic Acid

The design of analogues of 7,8-dihydroretinoic acid (7,8-dihydro-RA) was based on reported biological activities of this retinoid and its dihydro-TMMP1 analogue and on structural hypotheses. 7-Oxa-7,8-dihydroretinoids (5, 6) were prepared by O-alkylation of phenoxides by methyl 8-bromo-3,7-dimethyl-2,4,6-octatrienoate. In some cases, C-alkylation also occurred. 7-Aza-8-oxo-7,8-dihydroretinoids (12, 13) were synthesized from benzeneamines and the acyl cyano or bromo derivative of the monomethyl ester of 3,7-dimethyl-2,4,6-octatriene-1,8-dioic acid. These monomethyl ester precursors were synthesized from the known analogous aldehyde via an O-trimethylsilyl cyanohydrin. 7-(2,3,5-Trimethylphenoxy)-3,5-dimethyl-2,4,6-octatrienoic acid (6b) was the most active of the 7-oxa-7,8-dihydro-RAs in inhibiting DMBA-initiated and TPA-promoted mouse-skin papillomas. The ED50 was about 4-fold that of etretinate. Two additional 7-oxa-7,8-dihydro-RAs exhibited modest activity in the papilloma assay. Some of the 7-oxa-7,8-di...
Location of Extrarenal Tumor Extension Does Not Impact Survival of Patients With pT3a Renal Cell Carcinoma

Purpose: The current TNM classification for pathological pT3a renal cell carcinoma includes patients with perinephric or sinus fat invasion, suggesting that the prognoses are similar for these pathological findings. However, sinus fat invasion was proposed by some investigators to be an independent predictor of inferior cancer specific outcome following surgical treatment. To assess and improve the predictive ability of the current pT3a primary tumor classification we evaluated the prognostic significance of location of extrarenal tumor extension on cancer specific survival following surgery.Materials and Methods: The database of 3,470 patients at our institution who were treated for renal cell carcinoma from 1990 to 2006 was searched for those with pT3a tumors managed by partial or radical nephrectomy. Patients with nonrenal cell carcinoma histology, direct adrenal invasion or a followup of less then 6 months were excluded from analyses. The prognostic importance of all clinical and pathological variable...
Depression and trauma history in first‐time mothers receiving home visitation

This article examines the prevalence and correlates of depression and trauma history in first-time mothers receiving home visitation. One hundred twenty-three mothers in a Healthy Families America (HFA) program completed measures of depression, trauma history, social support, sense of control, and child abuse risk. Number of completed home visits, number of uncompleted home visits, and total telephone contact time were documented for each participant over the first 6 months of enrollment. Nearly 30% of the mothers scored in the clinically significant range on the depression measure. Approximately 70% of the sample had experienced at least one violent trauma. Depression and violent trauma, but not nonviolent trauma, were related to greater child abuse risk and less maternal sense of control and social support. Violent traumas were related to greater interruptions in service delivery as reflected by more uncompleted home visits. After controlling for social support and sense of control, depression was associated with more telephone contact between mothers and home visitors. Mothers receiving home visitation exhibited a heightened incidence of depression and trauma history relative to the population at large. These constructs were related to social support and sense of control, both of which are targets of home visitation. Depression and trauma history may significantly influence the delivery and outcomes obtained from home visitation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Addressing tomorrow's DMO technical challenges today

Distributed Mission Operations (DMO) is essentially a type of networked training that pulls in participants from all the armed services and, increasingly, allies to permit them to "game" and rehearse highly complex campaigns, using a mix of local, distant, and virtual players. The United States Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) is pursuing Science and Technology (S&T) solutions to address technical challenges associated with distributed communications and information management as DMO continues to progressively scale up the number, diversity, and geographic dispersal of participants in training and rehearsal exercises.
Inhibition of growth and germination of C. botulinum 33A, 40B, and 1623E by essential oil of spices

Effects of clove, thyme, black pepper, pimenta, origanum, garlic, onion, and cinnamon oils on growth and germination of Clostridium botulinum types 33A, 40B, and 1623E were studied. At 200 ppm, ail oils highly inhibited growth of C. botulinum 33A, 40B, and 1623E. At 10 ppm, inhibitory activity of most oils diminished. By activity on C. botulinum growth, oils could be divided into three categories: (1) very active: cinnamon, origanum, and clove; (2) active: pimenta, and thyme; (3) least active: garlic, onion, and black pepper. Effectiveness on germination was quite different. At 150 and 200 ppm all oils totally prevented germination. At 10 ppm garlic and onion showed higher activity than the others. Spores of 33A were more sensitive than 40B and 1623E.
A Chance-Constrained Integer Goal Programming Model for Capital Budgeting in the Production Area

The selection of capital projects in a production environment is complicated by the existence of multiple and conflicting goals. Typical production objectives for cost minimization often conflict with goals for quality, environmental standards, labor relations, etc. This problem of project selection is further complicated by the uncertainty inherent in product demand, the key factor in production management. This paper approaches these complications by employing an integer goal programming (to compensate for multiple conflicting objectives) with chance-constrained capabilities (to reflect uncertainty in product demand). The approach is demonstrated via an in-depth case example of a production problem.
Solar Retrofit to Combined Cycle Power Plant With Thermal Energy Storage

Solar thermal power plants have been constructed over the past two decades to reduce harmful emissions and provide a long-term solution for oil independent electricity generation. Of the solar power plant solutions, Rankine cycle based machines have most widespread uses. This study focuses on the modeling of a solar retrofit to a typical combined cycle power plant. The goal is to operate the plant 17 hours per day, making use of thermal storage capability so that the plant may operate even during a portion of the night time. The plant will be located in Orlando, Florida to take advantage of the abundance of sun in that geographic location. On the cycle side, the amount of solar collectors, the working fluid, and the turbine are considered. The thermal storage system, on the other hand, must be designed based upon a balance between cost and storage density. A decision will be made from existing sensible heat solid storage materials. The storage material evens out the energy supplied to the turbine working fluid between the peak solar radiation of the day time and the absence of solar radiation at night. This plant can be implemented in two ways: as a completely newly constructed power plant or as an addition to a HRSG (Heat Recovery Steam Generation) configuration, which can be retrofitted to an existing combined cycle power plant to increase its overall efficiency. In this study, the addition of a solar air collection system with a storage unit to a HRSG combined cycle power plant is proposed. The HRSG will be designed using a series of energy balances for each component. This proposed plant will then be compared with a similar solar plant to examine its feasibility in terms of land area. The storage unit devised comprises 1377 m3 and stores approximately 3900 GJ of thermal energy, which equates to 8 hours of run time when solar radiation is not available. The benefit of this addition to the plant is that the storage reduces the gas turbine run time necessary to provide hot gas to the HRSG. The total cost of the storage medium is approximately $8 million.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
A Dislocation Based Gradient Plasticity Theory With Applications to Size Effects

The intent of this work is to derive a physically motivated mathematical form for the gradient plasticity that can be used to interpret the size effects observed experimentally. This paper addresses a possible, yet simple, link between the Taylor’s model of dislocation hardening and the strain gradient plasticity. Evolution equations for the densities of statistically stored dislocations and geometrically necessary dislocations are used to establish this linkage. The dislocation processes of generation, motion, immobilization, recovery, and annihilation are considered in which the geometric obstacles contribute to the storage of statistical dislocations. As a result a physically sound relation for the material length scale parameter is obtained as a function of the course of plastic deformation, grain size, and a set of macroscopic and microscopic physical parameters. The proposed model gives good predictions of the size effect in micro-bending tests of thin films and micro-torsion tests of thin wires.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Mechanistic investigation of [2+2] photoannulations of enones and olefins

Abstract The photoinitiated [2+2] cycloaddition reaction between acrolein and ethylene is investigated using ab initio molecular orbital calculations. RHF and UHF geometry optimizations with the 6-31G* basis set are reported for ethylene, acrolein, triplet acrolein, gauche and trans triplet biradical intermediates, and formylcyclobutane, and are used to address the issues of reactivity and selectivity in enone-olefin photoannulations. In contrast to a model in which regioselectivity arises from the alignment of dipoles in the excited state, calculated dipole moments and electrostatic potentials show no basis for such an assignment. It is striking that the proposed dipole as well as FMO based selectivity models in the literature used to explain observed product distributions are inadequate, leaving open the question of the mechanistic significance of a triplet exciplex in determining regioselectivity.
Abstract IA22: Cancer as a single process of a dysregulated epigenome

Since the discovery of altered DNA methylation in cancer in 1982, most studies of cancer epigenetics have focused on epimutations which could serve as surrogates of mutation. In the past decade, we and our collaborators have been leading efforts to develop whole genome approaches to epigenetic analysis of human disease, that include novel approaches to array-based analysis and whole genome bisulfite sequencing. This has led to the first whole genome bisulfite sequencing methylation map of the cancer genome. Surprising results have been the discovery of CpG island shores and large hypomethylated blocks corresponding to nuclear lamina / heterochromatin regions, and accounting for the vast majority of epigenetic changes in cancer. These results point to the possibility that at least solid tumors represent epigenetically a single process with common molecular characteristic, namely increased epigenetic plasticity that allows selection of the tumor cells at the expense of the host. This view can explain most of the hallmarks of cancer, as well as offering a strategy for powerful new approaches to risk detection and treatment. Citation Format: Andrew P. Feinberg. Cancer as a single process of a dysregulated epigenome. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Chromatin and Epigenetics in Cancer; Jun 19-22, 2013; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(13 Suppl):Abstract nr IA22.
New Concepts in Computing System Design

New system concepts are discussed within the framework of market requirements and the design goals which are to meet them. These goals are: 1) Programming and compiling aids for increased operating efficiency and flexibility, 2) Higher machine speeds for increased throughput and reduced job cost, 3) Multiprogramming (time sharing) and multiprocessing (load sharing) for greater concurrent utilization of system hardware, 4) System exchanges for greater flexibility in system hardware complement and allocation.
Optical holographic memory using angular-rotationally phase-coded multiplexing in a LiNbO3:Fe crystal

We propose a new holographic memory scheme based on random-phase-coded multiplexing in a photorefractive LiNbO3:Fe crystal. Experimental results show that rotating a diffuser placed as a random-phase modulator in the path of the reference beam provides a simple yet effective method of increasing the holographic storage capabilities of the crystal. Combining this rotational multiplexing with angular multiplexing offers further data-storage possibilities. The advantage of using post-image versus pre-image phase modulation of the object beam is demonstrated.
Nonlinear Methods of Approximation

Abstract. Our main interest in this paper is nonlinear approximation. The basic idea behind nonlinear approximation is that the elements used in the approximation do not come from a fixed linear space but are allowed to depend on the function being approximated. While the scope of this paper is mostly theoretical, we should note that this form of approximation appears in many numerical applications such as adaptive PDE solvers, compression of images and signals, statistical classification, and so on. The standard problem in this regard is the problem of m -term approximation where one fixes a basis and looks to approximate a target function by a linear combination of m terms of the basis. When the basis is a wavelet basis or a basis of other waveforms, then this type of approximation is the starting point for compression algorithms. We are interested in the quantitative aspects of this type of approximation. Namely, we want to understand the properties (usually smoothness) of the function which govern its rate of approximation in some given norm (or metric). We are also interested in stable algorithms for finding good or near best approximations using m terms. Some of our earlier work has introduced and analyzed such algorithms. More recently, there has emerged another more complicated form of nonlinear approximation which we call highly nonlinear approximation. It takes many forms but has the basic ingredient that a basis is replaced by a larger system of functions that is usually redundant. Some types of approximation that fall into this general category are mathematical frames, adaptive pursuit (or greedy algorithms), and adaptive basis selection. Redundancy on the one hand offers much promise for greater efficiency in terms of approximation rate, but on the other hand gives rise to highly nontrivial theoretical and practical problems. With this motivation, our recent work and the current activity focuses on nonlinear approximation both in the classical form of m -term approximation (where several important problems remain unsolved) and in the form of highly nonlinear approximation where a theory is only now emerging.
Parent–Child Communication on Facebook: Family Communication Patterns and Young Adults' Decisions to “Friend” Parents

The role that family communication patterns (FCPs), sex, and Facebook® use play in young adults' decisions to “friend” their parents on Facebook was examined, as well as whether students who friend parents adjust their privacy settings. Results from an online survey of college students (N = 189) indicated that young adults who friend their parents are more likely to be female and report higher conversation FCPs than those who do not friend their parents. In addition, young adults who adjust privacy settings after friending parents (25.3%) update their profiles more often and report lower conversation and higher conformity FCPs than young adults who do not adjust privacy settings.
NIA GENETICS OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE DATA STORAGE SITE (NIAGADS): 2014 UPDATE

National Institute on Aging (NIA) established the National Institute on Aging Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease Data Storage Site (NIAGADS) as a national genetics data repository to facilitate access by qualified investigators to genotypic data for the study of the genetics of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). The NIA Alzheimer’s Disease Genetics Sharing Policy stipulates that all genetic data derived from NIA funded studies for the genetics of LOAD be deposited at NIAGADS or another NIA approved site or both whenever possible. NIA Genetics of Alzheimer’s Disease Data Storage Site (NIAGADS): 2014 Update
How Culture Misdirects Multiculturalism

In the ongoing debates over whether, or what sort of, multiculturalism should be curricularly provided, the origin, evolution, and rhetorical function of the basic term culture has been unwisely neglected. Having been accepted as a key term of anthropological discourse, the term conveys sufficient authority to misdirect political-educational energies. Viewing humanity historically, it is sounder to think in terms of an ecumene, and educationally, to return to the notion of culturing.