cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Positions of the Computer Mouse within a Thousand Workstations

We completed an evaluation of a 1000 workstations at 37 companies across six states of the US determining the location of the computer mouse. A simple check list contained four categories for input device use (infrequent, primarily keyboard, primarily mouse, or mixed); six categories for pointing device location (18 horizontal areas relative to keyboard, five categories for vertical location relative to the keyboard), and three categories for the keyboard vertical position adjustability(fixed height, adjustable work-surface, keyboard tray). Over 92% of the workstations had the mouse on the right-hand side of the keyboard, and 54% were in the area immediately to the right of the keyboard. Of the workstations evaluated 79% had the mice at the same vertical level as the keyboard with 13% being placed above and 8% below the keyboard. Sixty-one percent of the workstations had the keyboard on a vertically adjustable surface whereas 38% were placed on a conventional non-adjustable desk. Only 32% have the keyboar...
Prospects for cancer genetics.

Abstract A number of distinct strategies have been used over the past two decades to uncover the genes involved in tumorigenesis. Their use raises the questions of whether we will require novel approaches in order to continue the progress of cancer genetics. Retrovirus mediated transduction of proto-oncogenes and transfection of tumour associated oncogenes are both inefficient ways of uncovering oncogenes, each being encumbered by technical obstacles that limit their utility. Improvements in the gene transfer strategy may yield a host of new oncogenes. New cloning techniques may have a role here as well as in revealing the existence of genes that are amplified in tumour cell genomes. The major technique for uncovering novel tumour suppressor genes--detection of loss of heterozygosity--is also limited in its sensitivity to detecting genes that are lost in large numbers of tumours. The techniques for uncovering these genes through analysis of pedigrees in which mutant versions of these genes are passed through the germline are encumbered by issues of penetrance and the complexities associated with the inheritance of polygenic traits. In both instances, improvements in data acquisition and analysis will reveal tumour suppressor genes that have proved elusive until now. Over the next decade, we will learn much about how the defects in another apparatus--that responsible for the maintenance of genomic integrity--contribute to cancer susceptibility. Beyond these genes lie yet others about which we seem to know little at present--those that induce the last stages of cancer including invasiveness and metastasis. These will represent an entirely new cohort of genes to be uncovered over the next decade.
Adolescent Hip Fracture-Dislocation: Transphyseal Fracture with Posterior Dislocation of the Proximal Femoral Epiphysis: A Case Report.

Case: A 13-year-old male patient sustained a posterior transphyseal hip fracture-dislocation while playing football. A surgical hip dislocation with a trochanteric flip osteotomy, as described by Ganz and colleagues, was performed. Drilling of the dislocated epiphysis demonstrated no blood flow. Transepiphyseal and transphyseal fracture fixation with screws was performed. Two years after the injury, the patient had no evidence of osteonecrosis or functional limitations. Conclusion: Traumatic transepiphyseal fracture-dislocations are rare injuries that commonly result in osteonecrosis. Application of the Ganz surgical hip-dislocation technique to a difficult pediatric hip fracture-dislocation achieved an excellent result.
Case Studies in Distributed Hydrology

Case studies are presented that illustrate the principles of physics-based distributed hydrologic modeling. This chapter is organized by case study with a general description of the model, parameterization, and simulation used in each case. Within the context of three case studies, there is a common theme, namely each case study relies on high-resolution rainfall derived from radar and rain gauge; model parameters developed using geospatial data; and hydrologic predictions generated for analyzes spanning a range of space-time scales.
North Carolina's HB2: Assessing the Impact on the Black LGBTQ Community

On March 23, 2016, An Act to Provide for Single-Sex Multiple Occupancy Bathroom and Changing Facilities in Schools and Public Agencies and to Create Statewide Consistency in Regulation of Employment and Public Accommodations, or what is commonly known as HB2 became law in North Carolina. HB2 has been referred to by many of its opponents as the most Anti-LGBTQ piece of legislation in the United States. Considering the recent gains and national support for the LGBTQ Community, an anti-LGBTQ measure such as this is problematic. More importantly, knowing that the Black LGBTQ community continues to face high levels of violence and discrimination — despite the gains for LGBTQ community in general — HB2 stands to have a desperate impact on Black LGBTQ population in North Carolina. Thus, this paper, will examine the impact of HB2 on the Black LGBTQ community of North Carolina.
A Theory of Time-Reversed Impulse Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) for Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Communications

This paper proposes a new approach to taking advantage of rich multipath through the use of time-reversal combined with impulsive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) for Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Communications. A comprehensive review of literature is also given.
Rho-Associated Kinases in Cerebrovascular Disease

Abstract The Rho/Rho kinase (ROCK) pathway is a key molecular switch for many diverse cellular processes implicated in increasing the risk and worsening the outcome of cerebrovascular diseases including acute ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, as well as chronic cerebrovascular dysfunction. ROCK inhibitors have been uniformly efficacious in animal models of focal or global cerebral ischemia, and subarachnoid hemorrhage, as well as in traumatic injury where they have improved neuroplasticity and recovery. However, there has been a conspicuous lag in clinical translation in part due to clinically unacceptable side effects of relatively poor selectivity of existing compounds toward ROCK over other kinases, and toward either one of the two known ROCK isoforms. Nevertheless, significant progress has been made over the past decade in both developing more selective compounds and characterizing their efficacy and safety profile in animal models that early phase clinical trials are anticipated.
Theory of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

Abstract The thermophysical properties of supercritical carbon dioxide and mixtures of carbon dioxide and methanol are discussed, including their phase behavior, compressibility, and viscosity. The effects of compressibility on observed parameters such as retention factor and plate height are treated in terms of spatial and temporal averages and Giddings’ theory of nonuniform columns. Martire’s unified model for retention is used to express the local retention factor in terms of temperature and density, and the effect of modifiers on retention is briefly discussed. The sources of band spreading in supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) are discussed, including extra-column band spreading, and the form of the van Deemter C term based on the general rate model is examined in detail. The use of kinetic plots to describe the performance of SFC separations is also described.
Reduced Intensity Compared to High Dose Conditioning for Allotransplantation in Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndrome: A Comparative Clinical Analysis.

We evaluated the comparative safety and efficacy of stem cell transplantation using reduced intensity (RI) vs myeloablative (MA) conditioning for patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Thirty two patients [18 males, median age 54 (range 19–69)] underwent a RI HSCT from January 2000- September 2003, and these were compared to 187 patients [93 males, median age 39 (range 18.4–60.3)] who received MA transplants between January 1990 – September 2003. Disease status in the 2 groups was similar, (AML in CR1: RI 38% vs MA 38%; CR2: 22% vs 15%; AML relapse: 13% vs 20% and MDS 28% vs 27%). Patients were eligible for RI if age >55 with HLA matched sibling donor (Sib) or >45 with unrelated bone marrow (BM) or umbilical cord blood (UCB) donor; extensive previous therapy including previous transplant or major co-morbidity. RI donors were Sib (n=17, 53%), unrelated UCB (n=14, 44%), or unrelated BM (n=1). MA donors were Sib (n=176, 94%) and UCB (n=11, 6 %), p<0.01. RI conditioning included an alkylator (busulfan (Bu) or cyclophosphamide (Cy), a nucleoside analogue (fludarabine or cladribine) and 200 cGy total body irradiation (TBI), while MA conditioning was Cy/TBI (1320 cGy) (n=177) or Bu/Cy (n=10). Median follow up is 1.7 years in RI recipients and 4.2 years in MA. Neutrophil engraftment was more rapid in the RI group (median =11.5 days vs 21 days) with 3% and 6% graft failure respectively in the RI and MA groups. The cumulative incidence of Grade III–IV acute graft versus host disease (GVHD) was 22%±14% in RI vs 12±4% after MA HSCT. The cumulative incidence of relapse or disease progression at 1 year was 31% after RI vs 22% after MA HSCT (p=0.06). Disease free survival (DFS) at 1 year was 31± 16% in RI and 37%± 7% in the MA group (p=0.14). Multivariate regression analysis showed that neither conditioning intensity (NST RR=1.4, p=0.14) nor donor choice (UCB RR 0.9, p=0.63) significantly altered DFS. More failures (relapse or death) followed transplant for AML in relapse (RR=1.5, p=0.05), recipient seropositive for CMV (RR1.4, p=0.03) and development of Grade III/IV GVHD (RR 1.9, p<0.01), with MDS having an outcome similar to AML in remission (RR 1.2,p=0.28). These data suggest that allografts for AML or MDS using RI conditioning, even for older patients or using unrelated UCB can yield satisfactory outcomes and extended DFS. Advances in GVHD management and new approaches for patients in relapse are needed to improve these outcomes.
Dispersion analysis of composite acousto-elastic waveguides

Abstract Propagation characteristics of guided waves are widely utilized for nondestructive characterization of laminated composites which are often immersed in fluid. These propagation characteristics are quantified through dispersion and attenuation curves, and need to be computed for a large number of estimated structure and material property combinations, over a wide range of frequencies. To solve this central problem, an efficient approach is proposed for dispersion analysis of three types of immersed waveguides: laminated plates; laminated rods and pipes; composite waveguides with generic cross-section. The approach is based on Semi-Analytical Finite Element (SAFE) method enhanced with two novel discretization methods: Complex-length Finite Element Method (CFEM) for the solid domain and Perfectly Matched Discrete Layers (PMDL) for the surrounding fluid. The resulting approach is computationally more efficient than the existing methods in that it keeps the underlying eigenvalue problem linear and substantially smaller. The paper presents the basic ideas of the proposed approach, specific algorithms for determining the discretization parameters, and open-source implementation of the resulting waveguide models. Several numerical examples are presented to illustrate the method's efficiency. Finally, the theoretical predictions from the method are validated using experimental observations for several structural members.
Anticoagulation of Percutaneous Ventricular Assist Device Using Argatroban-Based Purge Solution: A Case Series:

Impella devices are percutaneously inserted ventricular assist devices which require a continuous purge solution that contains heparin to prevent pump thrombosis and device failure. We describe 2 patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) supported with an Impella device utilizing an argatroban-based purge solution. Case 1 involved an 83-year-old female with biventricular failure which resulted in right ventricle Impella support. The purge solution was changed to include argatroban due to concern of device clotting in the setting of HIT. Case 2 involved a 55-year-old male with worsening cardiogenic shock which resulted in left ventricle Impella support. Due to decreased purge flow rates and concerns for clotting, argatroban was added to the purge solution. Both patients' total argatroban regimens were monitored and adjusted by pharmacy, resulting in therapeutic anticoagulation without any major bleeding or thrombotic events. Subsequently, a protocol was designed and implemented. These case reports appear to demonstrate the safe and effective use of argatroban purge solutions for the necessary anticoagulation with an Impella device. Further studies are needed to confirm these results and determine the optimal dosing regimen.
Ageing Management for Extended Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel

This chapter summarises issues related to managing aging effects on the structures, systems and components that are associated with the confinement boundary of storage casks and canisters, with particular emphasis on the ageing-management programme for monitoring the structural and functional integrity of the internals in the canister or cask, including the spent-fuel assemblies. Specific examples, such as potential embrittlement of high-burnup cladding due to hydride reorientation during vacuum drying, transfer and early storage, thermal modeling, and development of advanced surveillance technology, are used to highlight the key elements common within the aging-management programmes that emphasise prevention, mitigation, condition and/or performance monitoring.
An Index Theory for Semigroups of *-Endomorphisms of and Type II1 Factors.

In this paper we study unit preserving *-endomorphisms of and type II1 factors. A *-endomorphism α which has the property that the intersection of the ranges of αn for n = 1 , 2 , … consists solely of multiples of the unit are called shifts. In Section 2 it is shown that shifts of can be characterized up to outer conjugacy by an index n = ∞ 1, 2 , …. In Section 3 shifts of R the hyperfinite II1 factor are studied. An outer conjugacy invariant of a shift of R is the Jones index [R: α(R)]. In Section 3 a class of shifts of index 2 are studied. These are called binary shifts. It is shown that there are uncountably many binary shifts which are pairwise non conjugate and among the binary shifts there are at least a countable infinity of shifts which are pairwise not outer conjugate.
Guided proceduralization: Optimizing geometry processing and grammar extraction for architectural models

Abstract We describe a guided proceduralization framework that optimizes geometry processing on architectural input models to extract target grammars. We aim to provide efficient artistic workflows by creating procedural representations from existing 3D models, where the procedural expressiveness is controlled by the user. Architectural reconstruction and modeling tasks have been handled as either time consuming manual processes or procedural generation with difficult control and artistic influence. We bridge the gap between creation and generation by converting existing manually modeled architecture to procedurally editable parametrized models, and carrying the guidance to procedural domain by letting the user define the target procedural representation. Additionally, we propose various applications of such procedural representations, including guided completion of point cloud models, controllable 3D city modeling, and other benefits of procedural modeling.
Benedetto Croce as a Foil to R. G. Collingwood

Benedetto Croce is the contemporary thinker whom early Collingwood most resembles. As we shall see, this is true especially of Croce’s writings from 1901 to 1910. Whether the resemblance is owing to Croce’s direct influence upon Collingwood or to Vico’s influence upon both Croce and Collingwood 1 is one of those problems of affiliation which are so elusive in the case of Collingwood (and also of Croce). That Collingwood felt a certain affinity with Croce is abundantly clear. In 1921, for example, Collingwood wrote to Croce: This I say because some things in the paper look like the observations of a hostile critic, and I should like you to know that that is very far from being the character they were intended to bear. I have no time to write about work to which I feel hostile: I only write about the people whom I most closely agree with.2
Pressure Projection Method in Generalized Coordinates

In Chapter 2, a general idea of the pressure projection method is introduced. This method is described in detail for developing general three-dimensional simulation capability. While an artificial compressibility approach modifies the nature of governing equations, the pressure projection method is formulated time accurately, and so is used both in time-dependant problems and for obtaining steady-state solutions. In light of successful computations in Cartesian coordinates using its numerous variants, Rosenfeld et al. (1991a, b, 1992) developed a staggered grid-based fractional step method in general curvilinear coordinates. Later, Kiris and Kwak (2001) developed a more robust implicit procedure for “not- so-nice” grids using the same finite-volume framework. Among many variations in projection methods, the details presented in this chapter are extracted from these activities by the authors and their colleagues at NASA Ames Research Center.
Medical Economics: End the FDA (Food and Drug Administration)

The aim of this research is to know what FDA was done to get pure food and drug. Was it to put all the eggs in one basket and entrust the objective to a monopolistic agency which suffers no financial losses when it errors or would the authors be better off relying on a private, competitive certification industry, the firms of which can earn profits for accurate assessments and losses for erroneous ones? Ensuring the quality of pharmaceuticals was concerned, the best and most efficient means toward that end was reliance on free enterprise. The method used was the literature review by applying what the authors knew about the difference between competition and monopoly to an arena where all too seldom was it applied. It finds that the FDA cannot eliminate risk; only deny people from taking the calculated risk in the hope of curing disease. Legislation such as the Compassionate Freedom of Choice Act has been introduced with the intention of empowering patients to make informed decisions and allow them to take drugs not approved by the FDA.
Global Legal Pluralism and Commercial Law

Multiple, overlapping, and systemically interactive normative orders regulate commerce, trade, and finance. A diverse set of state and non-state actors produce this plurality of rules governing markets. How these rules operate, what they are, whether some of them deserve recognition as what societies usually conceptualize as law, and their historical lineage, are the subject of significant disagreement and confusion. This chapter offers a taxonomy and classification of the sources of norms and ground clearing on the different kinds of norms at work in the global economy. It surveys the literature on the history of the law merchant, with a focus on whether a medieval law merchant or lex mercatoria existed and if so in what form and content. It explains that while some legal scholars and jurists have offered visions of an “a-national” law merchant going back into at least the Middle Ages, historians are far more careful and skeptical in their findings. It is unlikely that a body of common rules on the substance of commercial law existed in England and across Europe in the Middle Ages, but still the rules of commerce even then displayed substantial pluralism as a mix of rules from different sources on procedure, evidence, dispute resolution, and official rules and privileges applicable to merchants. The chapter also deals with the pluralism of legal orders governing commercial law in the nineteenth century, with the rise of the modern European nation-state. It lays the groundwork for thinking about plurality in present-day commercial law. The chapter explores the contemporary debates about the existence of a contemporary law merchant and a transnational commercial law. It goes on to examine the various schools of thought about pluralism in commercial law. It focuses on advances in law and economics, law and society, positivist accounts attempting to elucidate the conditions in which plural commercial law orders might be understood, and critical accounts questioning whether plural orders in commerce and finance promote power, ideology, and injustice. The chapter covers how soft law dominates the regulation of global finance and banking. The chapter concludes by offering predictions of future domains for plural normative orders governing commerce and finance, in particular with the rise of digital technologies.
The Effect of Financial Incentives on Patient Decisions to Undergo Low‐value Head Computed Tomography Scans

BACKGROUND Excessive diagnostic testing and defensive medicine contribute to billions of dollars in avoidable costs in the United States annually. Our objective was to determine the influence of financial incentives, accompanied with information regarding test risk and benefit, on patient preference for diagnostic testing. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional survey of patients at the University of Michigan emergency department (ED). Each participant was presented with a hypothetical scenario involving an ED visit following minor traumatic brain injury. Participants were given information regarding potential benefit (detecting brain hemorrhage) and risk (developing cancer) of head computed tomography scan, as well as an incentive of $0 or $100 to forego testing. We used 0.1 and 1% for test benefit and risk, and values for risk, benefit, and financial incentive varied across participants. Our primary outcome was patient preference to undergo testing. We also collected demographic and numeracy information. We then used logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs), which were adjusted for multiple potential confounders. Our sample size was designed to find at least 300 events (preference for testing) to allow for inclusion of up to 30 covariates in fully adjusted models. We had 85% to 90% power to detect a 10% absolute difference in testing rate across groups, assuming a 95% significance level. RESULTS We surveyed 913 patients. Increasing test benefit from 0.1% to 1% significantly increased test acceptance (adjusted OR [AOR] = 1.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2 to 2.1) and increasing test risk from 0.1% to 1% significantly decreased test acceptance (AOR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.52 to 0.93). Finally, a $100 incentive to forego low-value testing significantly reduced test acceptance (AOR = 0.6; 95% CI = 0.4 to 0.8). CONCLUSIONS Providing financial incentives to forego testing significantly decreased patient preference for testing, even when accounting for test benefit and risk. This work is preliminary and hypothetical and requires confirmation in larger patient cohorts facing these actual decisions.
The Latina/o Midwest Reader

Review of: "The Latina/o Midwest Reader" edited by Omar Valerio-Jimenez, Santiago Vaquera-Vasquez, and Claire F. Fox
Sparse signal recovery for WIM measurements from undersampled data through compressed sensing

Abstract This study presents a method to recover the signal components critical for weigh-in-motion (WIM) measurements using compressed sensing. Through a comparative study, the wavelet basis ‘bior2.4’ is selected to sparsely represent the measured signals. Two methods, LASSO and Partial Inversion (PartInv), are used to recover the critical pulses from numerically decimated signals. Research results show that, compared with the LASSO method, the PartInv method improves the recovering accuracy of the pulse peaks by 70% on average and enhances the measurement reliability. This study offers a method of recovering the critical pulses for WIM and other types of measurements from undersampled signals. The proposed method enables the equipment designed for low-frequency measurements to achieve satisfactory measurements that requires a much higher sampling frequency. It has the potential to reduce the cost, energy, data storage, and data transmission requirements in practical implementations of undersampled WIM strain measurements and others.
Protein expression and gene editing in monocots using foxtail mosaic virus vectors

Plant viruses can be engineered to carry sequences that direct silencing of target host genes, expression of heterologous proteins, or editing of host genes. A set of foxtail mosaic virus (FoMV) vectors was developed that can be used for transient gene expression and single guide RNA delivery for Cas9-mediated gene editing in maize, Setaria viridis, and Nicotiana benthamiana. This was accomplished by duplicating the FoMV capsid protein subgenomic promoter, abolishing the unnecessary open reading frame 5A, and inserting a cloning site containing unique restriction endonuclease cleavage sites immediately after the duplicated promoter. The modified FoMV vectors transiently expressed green fluorescent protein (GFP) and bialaphos resistance (BAR) protein in leaves of systemically infected maize seedlings. GFP was detected in epidermal and mesophyll cells by epifluorescence microscopy, and expression was confirmed by Western blot analyses. Plants infected with FoMV carrying the bar gene were temporarily protected from a glufosinate herbicide, and expression was confirmed using a rapid antibody-based BAR strip test. Expression of these proteins was stabilized by nucleotide substitutions in the sequence of the duplicated promoter region. Single guide RNAs expressed from the duplicated promoter mediated edits in the N. benthamiana Phytoene desaturase gene, the S. viridis Carbonic anhydrase 2 gene, and the maize HKT1 gene encoding a potassium transporter. The efficiency of editing was enhanced in the presence of synergistic viruses and a viral silencing suppressor. This work expands the utility of FoMV for virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), virus-mediated overexpression (VOX), and virus-enabled gene editing (VEdGE) in monocots.
Impact of ligation versus repair of isolated popliteal vein injuries on in-hospital outcomes in trauma patients.

Abstract Background Popliteal vascular injuries are common and frequently associated with limb loss. Although many studies have evaluated the treatment and outcomes of popliteal artery injuries (PAI), there is little available evidence regarding popliteal venous injuries (PVI). As such, substantial debate remains regarding the benefit of repair over ligation of PVI. The objectives of this study were to compare in-hospital outcomes of repair versus ligation of isolated PVI, as well as to determine nonvascular factors associated with worse outcomes. Methods Patients in the National Trauma Databank from 2007 to 2014 with at least one PVI were evaluated. First, patients with concomitant PVI and PAI were compared with patients with isolated PVI. Second, outcomes were compared between ligation and repair of isolated PVI. To limit the impact of concomitant injuries and focus on the impact of venous injury management, we defined isolated PVI as cases without concomitant PAI and with Abbreviated Injury Scale severity score of less than 3 for all body regions other than lower extremity. Patients dead on arrival and those with less than 18 years of age were excluded. The primary outcomes were in-hospital mortality, amputation, and in-hospital amputation-free survival (AFS). Secondary outcomes included lower extremity compartment syndrome, fasciotomy, acute kidney injury, pulmonary embolism, deep venous thrombosis, and inferior vena cava filter placement. Results Overall, 1819 patients (0.03%) had a PVI and after exclusion 1213 met the criteria for initial analysis. Of those, 308 had isolated PVI, and 905 had combined PVI and PAI. Patients with combined PVI and PAI had higher rates of amputation (15.2% vs 6.8%; P Conclusions Ligation of isolated PVI was not an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality, lower extremity amputation, or in-hospital AFS. Ligation also did not result in higher rates of fasciotomy, acute kidney injury, or pulmonary embolism.
Aiding or Dissuading? The Effects of Reducing Lifetime Eligibility Limits for Need-Based Aid on Bachelor’s Degree Attainment and Time to Completion

Little is known about the effects of need-based financial aid disbursed late into college and how students respond when they approach lifetime limits for receiving aid. I exploit changes to federal Pell Grant eligibility rules that reduced the lifetime availability for grant aid from 9 to 6 full-time-equivalent years to examine these questions. Using data from the University System of Georgia and a matched difference-in-differences research design, I compare student outcomes before versus after the rule change for Pell recipients affected and unaffected by the new policy. Risk of aid exhaustion due to the policy change led students to increase their academic effort, as measured by term-over-term re-enrollment and term credits attempted and earned. I find weak evidence that the policy change accelerated time to completion and no evidence that it increased or decreased degree attainment overall. These findings indicate that aid disbursement policies and lifetime aid limits can impact the cost-effectiveness of aid expenditures and the efficiency of college degree production.
Explanatory priority monism

Explanations are backed by many different relations: causation, grounding, and arguably others too. But why are these different relations capable of backing explanations? In virtue of what are they explanatory? In this paper, I propose and defend a monistic account of explanation-backing relations. On my account, there is a single relation which backs all cases of explanation, and which explains why those other relations are explanation-backing.
Electric Field and Parasitic Capacitance Analysis for HF Transformers with Coaxial Winding Arrangements

Electric field and voltage distribution analysis play an important role in designing optimal DC-DC converters. Parasitic parameters, especially interwinding and intra-winding capacitances in high frequency (HF) transformers, hugely influence the performance and efficiency of isolated converters. In this paper, electric field, voltage distribution, and insulation coordination are analyzed for a high frequency transformer with coaxial windings. Also, parasitic capacitances such as interwinding and intra-winding capacitances are calculated. Coaxial windings show a robust magnetic coupling and low leakage inductance, which make them suitable for many applications that need low eddy current and copper loss. Hence, a comprehensive analysis on the electric field and capacitive behavior of the high frequency transformers with coaxial windings is very helpful for industrializing them. In this paper, a 2kW HF transformer with voltage level of 400V/400V at frequency of 5 kHz is designed and analyzed for isolated DC-DC converter applications. For analyzing the field distributions and finding the parameters, numerical method is used. Also, the mathematical procedure of finding parameters with finite element method (FEM) is explained. The design method and the analysis procedure used in this paper can later be used for designing optimal isolated DC-DC converters or integrating parasitic parameters in resonant tank circuits for achieving zero voltage switching (ZVS) and zero current switching (ZCS). Especially for converters including silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN) switches.
Phsiological Ecology of Tarantulas: Thermoregulation, Metabolism, and Performance Traits

Tarantulas represent interesting models for examining metabolism and performance traits (e.g., sprint speed) because of their large size and sex dimorphism at maturity that leads to different selective pressures. As ectotherms, these traits are also dependent on body temperature and their ability to behaviorally thermoregulate (dealing with both extreme heat and cold) can in turn, have significant impacts on growth, survival, and reproduction. After reaching sexual maturity, most males change their sedentary habits and leave their retreats or webs to search actively for females. Males are relatively short-lived and costs of locomotion may be high. Exposure to large fluctuations in environmental conditions makes males more vulnerable to heat stress, desiccation, and predation. In comparison, females tend to remain in close proximity to their burrows and maintain a larger body size over a longer life span. Because of their sit-and-wait predatory strategy, they may undergo long periods with limited food availability and tend to have very low resting metabolic rates that enables survival with low and unpredictable food resources. This chapter will review various aspects of thermoregulation and coldhardiness, metabolism and performance traits in tarantulas with particular emphasis on differences between males and females and examining these traits in the context of selection pressures due the animal’s natural history and life history strategies.
Greening the Globe: World Society and Environmental Change

Recent decades have seen a rapid expansion of environmental activity in the world, including the signing of a growing number of environmental treaties and the formation of international organizations like the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Greening the Globe employs world society theory (aka world polity theory or sociological institutionalism) to explore the origins and consequences of international efforts to address environmental problems. Existing scholarship seems paradoxical: case studies frequently criticize treaties and regulatory structures as weak and ineffective, yet statistical studies find improvements in environmental conditions. This book addresses this paradox by articulating a bee-swarm model of social change. International institutions rarely command the power or resources to directly impose social change. Nevertheless, they have recourse via indirect mechanisms: setting agendas, empowering various pro-environmental agents, and propagating new cultural meanings and norms. As a result, world society generates social change even if formal institutional mechanisms and sanctions are weak.
Predictive Modelling of Crime Data Set Using Data Mining

With a substantial increase in crime across the globe, there is a need for analyzing the crime data to lower the crime rate. This helps the police and citizens to take necessary actions and solve the crimes faster. In this paper, data mining techniques are applied to crime data for predicting features that affect the high crime rate. Supervised learning uses data sets to train, test and get desired results on them whereas Unsupervised learning divides an inconsistent, unstructured data into classes or clusters. Decision trees, Naive Bayes and Regression are some of the supervised learning methods in data mining and machine learning on previously collected data and thus used for predicting the features responsible for causing crime in a region or locality. Based on the rankings of the features, the Crimes Record Bureau and Police Department can take necessary actions to decrease the probability of occurrence of the crime.
Random search in fluid flow aided by chemotaxis

In this paper, we consider the dynamics of a 2D target-searching agent performing Brownian motion under the influence of fluid shear flow and chemical attraction. The analysis is motivated by numerous situations in biology where these effects are present, such as broadcast spawning of marine animals and other reproduction processes or workings of the immune systems. We rigorously characterize the limit of the expected hit time in the large flow amplitude limit as corresponding to the effective one-dimensional problem. We also perform numerical computations to characterize the finer properties of the expected duration of the search. The numerical experiments show many interesting features of the process, and in particular existence of the optimal value of the shear flow that minimizes the expected target hit time and outperforms the large flow limit.
“Don’t Call Us Kushim”: Racialized Experiences and Political Activism Among African Students in Israel in the 1960s

During the 1960s, several hundreds of African students attended long-term academic or vocational programs in Israel. For Israel, offering higher education to Africans was considered a way to streng...
An Overview of Cumulus Parameterization in Mesoscale Models

The problem of cumulus parameterization is nowhere more difficult than in mesoscale numerical weather prediction models. Cotton and Anthes (1989) describe the very concept of cumulus parameterization as “muddy” and “not well posed” for models with grid spacing below 50 km. Along these lines, some researchers have omitted cumulus parameterization entirely and instead directly simulated cumulus convection on the grid (Rosenthal 1978). Conversely, Fritsch and Chappell (1980) and Frank and Cohen (1987) have designed cumulus parameterizations for grid spacing as small as 10 or 20 km. The problem is further complicated by the need to simulate the development of mesoscale (and thus grid resolvable) precipitation structure in nature from initially unresolvable convection. This process blurs the distinction between convective and stratiform precipitation, and as a result blurs the meaning of parameterized and unparameterized condensation in numerical models.
Choiceless Polynominal Time Computation and the Zero-One Law

This paper is a sequel to [2], a commentary on [7], and an abridged version of a planned paper that will contain complete proofs of all the results presented here.
Should We Put Lotteries for Education on the Honor Roll or in the Corner

Many states have passed lotteries for education in the hopes of increasingeducation funding and ultimately improving educational outcomes. This paper looks atreal per capital state and local direct education spending and finds strong evidence thatlotteries for education have increased per capita education spending in those states thatpassed a lottery for education between 1978 and 2000. Further evidence in the papersuggests that money flowing into state and local budgets from a new source such as alottery will be used to fund new spending, tax cuts, and deficit reduction. (H71, H72)
Integral Representations in Electromagnetic Forward Modeling

This chapter describes a technique of forward EM modeling based on different types of integral representation of EM fields in inhomogeneous conductive media. The integral equation (IE) method is a powerful tool for forward EM modeling. The main advantage of this method in comparison with the finite difference and finite element methods is the fast and accurate simulation of the EM response in models with relatively compact 2-D or 3-D bodies in a layered background. We will also consider several approximate methods of forward modeling based on integral representations. These are the Born and extended Born (localized nonlinear) approximations, the quasi-linear (QL) approximation, QL series, quasi-analytic approximation, quasi-analytic series, etc. In this chapter, we discuss the basic principles of the IE method and introduce a family of linear and nonlinear approximations for EM modeling in conductive inhomogeneous media. Contraction integral equation method is introduced as well.
Molecular Modeling of Nucleic Acid Structure: Setup and Analysis

The last in a set of units by these authors, this unit addresses some important remaining questions about molecular modeling of nucleic acids. It describes how to choose an appropriate molecular mechanics force field; how to set up and equilibrate the system for accurate simulation of a nucleic acid in an explicit solvent by molecular dynamics or Monte Carlo simulation; and how to analyze molecular dynamics trajectories.
Can nonenhancing white matter lesions in cancer patients be disregarded

PURPOSE To assess the risks and implications of assuming that white matter lesions in cancer patients that do not enhance with gadopentetate dimeglumine (Gd-DTPA) can be considered to be benign. METHODS Gd-DTPA was administered prospectively to 131 consecutive patients with biopsy-proved extracranial malignancies referred for cranial MR imaging to exclude cerebral metastases over a 21/2-year period. From this initial group, 50 patients were identified who had focal nonenhancing lesions of the white matter on T2-weighted images, but no other findings to suggest metastatic disease. This cohort of 50 patients was then followed for at least 1 year to determine the risk and clinical implications of assuming these nonenhancing white matter lesions were benign. RESULTS Thirty patients (60%) were alive and clinically free of cranial metastatic disease at least 1 year following their initial MR study (median follow-up time, 17 months). Twenty of the 50 patients (40%) died within 1 year of their study (median survival, 4.1 months). Review of clinic notes and hospital charts revealed no evidence for deterioration of neurologic status in any of these patients before death, and the cause of death in each case was ascribed to extracranial complications of their systemic malignancies. Eight of these 20 patients who expired had at least one follow-up cranial CT or MR scan before death showing no new cerebral metastases or change in the nonenhancing white matter lesions previously identified. In a single patient, however, follow-up MR scan revealed conversion of one of her several white matter lesions from nonenhancing to enhancing without appreciable change in its size on T2-weighted images. Unfortunately, this patient died 4 months later from surgical complications without interval change in her neurologic status nor pathologic proof of the nature of this lesion. CONCLUSIONS White matter lesions in cancer patients that do not enhance with Gd-DTPA at the time of the initial MR study have a low probability of representing metastatic disease. Clinical management or final outcome will not likely be altered by assuming such lesions are benign.
Identification of a Novel Cytoplasmic Protein That Specifically Binds to Nuclear Localization Signal Motifs

Active transport of proteins into the nucleus is mediated by interaction between the classical nuclear localization signals (NLSs) of the targeted proteins and the NLS receptor (importin) complex. This nuclear transport system is highly regulated and conserved in eukaryotes and is essential for cell survival. Using a fragment of BRCA1 containing the two NLS motifs as a bait for yeast two-hybrid screening, we have isolated four clones, one of which is importin α. Here we characterize one of the other clones identified, BRAP2, which is a novel gene and expressed as a 2-kilobase mRNA in human mammary epithelial cells and some but not all tissues of mice. The isolated full-length cDNA encodes a novel protein containing 600 amino acid residues with pI 6.04. Characteristic motifs of C2H2 zinc fingers and leucine heptad repeats are present in the middle and C-terminal regions of the protein, respectively. BRAP2 also shares significant homology with a hypothetical protein from yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae, especially in the zinc finger region. Antibodies prepared against the C-terminal region of BRAP2 fused to glutathione S-transferase specifically recognize a cellular protein with a molecular size of 68 kDa, consistent with the size of the in vitro translated protein. Cellular BRAP2 is mainly cytoplasmic and binds to the NLS motifs of BRCA1 with similar specificity to that of importin α in both two-hybrid assays in yeast and glutathione S-transferase pull-down assays in vitro. Other motifs such as the SV40 large T antigen NLS motif and the bipartite NLS motif found in mitosin are also recognized by BRAP2. Similarly, the yeast homolog of BRAP2 also binds to these NLS motifs in vitro. These results imply that BRAP2 may function as a cytoplasmic retention protein and play a role in regulating transport of nuclear proteins.
Should gynecologic maturity change the management of cervical cytologic atypia during adolescence

Abstract Study Objective: To test the hypothesis that atypical cytology (ASCUS) portends ominous histologic diagnoses during adolescence. Methods: The prevalence of squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs) was determined in a racially diverse group of thirty-six 14- to 21-year-olds who were undergoing colposcopy evaluation of ASCUS cytology. The prevalence of 10 widely accepted risk factors for SIL was also qualified. Results: SILs were detected in biopsies obtained from 20 (56%) of the 36 study subjects. There were 15 (39%) low-grade SILs and 5 (17%) high-grade SILs. No single risk factor or combination of risk factors distinguished subjects with SIL histology from those with more benign diagnoses. Conclusion: The hypothesis was supported. More than half (56%) of the adolescents we studied with ASCUS cytology had SIL histology. The findings suggest that immediate colposcopy evaluation may be prudent for adolescents with ASCUS cytology that cannot be attributed to concurrent lower genital tract infections.
The Role of Emotionality in Hoarding

The purpose of the study is to determine some empirical relationships between hoarding and selected indices of emotionality in three inbred strains of mice which exhibit characteristic differences in temperament and in responses evoked by a stressful environment. One hundred-fifty females of the Jackson Laboratory C 3 H, C 57 , and C Bagg albino strains were given three five minute trials in an open field and eight hoarding trials in a hoarding apparatus. Analysis of the data permits the following conclusions to be drawn: 1. The B albinos, which had the highest rate of defecation-urination, the longest latency of movement in the open-field, and the longest latency of movement into the hoarding alleys also hoarded the largest number of pellets, while the C 57 's which had the lowest scores on these three variables, hoarded the smallest number of pellets. 2. Intra-strain analysis indicated no systematic relationship among the variables of latency in open field, latency in alley entrance, defecation-urination frequency, and timidity. 3. For the C 3 H's and B albinos, short latency of movement tended to be a characteristic of those S's which hoarded more frequently, therefore the relationship between strains in the converse of that present within strains. 4. Frequency of defecation-urination was unrelated to frequency of hoarding probably indicating that this variable is not a valid index of general autonomic reactivity. 5. Some interpretative limitations of this study were presented and some pertinent variables for further study were indicated.
Gender and coping: The dual‐axis model of coping

Examined a dual-axis model of coping that included both action (active vs. passive) and social dimensions (prosocial vs. antisocial) of coping strategies among a combined sample of students and community residents. We developed an assessment device to represent the model and allow investigation. Mixed support for the model and instrument were noted. Women were more prosocial than men in their coping, but no less active. Men were more likely to use antisocial and aggressive, but less assertive coping strategies than women. More prosocial, action coping strategies were also more likely to be related to greater sense of mastery and more liberal gender-role orientation. Antisocial and passive strategies tended to be related to lower mastery and more traditional gender-role orientation. Active coping was related to lower emotional distress for men and women, but both prosocial and antisocial coping were related to greater emotional distress for men, suggesting that men may have a narrower band of beneficial coping strategies than do women.