cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Generalized Decision Support System Using Predicate Calculus and Network Data Base Management

In view of the growing prominence of corporate modeling, an important area of research concerns techniques for facilitating the design and utilization of models. In this paper we show how first-order predicate calculus can be used as a language for formally stating modeling knowledge. Furthermore, knowledge stated in this manner can be subjected to the resolution principle. The result is that application specific modeling knowledge need not be embedded in a computer program. Rather, it can be stored in a data base and utilized as needed by a problem processing system employing resolution techniques. Advantages of a decision support system taking an approach of this sort are considerable modeling flexibility, capacity for automating the model formulation and execution processes, and compatibility with a high-level user interface language.
AGE OF SOIL ORGANIC MATTER AND SOIL RESPIRATION: RADIOCARBON CONSTRAINTS ON BELOWGROUND C DYNAMICS

Radiocarbon data from soil organic matter and soil respiration provide pow- erful constraints for determining carbon dynamics and thereby the magnitude and timing of soil carbon response to global change. In this paper, data from three sites representing well-drained soils in boreal, temperate, and tropical forests are used to illustrate the methods for using radiocarbon to determine the turnover times of soil organic matter and to partition soil respiration. For these sites, the average age of bulk carbon in detrital and Oh/A-horizon organic carbon ranges from 200 to 1200 yr. In each case, this mass-weighted average includes components such as relatively undecomposed leaf, root, and moss litter with much shorter turnover times, and humified or mineral-associated organic matter with much longer turnover times. The average age of carbon in organic matter is greater than the average age predicted for CO2 produced by its decomposition (30, 8, and 3 yr for boreal, temperate, and tropical soil), or measured in total soil respiration (16, 3, and 1 yr). Most of the CO 2 produced during decomposition is derived from relatively short-lived soil organic matter (SOM) components that do not represent a large component of the standing stock of soil organic matter. Estimates of soil carbon turnover obtained by dividing C stocks by hetero- trophic respiration fluxes, or from radiocarbon measurements of bulk SOM, are biased to longer time scales of C cycling. Failure to account for the heterogeneity of soil organic matter will result in underestimation of the short-term response and overestimation of the long-term response of soil C storage to future changes in inputs or decomposition. Comparison of the 14 C in soil respiration with soil organic matter in temperate and boreal forest sites indicates a significant contribution from decomposition of organic matter fixed.2 yr but ,30 yr ago. Tropical soil respiration is dominated by C fixed ,1 yr ago. Monitoring the 14 C signature of CO2 emitted from soils give clues as to the causes of
Distributed Optimization of Coupled Systems With Applications to Network Utility Maximization

In Network Utility Maximization (NUM) problems, it is generally assumed that user utilities are uncoupled, i.e., each utility depends only on local variables. Then the coupling in constraint functions among users sharing common resources can be decoupled by standard methods such as dual decomposition. However, in problems where cooperation or competition is modeled through the objective function, such as rate allocation in clustered system and power control in interference limited system, each utility may depend not only on its local variables but also on the local variables of other utilities. Applications of this coupled utility model include wireless power control and DSL spectrum management, where the utilities are functions of the Signal-to-Interference Ratios (SIR) that depend on the transmit powers of other users. We present a systematic approach of consistency pricing to decouple NUM problems with coupled utilities, obtaining distributed algorithms that efficiently handle couplings in utilities with two alternative timescales, as well as a method to reduce message passing overhead in the case of interference-based coupling.
Distal Radius-Ulna Fractures in Children

Fractures involving the distal radius and ulna are commonly seen in children and adolescents. Management of these injuries in pediatric patients should include assessment of the neurovascular status of the extremity, associated soft-tissue injury, and, most importantly, possible involvement of the physes of the radius and ulna. Treatment of these injuries may vary from simple casting and radiographic follow-up to urgent reduction and surgical fixation. Regardless of the initial treatment plan, the treating surgeon must remain aware of the potential for both early and late complications that may affect outcomes.
PrEP in substance abuse treatment: a qualitative study of treatment provider perspectives.

Objectives: To examine substance abuse treatment providers’ views on engaging clients in Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) care and research trials. Methods: Thirty-six medical and counseling service providers in six New York City outpatient substance abuse treatment programs participated in semi-structured qualitative interviews. Thematic content analysis was conducted by three coders, independently. Results: Providers’ perspectives toward PrEP were characterized by six salient themes: 1) Limited PrEP awareness. 2) Ambivalence about PrEP; 3) Perception of multiple challenges to delivery; 4) Uncertainty about clients’ ability to be adherent to medication; 5) Concerns about medication safety/side effects; and 6) Perception of multiple barriers to conducting clinical trials. Conclusions: Despite anticipated challenges, providers supported the introduction of PrEP in outpatient substance abuse treatment. Comprehensive training for providers is needed and should include PrEP eligibility criteria, strategies to support adherence and medication monitoring guidelines. Linkages between substance abuse treatment and primary care and/or enhancement of capacity within clinics to offer PrEP may help facilitate PrEP delivery. When conducting research in outpatient clinics, it is particularly important to protect client confidentiality.
Community health: an evolutionary concept analysis.

Title. Community health: an evolutionary concept analysis. Aim. This paper is a report of a concept analysis of community health. Background. Community health is a term that has been broadly used in both research and practice. Although local communities are invested in community health improvement, this process often occurs without a clear definition of the concept of community health. Data sources. Data sources included a sample of 537 papers covering the period 1990 to 2004 and representing the disciplines of nursing, public health, medicine and sociology and landmark works concerning community health, six community health assessment instruments and interviews with seven key community health informants. Review methods. Rodgers’ Evolutionary Method of Concept Analysis was used to design the study and analyse the data. The professional literature was analysed and compared with the use of the concept of community health in community health assessment instruments and by key informants. Results. Dynamic and contextual, community health is achieved through participatory, community development processes based upon ecological models that address broad determinants of health. The primary focus of this collaborative work is population-based health promotion and disease prevention. Conclusion. The definition derived from the concept analysis of community health makes explicit the importance of community-based participatory action in local health improvement processes. Identification of the attributes of community health will enhance communication across disciplines involved in community health practice, research and education.
Loss of myoepithelium is variable in solid papillary carcinoma of the breast.

Aims: Reports on the frequency of myoepithelial loss in solid papillary carcinoma (SPC) of the breast, an unusual variant of papillary carcinoma with a solid pattern of expansile growth, have been strikingly contradictory. The aim was to clarify the frequency of myoepithelial loss in cases of SPC diagnosed at our institution. Methods and results: Eleven cases of SPC with available blocks or unstained slides were retrieved from the M. D. Anderson archives or obtained from outside contributors. Immunohistochemistry for smooth muscle actin (SMA) and p63 was evaluated on the circumscribed nests that appeared to be non-invasive by haematoxylin and eosin morphology. Three of the 11 cases (27%) were positive for both SMA and p63 at the periphery of all such foci, whereas eight cases (73%) lacked staining for both myoepithelial markers in at least one focus. Of these eight cases, one was diagnosed with only microinvasion, yet metastatic tumour resembling the circumscribed primary SPC was identified in two ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes. Conclusions: SPC of the breast frequently lacks myoepithelial markers at the tumour–stromal interface in spite of a circumscribed non-invasive appearance. Metastases from such tumours are infrequent, but can occur in cases that lack myoepithelial marker expression by immunohistochemistry.
Counting capelin: a comparison of acoustic density and trawl catchability

Acoustic estimates of capelin, Mallotus villosus (Muller), density were compared with catches in 97 Campelen 1800 bottom and 113 IYGPT midwater fishing sets to assess catching efficiency (q e ) relative to acoustic estimates, and the ability of trawl and acoustic surveys to index capelin abundance. Catches in experimental IYGPT sets targeted at capelin and towed at constant depth or undulated over 40 m did not differ from acoustic predictions over a range of densities from 0.00001 to 0.2 fish per m 2 (q e =1; p 0.05, paired t-test). Campelen catches were typically bigger than acoustic estimates in the trawl zone at low or medium densities, likely a consequence of dead-zone non-detectability. Campelen q e s were strongly density-dependent (>1 at densities >0.05 fish per m 3 ; <1 at higher densities), and ranged over several orders of magnitude, making catches representative only of presence/absence. For the IYGPT trawl undulated at fixed survey stations, not targeted at capelin, mean q e averaged 11.6, and high variability, in part related to vertical distribution (s.e.=3.76), limited usefulness as an abundance index. A recognition threshold caused acoustic integrations based on a priori allocation of backscatter to underestimate capelin distributed at low densities (<0.05 fish per m 3 ), as did dead-zone bias. A posteriori allocation reduced bias. It is concluded that acoustic integration supported by directed trawling is the most reliable method of counting capelin.
Inhibitory Interactions between BK and JC Virus among Kidney Transplant Recipients

BK and JC polyomaviruses can reactivate after transplantation, causing renal dysfunction and graft loss. The incidence of JC reactivation after renal transplant is not well understood. Here, we characterized JC reactivation using samples collected during the first year after transplantation from 200 kidney recipients. We detected BK and JC viruses in the urine of 35 and 16% of transplant recipients, respectively. The median viral load in the urine was 400 times higher for BK virus than JC virus. The presence of BK viruria made concurrent JC viruria less likely: JC viruria was detected in 22% of non-BK viruric recipients compared with 4% of BK viruric recipients (P = 0.001). The co-detection rate was 1.5%, which is less than the expected 5.6% if reactivation of each virus was independent (P = 0.001). We did not observe JC viremia, JC nephropathy, or progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. The onset of JC viruria was associated with donor, but not recipient, JC-specific antibody in a titer-dependent fashion and inversely associated with donor and recipient BK-specific antibody. Donor and recipient JC seropositivity did not predict BK viruria or viremia. In conclusion, among renal transplant recipients, infection with one polyomavirus inversely associates with infection with the other.
THE MYOCARDIAL INTERSTITIUM: ITS STRUCTURE AND ITS ROLE IN IONIC EXCHANGE

The structures present in the rabbit myocardial interstitium have been defined and quantified. Stereological methods were used for the quantification. The extracellular space contains abundant ground substance (23%) distributed in a homogeneous mat throughout the space and within the T tubules. The remainder of the space contains 59% blood vessels, 6% "empty" space, 4.0% collagen, and 7.0% connective tissue cells. The arrangement of the interstitium in relation to the myocardial cells and the capillaries has been described. In addition, the extracellular space was measured using extracellular markers: 14 C sucrose (neutrally charged), 35 SO 4 (negatively charged), and 140 La (positively charged). The La +++ space differed markedly from the other two ( P +++ to polyanionic extracellular structures. Cetylpyridinium chloride, a cationic detergent specific for polysaccharides, caused precipitation of the ground substance and marked decrease in the La +++ space. This study indicates the considerable structural complexity of the interstitium. The effects of an abundant negatively charged protein-polysaccharide within the interstitium has been discussed in terms of cation exchange in arterially perfused tissue.
Recent advances on kinetic analysis of electromigration enhanced intermetallic growth and damage formation in Pb-free solder joints

A comprehensive kinetic analysis was established to investigate the electromigration (EM) enhanced intermetallic compound (IMC) growth and void formation for Sn-based Pb-free solder joints with Cu under bump metallization (UBM). The kinetic model takes into account Cu–Sn interdiffusion and current stressing. Derivation of the diffusion coefficients and the effective charge numbers for the intermetallic compounds is an essential but challenging task for the study of this multi-phase multi-component intermetallic system. A new approach was developed to simultaneously derive atomic diffusivities and effective charge numbers based on simulated annealing (SA) in conjunction with the kinetic model. A consistent set of parameters were obtained, which provided important insight into the diffusion behaviors driving the IMC growth. The parameters were used in a finite difference model to numerically solve the IMC growth problem and the result accurately correlated with the experiment. EM reliability test revealed that the ultimate failure of the solder joints was caused by extensive void formation and subsequent crack propagation at the intermetallic interface. This damage formation mechanism was analyzed by first considering vacancy transport under current stressing. This was followed by a finite element analysis on the crack driving force induced by void formation. This paper is concluded with a future perspective on applying the kinetic analysis and damage mechanism developed to investigate the structural reliability of the through-Si-via in 3D interconnects.
Maxillary sinusitis of odontogenic origin: cone-beam volumetric computerized tomography-aided diagnosis.

Objective Study of radiographic features of maxillary sinusitis of odontogenic origin as visualized on 3-dimensional advanced imaging is essential for prompt diagnosis and appropriate management. This study attempted to describe and delineate radiographic characteristics of this condition. Study design Three cases of failed endodontic therapy presenting with confounding clinical signs and symptoms were subjected to 3-dimensional imaging with cone-beam volumetric computerized tomography (CBVCT) to evaluate changes in the maxillary sinuses. Results CBVCT showed varying involvement of the ipsilateral maxillary sinus in all 3 cases. The presentation varied from presence of intrasinus fluid to reactionary osseous response within the sinus. Conclusions CBVCT as a diagnostic aid to evaluate the involvement of the maxillary sinuses in cases of endodontic treatment failure seems to assist with formulation of a definitive diagnosis. Appropriate interventions may be instituted, including an otolaryngology consultation.
Recent Development in Infrastructure and Its Impact on Agricultural and Non-agricultural Trade

The main objective of this paper is to estimate the relationship between telecommunication and the volume of trade. More specifically, we estimate the effect of improved telecommunication on bilateral trade of agricultural and non-agricultural goods among the OECD countries in each year from 1997 to 2001.The results indicate that per capita GDPs, geographical sizes, and telecommunication investments in both exporting and importing countries are significant and positively related to the value of bilateral trade between them. In agricultural trade, the investment in telecommunication in importing countries is more important than that of exporting countries. The geographical size of the exporting country is more important in agricultural trade than that of the importing country; but it is not the case in non-agricultural trade. This indicates that land is one of essential factors in agricultural trade. In non-agricultural trade, telecommunication investment of the exporting country is more important than that of the importing country. Moreover, the size of the selling market (exporting country) is more important than that of the importing country, relative to non-agricultural trade. In addition, the distance between trading countries is significant and negatively related to the bilateral trade value. The other dummy variables, representing the EU, NAFTA, common language, and common border, are also significant and positively related to bilateral trade values.
Development system for memristor circuits

This paper reports on an experimental system comprising of an embedded 32-bit ARM microprocessor with ADC/DAC peripherals and supporting software designed for memristor circuit development. In particular, the system is tested with Pt/TiO2-x/Pt memristors, and read and write operations with single memristive devices are demonstrated.
After September 11, 2001: How transit agencies prepare for the threat of terrorism

On September 11, 2001 (9/11), terrorists turned commercial aircraft into missiles and directed them toward high-rise and federal buildings, striking the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. After this tragic event, Congress's attention was naturally focused on airport security, and for good reason: the attacks happened via the aviation system. Yet an equivalent amount of attention was not given to the nation's public transportation system. To address this issue, the FTA, an organization within the U.S. Department of Transportation, began an ambitious five-part security initiative to improve the security of America's public transportation systems and assist their oversight agencies in addressing these new threats. The objectives of this paper are to reveal the vulnerability of America's transit system, identify typical pre-9/11 security planning, and show how the terrorist attacks that occurred on 9/11 have changed the way in which government and transit agencies address security concerns. An analysis of p...
Ascertainment of intimate partner violence using two abuse measurement frameworks.

Objective: To estimate prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) according to two abuse ascertainment tools, and agreement between the tools. Methods: 2504 women randomly selected from a health maintenance organization were asked about IPV exposure in their most recent intimate relationship using five questions on physical and sexual abuse, and fear due to partner’s threats and controlling behavior from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS) and 10 questions from the Women’s Experience with Battering (WEB) scale. IPV prevalence was estimated according to the BRFSS and WEB, and the proportion of women who were WEB+/BRFSS+, WEB−/BRFSS−, WEB−/BRFSS+, and WEB+/BRFSS−. Results: In their most recent relationship, 14.7% of women reported abuse of any type on the BRFSS versus 7.0% on the WEB scale. In direct comparisons of the WEB and BRFSS questions, a higher percentage of abused women reported any IPV on the five BRFSS questions (88.4%) compared to the 10 WEB questions (42.0%). However, both the BRFSS and WEB identified some women as abused that would have been missed by the other instrument. Conclusions: Intimate partner violence prevalence depends on how women are asked about abuse. Resources permitting, more than one abuse ascertainment strategy (for example, both the BRFSS and WEB questions) should be tried in order to broadly identify as many women as possible who interpret themselves as abused.
Update in addiction medicine for the primary care clinician

The United States Preventive Services Task Force recommends that primary care clinicians assume a major role in screening, identification, treatment, and referral to treatment of unhealthy alcohol and other drug (AOD) use—the spectrum from use that risks health consequences to AOD disorders (abuse and dependence)—in generalist settings.1 In the United States, nicotine dependence, alcohol use, and drug use are the first, third, and ninth leading causes, respectively, of preventable deaths.2 Despite the harmful effects of addiction and improved options for office-based treatments and referral, not all primary care clinicians routinely address AOD use in their patients. The objectives of this paper are to identify and examine important recent advances in addiction medicine that have implications for primary care clinicians and that emphasize primary care clinicians’ role in the identification, treatment and/or referral of patients with addictions. We conducted an electronic database (PubMed) search to systematically identify recent (June 1, 2006 to January 1, 2008) human subject, English language, peer-reviewed, research publications that are relevant to generalist care for patients with addiction disorders. We also surveyed the publications that were reviewed by a NIH-funded newsletter that, in an attempt to identify articles that address the health impact of alcohol and drugs, systematically reviews the core general medical, infectious disease, public health, and addiction subspecialty journals.3 Similar to our prior review,4 authors (A.G., D.F., R.S.) were provided a title listing of articles with addiction-related key words within the reference time frame, and then secondary searches and consensus deliberations were used to identify articles that may impact the care provided by primary care clinicians in the categories of 1) alcohol use and disorders and 2) opioid use and dependence. Articles were categorized as impacting primary care clinicians if they studied primary care settings or could impact such settings and had practice-changing findings or implications.
The Potassium Transporter AtHAK5 Functions in K+ Deprivation-Induced High-Affinity K+ Uptake and AKT1 K+ Channel Contribution to K+ Uptake Kinetics in Arabidopsis Roots

Potassium is an important macronutrient and the most abundant cation in plants. Because soil mineral conditions can vary, plants must be able to adjust to different nutrient availabilities. Here, we used Affymetrix Genechip microarrays to identify genes responsive to potassium (K+) deprivation in roots of mature Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants. Unexpectedly, only a few genes were changed in their expression level after 6, 48, and 96 h of K+ starvation even though root K+ content was reduced by approximately 60%. AtHAK5, a potassium transporter gene from the KUP/HAK/KT family, was most consistently and strongly up-regulated in its expression level across 48-h, 96-h, and 7-d K+ deprivation experiments. AtHAK5 promoter-β-glucuronidase and -green fluorescent protein fusions showed AtHAK5 promoter activity in the epidermis and vasculature of K+ deprived roots. Rb+ uptake kinetics in roots of athak5 T-DNA insertion mutants and wild-type plants demonstrated the absence of a major part of an inducible high-affinity Rb+/K+ (Km approximately 15–24 μm) transport system in athak5 plants. In comparative analyses, uptake kinetics of the K+ channel mutant akt1-1 showed that akt1-1 roots are mainly impaired in a major transport mechanism, with an apparent affinity of approximately 0.9 mm K+(Rb+). Data show adaptation of apparent K+ affinities of Arabidopsis roots when individual K+ transporter genes are disrupted. In addition, the limited transcriptome-wide response to K+ starvation indicates that posttranscriptional mechanisms may play important roles in root adaptation to K+ availability in Arabidopsis. The results demonstrate an in vivo function for AtHAK5 in the inducible high-affinity K+ uptake system in Arabidopsis roots.
µ Controllers: Mixed and Fixed

A method is presented for synthesis of fixed order controllers with robustness to mixed real and complex uncertainties. The capabilities of the method are demonstrated on a two-mass/spring benchmark problem and on a flexible satellite example. Several fixed order mixed controllers are designed. A comparison with both full order and reduced order controllers indicates that the method is capable of synthesizing low order controllers achieving robust performance levels similar to full order designs, and superior to reduced order controllers.
Difficult Removal of An Intrauterine Device Associated with Perimenopausal Uterine Atrophy

The appropriateness of IUD use in women over 40 is considered doubtful. Women approaching menopause are per se less able to conceive and their contraceptive needs can be met by methods simpler than the IUD. Since atrophic changes and shrinkage of the endometrial cavity usual in perimenopausal women can make it difficult to remove IUDs and may require operative treatment it is advisable that patients over 40 choose a different contraceptive method.
A New Ophthalmic Ultrasonoscope

Our experiences in ophthalmic ultrasonography and those of other laboratories have shown that it is extremely difficult to correlate ocular histopathology with ultrasonographic images by visual inspection, despite the use of gray scale, video inversion, color and isometric displays. Julesz (1975) has provided the experimental confirmation of the eye’s inability to analyze images of this order of statistical complexity. He has shown that the eye has no difficulty in detecting differences amongst images whose first or second order statistics differ, but has extreme difficulty in arriving at such differentiation when the third or higher order of statistics differ. Thus, in Fig. 1 if one deals with a simple image in which the elements are of equal size and gray scale value, one can readily perceive changes in texture if the spatial distribution amongst the points is altered.
A type-and-effect system for asynchronous, typed events

Implicit concurrency between handlers is important for event driven systems because it helps simultaneously promote modularity and scalability. Knowing the side-effect of the handlers is critical in these systems to avoid concurrency hazards such as data races. As event systems are dynamic because statically known and unknown handlers can register at almost any time during program execution, static effect analyses must reconcile over competing goals such as precision, soundness and modularity. We recently developed asynchronous, typed events, a system that can analyze the effects of the handlers at runtime. This mechanism utilizes runtime information to enable precise effect computation and greatly improves concurrency between handlers. In this paper, we present the formal underpinnings of asynchronous, typed events, and examine the concurrency safety properties it provides. The technical innovations of our system include a novel effect system to soundly approximate the dynamism introduced by runtime handlers registration, a static analysis to precompute the effects and a dynamic analysis that uses the precomputed effects to improve concurrency. Our design simplifies modular concurrency reasoning and avoids concurrency hazards.
Tailorable Plasmonic Circular Dichroism Properties of Helical Nanoparticle Superstructures

We utilize a peptide-based methodology to prepare a diverse collection of double-helical gold nanoparticle superstructures having controllable handedness and structural metrics. These materials exhibit well-defined circular dichroism signatures at visible wavelengths owing to the collective dipole-dipole interactions between the nanoparticles. We couple theory and experiment to show how tuning the metrics and structure of the helices results in predictable and tailorable chirooptical properties. Finally, we experimentally and theoretically demonstrate that the intensity, position, and nature of the chirooptical activity can be carefully adjusted via silver overgrowth. These studies illustrate the utility of peptide-based nanoparticle assembly platforms for designing and preparing complex plasmonic materials with tailorable optical properties.
THE ROLE OF ROLLERS IN THE SURF ZONE CURRENTS

Employing a recently developed model for the creation and evolution of the aerated region of breaking waves, the relative importance of the roller in driving and mixing cross-shore and longshore currents is explored. Modeling results using linear wave theory confirm that in the mean balances of mass, momentum, and energy, the roller plays a role comparable to (and sometimes greater than) the underlying organized wave motion. It also appears that the roller is responsible for the landward shift of the peak cross-shore and longshore current observed in laboratory and field measurements, and is as important as the net convective acceleration in cross-shore mixing of the longshore current.
Coordination and Shared Mental Models

under players' mutual understandings of the empirical context. The purpose of this article is to develop a formal framework that combines strategic rationality with social or cognitive components of knowledge. heories of coordination are concerned with how individuals can coordinate their conflicting preferences in the absence of credible communication. Coordination problems abound in politics. For example, voting for a third-party candidate is a coordination problem with other strategic voters (Cox 1997; also Myerson and Weber 1993). The decision to join a risky mass protest (Chong 1991; Lohmann 1994) or to contribute to a public good (Taylor 1987; Ostrom 1990) or to protest a government by withholding tax payments or resisting a military draft (Levi 1988, 1997) are all coordination problems. The establishment of stable institutional arrangements such as norms, conventions, contracts, or principalagent relationships are also coordination problems (e.g., Axelrod 1986; Spruyt 1994; Young 1998), as are tacit agreements such as restraint in warfare (e.g., Legro 1995) and formal negotiated settlements in conflicts (e.g., Schelling 1960). However, despite the empirical prevalence of coordination problems, we have failed to achieve a full theoretical account of coordination. The theoretical cul-de-sac arises because coordination problems by definition have multiple equilibria, resulting in indeterminate predictions. The most prevalent solution is Schelling's (1960) idea of a focal point. Schelling surmised that coordination could occur if there was some shared interpretation of the salient features of a decision context. Forty years later, the presence of a focal point remains the most frequently invoked concept to explain coordination in politics. However, the concept has largely remained extra-theoretical in that it is seldom formally defined and is typically invoked as a post-hoc explanation of an observed empirical outcome.1 There are several different angles from which to develop a more rigorous theory of coordination, most of which include some form of intersubjective understanding among players. One promising solution focuses on the emergence of precedents and conventions over time (e.g., Crawford and Haller 1990; Young 1998). However, this solution is most
The Labor Market for Politicians Why Ex-Legislators Gravitate to Lobbying

The so-called revolving door between employment in government and industry is especially relevant to the U.S. Congress because ex-legislators are notorious for taking jobs as lobbyists. There are t...
Reversible inhibition of cell division and enlargement in plant tissues by 2,6-diaminopurine.

Summary1. 2,6-diaminopurine has been shown to inhibit cell division in tobacco stem callus and habituated tobacco callus cultures, to prevent the formation of buds in tobacco stem pieces cultured in vitro, to reduce cell enlargement in tobacco pith pieces cultured in vitro, and to inhibit elongation of etiolated pea stem and Avena coleoptile segments floated on test solutions. 2. Adenine, arginine, guanine, hypoxanthine, and xanthine were tested in attempts to reverse the inhibition by diaminopurine of callus growth and bud formation in tobacco stem segments. Adenine was very effective and slight reversal was obtained with guanine and hypoxanthine. 3. Reversal of the DAP inhibition of tobacco pith cell enlargement was obtained with adenine and guanine, but adenine was more effective. No other compounds were tested on this tissue. 4. Reversal of the diaminopurine inhibition of etiolated pea stem segment elongation was attempted only with adenine, adenosine, and adenylic acid. All three compounds gave parti...
Using SOMs to Gain Insight into Human Language Processing

While SOMs are commonly used as a tool for data visualization and data analysis, they can also serve as a model for cognitive functions in humans. Such functions include semantic and episodic memory, vision, and language. In this talk I will review how elements of sentence meaning can be laid out on a map, resulting in human-like graded semantic understanding instead of a single parse tree. I will also describe a model of the lexicon that can be fit to the individual patient with aphasia, and used to predict optical rehabilitation treatments.
Particle-in-Cell Simulations of a Multiple Beam S-Band Disk-on-Rod TWT Amplifier

A high-power, pulsed operation, multibeam, S-band, coaxial disk-on-rod traveling-wave-tube amplifier has been simulated. In this paper, the amplifier, having an 81-period slow wave structure, utilized six 20-A beams. For 800 W input signals at frequencies between 2 to 4 GHz, gain and bandwidth values of 21.6 dB at 8% bandwidth and 15 dB at 15% bandwidth were observed for the beam voltages of 100 and 120 kV, respectively.
The impact of behavioral technology on dental caries

Models of self-regulation of patient adherence to specific health promotion recommendations by professionals are available and have been shown effective in changing behavior. However, it is a fundamental misspecification of the caries prevention problem to look to techniques that affect the regulation of individual behavior to directly impact dental caries. Behavioral techniques are used to enhance the probability an individual will initiate, increase, or maintain the use of established caries reduction/control strategies or cease or decrease behaviors that increase caries. Behavioral techniques can also be used to affect parental behavior in a cascade of effects that can eventually lead to healthier children. Studies are needed where behaviorally oriented caries prevention actions are thought of as manipulating self-regulatory behavior and the focus of action is either on the individual or on another, such as a parent. A third category of studies should center on provider competency. Studies are recommended in each of these areas.
A new approach to the development of Nano digital circuits and its applications in molecular medicine

The applications of digital circuits are well known in all walks of life. In this paper the procedure for the development of Nano digital circuits is given. The procedure requires the Boolean function realization for the application in mind. The proposed technique works for any Boolean Function. The Boolean functions are written in the form of Exclusive OR, AND and NOT gates. The functions are then written as ONLY majority gates. The Majority gates are implemented using QCA (Quantum Cellular Automata Logic). QCA are one of the established approaches for nanotechnology. An algorithm is established by which a universal procedure can be established for implementing Boolean Functions using Nano logic. These functions are written in Verilog language. The Verilog program can be tested on FPGA's. Cadence software can be used to design a chip. The research in Nano Medicine has attracted the attention of scientists recently. The applications of Nano digital circuits in Molecular medicine are discussed. It is hoped that this procedure will result in a large number of applications of Nano logic and open a way to the development and use of Nano digital circuits in molecular medicine.
Compared to conventional CPR for in-hospital cardiac arrest, extracorporeal-CPR is associated with improved survival to hospital discharge and more favourable neurological outcome

Commentary on: Lasa JJ, Rogers RS, Localio R, et al. Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (E-CPR) During pediatric in-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest is associated with improved survival to discharge: a report from the American Heart Association's Get With The Guidelines-Resuscitation (GWTG-R) registry. Circulation 2016;133:165–76[OpenUrl][1][Abstract/FREE Full Text][2]. Data from national and international paediatric databases indicate that the use of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (E-CPR) is increasing.1 Considering the significant resources and cost involved in the use of E-CPR, its use needs to be critically examined to optimise outcomes. This large, multicentre study compared conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation (C-CPR) and (E-CPR) in paediatric in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA). This is a retrospective multicentre cohort study that used data from the American Heart Association Get with the Guidelines Registry. The study included all children (<18 years of age) who had an IHCA and received CPR for ≥10 min between 1 January 2000 and 31 December, 2011. Patients from hospitals with no E-CPR cases, obstetric and trauma diagnosis, missing E-CPR or survival information and … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCirculation%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1161%252FCIRCULATIONAHA.115.016082%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F26635402%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=circulationaha&resid=133/2/165&atom=%2Febmed%2F21%2F6%2F227.atom
An Enterprise-Wide Knowledge Management Approach to Project Management

AbstractFew research studies investigate the relationship between enterprise knowledge management (KM) and project management (PM). These studies have shown that today’s PM approaches do not sufficiently include the required KM processes to derive the highest value from project investment. This research highlights the potential benefits of implementing an enterprise-wide KM approach to project management. The relationship between the four KM pillars, as defined by Stankosky, and the PM knowledge areas, as defined by the Project Management Institute (PMI), are investigated. A survey questionnaire reveals significant positive relationships between the KM pillars and PM knowledge areas. The significance and the nature of this association support the study’s assertion that the management of projects improves as enterprise-wide KM processes and activities are increasingly used.
Timing mark detection on nuclear detonation video

During the 1950s and 1960s the United States conducted and filmed over 200 atmospheric nuclear tests establishing the foundations of atmospheric nuclear detonation behavior. Each explosion was documented with about 20 videos from three or four points of view. Synthesizing the videos into a 3D video will improve yield estimates and reduce error factors. The videos were captured at a nominal 2500 frames per second, but range from 2300–3100 frames per second during operation. In order to combine them into one 3D video, individual video frames need to be correlated in time with each other. When the videos were captured a timing system was used that shined light in a video every 5 milliseconds creating a small circle exposed in the frame. This paper investigates several method of extracting the timing from images in the cases when the timing marks are occluded and washed out, as well as when the films are exposed as expected. Results show an improvement over past techniques. For normal videos, occluded videos, and washed out videos, timing is detected with 99.3%, 77.3%, and 88.6% probability with a 2.6%, 11.3%, 5.9% false alarm rate, respectively.
Aeroelastic Optimization of Generalized Tube and Wing Aircraft Concepts Using HCDstruct Version 2.0

Major enhancements were made to the Higher-fidelity Conceptual Design and structural optimization (HCDstruct) tool developed at NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC). Whereas previous versions were limited to hybrid wing body (HWB) configurations, the current version of HCDstruct now supports the analysis of generalized tube and wing (TW) aircraft concepts. Along with significantly enhanced user input options for all air- craft configurations, these enhancements represent HCDstruct version 2.0. Validation was performed using a Boeing 737-200 aircraft model, for which primary structure weight estimates agreed well with available data. Additionally, preliminary analysis of the NASA D8 (ND8) aircraft concept was performed, highlighting several new features of the tool.
Autologous Adipose-Derived Tissue Matrix Part II: Implantation Biology.

Background In part 1 of this study it was shown that liposuctioned fat could be a sufficient source of autologous collagen for use as a filler or in reconstruction. The collagen composition in liposuctioned fat was shown to form a cross-linked helical matrix composed of types II, III, and IV. Additionally, viable adipocytes and fibroblasts among other cells were found. Objectives The purpose of this research was to study the biology of this matrix after subsequent implantation compared to Juvederm (Allergan, Parsippany, NJ) common soft tissue filler. Methods Fat was obtained from individuals undergoing routine liposuction and was processed by a two-step process to obtain a connective tissue matrix. The matrix was then cryo-frozen for a minimum of 4 weeks after which it was thawed and implanted in 46 nude mice. Juvederm Ultra was used as the control article and the animals followed for one year. Results Liposuctioned fat was obtained from 10 individuals and processed as previously described. Mice were harvested at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months and histology obtained. There were no adverse effects from either article and the bio-reactivity rating was 0. The implanted collagen compared favorably to Juvederm at all stages and was found to be replaced by new collagen and fat. Conclusions A collagen matrix with viable cells for autologous use can be obtained from liposuctioned fat which has been processed and cryo-frozen. The material lasts at least one year and is slowly replaced by new collagenand fat. Level of Evidence 5.
The Plight of Veterans.

As I listen to the sounds of the VA emergency department I realize the plight of many veterans is tragic and some have lived through hard times not commonly recognized. There are so many headlines about veteran suicides, homelessness, post-traumatic stress disorder and injuries from explosive devices. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
A sub-milliwatt 4–8 GHz SiGe cryogenic low noise amplifier

A 4–8 GHz Silicon-Germanium (SiGe) cryogenic low-noise amplifier (LNA) was designed and implemented using the Global Foundries BiCMOS8HP process. The amplifier provides 30-dB and 26-dB of gain while dissipating 760 μW and 580 μW DC power, respectively. The noise temperature is approximately 8 K across the frequency band. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the lowest reported power to date for a wide-band cryogenic integrated circuit LNA in this frequency range.
INTERNATIONAL STUDENT NEEDS: EXPERIENCES AND SUGGESTIONS FOR DESIGN AND CONTENT OF AN ONLINE PLATFORM

This study was conducted with graduate students from eight different countries who study at College of Education at a public university in United States to guide the design and structure of an online platform. For this purpose, the challenges and difficulties that international students face, their coping strategies, and suggestions were investigated. Majority of the participants embraced the idea of having a platform, Moodle site, available just for the international students in the college for building a community to communicate around similar needs and interests. Most reported concepts that they would like to see in the Moodle are career development, financial resources, and academic conferences related to their field. Article visualizations:
Agent-based model of sand supply governance employing blockchain technology

Sand is a key ingredient for many industries, including concrete, glass, and electronics. Sand extraction is now exceeding fossil fuels and biomass. The absence of data on aggregates sand mining makes assessments difficult and has contributed to the lack of awareness about this issue. A sand governance business framework is developed applying the blockchain technology as the main goal of this study to regulate the sand extraction and trade. Blockchain technology provides a distributed concurrency monitoring system for the supply management. Agent-Based Modeling and Simulation (ABMS) as an effective bottom-up tool is applied to demonstrate the application of the model. The sand providers and users are modeled as a collection of autonomous decision-making entities called agents. The agents interact with each other, the regulators participate in making decisions on the basis of a set of rules that are defined within the blockchain network.
Parental Conformity Expectations' Effect on Twins' and Singletons' Parent–Adolescent Relationships: Associations With Change in Adjustment From Middle Childhood to Adolescence

Growing use of in vitro fertilization (IVF) has resulted in an elevated twin birth rate, and a burgeoning population of IVF twins who are now aging into adolescence and beyond. This study tests a model examining whether parental conformity expectations have differential effects on twins' versus singletons' parent-adolescent relationship satisfaction, and if this effect is indirectly associated with relative changes in twins' and singletons' internalizing and externalizing behavior from middle childhood to adolescence. Using a sample of 278 IVF twins and singletons, path models demonstrate that twin status and conformity expectations interact to influence parent-adolescent relationships. Although there was an association between twin status and mother-adolescent relationship satisfaction among parents with high conformity expectations (r = .25, p < .01), this relationship was nonsignificant among parents with low conformity expectations (r = .05, p = .85). The differential effect of conformity expectations on parent-adolescent relationship satisfaction for twins and singletons was indirectly associated with relative changes in twins' and singletons' externalizing behavior from middle childhood to adolescence. Results demonstrate that higher levels of parental conformity expectations may not have the same effect on adolescent twins and singletons.
Pertuzumab and its accelerated approval: evolving treatment paradigms and new challenges in the management of HER2-positive breast cancer.

This article discusses the development of pertuzumab to date, with a particular focus on the accelerated approval decision. We highlight the need to identify reliable biomarkers of sensitivity and resistance to HER2-targeted therapy, which would make possible the individualization of treatment for patients with HER2-positive breast cancer.