cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low-temperature multistage warm diffusion flames

Abstract We report on experimental evidence of the existence of a new self-sustaining low-temperature multistage warm diffusion flame, existing between the cool flame and hot flame, at atmospheric pressure in the counterflow geometry. The structure of multistage warm diffusion flames was examined by using thermometry, laser-induced fluorescence, and chemiluminescence measurements. It was found that the warm diffusion flame has a two-staged double flame structure, with a leading diffusion cool flame stage on the fuel side and a second intermediate stage on the oxidizer side, with strong heat release in the second stage that can be comparable to that of the first stage. The results demonstrate that the spatially-distinct multistage character is due to the low-temperature fuel reactivity that allows for the production of reactive intermediates in a leading cool flame. These intermediates are then oxidized, on the oxidizer side, in a second stage via intermediate-temperature chemistry. In the case of dibutyl ether, the low-temperature peroxy branching pathway supports the first cool flame oxidation stage and produces intermediates such as alkyl and carbonyl radicals. The alkyl and carbonyl radicals then react with the hydroperoxyl radical and molecular oxygen to form the second oxidation stage. A detailed analysis revealed that ozone addition in the oxidizer promotes the second stage oxidation by increasing both the radical pool population and the flame temperature, but does not fundamentally change the multistage flame structure. Furthermore, the analysis revealed that with the increase of fuel concentration, a single-stage cool flame can ignite to a warm flame or a hot flame. Moreover, a warm flame can extinguish into a cool flame or ignite to a hot flame when the fuel concentration is substantially reduced or increased, respectively. Finally, under certain conditions, a hot flame can extinguish directly into either a warm flame or a cool flame. Hence, the results suggest that the multistage warm flame can act as a critical bridge between cool flames and hot flames and that it is a fundamental burning mode characteristic of low-temperature non-premixed combustion. The multistage warm diffusion flame is particularly relevant to combustion in highly turbulent flow fields and in microgravity environments, owing to the possibility of long residence times.
Autonomic biology: From beheaded animals to a spate of nobel prizes

Autonomic biology grew slowly from puzzling observations made using crude techniques in the late 1800s. Its development was refined in the great universities of Cambridge and Oxford, but it was the financial strength of giant corporations and foundations, along with the development of new therapies, that moved the field forward. Talented biochemists, pharmacologists, and vascular and molecular biologists have made seminal contributions to our understanding of autonomic biology. The field is rich with Nobel laureates. Interdisciplinary teams were the rule and not the exception. Laboratory mishaps and small conferences also played an important role. The development of autonomic biology is a clear example of how basic and clinical science, academia and industry, and ultimately talent, have combined to enrich the field of medicine.
Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes (NSTE-ACS)

Despite advances in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD), non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE-ACS) remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. There has been a significant decrease in mortality in the last several decades, which has been less prominent in women. However, the burden of recurrent ischemic events and mortality remains high (Eisen et al. JAMA Cardiology;1(6):718–30, 2016). It is important to understand how to distinguish NSTE-ACS from other forms of ACS, in order to initiate a proper management plan that directly correlates to the outcomes.
John Marsh and the Curious World of Decimal Arithmetic

In the early eighteenth century, techniques of computation for decimal fractions, especially non-terminating repeating decimals, were being developed amid a debate over their utility compared to common fractions for merchants and tradesmen facing complicated metrological and currency systems. That is, we are almost exclusively concerned with procedures for manipulating decimal representations of rational numbers; irrationals get only a brief mention. The most comprehensive exploration of these arithmetical techniques was undertaken by John Marsh in his Decimal Arithmetic Made Perfect of 1742. In this paper we explain Marsh’s achievement, locate his contribution in the context of earlier work, and consider his audience and its implications as evidence for the depth and spread of interest in mathematics in England
Fingolimod: Lessons Learned and New Opportunities for Treating Multiple Sclerosis and Other Disorders

Fingolimod (FTY720, Gilenya) was the first US Food and Drug Administration-approved oral therapy for relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). Research on modified fungal metabolites converged with basic science studies that had identified lysophospholipid (LP) sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptors, providing mechanistic insights on fingolimod while validating LP receptors as drug targets. Mechanism of action (MOA) studies identified receptor-mediated processes involving the immune system and the central nervous system (CNS). These dual actions represent a more general theme for S1P and likely other LP receptor modulators. Fingolimod's direct CNS activities likely contribute to its efficacy in MS, with particular relevance to treating progressive disease stages and forms that involve neurodegeneration. The evolving understanding of fingolimod's MOA has provided strategies for developing next-generation compounds with superior attributes, suggesting new ways to target S1P as well as other LP receptor modulators for novel therapeutics in the CNS and other organ systems.
Data acquisition and controls for a bat robot

Robotic reproductions of the dynamic and adaptive nature of the biosonar systems found in many bat species require a capable back-end that is capable of integrating mechanical, acoustical, electrical, and computational functions in an efficient manner. This is particularly true when mimicking bat species that change the shapes of their noseleaves and pinna as part of their biosonar behaviors. To address the challenge of replicating these highly integrated functions, a platform consisting of commercial, off-the-shelf components, centered around a microcontroller (Arduino Due) and a single-board computer (Raspberry Pi 3) has been designed. The real-time microcontroller has been delegated the signal generation for the ultrasonic pulses and data acquisition for the echoes, as well as all control operations for the mechanical periphery of the robotic bat head. This includes synthesizing output waveforms, conditioning measured data, and maintaining the state of the pneumatic actuation systems. Commands are issued directly by the computer, which is responsible for orchestrating overall “behaviors” and managing the relevant data. In addition, the control system acquires and stores meta data for the echoes such as geospatial location and acquisition time. Future improvements to this system will seek to establish closed loop control liking echo analysis to peripheral dynamics.
Risk and Resiliency: China's Emerging Air Base Strike Threat

This paper seeks to provide an overview of the evolving airpower challenge that the United States faces in the Western Pacific and beyond. We will begin by exploring Chinese military writings on air base strike operations, and then evaluate the current trajectory of the PLA’s precision strike capabilities for conducting such operations. Following this, we will describe how the U.S. military is seeking to respond to the threat to its air bases. Finally, we will assess the future implications of this evolving situation, and conclude with recommendations for how American airpower in Asia can be more resilient against threats.
Periodic Solutions of an Impact-Driven Frequency Up-Conversion Piezoelectric Harvester

Frequency up-conversion has been proved to be an effective approach to increase the output power of a piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH). The proposed system can convert low-frequency vibration f...
Contesting the Byzantine Past: Four Hagia Sophias as Ideological Battlegrounds of Architectural Conservation in Turkey

The debates over contemporary restoration practices in Turkey have become heated in recent years especially after the reopening of the Hagia Sophias in Iznik and Trabzon as mosques. Iconic Byzantin...
Evolution of orbits about comets with arbitrary comae

Spacecraft and natural objects orbiting an active comet are perturbed by gas drag from the coma. These gases expand radially at about 0.5 km/s, much faster than orbital velocities that are on the order of meters per second. The coma has complex gas distributions and is difficult to model. Accelerations from gas drag can be on the same order of gravity and are currently poorly understood. Semi-analytical solutions for the evolution of the Keplerian orbital elements of a spacecraft orbiting a comet using simplified drag and coma models are derived using a Fourier series expansion in the argument of latitude. It is found that the mean element evolution is only dependent on the zeroth- and first-order terms of the Fourier series expansion. For an arbitrary, inverse-square, radial, perturbing force, there are no frozen orbits; however, the argument of pericenter has a stable equilibrium and an unstable equilibrium and the angular momentum vector of the orbit is constant. Furthermore, the radius of the orbit at two specific angles relative to the ascending node is preserved. The evolution of the orbit is governed by the argument of pericenter, resulting in orientations that raise and lower the radius of pericenter and implying safe and unsafe orbit orientations for spacecraft operations.
A State Census of Unsubmitted Sexual Assault Kits: Comparing Forensic DNA Testing Outcomes by Geographic and Population Density Characteristics.

A growing number of U.S. cities and states have large numbers of unsubmitted sexual assault kits (SAKs) in police property facilities. Prior research conducted in large urban cities has found that testing these kits yields a sizable number of DNA profiles that meet FBI eligibility for upload to the national criminal DNA database CODIS (Combined DNA Index System) and uploaded profiles return a substantial number of matches to existing criminal profiles in CODIS. It is unknown whether these findings are unique to large urban cities with high crime rates. The purpose of current study was to document forensic testing outcomes from a state census of previously unsubmitted SAKs, which included large urban-suburban centers, as well as smaller cities and rural counties. We inventoried all previously unsubmitted SAKs in Michigan (N = 3422 SAKs) and submitted all kits for forensic DNA testing. A total of n = 1239 SAKs had a DNA profile that met eligibility for upload into CODIS (36.2% unconditional, 56.5% conditional CODIS eligible rate) and n = 585 SAKs yielded a CODIS Hit (17.1% unconditional, 47.2% conditional CODIS hit rate). These rates are consistent with studies from urban areas suggesting approximately half of SAKs tested yield a CODIS profile and approximately half of those uploaded profiles yield a hit. We compared SAK forensic testing outcomes by geographic and population density characteristics, and although rates were often higher in larger metropolitan areas, the obtained rates in micropolitan and rural areas suggest testing is warranted in smaller jurisdictions as well.
Genome Sequences of Four Strains of Acinetobacter bereziniae Isolated from Human Milk Pumped with a Personal Breast Pump and Hand-Washed Milk Collection Supplies

Acinetobacter bereziniae, formerly Acinetobacter genomospecies 10, is an opportunistic pathogen possessing resistance to multiple antibiotics, and it has been reported to be responsible for hospital-associated infections in immunocompromised individuals. We report the draft genome sequences of four Acinetobacter bereziniae strains that were isolated from a single human milk sample collected with a personal breast pump and a hand-washed milk collection kit.
Demystifying Arabs: Is soccer Arab societies’ ‘crystal ball’?

The current paper explores Arab societies through the lens of soccer rivalries. The rhetoric around soccer and identity in Arab countries illuminates a comprehensive overview on what is happening i...
Experimental validation of shock propagation through a foam with engineered macro-pores

The engineered macro-pore foam provides a new way to study thermonuclear burn physics by utilizing capsules containing deuterated (D) foam and filling tritium (T) gas in the engineered macro-pores. The implosion of a thermonuclear capsule filled with an engineered macro-pore foam will be complex due to the interaction of a shock wave with the engineered macro-pores. It is our goal to quantify how substantially complex foam structures affect the shape of shock and bulk shock speed. A cylinder-shape shock tube experiment has been designed and performed at the Omega Laser Facility. In order to examine how a foam structure will affect shock propagation, we performed several tests varying (1) engineered macro-pore size, (2) average foam density, and (3) with/without neopentane (C5H12) gas. X-ray radiographic data indicate that shock speed through engineered macro-pore foams depends strongly on average foam density and less on pore size. Experimental shock propagation data helped guide two numerical simulation approaches: (1) a 2D simulation with homogenizing foams rather than explicitly simulating engineered macro-pores and (2) a 2D toroidal-pore approximation adopting a toroidal-tube geometry to model engineered macro-pores.
Stepwise Goal-Driven Networks for Trajectory Prediction.

We propose to predict the future trajectories of observed agents (e.g., pedestrians or vehicles) by estimating and using their goals at multiple time scales. We argue that the goal of a moving agent may change over time, and modeling goals continuously provides more accurate and detailed information for future trajectory estimation. In this paper, we present a novel recurrent network for trajectory prediction, called Stepwise Goal-Driven Network (SGNet). Unlike prior work that models only a single, long-term goal, SGNet estimates and uses goals at multiple temporal scales. In particular, the framework incorporates an encoder module that captures historical information, a stepwise goal estimator that predicts successive goals into the future, and a decoder module that predicts future trajectory. We evaluate our model on three first-person traffic datasets (HEV-I, JAAD, and PIE) as well as on two bird's eye view datasets (ETH and UCY), and show that our model outperforms the state-of-the-art methods in terms of both average and final displacement errors on all datasets. Code has been made available at: this https URL
Receiving and resisting: Toward a market-driven cultural hybridity:

This study proposes an approach to cultural hybridity that centers the market, not geopolitical borders or regions, as the driving force of cultural hybridization. In this model, cultural hybridity...
The Rhetoric of Rhetoric: The Quest for Effective Communication, Wayne C. Booth

Wayne Booth died October 10, 2005. I remember the pang at seeing the announcement. As The New York Times reported, he was “one of the pre-eminent literary critics of the second half of the 20th cen...
Polyglutamyl derivatives of folate as substrates and inhibitors of thymidylate synthetase.

Abstract (l)-Tetrahydropteroyltriglutamate and (l)-tetrahydropteroylhexaglutamate were prepared and tested as substrates for thymidylate synthetase (EC 2.1.1.6) (methylenetetrahydrofolate:deoxyuridylate C-methyltransferase) from Lactobacillus casei. Both tetrahydropteroylpolyglutamates were more effective substrates than (l)-tetrahydropteroylglutamate, enhancing the reaction rate 3-fold when compared at 10-5 m. Pteroylpolyglutamates and their corresponding dihydro and (d)-tetrahydro forms were inhibitors of the enzyme, the inhibitory potency increasing with the number of glutamyl residues. The concentration for 50% inhibition with pteroylglutamate was 1.5 x 10-4 m and for pteroylhexaglutamate 6 x 10-7 m. Inhibition by pteroylhexaglutamate, but not that by pteroylglutamate, was abolished in the presence of 0.4 m NaCl. Inhibition obtained with dihydropteroylhexaglutamate and dihydropteroyltriglutamate (50% at 3.2 x 10-6 m) is sufficient to warrant consideration of these compounds as physiological regulators of thymidylate formation. p-Aminobenzoylhexaglutamate and hexaglutamate did not inhibit thymidylate synthetase at 10-2 m indicating that polyglutamates do not bind to the enzyme in the absence of the pteridine. Dihydropteroyltriglutamate and dihydropteroylhexaglutamate were no more effective than dihydropteroylglutamate as substrates for dihydrofolate reductase (EC 1.5.1.3) (5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydropteroylglutamate:nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidoreductase) from L. casei.
Phylogenetic detection of novel Cryptomycota in an Iowa (United States) aquifer and from previously collected marine and freshwater targeted high-throughput sequencing sets

Summary Fungi are everywhere and interact with humans in countless ways, but a large group of fungi called ‘Cryptomycota’ has escaped detection until very recently. Still, the extent of diversity and ecological habits of this group remain largely unknown. We interrogated publically available 18S rRNA gene datasets, obtained via high-throughput sequencing from marine and freshwater samples, for Cryptomycota sequences. Contrary to previous work, we found evidence of substantial Cryptomycota diversity in the marine upper water column. Additionally, we produced a sequencing set from a groundwater aquifer, an environment unrepresented among 18S rRNA gene pyrosequencing sets. The Cryptomycota community in this aquifer sample appears distinct from the community in both freshwater and marine environments with evidence of a unique aquifer clade. This study significantly expands the boundary of known Cryptomycota sequence diversity and characterizes the phylogenetic distribution of this diversity in aquatic environments. Furthermore, the approach utilized is generalizable to discovery of novel micro-eukaryotic diversity from any lineage.
Lipid peroxyl radical intermediates in the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids by lipoxygenase. Direct electron spin resonance investigations.

Lipid peroxyl radicals resulting from the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids by soybean lipoxygenase were directly detected by the method of rapid mixing, continuous-flow electron spin resonance spectroscopy. When air-saturated borate buffer (pH 9.0) containing linoleic acid or arachidonate acid was mixed with lipoxygenase, fatty acid-derived peroxyl free radicals were readily detected; these radicals have a characteristic g-value of 2.014. An organic free radical (g = 2.004) was also detected; this may be the carbon-centered fatty acid free radical that is the precursor of the peroxyl free radical. The ESR spectrum of this species was not resolved, so the identification of this free radical was not possible. Fatty acids without at least two double bonds (e.g. stearic acid and oleic acid) did not give the corresponding peroxyl free radicals, suggesting that the formation of bisallylic carbon-centered radicals precedes peroxyl radical formation. The 3.8-G doublet feature of the fatty acid peroxyl spectrum was proven (by selective deuteration) to be a hyperfine coupling due to a gamma-hydrogen that originated as a vinylic hydrogen of arachidonate. Arachidonate peroxyl radical formation was shown to be dependent on the substrate, active lipoxygenase, and molecular oxygen. Antioxidants are known to protect polyunsaturated fatty acids from peroxidation by scavenging peroxyl radicals and thus breaking the free radical chain reaction. Therefore, the peroxyl signal intensity from micellar arachidonate solutions was monitored as a function of the antioxidant concentration. The reaction of the peroxyl free radical with Trolox C was shown to be 10 times slower than that with vitamin E. The vitamin E and Trolox C phenoxyl radicals that resulted from scavenging the peroxyl radical were also detected.
The importance of precautionary motives in explaining individual and aggregate saving: A comment

Glenn Hubbard, Jonathan Skinner, and Stephen Zeldes take up the difficult but important task of doing a realistic life-cycle model of saving that incorporates the effects of uncertainty and of uncertainty in interaction with social insurance. They have a maintained assumption that private income insurance is not available and that health insurance is incomplete. This puts the model in more or less the same “world” as the models of Barsky, Mankiw, and Zeldes (1986), Zeldes (1989), and Kimball (1990). The assumption of incomplete income or medical insurance seems on solid ground to me.’ There are four things going on in this model: the effects of (1) lifespan risk, (2) medical expense risk, (3) 1 a b or income risk, and (4) means-tested social insurance. Let me address each in turn. Lifespan risk. From Hubbard, Skinner, and Zeldes’ tables, it is apparent that lifespan risk is not doing very much, given the particular parameters they choose. An illustrative calculation suggests why they are getting so little action from lifespan risk. In Blanchard’s (1985) overlapping generations model with a constant death rate S, when the real interest rate is constant at r, the (marginal and)
Growth and differentiation of a human T-cell leukemia cell line, CCRF-CEM, grafted in mice.

The growth of human CCRF-CEM T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia was studied in mice immune deprived by different techniques, and in CD-nu/nu athymic mice. Female CBA/CaJ mice were immune deprived by infant thymectomy, priming with 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (200 mg/kg) 48 h prior to total body irradiation (925 cGy) designated theta ara-C gamma; or after thymectomy the mice received 925 cGy total body irradiation with marrow reconstitution (4 x 10(6) nucleated cells), designated theta gamma BM. Only in mice immune deprived by theta gamma BM, subsequently given a single dose of cyclophosphamide (100 mg/kg) 18-24 h before transplantation of CCRF-CEM, was there progressive reproducible engraftment and tumor growth. For mice immune deprived in this manner the tumor engraftment rate was 100 and 80% of tumors achieved greater than or equal to 1 cm3 within 46 days. In immune-deprived CBA/CaJ mice, but not CD-nu/nu athymic mice, tumor transplanted to the s.c. site metastasized to paraaortic and axillary nodes. Metastatic spread to lymph nodes was confirmed by immunophenotyping and by karyotyping. In contrast to the CCRF-CEM cells in culture, which expressed cytoplasmic CD3 (T3) but not surface CD3, both s.c. and metastatic CCRF-CEM line was exposed to phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate in vitro to mimic the apparent differentiation which occurred in the xenografted cells, and a similar expression of surface CD3 after treatment was seen. This surface expression of CD3 was accompanied by production of mRNA for the T-cell receptor alpha chain and surface expression of the T-cell receptor. Identical T-cell receptor beta and gamma chain gene rearrangements were found for the CCRF-CEM line in vitro and the xenografted cells in vivo, demonstrating that only one clone was present and that differences in immunophenotyping were not the result of clonal selection. These results suggest that host (mouse) hematopoietic factors could affect human leukemic cell differentiation.
The Role of Balloon Aortic Valvuloplasty in Patients With Aortic Valve Stenosis and Society of Thoracic Surgeons Risk of 15% or Higher

Background Extreme-risk patients (ie, Society of Thoracic Surgeons [STS] risk 15% or higher) with severe aortic valve stenosis may not obtain mortality benefit from aortic valve replacement (AVR). We reviewed our experience with this group of patients to better understand our triage process and outcomes. Methods We performed a retrospective review of 97 patients with severe aortic valve stenosis and STS risk of 15% or higher treated from 2008 through 2013. The median patient age was 85 years (minimum, 44; maximum, 97 years), and 47 patients (48.5%) were male. The STS risk of mortality was 19.8% (minimum, 15.1%; maximum, 60.9%). Patients were assigned to treatment groups based on the first aortic valve intervention of balloon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV group, 66 [68%]) or de novo AVR (d-AVR group, 31 [32%]). Results Patients in the BAV group were sicker, with a reduced ejection fraction (0.35 vs 0.57; p = 0.002) and greater prevalence of urgent/emergency operative status (32% vs 10%; p = 0.004) compared with those in the d-AVR group. After BAV, 33 patients (50%) demonstrated clinical improvement and went on to receive subsequent staged AVR after a median of 64 days (minimum, 3; maximum, 390 days). The mortality rate at 2 years was worse in the BAV group (57.3% ± 6.3%) than in the d-AVR group (29.5% ± 8.3%; p = 0.015), but was similar in patients who received BAV followed by staged AVR and de novo AVR ( p = 0.426). Conclusions BAV may triage select patients with STS risk 15% or higher who are questionable candidates for AVR. Patients with clinical improvement after BAV experience benefit from staged AVR.
How single cells work together

Symbiotic interactions are fundamental to life on Earth and were critical for the evolution of organelles that led to the success of eukaryotes on the planet. Such mutualistic interactions between unicellular microorganisms and multicellular plants and animals are pervasive in natural and agricultural ecosystems ( 1 ). In contrast, very little is known about symbiotic interactions between unicellular partners. Recent studies have revealed single-celled nitrogen-fixing symbioses that require different mechanisms to maintain symbiosis than seen in multicellular systems.
Self-assembled oligonucleotide-polyester dendrimers.

A new approach to the controlled synthesis of multicomponent dendrimers is presented, in which three oligonucleotide–dendron conjugates were synthesized using solid phase techniques and hybridized to create a second generation polyester dendrimer with DNA as a core and bearing two types of peripheral functional groups.
Relationship Between Use of Food Labels and Nutrition Knowledge of People With Diabetes

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to identity how people with diabetes use food labels to manage their intake of specific nutrients, which information is used on the Nutrition Facts label, and the relationship between food label use and nutrition knowledge. METHODS A total of 190 individuals participated in this study. Data were collected at six different locations in New Jersey using a four-page questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were employed to assess demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants; chi-square was used to test significance of nominal and ordinal data. RESULTS People with diabetes read food label information more often than general consumers; checking sugar content ranked highest. Only 59% of label users referred to the total carbohydrate listings. The level of nutrition knowledge for the majority of participants was "fair" or less, with the remaining scoring "good" and above. The use of nutrition labeling has a limited effect on nutrition knowledge gain. CONCLUSIONS Individuals who received most of their information from healthcare providers had a "good" or better nutrition knowledge score. An education program is needed that teaches people how to apply information from the Nutrition Facts label to make healthy food choices.
Strength-Based Assessment and School Psychology: A Summary and Synthesis

During the past decade there has been an increasing interest in positive psychology, which promotes a shift away from the traditional deficit-based model of mental health to a framework that emphasizes social-emotional strengths. The building of strengths and an emphasis on the prevention of problems are at the forefront of positive psychology and equally important in the field of school psychology. Based on a review of the extant literature, this article addresses four important questions: (a) What is strength-based assessment? (b) Why use strength-based assessment in school psychology? (c) What are examples of strength-based assessments? and (d) What are the limitations and needs for further research related to strength-based assessment? Implications for both research and practice are emphasized throughout.
Alteration of the Tumor Suppressor Gene p53 in a High Fraction of Hormone Refractory Prostate Cancer

AbstractPurpose: We studied the role of p53 tumor suppressor gene alteration in prostate cancer progression by demonstrating a difference in abnormal p53 findings between early and hormone refractory disease.Materials and Methods: The study included p53 immunohistochemistry of 26 archival transurethral resection specimens from patients with radiation recurrent and hormone refractory disease, 27 untreated primary tumors and 8 untreated metastatic lesions. p53 mutation analysis of tumor deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from microdissected specimens was done by cold single strand conformational polymorphism and DNA sequencing.Results: Elevated p53 protein was present in 16 of 17 hormone refractory specimens (94 percent), 4 of 8 untreated metastatic tumors (50 percent) and 6 of 27 primary untreated tumors (22 percent). DNA analysis of representative specimens with elevated p53 confirmed p53 gene alterations in 9 of 11 cases (82 percent).Conclusions: Our study revealed a clear progression of increased p53 alteratio...
Sulfactin. Bacterial Spectrum, Toxicity and Therapeutic Studies.∗:

SummarySulfactin is active primarily against gram-positive microorganisms. The LD50 for mice of 17-20 g by intraperitoneal injection is about 2,750 μ. The amount of sulfactin required to protect mice against the intraperitoneal injection of approximately 1000 minimum lethal doses of Diplococcus pneumoniae, type 1, is of the order of 1 to 7.5 μg.
Is Weighing a “Woman’s Thing?” Associations Among Gender, Gender Role Orientation, and Self-Weighing Behavior

The behavior of self-weighing has received increased attention for its potential benefits in aiding weight management efforts in certain populations. However, little is known about the factors influencing an individual’s choice to self-weigh, such as gender and gender role identification. Given the strong associations between body surveillance and the female experience, it was hypothesized that women, and individuals identifying more strongly with feminine traits, would self-weigh more frequently. To test this hypothesis, a cross-sectional study was conducted with undergraduate students (n = 252) recruited from a large, urban, Midwestern university in the U.S. Participants completed the Short Bem Sex-Role Inventory and a questionnaire about their self-weighing behavior. Multinomial logistic and bivariate logistic regression procedures were used to examine associations between gender, gender role orientation (Femininity, Masculinity), and self-weighing behavior while adjusting for body weight and weight management approach. Results did not support the hypotheses; gender and gender role orientation, and the interaction between the two, were not significant predictors of how often individuals engaged in self-weighing behavior. Findings from this study suggest that gender is not associated with self-weighing frequency. However, additional work is necessary to explore motivations underlying self-weighing behavior, those motivations’ relationship to gender, and the impact of frequent weighing on body image and weight control.
METABOLISM OF CATECHOL ESTROGEN BY HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES

In a study designed to evaluate the kinetics of catechol estrogen formation from plasma estrone in vivo, we obtained evidence that the red blood cell (RBC) enzyme, catechol-O-methyl transferase, catalyzes the transformation of 2-hydroxyestrone to 2-methoxyestrone. Under in vitro conditions, the rate of conversion of 2-hydroxyestrone to 2-methoxyestrone by human RBC's was such that 7 nmol of 2-methoxyestrone were formed per h per ml of RBC.
The Discovery of Quarks

Quarks are widely recognized today as being among the elementary particles of which matter is composed. The key evidence for their existence came from a series of inelastic electron-nucleon scattering experiments conducted between 1967 and 1973 at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. Other theoretical and experimental advances of the 1970s confirmed this discovery, leading to the present standard model of elementary particle physics.
Multiple myeloma and chronic myelogenous leukemia: a case report with literature review

This is the case of a 71 year old male who developed multiple myeloma (MM) and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) within a two year period. The patient initially presented with osteolytic lesions of the lumbar spine, and following the initial work-up a diagnosis of multiple myeloma with an IgG kappa paraproteinemia was made and appropriate treatment was given. Two years later the patient developed a progressively worsening leukocytosis which was found to be due to Philadelphia Chromosome (Ph1) positive CML. The occurrence in the same patient of two distinct hematologic malignancies suggests a neoplastic transformation of a pluripotent stem cell. A review of the literature appears to support the existence of a relationship between MM and CML as well as a relationship between MM and the myeloproliferative disorders.
Prediction of length of hospital stay

Abstract The Missouri standard system of psychiatry 1 is a statewide program for reporting uniform information on all patients admitted to the hospitals within the Missouri Division of Mental Health. Professional staff, technicians, clerks, patients, and relatives contribute precoded observations about patients. An electronic data-processing network stores, processes, and returns incoming data. The central aim of this system is to derive models of psychiatric disease states, of outcome according to a variety of parameters and responses, and of patients who respond to certain types of treatment. These models will provide standards for comparison with individual patients and for grouping patients into classes which will allow generalizations and probability statements to be generated about individuals from the groups. The probability statements so generated are promptly returned to the practicing clinician as suggestions to aid him in his decision making. There is considerable evidence 2,3 that such cookbook methods are adequate and that clinicians should have such results made available to them. This article reports our findings in a cross-validated study of length of hospital stay (LOS) and the significant items that were found to predict long and short stays. Information concerning LOS has an obvious utility in helping the clinician to plan more effectively for a patient's care in the hospital as well as providing him a sound basis for counseling with relatives. We anticipated further dividends from the study, such as the emergence of factors that contribute to chronicity and perhaps the discovery of some clues relating to etiology.
Real-Time Decentralized Information Processing as a Model of Organizations with Boundedly Rational Agents

This paper studies the properties of real-time decentralized information processing as a model of human information processing in organizations. Real-time decentralized processingwhich models the computation of decision rules in a temporal decision problem by members of an organization-captures both the cost of computation in terms of the members' time and the constraints imposed by computational delay on the use of recent information. Unlike a batch processing model, it has no single measure of delay because decisions are computed from data of heterogeneous lags. Furthermore, decentralization does not unambiguously reduce delay, because processing a message precludes processing current data. 1. REAL-TIME DECENTRALIZED INFORMATION PROCESSING
Patriarchal Consciousness: Middle School Students' and Teachers' Perspectives of Motivational Practices

Abstract This study investigated middle school students' perspectives of the strategies that teachers used to motivate female and male students in physical education using patriarchal consciousness as a theoretical framework. Data were collected at four urban middle schools in the form of field notes from class observations, and teacher and student interviews. Gender inequity with regard to curricular offerings and teacher and student interactions was evidenced at the four sites in varying proportions. The effects of differential leaching strategies were decreased motivation and the silencing and alienation of female students. A core theme evident across schools was that boys were more motivated in physical education classes than girls. The following continuum of themes reflecting patriarchal consciousness emerged: using activity choices to encourage voluntary segregation, offering equal access to the male domain, assumptions of male superiority/female inferiority, and cultivating conflict. The results of...
Advanced Alloys for Compact, High-Efficiency, High-Temperature Heat-Exchangers

Abstract Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has conducted research and development for several years which has been focused on the behavior and performance improvements of sheets and foils of various alloys for compact heat-exchangers (recuperators) for advanced microturbines. The performance and reliability of such thin sections are challenged at 650– 750 ∘ C by fine grain size causing excessive creep, and by moisture effects greatly enhancing oxidation attack in exhaust gas environments. Standard 347 stainless steel has been used successfully at or below 600 ∘ C , but has suffered from both of these kinds of degradation at 650 ∘ C and above. Alloys have been identified which can have very good properties for such heat-exchangers, especially with careful control of microstructure during processing, including alloy 625, HR120 and the new AL20-25+Nb. These alloys, and the mechanistic understanding behind their behavior, are also applicable to achieving the better heat-exchanger technology needed for fuel cells or other high-temperature, clean-energy applications.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Evaluation of the Surfaces of Artificial Hearts

This Report summarizes the surface changes seen in artificial hearts implanted in calves for periods up to four months. Fabrication defects as well as degradation resulting from wear are identified. SEM evaluation of the blood contacting surface as well as the surface of the diaphragm associated with the drive mechanism has revealed potential problems with current heart designs and methods of fabrication. Materials evaluation of implanted hearts is crucial for a clinically useful system to evolve.
When Words Fail: A Single Case Analysis

This paper reports on research into the social organization of citizen phone calls to emergency service agencies, focusing on the constitutive function of talk in the activity of “calling for help.” We explore how these occasions of talk can themselves become problematic events for members. Our report centers on the detailed analysis of a single, very fateful conversation, showing how a seemingly aberrant event can be understood in terms of the natural language practices involved in its orderly, joint production by the actual parties to the call. This single case analysis also reveals when and how words can “fail”: it is the sequential context within which words are produced and the interactional treatment they thereby receive that is crucial for whatever status and consequences they come to have.
Survival and Growth of Walleye Fingerlings Stocked at Two Sizes in 24 Wisconsin Lakes

Abstract We compared the performance of walleye Sander vitreus fingerlings of two different sizes that were stocked into Wisconsin lakes during 2004–2007. Small fingerlings were stocked in June at a total length of 1.0–2.0 in. Large fingerlings were stocked in September at a length of 7.0–8.0 in. The study lakes ranged from 120 to 515 acres in surface area and were dispersed north and south across the state. We electrofished the entire shoreline of each study lake with a boomshocker and two dippers during the spring after stocking. The mean age-1 catch per effort (CPE) was significantly higher for large fingerlings (11.2/mi) than for small fingerlings (2.8/mi). Location in the state was not significantly related to age-1 CPE. Stocked year-classes were detected for 11 of 12 large-fingerling stocking events but only 7 of 12 small-fingerling stocking events. The total length of age-1 walleyes was not significantly related to size at stocking but varied significantly among locations. Stocking large walleye fi...
The 2000 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Earth Science presented to Eville Gorham

Abstract The Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, awarded the 2000 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Earth Science to Eville Gorham for seminal contributions as a biochemist in the measurement of the sources of the contents of air, and the effects of air contents on plants and on the environment in general.
The mathematics of SELEX against complex targets

We have developed a computer model for the simulation of simultaneous SELEX against multiple targets. The model assumes equilibrium behavior for the formation of binary ligand:target complexes, and that there is no ligand:ligand or target:target interaction. Target concentrations, ligand concentrations, and affinity distributions of the initial ligand pool for each individual target may be set by the user. We have used this program to gain an understanding of how the presence of multiple targets affects the selection process. In most cases, we find that SELEX is capable of generating different ligands for the different targets in a heterogeneous mixture, regardless of large variations in target concentrations and ligand:target affinities. A low relative partitioning efficiency (the efficiency with which ligands complexed with a target are separated from free ligands) for a target in a mixture gives a greatly reduced rate of selection of high-affinity ligands to that target. The ratio of each high-affinity ligand to its individual target within a pool of ligands selected for binding against a mixture of targets is approximately proportional to the concentration of the target multiplied by the ligand:target partitioning efficiency.
Superfluid turbulence in a nonuniform circular channel

We have measured the dissipation associated with superfluid turbulence in a nonuniform channel of circular cross section in order to further explore the discrepancies with theory discovered previously in a nonuniform rectangular channels. Our data show that the two turbulent states supported in uniform circular channels (TI andTII) are also present in our experiments for either diverging or converging flow, indicating that this two-state structure is quite robust. The transition from laminar flow to theTI state and the transition from theTI to theTII state each occur at stationary turbulent fronts in the channel. One consequence of this phenomenon is that theTI/TII transition is substantially broadened. Our data for theTI state, when analysed assuming local uniformity, are in excellent agreement with previous results from uniform channels. The broadenedTI/TII transition severely restricts our experimental access to theTII state. Nevertheless, our data are consistent with the same kind of modification to the vortex line density found for the nonuniform rectangular channels.
Monolayers of a Model Anesthetic-Binding Membrane Protein: Formation, Characterization, and Halothane-Binding Affinity

hbAP0 is a model membrane protein designed to possess an anesthetic-binding cavity in its hydrophilic domain and a cation channel in its hydrophobic domain. Grazing incidence x-ray diffraction shows that hbAP0 forms four-helix bundles that are vectorially oriented within Langmuir monolayers at the air-water interface. Single monolayers of hbAP0 on alkylated solid substrates would provide an optimal system for detailed structural and dynamical studies of anesthetic-peptide interaction via x-ray and neutron scattering and polarized spectroscopic techniques. Langmuir-Blodgett and Langmuir-Schaeffer deposition and self-assembly techniques were used to form single monolayer films of the vectorially oriented peptide hbAP0 via both chemisorption and physisorption onto suitably alkylated solid substrates. The films were characterized by ultraviolet absorption, ellipsometry, circular dichroism, and polarized Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The α-helical secondary structure of the peptide was retained in the films. Under certain conditions, the average orientation of the helical axis was inclined relative to the plane of the substrate, approaching perpendicular in some cases. The halothane-binding affinity of the vectorially oriented hbAP0 peptide in the single monolayers, with the volatile anesthetic introduced into the moist vapor environment of the monolayer, was found to be similar to that for the detergent-solubilized peptide.
Lymphocytic colitis: clinical features, treatment, and outcomes.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: There are no reports of the clinical features or treatment outcomes in large series of patients with lymphocytic colitis, and it is not known whether treatments that appear to be beneficial in patients with collagenous colitis are also beneficial in lymphocytic colitis. We sought to analyze these issues in our patients with lymphocytic colitis. METHODS: All patients with biopsy-proven lymphocytic colitis evaluated at our institution between January 1, 1997, and December 31, 1999, were identified. Clinical features on presentation and treatment outcomes were abstracted from the medical records. RESULTS: A total of 170 patients with lymphocytic colitis were identified (median age 67 yr, 61% female). Diarrhea, bloating, rectal urgency, fecal incontinence, weight loss, concomitant autoimmune disorders, and aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use were common. Loperamide, diphenoxylate/atropine, and bismuth subsalicylate were effective therapies and were well tolerated. However, no therapy produced a complete response in more than 40% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Lymphocytic colitis typically presents in elderly patients as chronic diarrhea. Nocturnal stools, urgency, and abdominal pain occur frequently, as do weight loss, fecal incontinence, and concomitant autoimmune disorders. Many empiric treatment options are used, but overall response rates are disappointing. Randomized controlled trials are needed to determine the optimum therapeutic approach to these patients.