crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
[Treatment of Superficial Esophageal Cancer: An Update].	Superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SESCC) is an esophageal squamous cell carcinoma confined to the mucosa or superficial submucosa. Recent Korean Guidelines recommend an endoscopic resection as the first-line treatment for SESCC without a distant or lymph node metastasis (LNM) after excluding those with an obvious submucosal invasion. Before endoscopic treatment of SESCC, Lugol chromoendoscopy or image-enhanced endoscopy is recommended to define the extent of the lesion, and endoscopic ultrasound is recommended to determine the T stage. The tumor size, macroscopic type of tumor, pathologic differentiation, depth of tumor, and lymphovascular invasion (LVI) are risk factors of LNM in SESCC. No additional treatment is necessary after an en bloc complete resection of SESCC invading no more than the lamina propria without LVI. Although the risk of LNM in a SESCC invading into muscularis mucosa without LVI is low, a close follow-up is recommended without additional treatment. On the other hand, additional treatment is recommended in the case of a tumor with submucosal invasion or an LVI positive or positive vertical resection margin. Adjuvant therapy includes esophagectomy or chemoradiotherapy (CRT), but it is unclear which treatment is better. The 5-year overall survival rates were reportedly 90-100% for esophagectomy and 75-85% for CRT. Nevertheless, patients with high-risk features including poorly differentiated histology, LVI positive, perineural invasion positive, T1b-SM2/T1b-SM3 cancer, and vertical resection margin positive need to be treated with an additional esophagectomy. Elderly patients, those with a physical condition and co-morbidities, and those with LNM or cancer-specific mortality require additional treatment after a non-curative endoscopic resection of SESCC.	esophagus
Radiotherapy for cancers of the oesophagus, cardia and stomach.	We present the updated recommendations of the French society for radiation oncology on radiotherapy of oesophageal cancer. Oesophageal cancer still remains a malignant tumour with a poor prognosis. Surgery remains the standard treatment for localized cancers, regardless of histology. For locally advanced stages, surgery remains a standard for adenocarcinomas after neoadjuvant treatment with chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. However, it is a therapeutic option after initial chemoradiotherapy for stage III squamous cell carcinomas, given the increased morbidity and mortality with a multimodal treatment, which results in an equivalent overall survival with or without surgery. Preoperative or exclusive chemoradiotherapy should be delivered according to validated regimens with an effective total dose (50Gy), if surgery is not planned or if the tumour is deemed resectable before chemoradiotherapy. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy significantly reduces irradiation of the lungs and heart and may reduce the morbidity of this treatment, especially in combination with surgery. In case of exclusive chemoradiotherapy, dose escalation beyond 50Gy is not currently recommended. Some technical considerations still remain questionable, such as the place of prophylactic lymph node irradiation, adaptive radiotherapy, evaluation of response during and after chemoradiotherapy and the value of proton therapy.	esophagus
Association of the programmed death ligand-1 combined positive score in tumors and clinicopathological features in esophageal cancer.	BACKGROUND: The combined positive score (CPS) of the programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) 22C3 assay is a predictive marker of pembrolizumab monotherapy for advanced esophageal cancer (EC) patients. However, little is known about the association of the PD-L1 22C3 CPS with the clinicopathological features and heterogeneity of PD-L1 expression in EC in the Chinese population in a real-world setting. METHODS: We examined the association of the PD-L1 22C3 CPS with clinicopathological characteristics in 533 EC specimens. Further, we compared 37 cases' different blocks of the same specimen and 50 paired primary/metastatic lymph node lesions to investigate the heterogeneity of PD-L1 expression. RESULTS: PD-L1 positive expression was observed in 45.0% of 533 EC patients, including 46.8% with squamous cell carcinoma, 15.4% with adenocarcinoma, 28.6% with basaloid squamous carcinoma, 42.9% with spindle cell carcinoma, and 33.3% with neuroendocrine tumors. PD-L1 positive expression was positively associated with lymph node metastasis (59.2% chance, p = 0.021) and venous/lymphatic invasion (66.3% chance, p = 0.029). PD-L1 expression was highly consistent in different paraffin blocks of the same surgically resected specimen (concordance rate: 86.5%, p = 0.000016) and a moderate consistency (concordance rate: 78.0%, p = 0.000373) for the primary and metastatic lymph node lesion comparison. CONCLUSIONS: This is a novel study which demonstrated a positive correlation between a high PD-L1 22C3 CPS and invasion/metastasis risk in EC surgical specimens. Both paired blocks and paired primary/metastatic lymph node lesions showed significant concordance. PD-L1 heterogeneity was inferred to be mainly related to positive mononuclear inflammatory cells (MICs), which might have substantial implications for clinical practice.	esophagus
Methodological quality of machine learning-based quantitative imaging analysis studies in esophageal cancer: a systematic review of clinical outcome prediction after concurrent chemoradiotherapy.	"PURPOSE: Studies based on machine learning-based quantitative imaging techniques have gained much interest in cancer research. The aim of this review is to critically appraise the existing machine learning-based quantitative imaging analysis studies predicting outcomes of esophageal cancer after concurrent chemoradiotherapy in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. The citation search was performed via PubMed and Embase Ovid databases for literature published before April 2021. From each full-text article, study characteristics and model information were summarized. We proposed an appraisal matrix with 13 items to assess the methodological quality of each study based on recommended best-practices pertaining to quality. RESULTS: Out of 244 identified records, 37 studies met the inclusion criteria. Study endpoints included prognosis, treatment response, and toxicity after concurrent chemoradiotherapy with reported discrimination metrics in validation datasets between 0.6 and 0.9, with wide variation in quality. A total of 30 studies published within the last 5 years were evaluated for methodological quality and we found 11 studies with at least 6 ""good"" item ratings. CONCLUSION: A substantial number of studies lacked prospective registration, external validation, model calibration, and support for use in clinic. To further improve the predictive power of machine learning-based models and translate into real clinical applications in cancer research, appropriate methodologies, prospective registration, and multi-institution validation are recommended."	esophagus
Lysine-Specific Histone Demethylase 1 Promotes Oncogenesis of the Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Upregulating DUSP4.	Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a predominant subtype of esophageal cancer (EC) and has a poor prognosis due to its aggressive nature. Accordingly, it is necessary to find novel prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for ESCC. Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1 (LSD1) plays a core role in the regulation of ESCC oncogenesis. However, the detailed mechanism of LSD1-regulated ESCC growth has not been elucidated. This study aims to explore molecular mechanism underlying the LSD1-regulated ESCC's oncogenesis. After LSD1 silencing, we detected differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in human ESCC cell line, TE-1, by transcriptome sequencing. Subsequently, we investigated expression pattern of the selected molecules in the ESCC tissues and cell lines by qRT-PCR and Western blotting. Furthermore, we explored the roles of selected molecules in ESCC using gene silencing and overexpression assays. Transcriptome sequencing showed that the expression of dual specificity phosphatase 4 (DUSP4) in TE-1 was significantly attenuated after the LSD1 silencing. In addition, the DUSP4 mRNA expression level was significantly higher in the ESCC tissues, especially in those derived from patients with invasion or metastasis. Moreover, the DUSP4 expression was positively associated with the LSD1 expression in the ESCC tissues. DUSP4 overexpression promoted proliferation, invasion, and migration of the ESCC cells, while DUSP4 silencing had an opposite effect. DUSP4 overexpression also enhanced tumorigenicity of the ESCC cells in vivo, while DUSP4 silencing inhibited tumor growth. Importantly, inhibition of cell proliferation, invasion, and migration by the LSD1 inhibitor (ZY0511) was reversed by DUSP4 overexpression. Conclusively, we found that LSD1 promotes ESCC's oncogenesis by upregulating DUSP4, the potential therapeutic and diagnostic target in ESCC.	esophagus
How much progress have we made?: a 20-year experience regarding esophageal stents for the palliation of malignant dysphagia.	Esophageal stents are widely used for the palliation of malignant esophageal obstruction. Advances in technology have made esophageal stenting technically feasible and widespread for such obstruction, but complications remain frequent. We present outcomes of a large cohort undergoing esophageal stent placement for malignant esophageal obstruction at a tertiary care cancer center. Patients who underwent placement of esophageal stents for malignancy-related esophageal obstruction between 1 January 2001 and 31 July 2020 were identified. Exclusion criteria included stents placed for benign stricture, fistulae, obstruction of proximal esophagus (proximal to 24 cm from incisors), or post-surgical indications. Patient charts were reviewed for demographics, procedure and stent characteristics, complications, and follow-up. A total of 242 patients underwent stent placement (median age: 64 years, 79.8% male). The majority, 204 (84.3%), had esophageal cancer. During the last two decades, there has been an increasing trend in the number of esophageal stents placed. Though plastic stents were previously used, these are no longer utilized. Complications are frequent and include early complications of pain in 68 (28.1%) and migration in 21 (8.7%) and delayed complications of recurrent symptoms of dysphagia in 46 (19.0%) and migration in 26 (10.7%). Over the study period, there has not been a significant improvement in the rate of complications. During follow-up, 92 (38%) patients required other enteral nutrition modalities after esophageal stent placement. No patient, treatment, or stent characteristics were significantly associated with stent complication or outcome. Esophageal stent placement is an increasingly popular method for palliation of malignant dysphagia. However, complications, particularly pain, migration, and recurrent symptoms of dysphagia are common. Almost 40% of patients may also require other methods of enteral access after esophageal stent placement. Given the high complication rates and suboptimal outcomes, removable stents should be considered as first-line in the case of poor palliative response.	esophagus
Clinical impact of Fn-induced high expression of KIR2DL1 in CD8 T lymphocytes in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma.	BACKGROUND: To analyze the correlation between the inducing effect of Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) on the surface expression of the inhibitory receptor KIR2DL1 on CD8(+) T cells in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and the clinicopathological features and survival prognosis and to explore its clinical significance. METHODS: The inducing effect of Fn on CD8(+) T cell surface inhibitory receptor KIR2DL1 expression was analyzed in a coculture system of human CD8(+) T cells and ESCC cells infected with Fn. Fn infection and the expression of KIR2DL1 on CD8(+) T cells were detected by RNAscope and immunohistochemistry in ESCC tissues, and the correlations between the inducing effect of Fn on KIR2DL1 expression on CD8(+) T cells and clinicopathological features were analyzed. COX regression was used to analyze the influence of each factor on the prognosis of ESCC. Survival curves were plotted by the Kaplan-Meier method, and the effect of KIR2DL1 induction on survival time was analyzed by the log-rank test. RESULTS: In the coculture system, KIR2DL1 expression on the surface of CD8(+) T cells increased with increasing Fn infection time. In ESCC tissues, Fn infection was significantly correlated with high KIR2DL1 expression on CD8(+) T cells. The Fn + CD8(+)KIR2DL1 positive patients were predominantly males who were smokers and alcohol drinkers. Moreover, patients with Fn infection were characterized by poor tumour differentiation, advanced clinical stage, and a short survival time. Meanwhile, Fn + CD8(+)KIR2DL1 positive group was independent risk factor affecting the prognosis of ESCC patients. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term drinking and smoking lead to an extremely unhealthy oral environment in which Fn infection and colonization are more likely to occur, thus inducing high expression of KIR2DL1 on the surface of CD8(+) T cells, which can weaken the antitumour immune response and promote the malignant progression of ESCC.HIGHLIGHTSFn induced high expression of KIR2DL1 CD8(+) T cells in a time-dependent manner.Fn can reduce the response of tumour cells to CDDP.The inducing effect of Fn on CD8(+) T cell surface KIR2DL1 expression was significantly associated with the poor prognosis of ESCC patients.	esophagus
Chemoprevention of Oesophageal Squamous-Cell Carcinoma and Adenocarcinoma: A Multicentre Retrospective Cohort Study.	BACKGROUND: Oesophageal cancer comprises 2 different histological variants: oesophageal squamous-cell carcinoma (ESCC) and adenocarcinoma (EAC). While there are multiple therapeutic options for both types, patients with advanced or metastatic oesophageal cancer still suffer from poor prognosis. AIMS: The study aimed to examine the association between the risk of oesophageal cancer and medications and to estimate the chemopreventive effects of commonly used drugs. METHODS: A multicentre retrospective cohort study was conducted using data from 9 hospital databases of hospitalized patients between 2014 and 2019. The primary outcomes were ESCC and EAC. The association of oesophageal cancer with drug use and clinical factors was evaluated. Odds ratios (ORs) were adjusted for age, sex, Charlson comorbidity index scores, and smoking with/without gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. RESULTS: The use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) (adjusted OR [aOR] 0.48, p < 0.0001), aspirin (aOR 0.32, p < 0.0001), cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor (COX2I) (aOR 0.70, p = 0.0005), steroid (aOR 0.19, p < 0.0001), statin (aOR 0.43, p < 0.0001), and metformin (aOR 0.42, p < 0.0001) was associated with a lower risk of ESCC than that in non-use. The use of aspirin (aOR 0.33, p = 0.0006) and steroids (aOR 0.54, p = 0.022) was associated with a lower risk of EAC than that in non-use. CONCLUSION: COX2Is, statins, metformin, and PPIs could help in prevention of ESCC, and aspirin and steroids may be chemopreventive for both types of oesophageal cancer.	esophagus
Aprepitant Promotes Caspase-Dependent Apoptotic Cell Death and G2/M Arrest through PI3K/Akt/NF-κB Axis in Cancer Stem-Like Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Spheres.	The antagonists of the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R) are known for their anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, antiemetic, and anticancer activities. Aprepitant, a nonpeptide NK1R antagonist, is used in nausea and vomiting, the most common side effects of cancer chemotherapy in patients. It has been established that NK1R activation by substance P (SP), which links cancer promotion and progression to a neurokinin-mediated environment, became one mechanism that corresponds to the mitogenesis of tumor cells. Therefore, this study is aimed at explaining and evaluating the anticancer impacts of aprepitant on esophageal squamous cancer cell (ESCC) spheres by using in vitro experiments, such as resazurin, ROS, annexin-V binding, RT-PCR, and Western blot analysis. As a result, we showed that aprepitant had strong antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects on ESCC cell spheres. Also, aprepitant caused significant G2-M cell cycle arrest depending on concentration increase. Further, exposure of cells to this agent resulted in caspase -8/-9-dependent apoptotic pathway activation by modifying the expression of genes involved in apoptosis. Besides, treatment of the cells by aprepitant abrogates of the PI3K/Akt pathway, as shown by reducing the level of Akt, induces apoptotic cell death. In summary, pharmacological inhibition of NK1R with aprepitant seems to have a significant chance of treating ESCC as a single agent or in conjunction with other chemotherapeutic drugs.	esophagus
Disparities in esophageal cancer care based on race: a National Cancer Database analysis.	Esophageal cancer is one of the most common cancer killers in our country. The effects of racial disparities on care for esophageal cancer patients are incompletely understood. Using the National Cancer Database, we investigated racial disparities in treatment and outcome of esophageal cancer patients. The National Cancer Database was queried from 2004 to 2017. Logistic regression and survival analysis were used to determine racial differences in access, treatment and outcome. A total of 127,098 patients were included. All minority groups were more likely to be diagnosed at advanced stages versus Caucasians after adjusting for covariates (African American OR-1.64 [95% confidence interval 1.53-1.76], Hispanic OR-1.19 [1.08-1.32], Asian OR-1.78 [1.55-2.06]). After adjustment, all minorities were less likely at every stage to receive surgery. Despite these disparities, Hispanics and Asians had improved survival compared with Caucasians. African Americans had worse survival. Racial disparities for receiving surgery were present in both academic and community institutions, and at high-volume and low-volume institutions. Surgery partially mediated the survival difference between African Americans and Caucasians (HR-1.13 [1.10-1.16] and HR-1.04 [1.02-1.07], without and with adjustment of surgery).There are racial disparities in the treatment of esophageal cancer. Despite these disparities, Hispanics and Asians have improved overall survival versus Caucasians. African Americans have the worst overall survival. Racial disparities likely affect outcome in esophageal cancer. But other factors, such as epigenetics and tumor biology, may correlate more strongly with outcome for patients with esophageal cancer.	esophagus
Galangin Enhances Anticancer Efficacy of 5-Fluorouracil in Esophageal Cancer Cells and Xenografts Through NLR Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3 (NLRP3) Downregulation.	BACKGROUND Galangin is believed to exert antioxidant effects by inhibition of the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, which has been linked to chemotherapy sensitivity in cancers. In this study, we explored the synergistic effect of galangin in combination with the chemotherapy agent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in esophageal cancer cells and xenografts. MATERIAL AND METHODS The esophageal squamous epithelium cell line Het-1A and 2 human esophageal cancer cell lines (Eca109, OE19) were used to investigate the effect of galangin with or without 5-FU in vitro through proliferation and invasion analyses, while apoptosis was analyzed in cancer cells. Furthermore, a subcutaneous xenograft tumor model in mice was used to study cancer development in vivo. RESULTS Compared with 5-FU monotherapy, combined galangin and 5-FU treatment reduced human esophageal cancer cell growth activities and invasion abilities. The results suggested that galangin had a chemotherapy-sensitized synergistic antitumor effect induced by 5-FU. The susceptibility of cancer cells to apoptosis, which is linked with chemotherapy sensitivity, was induced by 5-FU and further enhanced by galangin. NLRP3 was identified as being significantly activated by 5-FU, but galangin treatment reversed the effect and inhibited NLRP3 expression, which was accompanied by downregulated interleukin-1b levels. Further investigation showed that the induced apoptotic cascade can be mostly reversed by incubation with an NLRP3 activator, irrespective of AKT signaling. Using xenograft mouse models, we found that galangin exposure further restrained cancer development after 5-FU treatment and increased sensitivity to chemotherapy by suppressing the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that galangin played a synergistic anticancer role through NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition when paired with FU-5.	esophagus
Quantitative perfusion assessment of gastric conduit with indocyanine green dye to predict anastomotic leak after esophagectomy.	Impaired gastric conduit perfusion is a risk factor for anastomotic leak after esophagectomy. The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of intraoperative quantitative assessment of gastric conduit perfusion with indocyanine green fluorescence angiography as a predictor for cervical esophagogastric anastomotic leak after esophagectomy. Indocyanine green fluorescence angiography using the SPY Elite system was performed in patients undergoing a transhiatal or McKeown esophagectomy from July 2015 through December 2020. Ingress (dye uptake) and Egress (dye exit) at two anatomic landmarks (the tip of a conduit and 5 cm from the tip) were assessed. The collected data in the leak group and no leak group were compared by univariate and multivariable analyses. Of 304 patients who were evaluated, 70 patients developed anastomotic leak (23.0%). There was no significant difference in patients' demographic between the groups. Ingress Index, which represents a proportion of blood inflow, at both the tip and 5 cm of the conduit was significantly lower in the leak group (17.9 vs. 25.4% [P = 0.011] and 35.9 vs. 44.6% [P = 0.019], respectively). Ingress Time, which represents an estimated time of blood inflow, at 5 cm of the conduit was significantly higher in the leak group (69.9 vs. 57.1 seconds, P = 0.006). Multivariable analysis suggested that these three variables can be used to predict future leak. Variables of gastric conduit perfusion correlated with the incidence of cervical esophagogastric anastomotic leak. Intraoperative measurement of gastric conduit perfusion can be predictive for anastomotic leak following esophagectomy.	esophagus