crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
Long-term outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection for superficial esophageal squamous cell neoplasms.	BACKGROUND: The long-term outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for superficial esophageal squamous cell neoplasms (ESCNs) have not been evaluated to date. OBJECTIVE: Assess the long-term outcomes of ESD for ESCNs from our consecutive cases. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective study from a single institution. PATIENTS AND INTERVENTION: From January 2002 to July 2008, 107 superficial ESCNs in 84 patients were treated by ESD. The enrolled patients were divided into 2 groups based on the lesion with the deepest invasion in each patient: group A, intraepithelial neoplasm or invasive carcinoma limited to the lamina propria mucosa and group B, invasive carcinoma deeper than the lamina propria mucosa. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Rates of en bloc resection, complete resection, and complication were evaluated as short-term outcomes. Overall survival, cause-specific survival, and postoperative stricture rates were evaluated as long-term outcomes. RESULTS: The rates of en bloc resection and complete resection were 100% and 88%, respectively. Perforation accompanied by mediastinal emphysema was observed in 4 (4%) patients. No patient experienced massive bleeding. During the median observation of 632 days (range 8-2358), 15 (18%) patients experienced benign esophageal stricture with dysphagia, which was successfully managed by balloon dilation for a median of 2 sessions (range 1-20). One patient had local recurrence 6 months after ESD. In 2 patients with intramucosal invasive carcinomas in the muscularis mucosa, distant metastases were observed 9 and 18 months after ESD. During the observation period, 3 patients died of esophageal carcinoma. The 5-year cause-specific survival rates of groups A and B were 100% and 85%, respectively. LIMITATIONS: This was a retrospective study with a relatively short follow-up and a small number of patients from a single institution. CONCLUSION: This long-term follow-up study revealed that ESD is a potentially curative treatment for superficial ESCNs. There were substantial risks of perforation and stricture that were successfully managed endoscopically.	esophagus
Liposarcoma of the esophagus: case report and literature review.	BACKGROUND: Liposarcoma is one of the most common soft tissue sarcomas in adults, but it is exceedingly rare in the gastrointestinal tract. To the authors' knowledge, only 17 cases of esophageal liposarcomas have been described in the literature. CASE REPORT: The case of a 56-year-old woman is reported who complained of dyspnea and airway obstruction and was referred for multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) with the suspicion of mediastinal tumor. MSCT revealed a heterogeneous mass within the esophagus. The density measurements from pre- and post-contrast scanning suggested a fatty tissue component of the lesion and a possible malignant nature. The patient underwent esophagotomy. The diagnosis of liposarcoma was established. Five months after the surgery, follow-up chest MSCT was performed which revealed an inhomogeneous mass behind the left atrium. Additional CT was performed with a perfusion protocol which suggested a malignant nature of the lesion. After thoracotomy with removal of the tumor, the patient underwent adjuvant radiotherapy. The patient is still being followed up and two years after the esophagotomy has been well, with no metastases in subsequent endoscopic and CT examinations. CONCLUSIONS: To the authors' knowledge this is the first case of liposarcoma of the esophagus detected and postoperatively monitored using MSCT. MSCT, even as the first examination, may enable a proper diagnosis of liposarcoma in patients with atypical clinical features.	esophagus
[Impact of (18)F-FDG PET/CT on the therapeutic management in the initial staging of the esophageal cancer].	OBJECTIVE: The incidence of esophageal cancer has increased considerably over recent years, it now being the 6th most frequent cause of cancer-related death. Our study has aimed to compare the clinical value of PET/CT and CT scan in the initial staging of patients with esophageal cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty nine patients (6 women) diagnosed of esophageal cancer were assessed retrospectively. All patients underwent diagnostic CT scan and PET/CT for initial staging within 3 to 15 days following clinical diagnosis. RESULTS: PET/CT showed intracellular (18)F-FDG entrapment having pathological significance in all the tumors (100%), signs of locoregional lymph node infiltration (N1) in 34 and a total of 19 lesions consistent with metastasis (M1) in 14 patients (23.72%). The CT scan detected malignancy in 57 patients (96.6%), abnormal lymph node in 32 patients and 17 N1 in 12 patients (20.33%). In three cases, CT- PET detected synchronous esophageal lesion in staging studies for other neoplastic processes (lung and ear-nose-throat). CONCLUSION: PET/CT showed a higher detection rate of primary malignant lesions, abnormal lymph nodes and distant metastases. A change in stage was only observed in two patients.	esophagus
Expression of cytochrome P450 arachidonic acid epoxygenase 2J2 in human tumor tissues and cell lines.	BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Cytochrome P450 arachidonic acid epoxygenase 2J2 (CYP2J2) is a new metabolic pathway of arachidonic acid. However, its biological effects, especially pathophysiologic significance in human beings, remain to be further recognized. This study was to determine the expression of CYP2J2 in human tumor tissues and cell lines. METHODS: The expression of CYP2J2 mRNA and protein in 130 specimens of human carcinoma and related adjacent normal tissues, four specimens of inflammatory pseudotumor tissues, eight human tumor cell lines and two normal cell lines (as control) was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), western blot and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: CYP2J2 was highly expressed in 101 (78%) carcinoma tissues, but was not detected in adjacent normal tissues and inflammatory pseudo-tumor tissues. Its mRNA level was obviously correlated to its protein level (r = 0.613, p < 0.01). Immunohistochemistry analysis showed the same results as RT-PCR and western blot. Furthermore, CYP2J2 was only expressed in cancer cells but not in interstitial and inflammatory cells. CYP2J2 was highly expressed in all carcinoma cell lines, but not in two normal cell lines. CONCLUSION: CYP2J2 is highly and selectively expressed in human tumor tissues and cell lines and may be a novel biomarker of human tumors.	esophagus
Lessons from an aggressive cancer: evolutionary dynamics in esophageal carcinoma.	Rapid progression to metastatic disease and an intrinsic resistance to any type of systemic therapy are hallmarks of aggressive solid cancers. The molecular basis for this phenotype is not clear. A detailed study of the somatic progression from local to early systemic esophageal cancer revealed rapid diversification of cancer cells isolated from various sites, but also evidence for early clonal expansion. These findings have implications for diagnostic pathology and therapeutic decision making.	esophagus
[Safe and successful chemoradiotherapy for a patient with cardiac pacemaker and triple cancers].	The patient was a 70-year-old male with superficial hypopharyngeal cancer and advanced cancers of the esophagus and stomach. In his past history, a cardiac pacemaker was implanted for sick sinus syndrome. Further examination showed esophageal cancer had metastasized to the cervical lymph nodes and invaded the trachea. There was no surgical indication. In terms of chemoradiotherapy, it was thought to be possible because the patient was not pacemaker- dependent and radiotherapy could be planned in such a way as to keep the dose to the pacemaker as low as possible. Electrocardiogram was monitored during the treatment. In addition to the usual observation, the patient's cardiac symptoms and pacemaker status were assessed before and soon after the completion of radiotherapy. S-1 was selected as a concomitant chemotherapy. In liaising with the cardiologist and radiologist, chemoradiotherapy was achieved without pacemaker malfunction, and shrinking of tumors was also detected.	esophagus
[Clinical analysis of 126 patients with primary small cell carcinoma of the esophagus].	OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prognostic factors and the principles of treatment of primary esophageal small cell carcinoma (SCEC) retrospectively. METHODS: The data of 126 patients with histologically confirmed SCEC treated in our department between May 1985 and June 2005 were retrospectively analyzed. 85 patients were in limited disease stage (LD) and 41 patients as extensive disease stage (ED) according to the Veterans Administration Lung Study Group staging system. Among the 84 patients treated with esophagectomy, 8 cases were in stage I, 16 in stage IIa, 10 in stage IIb, 40 in stage III, 4 in stage IVa and 6 in stage IVb, according to the TNM system (6(th) edition, AJCC). Cox's hazard regression model was used to identify the prognostic factors, and Chi-square test to detect the difference of frequencies among different groups. Kaplan-Meier and log-rank methods were used to estimate and compare the survival rates. RESULTS: The median follow-up duration of this series was 13 months. One hundred and eight patients died of the disease during the follow-up, 10 were still alive and 8 were lost to follow-up. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival rates (OS) were 52.2%, 15.9%, and 12.2%, respectively, with a median survival time (MST) of 12.5 months. The 1-, 2-, and 3-year OS were 62.1%, 30.8%, and 22.4% with a MST of 14.0 months for LD, and 29.3%, 13.6% and 2.7% with a MST of 7.0 months for ED, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in OS between LD and ED (P = 0.0001). The MST of the patients treated with chemotherapy was 14.5 months, significantly longer than the 5.2 months of the patients without (P = 0.0001). Multivariate analysis showed that stage (HR 1.91, 95% CI 1.26 approximately 2.91, P = 0.002), length of the primary lesion (HR 1.75, 95% CI 1.17 approximately 2.63, P = 0.007), and chemotherapy (HR 0.42, 95% CI 0.28 approximately 0.65, P = 0.000) were independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSION: Esophageal small cell carcinoma is a systemic disease. The tumor stage (LD or ED), length of the primary lesion and chemotherapy are independent prognostic factors. Therefore, a systemic therapy based on chemotherapy should be recommended.	esophagus
Expression profiling of micro-RNAs in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma using RT-PCR.	To develop novel therapeutic and diagnostic methods for esophageal cancer, it is important to understand the precise biological mechanism. Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) seem to be crucial factors in diverse regulation pathways. In this study, we analyzed the expression of mature miRNAs in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). The expression of 73 miRNAs was quantified by qRT-PCR in 30 primary ESCC specimens. We examined the correlation between miRNA expressions and the clinicopathological factors and prognosis of ESCC. The Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that the high expression levels of 6 of the 72 miRNAs correlated with significantly lower patient survival rates. The overexpression of miR-129 was identified as a significant and independent prognostic factor (P = 0.031) in surgically treated ESCC patients. The hazard ratio for the prediction of early death was 18.11 for high versus low expression levels of miR-129. Similar results were obtained from an analysis performed on an additional 19 patients (test cohort) (P = 0.0057, for training cohort; P = 0.011, for test cohort; log-rank test). This experiment supports the notion that the high miR-129 expression levels, as observed in this study, might play a important role in the development of esophageal cancer.	esophagus
The influence of deprivation and ethnicity on the incidence of esophageal cancer in England.	The incidence of esophageal cancer (EC), particularly esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), has been rising dramatically. In the USA, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is associated with deprivation and black ethnicity, while EAC is more common among whites. The influence of social deprivation and ethnicity has not been studied in England. West Midlands Cancer Intelligence Unit data were used to study the incidence of ESCC and EAC, and the influence of age, sex, socioeconomic status (Townsend quintiles by postcode) and ethnicity (to individual patients from Hospital Episode Statistics). From 1977 to 2004, a total of 15,138 EC were identified. Five-year directly age standardized incidence rates per 100,000 (95% CI) for men increased from 8.6 (8.0-9.1) in 1977-1981 to 13.7 (13.1-14.3) in 2000-2004 and for women from 5.0 (4.7-5.4) to 6.3 (5.9-6.6). ESCC incidence did not alter, but EAC incidence rose rapidly in males [2.1 (1.9-2.4) to 8.5 (8.1-9.0)] and in females [0.5 (0.4-0.6) to 1.7 (1.5-1.9)]. ESCC was strongly associated with the most socially deprived quintile. EAC was not associated with differences in socioeconomic status. EAC was significantly more common in white men 7.3 (6.9-7.7) and women 1.5 (1.3-1.6) when compared with black and Asian populations. In England the incidence of EAC has rapidly risen, particularly in men over the last three decades. ESCC was strongly associated with social deprivation. EAC was more common in white populations, but no association with the socioeconomic status was found.	esophagus
Impact of EUS-FNA in the management of patients with oesophageal cancer.	"BACKGROUND AND AIM: Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS) has increased the staging accuracy of oesophageal cancer. The addition of EUS guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) appears superior to standard EUS for nodal staging. Our aim was to study the impact of EUS-FNA in the management of patients with oesophageal cancer. METHODS: We studied patients undergoing EUS for this indication between May 2003 and May 2006. EUS was performed in patients who were candidates for radical therapy following CT scanning. If suspicious non-peritumoural nodes were seen on EUS, EUS-FNA was undertaken. Further staging was performed as appropriate and all cases were discussed at our multidisciplinary meeting. Results and decisions were prospectively recorded. RESULTS: One hundred and ninety one patients underwent EUS for staging of oesophageal cancer during this period and 44 EUS-FNA were performed in 42 patients (mean age 62.2 years). Sixty two per cent of patients had adenocarcinoma and 48% sampled nodes were <10 mm diameter. Overall, 48% nodes were positive and two ""suspicious"" for malignancy. Following a positive EUS-FNA and MDM discussions, 15 patients had palliative and two neoadjuvant therapy. Eleven patients with a negative EUS-FNA underwent radical therapy. Therefore, EUS-FNA appeared to alter management in 28 (67%) patients. CONCLUSION: EUS-FNA appears to help direct patients towards appropriate treatment strategies."	esophagus
Mechanisms of escape from trastuzumab-mediated ADCC in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: relation to susceptibility to perforin-granzyme.	BACKGROUND: The escape mechanisms leading to trastuzumab-resistance are under investigation, but no report has yet described the mechanisms of escape from trastuzumab-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). In the present study, the mechanisms of escape from trastuzumab-mediated ADCC were elucidated using esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cell clones. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The esophageal SCC cell line TE4, which is highly susceptible to trastuzumab-mediated ADCC, was cloned by limited dilution, resulting in SCC clones with different sensitivities to trastuzumab-mediated ADCC. RESULTS: There was no significant correlation between human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) 2-expression on the tumor and the sensitivity to trastuzumab-mediated ADCC. Altered major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I expression treated by IFN-gamma or the blocking of natural killer (NK) cell inhibitory receptors did not induce significant changes in sensitivity to trastuzumab-mediated ADCC. However, the tumor clones with a lower sensitivity to trastuzumab-mediated ADCC showed a reduced susceptibility to the perforin-granzyme system compared to those with a greater sensitivity to trastuzumab-mediated ADCC. CONCLUSION: Lower susceptibility to the perforin-granzyme system is one of the important mechanisms explaining escape from trastuzumab-mediated ADCC.	esophagus
Characterization of tumor suppressive function of P300/CBP-associated factor at frequently deleted region 3p24 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.	Deletion of 3p is one of the most frequent genetic alterations in many tumors, including esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). In our recent study, deletion of 3p24 was frequently detected in ESCC and one candidate tumor suppressor gene (TSG), p300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF), was identified within the region. In this study, downregulation of PCAF was detected in 23/40 (57.5%) of primary ESCCs and 4/9 (44.4%) of the ESCC cell lines. A further study found that downregulation of PCAF was also associated with hypermethylation of the promoter region of PCAF gene. Methylation-specific PCR found that promoter methylation was detected in 28/40 (70%) of primary ESCCs and 5/9 (55.6%) of ESCC cell lines. In addition, the expression of PCAF could be reactivated in ESCC cell line KYSE510 after demethylation treatment with 5-aza-dC. Functional studies showed that PCAF was able to suppress tumorigenicity of ESCC cells both in vitro and in vivo, including foci formation, colony formation in soft agar and tumor formation in nude mice. Molecular study found that the tumor suppressive mechanism of PCAF was associated with its role in cell cycle arrest at the G1/S checkpoint by the downregulation of CDK2 and upregulation of p21(waf1/Cip1), Smad4, Rb and p27(Kip1). In conclusion, PCAF might be the target TSG responsible for the 3p24 deletion event, which has an important role in the development and progression of ESCC.	esophagus
Estrogen and gastrointestinal malignancy.	The concept that E2 exerts an effect on the gastrointestinal tract is not new and its actions on intestinal mucosa have been investigated for at least three decades. An attempt to consolidate results of these investigations generates more questions than answers, thus suggesting that many unexplored avenues remain and that the full capabilities of this steroid hormone are far from understood. Evidence of its role in esophageal, gastric and gallbladder cancers is confusing and often equivocal. The most compelling evidence regards the protective role conferred by estrogen (or perhaps ERbeta) against the development and proliferation of colon cancer. Not only has the effect been described but also many mechanisms of action have been explored. It is likely that, along with surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, hormonal manipulation will play an integral role in colon cancer management in the very near future.	esophagus
Expression of esophageal cancer related gene 4 (ECRG4), a novel tumor suppressor gene, in esophageal cancer and its inhibitory effect on the tumor growth in vitro and in vivo.	The ECRG4 gene was initially identified and cloned in our laboratory from human normal esophageal epithelium (GenBank accession no. AF325503). We revealed the expression of ECRG4 protein was downregulated in 68.5% (89/130) ESCC samples using tissue microarray. The low ECRG4 protein expression was significantly associated with regional lymph node metastasis, primary tumor size, and tumor stage in ESCC (p < 0.05). ECRG4 mRNA expression was downregulated in ESCC due to the hypermethylation in the gene promoter. The treatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, which is a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor restored ECRG4 mRNA expression in ESCC cells. The result indicated that promoter hypermethylation may be 1 main mechanism leading to the silencing of ECRG4. The high expression of ECRG4 in patients with ESCC was associated with longer survival compared with those with low ECRG4 expression by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis (p < 0.05). ECRG4 protein was an independent prognostic factor for ESCC by multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis (p < 0.05). The restoration of ECRG4 expression in ESCC cells inhibited cell proliferation, colony formation, anchorage-independent growth, cell cycle progression and tumor growth in vivo (p < 0.05). The transfection of ECRG4 gene in ESCC cells inhibited the expression of NF-kappaB and nuclear translocation, in addition to the expression of COX-2, a NF-kappaB target gene, was attenuated. Taken together, ECRG4 is a novel candidate tumor suppressor gene in ESCC, and ECRG4 protein is a candidate prognostic marker for ESCC.	esophagus
Epidermal growth factor A61G gene polymorphism, gastroesophageal reflux disease and esophageal adenocarcinoma risk.	BACKGROUND: Single-nucleotide polymorphisms of key cancer genes, such as EGF A61G, are associated with an elevated risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). As gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is an established risk factor for EAC, we evaluated whether the association between epidermal growth factor (EGF) polymorphism and EAC development is altered by the presence of GERD. METHODS: EGF genotyping of DNA samples was performed and GERD history was collected for 309 EAC patients and 275 matched healthy controls. Associations between genotypes and EAC risk were evaluated using adjusted logistic regression. Genotype-GERD relationships were explored using analyses stratified by GERD history and joint effects models that considered severity and duration of GERD symptoms. RESULTS: EGF variants (A/G or G/G) were more common (P = 0.02) and GERD was more prevalent (P < 0.001) in cases than in controls. When compared with the EGF wild-type A/A genotype, the G/G variant was associated with a substantial increase in EAC risk among individuals with GERD [Odds ratio 9.7; 95% confidence interval (CI), 3.8-25.0; P < 0.001] and a slight decrease in risk for GERD-free individuals (odds ratio 0.4; 95% CI = 0.22-0.90; P = 0.02). In the joint effects models, the odds of EAC was also highest for G/G patients (when compared with A/A) who either experienced frequent GERD of more than once per week (odds ratio 21.8; 95% CI = 5.1-94.0; P < 0.001) or suffered GERD for longer than 15 years (odds ratio 22.4; 95% CI = 6.5-77.6; P < 0.001). There was a highly significant interaction between the G/G genotype and the presence of GERD (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: EGF A61G polymorphism may alter EAC susceptibility through an interaction with GERD.	esophagus
Self-expanding bifurcation stent for malignant esophagotracheobronchial fistula.	A 60-year-old man with esophageal carcinoma in the upper 3rd underwent palliative treatment including photodynamic therapy, brachytherapy, external beam irradiation, and esophageal stenting. He developed a symptomatic malignant esophagotracheo-bronchial fistula that could not be closed by telescope-stenting in the esophagus. Implantation of a self-expanding, covered metal, tracheal bifurcation stent by flexible bronchoscopy resulted in immediate closure of the fistula with an uneventful recovery.	esophagus