crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
p53 gene mutations in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and their relevance to etiology and pathogenesis: results in Japan and comparisons with other countries.	Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is a form of cancer that has varying incidence rates among different countries, distinct geographic areas and different ethnic groups. According to previous reports, p53 gene mutations have been identified in 20-80% of these tumors, and these mutations have occurred at an early stage. These findings suggest that such mutations play an important role in esophageal carcinogenesis, and highlight the importance of mutagens, which cause sequence alterations in the p53 gene. In order to clarify the environmental factors and the molecular mechanisms that may be responsible for the occurrence and prevention of a specific mutation in the process of esophageal carcinogenesis, we analyzed p53 gene mutations in 95 samples of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. We further reviewed published reports investigating the frequency of p53 gene mutations in esophageal cancer from high-risk areas to normal-risk areas and compared these findings to our results in Japan. The frequency of p53 gene mutations in Japanese esophageal cancer is 47.4% and there are three prominent features: (1) a predominance of transversions, in particular the G:C to T:A transversion; (2) a relatively low frequency of transitions; and (3) a relatively high percentage of frameshift mutations. These results indicate the possible importance of the benzo[a]pyrene metabolite and oxidative DNA damage in esophageal carcinogenesis and scarcely correlate with DNA replication errors or alkylation in comparison to other gastrointestinal cancers. In addition, we observed a peculiar sequence of frameshift mutations. Taken together, these data suggest that this tumor suppressor gene plays a critical role in the multistep carcinogenesis process for esophageal squamous cell cancer.	esophagus
Upper gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to an aberrant right subclavian artery-esophageal fistula: a case report and review of the literature.	An aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSA) is a common aortic arch abnormality. A case of a 57-year-old man presenting with melena and hypotension secondary to an ARSA-esophageal fistula is reported. The current report is unique because it is the first reported case of ARSA-esophageal fistula associated with prior esophagectomy and gastric pull-up. A MedLine search was performed for ARSA-esophageal fistula cases, which were then compared with the present case. Because this patient had no vascular conduits, nasogastric or endotracheal tubes, the fistula likely occurred secondary to the previous surgery. This case is unusual because the patient survived the original hemorrhage associated with the ARSA-esophageal fistula. An ARSA-esophageal fistula is a rare, but potentially fatal cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. A high index of suspicion is needed to make the diagnosis. This condition should be considered in patients with risk factors combined with hemodynamically significant gastrointestinal bleeding.	esophagus
[Use of preoperative glucocorticoid to reduce risk of complications after esophagectomy for carcinoma of the esophagus: meta-analysis].	OBJECTIVE: Preoperative glucocorticoid administration has been proposed to reduce postoperative morbidity. This is not frequently done before esophageal resection because of insufficient knowledge on its effectiveness. The purpose was to assess the effects of preoperative glucocorticoid administration in adults undergoing esophageal resection for esophageal carcinoma. METHODS: Studies were identified by searching the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, Medline, Embase, Scielo and Cochrane Library, and by a manual search for relevant articles. In this systematic review, the last search for clinical trials was performed in December 2005. This review included randomized studies of patients with potentially resectable carcinomas of the esophagus that compared preoperative glucocorticoid administration with placebo. Data were collected by the reviewer, and quality of the trial was assessed using Jadad scoring. Odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals was used to assess the significance of the difference between treatment arms. RESULTS: Four randomized trials involving 169 patients were found. There were no differences in postoperative mortality, anastomotic leakage, hepatic and renal failure between the glucocorticoid and placebo groups. There were fewer postoperative respiratory complications (95% CI= 0.09-0.46), sepsis (95% CI= 0.10-0.81), and total postoperative complications (95% CI=0.06-0.23) with preoperative glucocorticoid administration. CONCLUSION: Prophylactic administration of glucocorticoids is associated with decreased postoperative complications.	esophagus
[Discussion of the treatment of esophageal carcinoma,especially in the point of non-surgical treatments, from the viewpoint of medical oncology].	Recently,remarkable advances of non-surgical treatments such as endoscopic treatment and chemoradiotherapy (CRT) are made in the treatment of esophageal carcinoma. Endoscopic treatment is recognized a standard for m 1, m 2 esophageal carcinoma, and it's indication is being extended for sm esophageal carcinoma in combination with chemoradiotherapy. In stage I and stage II, treatment result of CRT is comparative with that of surgical resection. In patients with T 4 esophageal carcinoma, it is already accepted that CRT is a standard therapy. This progress of non-surgical treatments contributes to preservation of esophagus in the treatment of esophageal carcinoma. But various problems such as technical problems, complication of CRT and salvage surgery for non-CR or recurrent case also remain. To improve results in treatment of esophageal carcinoma,it is necessary that we make an effort to cooperate with surgeons and radiation oncologists, further.	esophagus
Referral patterns, treatment choices, and outcomes in locoregional esophageal cancer: a population-based analysis of elderly patients.	PURPOSE To determine the impact of demographics and comorbidity on access to specialists' services, treatment, and outcome for patients with locoregional esophageal cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study of 3,538 patients older than age 65 years who were diagnosed with locoregional esophageal cancer between 1991 and 1999 in one of 11 regions monitored by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results tumor program. We examined linked Medicare claims for assessment by a surgeon, radiation oncologist, or medical oncologist and subsequent treatment with surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy. Logistic regression analyses were performed for seeing a specialist and for undergoing treatment according to age, sex, race, socioeconomic status, geographic region, and presence of comorbidities. Cox proportional hazards analyses were performed to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for survival with and without adjustment for treatment received. Results Seeing a cancer specialist depended especially on age and region of diagnosis. These same factors were also related to subsequent treatment decisions, but associations were reversed in some regions, such that treatment depended less on region. Older patients had poorer survival (HR = 2.0 for 85+ v 65 to 69 years), which was partly explained by treatment received (HR decreased to 1.5 when adjusted for treatment). CONCLUSION Older patients have less intensive treatment of esophageal cancer, which is explained by both a lower rate of seeing a cancer specialist and by less intensive treatment once seen. Referring physicians and treating specialists must ensure that elderly patients are not deprived of the opportunity to consider all of their treatment options.	esophagus
XRCC1 codon 399 and ERCC2 codon 751 polymorphism, smoking, and drinking and risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in a North Indian population.	XRCC1 (X-ray cross-complementing group 1) codon 399 and ERCC2 (excision repair cross-complementing group 2) codon 751 polymorphisms were studied in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESQCC) in a North Indian population. Peripheral blood samples of 120 cases and 160 age-and-gender matching controls were collected from North India and the two polymorphisms were studied by means of polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism techniques. The data were analyzed with a logistic regression model. The XRCC1 codon 399 Gln/Gln genotype was significantly associated with reduced risk of ESQCC (OR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.12-0.78, P = 0.01). In smokers, the XRCC1 Arg/Gln genotype was marginally and statistically nonsignificantly (OR = 1.5) associated with increased risk of this cancer. In drinkers, the XRCC1 Gln/Gln genotype was significantly protective (OR = 0.06, 95% CI = 0.007-0.605, P = 0.03), whereas ERCC2 (Lys/Gln-Gln/Gln) was marginally associated with increased risk (OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 0.46-9.44). Upon analysis of gene-gene interaction, a relationship was observed, although statistically nonsignificant, between combined genotypes of XRCC1 (Arg/Gln-Gln/Gln)-ERCC2 Gln/Gln (OR = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.09-1.16) and XRCC1 (Gln/Gln)-ERCC2 (Lys/Gln) (OR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.11-1.17) and reduced risk of ESQCC in the North Indian population. These observations suggest that the Gln/Gln genotype of XRCC1 might play an important role in DNA repair in ESQCC.	esophagus
[Effect of the diet from Yanting region on proliferation of human esophageal cancer cell line].	OBJECTIVE: Sero-physiology method was used to observe the effects of sera from rats fed the diet of Yanting (high prevalence region of esophageal cancer) on proliferation of human esophageal cancer cell Eca-109. METHODS: Male SD rats was submitted to three experimental diets. A standard diet, the healthy adults' diet and the Yanting's diet were fed for seven days. Body weights and diet intakes were measured every day. Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay were used to explore the optimal conditions of rats'sera culturing the cell Eca-109. Human normal liver epithelial cell (HL7702) and 10% deactivated bovine serum were respectively set as normal cell control and serum control. The effects of sera from rats fed the Yanting's diet on Eca-109 were observed by means of cell growth curve, cell doubling time analysis and 3H-thymidine incorporation. RESULTS: No significant differences of diet intakes and body weights between the rats fed the standard diet and the healthy adult diet were found. It was demonstrated that 5% non-deactivated rats' sera could replace 10% deactivated bovine serum in medium for culturing human esophageal cancer cell Eca-109. Contrast to the other three controls, sera from rats fed the Yanting's diet significantly promoted Eca-109 cells proliferation, while showed inhibitory effect on human normal liver epithelial cell (HL7702). CONCLUSION: The results showed that the diet of high prevalence region of Janting esophageal cancer could significantly promote the proliferation of human esophageal cancer cell Eca-109.	esophagus
Can an endocytoscope system (ECS) predict histology in neoplastic lesions?	BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: An endocytoscope system (ECS) has recently been developed with the possibility of super-high magnification of gastrointestinal mucosa, thus allowing in vivo imaging of living cells. The aim of the present study was to assess the potential of ECS in the prediction of histology in both normal gastrointestinal mucosa and neoplastic lesions. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In total, 76 patients (57 men, 19 women; age range 37-86 years) with neoplastic lesions in the esophagus, stomach, or colon were enrolled into the study and underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy or colonoscopy. After staining with 1% methylene blue, the mucosa was examined with the ECS probe (x 450 and x 1100 magnification), and video sequences were recorded on video disk. Biopsies from the examined areas were taken for histology and served as the gold standard. The endocytoscope video sequences were evaluated by two blinded pathologists. Finally the results were compared with those resulting from the evaluation of an experienced endoscopist who was aware of the macroscopic endoscopic pictures and the endocytoscope image results. RESULTS: A total of 25 patients with esophageal lesions, 28 patients with colonic lesions, and 23 patients with gastric lesions were examined. The sensitivity and specificity for the evaluation of the blinded pathologists was 81% and 100%, respectively, in the esophagus, 56% and 89% in the stomach, and 79% and 90% in the colon. If an endoscopist evaluated the endocytoscopic pictures in combination with the macroscopic endoscopic images sensitivity and specificity increased significantly. CONCLUSIONS: First experiences with ECS show good sensitivity rates even by blinded assessment for esophageal and colonic lesions. Sensitivity for neoplastic lesions in the stomach is lower because of gastric mucous secretion. Combining the endoscopic and cytoscopic appearance of the lesion may further enhance the diagnostic value of the method.	esophagus
Evaluation of endocytoscopy in the surveillance of patients with Barrett's esophagus.	BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Surveillance for patients with Barrett's esophagus is time consuming and subject to sampling error. Guided biopsies from neoplastic areas invisible on conventional endoscopy may increase effectiveness of surveillance examination. We assessed the accuracy of endocytoscopy in correlation with histology. METHODS: We analyzed 166 biopsy sites from 16 patients (13 male, mean age 62.1 years), without visible lesions, who presented for Barrett surveillance. Endocytoscopy images were recorded from pre-marked areas in the Barrett's segment using magnification x 1125 or x 450. Biopsies were taken from the same area to allow precise comparison with histology. Image sequences of each area were individually and blindly reviewed by a pathologist and a gastroenterologist. Major outcome variables included image quality, identification of neoplastic characteristics, and accuracy of endocytoscopy. RESULTS: Adenocarcinoma was histologically diagnosed in 4.2% of biopsy sites, high grade intraepithelial neoplasia (HGIN) in 16.9%, and low grade intraepithelial neoplasia (LGIN) in 12.1 %. Adequate assessment of endocytoscopy images was impossible in 49% of the pre-marked areas with magnification x 450 and in 22% with magnification x 1125. At most, 23% of images with lower magnification were interpretable to identify characteristics of neoplasia, and 41% with higher magnification. Interobserver agreement was fair at best (kappa from < 0 to 0.45). Positive and negative predictive values for HGIN or cancer were 0.29 and 0.87, respectively, for magnification x 450 and 0.44 and 0.83, respectively, for magnification x 1125. CONCLUSION: When not supported by macroscopic evidence, endoscopic histology using endocytoscopy lacks sufficient image quality to be currently of assistance in identifying neoplastic areas.	esophagus
Prognostic and clinical evaluation of axillary lymph node metastasis in esophageal cancer.	Axillary lymph node metastasis (ALNM) from esophageal cancer is rare. Its prognosis and effective treatments remain unknown. Between 1997 and 2005, esophagectomy was performed in 361 patients with esophageal cancer in our hospital. ALNM was identified in four patients (1.1%). All patients had left ALNM with ipsilateral left supraclavicular lymph node metastasis. In two patients ALNM developed after radical esophagectomy with regional lymphadenectomy and in the other two patients after chemoradiotherapy of primary lesions. Axillary lymphadenectomy with chemoradiotherapy was given to all patients. Median survival time and disease-free survival (DFS) after initial treatment for primary esophageal cancer were 30.5 months and 11.5 months, respectively. One patient, who had a small number of regional lymph node metastases (two lymph nodes) at esophagectomy and prolonged DFS (22 months) until axillary node recurrence, is still alive, 67 months after axillary lymphadenectomy. The other three patients, who had larger numbers of regional lymph node metastases (average, 8.3) and shorter DFS (average, 9.7 months), died of recurrence an average of 13.3 months after axillary lymphadenectomy. In conclusion, although ALNM is considered a type of distant organ metastasis, if it is a solitary recurrence, good survival may be obtained after appropriate loco-regional therapy. The number of metastatic regional lymph nodes at initial esophagectomy and the duration of DFS until axillary node recurrence can help to guide the decision whether aggressive treatments are warranted.	esophagus
Epigenetic identification of ADAMTS18 as a novel 16q23.1 tumor suppressor frequently silenced in esophageal, nasopharyngeal and multiple other carcinomas.	Tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) often locate at chromosomal regions with frequent deletions in tumors. Loss of 16q23 occurs frequently in multiple tumors, indicating the presence of critical TSGs at this locus, such as the well-studied WWOX. Herein, we found that ADAMTS18, located next to WWOX, was significantly downregulated in multiple carcinoma cell lines. No deletion of ADAMTS18 was detected with multiplex differential DNA-PCR or high-resolution 1-Mb array-based comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analysis. Instead, methylation of the ADAMTS18 promoter CpG Island was frequently detected with methylation-specific PCR and bisulfite genome sequencing in multiple carcinoma cell lines and primary carcinomas, but not in any nontumor cell line and normal epithelial tissue. Both pharmacological and genetic demethylation dramatically induced the ADAMTS18 expression, indicating that CpG methylation directly contributes to the tumor-specific silencing of ADAMTS18. Ectopic ADAMTS18 expression led to significant inhibition of both anchorage-dependent and -independent growth of carcinoma cells lacking the expression. Thus, through functional epigenetics, we identified ADAMTS18 as a novel functional tumor suppressor, being frequently inactivated epigenetically in multiple carcinomas.	esophagus
Neoadjuvant treatment in upper gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas: new paradigms from old concepts?	PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Despite a decline in the incidence of upper gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas in North America and western Europe during the past century, treatment remains a challenging problem for oncologists. The poor outcome associated with surgical resection with curative intent has generated intensive investigation of combined modality treatment approaches including systemic chemotherapy to prevent recurrences and improve overall mortality. This article reviews data on neoadjuvant and perioperative treatment modalities for upper gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas. RECENT FINDINGS: Postoperative chemoradiation is favored in the USA for good performance status patients with resected, high-risk gastric or gastroesophageal junction carcinoma (more stage IA). More recently, the UK Medical Research Council Adjuvant Gastric Infusional Chemotherapy (MAGIC) and Fédération Nationale des Centres de Lutte Contre le Cancer-Fédération Francophone de Cancérologie Digestive trials results, showing survival benefit with perioperative chemotherapy in operable gastric and lower esophageal cancers, have had an impact on the treatment practice in Europe. SUMMARY: Novel strategies, involving induction with chemotherapy followed by preoperative chemoradiation, addition of targeted therapies to perioperative chemotherapy or use of new cytotoxic regimens are under evaluation to improve current standards and try to tailor therapeutic strategies.	esophagus
Pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapeutic possibilities of esophageal cancer.	PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This article reviews developments in pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy of esophageal cancer published in 2006. RECENT FINDINGS: Gene expression profiles in esophageal adenocarcinoma reveal information on its pathogenesis. One study disputed the UK guideline to perform upper endoscopy only in the presence of alarm symptoms. Evidence was presented that staging investigations for esophageal cancer should preferentially be performed in expert centers. Early [F]fluorodeoxyglucose PET was shown to predict response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. A large randomized study demonstrated that peroperative chemotherapy improved survival in esophagogastric adenocarcinoma. The current American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system probably needs revision in that the number of involved lymph nodes and extent of lymphadenectomy should be included. Socioeconomic factors are involved in treatment decisions and outcome of esophageal cancer. Chemotherapy and chemoradiotherapy are increasingly being used in the palliation of esophageal cancer. Palliation of dysphagia with stents was disputed as these devices may be associated with a high complication risk and may not improve nutritional status. SUMMARY: In 2006, microarray technology was introduced to elucidate the pathogenesis of esophageal cancer. In addition, refinements in staging of esophageal cancer were proposed. Finally, (chemo-)radiotherapy is increasingly being used in the neoadjuvant setting and for palliation of esophageal cancer.	esophagus
Gastroesophageal reflux and related pathology in adults who were born with esophageal atresia: a long-term follow-up study.	BACKGROUND & AIMS: Esophageal atresia (EA) is the most common congenital anomaly of the esophagus. There are few long-term follow-up data on adults who had surgery for EA as infants. The primary aims were to evaluate the prevalence of esophageal symptoms and pathology and second to develop recommendations for follow-up. METHODS: This is a descriptive study of individuals attending a clinic in an adult tertiary referral hospital, established to provide care for adults who had surgery for EA as infants. Individuals aged 20 years or older were identified from an existing database and invited by telephone to attend the clinic. One hundred thirty-two patients attended the clinic from 2000-2003. Individuals were assessed by using a structured questionnaire. Endoscopy was performed in 62 patients because of symptoms. RESULTS: Reflux symptoms were reported by 83 (63%), including 25 (19%) with severe symptoms. Dysphagia was reported by 68 patients (52%). Of those who underwent endoscopy, reflux esophagitis was present in 36 patients (58%), Barrett's esophagus in 7 (11%), and strictures in 26 (42%) patients. One patient was diagnosed with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Men who were 35 years or older and individuals with severe reflux symptoms were at high risk of having severe esophagitis or Barrett's metaplasia. CONCLUSIONS: Reflux symptoms, esophagitis, and Barrett's esophagus are common in these individuals. We recommend clinical assessment as adults and upper endoscopy for reflux symptoms or dysphagia. Transition of young adults from pediatric care to an adult gastroenterology clinic with expertise in EA appears to be highly beneficial.	esophagus