crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
Milestones in the History of Esophagectomy: From Torek to Minimally Invasive Approaches.	The history of esophagectomy reflects a journey of dedication, collaboration, and technical innovation, with ongoing endeavors aimed at optimizing outcomes and reducing complications. From its early attempts to modern minimally invasive approaches, the journey has been marked by perseverance and innovation. Franz J. A. Torek's 1913 successful esophageal resection marked a milestone, demonstrating the feasibility of transthoracic esophagectomy and the potential for esophageal cancer cure. However, its high mortality rate posed challenges, and it took almost two decades for similar successes to emerge. Surgical techniques evolved with the left thoracotomy, right thoracotomy, and transhiatal approaches, expanding the indications for resection. Mechanical staplers introduced in the early 20th century transformed anastomosis, reducing complications. The advent of minimally invasive techniques in the 1990s aimed to minimize complications while maintaining oncological efficacy. Robot-assisted esophagectomy further pushed the boundaries of minimally invasive surgery. Collaborative efforts, particularly from the Worldwide Esophageal Cancer Collaboration and the Esophageal Complications Consensus Group, standardized reporting and advanced the understanding of outcomes. The introduction of risk prediction models aids in making informed decisions. Despite significant improvements in survival rates and postoperative mortality, anastomotic leaks remain a concern, with recent rates showing an increase. Prevention strategies include microvascular anastomosis and ischemic preconditioning, yet challenges persist.	esophagus
The Effect of Neoadjuvant Therapy on Esophagectomy for cT2N0M0 Esophageal Adenocarcinoma.	BACKGROUND: For cT2N0M0 esophageal adenocarcinomas, the effects of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NT) on surgical outcomes and the oncological benefits to the patients are debatable. In this study, we investigated the optimal management for cT2N0M0 adenocarcinoma (1) assessing the perioperative impact of NT on esophagectomy and (2) evaluating the oncologic effect of NT in a homogeneous group of patients with clinical stage IIA. We hypothesized that NT does not negatively affect perioperative outcomes and provides an oncologic benefit to selected patients with cT2N0M0 disease. METHODS: The National Cancer Database was queried (2010-2019) for patients with cT2N0M0 esophageal adenocarcinoma undergoing esophagectomy. After propensity-matching to adjust for differences in patient and tumor characteristics, we compared postoperative outcomes (logistic regression) and survival (Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression) among those who underwent NT vs upfront surgery (S). RESULTS: This study included 3413 patients, of whom 2359 (69%) received NT, and 1054 (31%) S. In contrast to those who underwent S, in the matched cohort, patients treated with NT had comparable conversion rates (8% vs11.1%, p = 0.06), length of stay (9 vs 10 days, p = 0.078), unplanned readmission (5.4% vs 8.8%, p = 0.109), and 30- (3.9% vs 3.7%, p = 0.90) and 90-day mortality (5.7% vs 4.7%, p = 0.599). In addition, NT associated with improved survival in patients with cT2N0M0 tumors > 5 cm (HR 0.30, 95% CI 0.17-0.36). CONCLUSIONS: NT does not appear to increase technical complexity or to adversely affect postoperative outcomes after esophagectomy. Furthermore, minimally invasive esophagectomy is feasible following NT, with comparable conversion rates to those who had upfront surgery. Lastly, NT was selectively associated with improved survival in patients with cT2N0M0 esophageal cancer.	esophagus
Why Am I Ill? Beliefs in Supernatural and Natural Causes of Ill Health at the Time of Diagnostic Workup of Patients With Esophageal Cancer in Tanzania.	PURPOSE: An understanding of the cultural and context-specific perceptions of the causes of cancer is an important prerequisite for designing effective primary health prevention and early detection strategies. We aimed to use the Murdock Ill Health Theoretical Model to conceptualize views on illness causation among dysphagia-suffering patients undergoing diagnostic workup for esophageal cancer (EC) in Tanzania. METHODS: At the end of a structured interview on lifestyle habits, patients with suspected EC were asked about beliefs on the reasons behind their illness through (1) a set of questions with fixed binary answers, whose determinants were analyzed using logistic regression, and (2) a single question with free-text answers. Responses were coded using a hierarchy of natural and supernatural (godly and social constructs) causes. RESULTS: Among 322 patients interviewed between November 2015 and December 2019, we found complex and varied views about the origins of their illness. Overall, 49% of patients attributed illness to natural causes and 39% to supernatural causes. Natural causes ranged from infection, use of alcohol and tobacco, other ailments, and the environment. The supernatural causes included attributing illness to God, curses, and spells from personal acquaintances. Belief in supernatural causes was more common in the less educated and those who sought help first via a traditional healer. CONCLUSION: The results underscore the need for increased community awareness of biomedical causes of ill health and patient-based participatory research to inform prevention programs. The results also highlight the importance of building health systems that support a series of health-seeking behaviors that acknowledge both biomedical and local traditional healing belief systems.	esophagus
Dysphagia secondary to neuroendocrine carcinoma: a rare esophageal tumor.	We present two clinical cases, a 68-year-old male and a 55-year-old female, who are being studied for progressive solid food dysphagia. The initial gastroscopy revealed a polypoid lesion in the first case and a partially stenosing lesion in the second case. Both lesions were located in the mid-esophagus and presented a normal mucosa. Histological diagnosis confirmed an esophageal neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) of large cell and small cell types, respectively.	esophagus
Profile of human papillomavirus genotypes in breast and oesophageal cancer patients in Pretoria, South Africa.	BACKGROUND: The association between human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer is well established, and cervical cancer can be prevented through HPV vaccination. Little has been reported on the association between HPV and breast carcinoma (BC) or oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in Africa. It is possible that use of appropriate HPV vaccines against genotypes responsible for these cancers may also prevent their development. OBJECTIVES: To investigate HPV genotype prevalence in BC and OSCC patients in Pretoria, South Africa (SA). METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional study of BC and OSCC patients managed at Steve Biko Academic Hospital from 2015 to 2019 was undertaken. Patient medical records were analysed, and DNA was extracted from their archived pathology material and amplified by polymerase chain reaction before hybridisation for HPV genotypes. RESULTS: There were 101 patients with BC and 50 with OSCC. The prevalence of HPV infection in BC patients was 77.2%, with 35.6% high- risk (HR) genotypes, and that in OSCC patients 90.0%, with 56.0% HR genotypes. The most prevalent HPV genotypes (>20% each) were HPV 16, 70 and 51 for BC and HPV 51, 70, 16 and 82 for OSCC, with 31.7% and 60.0% of patients, respectively, having co-infection with ≥2 genotypes. CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of infection with multiple HPV genotypes in BC and OSCC patients, with HPV 16, 51, 70, 35 and 82 the most common genotypes in these cancers, warrants expansion of the current SA bivalent HPV 16/18 vaccine for girls to include boys, and inclusion of HPV 51, 70, 35 and 82, in order to prevent BC and OSCC as well as cervical cancer.	esophagus
Western outcomes of circumferential endoscopic submucosal dissection for early esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.	BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Circumferential endoscopic submucosal dissection (cESD) in the esophagus has been reported to be feasible in small Eastern case series. We assessed the outcomes of cESD in the treatment of early esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in Western countries. METHODS: We conducted an international study at 25 referral centers in Europe and Australia using prospective databases. We included all patients with ESCC treated with cESD before November 2022. Our main outcomes were curative resection according to European guidelines and adverse events. RESULTS: A total of 171 cESDs were performed on 165 patients. En bloc and R0 resections rates were 98.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 95.0-99.4) and 69.6% (95% CI, 62.3-76.0), respectively. Curative resection was achieved in 49.1% (95% CI, 41.7-56.6) of the lesions. The most common reason for noncurative resection was deep submucosal invasion (21.6%). The risk of stricture requiring 6 or more dilations or additional techniques (incisional therapy/stent) was high (71%), despite the use of prophylactic measures in 93% of the procedures. The rates of intraprocedural perforation, delayed bleeding, and adverse cardiorespiratory events were 4.1%, 0.6%, and 4.7%, respectively. Two patients died (1.2%) of a cESD-related adverse event. Overall and disease-free survival rates at 2 years were 91% and 79%. CONCLUSIONS: In Western referral centers, cESD for ESCC is curative in approximately half of the lesions. It can be considered a feasible treatment in selected patients. Our results suggest the need to improve patient selection and to develop more effective therapies to prevent esophageal strictures.	esophagus
AKAP12 inhibits esophageal squamous carcinoma cell proliferation, migration, and cell cycle via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.	Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) consistently ranks as one of the most challenging variants of squamous cell carcinomas, primarily due to the lack of effective early detection strategies. We herein aimed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and biological role associated with A-kinase anchoring protein 12 (AKAP12) in the context of ESCC. Bioinformatic analysis had revealed significantly lower expression level of AKAP12 in ESCC tissue samples than in their non-cancerous counterparts. To gain deeper insights into the potential role of AKAP12 in the progression of ESCC, we conducted a single-gene set enrichment analysis of AKAP12 on ESCC datasets. Our findings suggested that AKAP12 exhibits functions inhibiting cell cycle progression, tumor proliferation, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. To further validate our findings, we subjected ESCC cell lines to AKAP12 overexpression using CRISPR/Cas9-SAM. In vitro analyses demonstrated that increased expression of AKAP12 significantly reduced cell proliferation, migration, and cell cycle progression. Simultaneously, genes associated with this biological role undergo corresponding regulatory shifts. These observations provided valuable insights into the biological role played by AKAP12 in ESCC progression. In summary, AKAP12 shows promise as a new potential biomarker for early ESCC diagnosis, offering potential advantages for subsequent therapeutic intervention and disease management.	esophagus
What Therapeutic Biomarkers in Gastro-Esophageal Junction and Gastric Cancer Should a Pathologist Know About?	Malignancies of upper gastrointestinal tract are aggressive, and most locally advanced unresectable and metastatic cancers are managed by a combination of surgery and neoadjuvant/adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Current therapeutic recommendations include targeted therapies based on biomarker expression of an individual tumor. All G/gastro-esophageal junction (GEJ) cancers should be tested for HER2 status as a reflex test at the time of diagnosis. Currently, testing for PDL 1 and mismatch repair protein status is optional. HER2 testing is restricted to adenocarcinomas only and endoscopic biopsies, resections, or cellblocks. Facilities should be available for performing validated immunohistochemical stains and in-situ hybridization techniques, and importantly, pathologists should be experienced with preanalytical and analytical issues and scoring criteria. Genomic profiling via next-generation sequencing (NGS) is another strategy that assess numerous mutations and other molecular events simultaneously, including HER2 amplification, MSS status, tumor mutation burden, and neurotrophic tropomyosin-receptor kinases gene fusions.	esophagus
Nivolumab adjuvant therapy for esophageal cancer: a review based on subgroup analysis of CheckMate 577 trial.	Esophageal cancer is the sixth most common cancer worldwide. Approximately 50% of patients have locally advanced disease. The CROSS and NEOCRTEC5010 trials have demonstrated that neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery is the standard treatment for patients with resectable disease. However, a pathological complete response is frequently not achieved, and most patients have a poor prognosis. The CheckMate 577 trial demonstrates that nivolumab adjuvant therapy improves disease-free survival in patents without a pathological complete response. However, there are still numerous clinical questions of concern that remain controversial based on the results of the subgroup analysis. In this review, we aim to offer constructive suggestions addressing the clinical concerns raised in the CheckMate 577 trial.	esophagus
SPOTlight on GLOW.	The GLOW randomized double-blind phase 3 trial(1) shows that Claudin-18.2 targeting antibody zolbetuximab combined with capecitabine and oxaliplatin improves outcome compared to placebo and chemotherapy as first-line treatment in Claudin-18.2-positive, HER2-negative gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinomas.	esophagus
Collagen 1-mediated CXCL1 secretion in tumor cells activates fibroblasts to promote radioresistance of esophageal cancer.	Esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma (ESCC) is commonly treated with radiotherapy; however, radioresistance hinders its clinical effectiveness, and the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Here, we develop patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) from 19 patients with ESCC to investigate the mechanisms driving radioresistance. Using RNA sequencing, cytokine arrays, and single-cell RNA sequencing, we reveal an enrichment of cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF)-derived collagen type 1 (Col1) and tumor-cell-derived CXCL1 in non-responsive PDXs. Col1 not only promotes radioresistance by augmenting DNA repair capacity but also induces CXCL1 secretion in tumor cells. Additionally, CXCL1 further activates CAFs via the CXCR2-STAT3 pathway, establishing a positive feedback loop. Directly interfering with tumor-cell-derived CXCL1 or inhibiting the CXCL1-CXCR2 pathway effectively restores the radiosensitivity of radioresistant xenografts in vivo. Collectively, our study provides a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying radioresistance and identifies potential targets to improve the efficacy of radiotherapy for ESCC.	esophagus
Radiation pneumonia predictive model for radiotherapy in esophageal carcinoma patients.	BACKGROUND: The machine learning models with dose factors and the deep learning models with dose distribution matrix have been used to building lung toxics models for radiotherapy and achieve promising results. However, few studies have integrated clinical features into deep learning models. This study aimed to explore the role of three-dimension dose distribution and clinical features in predicting radiation pneumonitis (RP) in esophageal cancer patients after radiotherapy and designed a new hybrid deep learning network to predict the incidence of RP. METHODS: A total of 105 esophageal cancer patients previously treated with radiotherapy were enrolled in this study. The three-dimension (3D) dose distributions within the lung were extracted from the treatment planning system, converted into 3D matrixes and used as inputs to predict RP with ResNet. In total, 15 clinical factors were normalized and converted into one-dimension (1D) matrixes. A new prediction model (HybridNet) was then built based on a hybrid deep learning network, which combined 3D ResNet18 and 1D convolution layers. Machine learning-based prediction models, which use the traditional dosiomic factors with and without the clinical factors as inputs, were also constructed and their predictive performance compared with that of HybridNet using tenfold cross validation. Accuracy and area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) were used to evaluate the model effect. DeLong test was used to compare the prediction results of the models. RESULTS: The deep learning-based model achieved superior prediction results compared with machine learning-based models. ResNet performed best in the group that only considered dose factors (accuracy, 0.78 ± 0.05; AUC, 0.82 ± 0.25), whereas HybridNet performed best in the group that considered both dose factors and clinical factors (accuracy, 0.85 ± 0.13; AUC, 0.91 ± 0.09). HybridNet had higher accuracy than that of Resnet (p = 0.009). CONCLUSION: Based on prediction results, the proposed HybridNet model could predict RP in esophageal cancer patients after radiotherapy with significantly higher accuracy, suggesting its potential as a useful tool for clinical decision-making. This study demonstrated that the information in dose distribution is worth further exploration, and combining multiple types of features contributes to predict radiotherapy response.	esophagus
Impact of concomitant medications on the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors: an umbrella review.	INTRODUCTION: Cancer is a major global health concern, and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) offer a promising treatment option for cancer patients. However, the efficacy of ICIs can be influenced by various factors, including the use of concomitant medications. METHODS: We searched databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science) for systematic reviews and meta-analyses for systematic reviews and meta-analyses on the impact of concomitant medications on ICIs efficacy, published from inception to January 1, 2023. We evaluated the methodological quality of the included meta-analyses, and re-synthesized data using a random-effects model and evidence stratification. RESULTS: We included 23 publications, comprising 11 concomitant medications and 112 associations. Class II-IV evidence suggested that antibiotics have a negative impact on ICIs efficacy. However, ICIs efficacy against melanoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma was not affected, this effect was related to the exposure window (class IV). Class III evidence suggested that proton pump inhibitors have a negative impact on ICIs efficacy; nevertheless, the efficacy against melanoma and renal cell carcinoma was not affected, and the effect was related to exposure before the initiation of ICIs therapy (class II). Although class II/III evidence suggested that steroids have a negative impact, this effect was not observed when used for non-cancer indications and immune-related adverse events (class IV). Class IV evidence suggested that opioids reduce ICIs efficacy, whereas statins and probiotics may improve ICIs efficacy. ICIs efficacy was not affected by histamine 2 receptor antagonists, aspirin, metformin, β-blockers, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. CONCLUSION: Current evidence suggests that the use of antibiotics, PPIs, steroids, and opioids has a negative impact on the efficacy of ICIs. However, this effect may vary depending on the type of tumor, the timing of exposure, and the intended application. Weak evidence suggests that statins and probiotics may enhance the efficacy of ICIs. Aspirin, metformin, β-blockers, and NSAIDs do not appear to affect the efficacy of ICIs. However, caution is advised in interpreting these results due to methodological limitations. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO,identifier, CRD42022328681.	esophagus
The AEG-1-USP10-PARP1 axis confers radioresistance in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma via facilitating homologous recombination-dependent DNA damage repair.	Radiotherapy is the standard adjuvant treatment for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), yet radioresistance remains a major obstacle leading to treatment failure and unfavorable prognosis. Previous reports have demonstrated the involvement of astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1) in tumorigenesis and progression of multiple malignancies. Nevertheless, the precise role of AEG-1 in the radioresistance of ESCC remains elusive. Here, we unveiled a strong correlation between aberrant AEG-1 gene overexpression and malignant progression as well as adverse prognosis in ESCC patients. Moreover, both in vitro and in vivo investigations revealed that AEG-1 significantly alleviated irradiation-induced DNA damage and enhanced radiation resistance in ESCC cells. Mechanistically, AEG-1 recruited the deubiquitinase USP10 to remove the K48-linked polyubiquitin chains at the Lys425 of PARP1, thus preventing its proteasomal degradation. This orchestrated process facilitated homologous recombination-mediated DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) repair, culminating in mitigated DNA damage and acquired radioresistance in ESCC cells. Notably, PARP1 overexpression reversed the radiosensitizing effect caused by AEG-1 deficiency. Collectively, these findings shed new light on the mechanism of ESCC radioresistance, providing potential therapeutic targets to enhance the efficacy of radiotherapy in ESCC.	esophagus
Quantitative emphysema on computed tomography imaging of chest is a risk factor for prognosis of esophagectomy: A retrospective cohort study.	The low attenuation area percentage (LAA%) is gaining popularity. LAA% is an index of quantitative emphysema on computed tomography (CT) imaging of the chest. This study aims to retrospectively investigate whether preoperative LAA% is associated with postoperative prognosis in patients with esophageal cancer who were scheduled for esophagectomy. From January 2016 to March 2020, 105 patients with esophageal cancer underwent esophagectomy via right thoracotomy and neoadjuvant chemotherapy. A Synapse Vincent volume analyzer (Fujifilm Medical, Tokyo, Japan) was used for measurement. The software automatically quantified LAA% using a threshold of less than - 950 Hounsfield units on CT images of lung regions. Cox proportional hazard analyses were performed in univariable and multivariable forms. Estimates of the receiver operating curve are used to determine the cutoff value for death of LAA%, and the binary value is then inserted into Cox proportional hazard analyses. The preoperative LAA% cutoff value was ≥ 6.3%. Patients with a preoperative LAA% ≥6.3% had a significantly worse prognosis than those with a preoperative LAA% of < 6.3%. LAA% ≥6.3% (hazard ratio: 6.76; 95% confidence interval: 2.56-17.90, P < .001) was the most influential preoperative factor for overall survival after esophagectomy in multivariate Cox proportional hazard analyses. LAA% is one of the preoperative risk factors for survival after esophagectomy and an indicator of lung condition using routinely performed preoperative CT images. We quantified the extent of preoperative emphysema in patients with esophageal cancer, who were scheduled for surgery, and for the first time, reported LAA% as one of the preoperative risk factors for survival after esophagectomy.	esophagus