crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
Age at menopause and hormone replacement therapy as risk factors for head and neck and oesophageal cancer (Review).	There were ~986,000 cases of head and neck cancer (HNC) and oesophageal cancer diagnosed worldwide in 2012. The incidence of these types of cancer is much higher in males than females, although this disparity decreases in the elderly population, suggesting a role for hormones as a risk factor. This systematic review investigates the potential role of female hormones [age at menopause and use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT)] as risk factors for HNC/oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The electronic databases MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE and Cochrane were searched. Only studies with at least 50 cases of HNC/oesophageal SCC, with data on age at menopause, smoking, alcohol, age and socioeconomic status or educational attainment, were included. The Newcastle Ottawa Scale was used for assessing risk of bias. Eight studies met the inclusion criteria (5 oesophageal SCC, 2 HNC and 1 combined oesophageal SCC and HNC). HRT was shown to reduce the risk of HNC (HR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.61-0.99) in one study. Our results showed that earlier age at menopause is a risk factor for oesophageal SCC, with women entering menopause at <45 years having double the risk of those entering menopause at age >50 years. Similar, but less striking, results were observed for HNC. HRT was found to reduce the risk of HNC/oesophageal SCC, but the evidence is inconclusive. We, therefore, recommend that consideration should be given to collecting data on reproductive factors and exposure to HRT, as routine practice, in future epidemiological and clinical studies of these cancers. The concept of oestrogen deficiency as a risk for HNC/oesophageal SCC deserves further exploration in future laboratory and clinical studies.	esophagus
Distinct effects of EGFR inhibitors on epithelial- and mesenchymal-like esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells.	BACKGROUND: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). However, the clinical effects of EGFR inhibitors on ESCC are controversial. This study sought to identify the factors determining the therapeutic efficacy of EGFR inhibitors in ESCC cells. METHODS: Immortalized-human esophageal epithelial cells (EPC2-hTERT), transformed-human esophageal epithelial cells (T-Epi and T-Mes), and ESCC cells (TE-1, TE-5, TE-8, TE-11, TE-11R, and HCE4) were treated with the EGFR inhibitors erlotinib or cetuximab. Inhibitory effects on cell growth were assessed by cell counting or cell-cycle analysis. The expression levels of genes and proteins such as involucrin and cytokeratin13 (a squamous differentiation marker), E-cadherin, and vimentin were evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction or western blotting. To examine whether mesenchymal phenotype influenced the effects of EGFR inhibitors, we treated T-Epi cells with TGF-β1 to establish a mesenchymal phenotype (mesenchymal T-Epi cells). We then compared the effects of EGFR inhibitors on parental T-Epi cells and mesenchymal T-Epi cells. TE-8 (mesenchymal-like ESCC cells)- or TE-11R (epithelial-like ESCC cells)-derived xenograft tumors in mice were treated with cetuximab, and the antitumor effects of EGFR inhibitors were evaluated. RESULTS: Cells were classified as epithelial-like or mesenchymal-like phenotypes, determined by the expression levels of E-cadherin and vimentin. Both erlotinib and cetuximab reduced cell growth and the ratio of cells in cell-cycle S phase in epithelial-like but not mesenchymal-like cells. Additionally, EGFR inhibitors induced squamous cell differentiation (defined as increased expression of involucrin and cytokeratin13) in epithelial-like but not mesenchymal-like cells. We found that EGFR inhibitors did not suppress the phosphorylation of EGFR in mesenchymal-like cells, while EGFR dephosphorylation was observed after treatment with EGFR inhibitors in epithelial-like cells. Furthermore, mesenchymal T-Epi cells showed resistance to EGFR inhibitors by circumventing the dephosphorylation of EGFR signaling. Cetuximab consistently showed antitumor effects, and increased involucrin expression in TE-11R (epithelial-like)-derived xenograft tumors but not TE-8 (mesenchymal-like)-derived xenograft tumors. CONCLUSIONS: The factor determining the therapeutic effects of EGFR inhibitors in ESCC cells is the phenotype representing the epithelial-like or mesenchymal-like cells. Mesenchymal-like ESCC cells are resistant to EGFR inhibitors because EGFR signaling is not blocked. EGFR inhibitors show antitumor effects on epithelial-like ESCC cells accompanied by promotion of squamous cell differentiation.	esophagus
[Effect of single lumen endobronchial tube and double lumen endobronchial tube on ventilation and lung injury in patients with esophageal cancer undergoing combined thoracoscopic and laparoscopic esophagectomy].	Objective: To investigate the effect of the single lumen endobronchial tube and the double lumen endobronchial tube on ventilation and lung injury in patients with esophageal cancer undergoing combined thoracoscopic and laparoscopic esophagectomy. Methods: Sixty patients with esophageal cancer undergoing combined thoracoscopic and laparoscopic esophagectomy were divided into single lumen endobronchial tube group (D group, n=30) and double lumen endobronchial tube group (S, n=30) according to the random number table. Blood samples were harvested at the moment of tracheal intubation (T(0)), after artificial pneumothorax (one lung ventilation) 30 min (T(1)), after artificial pneumothorax (one lung ventilation) 90 min (T(2)), artificial pneumothorax over (double lung ventilation) 30 min (T(3)) and after extubation 30 min (T(4)) for arterial blood gas analysis. Heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), pulse oxygen saturation (SpO(2)), oxygen tension (PaO(2)), carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO(2)) and airway pressure (PAW) were recorded at T(0)-T(4). The incidences of pneumonia of two groups were record at 3 days after operation. Results: There were no obvious differences in HR, MAP, SpO(2), PaO(2), PaCO(2) between two groups at T(0)-T(4) (P>0.05). Compared with T(0), the levels of HR and PaO(2) were increased remarkably at T(1)-T(3) (P<0.05), the levels of PaCO(2) were increased remarkably at T(1)-T(4) (P<0.01), and the levels of Paw were increased remarkably at T(1)-T(3) (P<0.01). Compared with S group, the levels of Paw were decreased remarkably at T(1)-T(2) (29.5±3.7 vs 21.3±2.1, P=0.001; 30.7±4.8 vs 20.3±2.3, P=0.001). There were no obvious differences in the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8 in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid (BALF) between two groups at T(0) (P>0.05). Compared with T(0), the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8 in BALF were increased remarkably at T(3), T(5) (P<0.05). Compared with S group, the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8 in D group in BALF were decreased remarkably at T(3), T(5) (P<0.05). Compared with S group, the incidence of pneumonia in D group were decreased remarkably at 3 days after operation (4(13.3%) vs 11(36.7%), P=0.017). Conclusion: The ventilation effect of the single lumen endobronchial tube on lung injury for patients with esophageal cancer undergoing combined thoracoscopic and laparoscopic esophagectomy is the same as that of the double lumen endobronchial tube, however the single lumen endobronchial tube has less injury on the lung.	esophagus
[Autophagy regulated by JWA influenced sensitivity of esophageal cancer to cisplatin].	Objective: To explore the effect of JWA on cisplatin sensitivity and its potential molecular mechanism in esophageal cancer. Methods: The siRNA was used to inhibit the JWA expression, then cisplatin sensitivity and LC3 (autophagy related protein) expression levels were observed in TE1 cells.Further, the effect of autophagy inhibitor tamoxifen (3-MA) on above process was determined.Cisplatin sensitivity of 20 fresh esophageal cancer samples was evaluated by histoculture drug response assay (HDRA). Result: Silencing JWA gene increased the sensitivity of TE1 cells to cisplatin (P<0.05), and decreased the LC3-Ⅰ and LC3-Ⅱ proteins induced by cisplatin.Furthermore, combined with 3-MA increased the inhibition rate of cisplatin in JWA silencing group (P<0.05). Additionally, the inhibition rate of cisplatin on tissues with low JWA expression were higher than those with high expression (45.6% vs 25.6%, P=0.005). Conclusions: JWA could influence the cisplatin sensitivity by regulating autophagy in esophageal cancer.	esophagus
miR-432 Induces NRF2 Stabilization by Directly Targeting KEAP1.	NF-E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a master transcriptional regulator that integrates cellular stress responses and is negatively regulated by Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) at the post-translational level. In human cancers, aberrantly stabilized NRF2, by the mutation of either NRF2 or KEAP1 or by the potential inhibition of autophagy, plays a vital role in tumor growth and chemoresistance through the activation of target genes. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are endogenous small noncoding RNAs that can negatively regulate gene expression by interfering with translation and/or stability of target transcripts. However, miRNA-mediated regulation of the NRF2-KEAP1 pathway under physiological conditions is poorly understood. Here, miR-432-3p positively regulates NRF2 activity through the downregulation of KEAP1 by a direct-binding mechanism to the coding region of KEAP1. Overexpression of miR-432-3p resulted in a decreased sensitivity of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cells to chemotherapy drugs including cisplatin (CDDP). Conversely, the inhibition of miR-432-3p expression by the CRISPR/Cas9 system resulted in an increased sensitivity of ESCC cells to CDDP. Furthermore, miR-432-3p was overexpressed in primary ESCC tumors (55 of 84, 65.5%) and a negative correlation between the expression level of KEAP1 and miR-432-3p in primary ESCC tumors was observed.Implications: These findings provide novel insights into the mechanism of NRF2 stabilization in human cancers. Mol Cancer Res; 15(11); 1570-8. ©2017 AACR.	esophagus
RACK1 promotes radiation resistance in esophageal cancer via regulating AKT pathway and Bcl-2 expression.	RACK1 is a seven Trp-Asp 40 repeat protein, which interacts with a wide range of kinases and proteins. RACK1 plays an important role in the proliferation and progression of various cancers. The aim of this study is to detect the role of RACK1 in the radioresistance in esophageal cancer. The results indicated that downregulation of RACK1 reduced the colony formation ability, proliferation ability and resistance of cells to radiation effection through regulating the radiation-related proteins including pAKT, Bcl-2 and Bim; whereas upregulation of RACK1 promoted the ability and radioresistance of ESCC cells. Our findings suggest that RACK1 promotes proliferation and radioresistance in ESCC cells by activating the AKT pathway, upregulating Bcl-2 expression and downregulating protein levels of Bim. Our study fills in gaps in the field of RACK1 and radiation resistance and may provide new possibilities for improving strategies of radiotherapy in esophageal cancer.	esophagus
Efficacy of prednisone for prevention of esophageal stricture after endoscopic submucosal dissection for superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.	BACKGROUND: Our objective was to investigate the efficacy and safety of oral prednisone for the prevention of esophageal stricture formation after endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) in an optimal administration program. METHODS: Patients who underwent circumferential or semi-circumferential (more than three quarters but not a complete circular) ESD for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma were eligible for this study. Oral prednisolone was administered to the study group at a dose of 30 mg/day on the third day post-ESD, and then tapered gradually (30, 25, 20, 15, 10, and 5 mg for 14 days). Serial esophagoscopy with iodine staining was performed to assess stenosis and tumor recurrence at one, three, six, and 12 months after ESD. Endoscopic balloon dilatation was performed whenever patients experienced persistent dysphagia to solids. Data were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients (15 men, mean age 66.6 years) were enrolled in the study. Post-procedural esophageal stricture was significantly lower in the study group (23.1%) compared to the control (80%) (P < 0.05). A significantly higher number of endoscopic balloon dilatation sessions were performed (P < 0.05) in the control (13.5) than in the study group (0.69). There were no adverse events related to oral prednisolone or the procedure itself and no treatment-related mortality was observed during the 12 month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggested an optimal administration program of oral prednisone therapy and demonstrated that it is safe and effective for the prevention of esophageal stricture in patients after complete or semi-circular ESD for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.	esophagus
Endoscopic screening for synchronous esophageal neoplasia among patients with incident head and neck cancer: Prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes.	Esophageal squamous-cell neoplasia (ESCN) is a common second primary neoplasia found in patients with head-and-neck squamous-cell carcinoma (HNSCC). This study sought to identify the risk factors for synchronous ESCN and how they influence survival in HNSCC patient. Eight hundred and fifteen incident HNSCC patients were prospectively recruited for endoscopy screening for ESCN using white-light imaging, narrow-band imaging, Lugol chromoendoscopy, and pathological confirmation. Associated lifestyle and clinicopathological data were collected. The interquartile follow-up period cutoffs were 11.3, 20.5 and 34.9 months. 124 patients (15.2%) were diagnosed as having synchronous ESCN (66 low-grade dysplasia, 29 high-grade dysplasia, and 29 esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma). Consumption of alcohol, but not betel nut or cigarette, was significantly associated with the presence of synchronous ESCN (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 7.1 and 10.9 for former and current drinkers, respectively). There was an interaction between cumulative dose of alcohol consumption and alcohol flushing response on the development of ESCN. High-dose drinkers with flush response were 16.9 times more likely to have esophageal high-grade dysplasia/SCC than non-drinkers. Compared with oral cavity cancer patients, those with hypopharyngeal, laryngeal and oropharyngeal cancer were 6.8, 4.6 and 2.8 times more likely to have esophageal high-grade dysplasia/SCC. HNSCC patients with synchronous ESCN had lower overall survival than those without (p < 0.0001). In conclusion, surveillance of ESCN is strongly recommended for the high-risk subpopulation of HNSCC patients, especially drinkers who have a flush response to alcohol, and those with distant metastasis of index cancer and cancers in hypopharynx, oropharynx and larynx.	esophagus
Increased detection of Barrett's esophagus-associated neoplasia using wide-area trans-epithelial sampling: a multicenter, prospective, randomized trial.	BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Wide-area transepithelial sampling (WATS) with computer-assisted 3-dimensional analysis is a sampling technique that combines abrasive brushing of the Barrett's esophagus (BE) mucosa followed by neural network analysis to highlight abnormal-appearing cells. METHODS: We performed a randomized trial of referred BE patients undergoing surveillance at 16 medical centers. Subjects received either biopsy sampling followed by WATS or WATS followed by biopsy sampling. The primary outcome was rate of detection of high-grade dysplasia/esophageal adenocarcinoma (HGD/EAC) using WATS in conjunction with biopsy sampling compared with biopsy sampling alone using standard histopathologic criteria. Secondary aims included evaluating neoplasia detection rates based on the procedure order (WATS vs biopsy sampling first), of each procedure separately, and the additional time required for WATS. RESULTS: One hundred sixty patients (mean age, 63.4 years; 76% men; 95% white) completed the trial. The median circumferential and maximal BE extents were 1.0 cm (interquartile range: .0-5.0) and 4.0 cm (interquartile range, 2.0-8.0), respectively. The diagnostic yield for biopsy sampling alone was as follows: HGD/EAC, 7 (4.4%); low-grade dysplasia (LGD), 28 (17.5%); nondysplastic BE (NDBE), 106 (66.25%); and no BE, 19 (11.9%). The addition of WATS to biopsy sampling yielded an additional 23 cases of HGD/EAC (absolute increase, 14.4%; 95% confidence interval, 7.5%-21.2%). Among these 23 patients, 11 were classified by biopsy sampling as NDBE and 12 as LGD/indefinite for dysplasia (IND); 14 received biopsy sampling first and 9 WATS first (not significant) and most (n = 21; 91.7%) had a prior dysplasia history. WATS added an average of 4.5 minutes to the procedure. CONCLUSION: Results of this multicenter, prospective, randomized trial demonstrate that the use of WATS in a referral BE population increases the detection of HGD/EAC. (Clinical trial registration number: NCT03008980.).	esophagus
Esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection using sodium hyaluronate is safe and effective.	BACKGROUND/AIMS: A submucosal cushion of sodium hyaluronate facilitates gastric and colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). However, few studies have evaluated the utility of sodium hyaluronate for ESD of esophageal lesions. The aim of this study is to evaluate the utility and safety of sodium hyaluronate for ESD of superficial esophageal squamous cell neoplasms (ESCN). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 111 ESCN in 86 patients treated by ESD between September 2007 and April 2013. There were four double cancers, with 107 ESD procedures analyzed. RESULTS: The en bloc resection rate was 99% (106/107). The R0 resection rate was 93% (99/107). Of 106 specimens resected en bloc, four specimens had a positive horizontal margin, two specimens had non-assessable horizontal margins and one specimen had non-assessable horizontal and vertical margins. One patient with a non-assessable horizontal margin developed local recurrence seven months later, treated by repeat ESD. Delayed bleeding occurred in two procedures (2%), and intra-procedural perforation occurred in four (4%). None required operative repair. Endoscopy trainees performed 33 of 107 (31%) ESD procedures. Post-ESD stenosis requiring dilation occurred following five procedures (5%). CONCLUSIONS: Sodium hyaluronate for ESD of ESCN achieves a high R0 resection rate with a low rate of adverse events.	esophagus
Oesophageal cancer.	Oesophageal cancer is the sixth most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide and is therefore a major global health challenge. The two major subtypes of oesophageal cancer are oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC), which are epidemiologically and biologically distinct. OSCC accounts for 90% of all cases of oesophageal cancer globally and is highly prevalent in the East, East Africa and South America. OAC is more common in developed countries than in developing countries. Preneoplastic lesions are identifiable for both OSCC and OAC; these are frequently amenable to endoscopic ablative therapies. Most patients with oesophageal cancer require extensive treatment, including chemotherapy, chemoradiotherapy and/or surgical resection. Patients with advanced or metastatic oesophageal cancer are treated with palliative chemotherapy; those who are human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive may also benefit from trastuzumab treatment. Immuno-oncology therapies have also shown promising early results in OSCC and OAC. In this Primer, we review state-of-the-art knowledge on the biology and treatment of oesophageal cancer, including screening, endoscopic ablative therapies and emerging molecular targets, and we discuss best practices in chemotherapy, chemoradiotherapy, surgery and the maintenance of patient quality of life.	esophagus
Survival predictors associated with signet ring cell carcinoma of the esophagus (SRCCE): A population-based retrospective cohort study.	PURPOSE: Signet ring cell carcinoma of the esophagus (SRCCE) is an uncommon tumor associated with significant morbidity and mortality. There is still no consensus regarding cut-off values for tumor size, age and optimal treatment for SRCCE. Thus, we elucidated the current survival outcomes of patients with SRCCE and analyzed factors associated with prognosis. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study based on the SEER (The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) program database was conducted. We identified 537 patients (461 men and 76 women) newly diagnosed with SRCCE between January 2004 and December 2014. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards model was utilized to measure the mortality-associated risk factors in patients with SRCCE after adjusting for various variables. RESULTS: The 1-, 2- and 5-year disease-specific mortalities (DSM) were 51.6%, 67.6%, and 78.4%, respectively, and the median survival time was 12.0 months. The factors correlated with mortality hazard were marital status (unmarried versus married, Hazard Ratio (HR) = 1.443), tumor size (≥ 5 cm versus < 5 cm, HR = 1.444), tumor grade (high grade versus low grade, HR = 3.001), condition of primary tumor (T4 versus T1, HR = 2.178), regional lymph node metastasis (N1 versus N0, HR = 1.739), further metastasis (M1 versus M0, HR = 1.951) and chemotherapy (receiving chemotherapy versus no chemotherapy, HR = 0.464). CONCLUSIONS: The contemporary 5-year DSM was 78.4%. Being unmarried, having a tumor size ≥ 5 cm, a high tumor grade, a score of T4 for tumor invasion of adjacent organs, a score of N1 for regional lymph node metastasis, a score of M1 for distant metastasis and no chemotherapy were independent predictors of high DSM.	esophagus
The prognostic value of preoperative inflammation-based prognostic scores and nutritional status for overall survival in resected patients with nonmetastatic Siewert type II/III adenocarcinoma of esophagogastric junction.	BACKGROUND: Immune and nutritional status of patients have been reported to predict postoperative complications, recurrence, and prognosis of patients with cancer. Therefore, this retrospective study aimed to explore the prognostic value of preoperative inflammation-based prognostic scores [neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR)] and nutritional status [prognostic nutritional index (PNI), body mass index (BMI), hemoglobin, albumin, and prealbumin] for overall survival (OS) in adenocarcinoma of esophagogastric junction (AEG) patients. METHODS: A total of 355 patients diagnosed with Siewert type II/III AEG and underwent surgery between October 2010 and December 2011 were followed up until October 2016. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to determine the cutoff values of NLR, PLR, and PNI. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression analyses were used to calculate the OS characteristics. RESULTS: The ideal cutoff values for predicting OS were 3.5 for NLR, 171 for PLR, and 51.3 for PNI according to the ROC curve. The patients with hemoglobin <120 g/L (P = .001), prealbumin <180 mg/L (P = .000), PNI <51.3 (P = .010), NLR >3.5 (P = .000), PLR >171 (P = .006), and low BMI group (P = .000) had shorter OS. And multivariate survival analysis using the Cox proportional hazards model showed that the tumor-node-metastasis stage, BMI, NLR, and prealbumin levels were independent risk factors for the OS. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that preoperative prealbumin, BMI, and NLR were independent prognostic factors of AEG patients.	esophagus